A Treatise of thee: Figures of Grammar and Rhetoric, profitable for all that be studious of Eloquence, and in especial for such as in Grammar schools do read most eloquent poets and Orators:  
Whereunto is joined the oration which Cicero made to Cesar, giving thanks unto him for pardoning, and restoring again of that nobleman Marcus Marcellus, set forth ●…y Richard Sherrye Londonar.  
Londini in aedibus Ricardi Totteli.  
Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum.   

HONORATISSIMO DOMINO Guilielmo Pag●…tto, nobilissimi ordinis Garterit equiti aurato, domino de Beudesert, & illustrissi. nostrae reginae Maria consiliario, Ricardus Sherryus salutem optat perpetuam.  
QVando ex omnibus dei 
Homo an●… mal prestissimu●…  opt, Max creaturis nullum animal homme pre stantius ●…sse constat, Honoratissime domine, ●…ius ●…amen quanta sit dignitas, cum ex aliis multis, tum vel●…ine potissimum colligimus, quod cum c●…ra fere corporis omnia cum brutis habeamus communia, non tamen ut illa, (que natura prona, atque ventri obedientia finxit) obtutu in terram desixo, incurui devoluimur, sed erecta ad coelum fancy, amplissimum huius mundi the atrum, & quid quid est cius ornatus syderei, id totum oculis per lustrantes, non sine magna quadam animi iucunditate, diligentissime perdiscimus, & lubentissime contemplamur, Verum enimuero cum intellectus noster id sibi quasi pecu liare videatur habere, rerum causas perquirendo, meditando, cogitando, complecti: sua ipsius sublimitate contcta, seque, suisque bonis, suavissimis qu●… dem illis, apud se tantummodo perfruitur. Atqui id ne semper fieret, sed maiorem stirps humana ut cap●…ret utilitatem, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est, sermonem illi attexuit divina benignitas, ut motus suos illos 
●…o cur ●…ti addi  inter nos, sua sibi mentis aeterna agitatione fabricatos, in communem hominis usum, diserta oris, atque linguae interpretatione, postea proferret, &, in quam plurimos latissime diff●…deret: adeo ut mihi rectissime iudicasse videantur, qui hanc hominis differentiam, quasique peculiarem notam esse existimaverunt, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est, fandi compotem esse. Ceterum cum id a nonnullis simplicius fiat, atque rudius, nihil ut propemodum a mutis, ac brutis, differre videantur, certe in quibus vis illa divina, atque dicendi facultas, vires suas abundantius, ac fortius exeruit, hos, certe tanto ceteris prestare iudicamus, quanto illa rationis ●…nargia, atque ser monis magnificentia, reliquis antecedunt, & plures in ●…ui admirationem adducunt. Huius generis, 
loquentes ●…per exi●…●…unt.  & si pauci extiterunt (si ad multitudinem respicias) extiterunt tamen ubique fere gentiūm non nulli, maxime vere Graeci, atque Latini, quorum fama nunc in illu●…ri posita, aeditis ad posteros cl●… rissimis monumentis, aeternitatem sine dubio e●… consecuta: Hi, & apud suos, & in republica summo semper cum honor●… versati, id velin primis 〈◊〉, atque adeo necessarium existimaverunt, Elo●… quentiam excolere: cuius beneficia tantae, non modo tot retro seculis (ab immanitate videlicet ad humanitatem deducto ●…am humano genere 〈◊〉: me intelligebant homines nimirum prudentissimi, sed in posterum quoque tant●…s eius commoditates exorituras, ut in longissimum, atque adeo in etern●… sint duraturae. Quod ut fieret, neve ut ulla tempo 
Vtilitas, loquenti. per dur●… r●….  ris iniuria, aut edaci annorum serie aboleantur, cum a compluribus sedulo sit curatum, tum ab his certe haud leave momentum allatum esse vide tur, qui relictis posteritati luculentissimis preceptis Eloquentie! audem, atque memoriam, orbi comen datissimam esse, volverunt. Quo●…ū aliquot script●… cum nuper leg●…rem, atque ex his, quedam non temere annotata, excerperem, que, cum aliis multis, tum in ludo literario versantibus, in primis pros●… tura existimo: ea quisquis iwandi studio in medium protulerit, etiamsi laudem nullam fuerit conse cutus, procul tamen a sicophantarū morsibus ●…sse 
Figurar, & Trop 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cessaria. 〈◊〉 positum.  debet. Et certe si verum fateri volumus, absque Troporum, & Sch●…matum perfecta cognitione, imperfecta plane omnis poetarum, simul & oratorum est prelectio. Quia vero de figurarum generibus, atque vobulis inter artis scripto●…s non s●…tis convenit, a●…is confusius, nonnullis cōscise nimis de illis tractan tibus, haud indignum opere laborem me suscepturum putabam, si paulo acutius inspectis earum descriptionibus, ordine quam fieri potuit lucidissi more, non quidem universas, s●…d maxime scitu dig n●…s comprehenderem, & studiose iwentuti, quasi 
●…auilli 〈◊〉.  in tabella spectandas, proponerem. Caeterum ut ca lumiatorum plena sunt omnia, ita non defuturos puto, qui hunc meum laborem ut leviculum, con temnent, atque etiam vel hoc nomine irridebunt etiam, quod Anglice de Rhetoricis scribam. Inu●… luit enim nescio quo modo, ac sepissime auditur stultissima ista quorundam, sibi quidem ut viden tur criticorum, opimo, negantium fieri posse, ut que ●…liena in lingua diserte scribuntur, maxime si dis ciplinas attingunt, ea, cum venustate aliqu●… in nostrum sermonem posse transfundi. Horum ineptias, & si non sit difficile mul●…is, eisque fortissimus argumentis refellere, ut tamen il lis ora obstruantur, non quidem meis ullis rationi bus, sed illius viri testimoni●…, cuius autoritate com pressi, postea ne hiscere quidem contra, nisi impu dentissime audebunt, placuit in medium profer re, que super hac re, eximius ilie Rodulphus Agri cola, & prudentissime iudicavit, & disertissime 
●…n Episto ●…d Barbi ●…um de ●…nādo stu  in hec verba conscripsit Quicquid apud emedatos autores leges, utilifsimum fuerit, idipsum quam maxime propriis, & idem significantibus verbis reddere vernaculo sermone. Hac enim ex ●…citatione assequeris, ut quoties dicendum tib●…●…iquid, scribendumue fuerit, quando concipiendis ●…erbis apud animum tuum sese quo natura fert vernaculus sermo protu●…erit, statim quoque la ●…ina verbaiam pridem illic hoc vs●… accommodata, sequantur. Ad hec quoque si quid scribere voles, optimum erit idipsum, quam plenissime, 〈◊〉 meque, patrio sermone intra animum tuum formare, deinde latinis, pure, proprieque id signify cantibus, explicare. Sic fiet, ut omnia apart, & quam maxime plene, dicantur. Omnes enim si quid in dicendo est vi●…i, facillime in eo perspicimus sermone, ad quem sumus nati, &, si quid vel dil●… cide parum, vel brevius quam conveniat, vel con torte nimium, nec satis cum re proposita coherens dictum fuerit, in eosermone expeditius annotabit quisque, quem notissimum habebit. Hactenus Rodulphus. Ex quibus plane convincitur, non modo; ex aliena lingua nostras versiones esse pro bandas, sed quanta quoque eius rei sit utilitas, 〈◊〉 ostenditur, Sed ad te reuertor Honoratiss domine. Equidem munuscu●…ū hoolonge infra dignitatem tuam effe confiteor, qui pr●… tua sapie●… tia, & ante complures annos, & nunc ab illustris sima nostra regina Maria in consilium ascitus, in hoc munere long 〈◊〉, summo cu●… bonore, & in gravissimis ●…uius regni negotiis feli ●…iter administrandis, pari cum fide, & integrit●… t●…, versaris. Vt tamenislud qualecungue est D●… minationi tuae offerrem, audaciam mihi fecit, sin gularis ille ammi tui candor, quo semper in studiosos omnes, tum in me privatim benignissime usus, ut de tuo in me animo, ac prop●…nsa voluntate felicissima queque mihi promitterem, ac etiam optime sperarem, effecisti Atque ut in his colligendis ha●…d omnino nullus fuit labor, ita c●…rte multis, que ad suscepti operis expolitionem pertinebant, hoc tempore dificientibus, non ut volui, sed ut potui, ●…pusculum hoc, & quasi syluam uberioris operis futuri, in publicum emisi: ampliaturus, fi modo vita, ociumque literis dignum contigerint, Interim hunc meum qualemcunque laborem, si aequis lectoribus, maxime vero tuae pr●…stātiae, non ingratum sore intellexero, certe, & scriptionis huius abunde mihi magnum pretium cepisse videor, & hac vestra facilitate, ad maiora in posterum suscipienda, animabor, Dominationem tuam deus. Opt: Max. quam diutissime? servet incolumen.   


DE ELOQWTIONE.  
Elocutio, quam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Graeci dicunt, unde & Eloquentiae nomen ortum esse putant, omnium partium ut pul●…herrima, ita quoque utilis sima, atqu●… difsicilima ●…st, in qua oratoris vis illa divina cernitur, quam cum Cicerone optimo doctore, in partitionibus, copiose loquendi sapientiam definio, Nam et ea profusae & immensaererum omnium inventioni varietatem, plenitudinemque addit: & certis dicendi luminibus, res in orationibus explicat, atque exornat: & flumen gravissimis, setētits, et optimis verbis, propriis, apte translatis, sonantibus, ad dicendi g●…nus adducit. Nec solum ex flumine isto elocutionis eligere verba oportet, sed etiam collocare. Vis enim & facultas orationis in simplicibus verbis, & coniunctis versatur, quarumilla invemenda sunt, haec collocanda. Est enim quidam ornatus, qui ex singulis verbis est: alius qui ex coniunctis constat. Eligere autem & suo queque loco collocare, de sententia Ciceronis, in oratore, & Fabii Quintiliani libro institutionum oratorium octavo, nequaqua●… facile est. Sic. M. Antonius dicere solebat disertos se vidisse multos, eloquentem adhue n●…minim. Et M. ●…ullius (ut ait Fabius) inventionem quidem & dispositionem prudentis hominis putavit, eloquentiam vero oratoris. Ratio enim inveniendi, & collocandi, communis omnium esse potest, qui vel antiquitatis clarissima monumenta in codicillos referunt, atque historias literis memoriaeque mandant, vel, qui de aliqua re loquuntur eloqui apte, destincte, ornateque dicere, ●…modum paucis concessum est. Sed quoniam bipartita nobis elocutionis est preceptio, primum dicemus quas res omnis oratoria elocutio hab●…re debet, que pars in sermone Latino atque perspicuo, & comp●…sitione, & dignitate posita est: deinde quibus in dicendi generibus versatur. Eloqu●…tio igitur commoda & perfecta, tres res in se habere debet: Sermonem Latinum, & perspicuum, compositionem, dignitatem.  

De Latino & perspicuo sermone.  
DE his autem que in Elocutione posuimus, hec sit prima cura, ut Latine & perspicue ad rerum dignitatem a●…que naturam loquamur, & verba efferamus ea, que, (ut ait Cicero de oratore) nemo iure repre●…endat. Latinus autem sermo & prespicuus ex Grammaticis discitur, qui orationem puram & ab omni vitio intermissam conseruat, & fa●…it ut unumquodque pure, & apart, & dilucide dici videatur. Constat autem Latinus sermo usitatis verbis, quae in usu quotidiani sermonis versantur, & proprijs, quae eius rei sunt, de qua loquetur. Nec vero proprietates ad nomen duntaxat, sed multo etiam magis ad vim significationis referri, ac potestatem oportet: nec auditu, sed intellectu perpendi. Ita translatio quoque, in qua fere maximus est Elo●…utionis usus, verba non suis rebus accommodat. Sed tamen aliquando habet etiam in oratione inusitatum aliquod verbum, aut poeticum, dignitatem, quibus, loco positis (ut Ciceronis verbis utar) grandior, atque antiquior or●…tio sepe, vide●…i solet. Poetas enim o●…nino quasi alia quadam lingua loqui, nemo est qui ignoret. Vi tia denique in sermone, quo minus is Latinus sit, 
Barbarismus.  duo enumetantur, Barbarismus, & Soloecismus, quorum ille, cum verbum aliquod vitiose effertur, 
Soloecism●….  hic, cum verbis pluribus consequens verbum superiori non accomodatur, committi solet.    

A brief note of Elocution the third part of rhetoric.  
Elocution which the Greeks call Phrase, whereof also the name of Eloquence doth rise: as of all parts it is the goodliest, so is it also the profitablest & hardest, in which is seen that divine might and virtue of an orator, which as Cicero in his oratory partitions defineth, is nothing ●…ls but wisdom speaking eloquently. For unto the marvelous great invention of all things, both it addeth fullness and variety: it setteth out & garnisheth with certain lights of endighting the things that be spok●… of, and also with very grave sentences, choice words, proper, aptly translated and well sounding, it bringeth that great flood of eloquence, unto a certain kind of style. And out of this great stream of Elocution, not only must we choose apt & meet words, but also take heed of placing and setting them in order. For the might & power of Elocution, consisteth in words, considered by themselves, & when they be joined together. Apt words by searching must be found out, and after by diligence, conveniently coupled. For there is a garnishing, even when they be pure and fine by themselves, and an other when they be joined together. To choose them out finely, and handsomely to bestow them in their places, after the mind of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thing. So Marcus Antonius was wont to say, that he had known many well spoken men, but none eloquent. Tully & Quintilian thought that invention and disposition, were the parts of a witty and prudent man: but eloquence of an orator. For how to fyude out matter and set it in order, may be common to all men, which either make abridgementes of the excellent works of ancient writers/ and put histories in remembrance, or that speak of any matter themselves: but to utter the mind aptly, distinctly, and ornately, is a gift given to very ●…ew. And because we have divided Elo●…uutiō into two parts, that is, words ●…imple, or considered by themselves, and compound, or joined together in speech, according to this we say, that every elo quent oration must have in it. three points evidence, which belongeth to the first part of elocution, composition, & dignity, which belongeth to the other.  

Of Evidence and plains.  
Of these things that we put in elocution, let this be the first care, to speak evidently after the dignity and nature of the matter: & to utter such words, which as Cicero saith in his orator, no man may justly reprehend. The plain & evident speech is learned of Grammarians, and it keepeth the oration pure, and without all fault: and maketh that every thing may seem to be spoken, pure lie, apertly, & clearly. Every speech standeth by usual words, that be in use of daily talk, and proper words that belong to the thing, of which we shall speak. Neither be properties to be referred only to the name of the thing, but much more to the strength & power of the signification: and must be considered not by hearing, but by understanding. So translation in the which commonly is the greatest use of elocution, applirth words, not to the self proper things. But yet an v●…used word, or ●…oeticall, hath also sometime in the oration his dignity & being put in place, (as ●…icero saith) often times may seem greater, & of more antiquity. For that poets do speak in manner as it were in an other tongue, it is right soon perceived. Finally two faults are committed in every language, whereby it is not pure, Barbarism and Solecism. Of the which that one is committed, when any word is fautily spoken or writer, that other, when in many words joined together, the word that followeth is not well applied to that that goeth before.     


De vitiis orationis.  
OMnis oratio bona & diserta, tres habere debet praecipuas virtutes. Vt sit pura, dilucida, & ornata. His totidem opponuntur vitia. Barba●…um, obscurum, inornatum. Horum trium vitio sorum generum certae quaedam species sunt collect●…, quarum exempla subijciemus.  

De Barbaro.  
Barbarum vitium est, quando Barbaries quedam in orationem inducitur. Eius tres sunt species.  

Barbarismus.  
Barbaralexis.  
Soloecismus.   
Barbarismus primum Elocutionis vitium, est error in Orthographia, & prosodia.  
In Orthographia peccatur, quando in dictione aliqua, litera, vel Syllaba, adijcitur detrahitur, immutatur, aut transponitur. Exemplum, cum de figuris Grammaticis agemus, post oftendetur.  
Error in prosodia est, cum contra rectam vocum pronuntiationem, eam syllabam que erat elevamda deprimimus, vel contra, quae deprimenda erat, elevamus. Id ne fiat, diligenter a Grammaticis est prospectum: qui unicuique syllabae suum tonum quo vel elevatur, vel deprimitur, vel circumflectitur assignarunt: primum acutum, secundum gravem, tertium circumflexum appellantes.  
Barbaralexis est, quum barbara, & peregrinae ●…inguae vox Romano sermone inseritur.  
Soloecismus. Hoc vitium ad figure as constructi●…nis pertinet, & antea in initio est definitum.  
Barbaro opponitur Latinitas, quae coeostat regula, ●…uthoritate, & consuetudine. Latine loqui lex non est, sed obseruatio quedam excellentium virorum, cuius iud●…ium pro ratione stat.    

Faults of an Cration.  
Every good a●…d eloquent oration must have three principal virtues: that it be pure, playu, and garnished. To these are there as many contrary vices. Barbarous, dark, and ungarnished. Of which three general vices, there be gathered certain kinds, whereof examples shall follow.  

Of Barbarous.  
Barbarous is a fault, when a certain unpureness is brought into the speech, and it hath three kinds.  

Barbarism.  
Barbaralexis,  
Solecism.   
Barbarisine the first fault of Elocution, is an error in true writing, and true accenting.  
We miss in true writing, when in any word a letter or syllable is put too, taken away, changed, or transposed. Examples we will show afterwards when we speak of the figures of Grammar.  
The fault in accenting is, when contrary to the right pronunciation of words, we put down that syllable which should be lift up: or contrary lift up, which should be put down. And that we should not so do, the Grammarians have made good provision, which to every syllable have assigued their accent, whereby it is either lift up, put down, or strained: calling the first an accente acute, the second grave, the third circumflecte.  
Barbaralexis, when a rude word or of a strange tongue is brought into the Roman tongue. In the English speech there be so many, that some think we speak little English or none at al.  
Solecism, this fault pertaineth to the figures of construction and is defined ●…fore in the beginning.  
Contrary to barbarous is pure latin, which standeth by rule, authority, & custom. For to speak latin is no law, but an observation of excellent men●…, whose judgement standeth for reason.     


De obscuro.  
OBscurum est cum vel verborum, vel structurae vitio, obscuritas quaedem iuducitur. Eius ●…ecies sunt.  
Improprietas, Cum dictio minimae propriae significationis, orationi ceu nubes, inducitur. Terentius. Nam quod tu speraspropulsabo facile, speras, pro times, dixit.  
Ambiguitas verbi, aut orationis, ut: Aio te Eacida Romanos vincere posse. Hic vitio compositionis in ambiguo p●…sita sententia. Nam utri victoria promittatur incertum.  
Hyperbaton, Perplexa, & impedita constructio v●…l iustolongior, Qualis plerunque fit ab ineptis affectatorihus Periodorum.  
Eclipsis, Quum necessaria dictio sententiae deest, ita ut perfectum sensum non referat. Vt in epistolis ad Atticum permulta sunt.  
Brachylogia, Quum de re gravi nimis breviter & anguste loquimur, quae & longiorem, & aptiorem requirebat sermonem Est & orationis virtus, quum plura paucis complectimur.  
Atque haesunt ferme species obscuritatis, cui op ponitur secunda virtus orationis, perspicuitas, censtans proprietate, sensu, & compositione, Vt docet Fabius in octavo libro. Cap. ij.   

