THE FIRST AND CHIEF GROUNDS OF ARCHITECTURE used in all the ancient and famous monymentes: with a farther & more ample discourse upon the same, than hitherto hath been set out by any other.  
PUBLISHED BY John Shute, painter and Archytecte.  
¶ IMPRINTED AT London in Fleetstreet near to Saint Dunstan's church by Thomas Marsh.  
1563.   

¶ THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK briefly collected & set out for the help of the Reader.  

THe discourse from time to time how this science of Architecture hath increased. Folio. i.  
What the office and duty is, of him that willbe a perfect architect or master of buildings. Folio. iii.  
The first pillar that was found out by the jonians, upon the simetrie of a strong man, being 6 times the length of his foot in height, was renewed again by the tuscans, and of them taketh his name to be called TUSCANA. Folio. iiii.  
The second pillar called DORICA builded to his perfection in Grece, by Dorus, and of him taketh his name whose height is 7 times his thickness which thickness is called the diameter. Folio. seven.  
The third pillar called jonica was set in the temple of Apollo, and Diana finished and builded by the jonians, whose height is 8 times his thickness. Folio. ix.  
The fourth pillar called Cor●nthia, found in the city of Corinthe by Calimachus the excellent Architect, whose height is 9 diameters. Folio. xi.  
The fifth pillar named Composita or Italica made to his perfection in the time of Vespasian by the ancient Romans, whose height is 10. diameters. Folio. xiiii.  
Of another ancient pillar, necessary to the before named pillars found out to his perfection by the athenians called Atticurga or Atica. Folio. xvi.  
The placing of the five orders, namely, AREOSTYLOS, DIASTYLOS, EUSTYLOS, SISTYLOS, and PICNOSTYLOS. Folio. xvii.  
A rule of vitrvuius given for these three pillars, Dorica, jonica, Corinthia, for the placing or displacing of them one above an other. Folio. xviii.  
A rule for the diminishing of the pillar under the Capital. eodem.  
An example to be observed for the increase of the height of Epistilium. eodem.    

¶ Faults escaped in the printing are thus to be corected.  
In folio. two. line. i. a. for Forence read Florence.  
In folio. seven. line. xxxiiii b. for Trochitus, read Trochilus.  
In folio. xi. line. two a. for Calimachius, read Calimachus.   

¶ TO THE MOST HIGH AND EXCELLENT Princes Elizabeth by the grace of God Queen of England, France, & Ireland, defender of the faith. etc.  
IT is both rightly and excellently affirmed of Marcus Tullius Cicero, in his first book de officijs (right Excellent Princes & my most gracious sovereign Lady) that no man is borne into this wolrd for his private and singular weal, because our Country chiefly, partly our parents, & partly our kinsfolk do require as it were a duty of us, & recompense for that the which we have received and like as the members of man's body be divers in number, and have according to their diversity divers and peculiar properties so is it in a good and well settled comen weal: in which there is no office so base, or handy work so simple which, is not necessary and profitable for the same. And as the members of the body doing without impediments their natural duties, the whole body is in an healthful harmony, & able to perform all that belongeth to the same. So is it in a public weal when all men in their calling, do labour not only for their own gain, but also for the profit and commodity of their Country▪ which things when I according to my small Capacity did way with myself, I was as it were stirred forward to do my duty unto this my Country wherein I live and am a member. And so much the rather, for that being servant unto the Right honourable Duke of Northumberland. 1550. It pleased his grace for my further knowledge to maintain me in Italy there to confer with the doings of the skilful masters in architectur, & also to view such ancient Monuments hereof as are yet extant▪ whereupon at my return, presenting his grace with the fruits of my travails, it pleased the same to show them unto that noble king Edward the vi. your majesties most dear brother of famous memory, whose delectation and pleasure was to see it, and such like. And having the said trikes and devices aswell of sculture & painting as also of Architecture, yet in my keeping, I thought it good at this time to set fourth some part of the same for the profit of others, especially touching Architecture: wherein I do follow not only the writings of learned men, but also do ground myself on my own experience and practise, gathered by the sight of the Monuments in Italy. And because all the members of the body have chiefly and principally a duty to the head, as governor of the whole, and without which, all the other can not live. So my duty enforceth me most sovereign lady (the perfect & natural head next unto God of this our common weal,) to show a token of the same unto your highness, in presenting these my poor and simple labours whereunto I am the rather boldened considering your highness delight in all kind of good learning, and perfect skill in the tongues and sciences Most humble beseeching your royal majesty to vouchsafe to let this my small travail and work pass under your noble protection and defence: and I according to my bound and duty shall pray to God for your long life and prosperous Reign, with peace and tranquillity to his honour and glory. Amen.  
Your majesties most humble and obedient subject. john Shute.   

¶ JOHN SHUTE PAINTER AND architect: unto the Loving and friendly Readers.  
Amongst all other things (gentle & loving reader) wherewith the divine providence of almighty God hath most liberally, and plentifully endued mankind: there is nothing either for the dignity and worthiness of the thing self, or for the wonderful estimation and price which in all times it hath been in, more excellent, precious, and commendable than learning knowledge and science, the which alone causeth mortal men to be most like immortal Gods: and as it taketh out of their minds that rude and uncomely admiration wherewith through ignorance the simple in most vain trifles are wonderfully occupied. Jo to the wise be monuments and works skilfully practised and carefully left both commendable & marvelous: yea and such, as neither the injuries of any storms and tempest can clean waste and consume, no nor (as it seemeth) the envy of man or spoil of enemies deface & overthrow, neither that which is greatiste of all, time itself can deface or cast out of mind. And amongst all other studies there is none in my simple judgement of this sort that deserveth greater praise, then that which is of the greeks named Architectonica, and of the latins Architectura (I think not altogether unfite nor unaptly by me termed in English, the art and trade to raise up and make excellent edifices and buildings) the which like as in all other ages before hath been in marvelous account and estimation, as full well appeareth by divers learned Philosophors and famous princes that embraced the same, as Plato, Aristotel, Plini, who were excellent therein as their works will witness. alexander Magnus. julius. Cesar, Vespasian, Adrian with many other ancient greckes and Romans which laboured to advance their name thereby who left many arguments of their virtue, high intentes and doings by the same with many other famous, of which Plini, maketh mention. vitrvuius and Frontyne, of later days men praise worthy very studious and painful therein So in us seemeth it not only to crave the wont commendation, but also to be most necessary and profitable aswell by the condition of the time as necessity of the thing itself. And surely such is the amplitude and largnes (I may well say perfection) of this faculty, that without sum acquaintance with many other arts ye shall not enter into the deep secrets: for it hath a natural society and as it were by a certain kindred & affinity is knit unto all the mathematicals which sciences and knowledges are friends and a maintainer of divers rational arts: so that without a mean acquaintance or understanding in them neither painters, massons, Gold smiths, enbroderers, Carvers, joynars, Glassyers', gravers, in all manner of metals and divers others more can obtain any worthy praise at all Now all these being branches of that foresaid foundation, stock, or science shall bring forth the fruits of it to their great profits, and Commodity of the Realm, which continuing and through lie practised in the same) by time shall increase riches, worship, and same. Considering with myself the manifold commodities and profits that should redownde to a great many lovers of the same, and contrary wise what alosse and hindrance it hath been to them that lack the langwages & learning who of necessity hath remained in ignorance to their great loss and discomodity of the Realm. Notwithstanding I know well there hath been a multitude and at this time be very many learned men who hath (through travail received) the full perfection of the prudent lady Scientia, of whom so deeply learned I crave pardon for my rude rashness that I having but tasted a certain sweetness of her excellency and liberality, wherefore natural love hath drawn me to advance her reputation and honour, according to my poor ability and good will, the thing nothing garnished as it ought to be but most briefly and plainly with such demonstrations that it might edify them which of a long time have desired and reached at it to attain Also for the encouraging of those which earnestly studied and favoured it. I thought it therefore good to set out and commit to writing in our native language, part of those things which (both by great labour and travail, at the first for my private commodity I searched out and for my own pleasure out of divers aswell latin and Italian, as french and dowche writers) I have diligenly gathered. As also passed many countries and regions to see, both in Rome amongst the antiquities and in the most notable places of Italy, where are most excellent buildings, and intending to write of Architecture or buildings: I thought it best neither with the lightest or least profitable part thereof to begin, nor altogether after the most slender sort to handle that which I purposed to entreat upon. I have therefore taken my first entrance into the writing of this art, at the five antic pillars or Columns, commonly-named of the places and persons partly where and of whom they were invented, and partly of their virtues & properties of those that they were likened unto, which pillars names are these as followeth. Tuscana, Dorica, jonica, Corinthia &, Composita, The treatise of these pillars, as it hath in it most delectation and pleasure in the beauty and comeliness of the workmanship appertaining unto them so though at the beginning, it be mingled with a little asperity and as it were bitterness (for the difficulty and hardness wherewith as both principals and also other things of any excellency at the first are coustomed to be, it is somewhat Cumbrous) yet it is both so necessary and profitable, that neither without it any man may attain to any estimable part of the rest of this science, and with it as by a klew of thread or plain path way a man may most eassely pierce and lightly pass over the most dark & unknown corners of the whole process thereof. But to speak of the worethines of this part of Architecture: it seemeth almost altogether superfluous, wherefore taking these to suffice in the part to be said, I will now show what trade and order I do follow in the declaration of the measures, proportions, and garnishmentes of these before mentioned pillars. For so much therefore as in teaching of all arts three things are chief to be considered that is to say diligence in giving the precepts, aptness in chosying plain and evident examples, and last of all practice and experience of the teacher. I have for the first part taken for my author chiefly to be followed the noble and excellent writer vitrvuius one of the most parfaictest of all the Antiques, and for that, neither any one man in what art so ever it be is absolute, and that other singular men of the Antiques and he in many points do disagree and differ (which Sebastianus Serlius, a marvelous cunning artificer in our time) in many places of his works learnedly doth declare. I have added unto him upon what soever in any thing seemed needful the opinion and meaning of the said expert writer Sebastianus, here and there also where I thought meet I have joined the mind and judgement of one Gulielmus Philander a notable man which about the year of our lord. 15.6. wrote unto the french king Anotations upon vitrvuius, concerning this matter or such like. Now for examples which are necessarily required to the opening of such dark matters, I have every where through the whole procese of this present treatise after the precepts to the lightning of them set both demonstrtion and figure, and as for practise and experience of these things which I teach, I assure the most gentle reader and all other that shallbe readers of this my little work that I have put no title in any part thereof concerning the proportion & symmetry to use the accustomed term of the art of the forenamed columbes, which I have not aswell seen and measured in Italy, from whence they came first unto us amongst the antic works as read and studied in England in the Antentique writers, that I might with so much more perfection write of them as both the reading of the thing and seeing it in deed is more than only bare reading of it. This small and simple treatise of mine I can not tell whither with like felicity brought to his perfection as with no small labour and study for this time ended, I thought meet as the first fruits of my poor attempts & endeavours to leave as a duty and debt of me to be paid, and that well received of all men, I shall think myself most happy, and if not of all persons, yet at the least wise of such as be honest estemers and accepters of other men's diligence and studies. The which if it come to pass, both I shallbe glad of my labours in these things bestowed and for the love of my natural Countrymen be furthermore encouraged hereafter to attempt greater things. Thus almighty God preserve the in godly excercices to his pleasure for ever Amen.   