Of obscurity.  
Obscurity is, when through the fault of words, or of setting them together, a certain darkness is brought in, and hath these kinds.  
Impropertie, when a word is brought into the talk having nothing at all his own proper signification: ●…s when we say, you shall have six stripes which you long for: when they long for them not one whit.  
Ambiguity, is of one word or of more, as, I say the Eacida the Romans may overcome. Here through the fault of composition, it is in doubt to whom the victory is promised.  
An intricate construction, or longer than should be. Such as oftentimes happeth to them that fond labour to tell a good round tale.  
Eclipsis is, when there lacketh a necessary word in the sentence, so that it is not full and perfect. Many of these are in Cicero's Epistles written to Atticus  
Brachylogia, when of a grave matter we speak too briefly, and that it requi●…ed a larger, & more meet treatise. It is also a virtue in speech, when we comprehend many things in few words.  
Contrary to obscurity, is plainness, standing in propriety, sense, and composition, as Fabius doth she we in his ●…yght book.    


De Inornato.  
INornatum est quum velordo, vel dignitas ver bis decst, Species sunt hae.  
Pleonasmus, Hoc est, adiectio verbi superuacui ad plenam significationem. Vt sic or●… locuta est. Nonnunquam tamen asseuer ationis gratia adhibetur. Vt apud Terent. Hisce oculis ego●…et vidi, ●…e nega.  
Perittologia, verborum adiectio superuacua, sine ulla vi rerum. Est autem Pleonasmo vitium affinc, nisi quod haec in sensu, Pleonasmus in ver●…is spectatur. Seneca, Habet inquit, hoc Montanus vitium. Sententias suas repetendo corrum●…u, dum non est contentus unam rem semel bene dicere efficit ne bene dixerit.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Inutilis eiusdem verbi, aut cō●…ructionis iteratio, cum quid magno fastidio sepius ingeminatur, id quod inexercitatis fere accidit, ut eandem semper cantilenam canant.  
Periergia, Quum in re●…tenui multum verborum, & superuacaneam operam consumimus, ac nimium immoramur. Id quod copiam male affectantibus accidit. Fabius superuacuam operositatem vocat. Huic opponitur expolitio, qua iam virtus est, quum videlicet versamur sepe diversis modis eadem, & in una re, atque in eadem sententia diutius commeramur.  
Macrologia, quum aut tota oratio, aut aliqua sententia fit justo longior, ut audientem fatiget●… Al●… orationem esse dicunt, res non necessa rias complectentem. Fabius hoc exemplum ●… Livio ponit, libro octavo. jegati nonimpetrata pace retro domum unde venerant, reuert●…runt. Terentius. Mea est sic ratio, & sic animum induco meum. Sunt qui Macrologiam orationem esse velint nimis cultam, aut l●…nga descriptione productam sententiam. Mihi non absimile vitium esse periergiae videtur. Huic vicina Periphrasis, virtus habetur.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cum rei magnitudo, vel dignitas, verbi humilitate deprimitur.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cognatum superiori vitio, nisi quod pluribus verbis fit, ubi de re magna, & ardu●… justo tenuior, & simplicior oratio, quam ●…es ea ferat.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Miosi contraria, quum ●…es tenues ac leviculae, quadam efferuntur ni●…s tumida, & magnifica oratione. Qualem ●…omici pro decoro personae militibus gloriosis, & ●…arasitis tribuunt.  
Asiatismus, hoc est Asianum genus orationis, ●…mmodicum, ac redundans verbis et figuris, sed ●…ebusinane.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quum vitio compositi●…nis inverecunda est oratio.  
Cacemphaton, id est absurditas, vel absonum ●…uum duriter & deformiter inter se coherent li●…ere vel syllabae. Vt, juuat ire & dorica castra. Et ●…eca caligine soles●… Tale est, O tite, tute tati. Fa●…ius Cacephaton esse ait, cum aut mala consue●…udine in obscoenum intell●…ctum est sermo detor●…●…us, aut iunctura deformiter sonat.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Hoc est prava & peruers●… affectatio, ut si quis eam orationem affectet, cui non sit par. Breviter quoties ingenium iuditio caret, & specie boni fallitur. Vt recte quidam Cacozeliam esse dixerunt, per affectatim●… decoris corruptam sententiam, quum eo ipso dedecoretur oratio, quo illam voluit autor ornar Hec fit aut nimio tumore, aut nimio cultu.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quum oratio omni ornatu ve●… borum, et figurarum caret, vel contra, cum est inep●… figurata. Nam in vitium ducit culpe fuga si ca●… ret arte.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vbi nihil est in oratione vary tatis, aut suavitatis. hoc est, quum est uni for miss, et ubique sui similis oratio, & que nulla va rietate levet taedium. Estque hoc vitium, & supe●… riori finitimum, & sequenti contrarium.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vbi nihilest in oratione rectū●…ut proprium, sed omnia immodice figurata, et nimi picturata Qualis est ferme sermo Apulaia●…s  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Commistio inepta sermonis variis linguis & idiomati●…us consuta.  
Item, si quis poeticas figuras ora●…ni solutae admisciat.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tractum genus dicendi, & oratio prorsus carens numeris, & compositione tolerabili.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Incompositum, seu male collocatum, hoc est, ubi verba male congeruntur, penisque coherent, alioqui bona si in loco poner entur, vel Cacosyntheton est indecens structur a ver●…borum, et compositio vitiosa.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Male dispositum, & indistinctum, affine superiori vitium, quum nulla est in oratione oeconomia, sed omnia confusa sursum ●…eorsumque miscentur. Atque haec sunt breviter descripta orationis vitia.   

Of ungarnished.  
Ungarnished is, when either there lacketh order, or beautifying in the words. The kinds be these.  
Pleonasmus, the putting too of a superfluous word, to a full signification: as, So she spoke with her mouth. Sometime it is used for asseveration, as, I saw it with these eyes of mine: deny it not.  
Perittologia, a superfluous adding of words, without any pith of matter. It is like fault to Pleonasmus, ●…aue that the one standeth in sense, the other is seen in words. Seneca. Mo●…tanus hath this fault, that he marreth all by to much repeating of sentences, & while he is not content to have spoken a thing once, he maketh all nought.  
Tautologia, an unprofitable rehear●…all of all one word, or construccioi●…. when with great yrcksomnes we double the matter, which commonly they are wont to do that be not exercised, but therefore sing all one song.  
Periergia, when in a small matter we spend many words, & labour much in vain, and tarry to long in it. Which thing happeth to them that lewdly seek for copy. Fabius calleth it, vain curiositi●…. ●…ontrary to this, is Expo●…icion, which is a virtue, when in deed we stand in one thing and sentence, turning the same divers wai●…s.  
Macrologia, when either the whole oration, or some sentence thereof, is longer than it should be, and weryeth the hearer, Fabius taketh this example out of ●…iuie, in the eight book. The ●…egates (peace not being obtained) did return home again from whence thei●… came. Terence. This is my reason, and thus I think in my mind. There be that call it Macrologia, when the oration is to trim, & set out at length with some godly description. Me thinks it is much like Periergia. Periphrasis●… which draweth vie to this, is counted a virtue.  
Tapinosis, when a w●…ightie & high matter is brought down by bas●…s of a word: as if you would say to a king, And it please your Mastership.  
Bomphiologia, contrary to Miosis, is when light and ●…sting matters, are set out with gay and blazing words. Such as in ●…ommedies are wont to be spoken, of craking soldiers, & smell feasts.  
Asiatismus, a kind of endighting used of the Asians, full of figures, and words, lacking matter.  
A●…schrologia, when through the fault of joining words together, some uncleanly meaning may be gathered.  
●…acemphaton, when letters & syllables hang evil favouredly together: as if there be to many of this letter, r, or of t, which causeth a rough●…es, or stamme ring.  
●…ozelia, a peevish desire to follow such a kind of writing as thou art not inete for: defacing the thing which thou wouldst fayvest beauti●…ie.  
Asch●…maton, when in the oration there is no variety, nor pleasantness, but it is all alike, and by no variety taketh away tediousness, a fault like to that y● goeth before, and contrary to this that followeth.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 When in the oration the●… is nothing rightly and properly spoken, but all is to much befigured and begayed. Such is the writing of Apuleius  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A foolish mingling together of words out of divers languages. Also if a man in prose would use figures poetical.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A kind of endighting draw out a long, utterly void of all sweet and round composition.  
Cacosyntheton, when the words be evil heaped together, and be worse joined: being good if they were set in place.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A fault somewhat like the other: when there is no good disposition of the words, but all are confused up and down, and set without order.    


De figuris Grammaticis Orthographicis.  
APud Grammaticos, figurarum duo sunt genera: alterum singulorum verborum, alterum constructorum. Priores figurae a Grecis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nominantur, quia verba, transformant. In prosa, his uti non licet, si barbarismi reprehensionem volumus effugere. A poetis metre causa usurpantur. In oratione soluta nihil impedit quo minus verba, acsyllabas integre pronunciemus, & scribamus: quod quia versibus non fit, orthographicae etiam vocantur, quasi orthographiam vitiantes. Et si autem Latinis, sed Grecis maxime in componendis versibus celebrantur, tamen nostris quoque poetis non sunt infrequentes si quis eorum poemata cunratione perlegerit. Se●… nunc ad figuras.  

Defiguris orthographicis.  
FIgura Orthographica est, cum a vulgariratione scribendi, aut loquendi, metri causa deflectimus. Eius species sunt.  
Prosthesis. Cum dictioms initio, litera, syllabaue additur. ut. Virg. Oscula libavit gnatae dehinc talia fatur gnatae pro natae. Terentius. Pol ●…oc si scissem: numquam huc tetulissem pedem, pro, tulissem.  
Epenthesis cum medio.  
Juvenal. Rara avis in terris nigroque similli ma cigno pro, similima. Virgil. Romanus Gra iusque & Barbarus induperator. pro, imperator  
Paragoge, cum aliquid fini additur.  
Persius. At pulcbrum est digito monstrari, ●… possit hic est. pro dici.  
His totidem contraria sunt, ubi aliquid deest.  
Apheresis. Cum principio dictionis aliquid adimitur. Virgil. Babit ille ruinas,  
Arboribus, stragemque sans: ruet omnia la te ru●…t, procruet. Horat. Et cetera ludicra pono pro depono.  
Sincope, cum aliquid in medio deest. Virgil Sufstulit, exutas vinclis ad sydera palmas. pro vinculis, Idem. C●…ngite fronde comas, & pocula por gite dextris pro, porrigite.  
Apocope, Cum a fine aliquid adimitur. O 〈◊〉. Adfuit & certis tempora vinctus Hyme●… pro Hymeneus.  
Metathesis, transpositio quaedam literarum Virg. Nam tibi timbre caput Euandrius abst●…lit ensis. pro timber.  
Antisthecon. Literae pro litera positio. Virgilium Olli subridens hominum sator atque deoru●… Olli, pro, illi.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Sequuntur schemata prosodica, que in ver suum dimensione adhiberi solent.  
Diaeresis, unius syllabae, hoc est, diphthongi in duas syllabas diductio. Virg. Dives equum, dives, pictai vestis & auri.  
Syneresis. Duarum syllabarum in unam comprehensio. ovid. Notus amor Phaedra, nota est iniuria Thesei. Vbi. E. i sonandum tanquam. i.  
Hae due figurae in versuum scantione adhiberi solent.  
Diastole, Syllabae brevis, aut ancipitis productio. Virg. Exercet Diana choros. Diana prima producta dixit, quum sit alioqui brevis.  
Systole, Cum longam syllabam corripimus. Virg. Connubio iungam stabili propriamque di cabo. Hic. nu. corripitur, quum tamen sit longae. Et hae due figurae ad syllabarum quantitatem pertinent.   

THe like unto these figures gen tel reader, undoubtedly be found in our poets, where for the Metre sake, they oftentimes be fain, to add, to change, to dyminyshe Letters, and Syllables, from the true writing and reading of the 
In this verse, where is that false cruel tyrant Nerown.  word: as Chaucer sometime calleth him Nerown, whose name in deed is Nero: and that to make the Meter agree with the staff that went before, & so addeth a syllable in the latter end of the word, as do the Latins, when they say Possit for dici. And as here is added somewhat to the end: so in this verse, In wintars just return when Boreas 'gan his reign: is taken away a syllable from the beginning, ('gan) being put for begins: but so if he should have said, than had the verse been to long by a syllable, although in deed the word should so have been truly written. Now because I am not well seen in English Metres myself, therefore I could not, I confess, well exemplify in English all these foresaid figures in Latin. Virgil said well. Non omnia possumus omnes. Whoso can do it, is worthy praise, and worthy more praise if he will do it. But to say somewhat of these figures: whosoever thinketh them lightly to be passed over, judgeth over lightly. For truly it is not enough in expounding Latin poets, to say, here figure: except he tell him also it is a fault. But because of the Metre, in stead of fault it is called a figure. And the like is not to be used in prose, when there is no necessity why we should not both write out the word at length and also pronounce it as it is written. Who will say, and say truly, porge dextram, for, porridge dex●…eram: and yet so sayeth Virgil before alleged, in the figure Sincope. And so of the rest. Thus much I think sufficient to have noted touching this matter.     


De figuris constructionis.  
FIgurarum Grammaticarum partem alteram in verbis coniunctis positam esse diximus, quae Syntaxis Grecis dicitur. Ea est ratio coniungendorum verborum, secundum artis regulas, ut perfecta inde conficiatur oratio. De eo, Grammatici plurima dederunt precepta. A duersus quae, vitium qui commit●…t, in Soloec●…smum incidit. Verum quia non temere, s●…d certis de causis, eximij authores, a regulis illis declinant, pr●… ●…tio figura est appellata.  

Figura constructionis quid.  
Est itaque figura Constructionis, cum a communi ratione loquendi, brevitatis, aut alicuius commoditatis gratia, non nihil deflectimus. Eius species sunt.  
Eclypsis, cum ad legitimam constructionem, dictio necessaria deest, quae tamen vel consuetudine authorum subaudiri solet, vel quia ex ceteris verbis precedentibus est certa, ut.  

Post quam ventum est ad Pauli. 
Templum.   
Cur non recta introijsti. 
Via.   
Datae primo januarij. 
Litterae.   
Tendebat in valle. 
Tento●…ū.   
Laborat morbo quartane. 
Febris.   
Nemini bonus est preterquam suis. 
servis.   
Ex eo non cessavit insidias struere fratri! 
Tempore.   
Sunt qui te cursu antevortant. 
Homines dictum est.   
De his satis.   
In his omnibus verba in margine posita sun●… intelligenda.  
Aposiopesis, cum aliquid sermonis integritati deest, vel affectu aliquo, vel transitus causa ad aliud  
Affectu sic. Sepius te huius errati admonui ve rū●…isi caves. Hic per iram abscinditur ●…ententia.  
Novi quando, & quo in loco, tis. Hic pudor●… mpeditur sermo. Transitu sic, Quos ego Sed motos restat componere fluctus.  
Zeugma est, quum in similibus clausulis com●…unc aliquid in una positum, in aliis non muatum, desideratur, Fitque multis modis.  
Quod detrahitur, aut ipsum est verbum, aut aliquid quod verbum vel precedit, vel sequitur. Et verbum quidem sic.  
Non locus virum honestat, sed vir locum. In secunda clausula omittitur (honestat.)  
Quod verbum precedit sic.  
Probus non solum presentes amicos colit, sed etiam absentes amicos obserant. Iterum supplend●… (Probus.)  
Quod verbum sequitur sic.  
Vt probus absentes amicos tuetur, it●… improbue ●…istituit. Subaudi amicos.  
Variatur Zeugma & a loco ubi illud commune ponitur. Nam si in priore clausula sit, vocatur Prozeugnia. Si in media. Mesozeugma. Si in ultima, vocatur Hypozeugma. Hoc modo.  
Vicit pudorem libido, timorem audacia, rationem amen●…ia.  
Forma & etate deflorescit, & morbo.  
Forma, morbo, dolore, atque aetate deflorescit.  
Diazeugma, cum unaquaeque clausula suum●… habet verbum, sic, avaritia corpus ledit, anim●… corrumpit.  
Prolepsis, quum generale praecedens, dividitur in partes, in quibus subauditur coniunctio, ve●… copulativa, vel discretiva. Vt, Aquilae volant, haec ab oriente, illa ab occidente, pro, & hec volat ab oriente et illa ab occidente. Cepere captivos, partim integros, partim sa ucios: pro, & partim cepere integros, & partim cepere saucios. Mire faciunt be duae figure ad brevitatem, tum loquendo, tum scribendo.  
Appositio, duorum aut plurium substantivorum ad eandem rem spectantium, quorum alterum declarat alterum, immediate facta coniuncti●… ut Fluuius Tamesis in mare, influit.  
Apposition is an immediate joining together of two nouns substantives or more, the one declaring the other. As, The flood Thames floweth into the Sea.  
Diuer sum ab his genus est, quod excessu constat. Pleonasmus generatim appellari solet. Accidit autem cum una plures ve dictiones ad legitimam constructionem non necessariae, in oratione redundant, sic.  

Meis egomet oculis vidi.  
Sic ore locutus est.  
Vbinam gentium illum inveniam nescio.   
Huc spectat Epanalepsis, qua, post aliquam ●…ulta interposita resumimus quod in principio ●…ollocauimus, cum alioqui sine ●…o, constructio suo●…umeros ha●…eret. Resumimus autem, vel verbis ●…sdem, vel diversis, aut potestate paribus, vel ma is generalibus, Eisdem sic. C●…ue existimes 〈◊〉 (quanquam non est necesse illud ad te scribere) ●…aue putes probitate, constantia, cura Reip, quicquam illi esse simile. Potestate paribus sic. Confir●…nato illo, de quo, si verum dicit Philosophus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 non possumus: hoc inquam stabilito, & fixo ●…llud excutiendum, quid sit dolore carere. Magis generalibus sic. Verum animum vincere, irra●…undiam cohibere, victoriam temperare: Haec qui faciat, non ego eum summis viris comp●…o, sed 〈◊〉 milimum deo judico.  
Restant configurationes, quae non verborum 〈◊〉 superiores, sed ordinis Grammatici, quasi perturbationem habent, cumque 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est, transeunt. Quo sit, ut apud Grecos generale no men & tanquam caput ad quod ipsae referuntur, ha beant Hyperbaton: quia ordo legitimus diction●…, clausularumue immutatur. Eius ●…ecies sunt hae.  