¶ The discourse from time, to TIME HOW THIS SCIENCE of Architecture increased.  
IN the beginning of the world, Nature by necessity did first invent strange manner of covertures or houses for the people to inhabit in. But of all such order and form of buildings as were before noah's flood, it shall not need to make rehearsal. But after the flood of Noah, the people again, when they were increased and multiplied, did daily more and more, seek for their commodity to be defended from the heat of the Sun, and coldness of the air: some succoured themselves under the shadow of trees, and other taking occasion thereby, devised to set up forked stakes, with the forks up wards, and there upon laid bows. Afterwards they still devised and daily did practise more and more in that kind. And in time, they perceiving the use of cutting with iron, did set upright trees as they had before, with theyrstakes being done with their hands, and because they should not cleave with the heaviness of their burdens above at the top, they compassed them about with rings of Iron, and called them Pillars or Columns. The form and shape of which Pillars, they did imitate, fashioning them of stone. And then they calling to their remembrance the flood of Noah, which had drowned all the world, devised to build the tower of Babylon. So they added in steed of the ring above at the top of their pillars, these, which our author Vitrinius calleth Astragali, and Apophigis. So in process of time, divers witty men ever adding some thing thereto, at the last it came to some perfection. Then did they begin to devise and practise after divers fashions, and builded a great part of the tower. In which building came the division of tongues, or languages, whereby these builders were parted and scattered abroad upon the face of the earth, and inhabited many strange countries, and began to build in Egipte, and after that in many other places, as seemeth by the works, which Belus, Ninus, and Semiramis builded, which were spread so far, as some men do suppose that Trier in low Doutcheland should have been builded of the brother of Ninus as ye may perceive by Berosus, Herodotus, and many other that are writers and witnesses of the same. Yea, shortly after was made Memphis, the which now is named Alkayre, the which was builded by a king of Egipte, having in compass round about, one hundred and fifty stades, or as some interpretate it, so many furlongs, and in like manner the ancient city of Thebes in Grece, besides many other cities, which were made before and after. In the which it is to be supposed, that there were sumptuous temples and Palaces. So, that they were expert and began in the science to come to more perfection. And immediately after a witty man named Dorus (the son of Helemer and Optix the Nymph) invented and made the first pillar drawn to perfection, and called it Dorica, after his own name. Shortly after him, there was Iôn, son of Xuthus, that was made governor of a part of Caria, which he had won, he in that country builded these cities following, Priem, Samum, Teorem, Colophonem, Nachium, Erithrens, Phoceam, Clazomenas', Lebedum, Melyten, of the which, the citizens afterwards drove out of that country the Caryans, and called it jonia, after their kings name, and then they made their churches and Temples of their Gods, and first began with Apollo his Temple, as they had seen it in Grecia before. And they not knowing any measure of pillars considered how to make a just Symmetry, that it might be comely and also strong, took their measure by the foot of a strong fashioned man, finding him to be in height six times, the length of his foot, and so by that measure finished all the parts of that pillar, and called it Dorica, because they had seen it in the works of Dorus, and so therewith finished the temple of Apollo, after that they devised to make a temple to the goddess Diana, wherein they did devise an other Symmetry, for that temple, as they had done for the temple of Apollo, and fashioned it after the just measure of a woman, to the end and purpose, it should be more beautiful and slender, making it eight Diameters, in height, and called it jonica, after their country, adding thereunto in the stead of her shoowe, that which vitrvuius, nameth Spira, and in the Capitel, was set Voluta, in the stead of her hear, which trussed up with a lace, on either side of her head, for an ornature and garnishment of the Capitol They also fashioned the body of the pillar, and filled it with Canalicoli, and Striges, as though it were the plates of her garments. Then they being more delighted with the beautifulness of the height thereof added also an other Diameter, unto the foresaid Dorica, and made it seven Diameters, in heght. After that in the city of Corinthe, was buried a certain maiden, after whose burial her nourish (who lamented much her death) knowing her delights to have been in pretty cups and such like conceits in her life time, with many other proper things appertaining only to the pleasure of the eye, took them, and broke them, and put them into a little pretty basket, and did set the basket on her grave, and covered the basket with a square paving stone. That done, with weeping tears she said Let pleasure go with pleasure, and so the nourish departed. It chanced that the basket was set upon a certain root of an herb called Acanthus, in french Branckursine, or bearefote with us, now in the spring time of the year, when every root spreadeth fourth his leaves, in the increasing they did run up by the sides of the basket, until they could rise no higher for the stone, that covered the basket, which being square and casting his sour corners over the sides of the round basket, constrained the branches of the herb to draw downwards again with a certain compass, and so grew to the fashion that vitrvuius, calleth Voluta. So is there also other smaller that come out of the Cawls, and stalks, and are named in greek Helices, and the basket being hidden underneath with a multitude of leaves. In this city one Calimachus, an excellent Architectur, passing or going thereby, regarding the beautiful work of nature, afterwards using then the measures of the foresaid Pillours, making the pillar Ionycke, upon the which pillar or Scapus thereof, he set the Capitol, the which he had seen upon the tomb of the maiden, the which garnished beatifully the whole pillar, which capitle, was in height the thickness of the pillar, and named it Corinthia, because it was made in the city of Corinthe, by thandes of Calimachus, who for the excellence of that art was named Catatechnos, and after that this work growing more and more to perfection came to the Romans, and so through out all Italy, and many other places, yea, and was throughly practised by them. Then the tuscans, beginning to build, having knowledge of the pillar, which was first invented by the jonians, upon the Symmetry, of a strong man invented to build strongly after the manner aforesaid, yea, and to garnish also their cities and towns beautifully with a pillar of their own devise which yet at this present time, remaineth whole in the city of Forence and in the countries there about they formed and fashioned that pillar, which to this day is named after the said country Tuscana. The Romans, then well practised in their measures of all the rest of their Columes, and also desirous to increase so noble an art, by some noble accession, beholding and regarding the beautifulness of these foresaid pillars, that is to say. Tuscana, Dorica, jonica, Corinthia, gathered out of each of the same pillars, that, which they thought most fair, and made a pillar of pleasure or triumph, after the most excellent manner that ever was before. This pillar was first builded to his perfection in the time of Titus, Vespasianus, who set it at his triumph in the highest place of his arch triumphal, and called it Composita, or as some do name her Italica. These pillars, partly for their beauty and comeliness, partly for their fortitude and strength, the writers of them, have resembled and likened to sertain feigned Gods and Goddesses. As namely Tuscana, is applied unto Atlas, the king of Mauritania: Dorica, unto Hercules and the god Mars: jonica to Diana, or Apollo. Corinthia unto Vesta or some like virgin, and Composita, to Pandora, of Hesiodus, the which he feigneth to have been endued with divers of those graces and cunning, wherewith the beforenamed Gods and Goddesses were endued, so that it seemeth by the ancient writers and Authors, which have made rehearsal of these things, that they have been had in great estimation and prize, as ye may well perceive by Ysis, which builded a temple in Egipte for her father jupiter, because her husband Osiris, and she were in great estimation, and also for their beautiful inventions and wisdom, were honoured as gods. This may well be gathered by their pillars and ornaments, that belong thereunto, the which were noted and marked with He brew letters, and also by the sepulchres of Amasis, which was made more, then. M. D years before the birth of Christ, in the which one of the Pyramids was Ccclx thousand men's works, the space of twenty years, the which remaineth in Egipte to be seen at this present day, and many other beautiful buildings of that nation. read. Diado. Sic. li. 1.2. Also it seemeth by many other writers, that after Babel decayed, incontinently the hebrews most triumphantly flourished in this point. Thus we may perceive that the hebrews, received their knowledge of the babylonians, and the Greeks, received it of the hebrews, in like case the Latins, and the Italians received their, from the Greeks, the which our Author vitrvuius, doth not deny, in making demonstrations to a Latin work with Greek letters as upon the invention of the Greeks, which concerning his science in Architectura, in the which thing vitrvuius, seemeth much to be commended, as one, that did not disdain to acknowledge the authors and writers, out of whom he received his knowledge. In so much, as in his seventh book of Architecture, he affirmeth (by naming the notablest of them) that they which have left these things in writing, are to be commended, whose names also I thought not altogether the meetest to be omitted, & therefore do rebers these. Theodorus, which wrote of the Dorica. Etesiphon and Metageves, who wrote of the jonica, which was set in the temple of Diana, at Ephesis. Then Hermogenes, hath written of Diana in Magnesia, after Argelius, which made the rehearsal of the Corinth's. Fistly Sathirus, & Pitheus, who did speak of Mansolea, in Halicarnasso, last both Cares, Briaxes, Scopas, Praxiteles & many other, as Nexaria, Theosides, Philemon, Demophilos, polis, Leonides. Silamon, Melampus, Sarnacus, Euphranor, all the which verly, are to be thanked & commended thoroughly For by them we know and perceive (as though we saw in a looking glass) the things, that have been seen, done and made long before. Nevertheless, it hath been withdrawn and hidden (as almost all other knowlages, for a long season hath bene) through ignorance, for so it came to pass by the injury of time, that all sciences and learning have been kept secret and not spoken of, in so much that at this day, there are many which name this order of building to be of the new fashion. But it can not he new, that hath so many ancient Authors and masters thereof, whom, namely the Noble writer or Author Pliny, hath in so great estimation, that for their sake he blameth all them greatly, that have written and wrought any thing, and have not named the authors and masters, of whom they took their invention especially of such great and unspeakable work, of which the honour and fame, hath been as much unto the maker thereof, as it was unto them that caused those things to be made. But now of thy things we have spoken enough, let us therefore speak some what of the worthiness of this science, and of the office of an Architect.  