Anastrophe, verborum ordo praeposterus.  
Mare fluit insulam omnem circum.  
Diu cum pugnatum esset.   
Histerologia, cum preposuio non casui cui servi sed verbo, quasi cum eo compositum sit, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qui adveneris urbem Ft, atque rot summas levibus, 〈◊〉 labitur vnaas.  
Hysteron proteron, hoc 〈◊〉 a precedent quod illic, vocabulorum & e●…rum tractationi●… bic autem rerum ipsarum est transpositio. Cu●…, quod secundo loco fit, priorem in orati●… onis ordine locum possidet, Virg.  
Postera Phaebea lustrabat lampade terras.  
Humentemque aurora polo dimoverat umbram.  
Tmesis. Cum composita ●…oce divisa, dicti aliqua eius partibus interponitur. Terentius Qaeu meo cunque animo libitum est facere, fec●… Cicero: Quam rem procul inquit dubio dixisset  
Interposito, Sensus quispiam sermom, an●… tequam absoluatur interiectus: qui quanquam eius viribus aliquid confert, tamen sublatus legitimum s●…onem relinquit. Horat. Cetera de genere h●…c (adeo sunt multa) loqucem delassare valent Fabium.  
Of Grammatical figures we said 〈◊〉 other to be put in words, when they 〈◊〉 joined together, which in Greek is 〈◊〉 construction. That is, a manner 〈◊〉 way to set them together after the 〈◊〉 of the Art, that of them may be 〈◊〉 a perfect and full oration. Of 〈◊〉 the Grammarians have given 〈◊〉 precepts. The fault thereof in general word is called Incongruite. But because this is openly used of 〈◊〉 authors, not at all adventures, 〈◊〉 for certain causes, in stead of fault it is called a figure.    

Of the figure of Construction.  
So then the figure of Construction is, when we somewhat turn away from the common and vulgar manner of speaking, because of briefues or some commoditie moditie. The kinds be these.  
Eclipsis, when to the just Construction a necessary word lacketh, which yet is wont to be understand either by the custom of authors, or because it is certain by other words that go before: as.  

After we were come to Paul's. 
Church.   
Why went you not straight in? 
Way.   
Dated the fyrit of January, 
Letters.   
He pitched in the valley. 
His tent.   
He is sick of a quariane. 
F●…uer.   
He is good to none but to his own. 
Friends or servants.   
Since that he ceased not to lie in wai●… for his brother. 
Time.   
There be that will overrun you. 
men.   
Enough of this 
Is spoken.    
In all which must be understand the words put in the margin.  
Aposiopesis is, when any thing lacketh to the perfect●…es of speech, either for some affection, or for p●…ssing to an other thing, that standeth us more upon.  
For affecc●…on thus. Often have I warned thee of this faul●…e, but except tho●… beware. Here the sentence is cut of for anger.  
I know when, and in what place thouhere is a stop, through shame. And thou also, if thou remember. But I say no more. Here for passing to an other matter, we break of the tale.  
Zeugma is, when in like clauses, some common word or thing, put in one clause, and not changed in the other, is yet left out, and understand, and that many ways.  
That that is taken away, either is the verb itself, or somewhat that goeth before the verb, or somewhat that followeth. The verb thus.  
Not the place honesteth the man, but the man the place. In the second clause is left out (honesteth.) That goeth before the verb thus.  
A good man loveth not only his friends present, but maketh much also of his friends absent. Here must be supplied this word (good man.) That followeth the verb thus,  
As a good man defendeth friends absent, so an evil man forsaketh: vnder●…tande (friends.)  
Zeugma is varied also by the place, where that common word is put.  
For if it be set in the foreclawse, it is called. Prozeugma. If in the middle, Mesozeugma. In the last. Hipozeugma in this wise.  
Lechery over came chastity, boldness, fear, madness, reason.  
Beauty, by age decayeth, & by sickness  
Beauty by sickness, by sorrow, or 〈◊〉 age decayeth.  
Diazeugma, when of those things 〈◊〉 which we speak, either both, or each on●… of them is concluded, with their certain verb, thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numāc●…, over threw Carthage cast down Corinthe, and razed Fregels Also, coue●…ousnes hurteth the body, corrupteth the mind.  
Prolepsis, when the general word●… going before, is divided into parts where must be understand a conjunction copulative, as.  
eagles flee, one from the East, another from the west: for, & the one flieth fro●… the East, and the other from the West  
They took prisoners, partly hole, 〈◊〉 lie wounded: for, and partly they 〈◊〉 hole, and partly they took wounded marvelously serve these figures 〈◊〉 brevity both in speaking and writing  
Contrary to these, is that kind 〈◊〉 standeth in excess, called generally, Pleonasmos, That happeth, when one, or many words, not necessary to the ●…ust and lawful construction, doo●… abound thus.  

I saw it with mine eyes.  
He spoke, it with his mouth.  
I wot not in the world where to find high   
Epanalepsis, when after some things put between, we repeat again that we set in the beginning, the construction nevertheless being perfect without it. And we repeat it again either with the same words, or other that be of like value or else more general. With the same thus  
Think not Brutus, how be it I have no need to write these things unto thee, that thou knowest well enough I think not, I say, any man like unto him, in ver tue, constance and diligence. With other words that be of like value thus.  
This thing confirmed, of which if the Philosophers say true, we cannot doubt, when in death there is no such utter undoing, that not that lest suspicion of sense may remain: this than I say well assured, we must discuss this, what it is to lack sorrow. with more gen●…ral thus  
But to overcome thy mind, to restrain thine anger, to temper the victory. Him that doth these things, I do not compare to the noblest men, but judge most like unto god.  

De Hyperbato.  
Now remain those figures, which trouble the Grammatical order: & there fore as to the chief are under this Greek word, Hyperbaton, which is as much to sa●…e, of words and construction a troubled order. His kinds be these.  
Anastrophe, a preposterous ordering or setting of words, as: The sea floweth all England about. Long when they had fought.  
Hysterologia when the preposition is not put unto the noun where unto it serveth, but to the verb, as though it were compound with it, thus.  
He slydby with his wheels the uppermost of the water: where by is joined to the verb that properly belongs to the noun, thus: He slydde with his wheels by the over part of the water.  
Hysteron proteron differs from the figure before, because there is but trans position of the words: & here is a transposition of things: that is, when that in the order of speaking is set in the first place, that was not first done, but second. Virgil. Phoebus' lightened the earth with his golgen Lamp, and drove away the moist shadow from the Pole.  
Here is set in the second place, that which was first done. For night was driven away before the Sun gave light upon the earth.  
Tmesis is, when a compound word being divided, some other word is put between the parts, thus. What things so for pleased him to do, he did. Here (things) divideth this one word, whatsoever  
Interpositio, a sense cast betwixt the speech, before the talk be all ended: which though it give some strength, yet when it is taken away, it leaveth the sentence perfect enough. Other that be of this sort (they be so many) are able to weary babbling Fabius.     


De Tropis.  
Antonomasia, quum pro nomine proprio cogno men quoddam extraneum studij, artis, officij, aut dignitatis ponitur. ut.  

Philosophus. pro Aristotele.  
Poe●…a. pro Virgilio.  
Seruator. pro jesu.  
Apostolus. pro Paulo.   
Aut contra, nomina propria pro appellativis, 〈◊〉  

Socrates pro sapiente.  
Thraso pro iactabundo.   
Iten 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, pro his quae genti attribuuntur. ut,  

Cretensis, pro mendaci.  
Scytha, pro inhumano.   
P●…phrasis est, cum quod uno vocabulo dici potest, pluribus verbis explicatur, ●…el decoris, vol necessitatis gratia, idque ●…pliciter, Nominis explicatione. Vt cum pro philosopho studiosum sapientiae dicimus.  
Rei 〈◊〉, cum pro dialectica, disserendi rationem ponimus.  
Notatione, hoc est, cum notis ac signis quibusdam rem aliguam describimus, ut, Bilis efferues cit, pallet vultus: 〈◊〉 oculi: tremor membra occupat, 〈◊〉. liem cum pro nomine proprio pat●…am, sectam, aut facinus ponimus, Vt pro virgilio, Mantuanum vatem, pro Aristotele peri●… pateticae, scholae principem, pro Scipione, Carthagi nis & Numantiae eversorem. Fit periphrasis tegendi, quae sordida sunt gratia, salustius, ad requisita nature. Et ornandi quae pul●…bra sunt caussa, ut brevitatem splendide producat. Exem plum habes. Erasmi periphrases in evangelia, Differt ab Antonomasia, quod in ea simplex ver bum simplici proprie commutatur, hic unum pl●… ribus explicatur.  

De Tropis orationis.  
TRopus orationis est, quum non unius tantum verbi, sed omnium in constructione vocum significatio mutatur, Eius species sunt.  
Allegoria, quae est oratio aliud verbis, aliud sensu demonstrans. Vt. Horat.  
O navis referent in mare te novi  
Fluctus, ó quid agis, fortiter occupa portum.  
Quo in loco (ut ait Fabius) navim prorepublicae.  
Fluctum probellis civilibus, portum pro pace & concordia voluit poeta intelligi subijciuntur alligoriae.  
Aenigma, quae est oratio é qua propter obscuritatem nihil certi colligitur: ut, Mater me genuit, eadem mox gignitur exme. De glacie ex aqu●… concreta, & rursus in eandem resoluta.  
Paroemia celebre dictum scita quapiam 〈◊〉 tate ensign. ut Auribus lupum teneo.  
Iroma que non è verbis aeque ac pronuntiatio●… ne, reiue natura intelligitur. Est aut●…m 〈◊〉 aliud verba, aliud sensus continent. Eius form sunt.  
Sarcasmus, hostilis irrisio, & amara insultatio●… En agros, & quam bello Troiane petisti, Hesperi●… am metire iacens.  
Astysmus, quum quid faceta ●…banitate 〈◊〉 politur. Virg.  
Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmine Meui●…  
Atque idem iungat v●…lpes, & mulgeat hircos  
Mic●…yrismus, Simulatus risus, non tamen 〈◊〉 tens. Persius.  
Non ego curo.  
●…sse quod Arcesilas.  
Charientismus, quum duriora gratiosis verbi●… molhuntur. Terent, Bona verba queso, quu●… pistrinum deprecaretur Davus.   

De Tropis.  
QVoniam Troporum cognitio pueris pernecess●… ria est, & cum his figuris de quibus hactenu●… disseruimus, coniunctam tractionem hahet, 〈◊〉 eos explanando, ac dividando, paucis per●… ●…uemur. Ab ●…is enim quasi ingressus ad ratio●…em dicendi patefit studiosis eloquentie. Vt Grā●…maticus hic suam artem absoluere, Rhetor incho●…are, ac tanquam fundamenta sua ponere videa●…ur. Est igitur Tropus verbi, aut sermonis a pro●…pria significatione in aliam deflectio. Et cst duplex dictionis, & orationis.   

De Tropo dictionis.  
TRopus dictionis, est figura transferens dictionem a propria & vulgata significatione eiuns, ad non propriam, decoris, aut necessitatis causa. Huius species sunt.  
Metaphora, quum verbum ex eo loco in quo pro prium est, in eum, in quo aut proprium deest, au●… translatum proprio melius est, ac significantius, (quiae propter similitudinem recte videtur posse fieri,) trans fertur, Idque multis modis. Primum a sensibus corporis ad animum. Vt.  
A visu. Terent. Respice etiam tuam. pro curam age.  
Ab auditu. Idem. Herumne relinquam an auscultem seni. pro obtemperem.  
Ab olfactu. Num quid patri subolet? pro. patri aborta suspitio.  
A gustu. Cicero, Pau●…rum dierum molestiam devorate. pro, 〈◊〉 sensum perferte.  
A bruto ad hominem. ut Cato Scipionem 〈◊〉 trare solebat. pro, convitiari.  
Ab animali ad nō●…mmal, nunc omnis age●… nunc omnis parturit arbos.  
Ab animali ad animal, ut si quis dicat sim●… am equo inequitare.  
Abinanimato ad animatum. Cicero floret 〈◊〉 quentia.  
Aliquando in simplici nomine est Metaphor●… ut, si quis hominem ventri deditum pecudem appellet.  
Interdum in epitheto, Vt si quis dicat, 〈◊〉 esse vitream.  
Interdum in verbo. ut, avolat aetas.  
Catachresis est necessaria nominis alieni vsurp●… tio pro proprio, ut quum paricidam appellamus, qu●… uxorem occidit quum proprie sit qui occidit patrem. A●… Metaphor a differt, quod abusio est ubi nomen de●… fuit, translatio ubi aliud fuit.  
Metonomya est quum rerum ●…de cognatar●… nomina nominibus permutantur. sie.  
inventor pro re inventa. Teren. Sine Cerere & Baccho friget Venus. Cererem pro cibo, Bacchu●… pro vino. Ven●…rem pro libidine dixit.  
Possessor prore possessa, Terent. Hun●…●…ibi comeden●… ●…endum propino pro ●…uius hon●….  
●…tor pro opere. Cicero semp●…r manibus habendus 〈◊〉 pro exercitu. Hannibal ad Cannas sexagin ●…illia hominum occidit.  
●…aciës pro facto. Hic melior remis. pro velocita●…quae fit per remos.  
Continens pro c●…ento. Armis Italia non po●… vinci, nec Grecia disciplinis.  
●…ignum pro signato. Cedant arma togae, conce●…t laurea linguae.  
Differt a Metaphora quod ille proprium cum 
Differentia inter Metaphoram, C●… tachresim, & Me●…onymiam.  ●…eno. hec ●…rnandi caussa proprium proprio com●…tat nectralatum verbum habens, nec factum, 〈◊〉 sumptum ex vicino.  
Metalepsis, cum nomen quod caussae debetur, ●…buitur effecto. Virg. Post aliquot mea regna ●…dens mirabor aristas. Vbi estates intelliguntur 〈◊〉 faciunt aristas.  
●…ynecdoche, cum aliud ex alio intelligimus. V●….  
Ex uno plures. Penus fuit Hispanis auxilio, 〈◊〉. Peni.  
Ex part totum. Ridiculum caput.  
Ex specie genus. Iracundior Adria.  
Ex materie res confecta. Ferro eum confecit. 〈◊〉 gladio, ex ferro facto.  
Ex antecedentibus consequentia, Virgineam soluit zonam pro, devirginavit.  
Ex consequentibus antecedentia. Vt, in sud●… vultus tui vesceris pane, pro, in labore.    

Of Tropes.  
Because the knowledge of Trop●… is very necessary for children, and t●… teaching of them joined with those f●… gures, of which hitherto we have talked: therefore we will briefly shew●… expound, and divide them. For a●… entrance to rhetoric, by them 〈◊〉 made open to such as be studious of 〈◊〉 loquence. So that the Grammari●… here seemeth to end his art, and Rhe●… rician to begin, and as it were to lay hi●… foundation. A trope then is a bowing o●… a word or speech from his own sig●… nification into another. And is in tw●… sorts, of a word, and of oration.  

The Trope of a word.  
The trope of a word is a figure be●… ring the word from his proper a●… vulgar signification, to an other tha●… is not proper, either for pleasautnes o●… necessity. Whose kinds be these.  
Metaphora, when a word is translate●… of his proper place into another, whe●… either there lacketh a proper word, 〈◊〉 the word translated is better, and of ●…ore signification, & may well be so done 〈◊〉 a similitude. And that many ways.  
first from the senses of the body to, ●…e mind: as, from the sight. Terence.  
Look upon your old age, for have regard ●… From the hearing. Terence. Whe●…er I should leave my master, or her●…en to the old man, for obey.  
From smelling, doth my father smell ●…ut any thing? for suspect any thing.  
From tasting. Cicero. Swallow up ●…he pain of a few days, for think ye ●…ele it not.  
From the reasonable to the unreasonable, as. When we apply the deed, or affection of man to any beast: and many such be in virgil in Georgikes touching Bees.  
From the unreasonable to the reasonable, as. Cato, was wont to bark at Scipio, for, to chide with him.  
From the living, to the living: as if you will say, that an Ape rideth on ●…orsebacke.  
From the living to the not 〈◊〉 ●…s now all the fields laugh.  
From the not living to the living.  
Sometime in a b●…rbe there is tran●…●…acion. as, time ●…yeth away.  
Catachresis is a necessary abuse 〈◊〉 like words, for the proper: as, when w●… call him a manqueller, which ha●…h kill led any person, man or woman, mother o●… wife. This 〈◊〉 differeth from Metapho ra, because abus●… is where there lacked a word: translation w●…re an other was.  
Metonymia, when in things that be syb together, one name is chau●…ged for an other, as.  
The finder for the thing that is found Terence. Without Ceres and ●…acchus Venus is cold: where Ceres is put for meat, Bacchus for wy●…e, and Venus for Lechery.  
The possessor for the thing that is possessed: as, have here this man to be eaten up for his goods.  
The author for the ●…orke: Cicero, must always be had in out hands: for, the works of Cicero.  
The captain for the host. Hannibal at Cannas killed. lx. thousand men: for, the host of Hannibal.  
The conteiner for that that is contained, Italy cannot be overcome by war, nor Grece by learning: for, the men that ●…well there.  
The sign for that that is signified, as Let weapons give place to the gown, and the Laurel to the tongue.  
This trope differeth from Metaphora: because Metaphora changeth a word of her own with another, though the things be very divers: but here as the thiges must be very nigh, so must the words also be  
Metalepsis, when a word that is dew to the cause is ascribed to the effect.  
Synecdoche, when one thing is understand by an other, or we understand more than we speak, as.  
Of one many. The Carthaginian holp the spaniards. for, the Carthaginians.  
By the part the whole. O thou foolish head, for foolish man.  
By the kind the general. as, If thou see thine enemies also, fall under hy●… burden, for cattle.  
By the matter, the thing that is made of 〈◊〉 as flesh and blood did not show thee this. Flesh and blood, is put for man made of flesh and blood.  
By that that goeth before, the thing that followeth. As he unloosed her virgin's girdle. For he had her virginity.  
By that that followeth the thing that goeth before: as, in the sweat of thy face, thou shalt eat thy bread. For with labour.  
Antonomasia, when for the proper name, some other external is put, either of study, art, office, or dignity, as.  

Philosopher. for Aristotle.  
Poet. for Virgil.  
Saviour. for Jesus.  
Apostle. for Paul.   
Or contrary, proper names, for appellatives, as.  

Socrates. for Wiseman.  
Thraso. for Boaster.   
Also the name of nation for the properties attributed to the nation, as.  

A Cretian. for 〈◊〉.  
A Scythian. for Cruel.  
A Sybaritie. for Riotous,  
A carthaginian. for League breaker.   
Periphrasis is, when that, that may be spoken with one word, is declared in many, and that three manner ways.  
By explication of the name: as when for this word Philosopher, we say: a man studious of wisdom.  
By definition of the thing, as for Logic, the art of reasoning.  
By notation, that is, when by certain marks, and signs we do describe any thing: as, if a man understanding anger, will say it is the boiling of the mind, which bringeth paleness unto the countenance, burning to the eyes, trembling to the parts of the body.  
Also, when for the proper name we put the country, the sect, or some great act: as.  
For Virgil, the Poet of Mantua.  
For Aristotle, the prince of peripateti●…all school.  
For Scipio, the destroyer of Carthage and Numance.  
Periphrasis is, to hide things th●… be foul: as when we say, I will go 〈◊〉 the privy, for.  
I will make water, for  
And to garnish things that be good●… and to make that that is short, good●… and long, as doth Erasmus upon t●… gospels and pistles.  
It differeth from Antonomasia, b●… cause there, but one word is 〈◊〉 with another, here one word is decl●… red with many.   

Tropes of Oration.  
Trope of Oration is, when the sy●… nification, not of one word only, but 〈◊〉 all that be in the construction be changed. The kinds be these.  
Allegoria, which is an oration, showing one thing in words, and another 〈◊〉 sense. Horace. O ship, shall new floud●…●…arye thee again into the sea?  
O what dost thou? take the haven lustil●… Where ship is put for the common welt●… floods for civil battle: haven for pea●… and concord. He hath these kinds.  
Enigma, which is an oration, out o●…●…hiche for the darkness, there can be no ●…ertaintie gathered: as. My mother be●…at me, & of me anon is begotten again: ●…ent of ice frorem of water, and resolved ●…gayne into the same. Also the half is ●…ore than the whole. By which is com●…ended mediocrity.  
Paroemia, a saying much used, & no●…able for some novelty: as. I hold ●…he wolf by the ears. Also the wolf ●…s in our tale.  
Ironia, dissimulation, not so much ●…erceiued by the words, as either by ●…ronunciation, or by the behaviour of the ●…erson, or nature of the thing. His kinds ●…e these.  
Sarcasmus, a scorn of our enemy, ●…nd a ●…ipping taunt. As the jews said ●…o Christ: now let him come down from ●…he cross, and save himself, that saved other.  
Astysmus, when a thing is po●…ished with some merry conceit, as Virgil speaking of two foolish poets, Mavius and Bavius said: He that hateth not Bavius, let him love th●… verses, O Mevi, join foxes, and mylk●… he goats.  
Myetirismus, a counterfeited laug●… ter, but yet such one as may be perceived. Persius. I care not, to be as Artesilas is.  
Charientismus, when things that 〈◊〉 hardly spoken, be mollified with pleasant words. Terence. Sir I pray●… you be good master to me, quod Dauus●… when yet he desired Simo, that he mig●… not be thrust into the bakehouse.     


De Schematibus se●… Figuris.  
FIgurae sive Schema, est arte aliqua novata dicendi forma, ut inquit Fabius. vel, conformatio qudam orationis, remota a communi, & prim●… se offerente dicendi ratione.  
Figura duplex est, aut sententiarum, aut ver●… borum. Saepe coeunt hae figurae, velut in illo Cic●… ronis: jam iam Dolabella neque tui me, neq●… tuorum liberum, & quae sequuntur. Na●… oratio a judice aversa in sententia, iam iam, & ●…berum, in verbis funt Schemata, hoc est, Apo●…ropha, sententiae figura. in, iam iam, Epizeuxis, 〈◊〉 liberum, Syncopa, verborum figurae sunt. Est ●…utem hoc inter figuras discrimen, quod ver●…orum Schema tollitur, si verba mutaris, senten●…arum permanet, quibuscunque verbis uti ve●…s.  

De figuris verborum.  
●…Igura verborum est duplex, aut enim verbi significatio mutatur, & dicitur Tropus, de ●…uo superius a nobis dictum. aut verbi signifi●…tio manet, idque vel in singulis vocibus, de ●…uo ipso quoque dictum est: aut in coniunctis, ●…uam orationem dicimus, de hac figura iam age ●…us. Est igitur hoc locofigura verborum, quu●…●…do situsque verborum, figuratur, & mutatur, ac ●…onnihil a vulgata constructione variat. Huiu●…●…ecies sunt.    

Of Schemes of figures.  
Figure or Scheme, is a fashion of in●…ighting made new, by some craft, as ●…yeth Fabius. Or a facioning of many ●…ordes removed from the common ma●…er of speaking, as it cometh out at ●…e first.  
There be two sorts of figures: of sētē●…s, & words. These often come together As in this saying of Cicero, Now no●… Dolebella, neither do I force of thee●… nor thy children. For the oration turue●… from the judge, is in sentence, now no●… and liberum, be Schemes in words: I●… iam iam is Epizeuxis, in liberum, Syncopa. An●… they be figures of words. And this is 〈◊〉 difference between these figures, tha●… the Schemes of words be taken awa●… if thou change the words: but they o●… sentences remain use what words tho●… wilt,  

Of the figures of words.  
The figure of words is of. two. sorts For either the signification of the word i●… changed, & is called a trope, of the whic●… we have spoken afore: Or the signification of the word reinayneth, & that in each word alone, of the which also 〈◊〉 have spoken: or in words joined together, which we call talk, or Oration Of this figure we will now speak So in this place the figure of word is, when the order and setting 〈◊〉 words is changed, and varieth som●… what from the common setting of the●… ●…ogether. And hereof these be the ●…yudes.  
Repetitio est, cum continenter ab uno atque eo●…em verbo primcipia sumimus, hoc pacto. Tibi ●…tud attribuitur: Tibi habendae gratiae: I ibi ista ●…es erit honori. Venusta & acris figura.  
Repetition is, when we take o●…r beginnings still at one, and the self ●…ame word, thus. To thee this thing ●…s ascribed: To thee thanks are to be ●…euen: To thee it shall be great ho●…oure. This is a pleasant and sharp ●…gure.  
conversio, quae non ab uno atque eodem verbo ●…incipia sumit, sed eodem modo continenter o●…ationem claudit: est que superiori contraria: ut, ●…x quo tempore concordia de civitate sublata est, ●…des sublata est, amicitia sublata est.  
Conversion is, which taketh not his ●…eginning at one, & the self-same word, ●…ut with all one word still closeth up ●…he sentence, and it is contrary to that ●…ther before: as. Since the time that con●…rde was taken away from the city, liberty was taken away, fidelity 〈◊〉 taken away, friendship was taken 〈◊〉  
Complexio utramque complectitur exornati●… nem: & hanc, & quam ante exposuimus: ut 〈◊〉 repetatur idem verbunsaepius, & crebro ad 〈◊〉 postremum revertamur: ut, Qui sunt qui faede●… 〈◊〉 ruperunt? Carthaginenses. Qui sunt qui 〈◊〉 deal bellum in Italia gesserunt? Carthaginense●… Qui sunt qui Italiam deformaverunt? Carthag●… nenses.  
〈◊〉, compriseth both two exorn●…●…ions, both this, and that we declare●… before, that both one first 〈◊〉 should be often repeated, and that 〈◊〉 should turn often to alone last word: 〈◊〉 who were they that often 〈◊〉 they Leagues? The Carthaginians. 〈◊〉 made cruel war in Italy? The ●…ar thaginians. Who defaced all Italie●… The Carthaginians.  
Anadiplosis, est finis versus, in principio alte●… rius, repetitio, velquum prioris sententie 〈◊〉 ultimum, ac insequentis primum est idem, ut, 〈◊〉 tur pulcheri●… Astur, Astur equo fidens, 〈◊〉 & oratores quoque hac figura utuntur, Cic. Hic 〈◊〉 men vivit, vivit? imo etiam in senatum venit.  
Anadiplosis is, when the last word of a verse is repeated in the beginning of the next verse, as in this verse of 〈◊〉 gil. Then followed fair Astur, Astur bold on horseback. The orators also use this figure. Cicero. And yet he liveth. liveth? yea cometh into the coum sell house.  
Conduplicatio est, cum ratione amplificationis, aut commiserationis, unius, aut plurium verborum iteratio, ut, Teren. Negat Phanium esse hanc sibi cognatam Demipho? Hanc Demipho negat sibi cognatam?  
Reduplication is a rehearsing again of one word or more, for the more vehemence or some pity, as. Terence. This Phanium to be his cowsin, doth Demipho deny? Doth Demipho deny this Phanium to be his cowsin.  
Nec multum ab 〈◊〉 figura distat Interpretatio hoc tantum differens, quod in hac eadem iteratur sententia, verbis per figuram aliquam, aut 〈◊〉 rationem commutatis. Cicero. Hic tu qua letitia perfruere? quibus gaudiis exultabi●… quanta in valuptat●… Bacchabere? Fit & singulis verbis. Nobiscum iam versari diutius non potes, non feram, non patiar, non sinam,  
Interpretation differeth not much from this figure: herein only, that in this alone thing & sentence is rehearsed, the word by variation being changed. Cicero. What gladues shalt thou feel? with what joys shalt thou leap? in how great rage of pleasure shalt thou be? It is also in several words, thus: Thou caused now be no longer in our company. I will not bear it, I will not abide it, I will not suffer it.  
Epanalepsis, quum eadem dictio & in principio & in fine versus ponitur, ut. Multa super pr●… amo, rogitans super Hectore multa. Sulpitius' victor Epanalepsim esse ait, eorundem verborum, & eiusdem sententiae, post multa interiecta repetitionem. Numeratur etiam inter figuras constructionis  
Epanalepsis, when all one word is pu●… in the beginning & in the end of a verse: as. Many things they axed of Priamus and of ●…ector many things. This figure is spoken of hereafter among the ●…igures of construction.  
Epizeuxis, eiusdem dictionis sine medio congeminatio, cum impetu pronuntiationis Cicero. Tu, tu Antoni, Cesari omnia permiscere cupienti, caussan belli cuilis dedisti.  
The doubling of one word nothing being betwixt: with a swift pronunciation. Cicero. Thou, thou Antony gaveste cause of civil battle to Cesar, willing to turn all upside down.  
Copulatio cognata repetitioni est, ubi idem verbum, aut nomen bis continuo positum diversa sig nificat. Vt est illud. Sed tamen adillum diem Memmius erat Memmius. Posterius, notat eius iam cognitos mores.  
Copulation cousin to repetition is, when all one word being put twice straight together, signifieth divers things, as is this. Yet at that day Memmius was Memmius. This later noteth his ma●…●…ers that were well known.  
Huc pertinet Refractio, quum idem verbum, repetitur●…n contrario sensu sic. Scio totam hanc vi tam nihil esse quam amaritudinem, verum mihi quaeso da huiusmodi amaritudinem.  
Refraction serveth to the like, when ●…ll one word is repeated in a 〈◊〉 sense, as I know all this life to be but bitterness, but I pray you give me such bitterness.  
Traductio, quum eadem vox alio casu sepius repetita, non modo taedium nullum affert, verum concinniorem quoque or ●…em reddit, hoc pacto Divitas sine divitum esse, tu vero virtutem praefer divitijs. Nam si voles, ●…rtutem cum divitiis comparare, vix satis idoncae tibi videbuntur divitiae, que virtutis pedissequae sint.  
Traduction, when all one word repeated in another case, not only is not tedious, but also maketh the oration more trim, thus. Suffer riches to belong to rich men, but prefer thou virtue before riches. For if thou wilt compare riches with virtue, thou shalt think riches scarce meet to be handmaidens to virtue.  
Diaphora, quum vox iterata iam aliud significat 〈◊〉 prius. Ouidus. Talis erat matersi modo matter erat ꝓ, simaternun erga filiam animum geret. Idem. Et multos 〈◊〉 Hectoras esse puta. pro, multos viros fortes & Hectoris similes.  
Diaphora, when the word reheared again signifieth another thing than 〈◊〉 did afore: as. Such was his mother, 〈◊〉 she were his mother, for, if she bore a motherly mind toward her son. Also. Think many Hectors to be there, that is, many valiant men, and like un to Hector.  
Annominatio, est declinatio, quaedam in contr●…●…ium ex similibus literis additis, demptis, aut 〈◊〉 tatis, cum similia verba accommodantur. Ea multis & variis rationibus conficitur: Et additis quidem hoc pacto. Hic sibi posset temperare misi amori mallet obtemperare. Demendis literis sic Si lenones tanquam leones vitasset, vitaese tradidisset. Conmutandis hoc modo. Deligere oportet, quem veli●… diligere.  
Annomination is a certain declining into a contrary, by a likelihood of letters, added, changed, or taken away: Added thus. If he had tempered himself from pleasure, he had not been thus 〈◊〉 out of measure: By taking away thus. If he had hated brooks, as well as books, he had been alive at this hour. by changing thus. give him a Bsble nay, give him a babble.  
Asyndeton est, quae coniunctionibus sublati continuat or ationis parts. sic. Deum time: rege●… vener are: parentibus obedito: bonos aemulare, im●… becillos tolerato. Gravitatem addit praecipienti: & praecipue locum habet in Articulis, & Membris.  
Asyndeton is, which keepeth the parts of our speaking together, without help of any conjunctions: thus. Fear God, reverence the king, obey thy parents, follow good men, bear with the weak.  
Articulus est, 〈◊〉 singula verba distinguntur cesa or atione, hoc modo. Rem, famam parents, amicos, deum, amisisti.  
Article is, when each word is set from other by cutting the oration thus. Thou hast lost thy substance, thy name, thy parents, thy friends, and god himself.  
Membrum or ationis est, quod pa●…cis verbi●… constructionem quidem absoluit, at sententiam non item, Vt, patrimonium prodegisti, parents, i●… luctum coniecisti: amicos abalienasti, famam concaminasti: deum ad iram provocasti, utraque figura facit ad acrimoniam or ationis, quod veluti crebris ictibus ferit animum: & in utrisque obseruandum, ut per gradus increscat oratio, nimirum, ut quod gravissimum est, sit postremo loco. Quod si non fit, erit congeries, nam ea turba premit magis quam incremento. Gratiam quoque in utrisque addit Asyndeton.  
Member of an Dration is, which in few words maketh an end in deed of the Construction, but not of the sentence also, as. Thou haste wasted thy Patrimony, cast thy parents into sorrow, turned away thy friends, defiled thy name: provoked God to anger. Both these figures serve to sharpness: because in manner they strike the mind with often strokes. And this must be marked in both, that the speaking grow by degrees, so that the greatest be set last. And if it so be not, then is it the figure called Congeries, which forceth more by heaping, than by increase. They both are well set out by this figure Asynd●…ton. Membris gratiam addit partium aequalitas. Creci 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Latini compar appellant, quae taemen non digitis, sed aurium sensu quodam diiudicanda est, Puerile siquidem est numerare syllabas, quum pauciores si productae sunt, frequenter aequent numero plures. Sed tantum affert usus & exercitatio facultatis, ut animi quodam sensu par membraum superioeri r●…ferre possimus. Quale est pro Lucio Valerio Flacco. Nominibusque recitatis homo audacissimus pertimuit, loquacissimus obmutuit, Item, in prelio pater mortem oppetebat, domi filius nuptias comparabat.  
The equality of parts much commendeth this figure called Membruin: which equalitte must yet be tried by a certain secret sense of the ear, and not by measuring upon our fingers. For that is childish to tell the syllables, when oftentimes a few long syllables match in measure many that be short. But use and exercise doth so much, that we may soon refer one member to another. As, for L. Ualerius Flaccus. When the names were recited, the bold man was afeard, & the great babbler held his tongue. Also, the father died in war, the sonn●… ●…as married at home.  
Continuatio est dens●… & continens frequenta●…io verborum, cum absolutione sententiarum. Ea utemur commodissime tripartito. In sententia, hoc pacto. Ei non multum obesse potest fortuna, qui sibi firmiu●… in virtute, quam in casu praesidium collocavit. In contrario hoc modo. Nam si quis spei non multum collocarit in casu, quid est quod ei casus magnopere obesse possit? In conclusione, hoc pact●…. Quod si in eos plurimum fortuna potest, qui suas rationes omnes in casum co●…lerunt: non sū●…●…mma committenda fortunae, ne magnam nimis ●…n nos habeat dominationem.  
Continuation, is a continual heaping of words, the sentences also perfighted: and it may be used three ways. In sentence thus. Fortune cannot hurt him much, which more firinely trusteth in virtue, than in chance. In contrary thus. For if a man put not hopein chance, how shall chance much hurt him? In conclusion thus. And if fortune may do much 〈◊〉 them, which hath put a●… their accounts upon chance: all are not to be committed to fortune, lest fortune have to great a domination upon th●…  
Similiter cadens est, cum in eadem constructione verborum, ●…uo aut plura suntverba, quaesimiliter ●…sdem casibus efferuntur, hoc modo. Hominen laudas egentem virtutis, abundantem f●…licitatis. C●…cero pr●… Flacco. Nulla est in his varietas opinionis, null●… voluntatis, nulla sermonis.  
Falling like is, when in the same construction of words, there be. two. worde●… or more, which be spoken alike in the self same cases, as. Thou praisest a man needy of health, plentiful of wealth. Cicero for Flaccus. There is in them no variety of opinion, none of affection, none of communication.  
Similiter d●…sinens est, cum dictiones vel senten●… similes babent exitus, ut. Turpiter audes facere nequiter studes dicere. Vivis invidiose, 〈◊〉 studiose, loqueris odiose. Haec duo ornamenta inter se vehementer conveniunt, quorum alterum in exitus, alterum in casus similitudine versatur.  
Ending alike, when words or 〈◊〉, have like endings, thus. Thou darest do filthily, and studiest to speak baudely. Thou li●…st disdaifully, thou sinest pu●… posely. Thou speakest hatefully. These two kinds of ornaments, agree greatly together: of which the o●…e is in like endings: the other in ●…ke cases.     