What the Office and Duty is of him that will be a Perfect architect or Master of buildings.  
ARchitectur (by the common consent of many notable men) as Cesarius saith, is of all arts, the most noble and excellent, Containing in it sundry sciences and knowlaiges wherewith it is furnished and adorned, as full well vitrvuius doth affirm and declare by his writing. For saith he, a architect must be sharp of understanding and both quick and apt to conceive the true Instructions and meanings of them that have written thereof: and must also be a perfect distributor of the great mysteries, that he hath perceived and experimented, that plainly and briefly he may discuss and open demonstrations of that which shallbe done or meet to those persons, that shallbe the founders of any noble works wherefore he ought first to be a very good Grammarian, then to have expert knowladg in drawing and protracting the thing, which he hath conceived, next he must have a good sight in Geometry, Consequently in Optic and in such like sciences he must have good perseverance. Likewise in Arithmetic he must be very parfiact, and in histories singularly well seen. He must also have a good sight in music, and some knowledge in Physic, not altogether ignorant in Astronomy, he must also besides all these been Philosophy, very expert. The causes why all these sciences before named, aught to be in him that is a parfaict Architect and master of buildings be of vitrvuius in this sort rehearsed. If he have (saith he) learning he shall strengthen his memory, with all written books, and through drawing utter his fantasy and show the trick or fashion of the thing that he goeth about to make And Geometry teacheth us the order of rules, Compasses, Squires, Quadrantes, and just waterleveles with many other knowlaiges that proceedeth thereof as Euclid, and other authors & also Sebastian Serli, in his first Chapter rehearseth, Optic showeth us how and by what means the lights should be set into the House, And how they should be brought from place to place, as to serve the hole house, and every place therein, which Optica, is properly called perspective, and is of a further speculation, than therein can or needeth to be expressed: which of Sebastian Serlius, in his second book first second and third Chapter is partly declared. Arithmetic, teacheth us innumerable points most necessarily required to the parfaicte knowledge of this art▪ for without it, we can neither know or yet discuss the measures and hard sentences or questions of Symmetry, neither how to account the cost and charges of our labores. An architect also must have a knowledge in histories, There be moreover multitude of causes in buildings, and very many ornatures and garnishings of which he must needs give answer, from whence they come, and for what purpose they are made, As for an example, If a master workman should make images, figured like women, clothed and garnished after a beautiful soarte, which are named Cariatides, and set them in his work for pillars and make over their head Mutilos, and Coronas, if it were demanded of him to what purpose those images were made, then be should answer that Caria, a town in Peloponeso, traitorously conspired with the Persians, against the Greeks: But the greeks getting the victory over their enemies, agreed with one accord, and besieged Caria, and won the city, killed the men and took the women, carrying them as bond women not suffering them to put of their Rich ornaments and jewels to the intent, that the show of their triumph, might be thereby the more glorious. So they subdued, wear brought into bondage. For this cause and other such like, the chief masters of Architecture made in their common places and palaces such women to bear up the burden of their buildings, the which was a remembrance and memorial of their punishments for their malice against the Greeks, sustained by the Cariatides, that is to say, by the women of Caria. In like case did the Lacedæmonians, when they with so little a power overcame such a great host of the Percians, and slew them. After which conquest in their triumph, they builded a gallery which should remain unto them for a perpetual and everlasting token of victory and did set therein the figures, and counterfeits of the Percians, which before were their prisoners, in their strange apparel, standing in their palaces, supporting their galleries, wherefore they were feared of their enemies thereby, and also yet encouraged the hearts of the Citizens, against their other enemies and back friends. Upon this example Pausanias, did afterward make the counterfeates of the same Persians', and upon their heads, he laid Epistilia, and Coronas, setting betwixt them Zophorus, the which was garnished and figured with the jewels, that they had taken from them being their enemies, As Cups, gobletes, chains, girdelles, & such like other jewels, which were plentiful among the Persians, and under their feet was set Stylobata, wherein were written their titles, Many such Histories an architect, ought of necessity to know. Next unto this doth follow Music, which also is very necessary for an architect, for these causes must he have, as it were a foresight in it, that thereby the principal chambers of the house, should with such order be made, that the voice or noise of musical Instruments, should have their perfaict Echo, resounding pleasantly to the ears of those that shallbe hears thereof, as also the Romans, used in all their palaces & for many other necessities thereunto belonging, of the which vitrvuius, maketh further demonstration, as the refreshing of the Melancolicke minds, which are always travailing for further knowledge. But now consequently followeth the cause why he should have sight in Physic, which through the knowledge of Astronomy, parfaictly doth declare the movings of the heavens, and where unto by their natural inclinations they be disposed, as also the understanding of the plagues or Coasts of the word, which the Greeks call Climata, to th'intent that he may show what ground plots stand in the most bolsom air to build upon. And which also be the sweat and wholesome waters, the most fertile and fruitful places, as namely for those plots that stand contrary to this order are not meet or necessary to build upon. This bolsome ground so found whereon Ye shall build, yemust furst have knowledge how to cast your ground plot, wherein you must divide all your several places of offices appertaining to the furniture of your house, your principal chambers of rest and libraries, and such other like must receive their lights from the East, for that the son by natural heat at his rising draweth to him all corrupt humours and evil vapours of the earth and quickeneth the spirits of man and beast, and if ye will cast therein baynes or hot houses, with winter Chambers and parlours they shall receive light from the west. For that side is defended from the south winds which are grievous and contagious and also great wasters of all kind of buildings, as may welbe perceived by old Edifices. Your study places, were you would write, draw or devise, or the places where your Sellers should be cast, aught to receive their light from the north, by cause in that part are the lights, which are steadfast, As for lights other ways appointed I refer to the builders of those works. But vitrvuius, maketh no further mention thereof. Now also it belongeth to an architect, to have the knowledge of Astronomy, whereby he should directly know the four principal places, which are East, west, north, and south, with that, which they call Equinoctium, and Solsticium, and the movings of the stars, for without this knowledge none can attain unto the making of horologes, quadrantes, Clocks dials, in the son necessary to be set in goodly Edyficies. It belongeth also to an Architect, to have sight in Philosophy, which teaching to be of a noble courage as vitrvuius saith, and also gentle, courteous, faithful and modest, not given to avarice and filthy lucre, as not to be troubled or corrupted with rewards or gifts, but with gravity and Sagenes to conceine all honour and dignity in all things conserving his good name and estimation. Let him also take a charge of works in hand, being desired and not desirous of works. He, which would be an expert architect, aught to have all these sciences and knowlaiges, To him that hath any science or knowledge and judgement therewith conceived, it is most evident and plain. Nevertheless it will sound strangely to some that a man should learn so many sciences for the attaining of one, and keep all them in memory for the practice of the same: yet it is necessary and also meet, that although he be not parfaict in them or every of them, yet he should have some knowlaig in them and so it behoveth, neither it is requisite that he should be so parfaict a Grammarian, as was Aristarchus, and yet not altogether with out it. Nor in Music like unto Aristoxenis, neither in painting like Apelles nor Plastes, or Stattuary like unto Miron or Polycrates, neither in Physic like to Hypocrates, but yet in this and other not altogether ignorant. But if a man might be parfaict in all these sciences as were Aristarchus, Samrius, Plulolaus, Architas, Tarentinus, Apollonius, Pergeus, Eratosthenes, Sireneus, Archimedes, Scopinas, (for all these were strongly weaponed with all these sciences before rehearsed) he should be able to answer to all questiones thereto appertaining. But I may pray as vitrvuius doth, saying, I pray O Caesar, and all other that read this my writings, if there be any thing disagreeing to any of these sciences bear with me for I confess myself (saith he) not to be parfaict in any of the other sciences. But he nameth himself to be an Architect, wherein he thinketh himself parfait, But I the setter forth of this treatise in English, acknolage myself not to be a parfaict architect, (as he saith) nor yet Grammarian, & though I have put myself in press, it is not through the deep knowledge above rehearsed, but I do it for to put in ure an entrance or beginning to them which be therein Ignorant, & desire further knowledge in these things, as hereafter appeareth by the declaration hereof.   

 diagram and illustration of Tuscan column 
THUSCANA.  TUSCANA.  
THe manner and form of the five principal pillars, and their proper names with all their compounds thereto belonging and, their setting in their just places by the order and rule of Symetria, and marked with the letters A. B. C. whereunto is made this pillar Tuscana, as it is figured, invented and made by the jonians, upon the Simetrie of a strong man. Renewed and found again by the tuscans and o them taketh his name.  
❧ THUSCANA.  
whose mark is K●th Projecture or hanging over shallbe so much as the pillar is diminished on each side, the which is correspondent to the thickness of Scapus beneath. Thus writeth Sebastian Serlias, of the projecture of this Capital. Nevertheless I have seen in some places in Italy that the Projecture, have been like to their height, by cause the pillar is so much diminished it should be therefore the more commely to have the greater Projecture, and yet shall those two ways not differ much one from the other. But yet of these two ways let us take the most fair I have also seen this pillar so placed that it hath been. 7 Dyameters in height, where as he supported no other pillars but his own Trabiations. So endeth the form and measures of the Capitulum.  

EPISTILIUM.  
Upon the Capital shallbe laid or set Epistilium, named also Trabes called in our English tongue the Architrave the which is marked with Land is a modulus in height. The which height ye shall divide into 6. parts whereof Tenia, to be the sixth part, & the other .5 parts is for Trabs. So done: upon the Epistilium you shall set Zophorus being also a Modulus, in height and is marked with M. upon Zophorus, shallbe set Coronix being in height also a Modulus, & that height you shall divide into .4 parts give one part unto Cimatium under Corona marked with N. but the other side of it is called Tenia, and give likewise 2 part unto Corona marked with O. & the fourth part which remaineth give unto Cymatium over Corona which is marked with P. In Corona, ye shall make Denticulos, the which are made like teeth and their projectures, shallbe like unto their heights, saving only Corona which hangeth his height and half his height over. And thus endeth the measures of the pillar called Tuscana. Now ye shall understand, that the pillar which standeth in the middle is your ground plot, but the other which standeth by him, is made upon the self same measure but that it is otherwise garnished which garnishmentes bring other measures for them. And as touching this pillar, I shall begin from the lowest part of the Pedestal being Tenia inferior, dividing his height into .8. parts. give .3. paytes unto Plinthus & .4. parts give also to Sima reversa, and the eight part remaineth for the small edge upon Sima. upon the which is set the body of the pedestal, also the upper Tenia ye shall divide his height into 5 parts give. 2 parts unto Hypotrachelium, and also .2. parts unto Cymatium, and the fift. part give unto his edge at the top of the pedestal, now Basis, or Base, belonging to the said pillar is the height of a Modulus, or half the thickness of the pillar, whose height ye shall divide into .2. parts. give Plinthus one part, and the second part divide you into .3. parts give .2. parts unto Torus, and the third part divide also into .3. parts. give .2. parts to Sima and the third part ye shall give the edge under Sima So endeth the measures of the Basis or Base, upon the which Base shallbe set Scapus, or the body of the pillar, made after the manner & order as before is mentioned upon the which shallbe set the Capital the one Capital, is like to the other saving that it hath upon Echinus a little edge, which seateth forth Plinthus with a more beautiful Projecture. As concerning the Architrave or Epistilium, that is, as before rehearsed a Modulus in height, which height ye shall divide into .6. parts. Tenia, occupieth the sixth part, the other .5. parts ye shall divide into .2. parts. give one part unto the half of Trochilus, the other part is left for the flat square, that resteth upon the Capital & so endeth the Epistilium. Now as touching the fries or Zophorus, being also a Modulus in height, as is before rehearsed of the other, is like unto it but that this swellet houte the fourth part of a round compass, that is drawn above & square being the height and breadth of a modulus wherewith endeth Zophorus, upon the which shallbe set Coronix, the one side is like unto the other in the measures, but that in this side Cymatium, is set under Corona, and upon the other side Tenia is set under Corona, being of one height. This done and finished according to this rule so endeth the measures and garnishment of the first pillar called Tuscana.  
Now for as much as that you have understanding bow all the parts of this pillar & the rest of the pillars that shallbe, hath their measures, ornatures, and names finished out of Icnographia or ground plot upwards to the very top of the same work, wherefore I thought it good for the more perfection and exercises of the gentest reader to make a Rehearsal of all the parts and passelles downwards again ending in Ichnographia where I began first▪ these be the names TRABEATIONIS. Cymatium, mar. P. Corona, mar. O. Tenia. mar. N. Zophorus, mar. M. Tenia in Epistylium, mar. L. CAPITULI. Plinthus mar. K. Echinus, Et Annullus mar. I, Hypotrachelium mar. H. COLUMNA mar. F. Astragalus marked. G, Apophiges superior & inferior, SPIRA sine BASIS. Torus mar. E. Plinthus mar. D. STYLOBATAE. Tenia pro Coronice mar. C. Tenia pro Basis mar. B. Ichnographia mar. A. being the perfect square or ground plot the beginning and foundation of this work.    

 diagram and illustration of Doric (?) column ❧ DORICA.  
HERE FOLLOWETH THE MANNER AND FORM of the second pillar called Dorica, being ascribed to Hercules and Mars, for his strength, according to the rule aforesaid.  
THis pillar called Dorica, shallbe .7. Diameters in height, with the Base, and Capital Now if ye will set Stylobata, or Pedestal, under your pillar, thus ye shall begin. First you shall make a four square, which shallbe your ground, the which is in my figure marked with A. and then draw a line overthwart from the one corner to the other, which line is called Dyagonalis, and is marked with B. and that line being directly upright set, one end shallbe then height of the square or body of the Pedestal marked with C. measure and divide that height into 5. parts the which height of the Base of the Pedestal, shallbe as much, as one of the .5. parts which is marked with D. and admit also asmuch unto the Coronix of the Pedestalle marked with E. so that the Pedestale is .7. such parts in height like unto the pillar, which is 7. Dyameters, in height. The height of the Basis of the Pedestale which is marked with D. shallbe divided into .2. parts the lowest part is for Plinthus, marked with F. the second part divide into .5. parts. Three of those parts give unto Torus, marked with G. the other .2. parts shallbe divided into .3. parts, give .2. parts unto Astragalus, marked with H. the third part is left for the edge which vitrvuius calleth Regula, the Projecture, of each side of the Base, of the Pedestal as vitrvuius saith shallbe half a Modulus, but the antiques have made their projectures like unto their heights. Then divide the height of Coronix marked with E into .3. parts give one unto Astragalus, with his Regula, marked with I. the other .2. parts divide into .3. parts admitting .2. of those parts to Cymatium, marked with K. and the third part thereof is left for Regula, whose mark is L. the projectures of the same is like unto their heights. Thus endeth the pedestal or Stylobata.  

SPIRA SIEVE BASIS.  
Upon the pedestal, you shall set Spiram which is the foot or Base of the pillar and is marked with M. being a Modulus in height. that height divide into .3. parts one of those parts is for Plinthus marked with N. the other .2. parts divide into. 4. parts. one of them shallbe for Torus, above marked with O. The other .3. parts that remaineth divide into 2 parts, one of them give unto Torus, under marked with P. the rest is admitted unto Trochitus, marked with Q. and each of his rules to be either of them in height the seventh part of that hole measure or part. The projectures of the whole Basis, shallbe half a Modulus, on each side, and thus endeth the measures of the Basis.   