FIGURAE RHETHORICAE Secundi gen●…s.  
INterrogatio, Interrogationum duae sunt formae Simpl●…x. ut. Sed qui vos tandem? quibus aut venistis ab oris.  
Figurata multas habet species: Interrogamus enim nonnunquam, non sciscitandi gratia, sed instandi, Cicero. Quousque tandem abutere Catilinae patientia nostra? Aut miserationis caussa, V●… Sinon apud Vi●…gilium. Name qu●… me tellus, quae me nunc aequor a possunt accipere? Aut indignationis. Et quisquam numen ●…nonis adore●… Praetere●…. Aut admirationis. Dij boni, quid illic hominum litigat. Aut acrius imperandi gratia. Non armae expedient, ●…otaque ex urbe sequentur? Seruit haec figura multis & var●…s affectibus. Tum vero commodissime adhibebitur, ●…um quid argumentis est euict●…  
Of demands there be two sorts. One plain, as. I pray you tell me what you be, or from what coa●…es you do come  
The figurative hath many kinds. For sometime we are, not to have an answer, but to set our purpose more for 〈◊〉 thus. Cicero. Then Latiline, how long wilt thou abuse our patience? Or for p●…tie sake, as Sinon doth in 〈◊〉. Alas what ground, what sea may now receive me? for anger also. And will any man hereafter worship the power of Juno? for marveling. Terence. O Lord what a sort now go to the law? or more sharply to command them. Will they not now bring forth they●… harness, and follow me through all the city? This figure serveth to many affections, but specially when we have won by reasoning.  
Subiectio, quum ipsirespondemus nostrae interrogationi, ut, Ideone studia deseremus, quod mag nus in his subeundus labour. Nequaequam, Item, Quero unde iste divitias nactus est? An amplum patrimonium relictum est? At patris bona ●…runt, Hereditas aliqua obuenit? non potest di●…. Imo a necessarijs omnibus, exhaeredatus est.  
Subjection is, when we answer to our own demand thus. Shall we therefore forsake studies, because great pain must be taken in them? No verily. Also, I axe where this fellow gate this riches. Had he any great patrimony left him? May, all his father's goods were sold. Had he any thing by inheritance? it cannot be said, for he was disherited from all things necessary.  
Exclamatio est, quae conficit significationem do●…ris, aut indignationem alicuius, per hominis, aut 〈◊〉 cuiuspiam compellationem. Cicero, O fallacem ●…ominum spem, fragilemque fortunam, & inanes nostras contentiones quae in medio spacio saepe franguntur, & corruunt, & ante in ipso casu obruun●… 〈◊〉, quam portum conspicere potuerunt.  
Exclamation is, which showeth the ●…ignification of sorrow, or anger for ●…omewhat, by calling upon any man 〈◊〉 thing: thus. Cicero. O deceivable 〈◊〉 of men, and frail fortune, & our ●…ayne contentions, which often time ●…re broken in the mid way, and rush ●…owne, and in the very fall are ouer●…helmed before they can see the haven.  
Execratio est, cum aliquid detestamur propter ingentia quaesecum affert mala, sic. O 〈◊〉 idololatriam, quae a●…o aignum honorem aufer●… peccatoribus creaturis illam tribuens, & idol●… per hominum manus fabricatis.  
Execration is, when we detest any thing, for the great evils that it bring eth with it, thus. O detestable Idol●… try, which taketh away the honour dew to God, and giveth it to sinne●… creatures, and images made by man hands.  
Dubitatio, quum dubitare nos significamu●… vel unde suma●…us exordium propter rerum mu●… titudinem, vel quid potissimum agamus dolore 〈◊〉 liquo affecti. Cicero pro Roscio. Quid primum q●… rar, aut unde pot●…ssimum judices exordiar? a●… quod, aut a quibus auxilium petam? Tale est, 〈◊〉 loquar an sileam?  
Dubitation, when we signify that w●… doubt either where to take our be gy●… ve for the multitude of things or for sorrow say, whereat shall we first ●…egin. Cicero for Roscius. Of what sh●… I first complain●…? Or, O judges, whe●… shall I first begin: What, or of whom sh●… I call for help?  
Communicatio, quum aut ipsos adversarios consulinus', aut cum judicibus deliberamus, qui●…faciēdū●…t aut quid factum oportuerit. ut, Cedo si vos eo loco 〈◊〉, quid tandem faceretis aliud? Et, in hoc turbu entissimo rerum statu, date consilium quid mihi 〈◊〉 faciendum.  
Communication, when either we ●…re our adversaries counsel, or delibe rate with the judges, what is to be done or ought to have been done. as. Tell me ●…f you were in the like state, what other thing would you do? And in this troublous world, give me counsel, what you think best to be done.  
Permissio, quoties aut dissimulationem, aut as●…euerationem habet, tum demum figura est. As●…euerationem sic. Perfrica frontem, & dicte dig●…iorem qui pretor fieres quam Catonem. Dissimu ●…ationem. ut apud Terentium. Quid isthuc? Si ti●…i isthuc placet, profundat, perdat, pereat, nihil ad 〈◊〉 attinet. Haec enim artificios●… prohibitio est, per ●…ronicam concessionem.  
Permission, when it hath a dissimulation or an affirmation, than in deed is it a figure: asseveration thus. Rub thy forehead 〈◊〉 say thou art more worthy to be consul then Cato. Dissimulation thus. T●… rinse. What meaneth this? If it so pleas thee, let him waste, let him destroy, an●… be destroyed, I have nothing to do wit●… it. This is a crafty forbidding, by a mo●… king grant.  
Licentia est, quum mitigamus liberius dicta, n●… auditorem offendant, hoc pacto. Si molesta est or a●… tionis acerbitas, cogitate graves morbos, non sa●… nari levibus pharmacis.  
Licence, when we mitigate things spoken freely before, lest the heare●… should be offended, thus. If my bytte●… words grieve you, remember, that sor●… sickness is not eased with light remedies.  
Diminutio, cum quod in nobis, aut in his quo●… defendimus est egregium●…ne qua significetur arrogans ostentatio, diminuitut, & attenuatur oratione, sic. Nam hoc pro meo iure judices dico, me l●… bore & industria curasse, ut disciplinam militarem non in postremis tenerem. Hic si quis dixisse●… ut optime tenerem, tametsi vere dixisset tamen a●… rogans visus esset. Nunc & ad muidiam vitandam & ad laudem comparandam, satis dictum est Porro, ut licentia prestat, neoffendat libertas: it●… Diminutio facit, ne quod necessario dicitur, arroganter, dictum videatur.  
Diminution, when any thing that is excellent in us, or in those that we defend, is by words diminished, to avoid boasting, thus. For this dare I boldly say, you judges, that I have travailed and laboured to understand the feats of war, not with the worst. Here if a man should have said to be as good as the best, although he should have said true: yet he should have been thought proud, and arrogant. Now to avoid disdain, and get praise, enough is spoken. Further, as this figure Licentia, causeth that our free speaking doth no displeasure: so doth diminution make that which is necessarily spoken, seem not spoken proudly.  
Reiectio est cum eludimus aliquid ab adversario contra nos propositum: ad quod respondere difficile fuerit, & significamus vel indignum esse de quo dicatur, vel quod adrem nihil pertineat, 〈◊〉 seruaturos nos in alium opportumorem locum, hoc modo. Hac de requid attinet dicere, quan●… ad institutum non multum facit. Huiusm●…di es●… pro Milone. Quid enim odisset Clodium Mito, segetem ac materiam gloriae suae? Nam vel principale argumentum Clodianorum elud●…t tantu●… Cicero, non diluit.  
Rejection is, when we trifle out a thing brought against us by our adversary, to the which it is hatde to answer, and then say either it is not worthy to be spoken of or that it pertaineth ●…t to the purpose, or that we will keep it till another meeter time, thus. What need me speak of this matter, seeing it maketh not much to the purpose. Like is in the oration for Milo. For why should Milo hate Clodius, seeing he is the gro●…d and chief cause of his glory. Here did Cicero trifle out even the principal argument of the Clown dianes, and did not solve it.  
Gradatio est, quum consequentia membra ab ●…isdem oriuntur verbis, quibus antecedentia ●…laudiuntur: atque ita velut gradibus quibusdā●…ectitur oratio, ut, Africano virtutem indu●… ●…ria, virtus gloriam, gloria aemulos comparavit. Gravior hic est, quia res ipsa gradus habet. Est aliquando in verbis gradatio. Vt, Torua Leenae ●…upum sequitur lupus ipse capellam. Haud dissimile est Anadiplosi, de qua dictum est antea.  
Gradation is, when the words that go before, be forthwith repeated, and so ●…unneth as it were from step to step, thus. Industry to African got virtue, virtue glory, glory disdain. Here the matter hath degrees, and therefore is more grave. Sometime it standeth in words, as. The leaves followeth the wolf, the wolf the goat. It is much like Anadiplosis, whereof we spoke before.  
Commutatio fit inverso sententiae ordine. ut, Non est vivendum ut edas, sed edendum ut vivas. Huius generis est illa non sine causs●… laudata sententia. Si quid turpe facias cum voluptate: voluptas abit, turpitudo manet: si quid bonestum facias cum labore, labour abit, honestum mane●…  
Commutation is, when the order of the sentence is turned, thus. We must not live to eat, but eat tolive. Of this suit is this sentence most worthily praised If thou do any sin with pleasure, the pleasure goeth away: the sin remaineth: if thou do virtuously with labour, thy labour goeth away, the virtue remaineth.  
Contentio est commoda contrariorum inter se relatio. Fitque vel verbis inter se pugnantibus: vel sententiis contrariis. Sic qui suis rationibus inimicus semper fuerit, eum quomodo alienis rebus amicum fore spears? Hic in sententiis est pugna. Assentatio jucunda principia, eadem exitus amarissimos habet. Hic in verbis.  
●…ontention is a proper setting together of contraries. And either it is in words that be contrary, or in contrary things, thus. He that alway was enemy to his own reckonings, how should we hope him to be a fre●…d to other men's matters? Here is contrariety in sentences. Flattery hath pleasant beginnings, and the same bitter endings. Here is the strife in words.  
Occupatio, tacitae obiectionis refutatio est: ut cum ipsi ammaduertentes quid obsit nobis, prius id diluimus, quam obiici possit. Vt Ciecro dicitscire se 〈◊〉 ●…ri quosdam, quod is qui per tot annos defender●…●…ultos, leserit neminem, ad accusandum Verrem escenderit. Dein ostendit hanc ipsam accusati●…em Verris, sociorum esse defensionem.  
When perceiving aforehand an ob●…ction that might be laid against 〈◊〉 ●…nd hurt us, we wipe it away or ever 〈◊〉 be spoken, as. ●…icero sayeth: that he ●…noweth some men will marvel, sith so ●…any years he defended many and hurt ●…ne, he doth now come to accuse verres ●…hen doth he show that this accusa●…on of Uerres. isa defence of their ●…lowes.  
Anthipophora, quum respondemus ad obiectio●…●…m quae Hypophora dicitur. Cicero. In verrem: ●…t enim haec ita commissa sunt abisto, ut non cog ●…ta sint ab omnibus. Hominem esse arbitror ne●…nem, qui nomen istius audierit, quin facta qu●…●…e eius nefaria commemorare possit. Virg. Verū●…ceps pugnae fuerat fortuna: fuisset. Quem me●…i moritura?  
Anthypophora, when we make answer an objection that is laid against us, thus. ●…icero against Uerres. Yea●… but you say he hath done these things so, that all men knew it not. I think there be no man which hath heard of his name, but can also rehearse his mischievous actés. Virgil. But the chance of fight would have been doubtful. What then? Whom feared I which was ready to die.  
Confessio, cum quedam largimur adversario, ut reliqua magis exagger ari possint, ut. Esto san●… fueris aliquando amicus, una militaveris, sint aliqua tua in eum béneficia, quid tum? An non potuit dissilire gratia?  
●…onfession, when we grant some things to our adversary, that the rest may be made the more grievous, thus. Be it that thou wast once his friend, his fellow in war, and that thou hast done somewhat for him. What than? Might ye not therefore fall out?  
Paradiastote, cum ita aliquid conceditur, ut, vicinum quiddam detrahi possit. ut, Veritas la●… borare potest, opprimi non potest.  
Paradiastole, when we so graunt●… ●…omewhat, that we take away some thing that is near untoit, thus. Troth may be in jeopardy, but never oppressed.  
Aetiologia, cum propositi alicuius statim caussam subijcimus. Cicero pro Archia. Si quid est in me ingenij, etc. Vendicabit iure Archia. Si quid mihi princeps ad suscipiendam rationem borum studiorum.  
Aetiologia, when we show by and by the cause of our purpose. ●…icerd for Archia. This wit that I have (you judges,) Archias may justly cha●…nge it unto him. For he was the 〈◊〉 and principal, that made meto set myself to these manner of studies.  
Dicaeologia, cum aliquam officij rationem expo ●…nimus, aut excusationem, quod videlicet iure id, et honest faciamus, aut alioqui caussamur ●…qui ●…atem: ut, Lapsus sum sed adolescens, & inter ta●…les versatus, inter quos non potui non corrumpi.  
Dicaeologia, when we show some cause of our duty, or some excuse that it is honest so to do, Or lay ●…ome reason for ourself, thus. I did amiss, but I was young, and in such company, where I must of force be nought.  
Anangeon, cum allegatur necessitaes, quae vim in deliberando summam habet, ut, Amicum deserui, fed coactus a legibus. Conseruavi amici●… fidem dum per leges licuit, nunc ab illo ab alienavit me, non voluntas, fed legum vis.  
Anang●… when we allege necessity, which in de libe ration is of great force, as. I forsook my friend, but the law compelled me: I kept friendship as long as the law suffered me, now I am turned from him: not by will, but by fore●… of law.  

De postremo figurarum genere.  
PArtitio est, quum id quod generatim dici p●…terat, per partes latius explicatur. Vt si dicamus, Cyclopediam absoluit. Hanc sententiam explicare potes hoc modo: Mire poetarum om nium fabulas tenet, Rhetorum flosculos, Grammaticorum laboriosos canon's, Dialecticorum argurias Phisices arcana, ultramundanae sapientiae are du●…  
Theologorum abdita, Mathematicas apodixes, a●… strorum motus, numerorum rationes, verborum, montium, fluminum, fontium, situs, nomina, interualla, vocum concenius, antiquitates, novitates, grece atque latin: denique quicquid unquam eruditionis ab egregiis autoribus repertum, ac traditum fuit, id universum unus hic absolute perceptum cognitumque babet, ac meminit.  
Partition is, when that that might be spoken generally, is more largely declared by parts. As if we would say: he is perfectly seen in all sciences. This sentence thou mayest declare by parts in this wise. He knoweth marvelously well the fables of poets, the flowers of Rhetoric, the painful rules of Grammar, the subtleties of Logiti●…ns, the secrets of natural philosophy, the hardness of wisdom supernatural, the mysteries of divinity, the mathematical demonstrations, the motions of ●…tarres, the reasons of numbers, the mea●…uring of the earth, the situations, names and spaces of Cities, Mountains, Floods, and Fountains, the dyffe●…ence, and harmonies of Tunes, histories old, and new: antiquities, novelties, Greek and Latin: finally whatsoever good learning hath been found and taught of good authors, all that wholly hath this one man perfectly perceived, known, and remembered.  
Enumeratio est, quando singulatim ea commemoramus, per quae ad exitum rei perventum est, ut hanc sententiam, Cicero Catiline conatus oppressit ita potes locupl●…tare. Catilinae nefarios conatus per iwenes perditissimos, totius civitatis Romanae in ternecionem molientes, Marcus Tullius Cicero consul sua sagacitate statim odoratus est, singulaeri vigilantia pervestigavit, summa prudentia deprehendit, miro in Remp. study prodidit, incredibili eloquentia convicit, gravissima autoritate, ar●… mis, atque felicitate sustulit.  
Enumeration is, when we rehearse those things severally, by which the matter was brought to pass: as. That Cicero oppressed the purposes of Catiline: thus you may set it forth. Th●… mischievous enterprises of Catiline, by most ungracious young men, which went about the utter destruction of Room, Marcus Tullius the Consul, by his foresight did quickly smell out, by his ●…uguler vigilance sought out, by his high prudence found out, by his marvelous love to the common wealth showed out, by his incredible Eloquence proved out, by his grave authority, power, and happiness, thrust out.  
Distributio est, cum implures res, aut psonas certas negotia quedam dispertiuntur, hoc modo. Senatus officium est consilio ●…uitatem iuvare, Magistratus officium est, opera & diligentia; consequi 〈◊〉 senatus: populi officium ●…st, res optimas, & homines idoneos maxime suis sententijs, eligere, & probare. Cicero pro L. Murena: Hic ve●…ro judices, & fuit in Asia, & viro f●…rtissimo parenti suo, magno adiumento in periculis, solatio in laboribus, gratulationi in victoria fuit.  
Distribution is, when business are dispersed into many things, or certain people, thus. It is the office of the senate to help the city with counsel: of the magistrate with labour and diligence to do the will of the Senate: of the people to choose out the best things, and to choose and allow men that be most metest. Cicero for Lucius Murena. And this man, you judges, both was in Asia, and greatly holp that good man his father in perils, did comfort him in sorrows, and rejoiced in his victories.  
Descriptio nominatur, quae rerum consequenti●… continet perspicuam & dilucidam cum gravitate expositionem, hoc modo. Nam neminem ve strum fugit quirites, capta urbe, quae miseriae con sequi soleant: arma qui contra tulerunt, statim cr●… delissime trucidantur: caeter●…, qui possunt per 〈◊〉 & vires laborem far, rapiuntur in seruit●…tem: qui non possunt, ●…ita privantur: uno denique atque eodem tempore, domus hostili flagrat incendio, & quos natura, aut volunta●…, necessitudine, aut benevolentia coniunxerit, distrahuntur, Liberi, partim é gremijs parentum diripiuntur, partim in sinu iugulantur, partim ante pedes construpantur. Nemo judices est, qui possit satis rem consequi verbis, n●…c referre oratione magnitudinem calamitatis.  
It is called Description, which containeth a plain and evident setting out of things that follow after, and that with a certain gravity, thus? You know right well, you people, when the city is taken, what miseries be wont to follow. Such as fought against them, are by and by most cruelly killed, other which be so strong that they be able to labour, are made bondslaves: they that cannot, are slain: at one time be our houses burnt, our kynsmennes and acquaintance pulled away from us. Young children, some are pulled from their mother's laps, and some are threatled in their mother's arms, and some defiled before their feet: you judges, there is no man able toexpresse in words or writing the great sorrow and calamity.  
Demonstratio, quam Greci Hypotyposin vocant, ●…st oratio exprimens rem, personam, affectum, mo●…res, sermonem, ac circunstantiam, ita clare, & ●…opiose, ut lectori ab oculos ea quasi presens verse●…ur veluti viva pictura. Huius species sunt.  
Roi descriptio, cum non contenti summatim ave ●…enuiter rem exposuisse. sic illam subijcimus oculis, v●… non narrari, sea geri, & lector eam non audivisse, sed oculis aspexisse videatur. Talis est aescriptio Diluuij in primo Metamorphosis, et: T●…pestatis in secund●…  
Prosopopoeia, ●…ua homo quispiam depingitur. Si cut Plutarch illustres Graecos, & Latino's, Suctonius item duodecini Cesares. Quanquam Rhetores fere latius utuntur vocabulo prosopopoeie, nimi●…um, ut has se●… species sequentes complectatur  
Characterismus, effictio, vel pictura corporis, aut animi, Sic Dauus effingit Critonem. Choerea senem illum importunum.  
〈◊〉, fictio personae. Quae duas habet species. Prior est, pers●…nae fictae descriptio: poetis propria, oratoribus rara. Vt, Virgilius fingit Sybyllam furentem fingit personas apud inferos. Altera f●…rma est, quum ●…ei mutae, aut incorporeae affingimus personam, & sermonem, & affectum hominis, aut animalis, quem admodum Harpy●…s, f●…riis, demonibus, somno, f●…i, ●…nuidiae, f●…mae i●…●…uti, & similibus personam, vel se●…monem affing●… re p●…eta s●…lent. Item, ●…uum aut Remp. oratores loquentem inducunt, aut defunctos quasi ab inf●…ris excitan  
Ethopoeia ꝓprietas, vel expressio morum, et affectu●… mitium. Hu●…tis us tres sut formae. Prima expressio mor●… prolixior, velut ingeniorum, artium, virtutum, vitiorum. Si●… vanum ostentatorem exprimit, I hrasonen Terentius, militen Plautus. Atque haec forma propria Comoedijs, atque dialogis est. Secunda forma est expressio naturalium propens●…onū, ac natura insitarum affectioonun. Vt est expressio amoris paterni erga lib●…ros: con jugum, & amicorum inter sc: coniunctionis aequalium, hospitum, vicinorum: disiunctioms, hostium inter se. In qualibus effigendis mirus est apud Latinos artifex Livius. Peculiariter ●…nim historia animorum cupiditates, consilia, & res gestas, fere sine tragi ●…is 〈◊〉 motibus depingi. Tertia sorma est, expr●…ssio affectionum leniorum, quae non ita perturbant animos, neque prae cipitant. Vt siquando letiores affectus hominum erga nos, aliosue captamus: & blandiendo elicimus ut quum animus in spem, in loe●…itiam erigitur, & in ris●…n quoque.  
Pathopoeia, id ●…st, vehementiorun affectuum, & p turbationum expressio. Huius duae sunt f●…rmae. Primero or, quam Imaginationem vocant, qua metus, dolour, ira, furor, odium, ●…nuidia, eff●… enis cupiditas, libido 〈◊〉 modica, sp●…s, immoderata letitia, perturbatioque ani mi describitur, & excitatur. Huius exempla sunt passinobuia in Tragoediis. Altar a forma est Commi seratio: qua eliciuntur lachrimae, vel movetur mise ricordia, vel captatur venia. Huius exempla sunt ob via in perorationibus Ciceronianis, in querelis ●…pud Poetas.  
Sermocinatio, quoties person●… affingitur or ●…io brevis, vellonga, pro decoro eius. Cuiusmodi sunt conciones Livianae, & apud alios Historicos. Quum personae quam fingimus sermonem per petuum attribuimus. Conformatio est, Quum per sonae quam fingimus, propositis subinde respondemus, Sermocinatio est.  
Mimisis, imitatio sermonis, vel morum, qua 〈◊〉 modo personae orationem, sed etiam gestum effingimus. Has praedictas sex species, Fabius atque 〈◊〉, subiiciunt Prosopopoeie.  
Topographia, loci descriptio, ut Carthaginis in primo Aeneidos, Huc refer Cosmographiam.  
Topothesia, loci fictio, quum d●…ribitur locus, qui fortasse non est uspiam in rerum natura. Huius exemplum habes Thoma Mori Vtopiam, vel saltem non est talis qualis fingitur. Vt in sexto Aene idos inferorum, & Elisii descriptio. Huc refer Astrothesiam, apud Aratum, Higinium, Manilium, Pontanum.  
Chronographia, descriptio temporis, ut. Noctis in quarto Aenesdos, Pacifici seculi in quarta Ae gloga Virgilii. Quatuer etatum, in primo Metamorphoseos.  
Demonstration is, when we so plainly ●…nd copiously express a thing, a person, & an affection, manners, speech, and circumstance, that the reader, seemeth to se●… it before his eyes, as though it were lively painted in a table. The kinds be these.  
The description of a thing, when not content, lightly and briefly to have showed it, we so set it before the Readers eyes, that it seemeth not to be told, but to be done: & the reader not to here it, but see it. Such is the description of the flood in the first book of Metamorphosis, & of a tempest in the second  
Prosopopoeia, when any man is described. As plutarch doth the noble men, both Grecians and Latins. Suetonius also the twelve Emperors. How be it, the Rhethoricians use this word, Prosopopoeia largely to comprehend these six kinds following.  
Characterismus, the ●…pression or painting out, either of the body or mind So Davus fetteth out ●…rito: & 〈◊〉 the troublous old man.  
Prosopographia, the feigning of a per son. This hath two kinds. The first is the description of a feigned person properly belonging to poets, seldom used of Orators. As Virgil feigneth S●…bbill to be mad, and persons beneath in hell. Another form is, when unto a thing that is dumb, or without a body, we f●…yne a person, speech, and affection of a man, or some living thing, as to the birds called Harpyans, Furies, devils, sleep, Hunger, Envy, Fame, Uertewe, and like, the Poets be ●…woonte to feign a person, and speech. Also when Orators make the common wealth speak, or as it were raise up again dead men.  
Ethopoeia, property, or expression of mild manners and affections. Of this there be three kinds. The first, a large setting out of manners, as of w●…ttes, arts, virtues, or vices. So Terence setteth out boasting. Thraso, Plautus, a craking soldier. And this fashion properly belongeth to ●…ommoedies, and Dialogues. The second form is a●…●…pressyon of natural incl●…nations, and affections natural, as of the father's love toward the children, the husband and wife, of friends among themselves, of companions, guests, neighbours: of hatred also, and of enemies. In expressing of these among the Latins, Civius is very ●…uit ●…yng. For an History chyeflye setiet●… out the desire of minds, purposes, and deeds, without any great outcries, and rages. The third kind is a setting out of cold and mild affections, that do not so greatly trouble the mind nor toss it: as when we go about gently to get men's love and favour, or that the mind is brought into hope, mirth, or laughter.  
Pathopoeia, that is an expression of vehement affections and perturbations. Of this there be two kinds. The first is called Imagination, whereby, fe●…re, sorrow, anger, fury, hatred, envy, unbridled desire, lust immoderate, hope, or gladness, and the passions of the mind is described and stirred up. examples of these be every where in Tragedies. There is an other fashion called Commiseration, whereby we make men weep, move men to mercy, or to pardon an offence. Ready examples of these are in the perorations of Cicero, & in poets, in their complaints.  
Sermocination, is when we feign a person, and make him speak little or much according to comeliness. Such be the Concions of Livy, and sermons or orations made in other Historiographers. When the person that we feyn, speaketh all himself: the figure is called Conformation. But when we now and then answer to demands that he putteth unto us, it is called, Sermocination.  
Mimisis, an imitation of speech or manors, whereby we counterfeit, not only what one said, but his gesture also. These foresaid six kinds, Quintilian and other put under Prosopopoe●…a.  
Topographia, the description of a place, as of Carthago in the first of Eneidos. Hither refer cosmography.  
Topothesia, the feigning of a place, When a place is describe, as peradventure such none is. example of this is the Utopia of Spr Thomas Moor. Or else is not such a place as it is, feigned to be. As, is hell, and heaven in the sixth of Eneidos. Hither pertaineth the situation of stars, in Aratus, Higinius, Manilius and Pontanus.  
Chronographia, the description of time, as of night in the fourth of Eneidos. Of the peace world in the fourth eclogue of Virgil. Of the four ages in the first of Metamorphoseos.  
Magna pars Eloquentiae sita estin augendo, ac diminuendo. Omnis autem amplificatio ac diminutio, petitur aut ex rebus, aut ex verbis. Ex verbis sic.  
Quum commutamus vocabulum, pro vero ponentesatrotias. Vt si occisum dicamus eum, qui cae sus tantummodo fuit.  
Augemus per incrementum, sic. Facinus est vinciri ●…iuem Romanum, scoelus verberari, paricidium necari, quid di●…am in crucem tollere?  
Increscit oratio per Congeriem, In cetu vero populi R●…ni, negotium publicum gerens, magister equitum, frustis esculentis vinum redolentibus, gremium & totum tribunal implere, an non turpissimum? Differt a priore, impetu.  
Per comparationem quoque in●…rescit oratio. Fictione, et exempli collatione. Fictione sic. Si me far ut isthoc pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tu●…: domum meam mihi relīquend●… putarè. Exempli collatione sic. An vero vi●… ampli●…imus Scip●…o Tyberium Gracchum mediocriter labe●…ctáté Rempprivatus inte●…fecit: Catilinanorbem terrae, cede, & incendio vastare cupi●…ntem, nos consules pferemus?  
Amplificamus per coniecturas sic. Maro de Polyphemo. Trunca manus pinum regit. Hinc enim coniicimus, quantae fuerit totius corporis mag nitudo, eum pro scipione haberet pinum arborem.  
Incrementum maius sumitur ex rebus, quas semper comitantur circumstantiae. Persona, has h●… bet. Nationem, patriam, sexum, aetatem, educationem, habitum corporis, fortunam, conditionem, animi nature am, anteacta, nomen. Exempla. Natio, Si ꝙ eius nationis proprium estcontemnit, gravius est ut Angl●…m sagittandi peritiam contēner●…, culpabilius est quam Gallum. Patria, non simpli●…iter auget. Sed exempli gratia de Deo sic loqui licet, Voluit nasci in civi ●…ate long celeberrima; quo velut in excelso theat●… positus, latius sua virtute diluceret, Sexus. In mu li●…re turpiloqutum turpissima res est. A etas. Libi do senem maxime dedecet. Educatio, Bene a primis annis institutus fuit Nero a Seneca, pined post degenerasse gravius fuit Habitus corp●…ris Cum ●…e deus corpore pulchro crearit, cur tam turpia patras? Fortuna, Ex obscuro factus es nobilis, & sic insolescis? Conditio, priuat●…s es, et tamen magis●…ratui r●… sistis, Animi natura. Cum te magnanimum crearet deus, cur tam pusilla sectaris. Anteacta, Iam desidem esse, cuius priora tam egregia fuerunt facinora, deed cus est, Nomen. Vigilantium ī●…e tanta dormire decebat Rerum circumstantiae hae sunt. Caussa, Locus, Tem pus, instrumentum. Caussa, ad paricidium primus impul sti, gravior ergo est tua culpa Locus. In tem plo virginem contaminavit. Tempus. Carnibus iū vescebaris, quando publicunfuit indictum jeiunium. Instrumentum Gladio peior●…, lingua serpens Euamoccidit Et haec est ꝑ circumstantias amplificatio  
A great part of Eloquence standeth by increasing and diminishing. And all amplification is taken either of things or words: by words thus.  
When we change the very word, and in stead thereof put a bigger, & say: Thou hast killed him: where peradventure he gave him but a few stripes.  
another kind of Amplification is, ●…hen our words increase one bigger than other, thus. It is offence to bind a Citezin of Rome, haynous-to beat him, manslaughter to kill him. What shall I call it to hang him?  
We amplify also by heaping things fast together. In the company of the people of Rome, having a common office, Master of the horse, there to cast up thy stinking gobbettes, and to fyl●… thy lap and the judgement seat, is not this a shame? This differeth from the other, because it goeth a pace: and the other by steps and distinctions.  
We amplify by comparison: and se●… one example to an other: or fain as though such thing had happened, thus: If my servants did fear me in such wise as all thy citizens fear thee, I would think it good to leave my house. By comparing one example to an other, thus. Cicero. Did I pray you that noble man Scipio being a private person kill Tiberius Gracchus, which the common wealth but a little: and shall we being Consuls suffer Catiline, that goeth about to waste the whole world with murder and fire?  
We amplify by conjecture thus Virgil speaking of Polyphemus. He held in his hand the body of a pine tree. By this we conjecture what a great body he had, when he had a pine tree for his staff.  
A greater am●…lification of things. Which always have their circumstances with them. A person hath these. nation, country, kind, age education, haviour of the body, fortune, condition, nature of mind, forededes, and names. Ex amples. If a man despise any thing that properly belongeth to his nation, it is more grievous, as. For if an English man do despise the feat of shooting. The c●…untrey doth not always cause amplification: but we may say of God. He would be borne in the goodliest part of the world, that as it were in an open playing place, his might & power, might shine more abroad. Kind. As filthy talk is a foul thing in a woman. Age. Lechery becometh not an old man, Education. ●…ero 〈◊〉 his first years was well brought up, it wastherfore the more shame to 〈◊〉 afterwards. The behaviour of the body. Sith god hath made the a fair psonage, why doest thou so filthily? Fortune. Thou art of low degree becum a noble man, the worse is now thy pride. Condition. Thou art a private man & darest thou resist the magistrates? The nature of the mind. God hath created the of an high & noble heart, why then fekest thou for so small trifles. Fordedes. Now to be a sluggard which before hast done so goodly acts, is a 〈◊〉 shame. Name. To sleep in so great a matter, & to be named waker, was this 〈◊〉  
The circumstances of things be these. Cause, place, time, instrument. Cause. Thou wast the first that moved to this murder, the fault therefore is the greater Place. He defiled the virgin in the 〈◊〉. Time. Then eat he flesh, when there was proclaimed open fasting, Instrument. The serpent killed Eve with his tongue worse than any sword. Thus now may yond see what Amplification riseth by the circumstances belonging to persons, & things.  
Frequentatio est, cum res in tota caussa dispersa, co guntur 〈◊〉 in locum, quo gravior aut acrior, aut criminosior oratio sit, hoc pacto A quo 〈◊〉 abest ●…ste vitio? quid est, judices, cur velitis eum liberare? suae pudicuiae ꝓditor est, insidiator alienae, cupidus, in temperans, petulans, superbus, impius in parents, ingra ●…us in a●…icos, infestus in cognatos, in supereores' contumax, in aequos, & pares fastidiosus, in inferiores crudelis, denique in omnes intollerabilis.  
Frequentation is, when the things that 〈◊〉 dispersed through all the cause be 〈◊〉 together into one place, that the ●…ration may be the moregrave, sharper, or ●…fuller, thus. What vice hath he ●…ot? why should you deliver him you iud●…s? His own chastity he setteth forth come whose will, he lieth in wait for others, he 〈◊〉 intemperate, wanton, proud, unnatural 〈◊〉 his 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 to his friends, ●…roublesō to his kinsfolks, stubborn to ●…is betters, dis●…ful to his fellows, cruel to his inferiors, untolerable to all men.  
Congeries est multiplicatio verborum, aut sentëtiarunrem eandem velut inculcantium. Hoc di●… fert ab Incremento, quod illic per gradus incresci●… oratio, hic velut aceruo. Cic. Quid enim ille tuu Tubero districtus in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat? cuius latus ille mucro petebat? Qui sensu●… erat armorum tuorum? Quae tua mens, oculi, m●… nus, ardour animi? Quid cupiebas? quid optabas Quam multae voces hic sunt idem fere significantes. Vt, gladius, mucro, a●…ma, Sensus, mens, ani mus, cupiebas, optabas. Tum quot sententiae eode●… spectantes, distringere in acie gladium, latus p●… tere, sensus armorum. Eiusdem generis est sed a●… fectum habens mitiorem, quod ●…st apud Virgili●… 3. Eneid, Quid puer Ascanius, superatne & v●… citur aura Aetherea? nec adhuc crude●…bus oc●… bat ●…mbris? Nihil enim aliud querit nisi an a●… huc supersit Ascanius, sed affectus est, quod re●… eandem ter expressie.  
●…ongeries, is a multiplication 〈◊〉 words, or sentences, as it were beatyn in all one thing. It differeth from ēcrea●… in this point, because the oration the●… groweth as it were by degrees, and he●… ●…y heaps. ●…icero, Tubero, what did thy drawn sword in the battle of Pharsaliaa? whose side did the point strike at?  
What was the meaning of thine are mour. What meant thy mind, eyes, hands ●…ury of mind? What didst thou covet? What didst thou wish? How many words be there here signifying almost all one thing? as: sword, point of the sword, weapons, sense, mind, ent●…nte, didst covet, didst desire. Further, how many sentences be there tending to one point, a●…: to draw thy sword in the field, to run at his side, meaning of weapons. Of the same sort is, but having a more mild affection, that is in ●…irgil in the. iii. of Eneid. How doth the child Ascanius, is he on the earth; doth he eat the breath Ethereal? doth he not yet lie below in the cruel dark places? He asketh nothing else, but whether Ascanius be alive, but it is the affection that expresseth one thing thrice.  
Divisio est, quae rem semou●…ns are, utramque ●…bsoluit ratione subiecta, hoc modo. Cur ego nunc ●…bi quicquam obijciam? Si probus es non. meri●…sti sin improbus non commoveris. Et illud. Quid nunc ego de meis proprijs meritis preaicem? Si me ministis, obiundam: sin obliti estis, cum ●…e nihil egerim, quid est quod verbis proficere possim?  
Division is, which removing one thing from another, endeth than both by showing a reason, thus. Why should I now then lay any thing to thy charge? If thou be good thou hast not deserved it: if thou be nought, thou carest not for it. Also, what should I now speak of mine own proper merits. If you remember them I shall but trouble you: if you have forgot them, when I have done nothing by deed, what may I profit by words?  
Correctio est, quae tollit quod dictum est, & aliud magis i●…oncum in eius jocum reponit, Sic Quod si iste suos amicos rogasset, imo innu●…sset do, hoc facile perfici possit,  
Correction is, which taketh away that that is spoken, and putteth a mor●… meeter thing in his place, thus. That i●… he had prayed his friends, yea had n●… more but beckte, this thing might easily have been done.  
Definitio est, qua rei alicuius propria vis explic●… rur, breviter et absolute hoc modo, Non est ista dili gentia sed avaritia: eo ꝙ diligentia est accurrata con seruatio svorum, avaritia nuriosa appetitio alienorum  
Definition is, whereby the proper pith of any thing is declared briefly & perfectly, thus. This is not diligence, but covetousness: decause diligence is an hedy conservation of that that is his own covetousness is an injurious desire of other men's goods.  
Transitio est, qua monemus breviter quid dictū●…it, & quid consequatur, ut, In patriam qualis fuerit habetis: nunc in parents qualis extiterit, accipite  
Transition is, whereby we do brief●…y show what is spoken, & what should ●…olowe, thus. You have heard how he ●…ath behaved himself to his country ●…ow what he hath been to his parents I will tell you.  
Exemplum est rei gestae est cōm●…moratio, & ad nostram aussan accommodatio. Huius ergo materia est factum el res gesta, ab aliquo homine: Sic, Quem admodū●…amillus rem Romanam in extremam pernitiem adductam, restituit: Sic Laurentius lationas literas barbarorum inscitia f●…re extinctas, in pristinum nitorem revocavit. Porro comparatio ostendie exemplum, quod adductum est, aut simile, aut dissimile, aut contrarium. Rursum, aut par, aut minus, aut maius. Quod in similibus quoque efficitur.  
example is the rehearsal of a thing that is done, and applying of it to our cause. So the ground and matter of an example is an act done of any maune, thus. As Camillus restored the Romain common wealth being brought into extreme jeopardy: So Laurence Ualla brought again into the old pureness, the Latin tongue, which thorough ignorance of the Babarians, was almost quite lost. Further, Comparation showeth the example that is brought, either to be like, unlike, or countrary. And again, equal, less, or bigger. Which thing is also done in parables, or similitudes.  
Similitudo est collatio rei mutae, vel inanimat●… ad nostr Turrian caussa accommedata ut, Navis pro ve●…●…rum ratione velum tollens, aut contrahens, in ho●… ●…ut illud latus transferens: parabola est, quae docet sapientem tempor●… cedere ae rebus presentibus sese accommodare. Sicut ergo exemplum a facto hominis, & persona historiae petitur, sic collatio a qualibet re preter hominem, & preter hominis factum, sumitur.  
Similitude is a meet conferring of a dumb thing or that hath no life, unto our purpose, as. A ship lifting up, taking down, or turning his sails on this side or that side as the winds bloweth, is a parable: which teacheth a wise man to serve the time, and do as the world goeth. So than as an example is taken of the de●…e of a man, and of some person in an history: So a similitude is taken of any thing save of man, or man's act.  
Imago minimum differt a similitudine. Vt si dicas Achillem ignis aut solis instar armis relucentem venisse in p●…oelium. Aut alique●… more draconis aut leonis in hosts insil●…isse. Imago est potius quam simili●…udo. Du●…itur autem Imago ab ammantis forma: Vt si hominem rapacem ac virulentum depingas similem ●…ubatae dr●…coni, qui oculis ardentibus, d●…ntibus acutis, unguibus aduncis, biante rictu, per om●… circumspiciens si quem reperiat, cui possit aliquid mali faucibus afflare, quem ore attingere, dentibus dissecare, lingua aspergere, unguibus dilacerere.  
Image very little differeth from similitude. As if thou say that Achilles came into the field in harness glistering like fire, or the sun beams: Or that one flew upon his enemies, like a dragon or lion, it is an image or resemblance rather than similitude. And a resemblance is taken of the fourine of a beast, as if you will paint out a ravening, or poisonous man like to a crested dragon, which with burning eyes, sharp teeth, crooked nails gaping mouth, looking every where, upon whom he may blow out his poison whom he may gape at, bite with his teeth poison with his tongue, tear which his nails.  
Ad exemplorum genus refertur Autoritas, 〈◊〉 est alieni dicti, aut sententiae collatio ad nostram caussam accommodata. Cuius species sunt.  
Sententia, dictio ad mores, vel res communes pertinens, que commoda brevitate demonstrat, quid in vita sit agendum, aut quid fieri soleat, ut Lahor improbus omnia vincit, &, Heu nihil invi tis fas quenquam fidere divis. Tales sunt Solomo nis, & Catonis sententiae.  
Enthymema, sententia ex contrarijs. ut, Sibonis placere magna laus est, certe malis hominibus pro bari ignominia est. Item obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit. Nam hic Enthymema non est species argumentationis dialectice.  
Epiphonema, rei narratae, vel probatae, summa ac clamatio, ho, est, amplificatoi quedanhonestatis, dig nitatis, utilitatis, difficultatis, aut fimilium fere rerum in fine addita, ad augendum admirationem, ut Tantae molis erat erat Romanam condere gentem, quae est narrataerei acclamatio e. Adeo a teneris consu esceremultum est. Probataerei acclamatio. Vt pro ligario. Quorunigitur impunitas Cesar tua clementiae laus est, eorunte ipsorum ad crudelitatem acuet oratio?  
Noenia, quum tecte significamus, ꝙ auditor ex se ipse divinet, vel sententiosum scomma, detortum in 〈◊〉 aliquam, cuius mores, & ineptiae notentura?  
Ex●…plū Livius habet. Athenienses ●…dem literis, ver bisqmbellun adversus Philippum gerebant. Quo noem●… te Livius salse notat imbellem loquacitatem Graeculorun  
Chria, brevissima exposuio alicuius facti, vel dicti, cum autoris nomine citato, Hác Cicero in prefa●…ione tertus officiorum pertractat, Scipionem dic●… re solitumse nunquam minus ociosum esse, quam cum ociosus: nec minus solum, quam cum solus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dictum vel sententia ex apologo sumptaqualia sunt Epimithia, id est, apologationes, & allegory interpretantes apologos & corum usum indicantes.  
Oraculum id est dictum ab ore dei exceptum, vel ex mandato dei prolatum, qualia sunt omnia fer●… quae in Biblijs dicuntur, & praecipiuntur.  
Unto examples is referred authority: that is a meet conferring of an other man's saying or sentence to our cause. The kinds be these.  
Sentence, is a saying pertaining to manners, or to common practices of the world which with proper br●…efnes, show eth what is to be done, or wont to be done in this life, as. Continual labour overcometh all thing. And no man may hope for any thing against god's will. Such be the sentences of Solomon, & Cato.  
Enthymeme, a sentence made of contraries: as if it be a great praise to please good menue: to be allowed of evil, is great reproach. Also flattery getteth friends, truth hatred. Neither is it here a kind of argumentacion dialectical  
Epiphonema, is an acclamation of any matter that is told, or allowed: that is to say, an amplifying of honesty, dign●…tie, profit, difficulty, or such other like, put at the end for the more 〈◊〉 ling, as. As so w●…ightie a matter it was to set up the Roman nation. Here is an acclamation of a matter told before. And so great it is to accustom ourself from youth.  
An acclamation of a thing that is told thus, as for Ligarius. Cesar, whose per done is praise of thy mercy, shall there words sharpen thee to cru●…?  
Noema, when we signify 〈◊〉, that which the hearer may coni 〈◊〉 by himself. Or it is a taunt, spoken against any person, whose folly, and manners are reproved. Livy hath such an ●…aumple. The Athenians by letters & words fought against Philip. Whereby, Livius did secretly reprove the un warlike babbling of the Grecians.  
〈◊〉, a very short exposition of any ●…ede or saying, with the authors name being recited. This is well handled of 〈◊〉 in the preface of the third book of his Offices: that Scipio was wont to say, he was never less alone than when he was void of the common wealth matters, and never less alone, than when he was alone.  
AEnos, a saying or a sentence taken out of a tale, as are the Morals & Alligories interpreting fables, & showing there use.  
Oraculum, any word that is received at the mouth of God, or spoken by his commandment, as are commonly all things that are spoken and commanded in the Bibles.  
Expolitio est, c●…m in eodem loco manemus, & altud atque aliud dicere vi●…emur. Ergo huiusmodi vehementer ornata poterit ess●… expolitio, quae constabit exfrequentibus verborum exornationibus, & sententiarum hoc pacto, Ita uti contemnendus est, qui in n●…uigādo, se, quam na●…im mowlt incolumem: ita vituperandus, qui in Reip. discrimine, suae plusquam communi saluti, consulit. Nave en●… fracta muli incolumes eu●…serunt: exnaufragio patriaesal●…us nemo potest enatare, Quod mihi bene videtur. Decius intellexisse, qui se devouisse dicitur, & pro legionibus in hosts misisse medios, un de amisit vitam, & non perdidit. Re enim vilissimanet paru●…, maximam i edemit: dedit vitam, accepi●… patriam, amisit anim●…, potitus est gloria, quae cunsumma laud prodita, vetustate quotidie magis ●…nitescit.  
Expolition is, when we tarry still in one place, and yet seem to speak divers things. So that it may be a very good lie expolition, which shall stand of many exornations of words, and sentences, thus. Wherefore as he is to be despised which being on the sea had rather have himself safe than the ship, so is he to be rebuked which in the ●…eopardy of the common wealth, provideth more for him setfe, then for the safety of the common wealth Which thing me thinketh D●…cius did well perceive, when he bent himself to die, and for the saving of his soldiers to have run into the mids of his enemies. Whereby he let his life go, but he lost it not. For with a small thing & of little: price he redemedathing of great valu●… he gave his life, but he received his country: he let pass his life, but enjoyed glory, which declared with great praise the elder it shall wax, daily the more and more it shall shine.  
Brevitas est res ipsis tantummodo verbis ne●…essariis ex●…edita, hoc modo. Lemnum praterien●… cepit, inde Tharsi presidium resiquit, post, urbem in Bythinia sustulit, inde pulsus in Hellespontum statim potitur Abido.  
Brevity is, when the matter is quick lie told, with no more words but those that be necessary, thus. As he passed by, he took Lemnum, than he left a garrison at Tharsus: after he took a city in Bythinia, driven from thence, forthwith he wan Abydus.  
Atque haefere sunt senten●…arum figurae: queis rerum, & orationis copia mirabiliter augetur Ceterum a Rhetoribus appellantur vari●…s nominibus, ut a Fabio alicubi argumenta, quum sun●… parts caussarum, quae omitti commode non possunt alicubi or namenta, & amplificationum formae, & virtutes orationis, & lumina, & colorestum videlicet, quum non sunt partes caussarum, 〈◊〉 vel eximi, vel omitti possunt; boc est, quando non probandi, sed ornandi gratia caussis inseruntur. Cicero vocat exornationes sentemiarum A lij nominant argumenta rerum, quod his non solum orationis, sed & caussae corpus augeatur, & increscat. Verum quoniam nomina declarandis rebus serviunt, expositis rebus, de vocibus non est cur anxij magnopere simus. Haud ignoro esse & alia pleraque ornamenta, & figuras orationis. Verum nobis precipua sunt pro virili collecta, & quae maxime digna annotatu visa.  
And these in manner be the figures of sentences, whereby the copy, both of words and matter, is wonderfully increased. Howbeit they be called of the Rhetoricians by divers names, as some where of Qui●…tilian they be named are gumentes, and manners of amplification, virtues also of an oration, and lights, and colours, even then in deed when they be not parts of the matter, but either may be taken out, or quite left of: that is to say, when they be not put in matters, to prove any thing, but to garnish it. Cicero calleth them exornations of sentence. Other name them ornaments of matter, because by them, not only the oration and words, but the body of the matter groweth and is increased. But because names do serve to declare things, the matters declared, we need not to take much thought touching the words. I know there be many other ornaments also, and figures of oration But to my power I have gathered the chief, and that were thought most meet to be noted.   