SCAPUS SIVE COLUMNA.  
Upon Spira, or Base of the pillar ye shall set Scapus, marked with R. being the tronike or body of the pillar the which is in height .6. Diameters. The thickness of the pillar at the foot is divided into .6. parts: and under the Capital, it is diminished one of the .6. parts that is half a part on either side, and the .5. parts which remaigne, be for the thickness of the pillar under the Capital. From the which thickness ye shall draw down perpendicularly unto the third part of the height of Scapus, whereupon is made the half compass the which .2. lines shall make .2. crosses on each side of the half compass one. Then measure from the cross by the side of the half compass unto the lowest part of the half compass and divide the same into .6. parts, drawing them overthwart the half compass from the one side of the pillar unto the other marking the ends of the lines with .1.2.3.4.5.6. then measure from the overthwart line under the half compass, dividing upwards to the highest of Scapus into .6. parts The which shallbe drawn overthwart the pillar, the highest overthwart line at the top of Scapus, marking that line with 1. on and so the other downwards with 2.3.4.5.6. Then the strike marked with .1. one under the Capital, is drawn down on both the sides unto the line that leadeth to the half compass, which is also marked with one. Then draw down right from the strike .2. which is drawin overthwart the pillar at the top unto the other line, which leadeth to the half compass .2. and so downwards from .3. perpendicular to the other line or cross marked with .3. and so directly downwards from .4. to .4. from 5. to .5. and so likewise from. 6. to. 6. That done, take a rule, and draw from the 2. strikes which are the thickness of the pillar under the Capital to the end of the upright line marked .2. which stayeth that line which is drawn overthwart the pillar marked also .2 and draw from .2. to the end of the upright line marked .3. and so likewise from .3. to .4. downwards: and so from .4. to .5. and from .5 to .6. So done, ye have closed up the sides with the diminishing of your pillar as ye may perceive by your ground plot, the other side is left unclosed, wherein ye may perceive, where the lines do stop, which be drawn upwards out of the half compass. The other side of the pillar I have closed because ye should see it and the better understand thereby how to close and finish the diminishing of the pillars. At the top of Scapus, or Pillar, right under the Capital, is made Astragalus, with his Regula being in height the sixth part of Modulus. The which Regula, shallbe half so much in height as the height of Astragalus, marked with S. whose projectures, shallbe somuch as the pillar is diminished on each side a like. If your pillar shall have Canaliculos, there must be of those .20. round about Scapus, so done make a square so great, as one of those .20. parts, then draw from corner to corner overthwart the square, making a cross in the middle of that square. Then take a pair of compasses and set the one end of your compasses in the middle of the cross, and draw with the other point of your compasses all a long by the side of your square from the one corner to the other, compassing the same quarter as more plainly doth appear by your ground plot marked with A. the which are the right Canalicoli, Beneath at the foot of Scapus, lieth Regula, being of the same height that Astragalus is of at the top, and so endeth Scapus.   

CAPITAL.  
Upon the top of Scapus, you shall set the Capital or head of the pillar marked with T. and is in height a just Modulus, that height divide into .3. parts give one part unto Hypotrachelium marked with V and the second part divide into .3. parts .2. of those shallbe for Echinus, marked with. X. the rest is left for the .3. kings which be called Apophiges, or. Anuli, Now the third and highest part, divide you also into .3 parts whereof .2 of those parts shallbe given to Plinthus marked with. Y. the third part, which remaineth, give to Cymatium, and his rule or Regula, which Regula, shallbe the third part of that, which remaineth and lieth at the top of the Capital. The Projecture of this Capital, shallbe correspondent with the projecture of the Plinthus, at the foot of the pillar, and is marked with N the which Projecture, is observed of the Antiques, in the said pillar, which is already finished and standeth by. Howbeit vitrvuius writeth it to be made after this sort, to wit, that the Projecture of the Capital shallbe the twelfth and sixth part of a Modulus. Thus is finished the Capital with all his projectures.   

EPISTYLIUM.  
Upon the Capital, shallbe set Epistylium marked with A. the height thereof shallbe a Modulus that height ye shall divide into. 7. parts. give Tenia, marked with B. the seventh part, and give Subtenia, and Gutta, pendante marked with C. the sixth part of a modulus to their height and that part divide unto .4. parts, give .3. unto Gutta pendant being .6. in number, the fourth part shall be for the edge or Regula, in Epistylia under Tenia.   

ZOPHORUS.  
Upon Epistylium, shallbe set Triglyphi, marked with D. whose height must be a Modulus and a half. Also the breadth thereof shallbe a Modulus, and that breadth you shall divide into .12. parts give 1. of those. unto each one of the Semicanalicoli, the which stand on either side of the Triclyphi, so remain yet .10. parts and .6. of those shallbe for Strie, or the flath which are marked with E. the other 4 parts are left for the Canalicoli, standing upright within the Triglyphi, where upon ye shall set his Capital, which also is called Tenia, being in height the sixth part of. Modulus and marked with F. Bitwixte the .2. Triglyphos, you shall set Methopa, marked with G. being square so high as it is broad: and in that square shallbe made a bulls bed, his horns bound about with rybandes: garnished with branches flowers and jewels, hanging at the ends of the Ribbons In every second Methopa, aught to be made a fair basone or flat peace, the which inwardly: should be garnished but I am not able to set fourth the beauty thereof in so small a figure.   

The highest part of TRABEATIONIS, called in English a Cornishe.  
vitrvuius teacheth us that the height of it should be a Modulus, and that you shall divide into 2. parts the lowest part divide into .5. parts, give .1. to Cymatium under Corona also .1. other unto Cymatium, above Corona, the other .3 parts give unto Corona, whose mark is H, that second part which remaineth of the Modulus ye shall give unto Syma, marked with I. Then add the eight part of a Modulus, to be the height for his edge or Regula, above Sima the projectures to be like to their heights, saving that the Projecture of Corona, must be twice his height by cause in it must be made, the order of Gutta, being right over Triglyphi, they shallbe, .18. in number .6. the one way and .3. the other. Right over Methopa, the Antiques used to cut in Corona jupiters' mark of the thunder bolt. Thus endeth the opinion of Vitruunius in these things. Nevertheless as ye may perseve by the muller or Coronicis, of the antiques that standeth on the right side whereunto they have added Echinus, and Denticuli, with Apophigis or rule & garnished it after many beautiful fashions bringing their work to a great height, the which height causeth a fairer Projecture, which was for the further setting fourth of their work●… & was pleasant to the beholders thereof. If it be a gate house or gallery of pleasure having jonica, or Corinthia, of him supported or standing by him: then ought he to be richly garnished But if he stand in the gate of a city or castle by force or strength, then ought he to be made with those strong measures, which are ascribed unto him standing in the place of Mars, & Hercules when he standeth with the other pillars he is like unto Minerva, and therefore have respect unto his place.  
THus having finished all the measures ending now at the highest of TRABEATIONIS. I shall name all the parts and parssels with their marks whereby is known the thing that is wrighten or spoken of to the clearness or opening of matters, and an excercise for the reader to know the names by, I have more at large spoken of this matter in the ending of the Tuscan pillar, therefore I shall begin in TRABEATIONIS: REGULA. & Sima, marked with I. Cymatium, & Corona, marked with H. Cymatium inferior (Echinus Regula, Denticulos) added Tenia, marked with F. Triglyphi, marked with D. Methopa, marked with G. Tenia, marked with B. Regula and Gutta, marked with C. CAPITULI, marked with T. Regula Cymatium Plinthus, marked with Y. Echinus marked with X. Annulitres. Hipotrachelium, marked with V COLUMNA or SCAPUS. Apophiges' Superior & Apophiges inferior, marked with R. SPIRA or BASIS, marked with M. Torus superior, marked with O. Regula. Scotia, marked with Q. Regula Torus Inferior, marked with P. Plinthus, marked with N. STYLOBATA. Coronix marked E. Regula, marked with L. Cymatium, marked with K. Astragalus, marked with I. to the antic pillar is added Corona, Regula, and Sima, Quadratum, Diagonium, marked with C. the diagonal line marked B. Ichnographia, or ground plot marked with A. BASIS, marked with D. Regula, Astragalus, marked with H. Torus, marked G. Plinthus marked F. in the finished pillar or BASIS, is as followeth Regula Cymatium reversa. Regula Sima. Reversa Regula, Plinthus, which maketh an end for this pillar.    

 diagram and illustration of Ionic column 
JONICA  ❧ JONICA.  
THE MANNER FORM AND ORDER of the Symetria, or measure of jonica, which was devised by the jonians and set in the temple of Diana.  
STylobata, or pedestal of jonica, you shall make the body thereof after this sort. The flat stone, which is marked with A. shallbe a square and a half in height, and that height you shall divide into .6. parts, & add thereto such an other part for the height of the Base of this pedestal which is marked with B & set also such an other like part for the height of the Coronix of this pedestal marked with C. So done, the Pedestale is .8. parts in height, the height of the base marked with B. ye shall divide into .5. parts. give .1. part unto Astragalus & his Regula, marked with D. the which Regula, occupieth the third part of that one part. give also to Sima reversa, with his edge marked with. E, one part, whereof his Edge occupieth the third part. Then ye shall give an other part unto Torus, marked with F. and the other .2. parts you shall give unto Plinthus, marked with G. The Projecture of them shallbe like unto their heights. Now the height of Coronix, marked with C. ye shall divide into 10. parts, whereof you shall give .3. unto Cymatium, and his Edge marked with H. and also give .3. parts unto Corona, marked with Land also give .3. unto Syma, marked with K. the tenth part is left, for the Astragalus & his edge marked with L. The projectures be like unto their heights but that Corona, doth sail over twice his height. Though this pillar and all other pillars if it were so that they had double Plinthus, it should not be without good cause, for the antiques have made three Plinthus, one above an other, the occasion whereof is this, that the earth should not over grow the Base of the pedestal, and so hide the chief thing whereupon do rest the whole ordinances yea and in many other places, they are necessary the which all Architectes, and masters of buildings ought to know, and many more of those and such other aught to be known of them of necessity. The occasion or cause for the which I have begun this order or rule, first with the pedestal, (the which rule differeth from vitrvuius, for he beginneth first with the pillar, nevertheless they come to one purpose in the perfection) is for this, that first in my Pedestale, I have drawn the ground plot, which the Greeks call Ichnographia. For that same house or building cannot stand or endure which hath no good foundation. So this is the foundation through the which we know and find all the measures and uprightes belonging to the pillar. In it is also found the Trabiations, the height of the pedestal, and the breadth thereof, also the height of his Base and Cornices, and the Diameter and the thickness of the pillar above under the capital, and likewise the height of Spira, or Base of the pillar: and the height of Scapus, and also the height of his Capital, with all the whole projectures, and measures which issueth out of this Ichnographia. Now to come to the right understanding of these measures before rehearsed, ye shall begin thus. The breadth of the square, which is the breadth of the pedestal, marked with A. you shall divide into .11. parts whereof .8. shallbe the Diameter, or thickness of the pillar the which pillar in height shallbe .8. Diameters, with the Base and capital, the which height of the Capital, occupieth the third part of the Diameter, and the Basis marked with M. shallbe half the thickness of the pillar in height, thus writeth vitrvuius, in his third book and third Chapter.  