De Tribus Generibus dicendi.  
COmmonstratis de ornatu, & Elocutione praeceptis, atque figuris, reliquae muneris, ac instituti nostri partes erunt, ut in quibus omnis oratoria institutio, debeat esse generibus, dicamus. Es se enim diversa dicendi genera, quae Graeci 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, nos figuras appellamus, in quibus omnis oratio non vitiosa consumitur, neminem arbitror ne mediocriter quidem doctum, fugit, 〈◊〉 tot artium scriptores, & Grecos, & Latinos, quos priora seeula tulerunt, stylum, dicendique genus orationis plerunque dispar, atque dissimile secutos, vid●…us. Sunt autem dicendi 〈◊〉 tria potissimum animaduersa, Grande, Tenue, Mediocre, Grande, illustre, vehemens, & plenum dicendi genus, divino quod●… genere orationis, atque incredibili, caussis gravioribus ad hibetur: Habet enim cum am●…a matestate, ornatissima verba, propria; translata, extranea, ita tamen, ut ad unamquanquam rem accommodata sint: & graves sententias, quae in amplificatione, & con miseratione tractantur, & exornationes cum verborum, tum sententiarum, quibus maximam vim in orationibus tribuunt, ac gravitatem. Sunt autem qui hoc genere utuntur, vehementes, varij, copiosi, graves, ad permovendos, & convertendos animos instructi, & parati. Vsus est Ciecro in oratione pro Aulo Cluentio, pro Sylla, pro ●…ito Annio Milone, pro Caio Rabirio, in Catilinam, in Verren, in Pisonem, Sed huius imperiti sepe in vitia incidunt, cum gravis oratio illis videtur 〈◊〉, que turget, & inflata est: quae novis, aut duriter a●…unde translatis, aut priscis, & ab vs●… quotidtani sermo nis iam 〈◊〉, aut gravioribus quam res postulat verbis, utitur hoc modo. Nam qui perduellionibus venditat patriam, non satis suppl●… dederet, si preceps in Neptunias ●…pultus erit Lacunas.  
Tenue genus dicendi, subtili quadam & pr●…ssa, atque 〈◊〉 oratione fertur, caussis pa●…lo acutioribus, quam in usu, vulgari sermonis versantur, est accommodatum. Est enim gaenus orationis demissum, usque ad usitassimam puri, dilucid●…ue consuetudinem sermonis: habet sententias tenues, subtiles, acutas, omnia docentes, & diluci diora, non ampliora, facientes. In eodemque genere (ut in oratore 〈◊〉) alij callidi sunt, sed impoliti, et consulto rudium si●…les, & imperitorum: alij in eadem ieiunitate concinniores, id est, faceti, floren tes etiam, & leniter ornati. Vsus est Cicero in phi losophi●…is disputationibus, in oratione pro Quintio, pro Rosco Comedo, & Terentius & Plautus in suis Comoedus, Errant, qui non possunt in illa facetissima verborum attenuatione commode versari, & veniunt ad aridum, & exangue gaenus orationis, quod non alienum est exile nominari, cuius modi est. Namistic ad balneas accessit, ad hunc postea dixit: Hic tuus servus me pulsavit. Posteae dixit hic illi, Considerabo, Post ille convicium fecit, & magis, magisque presentibus multis clamavit.  
Mediocre & temperatum dicendi gaenus ex hu 〈◊〉, neque tamen ex infima, & pervulgatissima verborum & sententiarum dignitate, constat. Estque recte dictum genus sermonis temperatum quod admodum vicinum sit tenui, & grandi: atque ita 〈◊〉 in neutro excellat, sed utriusque sit par ticeps, v●…l potius expers, cum neque hoc, neque illud haebeat, sed interiectam, moderationem persequatur, atque temperië. Idque uno tenore, ut aiunt in dicendo fluit, nihil preter facultatem afferens & aequalitatem, omnemque orationem ornamentis modicis cum verborum, tum s●…ntentiarum distinguens. Vtitur eo Cicero in oratione pro lege Manilia, pro Aulo Cecinna, pro Marco Marcello, 〈◊〉 ximeque in Libris Ofsiciorum. In hoc ●…itiosum est, pervenire ad confine genus eius, quod fluctuans & dissolutum appeliant, eo quod sine neruis, & articulis, fluctuet huc & illuc, nec possit confirmare, nec viriliter sese expedire, id est huiusmodi. Socij nostri cum belliger are nobiscum vell●…t, 〈◊〉 ratiocinati essent etiam atque etiam quid possent facere siquidem sua sponte facerent, & non habe rent hic auditores multos, & malos homines & audaces solent enim diu cogitare omnes, qui mag na negotia volunt agere. Non potest ●…smodi sermo tenere attentum auditorem. Difflluit enim to tus, neque quiequam comprehendens perfectis verbis amplectitur.    

Of the three kinds of style or endighting.  
Now that we have showed the 〈◊〉 and figures of garnishing, & eloquntion, it is our office & duty, to show in what kinds, all oratory ought to be. For that there be three sundry kinds called of the Greeks Characters, of us, figures, in which every oration not fawtie, is occupied, I trow there is no man meanly learned, but he knoweth: namely when we see so many writers of sciences, both Grecians, & Latins, which have been before time, to have followed for the most part sundry kinds of writing, one unlike the other. And there hath been marked inespecial three kinds of endighting. The great, the small, and the mean.  

The great kind.  
The great, the noble, the mighty, & the full kind of endighting, with an incredible, and a certain divine power of oration is used in 〈◊〉 causes: for it hath with an ample 〈◊〉, very garnished words: proper, translated, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tenses, which are handled in amplification, & 〈◊〉: and it hath crornati 〈◊〉 both of words and sentences: where unto in orations they ascribe very great strength and gravity. And they that use this kind be vehement, various, copious, grave, well and thoroughly appointed, to move and turn men to their purpose This kind did Cicero use in the orati on for Aulus Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius 〈◊〉, against Catiline, against Uerres against Piso, but they that cannot skill of this, oftentimes fall into faults, when unto them that seemeth a grave oration, which swelleth and is puffed up, which useth strange words, hardly translated, or that be to old, and that be now long sithence left of from use of daily talk, or more grave than the thing requireth.   

The small kind.  
The small kind of endighting is in a subtle, pressed, and filed oration, meet for causes that be a little sharper than are in the common use of speaking. For it is a kind of oration that is let dowue even to the most used custom of pure, and clear speaking. It hath fine sentences, subtilo, sharp, teaching all things, and making them more plain, not more ample. And in this same kind (as Cicero saith in his orator) some be crafty, but unpo lished, and of purpose like the rude and unskilful. Other in that leans are trim, that is, merry conceited, flourishing also, & a little garnished. Cicero used this kind in his philosophical disputations, in the oration for 〈◊〉, for Roscius the comedy player: and Terence, and Plau tus in their Comedies. Such as cannot handsomely use themselves in that merry conceited slenderness of words, fall into a dry, & feeble kind of oration, which may be called aweake, and feeble writing, thus. He came to the balenes: after he said unto him. This thy servant struck me. I will consider. After that he chode and cried more and more many being present.   

The mean kind.  
The mean and temperate kind of in●… standeth of the lower, and yet not of the lowest, and most common words and sentences. And it is rightly called the temperate kind of speaking, because it is very nigh unto the small, and to the great 〈◊〉, following a moderation and temper betwixt them both. And it followeth (as you would say) in one tenor distinguishing, all the oration with small ornaments both of words and sentences. Cicero useth this for the law of Manilius, for Aulus Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and most of all in his books of Offices. In this is fawtye to come to the kind that is nigh unto it, called dissolute, because it waveth hither & thither, as it were without sinews and joints, standing surely in no point. And such an Oration cannot cause the hearer to take any heed, when it goeth in and out, & comprehendeth not any thing with perfect words.   
FINIS.   

THE ARGUMENT OF the oration for Marcus Marcellus.  
GNeius Pompeius being overcome in the battle at Phar. salia, of those men that took his part, some 〈◊〉 into Africa to the army of Juba, and Actius, to renew the battle again, as did Scipio and Cato: other thiking themselves overcome, fought no more, as did Marcus Cicero: some kept a mean, as did Marcus Marcellus, one that had be●…e consul, and a singular wise man, which always did much distrust the victory of Pompey. The great multitude for his great & singular virtues loved this man, and therefore desired that he should be restored. But the inuin●…ible stomach of his would not be restored by Cefar into his country because he would not see at Rome, those things that grieved his heart. Cieero be cause he was his familiar, and friend even of a child, did oftentimes exhort him to give place to the time, & obey necessi which is always the point of a wise mā●…is brother Caius Marcellus, most heartily prayed him that he would come, & continually prayed Cesar for to save his brother. In the Senate, Cesar being present, when Lucius Piso made mention of Marcus Marcellns, & when his brother Caius Marcellus had cast himself at the feet of Cesar, all the Senate rose up together, & lowly came to Cesar, to pardon Marcus Marcellus. Then made Cesar an oration in the Senate, in the which oration he accused the bitterness of Marcus Marcellus, that when he warred in Gallia, them Marcus Marcelius being consul, called him thief, and that he went in hand with the counsel, that Cesar should be judged an enemy of his country, o●…les he would put of his armour, & that Mar ●…us Marcellus also did beat with rods the Decurian of Nowmcomun, (which to be franchised Cesar had brought to Rome) to declare that this ●…ecurion was no Citezin, and so to disprove the deed of Cesar For to beat the Citizens of ●…ome with rods it was forbidden by the law that Portius made, For the Citizens of Rome, both were the●… franchisers, and brought out of other countries, there to inhabit. Beside this he showed also other displeasures that Marcellus did unto him. ●…eahe added that some there were that lay in wait to kill him. But he said as touching nature I have lived enough, and as touching glory too. Then suddenly otherwise than all they looked for, as touching Marcellus he said he would not deny it, no not for his own sake. And so he gave him to the Senate, and to the common wealth. The senators being demanded what they thought of his iudgem●…t, gave thanks to Cesar. Cicero which had appointed for the desire of his old dignity, to hold his peace, moved by Caesar's highness of mind, and mercy, and that the Senate did their duetic, changed his purpose. Therefore in this Oration he giveth great thanks to Cesar. So is this the argum●…t. First he showeth the cause why he had determined for ever to hold his peace among the counsellors: and that Caesar's mercy in restoring his eitmye Marcellus, was the cause why he changed his purpose. For then Cesat gave a sign that all should be well in the common weal. He doth prefer Caesar's acts before all the acts of the Emperors of the people of Rome, of outward nations, of most mighty people, and most ercellente kings. But he sayeth that he hath gotten much more glory, because he hath vanquished his own mind, repressed his anger, & tempered his victory (which by nature is insolent and proud) and because he hath restored his enemy to his old dignity. In this victory so great was Caesar's modesty, that he showed he had rather not to have fought then to have overcome, in that he restored again, & loved those that counseled to peace, among the which was Cicero. If Pompey had overcome, his victory would have been cruel: in the victory of Cesar there was no cruelty, there was no man killed, but the armed men in the fight. Wherefore the immortal gods seem to have referred all the safety of the peo●…le of Rome and of the common wealth, to the wisdom and mercy of Cesar, seeing they have holpen his victory. He taketh away the suspicion of Cesar, that any man should lie in wai●… to slay him, but yet he counsels him to take heed. He denieth that he ever feared any such thing to happen to Cesar, but yet he sayeth the v●…certayne haps of life, and frailty of man's nature to be feared. He exhorteth Cesar to set up again the common wealth, which through the violence of war needs was decayed. And because Cesar said he had lived long enough touching nature, and glory: yet saith Cicero, that for his country, for which he was borne, he had lived but a little, which if he will now set in order again, the glory of his divine virtue shall remain for ever. He desireth Ce●…ar to look to his own life, and safety. He promiseth in his own name, and in the name of the rest of the Senators, that they will not only watch for him, but also put their own bodies in i●…opardye to save him.   