BASIS.  
THe Basis, or foot of the pillar shallbe a Modulus in height: which is marked with M. that height you shall divide into .3. parts, give one part unto Plinthus marked with. N that which remaineth divide into .7. parts give .3. unto Torus, marked with .. O. the other .4. parts divide into .16 parts, give Trochilus superior with his Astragali, and rules .8. of those parts, whereof Trochilus, occupieth .6 parts, unto the highest Astragalus, and his edge shallbe given a part and half a part, & unto the little edge under Torus give also half a part, which maketh up the rest of the .8. parts. The other .8. parts give unto Trochilus inferior, and divide them also as is before rehearsed. The Projecture, of the Plinthus, must be the eight and the sixteenth part of the thickness of the pillar which is the sailing out on each side of the Base of the pillar and doth answer unto the breadth of the body of the pedestal, and is agreabel with the foresaid ground plot. The Antiques have made also a base, which differeth not far from the declaration of vitrvuius and after this fashion they have ordained their Base the height thereof to be a Modulus, and that height divide into .2. parts, whereof give Plinthus one part, as before is taught by vitrvuius. Then that, which remaineth divide also into .3. parts, whereof the highest part shallbe given to Torus, the other .2 parts which remain, divide either of them into .6. parts whereof the highest Astragalus & his rule occupieth .1. part, the which rule is half the height of Astragalus, also the edge, that lieth under Torus shall be half a part in height, and that which remaineth is for Trochilus superior, wherewith finisheth the first .6. parts. Now give also .1. part to the lower Astragalus, and his Edge The lowest edge that standeth upon Plinthus shallbe in height half a part, the .4. parts and a half that remain, shallbe left for the Trochilus inferior. The Projecture of the Plinthus, is before rehearsed, but because this Torus is sklenderer then that, the which vitrvuius speaketh of, it bringeth a more bewtifulnes to the Projecture, which can not be here expressed as any man of knowledge will confess.   

SCAPUS.  
Upon the base you shall set Scapus, marked with R. being .7. Diameters in height and thereto adding the sixth part of the Diameter The which height of Scapus ye shall divide into .3. parts upon the third part make half a compass, then divide the thicnes of the pillar beneath into .6. parts .5. of those parts shallbe the thickness of the pillar or Scapus, at the top, that is half a part diminished, one either side of Scapus, from thence draw down right one both sides unto the third part of the pillar upon the which is made the half compass The which .2. lines maketh .2. crosses upon the half compass, Then measure from the cross downwards even a long by the side of the half compass, that standeth upon the third part of the pillar dividing it into .6. parts and draw these lines overthwart the half compass and mark the upper line with .1. and so mark downwards the next with .2. and so with the rest as followeth .3. 4. 5. 6. then divide from the lowest of the half compass upwards unto the top of the pillar under the Capital, also into .6. parts drawing them overthwart the pillar and mark them also downwards with .1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. or divide it into so many parts, as you will, the more, the better, & the parfaicter you shall diminish your pillar. Then shall ye begin after this manner & draw from the strike .2. downwards unto the strike & cross, which is drawn overthwart the half compass, and is also marked with .2. and draw also from the strike .3. the which hath also a cross made upon the half compass, drawing upwards unto the strike marked with .3. the which is drawn overthwart the pillar above, & so draw from .4. to .4. from 5. to .5. and from .6. to .6. The line under the Capital, at the top of the pillar marked with .1. from thence draw with a rule downwards to the end of the upright line, which stayeth at the overthwart line marked .2. closing up the side of the pillar, and from .2. unto 3, downwards, and also from .3. unto 4 from .4. unto .5. and from .5. unto .6. Then is that side full finished and made upright. At the foot of Scapus, is a little small edge, standing upon Torus whose height shallbe the ninth part of Modulus, whereof his Projecture shallbe of like height. Also at the top of the pillar lieth Astragalus, and his fillet being half so high as the Astragalus, & also above the Astragalus, is a little Edge, the which belongeth to the Capital: The measure of his Astragalus, and his Edge, which belongeth unto Scapus is found out be the little compass, which is the eye of Voluta, whose mark is. X. if the pillar shallbe garnished with Canalicoli there shallbe in number .24. round about the pillar or Scapus, and every of them divide into .5. parts .4. of those parts is the breadth of Canalicoli, and the fifth part is for Striae, which are also called Femora. The ground plot thereof standeth beside the pillar which is marked with. S. wherein ye may see the manner or making of Canalicoli, being half a compass inwards, the which, differeth far from the order of Dorica, as it appeareth by your ground plot. Thus endeth the manner and making of Scapus, with his measures.   

CAPITAL.  
DIrectly and right upon the top of Scapus you shall set this Capital following, which is marked with. T. being in height the third part of a Diameter, the breadth of the Abacus marked with V is a Diameter, & thereto also add, the eighteneth part of a Diameter. That same part divide into 2. parts The which .2. parts shallbe set one part on either side of the Abacus, the which shall aid the projectures: so done Abacus is the in breadth .19. parts, then tell from the uttermost part of Abacus inwards, one part and a half of those .19. parts and there draw a strike down right perpendicularly, as ye may perceive by your figure here expressed which on both sides of the Capital, hangeth a line with a plommett at each end. Then divide the hanging line from the highest of the Abacus, downwards into 6. parts a and half of such measure as is before rehearsed, whereof the height of the Abacus is one & a half, of the which remaineth yet .8. parts on the hanging line, the which parts shall serve for Voluta, marked with. X. & those parts shallbe thus divided. Betwixt the Abacus & the little round Compass, shallbe .4. parts & beneath the little compass is .3. parts and the compass itself is also .1. part. That part, which is the little compass ye shall divide his height into .6. parts Then take a pair of compasses and set the one point of the compasses in the top of the small compass which I have marked with .1. & the other foot of the compass ye shall set upon the line under the Abacus, & then turn the compass about & draw downwards unto the lowest of those .8. parts belonging to Voluta, until ye come to the line where at the plomet doth hang and there stay with that point of the compass, & bring the other point of the compass down upon the lowest strike of the little compass, which is marked with .2. Then turn upwards the lowest point of the compass until ye come to the hanging line, where ye shall stay. The other foot ye shall set upon the strike marked .3. being within the little compass. Then compassing about with the highest part of the compass downwards until ye come again to the hanging line and so remove the highest part of the compass setting it on the strike .4. within the little compass, and draw upwards with the other point of the compass until ye come to the perpendicular line, staing again there, and then set the other foot of the compass right upon the strike marked with .5. also being within the little compass, and draw down wards again unto the foresaid line, and so set the highest point of the compass upon the strike marked with .6. being also within the little compass. Then draw with the other point of the compass upwards again which doth enclose the little compass. In the which compass may be made a rose or some other flower. Then shall ye perceive that the Astragalus, and his .2. edges are just the height of the little compass, which is the eye of Voluta, and then shall the height of Echinus be .2. of those part that Voluta was made with, the which Echinus is marked with Y. also that space that lieth between Echinus, & Abacus shallbe .2. of those parts in height. So done ye have the true height & breadth of the forefront & face of the Capital. It is also needful to know how to form & fashion the side of the Capital, The manner & fashion thereof standeth betwixt the .2. pillars. The Abacus, that lieth upon Voluta, is just .4. square flat like to a trencher, the Projecture is as much as one of the .19, parts on each side of the Abacus, from the which ye shall draw down the .2. sides of Voluta, which is 8. of those parts, the .2. Edges that stand on each end of the roll or Voluta shall have .1. part betwixt them both. Then take a pair of compass & set the one point of the compass at the lowest and inner part of the little edge marked with .1. and bring the other point of the compass into the innermost corner of the other edge which is marked with .2. draw from thence downwards to the figure 3. than set the point again in the place marked with .2. & draw with the other point of the compass down to this figure .3. again, and it shall make a cross, upon that cross, set the one point of the compass, & with the other point of the compass draw from the strike marked with .1. unto the other strike marked with .2. & it will show you the diminishing of Voluta in the middle, through which diminishing you shall perceive the ends of the Canaliculi. So done the side of the Capital, is twice so broad as it is in height, the Projecture of Echinus, is like and equal with the Projecture of Regula at the foot of Scapus, and so end the projectures, and measures of this Capital also the. Antiques in divers of their edifices, hath made Echinus, to be in Projecture like unto Abacus.   

EPISTILIUM.  
OVer the Capital or head of the pillar ye shall set Epistilium, or Architrave whose mark is A. the height thereof shallbe a Modulus, and that height ye shall divide into .7. parts, one of those ye shall give unto Cymatium marked with B. his projecture is like unto his height. The other .6. parts ye shall divide into .12. parts give .3. unto the lowest Fascia marked with C give .4. unto the second Fascia marked with D. & also give unto the third Fascia the .5. parts which remaineth, the which is marked with E. whose Projecture or hanging over shallbe right and Equal with the thickness of the pillar beneath above the Base. Now understand that the Projecture of these .2. highest Fascias shallbe so much as the pillar is diminished upon the one side under the Capital the which is the twelfth part of the diameter, the which part you shall divide into .9. parts, give .5. unto the highest Fascia, marked with E. for his Projecture, the other .4. parts shall serve for the Projecture of the middle most Fascia marked with D. the lowest Fascia, findeth his own Projecture as before is rehearsed.   

ZOPHORUS.  
Upon the Epistilium, ye shall set Zophorus, which is called in our English tongue the freeze. If any thing shallbe therein graven or cut, than it ought to be the fourth part higher than the Epistilium. If nothing shallbe wrought win the Freeze then shall the frise be then fourth part smaller than the Epistilium, Then divide the Freeze marked with F. into .7. parts, one such part add thereto for Cymatium, marked with G. let his Projecture be also as much as his height. That done ye shall begin with the Coronix, marked with H. the which is the highest part of the Trabeation. Over Cimatium, shallbe set Denticuli, marked with. I. whose height shallbe so much as the height of the middlemost Fascia, and his fillet to be the sixth part of Denticuli, and above Denticuli, ye shall set Corona marked with K. and the height thereof shallbe also like unto the middle Fascia That height divide into .4. parts, one of those parts admit unto Cymatium above Corona, the Projecture of the Denticuli and Corona with Cymatium, hangeth over so much as the freeze is in height, if the freeze be the fourth part diminished. Thus writeth our Author vitrvuius. Over Corona shallbe set Sima, marked with L. whose height shallbe the eight part higher than Corona, with his Cimatium & his Edge at the top to be the sixth part of Sima added thereto, the Projecture to be like unto his height and so endeth the measures of jonica.  
THus have ye ended at the highest part of Trabeationis whose mark is H. Regula the edge of Sima marked L. Cymatium, Corona, marked K. added over the woman Mutilos, & his Capital, Denticulus, marked I Zophorus, marked. F Cimatium marked G. EPISTYLIUM marked A. Cimatium marked B. Fascia prima, marked C. Fascia Secunda marked D. Fascia Tertia marked E. CAPITULI, marked T. Cymatium. Abacus, marked V Frons Voluta, marked X. Astragalus. COLUMNA, upon the pillar noted Scapus, marked R Apophigis superior. Apophigis Inferior. BASIS, marked M. Torus marked O. Regula, Scotia, Superior, marked P. Regula, Astragalus Primus, Astragalus Secundus marked Q Regula, Scotia, Inferior, Regula. Plinthus, marked N. Coronix, marked C. Regula. Cimatium marked H. Corona, marked I. Regula, in the finished pillar is added Echinus, Regula Sima, marked K Astragalus marked L Regula. Quadratum. Sesquialtera. BASIS, of the pedestalle marked B. Regula, Cimatium inversa addid Regula Astragalus marked D. Sima Reversa marked E. Regula, Torrilus, marked. F. Plinthus Primus marked G. Astragalus, Regula, Plinthus inferior being added unto the Base of the pedestal for to increase his height and also for an other purpose most nesseseary if the pillar stand on the ground and no steps under the pedestal in the which body of the pedestal is demonstrated Ichnographia, where in I began and also make an end    

❧ CORYNTHIA  diagram and illustration of Corinthian column 
CORYNTHIA   
HERE BEGINNETH THE PILLAR that was found in Corinthia, by Callimachius the excellent Architect of Corinthe.  
TO begin with the Pedestal of Corinthia, ye shall enter thus, The flat stone or body of the Pedestal shallbe a square & .2. third parts in height the which is marked with A. whose height ye shall divide into .7. parts, add such a part unto the Base of the Pedestal, marked with B, and asmuch for the Coronix, whose mark is C. Then divide the Base of the Pedestal marked with B. into .7. parts, give one unto Cymatium, marked with D. and one unto Astragalus, with his Regula, marked with E. Then give .2. unto Syma reversa marked with F. with his fillet, Then give one part unto Torus, marked with G. the other .2. parts admit unto the highest Plinthus, marked with H. the Projecture, of this Base is like unto his height The other Plinthus, is added thereunto, the cause whereof, is mentioned and declared before in jonica, Then divide Coronix, marked with C. into .10. parts give unto Cymatium above marked with. I .3. parts of the which his fillet shall have .1. part Then admit also .2. parts to Corona, marked with K. and also .2. parts unto Syma and his fillet or edge marked with L. the other .2. parts give unto Cymatium with his edge marked with M. and the tenth part admit unto Astragalus & Regula, marked with N. under Cymatium, the Projecture ye shall make like unto their height saving only Corona, which ought to hang over .2. third parts more than his height the which is a beauty unto the whole Coronix and so endeth the measures & projectures, thereunto belonging.  

BASIS.  
NOw ye shall find the measures of the thickness of the pillar, which is the Diameter, as doth follow, divide the breadth of the boddye of the Pedestal into 6. parts, whereof the diameter or thickness of the pillar shallbe .4. such parts & the height of the pillar shallbe 9 Diameters, whereof the Capital shall have .1. Diameter, for his height, & also the height of the Base shallbe half a Diameter, which base is marked with O whole height ye shall divide into .4. parts whereof the Plinthus, marked with P. occupieth .1. part. The other .3. parts divide into 5. parts. give unto Torus, above which is marked with Q. one part, & the Torus, beneath shallbe the forth part greater than the Torus above, & is marked with R. that which remaineth between the .2. Torus divide into .2. parts, of the highest part ye shall make Trochilus, marked with S. whereof the Astragalus, shallbe the sixth part, and his edge shallbe half his height, the other edge that lieth under the high Torus, shallbe in height the third part more than the height of the other edge. The second part that remaineth is for the nethermost Trochilus or Scotia, marked with T. whose Astragali, shall also be in height the sixth part of Trochilus, and his edge shallbe half his height, the other edge that lieth on the neither most Torus, shallbe in height .2. third parts of the height of Astragali, the Projecture of this base is thus. If this pillar stand upon any other pillar, then shall the Projecture thereof be like unto the Projecture of the Base of jonica, & if this pillar stand upon the ground, or being alone by himself then shall this Projecture of the Base be like the Projecture, of the Base of Dorica, & thus endeth the Base of Corinthia.   

SCAPUS.  
Upon the Base or foot of the pillar ye shall set Scapus, marked with V whose height is .7. Diameters and a half, whose thickness is diminished the sixth part of the top of Scapus, upon either side half a part as is before said upon the third part of the height of Scapus, ye shall make the half compass, through the which ye may find a fair diminishing as I have said before in Thuscana, Dorica, and jonica. If this pillar be garnished and filled with Canaliculi, and Striges, which vitrvuius calleth Femora, there shallbe .28. in number round about the pillar. The measures of them I have before rehearsed in the jonica, saving only from the third part of the pillar downwards, Astraguli be made and set upright round about the pillar within the Canaliculi, the manner thereof you shall find in the ground plot, the which standeth here between the .2. pillars & is marked with X. The Projecture, of Them doth answer justly with the thickness of the pillar: at the top of the pillar shallbe made Astragalus & his edge, the which shallbe the twelve part of a Diameter in height. The Projecture thereof is so much, as the pillar is diminished on either side, and thus finisheth Scapus.   

CAPITAL.  
OF this Capital, vitrvuius maketh mention in his fourth book and first chapter upon the said Scapus, which is the body of the pillar, ye shall set the Capital being a Diameter in height, and is marked with Y. that height divide into .7 parts, admit one unto Abacus, marked with A. the which part ye shall divide into .3 parts give .1. unto Cimatium and his edge, the other .2. parts give unto Plinthus, the other .6. parts that remained from the Abacus downwards, divide into .3. parts, give one part unto the shortest leaves and also one other to the height of the middle leaves The third part is left for the height of Claviculi, vitrvuius calleth it in the making of the Capital of jonica, Voluta, and is in this Capital marked with B. being that which goeth out of Caulis, and turneth to the 4 Corners of the Abacus and they be in number .8. round about the Capital, the which closeth together at the .4. corners of the Capital, also there be other smaller, that are called Helices, the which springe out of that which is the bud or Cawls, and grow upwards right under the Abacus and have but half the height of the other greater Helices, or Volutas and also .8 of them be round about growing also .2. and .2. togethers under the .4 forefronts of the Abacus, over the which standeth the flower or Rose in the middle of the Abacus whose height is equal with the thickness or height of Abacus, being .4. roses or flowers in number in the .4. frontes of the Abacus. Also under the Abacus is a certain square edge named Tenia, whose height is half so much, as the Abacus is in height, his Projecture answereth to the thickness of the pillar or Scapus, beneath: the which is the Diameter, Concerning the other projectures, they begin thus. The Projecture of the Abacus answereth & is like unto the Projecture of the Plinthus of the Base or foot of the pillar, and sailleth over some what more than the Plinthus. Now to know how much the Abacus hangeth over more than the Plinthus of the Base of the pillar, the which is showed in the ground plot named Ichnographia, and is marked with C. which ground is to be made thus. Make you a round compass being of the thickness of the pillar then make a square without that compass and also make an other compass, so grate as may be, touching the .4. corner: of the said square, also set that compass within an other square, touching the .4. sides of the great compass. So done we shall come to the right ground and fashion of the Abacus, the which lieth on the vasse or basket, that was found on the maidens tomb in Corinthe, as before is rehearsed. Now let us finish and end the ground plot of the Capital That space which is left between the two squares right in the middle of one of the sides, divide you into .4 parts Then take a pair of compass, setting the one point of the compass right in the Corner of the great square being marked with .5. and the other point of the compass bring unto the other corner of that square marked with .6. and so draw downwards towards .7. then bring that point of the compass, up again and set it in the place that it came from, and bring down the other point of the compass, from .5. unto .7. and there it shall make a cross. Then set the point of the compass, in the mids of the cross and the other point of the compass set upon the strike between the 2. squares, the which is marked with .3. and so draw with the compass from .3 to .5. and again from .3. to .6. and use all the other sides in like manner, and so through it ye shall know the true Projecture. Now to know whither this ground be upright or not, ye shall make a strike overthwart the great square from corner to corner, that line is named Diagonus, whose mark is C. being in length .2. Diameters So done is the ground plot of this Capital, upright and true, the which bringeth with it, his true Projecture. Also ye shall perceive in this Capital, marked with Y. that from the uttermost of the Abacus, marked with A. is drawn a line by the side of the Capital, downwards unto the Astragali, that lieth under the Capital, whose Projecture, is so much as the pillar is diminished on the one side. Then shall the Projecture of the Voluta or great Helices, marked with B touch the line that is drawn by the side of the Capital. The long leaves also under the Voluta, shall touch that line and in like case the short leaves. So done you have your right and parfaicte ground and the true upright measures of this Capital with all his projectures. touching this pillar that standeth on the other side, the which is antic: it standeth, in an Arch triumphal, whose height is .29. modernelles and .15. minutes, the length of which elle, containeth .22. inches and a half. In Pantheon within Rome, and divers other places in Italy are these pillars found standing in good estate. For this cause have I set this antic pillar here beside that ye should perceive the beauty which is in it, the which differeth little from the first invention of vitrvuius. The body of this said pillar is garnished with Canaliculi, & the number of them is .26. or 28. whose Capital, is a Diameter, in height beside the Abacus, and the Abacus added thereto is the seventh part of a Diameter, his height to maintain: the Antiques affirm that the first Author hath mente it thus the Capital to be a Diameter in height beside the Abacus, the height thereof is before rehearsed: also asmuch as they have added unto the Capital, so much have they diminished of the height of Scapus, So that the pillar remaineth yet .9. Diameters in height, yea and some hath added the seventh part thereto. Nevertheless it is beautiful that they have made, the other I do leave to the disresciones of them which are or willbe masters in this worthy science, of Architecture. And thus finisheth the order of this Capital.   

ARCHITRAVE, FRISE, AND cornish.  
AS touching the Architrave, frise, & Cornish, bilonging to Corinthia, vitrvuius, maketh no great mention thereof, Nevertheless he doth describe the beginning of Mutuli to be necessary in all Mullers to be made as ye may perceive by the antic works or buildings. But this Architrave, frise, and Cornishe, shallbe like unto that which was made for the jonica, but unto this Cornishe, is added Echinus, marked with G. standing betwixt Denticuli and Corona, being in height like unto the undermost Fascia, marked with D. the Projecture of the Cornish, is increased so much as Echinus is in height also unto the Architrave is added under the second Fascia, marked with E. Astragalus, being in height the eight part of that Fascia, make also that Astragalus, to be in height the eight part of the highest Fascia, marked with F the which Astragalus, shallbe as it were certain round berries and the other Astragalus, that lieth under the middle Fascia, shallbe wrothonne like a wreath: as concerning the Frise, it is to be ordered as before is mentioned in the measures of the jonica, the projecture of the foresaid Architrave, is before rehearsed in jonica.  
Now it behoveth to make mention of an other order and comen rule that the antiques heretofore have used in their time of buildings appertaining to the whole Trabeations of the Corinthe, the measures is as hereafter followeth. Divide the height of the pillar with the Base and Capital, into .4. parts, the which whole Trabeationes, shallbe in height asmuch as .1. of the .4. parts of the height of the pillar, and that height divide into .10. parts, whereof ye shall give .3. unto the height of Epistilium, the which we call Architrave, marked with. I. and also give .3. unto the height of Zophorus, which we call the frese, marked with K. those .4. which remaigne give unto the Cornish, which vitrvuius called Cornices, marked with L. Concerning these .4. parts that are given unto Coronix, divide you into .9. parts give .1. unto Cymatium marked with .M. and give also 2. parts unto Echinus, with his edge whose mark is N. and also give 2. such parts unto Mutili, which is also named Modiglions, with his Cymatium marked with O also give .2. of those parts unto Corona, and his Cymatium, which is the forth part of Corona, and is marked with P. and the other .2 parts give unto Syma, and his edge at the top which is the eight part of the whole Syma, which is marked with Q. The Projecture, shallbe as before is rehearsed saving only that Mutili, shall hang over so far as ye may conveniently not hyddinge or shadowing his Cymatium the which doth answer right to the Projecture of Corona. vitrvuius declareth also the whole height of the Trabeationes, to be the fifth part of the length of the pillar, & so he writeth that it was made in Theatrum, whereof he maketh mention in his fifth book and seventh chapter, this Trabeatione, is of that height the which he spoke of and is marked with H. Now as touching the other side that standeth over the garnished pillar, that is also antic, it is enriched beawtifull●e having in it Denticuli, Echinus, and also Mutuli, the which vitrvuius, doth not allow saying in his forth book and second Chapter, that Denticuli, & Mutili ought not to stand, or be made in one Cornishe or Coronix as ye may perceive by the other Cornices for that which standeth in the mids hath Mutili, and Echinus, and hath not Denticuli, also the other Cornices that standeth over the Image hath in it Denticuli, & Echinus, but not Mutuli. So that which hath Mutili hath not Denticuli, and likewise that, which hath Denticuli must not have Mutili, So that both these Cornices, have their alteration ye both observe the Rule of vitrvuius, To the third Coronix, that the antiques, have devised in their buildings they have added Mutilos or Denticulate according to their wills & have garn●●●… it most triumphantly, as is manifest in divers of their doings. For the which they ought 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 commended. For vitrvuius saith, that Mutili shallbe a necessary thing in all Cornices, as 〈◊〉 teacheth also, that Denticuli should be observed in jonica, seeing that it may be suffered i●●●nica, it is necessary to be observed in Corinthia, and is made in Italy to their commend●●●● and fame, whose Projecture thereby doth more abound in beauty. Thus end the measure 〈…〉 the making of Corinthia.  
Nevertheless I think it good to make a brief rehesall, returning to the place 〈◊〉 I began at, & also for that her is added divers things, in the .3. changes of the Tr●●●●●●tions in inglishe called architrave, frise, and Cornishe, the first and highest is R●●●●● Sima marked. Q. C. matium Corona marked P. Cymatium Mutili marked O. Regula Ec●●●● marked G. Astragalus & Apophiges Denticuli Cymatium marked M ZOPHO●●● marked K. EPISTYLIUM marked I. Cymatium Fascia marked F. with his Ast●●●●lus. Fascia secunda marked E. Astragalus Fascia tertia marked D. CAPITULI m●●●●● Y. Abacus marked A. Flos Voluta Maiores marked B. Voluta Minores. Folia Minorae ●●●●…lis Folia media. Folia ima, COLUMNA marked V Astragalus Apophigis Superior 〈◊〉 inferior. BASIS marked O. Torus Superior marked Q. Regula, Scotia superior. mar●●● Regula Astragalus Primus, Astragalus Secundus Regula, Trochilus marked T. R. 〈…〉 Torus inferior marked R. Plinthus marked P. STYLOBATA, Coronicis ma●●●● C. Cymatium marked I. Corona marked K Sima marked L. Cymatium marked Astragalus et Apophigis marked N. Quadratum Proportionis super Bipartient●… Tertia marked A. BASIS. to the same marked B. Cymatium Reversa marked D. Astragalus marked E. Sima Reversa marked F. Torulus marked G. Plinthus marked H. Astragalus et Regula, Plinthus inferior, last of all ICHNOGRAPHIA the ground plot and foundation where with this work began and also endeth.    

❧ COMPOSITA  diagram and illustration of Composite or Italic column 
COMPOSITA, OR ITALICA   
¶ COMPOSITA OR ITALICA THE TRIUMPHANT pillar, devised by the Romans, and setcheth his compounds out of all the other before rehearsed and written.  
THis pillar named Composita shallbe .10. Diameters in height, the which Dyameters are drawn overthwart the pillar, whereof the Capital. is a whole diameter in height, and Spira or Base is half a Diameter in height. Now as concerning the measures of the Pedestal, the breadth of the square stone which is the body of the Pedestal shallbe doubled in the height, which Philander nameth the quadrant of the double proportio which is marked with A whose height shallbe divided into .8. parts, one such part ye shall add to the height of his Coronix, marked with B. asmuch you shall add unto his Base marked with C the other measures therein belonging shallbe as before is rehearsed in the Corinthia, but in this Base is added Cymatium which lieth between Astragalus, & the square of the pedestal. Also Coronix is to be made as before is rehearsed in Corinthia, but that in this, they have added Denticulos, the which he between Cymatium and Echinus, through the which it mounteth to a further Projecture, the which the Romans have done for the more pleasure of the eye. As touching the body of the Pedestal they have garnished it beautifully after divers sorts as by these finished figures, ye may perceive. Now as the other Pedestalles before mentioned, were parted and divided into so many parts as the pillars were Diameters in height, so is this Pedestal 10. parts in height of the which, the Base occupieth the lowest part, which is marked with C. Also the double square occupieth eight parts to his height, & the tenth part is admitted to Coronix, marked with B.  

BASIS or SPIRA.  
RIght and directly upon the middle of the Pedestal shallbe set Spira or the Base of the pillar marked with D. whose height shallbe a Modulus, or half the thiknesof the pillar, the which height ye shall divide into .6. parts give one part unto Torus above marked with E. the other .5, parts shallbe divided into .3 parts give one part unto Plinthus marked with F. the other .2. parts you shall divide into .12 parts whereof ye shall give .5. parts unto Torus the lower marked with G. give also .2. parts to the two Astragali with their Rute whose mark is. H. the which edge or regula, is in height the one half of .1. Astragalus, give also .1 part unto that, which is marked with I. some name it Echinus, but the garnishing thereof is not like Echinus, which lieth under the higher Torus, whose edge shallbe half a part. So that the highest Torus, & Scotia, marked with K (the which the greeks call Trochelon) be very nigh of one height. The projectures of this Base are as before is rehearsed in Corinthia.   

SCAPUS.  
THe body of the pillar shallbe .8. ½ Diameters in height, the which are drawn overthwart the pillar Now as touching the diminishing of the pillar above ye shall begin thus upon the third Diameter there ye shall try the middle of the pillar under the Capital. Then divide the thickness of your pillar into .6. parts that is .3. on each side of the middle of the pillar and ye shall set .5. such parts for the thickness of the pillar under the Capital, which shallbe .2. and a half on each side of the pillars middle, from the which thickness of the pillar under the Capital draw both the sides down wards perpendicularly upon the third Diameter whereon ye shall make a half circle so great as it may be within the Diameter or thickness of the pillar and it shall make on each side a cross over the perpendicular line, measure from the crosses downwards even upon the strike of the half circle or compass to the overthwart strike upon the third Diameter & divide it into .6. parts, making .6. lines crossing over the half circle. And ye shall begin to draw from the line marked .2. in the half circle unto the overthwart line at the top of the pillar marked with .2. and also from the line of the half circle .3. draw upwards perpendicularly to the overthwart strike marked with .3. and so draw upwards from 4. to the overthwart line marked .4. and so from .5. to .5. and also perpendicularly draw from 6. to .6. Then take a rule and draw from Diameter unto Diameter downwards, closing up the side of the pillar as you may perceive by your figure, for I have drawn & closed the one side of the pillar, and the other side I have left open that ye should plainly perceive the working thereof, the height of the Diameter, under the Capital. ye shall divide into 12. parts the highest part shallbe divided into .3 equal parts, whereof ye shall give .2. unto Astragalus, marked with L. and the third part shallbe given to the edge or Senta, which is marked with M. Also an other little square edge, which lieth upon the Base being at the lowest part of Scapus shallbe in height like unto Astragalus, at the top of Scapus. Concerning the garnishing of the body of the pillar or Scapus, which our author calleth Canaliculi and Striges, the antiques have devised so many sundry sorts, that herein the beauty of them cannot be expressed. But among all other in Pantheon, is a pillar thus divided. There be Canaliculi, round about the pillar .24. in number, and each of them in divided into 9 parts, of the which parts .4. is given unto that, which our authore nameth Stryges, upon the which are made upright in the middle thereof Astragali, whose breadth is .2. of those .4. parts, the other .2. parts are left for Stryges. So that upon each side of the Astragali, is left one part. The other .5. parts are left for Canaliculi, the which are hollow inwards. There is an other pillar, the which standeth in Basilia del foro transitorio, in Rome, the which is made much after one fashion but that the Architect hath made his Canaliculi, somewhat biggar or largar. And that measure is thus. The pillar round about shallbe divided into .28. or .32. parts The occasion wherefore the number of those doth differ, is for the placing of the pillar standing far or nigh unto the eye, for if this pillar stand far from the eye, there shallbe in number .24. and at the most but .26. And if the pillar standeth nigh unto the eye, there shallbe in number .28. or .30. and at the most, they made 32. round about the pillar. Now each of those parts shallbe divided into .3. parts, let .2. of those parts be given to Canaliculi, the third part ye shall divide into .4. parts whereof give .2. unto Astragalus, and the other .2. that remain, give unto the Strigeus, that stand on each side of the Astragalus, the breadth of each of them is a part, as ye may perceive by this Ichnographia the which figure is and standeth here between your 2. pillars being your parfaicte ground of the body of the pillar or Scapus, which is marked with N. Thus finishing the measures, the Prouctures shallbe as is before declared in making of the other pillars.   

CAPITAL.  
ON the top of Scapus, or pillar shallbe set the Capital, whose height shallbe a Diameter, in the which Capital Abacus with his long and short leaves, and his Cawls out of the which spring the smaller Helices, be a portion taken from Corinthia. Also they have brought to pass in this Capital, Voluta and Echinus and Astragalus, with his rule, which is and are portiones of jonica. The measures of this Capital are thus. From the pillar upwards to the top of the Capital, that is marked with O whose height is a Diameter shallbe divided into .7 parts, whereof one shallbe given to Abacus, lung at the top of the Capital, which is marked with P. the which parts, some Architecles have added to the height of the Capital, so that they have made it to be in height a Diameter, and the seventh part of a Diameter, as before is rehearsed in the Capital of Corinthia, but so much as they have added to the height of the Capital, so much have they abated from the height of Scapus. Now of the foresaid .7. parts, do remaygne yet 6. the which shallbe reduced into .3 parts, the one shallbe given unto the short leaves for their height, the second part shallbe added unto the height of the middle leaves, and the third part unto Voluta, marked with Q. as for the height of Echinus, marked with R. shallbe found in the making of Voluta, as before is mentioned in jonica. The Projecture of this Abacus, whose mark is P. shallbe even so much as is the Projecture of the Plinthus, the which is the lowest part of the Bases, of the pillar even as it is before said in the ground plot of Corinthia, This done draw from the utter most of the Abacus, downwards along by the side of the Capital, unto the uttermost of the Astragali lying under the Capital, whose Projecture, shallbe so much as it is in height This done you shall cause Voluta to touch the strike that you have drawn by the side of the Capital, and also the middle and long leaves under Voluta, shall have their Projecture to touch that line, and also the shorts leaves shall touch the same. This done ye have the true measures and projectures of this Capital, but there be diverse other beautiful Capitals, belonging to this pillar which hereafter more plainly shall appear.   

EPISTYLIUM.  
THe height of this Epistilium, or Architrave marked with. S. shallbe the thickness of the pillar above under the Capital, but if this pillar shall stand nigh unto the eye then make the height thereof, as before is rehearsed in the other pillars, which height shallbe divided into .7 parts whereof one shallbe given unto Cimatium marked with T. the other .6. parts, divided into .12. parts, give .3. of them to the first Fascia, marked with V also give .4. to the second Fascia, marked with X and give 5. unto the thira Fascia, marked with Y. under the second and third Fascia, shallbe added Astragali with Apophigis, to the garnishing thereof, the projectures, and measures shallbe as is before rehearsed in Corinthia. Upon the Epistilium, ye shall seat Zophorus or Frese marked A. wherein Mutili doth stand being in height like to Epistilium, the Mutili shall stand right over the pillar, their breadth shallbe the fift part less than the thickness is of the pillar under the Capital, and they be marked with B. whose height shallbe divided into .6. parts, Cimatium occupieth so much as one of the .6. parts added for that which is the Capital unto the Mutili, & is marked with C. the space between the .2. Mutili, shallbe so much, as twice the breadth of Mutili, the projectures of Mutilos shallbe asmuch as the whole Mutili is in height. As touching the Cornices, the one side differeth from the other, both being fair, take of them which pleaseth your mind best, their heights shallbe like unto the height of Mutilos. Then ye shall divide that side over the pillar into .7. parts. give .4. unto Corona, marked with D. also give .2. unto Cymatium, marked with E. the seventh part is left for Supercilium or Regula, marked with F. The Projecture thereof shallbe like their heights the other side of the Coronix, over the maiden which is marked with G. shallbe divided into .2. equal parts, the lowest part shallbe given unto Corona, the second part shallbe divided into .5. parts, give one unto that with his edge which is like to Echinus, give .3. unto Cimatium. and the fifth part, give unto Supercilium. The projectures of Mutilus with the Coronix shallbe so much as they be both in height, Mutilus standing in Zophorus, the antiques have devised for a commodity and a beauty to their edifices. But the cause why they were set in Zophorus with divers other monuments thereto belonging hereafter shallbe declared as time shall serve. Thus have I finished for this time the figures, garnishementes, and measures, of these five pilleres before specified.    

¶ OF AN OTHER AUTENTIKE PILLAR AND A nescessarie Companion to the before named pillars made by the Athenieus to his perfection named ATTICURCA.  
 diagram of Attic column 
ATICA  OF this pillar Plinius maketh rehearsal and as he saith is a corner pillar, being four square, whose Diameter marked with A. (saith he) is like unto the round pillars, which he standeth by but in the diagonal line marked B. he is thicker than the round pillars. It is that pillar which vitrvuius nameth Atticurga or Attica, made by, the athenians, the which nation used also the measures of Corinthia in their pillars. So that the Capital of this foresaid pillar, is much like to the Capital of Corinthia. The Spira, or Base of the said Attica, wherewith also they used to garnish Corinthia, vitrvuius, also, witnesseth of such a pillar, declaring and saith, that Spira attica should be like unto Spira or Base jonica. Thus have you all the manner and measures of pillars that any notable masters of Architecture or Authors thereof have written. As in order do follow. Tuscana containeth in height .6. Diameters Dorica .7. Diameters in height. jonica .8. Diameters in height, Corinthia .9. Diameters in height, and Composita, contaigneth .10. Diameters in height, Now of this foresaid pillar Atticurga, I find no mention made of his height. But of the multitude of his Canaliculi, which be .7. on either side of the pillar. And as touching his height, whereof no mention is made, it is to be thought that he must bear such height as the rest of the pillars for vitrvuius saith that the highest pillar passeth not .10 Diameters, in height so that his height may be agreeable to the height of those round pillars that are joined with him, whither they be Composita or Corinthia, which I myself have seen in Rome in the ark triumphant of Severus, being joined with Composita, also in Pantheon where his three sides plainly are seen, the fourth standing in the wall, the Capital and base is like to the round pillars, wherewith he standeth being Corinthia. The Projecture of his base was like unto Spira attica, the which is half a Modulus, on either side of the Base, the which vitrvuius more plainly at large declareth.   

¶ THE CHANGE OF THE FIVE PILLARS ORDERLY to be used each of them in his kind which order of buildings be named of vitrvuius as followeth PICNOSTYLOS, SISTYLOS, DIASTYLOS, ARIOSTYLOS, EUSTYLOS, whose pictures insew●th demonstrated in order.  
Now for so much as I have rehearsed the beginning and the Institution of this art of Architecture, naming the writers and authors of the said science, and declared the measures geometrical thereto belonging in their simetries, with all their garnishementes: it is therefore also requisite to rehearse and to let you understand, by what means the order of the before named pillars shallbe altered in their standing, adding, or abating to or fro, every of them accordingly as they shallbe placed, by which knowledge or like knowledges many may come to the right perfection, upon which occasion it shallbe declared what mention vitrvuius doth make in the third book and second Chapter & also the opinion of Sebastianus Serlius and other upon the same, how far and how near the pillars shallbe set a sunder: Saying that this order of Picnostylos ought thus to be made, that which is the space between the .2. pillars shallbe a Diameter and a half the pillar being in height .10. Diameters. Sistylos is that which hath .2. Diameters betwixt the .2 pillars, whose height shallbe 9 Diameters and a half. Diastylos shall thus be made, the pillars shall stand .3. Diameters one from an other, whose height shallbe .8. Diameters and a half. Ariostylos is that, which hath the space or breadth between the pillars .4. 5. or .6. Diameters, and at the furthest .7. Diameters, the which pillars commonly are .8. Diameters in height: but in the Eustylos the authors differ. the one saith that his measure is like Diastyli, and the other saith that it ought to be like Sistyli, and so because Diastyli is .8. Diameters and a half and Sistyli .9. and a half, therefore our author hath made between them both an uniformity, and causeth Eustylos to be .9. Diameters in height. This done Areostyli is .8. Diameters in height. Diastyli .8. Diameters and a half. Eustylos 9 Diameters. Sistyli .9. and a half, and Picnostyli .10. Diameters. Now like as Tuscana, Dorica, jonica, Corinthia, & Composita, increase their heights by Diameters, so do these .5. here before rehearsed increase their heights by Modulus or half Diameters, and you shall also garnish & fashion them according to their lengths, as I have by their length showed before their similitude and strength, which you shall see and perceive more plainly in the demonstrations following.  

AREOSTYLOS.  
 diagram showing Araeostyle (light-columned) spacing 
AREOSTYLOS  BEginning with this first being Areostylos, as Cesarianus saith, aught to be in height .8. Diameters, and the distance between the .2. pillars to be 4. 5. or .6. Diameters as is before rehearsed, which pillar for his strength is likened or to be sembled unto Tuscana necessary for all foundations and fortifications both to withstand great force, & support weighty burdens, as the master builder can use him, which is to be seen in divers places in Italy, calling it Rustic or Rughe hewed stone, and in other places to be otherwise garnished.   

DIASTYLOS.  
 diagram showing Diastyle (board-columned) spacing 
DIASTYLOS  THe second order as I have placed it, is that which vitrvuius calleth Diastylos, whose height (saith he) is .8 Diameters and a half, and the distance between the .2. pillars ought to be .3. Diameters or .4. at the furthest. which pillar is likened unto Dorica made to his perfection in the temple of Mars. which also is a pillar to garnish cities and gates somewhat pleasant and strong as is to be seen in divers places, as also gates of palaces with the utter galleries.   

EUSTYLOS.  
 diagram showing Eustyle (well-columned) spacing 
EUSTYLOS.  THe third order is that which vitrvuius calleth Eustylos, the which our Author hath brought to a uniformity, saying the pillar to be in height .9. Diameters, & the distance between the .2. pillars to be .2. Diameters & a quarter, as Guliheline Philander affirmeth, but at the furthest .2. Diameters and a half or .3. which pillar is likened unto jonica builded to his perfection in the temple of Diana & Apollo & to be used in many mean edifices to be garnished accordingly.   

SISTYLOS.  
 diagram showing Systyle (close-columned) spacing 
SISTYLOS.  THe fourth order is that which vitrvuius calleth Sistylos, whose height (saith he, is) .9. diameters and a half, whose pillars standeth distant one from the other .2. Diameters, or .2. and a half at the fourdest and after this manner it was made in the temple of Fortune, which pillar is likened unto Corinthia, whose measures are slender & serveth to garnish princes palaces and for divers other things necessary which multitude needeth not to be rehearsed, but as time shall serve they may be practised and brought in ure to divers uses most necessary.   

PICNOSTYLOS.  
 diagram showing Pyknostyle (tight-columned) spacing 
PICNOSTYLOS  THe first & last order is that which vitrvuius, calleth Picnostylos whose height saith he is .10 Diameters whose pillars standeth distant from each other a Diameter, & a half or .2. at the furthest & thus was it made in the temple of Venus which pillar is sembled or to be compared unto Composita having in it the full beauty of all the foresaid measures and garnishments, for all excellent artificers, beawtifully to set forth whether it be in gold or silver or other rich stone or fine woods in marketrey or imbosinge or carving as shallbe thought pleasant & necessary for noble & mighty princes or for divers other estates lovers of excellency or cunning.    

¶ AN OTHER RULE given BY VITRWIUS for these three orders of pillars Dorica, jonica, Corinthia, to be used as followeth.  
HOw if you will begin with the order of Dorica, you shall divide his height with the Base and Capital into .15. parts, one of those parts shallbe the height of the Base and asmuch unto the height of the Capital, which shallbe the Modulus of the work. If it shallbe the order of jonica, you shall divide the height of Scapus, with the Base and Capital into .8. parts and a half, and one of those parts shallbe the Diameter of the whole work, whose Base shallbe a Modulus in height, his Capital shallbe as before is rehearsed in jonica▪ also if you will make an order of Corinthia, ye shall make it as I have now rehearsed of this last pillar, saving only that in the stead of the Capital of jonica, ye shall set the Capital of Corinthia, which is a diameter in height. Now ye shall understand that vitrvuius doth not will Dorica, jonica, and Corinthia, to stand one upon an other but he willeth the Edifice to be all of Dorica, or else all of jonica, or all of Corinthia, and they to stand one upon an other, always d minishinge, so that the higher they stand, the lesser or slenderer they must be, for, as he saith, a tree is no where so great as at the ground, and so groweth smaller and smaller upwards unto the top. likewise, he willeth the lowest pillar to be strongest made upon the measure, as before is said, and the second pillar, that standeth over him, both in height and breadth shall diminish his fourth part. And his Architrave, frieze or Cornish shallbe in height the fifth part of the height of that pillar, and so setting the one upon the other, diminishing after this said order. Some of the antiques aforesaid have observed these orders and measures, as Sebastianus, doth witness in his third book and fourth chapter that there are many edifices of the antiques wherein all the orders of these pillars have been set one upon an other: garnishing them accordingly as it is yet to be seen in the Amphitiatrum named Collosseum in Rome whose excellent and praise worthy doing shallbe more plainly set fourth hereafter.   

¶ HERE IS AN OTHER NECESSARY Rule appointed of Vitruutus for the diminishing of Scapus, under the Capital by the increasing of his height.  
 table with ornate border 
fotes diam part 15 6 5 20 6½ 5½ 30 7 6 40 7½ 6½ 50 8 7 60 8½ 7½ 70 9 8 80 9½ 8½ 90 10 9 100 10½ 9½ 110 11 10  vitrvuius, in his third book and third Chapter; sainth thus if Scapus amount in height from .15. foot unto .20. the Diameter is to be divided into .6. parts & a half, & the thickness of the pillar under the Capital, shallbe .5. and a half. And if Scapus, Amount from .20. unto .30. foot then shall the Diameter be divided into .7. parts, whereof .6. parts shallbe the thickness of the pillar under the Capital and so augmenting and diminishing after this order until Scapus, if it were possible, should amount to the number of 110. foot which is the end of this table that standeth here beside wherein ye may perceive in every .10. foot increasing in height doth show the thickness of Scapus under the Capital, so that the 110. foot in height of Scapus, the Diameter to be divided into .11. parts, than shallbe the thickness of Scapus, under the Capital .10. of those .11. parts, & so forth if need shall require.   

¶ AN OTHER EXAMPLE TO BE observed very necessary for the master builder or architect that is for the enlarging of the Epistilium, when the pillar amounteth to certain heights.  
 table with ornate border 
15 1/13 ½ 20 1/13  25 1/12 ½ 30 1/12  35 1/11 ½ 40 1/11  45 1/10 ½ 50 1/10  55 1/9 ½ 60 1/9   vitrvuius in the latter end of his tird book declaring when the pillar that is to say Base Scapus, and Capital amounteth from .15 foot to .20. foot in height, then shall the height of the whole pillar be divided into .13. parts, on such a part shallbe the height of the Epistilium, also if the pillar do increase from 20. to .25 foot then shall the pillar be divided into 12. parts and a half whereof the height of the Epistilium shall occupy one such part, also if the pillar surmount from .25. to .30. the height of the pillar must be divided into .12 parts whereof the height of the Epistilium, shall occupy one such part & so forth as the column increaseth in height so increaseth the height of Epistilium, as in this table is evidently discussed the increasing from .15. to .60. foot increased by .5 at ones the which pillar of .60. foot in height shallbe divided into .9. parts, where of the Epistilium occupieth for his height one such part, and so passing forward as necessity shall require in order as is before mentioned.  
Therbe also divers other orders of measures and example that the Antiques always used in their times, which should be to tedious for the hearer, and to long for the Reader, having no figures out of the which springeth both desire and also encouragement to the same. Thus ending this treaty of the Introduction and measures of these foresaid pillars, which are the original first grounds and entering into this noble science of Architecture, practised and allowed by right mighty and worthy potentates, and Emperors for perpetual memory of their victorious and triumphant feats, the Elegance thereof, of all antiquity hath been and yet presently is as a parfaicte example and a mirror to behold, learn and take true measures, aswell to all such, as delight in durable Edifices and buildings, as also to all noble parsonages and Architectures, which do or shall take pleasure to erect & build the like to any beauty and perfection according to the devise and minds of the foresaid Authors vitrvuius, and Sebastianus Serlius, to whom undoubtedly, the praise and commendation is chief to be attributed and geu n. I submit my travel, unto alother that in any part be or shallbe of more parfaict & deeper learning, knowledge and experience, and of like well willing affection, wherwthi I do offer this my poor atemptes and small travails.    

¶ IMPRINTED AT LONDON IN Fleetstreet near to Saint Dunstan's church by Thomas Marsh.