A THANKS GEVING to Caesar for the restitution of Marcus Marcellus.  
OF this long silence, which I used in these troublous times, not for any fear, but partly for sorrow, partly for shame, honourable fathers, this present day hath made an end: and made me begin again after mine old manner, to say my will and mind. For so great meekness, such mercy as never was heard of, such moderation where one may do all, finally such incredible, and in 〈◊〉 heavenvly wisdom, 〈◊〉 no wise I may pass over with silence. For Marcus Marcellus, honourable fathers, now restored to you, & to the common wealth, I think not only his voice & authority, but mine own also to be conserved, and restored again to you and to the common wealth. For I was sorry honourable fathers, yea & very sorry, so noble a man, being in the same quarrel that I was, not also to be in as good a case as I am: neither could I find in mine heart, nor yet think it lawful, 
A Metaphor.  to run in this your old race, and sit among you counsellors, the chief lover of my studies, and labours, and as it were my fellow, and company●… pulled away from me. Wherefore Cesar, both haste thou given again unto me mine old fashion of jyfe, and haste set up to all these men as it were a banner of hope, that all shall be 
A translation taken of the manner of mar.  well in the common wealth. For I have perceived in many, chief in myself, and of late in all: sith thou haste restored Marcellus to the Senators, to the people, and to the common wealth, specially also rehearsing the griefs by him done unto thee, that thou settest more by the reputation of this order, & honour of the common wealth, then either by thine own sorrows, or suspicions. And verily of all his life passed he hath received the greatest fruit, and most honorit is unto him: that all the Senate hath made intercession, and that besides also, by thy most grave and sage judgement, he thought to do honour to thee and to the common wealth, Whereby ve 
An Epiphoneme to the praise of Marcellu●…  rely thou dost perceive, that sith in receiving the benefit it is so great praise, how much more glorious it is to the to have given it. In deed happy is he, for whose safety, no less gladness in manner cometh to all men, then to himself. And this he well deserveth. For who is more excellent than he, in nobleness, in virtue, in study of the best sciences, in true meaning, or in any kind of thing worthy praise? No man's wit is so great, no man so h●… ble either to write or speak, that once can declare, much less garuish and ga●…ly set out thine acts, O Cesar. Yet by thy leave, this dare I boldly say, that for nothing that ever thou didst, thou ever 
He compareth the victory of C●…sars an g●…r to his other victories, & preferreth it be fore them all.  gattest greater praise the thou hast this day. I am often wont to remember, and gladly much to speak of, how that all the acts of our Emperors, of foreign nations, of most mighty people, of most noble kings, are not worthy to be compared with thine, neither for the greatness of the quarrel, neither in number of battles, neither in diversity of countries, nor in speedy performance, nor in diversities of fights: & that no countries, were they never so far distant, would more quickly be gone unto on foot, than they were made famous I will not say with thy speedy journeys, but victories. which things verily except I would confess to be so great, the scarce any man's mind, or thought were able to comprehend them, I might worth●…ly be counted witless. And yet for all that, there be other things much greater. For as touching the praises of war, some be wont to 〈◊〉 them with words, and to pluck them from the captains, and part them which the soldiers that the captains should not have all. And verily in battle the manhood of the soldiers, the convenience of the place, the succours of confederates, ships, victuals, and such other, doo●… help very much: and the greatest part of all Fortune challengeth by good right, & what soever is done prosperously, all that almost she counteth her own. But of this 〈◊〉, O Cesar, which ere while thou ●…ast gotten, none is associate with thee. At this asmuch as it is (and surely great it is) I 〈◊〉 all is thine own, 
Repetition and coni●… sion ioygne●… together.  The centnrion can pluck nothing, the captain can plu●… nothing, ●…he 〈◊〉 of sould●… can pluck nothing, nor the horsemen can pluck nothing unto themselves. No not Fortune the Lady of all, will be fellow with thee in this praise: she 〈◊〉 place to thee, she sayeth it is all thine, and thine alone. For never is hastiness and wisdom ●…oyned together, nor casualty put to 〈◊〉. Thou 
A comp●… bet●… the causes of fortitude and mercy.  hast tamed nations outrageous in fierceness, ●…merable in multitude, infinite in places, abounding in wealthiness: but yet thou haste overcome such things, as by their nature and co●…on might be overcome. For never was there such ●…reugth, nor such multitude, but by sword and v●…lence, it might be weakened, and broken. But to overcome will, to repress anger, to moderate victory, thine adversary 〈◊〉 noble, witty, v●…tuous, him not only ●…o help from misery, but also to advance to his old dignity: him that doth these things, I compare, not to the highest me●…ne, but judge him most lyk●… 
Mercy is a ●…oue conquest.  a God. Therefore ●…esar, thy warlike praises shall be famous, not only in our writings, but in the mouths almost of all nations, and shall b●…e spoken of even to the worlds end. But yet such things, I wot not how, even while they be heard, and while they be read, seem to be allowed with cry of soldiers, and sound of trumpets. But ●…rely when either we hear or read, any thing to be done mercifully, meekly, justly, moderately, wisely, in anger specially, (which is enemy to discretion) & in victory (which of nature is insolent & proud,) Oh how bend we our hearts to it, not only in matters done in deed, but in feigned also: that often times we love them whom we never saw. But he whom we see present, whose mind, meaning, and face, we behold, willing by thy mercy to save that, that war would have destroyed, how may we praise thee, how may we love thee, sufficiently? By my faith ●…esar, the 
Hyperbol●….  walls of the counsel house me thinketh leap for joy, and seem to praise thee, because within them, and in their s●…ates, there shall now come again the worship and authority of our old au●…cestours. verily when I saw, and so did you as well as I, the tears of ●…aius Marcellus his good and loving brother fall from his eyes, anon the remembrance of all the Marcelli●…ns pierced my heart, which now being dead, by saving Marcellus thou hast restored again to their old estate, and delivered almost, from utter decay, a very noble house and family, being now brought to a few. This day therefore thou mayst worthily prefer, before all thy most valiant, & innumerable acts. For this is ●…esars praise only: other acts that were done, thou being captain, were great in deed, but yet a great company were partakers thereof. O●… this thou art both captain and companion: and verily it is so great, that no time shall ever end it, as it doth other signs and toke●…s of thy triumphs and victories. For there was never thing made by workmanship and hand, but tune will mar, and consume it. But this thy ●…nitie, and mercy of mind, shall flourish every day more and more, and tha●… increase by process of time, where Images s●…tte up in tokens of thy victories, by time shall be consumed, and wasted away. And in deed all other victories of civil battles now before this, thou haste overcome by equity and mercy. But this day thou passest thine own self. I fear lest that, that I will say, cannot be so well perceived by hearing, as understand in mind. Thou semeste to 
Amplifica ●…io above the highest degree.  have overcome victory itself, when she by conquest would have slain, whom thou by mercy doest pardon. For where by the property of victory, all we that were overcome, by right should have died: by thy judgement of mercy, now are we saved. Thou then only must be called vnuanquishe●… by whom, yea the very state, & strength of victory itself, is overcome and 
amplification by greatness of the be nefite.  vanquished. And this judgement honourable fathers, how far it stretcheth, hear I pray you All we, which were compelled to arm our selves, I wot not by what miserable and deadly destiny of the common wealth, although we be in some fault of mannish error, yet be we not guilty of any 〈◊〉 act. For where, honourable counfailers, at your intercession, he hath saved Marcus Marcellus for the comm●… wealth, he hath restored without any prayer me to myself, and also to the common wealth, and other noble men also to themselves, and to their country, of whom you see a great and honourable company, here now at this present sessions. He hath not brought enemies into the counsels house, but hath declared, the civil war to have been ta ken in hand of the most part, rather through ignorance, false, & vain fear, them covetousness, or cruelty. In which war I thought it ever best to entreat of peace; 〈◊〉 was sorry, not only peace, but the Oration also of the Citizens craving peace always to be refused. As for me, I never desired this, ne yet any other civil battles, but always have counseled to peace, and not to war. I followed Pompey for his friendliness toward me, not for any cause that he had 〈◊〉 so good to the common wealth. I was not so mad, either for desire, or hope, willingly and wittingly to run to destroy myself: only was the remembrance of a thankful mind great with me. And well known was the counsel that I ●…ue. For both here in this house, when all things were yet well, and in the time of war also, I was all in one mind, yea even then, when I was in jeopardy of my life. There is none therefore that will judge so evil, as to doubt●… of Caesar's mind touching war, when strait ways after the battle, he determined to save the counsaillers to peace, and was angry with the other. And this would seem the less marvel peradventure then, when the 〈◊〉 was uncertain, and the fortune of battle doubtful. But he that loveth the authors of peace when he hath the victory, forsooth declareth that he had rather not to fight, than to be victor. And of this I can bear Marcellus witness. For as always of peace, even like of war also, were we of one mind. How often, and how sorrowfully, did I see him fear, partly the proud stateliness of ce●… tain men, and chief the cruelty of victory itself. Wherefore Cesar, the more acceptable aught thy gentleness to be unto us, which foresaw the cruelty of the other part. For now must we compare together, not the causes, but the victories. We have seen thy victory ended with war, & no sword drawn in the city, in time of peace. The Citizens that be lost, be overthrown by battle, not by anger of the victor. So that no man can doubt, that if it were possible, Caius Cesar would raise again many that be dead, sith 〈◊〉 the same army, he saveth whom he 〈◊〉 And of the other part I will say no more, but that we all feared, the victory would have been to angry. For some there were that threatened not only such as were in harness, but them also that stirred never a whit: and that it was to be considered, not what men thought, but where they were too: in so much me thinketh that the immortal gods, though they would punish the people for some fault, & have raised up this woeful civil battle, that yet now either pleased, or once at the last filled: they have turned all to thee ●…erey and wisdom of the eonquerour. Wherefore ●…esar, rejoice in this thynae excellent goodness, & be glad in thy good fortune and praise, and also in thy gentle nature and manners, whereby great pleasure, and profit cometh to a wise man. Other of thy valiant acts when thou shalt remember, although thou mayst reioy●…e in them, yet for thy happiness thou mayst be glad: but as often as thou shalt think of us, whom itpleased thee to save, and to have with thee in 〈◊〉 common wealth, so often 〈◊〉 thou think of thy great benefits, incredible liberality, and singular wisdom, which I may boldly call, not only excellent good, but undoubtedly good alone. For in true praise, there is such brightness, in nobleness of heart, such honour, that these seem to be given of virtue, the other 〈◊〉 of fortune. Be not weary then in saving good men, specially which have not fallen through ●…uyil desire, and leu●…nesse, but by well doing in their opin●…on, foolish 〈◊〉, yet not cuyl, but as it were for the common wealth. For it is not thy fault if some feared thee, and contrary thy great praise, that some think thee not to be feared at al. Now I come to thy most grievous come plaint, & suspicion, which must be warily taken heed of, not so much of thee, as of all ●…itizens: us inespecial, whom thou hast saved. And although I trust it be fal●…e, yet will I never make it less by words, than it is in deed. Provision for thee, is provision for ourselves. And if I should 〈◊〉 in the one, or the other, I had rather seem to fearful, than not 
He reasoneth ●…y this fi●…ure Dialy●…s.  very ware. But who is so mad as to lie in wait to slay thee? any of thine own? How●…eit, who be more thine own than they, whom thou haste saved unlooked for? Or is he ove of them, that was in thy bend of soldiers. It is not credible any to be so mad, that sith by the he got asmuch good as could be, he would not set more by thy life, then by his own. Well, ●…f thine own think thee no harm, yet must thou beware of thine enemies? What enemies? For all that were, either through stubbornness they have lost their lives, or by thy mercy have thei●… lives, so that either none of thine enemies 
By this fi●…ure permis sion, he reaso ●…eth more ●…trongly that ●…ll should be marred if Ce ●…ar were not saved.  do remain, or they that do, be thy very friends. But sith in m●…nes minds be such cor●…ers, and farr●… fetches, well let us increase thy suspicion, for so we shall increase also ou●… diligence. For who hath so little experience, who is so unskilful of the common weal, who so little thinketh upon his own safety, or upon all others, which perceiveth not his safeguard to be thine, and only upon thy life, all other men's wealth to depend? I verily as I am bound, thinking upon the day and night, fear such chances as happen to man, the uncertainen haps of healthfulness, and the frai●…tie of our common nature: and I am sorry, that where the common wealth should be immortal, it doth stand upon the life of one mortal man. But if to those chances of man, and uncertain haps, there be joined a consent of a mischievous conspiracy, what God, if he would, should we believe to be able to help the common wealth? All must be helped and holden up, by thy hand only ●…sar, for now through the violence of war, all good order is overthrown, and lieth flat on the ground. Process in law must be had again, true dealing must be called again, lechery must be suppressed, honest generation increased, all that is slipped away, must be bound up again with stray●… laws. It could not be chosen in 〈◊〉 great a ●…iuile battle, but that the common wealth being sore shaken, how so ever the war ended, should lose many ornaments of her honour, and succours of her surety: and that the captains would do many things in war, which they themselves had forbid in peace. All which wounds of war thou must heal, for beside the no man can help them. Therefore that most wise and excellent saying of thine. I was sorry to hear: how that thou hadst lived long enough both to nature, and glory. Enough if thou wilt so have it, peradventure to nature, and if it please you, I say also to glory. But to that point that is greatest of all, even for thy countr●…y sake thou hast lived but a little. Wherefore leave of I pray the this wisdom of learned men in despising death, be not wise to our harm. For it often cometh unto mine ears that thou speakest of this to much, how thou hast lived long enough for thine own part. But then would I believe it if thou didst live, but for thyself alone, or else were borne but for thyself alone: but now sith thine acts do contain the safety of all the Citizens, and of all the common wealth, thou art so far of from performance of thy greatest works, that yet thou haste not laid the foundations thou weenest for. ●…ilt thou then prescribe an end of thy lice, not in the safeguard of the common wealth, but by indifference of thine own mind? What & if this be not enough, no not for thy glor●… of which (although thou be wise,) thou canst not yet deny but that thou ar●… most desirous? Thou wilt say them. Why 
The figure occupation.  shall we leave behind us but little glory? yes verily for other, were they never so many, enough: little, for thee only. For whatsoever it is, though it be great, surely it is but little then, when there is any thing that is greater. And if Cesar, this should have been the end of thine immortal acts, that thine adversaries being overcome, thou shouldest leave the common wealth in that state, in which now it is: mar●… I pray thee whether that 〈◊〉 excellent valiantness of thive, were not more to be marveled at, then praise woorthy●…. For glory is a famous, and 
●…he definiion of glory  common report of many and great benefits done, either to the Citizens, or to the country, or to all men. This th●… yet is left, this part remaineth, in this must ye labour, to stay and settle the 〈◊〉 mon wealth, and that thou chief mayst live joyfully in it, after it is set in great rest, and quietness. And when both thou hast paid thy country that thou owest her, and hast satisfied nature by living at full, then say if thou list, thou hast lived long enough. For what is this that we call long, seeing there is somewhat that is last? and when that cometh, all pleasure past, is as nothing, because afterwards it shallbe nothing. Howbeit, this high courage of thine, was 〈◊〉 content to be within these straits, which nature hath given us to live, but was always on fire to live everlastingly. Neither is this to be counted thy life, which is in breath & body: but Cesar, that is thy life, I say, that is thy life, which shall flourish worlds everlasting, which posterity shall nourish, & eternity always behold. For this thou must serve, for this thou must advance thyself: which life now all ready hath many things to marvel at, and looketh also, for that she may praise. ●…relye they that come after shall wonder at thine Empires, at thy provinces, how thou madest a bridge over the flood Rhine to come ito Germany, how thou didst transport thine army over the ocean into Britain, how thou hast joined battle with thine enemies fifty times, they will wonder at thine incredible victories, images set up, great rewards given unto the for thy manliness, tr●…phes for thy victories, I say, theiwil wonder, when they shall hear, & read these things. But except this city be established by thy counsels, ordinances, and statutes, thy name shall do no more but wander far abroad, no stable seat nor certain house shall it have to dwell in. Among them that shall come after also, there shall be great dissension as there hath been among us: when some shall praise thine acts above the moan, and some again shall find fault, yea in this point chief of all, if thou quench not the fire of civil battle, by saving thy country in so much that thy victory might seem to be ascribed to deste●…ye, the quietness of this city to thy policy and wisdom. Serve therefore those judges also, which shall judge of the many years hereafter, and peradventure more justly than we. For they shall judge both without love and flattery: & also without hatred and envy: and although that (as some men think falsely) shall then nothing pertain unto thee, yet now it doth pertain that thou shouldest be such one, whose praises should never be forgotten, divers were the wills of the Citizens: and divers was their talk. For we differed not only why, and wherefore we should fight, but also with whom, & on whose side we should fight, But there was a doubt, and a variance among the noblest captains. Many doubted what was best to be done, many what was good for themselves, many what was comely, and some also what was lawful. The common wealth is passed this miserable, and fatal battle: he hath overcome, which by his good fortune will not increase hatred, but by his goodness appease it: nor will not judge all them whom he was angry with, either worthy of ●…anishmente, or of death. Some have laid down their weapons, from some they have been taken away. He is bnkind, and unjust, which being delivered from the peril of harness, will yet keep an harnessed mind: so that he is better which died in the field, than he that shed his blood in maintaining the quarrel. For some shall think that to be stubbornness, which to other may seem constance But because now all dissension is broken by battle, and put out by gentleness of the victor: it remaineth that all, which eth●…r be be wise, or in their wits, should be all of one mind. For except thou be safe, Cesar, and be in that mind; in which before thou hast been, and art at this day most of all, we cannot be saved. Wherefore all we, which would all were well, both exhort thee, & heartily pray thee, to have regard to thy life, and all we, (to speak also for other that I think of myself,) because thou thinkest there is some privy matter that thou oughtest to be ware of, I say, we do promise, not only to watch, and ward for thy safeguard, but even to set our own sides and bodies against thine enemies. But to end there as I began, Cesar, we all give the most hearty thanks in words, & in our hearts be more bound unto the. For that we be all of one mind, thou mayst perceive by the prayers, & weepings of us al. But because it needeth not, each man that standeth here should speak, they would that I should tell the tale, which in maver of necessity must do it, both because their will, and pleasure so is, and because thou hast restored again Marcus Marcellus to the senate, to the peo ple, and to the common wealth: therefore I perceive, that chief I ought to do this thing. For I see all men rejoice, not for the safety of one man, but as it were eu●… for the life of us all. As touching my great good will toward him, which all m●… have so known, that scarcely his good, and loving brother Caius Marcellus hath loved him better: seeing I showed it by taking thought, care, and pain, so long as it was in doubt whether he should live, or not, verily now at this time, being delivered from care, grief, & so rows, jought to show this my benevolence a great deal much more. Therefore Cesar, I give thee thanks, not only for that thou hast conscrued me to all my goods, but also hast set me in more honour than ever I was before, & to these thine innumerable benefits toward me, (when I thought it impossible that any more might be done) yet by this thy deed haste increased thy goodness, and heaped up thy gentleness upon me more and more, with thy gracious favour continually.   

Imprinted at London in Fleetstreet within Temple bar, at the sign of the hand and star by Richard Tottill. the. 〈◊〉. day of may, the year of our Lord. MDLV.  
Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum.