A MAP OF VIRGINIA.  
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY, THE Commodities, People, Government and Religion.  
Written by Captain SMITH, sometimes Governor of the Country.  
WHEREUNTO IS ANNEXED THE proceed of those Colonies, since their first departure from England, with the discourses, Orations, and relations of the Savages and the accidents that befell them in all their journeys and discoveries.  
TAKEN FAITHFULLY AS THEY were written out of the writings of  

DOCTOR RUSSELL.  
THO. STUDLLY.  
ANAS TODKILL.  
JEFERA ABOT.  
RICHARD WIN●IN.  
WILLIAM 〈◊〉.  
NATHANIEL powel.  
RICHARD POTS.   
And the relations of diverse other diligent observers there present then, and now many of them in England.  
By W. S.  
AT OXFORD, Printed by Joseph Barnes. 161●.   

TO THE HAND.  
Lest I should wrong any in dedicating this Book to one: I have concluded it shall be particular to none. I found it only dedicated to a Hand, and to that hand I address it. Now for that this business is common to the world, this book may best satisfy the world, because it was penned in the Land it treateth of. If it be disliked of men, than I would recommend it to women, for being dearly bought, and far sought, it should be good for Ladies. When all men rejected Christopher columbus: that ever renowned Queen Isabella of Spain, could pawn her jewels to supply his wants; whom all the wise men (as they thought themselves) of that age contemned. I need not say what was his worthiness, her nobleness, and their ignorance, that so scornfully did spit at his wants, seeing the whole world is enriched with his golden fortunes. Cannot this successful example move the incredulous of this time, to consider, to conceive, & apprehended Virginia, which might be, or breed us a second India? hath not England an Isabella, as well as Spain, nor yet a columbus as well as Genua? yes surely it hath, whose desires are no less than was worthy Collum bus, their certainties more, their experiences no way wanting, only there wants but an Isabella, so it were not from Spain.  
T. A.   

Because many do desire to know the manner of their language, I have inserted these few words.  

Ka ka torawincs yowo. What call you this.  
Nemarough. a man.  
Crenepo. a woman.  
Marowanchesso a boy.  
Yehawkans. Houses.  
Matchcores. Skins, or garments.  
Mockasins. Shoes.  
Tussan. Beds.  
Pokatawer. Fire.  
Attawp. Abowe.  
At once. Arrows.  
Monacookes. Swords.  
Aumoughhowgh. A Target.  
Pawcussacks. Guns.  
Tomahacks. Axes.  
Tockahacks. Pickaxes.  
Pamesacks. Knives.  
Accowprets. shears.  
Pawpecones. Pipes.  
Mattassin. Copper.  
Vssawassin. Iron, Brass, Silver, or any white metal.  
Musses. Woods.  
Attasskuss. Leaves, weeds, or grass.  
Chepsin. Landlord  
Shacquohocan. A stone.  
Wepenter, a cuckold.  
Suckahanna. Water.  
Noughmass. Fish.  
〈◊〉 Surgeon.  
We ghsha●ghes. Flesh.  
Sawwehone. Blood.  
Netoppew. Friends.  
Marrapough. Enemies.  
Maskapow. The worst of the enemies.  
Mawchick chammay. The best of friends.  
Casacunnakack, peya quagh acquintan u●●asantasough.  
In how many days will there come hither any more English ships?   

Their numbers.  
Necut. 1.  
Ningh. 2  
Nuss. 3.  
Yowgh. 4.  
Paranske. 5.  
Comotinch. 6.  
Toppawoss. 7.  
Nusswash. 8.  
Kekatawgh. 9  
Kaskeke.  
They count no more but by tens as followeth.  
Case, how many.  
Ninghsapooeksku. 20.  
Nussapooeksku. 30.  
Yowghapooeksku. 40.  
Parankestassapooeksku. 50.  
Comatinchtassapooeksku. 60.  
Nussswashtassapooeksku. 80.  
Toppawousstassapooeksku. 70  
Kekataughtassapooeksku. 90.  
Necuttoughtysinough. 100  
Necuttweunquaough. 1000  
Rawcosowghs. Days.  
Keskowghes. Suns.  
Toppquough. Nights.  
Nepawweshowghs. Moons,  
Pawpaxsoughes. Years.  
Pummahumps. Stars.  
Osies. Heavens.  
Okes. Gods.  
Quiyoughcosucks. Petty Gods, and their affinities.  
Righcomoughes. Deaths.  
Kekughes. lives.  
Mowchick woyawgh tawgh noeragh kaquere mecher.  
I am very hungry? what shall I eat?  
Tawnor nehiegh Powhatan. where dwells Powwahtan.  
Mache, nehiegh yowrowgh, orapaks. Now he dwells a great way hence at orapaks.  
Vttapitchewayne anpechitches nehawper werowacomoco.  
You lie, he staid ever at werowocomoco.  
Kator nehiegh mattagh near uttapitchewayne. Truly he is there I do not lie.  
Spaughtynere keragh werowance mawmarinough kekaten wawgh peyaquaugh. Run you then to the king mawmarynough and bid him come hither.  
Vtteke, epeya weyack wighwhip. Get you go, and come again quickly.  
Kekaten pokahontas patiaquagh niugh tanks manotyens near mowchick rawrenock audowgh. Bid Pocahontas bring hither two little Baskets, & I will give her white beads to make her a chain.   
FINIS.   


VIRGINIA    

THE DESCRIPTION OF VIRGINIA BY CAPTAIN SMITH.  
VIRGINIA is a Country in America that lieth between the degrees of 34 and 44 of the north latitude. 
The latitude.  The bounds thereof on the East side are the great Ocean. On the South lieth Florida: on the North nova Francia. As for the West thereof, the limits are unknown. Of all this country we purpose not to speak, but only of that part which was planted by the English men in the year of our Lord, 1606. And this is under the degrees 37. 38. and 39 The temperature of this country doth agreed well with English constitutions being once seasoned to the country. Which appeared by this, that though by many occasions our people fell sick; yet did they recover by very small means & continued in health, though there were other great causes, not only to have made them sick, but even to end their days, etc.  
The summer is hot as in Spain; the winter cold as in 
The temperature.  France or England. The heat of summer is in june, julie, and August, but commonly the cool briefs assuage the vehemency of the heat. The chief of winter is half December, january; February, and half March. The cold is extreme sharp, but here the proverb is true that no extreme long continueth.  
In the year 1607. was an extraordinary frost in most of Europe, and this frost was found as extreme in Uirginia. But the next year for 8. or 10. days of ill weather, other 14 days would be as Summer.  
The winds here are variable, but the like thunder and 
The winds.  lightning to purify the air, I have seldom either seen or heard in Europe. From the south-west came the greatest gusts with thunder and heat. The Northwest wind is commonly cool and bringeth fair weather with it. From the North is the greatest cold, and from the East and Southeast as from the Barmadas, fogs and rains.  
Some times there are great droughts other times much rain, yet great necessity of neither, by reason we see not but that all the variety of needful fruits in Europe may be there in great plenty by the industry of men, as appeareth by those we there planted.  
There is but one entrance by sea into this country and 
The entrances.  that is at the mouth of a very goodly Bay the wideness whereof is near 18. or 20. miles. The cape on the Southside is called Ccpe Henry in honour of our most noble 
Cape Henry.  Prince. The show of the land there is a white hilly sand like unto the Downs, and along the shores great plenty of Pines and Firres.  
The north Cape is called Cape Charles in honour of the 
Cape Charles.  worthy Duke of York. Within is a country that may have the prerogative over the most pleasant places of Europe, Asia, Africa, or America, for large and pleasant navigable rivers, heaven & earth never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation being of our constitutions, were it fully manured and inhabited by industrious people. here are mountains, hills, plains, valleys, rivers and brooks, all 
The country.  running most pleasantly into a fair Bay compassed but for the mouth with fruitful and delightsome land. In the Bay and rivers are many Isles both great and small, some woody, some plain, most of them low and not inhabited. This Bay lieth North and South in which the water floweth near 200 miles & hath a channel for 140 miles, of depth betwixt 7 and 15 fathom, holding in breadth for the most part 10 or 14 miles. Fron the head of the Bay at the north, the land is mountainous, & so in a manner from thence by a south-west line; So that the more Southward, the farther of from the Bay are those mounetaines. From which fall certain brooks which after come to five principal navigable rivers. These run from the Northwest into the South east, and so into the west side of the Bay, where the fall of every River is within 20 or 15 miles one of another.  
The mountains are of divers natures for at the head of 
The mountains.  the Bay the rocks are of a composition like milnstones. Some of marble, etc. And many pieces of crystal we found as thrown down by water from the mountains. For in winter these mountains are covered with much snow, & when it dissolveth the waters fall with such violence, that it causeth great inundations in the narrow valleys which yet is scarce perceived being once in the rivers. These waters wash from the rocks such glistering tinctures that the ground in some places seemeth as guilded, where both the rocks and the earth are so splendent to behold, that better judgements than ours might have been persuaded, they contained more than probabilities. The vesture of the earth in most places doth manifestly prove the nature of the soil to be lusty and very rich. The colour of the earth we found 
The soil.  in divers places, resembleth bowl Armoniac, terra sigillata ad lemnia, Fuller's earth marvel and diverse other such appearances. But generally for the most part the earth is a black sandy mould, in some places a fat slimy clay, in other places a very barren gravelli. But the best ground is known by the vesture it beareth, as by the greatness of trees or abundance of weeds, etc.  
The country is not mountainous nor yet low but such 
The valleys.  pleasant plain hills & fertile valleys, one prettily crossing an other, and watered so conveniently with their sweet brooks and crystal springs, as if art itself had devised them. By the rivers are many plain marshes containing 
Plains.  some 20 some 100 some 200 Acres, some more, some less. Other plains there are few, but only where the Savages inhabit: but all overgrown with trees and weeds being a plain wilderness as God first made it.  
On the west side of the Bay, we said were 5. fair and delightful navigable rivers, of which we will now proceed to report. The first of those rivers and the next to the mouth of the Bay hath his course from the West and by North. The name of this river they call Powhatan accorto 
The river Powhatan.  the name of a principal country that lieth upon it. The mouth of this river is near three miles in breadth, yet do the shoules force the Channel so near the land that a Sacre will overshoot it at point blank. This river is navigable 100 miles, the shouldes and soundings are here needless to be expressed. It falleth from Rocks far west in a country inhabited by a nation that they call Monacan. But where it cometh into our discovery it is Powhatan. In the farthest place that was diligently observed, are falls, rocks, shoals, etc. which makes it past navigation any higher. Thence in the running downward, the river is enriched with many goodly brooks, which are maintained by an infinite number of small rundles and pleasant springs that disperse themselves for best service, as do the veins of a man's body. From the South there falls into this river. First 
The branches.  the pleasant river of Apamatuck. next more to the East are the two rivers of Quiyoughcohanocke. A little farther is a Bay wherein falleth 3 or 4 pretty brooks & creeks that half entrench the Inhabitants of Warraskoyac than the river of Nandsamund, and lastly the brook of Chisapeack. From the North side is the river of Chickahamania, the back river of james Town; another by the Cedar Isle, where we lived 10 weeks upon oysters, than a convenient harbour for fisher boats or small boats at Kecoughtan, that so conveniently turneth itself into Bays and Creeks that make that place very pleasant to inhabit, their cornefields being girded therein in a manner as peninsula's. The most of these rivers are inhabited by several nations, or rather families. Of the name of the rivers. They have also in every of those places some Governor, as their king, which they call Werowances. In a Peninsula on the North side of this 
james Town.  river are the English planted in a place by them called james Town, in honour of the Kings most excellent Majesty, upon which side are also many places under the Werowances.  
The first and next the river's mouth are the Kecoughtans, 
The several inhabitants.  who besides their women and children, have not past 20. fight men. The Paspaheghes on whose land is seated the English Colony, some 40. miles from the Bay have not past 40. The river called Chickahamania near 200. The Weanocks 100 The Arrowhatocks 30. The place called Powhatan, some 40. On the South side this river the Appamatucks have 60 fight men. The Quiyougcohanocks, 25. The Warraskoyacks 40. The Nandsamunds' 200. The Chesapeacks are able to make 100 Of this last place the Bay beareth the name. In all these places is a several commander, which they call Werowance, except the Chickhamanians, who are governed by the Priests and their Assistants of their Elders called Caw-cawwassoughes. In summer no place affordeth more plenty of Sturgeon, nor in winter more abundance of fowl, especially in the time of frost. There was once taken 52 Sturgeons at a draft, at another draft 68 From the later end of May till the end of june are taken few, but young Sturgeons of 2 foot or a yard long. From thence till the midst of September, them of 2 or three yards long and few others. And in 4 or 5 hours with one net were ordinarily taken 7 or 8: often more, seldom less. In the small rivers all the year there is good plenty of small fish, so that with hooks those that would take pains had sufficient.  
Fourteen miles Northward from the river Powhatan, 
R. Pamaunke.  is the river Pamaunke, which is navigable 60 or 70 miles, but with Catches and small Barks, 30 or 40 miles farther. At the ordinary flowing of the salt water, it divideth itself into two gallant branches. On the South side inhabit the people of Youghtanund, who have about 60 men for 
The inhabitants.  wars. On the North branch Mattapament, who have 30 men. Where this river is divided the Country is called Pamavuke, and nourisheth near 300 able men. About 25 miles lower on the North side of this river is Werawocomoco, where their great King inhabited when Captain Smith was delivered him prisoner; yet there are not past 40 able men. But now he hath abandoned that, and liveth at Orapakes by Youghtanund in the wilderness; 10 or 12 miles lower; on the South side of this river is Chiskiack, which hath some 40 or 50 men. These, as also Apamatuck, Irrohatock, and Powhatan, are their great kings chief alliance and inhabitant. The rest (as they report) his Conquests.  
Before we come to the third river that falleth from the 
Payankatank. R  mountains, there is another river (some 30 miles navigable) that cometh from the Inland, the river is called Payankatanke, the Inhabitants are about some 40 serviceable men.  
The third navigable river is called Toppahanock. (This 
Toppahanock. R  is navigable some 130 miles) At the top of it inhabit the people called Mannahoackes amongst the mountains, but they are above the place we describe. Upon this river on the North side are seated a people called Cuttatawomen, 
The inhabitants  with 30 fight men. Higher on the river are the Moraughtacunds, with 80 able men. Beyond them Toppahanock with 100 men. Far above is another Cuttatawomen with 20 men. On the South, far within the river is Nautaughtacund having 150 men. This river also as the two former, is replenished with fish and foul.  
The fourth river is called Patawomeke & is 6 or 7 miles in breadth. It is navigable 140 miles, & fed as the rest with 
Patawomek, R.  many sweet rivers and springs, which fall from the bordering hills. These hills many of them are planted, and yield no less plenty and variety of fruit then the river exceedeth with abundance of fish. This river is inhabited on both sides. First on the South side at the very entrance is Wighcocomoco & hath some 130 men, beyond them Sekacawone with 30. The Onawmanient with 100 Than Patawomeke 
The inhabitants  with 160 able men. Here doth the river divide itself in to 3 or 4 convenient rivers; The greatest of the lest is called Quiyough treadeth north west, but the river itself turneth North east and is still a navigable stream. On the western side of this bought is Tauxenent with 40 men. On the north of this river is Secowocomoco with 40 men. Some what further Potapaco with 20. In the East part of the bought of the river, is Pamacacack with 60 men, After Moy owances with 100 And lastly Nacotchtanke with 80 able men. The river 10 miles above this place maketh his passage down a low pleasant valley overshaddowed in many places with high rocky mountains; from whence distill innumerable sweet and pleasant springs,  
The fifth river is called Pawtuxunt, and is of a less proportion 
Pawtuxunt, R.  than the rest; but the channel is 16 or 18 fathom deep in some places. Here are infinite skulls of diverse kinds of fish more than elsewhere. Upon this river devil the people called Acquintanacksuak, Pawtuxunt and Mattapanient. 200 men was the greatest strength that could be there perceived. But they inhabit together, and not so dispersed as the rest. These of all other were found the most civil to give entertainment.  
Thirty leagues Northward is a river not inhabited, yet navigable; 
Bolus, R.  for the read earth or clay resembling bowl Armoniac the English called it Bolus. At the end of the Bay where 
The head of the Bay.  it is 6 or 7 miles in breadth, there fall into it 4 small rivers, 3 of them issuing from divers bogs environed with high mountains. There is one that cometh du north 3 or 4. days journey from the head of the Bay and false from rocks & mountains, upon this river inhabit a people called Sasquesahanock. They are seated 2 days higher than was passage 
Sasquesahanock.  for the discoverers Barge, which was hardly 2 toons, and had in it but 12 men to perform this discovery, wherein they lay above the space of 12 weeks upon those great waters in those unknown Countries, having nothing but a little meal or oatmeal and water to feed them; & scarce half sufficient of that for half that time, but that by the Savages and by the plenty of fish they found in all places, they made themselves provision as opportunity served; yet had they not a mariner or any that had skill to trim their sails, use their oars, or any business belonging to the Barge, but 2 or 3. The rest being Gentlemen or as ignorant in such toil and labour, yet necessity in a short time by their captains diligence and example, taught them to become so perfect, that what they did by such small means, I leave to the censure of the Reader to judge by this discourse and the annexed Map. But to proceed, 60 of those Sasquesahanocks, came to the discoverers with skins, Bows, Arrows, Targets, Beads, Swords, and Tobacco pipes for presents. Such great and well proportioned men, are seldom seen, for they seemed like Giants to the English, yea and to the neighbours, yet seemed of an honest & simple disposition, with much ado restrained from adoring the discoverers as Gods. Those are the most strange people of all those Countries, both in language and attire; for their language it may well beseem their proportions, sounding from them, as it were a great voice in a vault, or cave, as an Echo. Their attire is the skins of Bears, and 
The description of a Sasquesa hanough.  Wolves, some have Cassocks made of bears heads and skins that a man's neck goes through the skins neck, and the ears of the bear fastened to his shoulders behind, the nose and teeth hanging down his breast, and at the end of the nose hung a bears Paw, the half sleeves coming to the elbows were the necks of Bears and the arms through the mouth with paws hanging at their noses. One had the head of a Wolf hanging in a chain for a jewel, his Tobacco pipe 3 quarters of a yard long, prettily carved with a Bird, a Bear, a Dear, or some such devise at the great end, sufficient to beaten out the brains of a man, with bows, and arrows, and clubs, suitable to their greatness and conditions. These are scarce known to Powhatan. They can make near 600 able and mighty men and are pallisadoed in their Towns to defend them from the Massawomekes their mortal enemies. 5 of their chief Werowances came aboard the discoverers and crossed the Bay in their Barge. The picture of the greatest of them is signified in the Map. The calf of whose leg was 3 quarters of a yard about, and all the rest of his limbs so answerable to that proportion, that he seemed the goodliest man that ever we beheld. His hair, the one side was long, the other shore close with a ridge over his crown like a cock's comb. His arrows were five quarters long, headed with flints or splinters of stones, in form like a heart, an inch broad, and an inch and a half or more long. These he wore in a wolves skin at his back for his quiver, his bow in the one hand and his club in the other, as is described.  
On the East side the Bay is the river of Tockwhogh, & 
Tockwhagh. R.  upon it a people that can make 100 men, seated some 7 miles within the river: where they have a Fort very well pallisadoed and mantelled with the bark of trees. Next to them is Ozinies with 60 men. Moore to the South of that East side of the Bay, the river of Rapahanock, near unto 
Rapahanock. R. Kuskarawaock. R. Wighcocomoco. R.  which is the river of Kuskarawaock. Upon which is seated a people with 200 men. After that is the river of Tants Wighcocomoco, and on it a people with 100 men. The people of those rivers are of little stature, of another language from the rest, and very rude. But they on the river of Acohanock with 40 men, and they of Accomack 80 men doth 
Accomack. R.  equalize any of the Territories of Powhatan & speak his language, who over all those doth rule as king.  
Southward they went to some parts of Chawonock and 
Chawonock.  the Mangoags to search them there left by Sr Walter Raleigh; for those parts to the Town of Chisapeack hath formerly been discovered by Mr Heriots and Sr Ralph lain. Among those people are thus many several nations of sundry languages, that environ powhatan's Territories. 
The several languages.  The Chawonokes, the Mangoags, the Monacans, the Mannahokes, the Masawomekes, the Powhatans, the Sasquesahanocks, the Atquanachukes, the Tockwoghes, and the Kuscarawaokes. All those not any one understandeth another but by Interpreters. Their several habitations are more plainly described by this annexed Map, which will present to the eye, the way of the mountains and current of the rivers, with their several turnings, bays, shoules, Isles, Inlets, and creeks, the breadth of the waters, the distances of places and such like. In which Map observe this, that as far as you see the little Crosses on rivers, mountains, or other places have been discovered; the rest was had by information of the Savages, and are set down, according to their instructions.  

Of such things which are natural in Uirginia and how they use them.  
Uirginia doth afford many excellent vegetables and living Creatures, yet grass there is little or none, but what groweth in low Marshes: for all the Country is overgrown 
Why there is little grass.  with trees, whose droppings continually turneth their grass to weeds, by reason of the rancknesse of the ground which would soon be amended by good husbandry. The wood that is most common is Oak and Walnut, 
Weeds with their fruits.  many of their Oaks are so tall and strait, that they will bear two foot and a half square of good timber for 20 yards long; Of this wood there is 2 or 3 several kinds. The Acorns of one kind, whose bark is more white, than the other, is somewhat sweetish, which being boiled half a day in several waters, at last afford a sweet oil, which they keep in goards to anoint their heads and joints. The fruit they eat made in bread or otherwise. There is also some Elm, some black walnut tree, and some Ash: of Ash 
Elm.  and Elm they make soap Ashes. If the trees be very great, the ashes will be good, and melt to hard lumps, but if they be small, it will be but powder, and not so good as the other. Of walnuts there is 2 or 3 kinds; there is a kind of 
Walnuts. Supposed Cypress  wood we called Cypress, because both the wood, the fruit, and leaf did most resemble it, and of those trees there are some near 3 fathom about at the root very strait, and 50, 60, or 80 foot without a branch. By the dwelling of the Savages are some great Mulberry trees, and in some parts of the Country, they are found growing naturally 
Mulberries.  in pretty groves. There was an assay made to make silk, & and surely the worms prospered excellent well, till the master workman fell sick. During which time they were eaten with rats.  
In some parts were found some Chestnuts whose wild fruit 
Chestnuts.  equalize the best in France, Spain, Germany, or Italy, to their tastes that had tasted them all. Plumbs there are of 3 sorts. The read and white are like our hedge plumbs, but the other which they call Putchamins, grow as high as a Palmeta: the fruit is like a meddler; it is first green then yellow, and read when it is ripe; if it be not ripe it will draw a man's mouth awry, with much torment, but when it is ripe, it is as delicious as an Apricock.  
They have Cherries and those are much like a Damsen, 
Cherries.  but for their tastes and colour we called them Cherries. we see some few Crabs, but very small and bitter. Of vines 
Vines.  great abundance in many parts that climb the tops of the highest trees in some places, but these bear but few grapes. But by the rivers and Savage habitations where they are not overshadowed from the sun, they are covered with fruit, though never pruned nor manured. Of those hedge grapes we made near 20 gallons of wine, which was near as good as your French British wine, but certainly they would prove good were they well manured. There is another sort of grape near as great as a Cherry, this they call Messaminnes, they be fat, and the juice thick. Neither doth the taste so well please when they are made in wine. They have a small fruit growing on little trees, husked like a Chestnut, but the fruit most like a very 
Chechinquaens  small acorn. This they call Chechinquamins which they esteem a great dainty. They have a berry much like our gooseberry, in greatness, colour, and taste; those they call Rawcomenes, and do eat them raw or boiled. Of these natural fruits they live a great part of the year, which they 
Rawcomens'  use in this manner, The walnuts, Chestnuts, Acorns, and 
How they use their fruits  Chechinquamen are dried to keep. When they need them they break them between two stones, yet some part of the walnut shells will cleave to the fruit. Than do they dry them again upon a mat over a hurdle. After they put it into a mortar of wood, and beaten it very small: that done they mix it with water, that the shells may sink to the bottom. This water will be coloured as milk, which they call Pawcohiscora, and keep it for their use. The fruit like meddlers 
Walnut milk.  they call Putchamins, they cast upon hurdles on a mat and preserve them as Prunes. Of their Chestnuts and Chechinquamen boiled 4 hours, they make both broth and bread for their chief men, or at their greatest feasts. Besides those fruit trees, there is a white popular, and another tree like unto it, that yieldeth a very clear and an odoriferous Gum like Turpentine, which some called Balsom. 
Gums. Cedars. Saxafras trees.  There are also Cedars and Saxafras-trees. They also yield gums in a small proportion of themselves. We tried conclusions to extract it out of the wood, but nature afforded more than our arts.  
In the marry valleys groweth a berry which they call Qcoughtanamnis very much like unto Capers. These they 
Berries.  dry in summer. When they will eat them they boil them near half a day; for otherwise they differ not much from poison. Mattoume groweth as our bents do in meadows. The seed is not much unlike to rye, though much smaller. 
Matoume.  this they use for a dainty bread buttered with dear suet.  
During Summer there are either strawberries which ripen 
Strawberries  in April; or mulberries which ripen in May & june. Raspises hurts; or a fruit that the Inhabitants call Maracocks, which is a pleasant wholesome fruit much like a lemond. Many herbs in the spring time there are commonly dispersed throughout the woods, good for broths and salads, as 
Herbs.  Violets, Purslin, sorrel, etc. Besides many we used whose names we know not.  
The chief root they have for food is called Tockawhoughe, 
roots.  It groweth like a flag in low muddy freshes. In one day a Savage will gather sufficient for a week. These roots are much of the greatness & taste of Potatoes. They use to cover a great many of them with oak leaves & fern, and then cover all with earth in the manner of a coal-pit; over it, on each side, they continued a great fire 24 hours before they dare eat it. Raw it is no better than poison, & being roasted, except it be tender and the heat abated, or sliced and dried in the sun, mixed with sorrel and meal or such like, it will prickle and torment the throat extremely, and yet in summer they use this ordinarily for bread.  
They have an other root which they call wighsacan: as 
Wighsacan a▪ Root.  tother feedeth the body, so this cureth their hurts & diseases. It is a small root which they bruise and apply to the wound. Pocones, is a small root that groweth in the mountains, 
Pocones' a small Root.  which being dried & beat in powder turneth read. And this they use for swellings, aches, anointing their joints, painting their heads and garments. They accounted it very precious and of much worth. Musquaspenne is a root of the bigness of a finger, and as read as blood. In drying it 
Musquaspenne. a Root.  will whither almost to nothing. This they use to paint their Mats, Targets and such like.  
There is also Pellitory of Spain, Safafrage, and divers other 
Pellitory. Sasafrage.  simples, which the Apothecaries gathered, and commended to be good, and medicinable.  
In the low Marshes grow plots of Onions containing 
Onions.  an acre of ground or more in many places; but they are small not past the bigness of the Top of ones Thumb.  
Of beasts the chief are Dear, nothing differing from 
Their chief beasts are Dear  ours. In the deserts towards the heads of the rivers, there are many, but amongst the rivers few. There is a beast they call Aroughcun, much like a badger, but useth to live on trees as 
Aroughcun. Squirrels.  Squirrels do. Their Squirrels some are near as great as our small est sort of wild rabbits, some blackish or black and white, but the most are grey.  
A small beast they have, they call Assapanick but we call them flying squirrels, because spreading their legs, and so 
Assapanick a Squirrel flying  stretching the largeness of their skins that they have been seen to fly 30 or 40 yards. An Opassom hath a head like a Swine, & a tail like a Rat, and is of the bigness of a Cat. Under 
Opassom.  her belly she hath a bag, wherein she lodgeth, carrieth, and sucketh her young. Mussascus, is a beast of the form and nature of our water Rats, but many of them smell 
Mussascus.  exceeding strongly of musk. Their Hares no bigger than our Coneys, and few of them to be found.  
Their Bears are very little in comparison of those of Muscovia and Tartary. The Beaver is as big as 
Bears. The Beaver.  an ordinary water dog, but his legs exceeding short. His fore feet like a dogs, his hinder feet like a Swans. His tail somewhat like the form of a Racket bore without hair, which to eat the Savages esteem a great delicate. They have many Otters which as the Beavers they take with snares, and esteem the skins great ornaments, and 
Otters.  of all those beasts they use to feed when they catch them.  
There is also a beast they call Vetchunquoyes in the form of a wild Cat, their Foxes are like our silver haired Coneys 
Vetchunquoyes. Foxes. Dogs.  of a small proportion, and not smelling like those in England. Their Dogs of that country are like their Wolves, and cannot bark but howl, and their wolves not much bigger than our English Foxes. Martin's, Powlecats, weessels 
Martin's. Polecats. Weasels. and Minx.  and Minx we know they have, because we have seen many of their skins, though very seldom any of them alive. But one thing is strange that we could never perceive their vermin destroy our hens, Eggs nor Chickens nor do any hurt, nor their flies nor serpents any way pernicious, where in the South parts of America they are always dangerous and often deadly.  
Of birds the Eagle is the greatest devourer. Hawks 
Birds.  there be of diverse sorts as our Falconers called them. sparowhawks, Lanarets, goshawks, Falcons & Osperayes, but they all pray most upon fish. Patrridges there are little bigger than our Quails, wild Turkeys are as big as our tame. There are woosels or blackbirds with read shoulders, thrushes and diverse sorts of small birds, some read, some blue, scarce so big as a wren, but few in Summer. In winter there are great plenty of Swans, Craynes, grey and white with black wings, Herons, Geese, Brants, Duck, Widgeon, Dotterell, Oxeies, Parrots and Pigeons. Of all those sorts great abundance, and some other strange kinds to us unknown by name. But in summer not any or a very few to be seen.  
Of fish we were best acquainted with Sturgeon, Grampus, 
Fish.  Porpus, seals, Stingrays, whose tails are very dangerous. Brettes, mullets, white Salmonds, Trout, Soles, Plaice, Herrings, Conyfish, Rockfish, eels, Lampreys, Catfish, Shades, Perch of 3 sorts, Crabs, Shrimps, Crevices, Oysters, Cocles and Muscles. But the most strange fish is a small one so like the picture of S. George his Dragon, as possible can be, except his legs and wings, and the Todefish which will swell till it be like to burst, when it cometh into the air.  
Concerning the entrails of the earth little can be said for certainty. There wanted good Refiners. for these that 
The Rocks.  took upon them to have skill this way, took up the washing from the mounetaines and some moskered shining stones and spangles which the waters brought down, flattering themselves in their own vain conceits to have been supposed that they were not, by the means of that ore, if it proved as their arts and judgements expected. Only this is certain, that many regions lying in the same latitude, afford mines very rich of diverse natures. The crust also of these rocks would easily persuade a man to believe there are other mines than iron and steel, if there were but means and men of experience that knew the mine from spare.   

Of their Planted fruits in Uirginia and how they use them.  
They divide the year into 5. seasons. Their winter some call Popanow, the spring Cattapeuk, the summer Cohattayough, 
How they divide the year.  the caring of their Corn Nepinough, the harvest & fall of leaf Taquitock. From September until the midst of November are the chief Feasts and sacrifice. Than have they plenty of fruits as well planted as natural, as corn, green and ripe, fish, fowl, and wild beasts exceeding fat.  
The greatest labour they take, is in planting their corn, for the country naturally is overgrown with wood. To 
How they prepare the ground  prepare the ground they bruise the bark of the trees near the root, then do they scorch the roots with fire that they grow no more. The next year with a crooked piece of wood, they beaten up the woods by the roots, and in that moulds they plant their corn. Their manner is this. They make a hole in the earth with a stick, and into it they put 4 grains of wheat, and 2 of beans. These holes they make 4 foot one from another; Their women and children do continually keep it with weeding, & when it is grown middle high, they hill it about like a hop-yard.  
In April they begin to plant, but their chief plantation is in May, and so they continued till the midst of june. What 
How they plant  they plant in April they reap in August, for May in September, for june in October; Every stalk of their corn commonly beareth two ears, some 3, seldom any 4, many but one & some none. Every ear ordinarily hath betwixt 200 and 500 grains. The stalk being green hath a sweet juice in it, somewhat like a sugar Cane, which is the cause that when they gather their corn green, they suck the stalks: for as we gather green pease so do they their corn being green, which excelleth their old. They plant also pease they call Assetamen, which are the same they call in Italy', Fagioli. Their Beans are the same the Turks call Garnanses, but these they much esteem for dainties.  
Their corn they roast in the ear green, and bruising it in a mortar of wood with a Polt, lap it in rolls in the 
How they use their corn.  leaves of their corn, and so boil it for a dainty. They also reserve that corn late planted that will not ripe, by toasting it in hot ashes, the heat thereof drying it. In winter they esteem it being boiled with beans for a rare dish, they call Pausarowmena. Their old wheat they first steep a night in hot water, in the morning pounding it in a mortar. They use a small basket for their Thameses, than pound again the great, and so separating by dashing their hand in the basket, receive the flower in a platter made of wood scraped to that form with burning and shells. Tempering this flower with water, they make it either in cakes covering them with ashes till they be baked, and then washing them in fair water they dry presently with their own heat: or else boil them in water eating the broth with the bread which they call Ponap. The grouts and pieces of the corns remaining, by fanning in a Platter or in the wind, away, the bran they boil 3 or 4 hours with water, which is an ordinary food they call Ustatahamen. But some more thrifty than cleanly, do burn the core of the ear to powder which they call Pungnough, mingling that in their meal, but it never tasted well in bread, nor broth. Their fish and flesh they boil either very tenderly, 
How they use their fish and flesh.  or broil it so long on hurdles over the fire, or else after the Spanish fashion, putting it on a spit, they turn first the one side, than the other, till it be as dry as their jerkin beef in the west Indies, that they may keep it a month or more without putrefying. The broth of fish or flesh they eat as commonly as the meat.  
In May also amongst their corn they plant Pumpeons, 
Planted fruits.  and a fruit like unto a musk millen, but less and worse, which they call Macocks. These increase exceedingly, & ripen in the beginning of july, and continued until September. They plant also Maracocks a wild fruit like a lemon, which also increase infinitely. They begin to ripe in September and continued till the end of October. When all their fruits be gathered, little else they plant, & this is done by their women and children; neither doth this long suffice them, for near 3 parts of the year, they only observe times and seasons, and live of what the Country naturally affordeth from hand to mouth, etc.   

The commodities in Uirginia or that may be had by industry.  
The mildness of the air, the fertility of the soil, and the situation of the rivers are so propitious to the nature & use of man as no place is more convenient for pleasure, profit, and man's sustenance. Under that latitude or climate, here will live any beasts, as horses, goats, sheep, asses, hens, 
A proof cattle will live well.  etc. as appeared by them that were carried thither. The waters, Isles, and shoals, are full of safe harbours for ships of war or merchandise, for boats of all sorts, for transportation or fishing, etc. The Bay and rivers have much marchandable fish and places fit for Salt coats, building of ships, making of iron, etc.  
Muscovia and Polonia do yearly receive many thousands, for pitch, tar, soap ashes, Rosen, Flax, Cordage, 
The commodities.  Sturgeon, masts, yards, wainscot, Firres, glass, & such like, also Swethland for iron and copper. France in like manner for Wine, Canvas, and Salt, Spain as much for Iron, Steele, Figs, Reasons, and Sacks. Italy with Silks, and Velvers consumes our chief commodities. Holland maintains itself by fishing and trading at our own doors. All these temporize with other for necessities, but all as uncertain as peace or wars. Besides the charge, travel, and danger in transporting them, by seas, lands, storms, and Pirates. Than how much hath Virginia the prerogative of all those flourishing kingdoms for the benefit of our land, whenas within one hundred miles all those are to be had, either ready provided by nature, or else to be prepared, were there but industrious men to labour. Only of Copper we may doubt is wanting, but there is good probability that both copper and better murals are there to be had for their labour. Other Countries have it. So then here is a place a nurse for soldiers, a practice for martiners, a trade for merchants, a reward for the good, and that which is most of all, a business (most acceptable to God) to bring such poor infidels to the true knowledge of God and his holy Gospel.   

Of the natural Inhabitants of Virginia.  
The land is not populous, for the men be few; their far greater number is of women & children. Within 60 miles of james Town there are about some 5000 people, but of able men fit for their wars scarce 1500. To nourish so 
The numbers.  many together they have yet no means because they make so small a benefit of their land, be it never so fertile. 6 or 700 
700 men were the most were seen together when they thought to have surprised Captain Smith. A description of the people.  have been the most hath been seen together, when they gathered themselves to have surprised Captain Smyth at Pamavuke, having but 15 to withstand the worst of their fury. As small as the proportion of ground that hath yet been discovered, is in comparison of that yet unknown. The people differ very much in stature, especially in language, as before is expressed. Some being very great as the Sesquesahamocks; others very little, as the Wighcocomocoes: but generally tall and strait, of a comely proportion, & of a colour brown when they are of any age, but they are borne white. Their hair is generally black, but few have any beards. The men wear half their heads shaved, the 
The barbers.  other half long; for Barbers they use their women, who with 2 shells will grate away the hair, of any fashion they please. The women are cut in many fashions agreeable to their years, but ever some part remaineth long. They are 
The constitution  very strong, of an able body and full of agility, able to endure to lie in the woods under a tree by the fire, in the worst of winter, or in the weeds and grass, in Ambuscado in the Summer. They are inconstant in every 
The disposition.  thing, but what fear constraineth them to keep. Crafty, timorous, quick of apprehension & very ingenuous. Some are of disposition fearful, some bold, most cautelous, all Savage. Generally covetous of coppeer, beads, & such like trash. They are soon moved to anger, and so malicious, that they seldom forget an injury: they seldom steal one from another, lest their conjurers should reveal it, and so they be pursued and punished. That they are thus feared is certain, but that any can reveal their offences by conjuration I am doubtful. Their women are careful not to be suspected of dishonesty without the leave of their husbands. Each household knoweth their own lands & gardens, and most live of their own labours. For their apparel, 
The possessions  they are some time covered with the skins of wild beasts, which in winter are dressed with the hair, but in summer without. The better sort use large mantles of dear 
Their attire.  skins not much differing in fashion from the Irish mantles. Some embroidered with white beads, some with copper, other painted after their manner. But the common sort have scarce to cover their nakedness but with grass, the leaves of trees, or such like. We have seen some use mantles made of Turkey feathers, so prettily wrought and woven with threads that nothing could be discerned but the feathers. That was exceeding warm and very handsome. But the women are always covered about their midles with a skin and very shamefast to be seen bore. They adorn themselves most with copper beads and paintings. Their women some 
Their ornaments  have their legs, hands, breasts and face cunningly embroidered with diverse works, as beasts, serpents, artificially wrought into their flesh with black spots. In each ear commonly they have 3 great holes, whereat they hang chains bracelets or copper. Some of their men wear in those holes, a small green & yellow coloured snake, near half a yard in length, which crawling & lapping herself about his neck often times familiarly would kiss his lips. Others wear a dead Rat tied by the tail. Sun on their heads wear the wing of a bird, or some large feather with a Rattle. Those Rattles are somewhat like the chape of a Rapier but less, which they take from the tail of a snake. Many have the whole skin of a hawk or some strange soul, stuffed with the wings abroad. Others a broad piece of copper, and some the hand of their enemy dried. Their heads and shoulders are painted read with the root Bocone brayed to powder mixed with oil, this they hold in summer to preserve them from the heat, and in winter from the cold. Many other forms of paintings they use, but he is the most gallant that is the most monstrous to behold.  
Their buildings & habitations are for the most part by 
Their buildings  the rivers or not far distant from some fresh spring. Their houses are built like our Arbours of small young springs bowed and tied, and so close covered with mats, or the barks of trees very handsomely, that notwithstanding either wind, rain or weather, they are as warm as stooves, but very smoky, yet at the top of the house there is a hole made for the smoke to go into right over the fire.  
Against the fire they lie on little hurdles of Reeds covered 
Their lodgings.  with a mat borne from the ground a foot and more by a hurdle of wood. On these round about the house they lie heads and points one by that her against the fire, some covered with mats, some with skins, and some stark naked lie on the ground, from 6 to 20 in a house. Their houses are in the midst of their fields or gardens which are small plots 
Their garden.  of ground. Some 20, some 40. some 100 some 200. some more, some less, some times from 2 to 100 of those houses together, or but a little separated by groves of trees. Near their habitations is little small-wood or old trees on the ground by reason of their burning of them for fire. So that a man may gallop a horse amongst these woods any way, but where the creeks or Rivers shall hinder.  
Men women and children have their several names according 
How they use their children.  to the several humour of their Parents. Their women (they say) are easily delivered of child, yet do they love children very dearly. To make them hardy, in the coldest mornings they then wash in the rivers and by painting and ointments so can their skins, that after a year or two, no weather will hurt them.  
The men bestow their times in fishing, hunting, wars & 
The industry of their women.  such manlike exercises, scorning to be seen in any woman like exercise, which is the cause that the women be very painful and the men often idle. The women and children do the rest of the work. They make mats, baskets, pots, mortars, pound their corn, make their bread, prepare their victuals, plant their corn, gather their corn, bear all kind of burdens and such like.  
Their fire they kindle presently by chase a dry pointed stick in a hole of a little square piece of wood, that firing 
How they strike fire.  itself, will so fire moss, leaves, or any such like dry thing, that will quickly burn. In March and April they live much upon their fishing, wears, and feed on fish, Turkeys 
Their order of diet.  and squirrels. In May and june they plant their fields and live most of Acorns, walnuts, and fish. But to mend their diet, some disperse themselves in small companies & live upon fish, beasts, crabs, oysters, land Torteyses, strawberries, mulberries, & such like. In june, julie, and August they feed upon the roots of Tocknough berries, fish and green wheat. It is strange to see how their bodies altar with their diet, even as the dear and wild beasts they seem fat and lean, strong and weak. Powhatan their great king and some others that are provident, roast their fish and flesh upon hurdles as before is expressed, and keep it till scarce times.  
For fishing and hunting and wars they use much their bow and arrows. They bring their bows to the form of 
How they make their bows and arrows.  ours by the scraping of a shell. Their arrows are made some of strait young sprigs which they head with bone, some 2 or 3 inches long. These they use to shoot at squirrels on trees. An other sort of arrows they use made of reeds. These are peeced with wood, headed with splinters of crystal or some sharp stone, the spurs of a Turkey, or the bill of some bird. For his knife he hath the splinter 
Their knives.  of a reed to cut his feathers in form. With this knife also, he will joint a Dear or any beast, shape his shoes, buskins, mantles, etc. To make the noch of his arrow he hath the tooth of a Beaver, set in a stick, wherewith he grateth it by degrees, His arrow head he quickly maketh with a little bone, which he ever weareth at his bracer, of any splint of a stone, or glass in the form of a heart and these they glue to the end of their arrows. With the sinews of Dear, and the tops of deer's horns boiled to a jelly, they make a glue that will not dissolve in cold water.  
For their wars also they use Targets that are round and 
Their Targets and Swords.  made of the barks of trees, and a sword of wood at their backs, but oftentimes they use for swords the horn of a Dear put through a piece of wood in form of a Pickaxe. Some a long stone sharpened at both ends used in the same manner. This they were wont to use also for hatchets, but now by trucking they have plenty of the same form of iron. And those are their chief instruments and arms.  
Their fishing is much in Boats. These they make of one 
Their boats.  tree by bowing & scratching away the coals with stones & shells till they have made it in form of a Trough. Some of them are an ell deep, and 40 or 50 foot in length, and some will bear 40 men, but the most ordinary are smaller and will bear 10, 20, or 30. according to their bigness. Instead of oars, they use paddles and sticks with which they will row faster than our Barges. Betwixt their hands and thighs, their women use to spin, the barks of trees, dear 
How they spin.  sinews, or a kind of grass they call Pemmenaw, of these they make a thread very even & readily. This thread serveth for many uses. As about their housing, apparel, as also they make nets for fishing, for the quantity as formally braded as ours. They make also with it lines for angles. Their 
Their fishooker.  hooks are either a bone grated as they knock, their arrows in the form of a crooked pin or fishook or, of the splinter of a bone tied to the cleft of a little stick, and with the end of the line, they tie on the bate. They use also long arrows tied in a line wherewith they shoot at fish in the rivers. But they of Accawmack use staves like unto javelins headed with bone. With these they dart fish swimming in the water. They have also many artificial wears in which they get abundance of fish.  
In their hunting and fishing they take extreme pains; yet it being their ordinary exercise from their infancy, they esteem it a pleasure and are very proud to be expert therein. And by their continual ranging, and travel, they know all the advantages and places most frequented with Dear, Beasts, Fish, Foule, roots, and Berries. At their hunt they leave their habitations, and reduce themselves into companies, as the Tartars do, and go to the most desert 
How they hunt  places with their families, where they spend their time in hunting and fowling up towards the mountains, by the heads of their rivers, where there is plenty of game. For betwixt the rivers the grounds are so narrow, that little cometh there which they devour not. It is a marvel they can so directly pass these deserts, some 3 or 4 days journey without habitation. Their hunting houses are like unto Arbours covered with mats. These their women bear after them, with Corn, Acorns, Mortars, and all bag and baggage they use. When they come to the place of exercise, every man doth his best to show his dexterity, for by their excelling in those qualities, they get their wives. Forty yards will they shoot level, or very near the mark, and 120 is their best at Random. At their hunt in the deserts they are commonly 2 or 300 together. Having found the Dear, they environ them with many fires, and betwixt the fires they place themselves. And some take their stands in the midst. The Dear being thus feared by the fires and their voices, they chase them so long within that circle that many times they kill 6, 8, 10, or 15 at a hunting. They use also to drive them into some narrow point of land; when they found that advantage and so force them into the river, where with their boats they have Ambuscadoes to kill them. When they have shot a Dear by land, they follow him like blood hounds by the blood and strain and oftentimes so take them. Hares, Pattridges, Turkeys, or Eggs, fat or lean, young or old, they devour all they can catch in their power. In one of these hunt they found Captain Smith in the discovery of the head of the river of Chickahamania, where they slew his men, and took him prisoner in a Bogmire, where he saw those exercises, & gathered these observations.  
One Savage hunting alone, useth the skin of a Dear 
One Savage hunting alone.  slit on the one side, and so put on his arm, through the neck, so that his hand comes to the head which is stuffed, and the horns, head, eyes, ears, and every part as artificially counterfeited as they can device. Thus shrouding his body in the skin by stalking he approacheth the Dear, creeping on the ground from one tree to another. If the Dear chance to found fault, or stand at gaze, he turneth the head with his hand to his best advantage to seem like a Dear, also gazing and licking himself. So watching his best advantage to approach, having shot him, he chaseth him by his blood and strain till he get him.  
When they intent any wars, the Werowances usually 
Their consultations.  have the advice of their Priests and Conjurers, and their Allies and ancient friends, but chiefly the Priests determine their rosolution. Every Werowance, or some lusty fellow, they appoint Captain over every nation. They seldom make war for lands or goods, but for women and children, and principally for revenge. They have many enemies, 
Their enemies  namely all their westernely Countries beyond the mountains, and the heads of the rivers. Upon the head of the Powhatans are the Monacans, whose chief habitation is at Russawmeake, unto whom the Mouhemenchughes, the Massinnacacks, the Monahassanuggs, and other nations pay tributes. Upon the head of the river of Toppahanock is a people called Mannahoacks. To these are contributers the Tauxsnitanias, the Shackaconias, the Outponcas, the Tegoneaes, the whonkentya's, the Stegarakes, the Hassinnungas, and diverse others, all confederates with the Monacans though many different in language, and be very barbarous living for most part of wild beasts and fruits: Beyond the mountains from whence is the head of the river Patawomeke, the Savages report inhabit their most mortal enemies, the Massawomekes upon a great salt water, which by 
Massawomekes.  all likelihood is either some part of Commada some great lake, or some inlet of some sea that falleth into the South sea. These Massawomekes are a great nation and very populous. For the heads of all those rivers, especially the Pattawomekes, the Pautuxuntes. The Sasquesahanocks, the Tockwoughes are continually tormented by them: of whose cruelty, they generally complained, and very importunate they were with Captain Smith and his company to free 
Their offer of subjection.  them from these tormentors. To this purpose they offered food, conduct, assistance, & continual subjection. To which he concluded to effect, But the counsel then present emulating his success, would not think it fit to spare him 40 men to be hazarded in those unknown regions, having passed (as before was spoken of) but with 12, & so was lost that opportunity. Seven boats full of these Massawomeks the discoverers encountered at the head of the Bay; whose Targets, Baskets, Swords, Tobaccopipes, Platters, Bows and Arrows, and every thing showed, they much exceedeed them of our parts, and their dexterity in their small boats made of the barks of trees sowed with bark and well luted with gum, argueth that they are seated upon some great water.  
Against all these enemies the Powhatans are constrained sometimes to fight. Their chief attempts are by Stratagems, treacheries, or surprisals. Yet the Werowances, women and children they put not to death but keep them Captives, They have a method in war and for our pleasures they showed it us, and it was in this manner performed at Mattapanient.  
Having painted and disguised themselves in the fiercest 
Their manner of battle.  manner they could device. They divided themselves into two Companies, near a 100 in a company. The one company Called Monacans, the other Powhatans. Either army had their Captain. These as enemies took their stands a musket shot one from another; ranked themselves 15 a breast and each rank from another 4 or 5 yards, not in file, but in the opening betwixt their files, So as the Rear could shoot as conveniently as the Front. Having thus pitched the fields: from either part went a Messenger with these conditions, that whosoever were vanquished, such as escape upon their submission in 2 days after should live, but their wives and children should be prize for the Conquerors. The messengers were no sooner returned, but they approached in their orders; On each flank a Sergeant, and in the Rear an officer for levitenant, all duly keeping their orders, yet leaping & singing after their accustomed tune which they use only in wars. Upon the first flight of arrows they gave such horrible shouts and screeches, as though so many infernal hellhounds could not have made them more terrible. When they had spent their arrows they joined together prettily, charging and retiring, every rank seconding other. As they got advantage they catched their enemies by the hair of the head, and down he came that was taken. His enemy with his wooden sword seemed to beaten out his brains, and still they crept to the Rear, to maintain the skirmish. The Monacans decreasing, the Powhatans charged them in the form of a half moon; they unwilling to be enclosed, fled all in a troup to their Ambuscadoes on whom they led them very cunninngly. The Monacans disperse themselves among the fresh men, whereupon the Powhatans retired, with all speed to their seconds; which the Monacans seeing, took that advantage to retire again to their own battle, and so each returned to their own quarter. All their actions, voices & gestures, both in charging and retiring were so strained to the height of their quality and nature, that the strangeness thereof made it seem very delightful.  
For their music they use a thick cane, on which they pipe as on a Recorder. For their wars they have a great 
Their Music  deep platter of wood. They cover the mouth thereof with a skin, at each corner they tie a walnut, which meeting on the backside near the bottom, with a small rope they twitch them together till it be so taught and stiff, that they may beaten upon it as upon a drum. But their chief instruments are Rattles made of small gourds or pompions shells. Of these they have Base, Tenor, counter-tenor, Mean and Trible. These mingled with their voices sometimes 20 or 30 together, make such a terrible noise as would rather affright then delight any man. If any great commander arrive 
Their entertain meant.  at the habitation of a Werowance, they spread a mat as the Turks do a carpet for him to sit upon. Upon an other right opposite they sit themselves. Than do all with a tunable voice of shouting bid him welcome. After this do 2. or more of their chiefest men make an oration, testifying their love. Which they do with such vehemency & so great passions, that they sweat till they drop, and are so out of breath they can scarce speak. So that a man would take them to be exceeding angry or stark mad. Such victual as they have, they spend freely, & at night where his lodging is appointed, they set a woman fresh painted read with Pocones and oil, to be his bedfellow.  
Their manner of trading is for copper, beads, and such like, for which they give such commodities as they have, 
Their trade.  as skins, fowl, fish, flesh, and their country corn. But their victual is their chiefest riches.  
Every spring they make themselves sick with drinking the juice of a root they call wighsacan, and water, whereof 
Their physic.  they power so great a quantity, that it purgeth them in a very violent manner; so that in 3 or 4 days after they scarce recover their former health. Sometimes they are troubled with dropsies, swellings, aches, and such like diseases; for 
Their chirurgery.  cure whereof they build a stove in the form of a dove-house with mats, so close that a few coals therein covered with a pot, will make the patient sweat extremely. For swellings also they use swal pieces of touchwood, in the form of cloves, which pricking on the grief they burn close to the flesh, and from thence draw the corruption with their mouth. With this root wighsacan they ordinarily heal green wounds. But to scarify a swelling or make incision their best instruments are some splinted stone. Old ulcers or putrefied hurts are seldom seen cured amongst them. They have many professed Physicians, who with their 
Their charms to cure.  charms and Rattles with an infernal rout of words and actions will seem to suck their inward grief from their navels or their grieved places; but of our Chirurgeons they were so conceited, that they believed any Plaster would heal any hurt.   

Of their Religion.  
There is yet in Uirginia no place discovered to be so Savage in which the Savages have not a religion, Dear, and Bow, and Arrows. All things that were able to do them hurt beyond their prevention, they adore with their kind of divine worship; as the fire, water, lightning, thunder, our ordinance, pieces, horses, etc. But their chief God they worship is the Devil. Him they call Oak & serve him more 
Their God.  of fear then love. They say they have conference with him, and fashion themselves as near to his shape as they can imagine. In their Temples they have his image evil favouredly carved, and then painted and adorned with chains copper, and beads, and covered with a skin, in such manner as the deformity may well suit with such a God. By him is commonly the sepulchre of their kings. Their bodies are 
How they bury their kings.  first bowelled, then dried upon hurdles till they be very dry, and so about the most of their joints and neck they hung bracelets or chains of copper, pearl, and such like, as they use to wear, their innards they stuff with copper beads and covered with a skin, hatchets and such trash. Than lap they them very carefully in white skins and so roll them in mats for their wineding sheets. And in the Tomb which is an arch made of mats, they lay them orderly. What remaineth of this kind of wealth their kings have, they set at their feet in baskets. These Temples and bodies are kept by their Priests.  
For their ordinary burials they dig a deep hole in the 
Their ordinary burials.  earth with sharp stakes and the corpses being lapped in skins & mats with their jewels, they lay them upon sticks in the ground, and so cover them with earth. The burial ended, the women being painted all their faces with black coal and oil, do sit 24 hours in the houses mourning & lamenting by turns, with such yelling & howling as may express their great passions.  
In every Territory of a werowance is a Temple & a Priest 2 or 3 or more. Their principal Temple or place of superstition 
Their Temples.  is at Uttamussack at Pamavuke, near unto which is a house Temple or place of Powhatans.  
Upon the top of certain red sandy hills in the woods. There are 3 great houses filled with images of their kings and Devils and Tombs of their Predecessors. Those houses are near 60 foot in length built arbour wise after their building. This place they count so holy as that but the Priests and kings dare come into them; nor the Savages dare not go up the river in boats by it, but that they solemnly cast some piece of copper white beads or Pocones into the river, for fear their Oak should be offended and revenged of them.  
In this place commonly is resident 7 Priests. The chief differed from the rest in his ornaments, but inferior Priests 
Their ornaments for their Priests  could hardly be known from the common people, but that they had not so many holes in their ears to hung their jewels at. The ornaments of the chief Priest was certain attires for his head made thus. They took a dozen or 16 or more snake skins and stuffed them with moss, and of weasels and other vermin skin's a good many. All these they tie by their tails, so as all their tails meet in the top of their head, like a great Tassel. Round about this Tassel is as it were a crown of feathers, the skins hung round about his head neck and shoulders and in a manner cover his face. The faces of all their Priests are painted as ugly as they can device, in their hands they had every one his Rattle, some base, some smaller. Their devotion was most in songs which the chief Priest beginneth and the rest followed him, sometimes he maketh invocations with broken sentences by starts and strange passions, & at every pause, the rest give a short groan.  
It could not be perceived that they keep any day as more holy than other; But only in some great distress of want, fear of enemies, times of triumph and gathering together 
Their times of solemnities.  their fruits, the whole country of men women and children come together to solemnities. The manner of their devotion is, sometimes to make a great fire, in the house or fields, and all to sing and dance about it with rattles and shouts together, 4 or 5 hours. Sometime they set a man in the midst, and about him they dance and sing, he all the while clapping his hands as if he would keep time, & after their songs and dancings ended they go to their Feasts.  
They have also divers conjurations one they made when 
Their conjurations.  Captain Smith was their prisoner (as they reported) to know if any more of his countrymen would arrive there, & what he there intended. The manner of it was thus. First they made a fair fire in a house; about this fire set 7 Priests setting him by them, and about the fire, they made a circle of meal. That done the chief Priest attired as is expressed began to shake his rattle, and the rest followed him in his song. At the end of the song, he laid down 5 or 3 grains of wheat and so continued counting his songs by the grains, till 3 times they incirculed the fire, than they divided the grains by certain numbers with little sticks, laying down at the end of every song a little stick. In this manner they sat 8, 10, or 12 hours without cease, with such strange stretching of their arms, & violent passions and gestures as might well seem strange to him they so conjured who but every hour expected his end: not any meat they did eat till late in the evening they had finished this work, and then they feasted him and themselves with much mirth, but 3 or 4 days they continued this ceremony.  
They have also certain Altar stones they call Pawcorances, 
Their altars.  but these stand from their Temples, some by their houses, other in the woods and wildernesses. Upon this they offer blood, dear suet, and Tobacco. These they do when they return from the wars, from hunting, and upon many other occasions. They have also another superstition that they use in storms, when the waters are rough in 
Sacrifices to the water.  the rivers and sea coasts. Their Conjurers run to the water sides, or passing in their boats, after many hellish outcries and invocations, they cast Tobacco, Copper, Pocones or such trash into the water, to pacify that God whom they think to be very angry in those storms. Before their dinners and suppers the better sort will take the first bit, and cast it in the fire, which is all the grace they are known to use.  
In some part of the Country they have yearly a sacrifice of children. Such a one was at Quiyoughcohanock some 10 miles from james Town and thus performed. Fifteen 
Their solemn sacrifices of children.  of the properest young boys, between 10 and 15 years of age they painted white. Having brought them forth the people spent the forenoon in dancing and singing about them with rattles. In the afternoon they put those children to the root of a tree. By them all the men stood in a guard, every one having a Bastinado in his hand, made of reeds bound together. This made a lane between them all along, through which there were appointed 5 young men to fetch these children: so every one of the five went through the guard to fetch a child each after other by turns, the guard fearelesly beating them with their Bastinadoes, and they patiently enduring and receiving all, defending the children with their naked bodies from the unmerciful blows that pay them sound though the children escape. All this while the women weep and cry out very passionately, providing mats, skins, moss, and dry wood, as things fitting their children's funerals. After the children were thus passed the guard, the guard tore down the trees, branches, and boughs, with such violence that they rend the body, and made wreaths for their heads, or bedecked their hair with the leaves. What else was done with the childron, was nonseene, but they were all cast on a heap, in a valley as dead, where they made a great feast for all the company. The Werowance being demanded the meaning of this sacrifice, answered that the children were not all dead, but that the Oak or Devil did suck the blood from their left breast, who chanced to be his by lot, till they were dead, but the rest were kept in the wilderness by the young men till nine months were expired, during which time they must not converse with any, and of these were made their Priests and Conjurers. This sacrifice they held to be so necessary, that if they should omit it, their Oak or Devil and all their other Quiyoughcosughes which are their other Gods, would let them have no Dear, Turkeys, Corn, nor fish, and yet beside, he would make a great slaughter amongst them.  
They think that their Werowances and Priests which 
Their resurrection.  they also esteem Quiyoughcosughes, when they are dead, do go beyond the mountains towards the setting of the sun, and ever remain there in form of their Oak, with their heads painted with oil and Pocones, finely trimmed with feathers, and shall have beads, hatchets, copper, and tobacco, doing nothing but dance and sing, with all their Predecessors. But the common people they suppose shall not live after death.  
To divert them from this blind idolatry, many used their best endeavours, chief with the Werowances of Quiyoughcohanock, whose devotion, apprehension, and good disposition, much exceeded any in those Countries, who though we could not as yet prevail withal to forsake his false Gods, yet this de did believe that our God as much exceeded theirs, as our Guns did their Bows & Arrows and many times did sand to the Precedent, at james town, men with presents, entreating them to pray to his God for rain, for his Gods would not sand him any. And in this lamentable ignorance do these poor soul's sacrifice themselves to the Devil, not knowing their Creator.   

Of the manner of the Virginians government.  
Although the country people be very barbarous, yet have they amongst them such government, as that their Magistrates for good commanding, and their people for du subjection, and obeying, excel many places that would be counted very civil. The form of their Common wealth is a monarchical government, one as Emperor ruleth over many kings or governors. Their chief ruler is called Powhatan, and taketh his name of the principal place of dwelling called Powhatan. But his proper name is Wahunsonacock. Some countries he hath which have been his ancestors, and came unto him by inheritance, as the country called Powhatan, Arrohateck, Appamatuke, Pamavuke, Youghtanud, and Mattapanient. All the rest of his Territories expressed in the Map, they report have been his several conquests. In all his ancient inheritances, he hath houses built after their manner like arbours, some 30 some 40 yards long, and at every house provision for his entertainment according to the time. At Werowcomoco, he was seated upon the Northside of the river Pamavuke, some 14 miles from james Town, where for the most part, he was resident, but he took so little pleasure in our near neighbourhood, that were able to visit him against his will in 6 or 7 hours, that he retired himself to a place in the deserts at the top of the river Chickahamania between Youghtanund & Powhatan. His habitation there is called Orapacks 
A description of Powhatan.  where he ordinarily now resideth. He is of parsonage a tall well proportioned man, with a sour look, his head somewhat grey, his beard so thin that it seemeth none at all, his age near 60; of a very able and hardy body to endure any labour. About his person ordinarily attendeth a guard of 40 or 50 of the tallest men his Country doth afford. Every 
His attendance and watch.  night upon the 4 quarters of his house are 4 Sentinels each standing from other a flight shoot, and at every half hour one from the Corpse du guard doth hollow, unto whom every Sentinel doth answer round from his stand; if any fail, they presently sand forth an officer that beateth him extremely.  
A mile from Orapakes in a thicket of wood he hath a house in which he keepeth his kind of Treasure, as skins, 
His treasuris.  copper, pearl, and beads, which he storeth up against the time of his death and burial. Here also is his store of read paint for ointment, and bows and arrows. This house is 50 or 60 yards in length, frequented only by Priests. At the 4 corners of this housestand 4 Images as Sentinels, one of a Dragon, another a Bear, the 3 like a Leopard, and the fourth like a giantlike man, all made evillfavordly, according to their best workmanship.  
He hath as many women as he will, whereof when he 
His wives.  lieth on his bed, one sitteth at his head, and another at his feet, but when he sitteth, one sitteth on his right hand and another on his left. As he is weary of his women, he bestoweth them on those that best deserve them at his hands. When he dineth or suppeth, one of his women before and after meat, bringeth him water in a wooden platter to wash his hands. Another waiteth with a bunch of feathers to wipe them instead of a Towel, and the feathers when he hath wiped are dried again. His kingdom descendeth not to his sons nor children, but first to his brethren, whereof he hath 3. namely Opitchapan, Opechancanough, 
His successors  and Catataugh, and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister then to the rest and after them to the heirs male and female of the eldest sister, but never to the heirs of the males.  
He nor any of his people understand any letters whereby to writ or read, only the laws whereby he ruleth is custom. Yet when he listeth his will is a law and must be obeyed: not only as a king but as half a God they esteem 
Their authority  him. His inferior kings whom they call werowances are tied to rule by customs, and have power of life & death as their command in that nature. But this word Werowance which we call and construe for a king, is a common word whereby they call all commanders for they have but few words in their language, and but few occasions to use any officers more than one commander, which commonly they call werowances. They all know their several lands, and 
The tenor of their lands.  habitations, and limits, to fish, soul, or hunt in, but they hold all of their great Werowances Powhatan, unto whom they pay tribute of skins, beads, copper, pearl, dear, turkeys, wild beasts, and corn. What he commandeth they dare not disobey in the lest thing. It is strange to see with what great fear and adoration all these people do obey this Powhatan. For at his feet they present whatsoever he commandeth, and at the lest frown of his brow, their greatest spirits will tremble with fear: and no marvel, for he is very terrible and tyrannous in punishing such as offend him. For example he caused certain malefactors to be bound hand and foot, then having of many fires gathered 
His manner of punishments.  great store of burning coals, they rake these coals round in the form of a cockpit, and in the midst they cast the offenders to broil to death. Sometimes he causeth the heads of them that offend him, to be laid upon the altar or sacrificing stone, and one with clubs beats out their brains. When he would punish any notorious enemy or malefactor, he causeth him to be tied to a tree, & with muscle shells or reeds, the executioner outteth of his joints one after another, ever casting what they cut of into the fire; then doth he proceed with shells and reeds to case the skin from his head and face; then do they rip his belly and so burn him with the tree and all. Thus themselves reported they executed George Cassen. Their ordinary correction is to beat them with cudgels. We have seen a man kneeling on his knees, and at powhatan's command, two men have beaten him on the bore skin, till he hath fallen senseless in a sound, & yet never cry nor complained.  
In the year 1608, he surprised the people of Payankatank his near neighbours and subjects. The occasion was to us unknown, but the manner was thus. First he sent divers of his men as to lodge amongst them that night, than the Ambuscadoes environed all their houses, & at the hour appointed, they all fell to the spoil, 24 men they slew, the long hair of the one side of their heads with the skin cased off with shells or reeds, they brought away. They surprised also the women & the children and the Werowance. All these they present to Powhatan. The Werowance, women and children become his prisoners, & do him service. The locks of hair with their skins he hanged on a line unto two trees. And thus he made ostentation of as great a triumph at Werowocomoco, showing them to the Emglish men that then came unto him at his appointment, they expecting provision, he to betray them, supposed to half conquer them by this spectacle of his terrible cruelty.  
And this is as much as my memory can call to mind worthy of note; which I have purposely collected, to satisfy my friends of the true worth and quality of Virginia. Yet some bad natures will not stick to slander the Country; that will slovenly spit at all things, especially in company where they can found none to contradict them. Who though they were scarce ever 10 miles from james Town, or at the most but at the falls; yet holding it a great disgrace that amongst so much action, their actions were nothing, exclaim of all things, though they never adventured to know any thing; nor ever did any thing but devour the fruits of other men's labours. Being for most part of such tender educations and small experience in martial accidents, because they found not English cities, nor such fair houses, nor at their own wishes any of their accustomed dainties, with feather beds and down pillows, Taverns and alehouses in every breathing place, neither such plenty of gold and silver and dissolute liberty as they expected, had little or no care of any thing, but to pamper their bellies, to fly away with our Pinnaces, or procure their means to return for England. For the Country was to them a misery, a ruin, a death, a hell, and their reports here, & their own actions there according.  
Some other there were that had yearly stipends to pass to and again for transportation: who to keep the mystery of the business in themselves, though they had neither time nor means to know much of themselves; yet all men's actions or relations they so formally tuned to the temporising times simplicity, as they could make their ignorances seem much more, than all the true actors could by their experience. And those with their great words deluded the world with such strange promises as abused the business much worse than the rest. For the business being builded upon the foundation of their feigned experience, the planters, the money, tin, and means have still miscarried: yet they ever returning, and the Planters so far absent, who could contradict their excuses? which still to maintain their vainglory and estimation, from time to time they have used such diligence as made them pass for truths, though nothing more false. And that the adventurers might be thus abused, let no man wonder; for the wisest living is soon abused by him that hath a fair tongue and a dissembling heart.  
There were many in Virginia merely projecting, verbal and idle contemplatours, and thoseso devoted to pure idleness, that though they had lived two or three years in Virginia, lordly, necessity itself could not compel them to pass the Peninsula, or palisadoes of james Town, and those witty spirits, what would they not affirm in the behalf of our transporters to get victual from their ships, or obtain their good words in England to get their passes. Thus from the clamours and the ignorance of false informers, are sprung those disasters that sprung in Virginia, and our ingenious verbalists were no less plague to us in Uirginia, than the Locusts to the Egyptians. For the labour of 30 of the best only preserved in Christianity by their indu strie the idle livers of near 200 of the rest: who living near 10 months of such natural means, as the Country naturally of itself afforded, notwithstanding all this, and the worst fury of the Savages, the extremity of sickness, mutinies, faction, ignorances, and want of victual; in all that time I lost but 7 or 8 men, yet subjecteth the Savages to our desired obedience, and received contribution from 35 of their kings, to protect and assist them against any that should assault them, in which order they continued true & faithful, and as subjects to his Majesty, so long after as I did govern there, until I left the Country: since, how they have revolted, the Country lost, and again replanted, and the businesses hath succeeded from time to time, I refer you to the relations of them returned from Virginia, that have been more diligent in such observations.   
FINIS.   

THE PROCEED OF THE ENGLISH COLONY IN Virginia since their first beginning from England in the year of our Lord 1606, till this present 1612, with all their accidents that befell them in their journeys and Discoveries.  
Also the Savages discourses, orations and relations of the Bordering neighbours, and how they become subject to the English.  
Unfolding even the fundamental causes from whence have sprang so many miseries to the undertakers, and scandals to the business: taken faithfully as they were written out of the writing of Thomas Studley the first prevant master, Anas Todkill, Walter russel Doctor of Physic, Nathaniel powel, William Phettyplace. Richard Wiffin, Thomas Abbay, Tho: Hope, Rich: Polts and the labour of diverse other diligent observers, that were residents in Virginia.  
And perused and confirmed by divers now resident in England that were actors in this business.  
By W. S.  
AT OXFORD, Printed by Joseph Barnes. 1612.   

TO THE READER.  
LOng hath the world longed, but to be truly satisfied what Virginia is, with the truth of those proceed, from whence hath flown so many reports of worth, & yet few good effects of the charge, which hath caused suspicion in many well willers that desire yet but to be truly satisfied therein. If any can resolve this doubt it is those that have lived residents in the land: not salers, or passengers, nor such mercenary contemplators, that only bedeck themselves with others plumes. This discourse is not from such, neither am I the author, for they are many, whose particular discourses are signed by their names. This solid treatise, first was compiled by Richard Pots, since passing the hands of many to peruse, chancing into my hands, (for that I know them honest men, and can partly well witness their relations true) I could do no less in charity to the world than reveal; nor in conscience, but approve. By the advice of many grave and understanding gentlemen, that have pressed it, to the press, it was thought fit to publish it, rather in it own rude phrase then other ways. For that nothing can so purge that famous action from the infamous scandal some ignorantly have conceited, as the plain simple and naked truth. For defect whereof the business is still suspected, the truth unknown, and the best deservers discouraged, and neglected, some by false reports, others by conjecture, and such power hath flattery to engender of those, hatred and affection, that one is sufficient to beguile more, than 500 can keep from being deceived.  
But this discourse is no judge of men's manners, nor catalogue of their former courses; only a reporter of their actions in Virginia, not to disgrace any, accuse any, excuse any, nor flatter any; for which cause there is no wrong done but this, shortness in complaining, & so sparing in commending as only the reader may perceive the truth for his pains, & the action purged of foul slander; it can detract from none that intendeth there to adventure their fortunes; and to speak truly of the first planters, that broke the ye & beat the path, howsoever many difficulties obscured their endeavours, he were worse than the worst of Ingrates, that would not spare them memory that have buried themselves in those foreign regions. From whose first adventures may spring more good blessings than are yet conceived. So I rest thine, that will read, peruse, & understand me. If you find false orthography or broken English, they are small faults in soldiers, that not being able to writ learnedly, only strive to speak truly, and be understood without an Interpreter.  
T. ABBAY.   

THE PROCEED OF THE ENGLISH Colony in Virginia, taken faithfully out of the writings of Thomas Studly Capemarchant, Anas Todkill, Doctor russel, Nathaniel powel, William Phetiplace, and Richard Pot, with the labours of other discreet observers, during their residences.  

CHAP. 1.  
IT might well be thought, a country so fair (as Virginia is) and a people so tractable, would long ere this have been quietly possessed, to the satisfaction of the adventurers, and the eternising of the memory of those that affected it. But because all the world do see a defailement; this following Treatise shall give satisfaction to all indifferent readers, how the business hath been carried, where no doubt they will easily understand and answer to their question, how it came to pass there was no better speed and success in those proceed.  
Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, the first mover of 
The first mover of the action.  this plantation, having many years solicited many of his friends, but found small assistants; at last prevailed with some Gentlemen, as Mr Edward-maria Wingfield, Captain john Smith, and divers others who depended a year upon his projects, but nothing could be effected, till by their great charge and industry it came to be apprehended by certain of the Nobility, Gentry, and Merchants, so that his Majesty by his letters patents, gave commission for establishing Counsels, to direct here, and to govern, and to execute there; to effect this, was spent another year, and by that time, three ships were provided, one of 100 Tonns, another of 40. and a Pinnace of 20. The transportation of the company was committed to Captain Christopher Newport, a Mariner well practised for the western parts of America. But their orders for government were put in a box, not to be opened, 
Orders for government.  nor the governors known until they arrived in Virginia.  
On the 19 of December, 1606. we set sail, but by unprosperous winds, were kept six weeks in the sight of England; all which time, Mr Hunt our Preacher, was so weak and sick, that few expected his recovery. Yet although he were but 10 or 12 miles from his habitation (the time we were in the downs) and notwithstanding the stormy weather, nor the scandalous imputations (of some few, little better than Atheists, of the greatest rank amongst us) suggested against him, all this could never force from him so much as a seeming desire to leave the business, but preferred the service of God, in so good a voyage, before any affection to contest with his godless foes, whose disastrous designs (could they have prevailed) had even then overthrown the business, so many discontents did then arise, had he not with the water of patience, and his godly exhortations (but chief by his true devoted examples) quenched those flames of envy, and dissension.  
We watered at the Canaries, we traded with the Savages at Dominica; three weeks we spent in refreshing ourselus amongst these west-India Isles; in Gwardalupa we found a bath so hot, as in it we boiled porck as well as over the fire. And at a little Isle called Monica, 
Monica an unfrequented I'll full of birds.  we took from the bushes with our hands, near 2 hogshheads full of birds in 3 or 4 hours. In Mevis, Mona, and the Virgin Iles, we spent some time, wherewith a loathsome beast like a Crocadil, called a Gwayn, Tortoses, pelicans, Parrots, & fishes, we daily feasted. Go from thence in search of Virginia, the company was not a little discomforted, seeing the Mariners had three days passed their reckoning and found no land, so that Captain Ratcliff (Captain of the Pinnace) rather desired to bear up the helm to return for England, then make further search. But God the guider of all good actions, forcing them by an extreme storm to hull all night, did drive them by his providence to their desired port, obey and all their expectations, for never any of them had seen that coast. The first land they made they called Cape Henry; where anchoring, 
Their first landing.  Mr Wingfeild, Gosnoll, and Newport, with 30 others, recreating themselves on shore, were assaulted by 5 Savages, who hurt 2 of the English very dangerously. That night was the box opened, and the orders read, in which Barthelomew Gosnoll, Edward Wingfeild, Christopher Newport, john Smith, john Ratliffe, john Martin, and George Kendal, were named to be the Council, and to choose a Precedent amongst them for a year, who with the Council should govern. Matters of moment were to be examined by a Jury, 
Matters of government.  but determined by the mayor part of the Council in which the Precedent had 2 voices. Until the 13 of May they sought a place to plant in, than the Council was sworn, M. Wingfeild was chosen Precedent, & an oration made, why Captain Smith was not admitted of the Council as the rest.  
Now falleth every man to work, the Council contrive the Fort, the rest cut down trees to make place to pitch their Tents; some provide clapbord to relade the ships, some make gardens, some nets, etc. The Savages often visited us kindly. The Precidents overweening jealousy would admit no exeroise at arms, or fortification, but the boughs of trees cast together in the form of a half moon by the extraordinary pains and diligence of Captain Kendal, Newport, with Smith, and 20 others, were sent to discover 
The discovery of the Falls and Powhatan.  the head of the river: by diverse small habitations they passed, in 6 days they arrived at a town called Powhatan, consisting of some 12 houses pleasantly seat done a hill; before it 3 fertile Isles, about it many of their cornefields, the place is very pleasant, and strong by nature, of this place the Prince is called Powhatan, and his people Powhatans, to this place the river is navigable, but higher within a mile, by reason of the Rocks and Isles, there is not passage for a small boat, this they call the Falls, the people in all parts kindly entreated them, till being returned within 20 miles of james town, they gave just cause of jealousy, but had God not blessed the discoverers otherwise then those at the fort, there had then been an end of that plantation; for at the fort, where they arrived the next day, they found 17 men hurt, and a boy slain by the Savages, and had it not chanced a cross bar shot from 
The Fort assaulted by the Savages.  the ships struck down a bough from a tree amongst them that caused them to retire, our men had all been slain, being securely all at work, and their arms in dry fats.  
Hereupon the Precedent was contented the Fort should be pallisadoed, the ordinance mounted, his men armed and exercised, for many were the assaults, and Ambuscadoes of the Savages, and our men by their disorderly straggling were often hurt, when the Savages by the nimbleness of their heels well escaped. What toil we had, with so small a power to guard our workmen adays, watch all night, resist our enemies and effect our business, to relade the ships, cut down trees, and prepare the ground to plant our corn, etc.  
I refer to the reader's consideration. Six weeks being spent in this manner, Captain Newport (who was hited only for our transportation) was to return with the ships, now Captain Smith, who all this time from their departure from the Canaries was restrained as a prisoner upon the scandalous suggestions of some of the chief envying his repute) who feigned he intended to usurp the government, murder the Council, and make himself king, that his confederates were dispersed in all the three ships, and that diverse of his confederates that revealed it, would affirm it, for this he was committed, 13 weeks he remained thus suspected, and by that time the ships should return they pretended out of their commisserations, to refer him to the Council in England to receive a check, rather than by particulating his designs make him so odious to the world, as to touch his life, or utterly overthrow his reputation; but he much scorned their charity, and publicly defied the uttermost of their cruelty, he wisely prevented their policies, though he could not suppress their envies, yet so well he demeaned himself in this business, as all the company did see his innocency, & his adversaries malice, and those suborned to accuse him, accused his accusers of subornation; many untruths were alleged against him; but being so apparently disproved begat a general hatred in the hearts of the company against such unjust commanders; many were the mischiefs that daily sprung from their ignorant (yet ambitious) spirits; but the good doctrine and exhortation of our preacher Mr Hunt reconciled them, and caused Captain Smith to be admitted of the Council; the next day all received the Communion, the day following the Savages voluntarily desired peace, and Captain Newport returned for England with news; leaving in 
Cap. Newports return for Eng land.  Virginia 100 the 15 of june 1607.  

Mr Edward Maria Wingfield.  
Captain Bartholomew Gosnoll.  
Cap. john Smyth.  
Cap. john Ratliffe.  
Cap. john Martin.  
Cap. George Kendal.   Council. 

Mr Robert Hunt Preacher.  
Mr George Percy.  
Anthony Gosnoll.  
Cap. Gabriel Archer.  
Rob. Ford.  
William Bruster.  
Dru Pickhouse.  
john Brookes.  
Thomas Sands.  
john Robinson.  
Vstis Clovill.  
Kellam Throgmorton.  
Nathaniel powel.  
Robert Behethland.  
jeremy Alicock.  
Thomas Studley.  
Richard Crofts.  
Nicholas Houlgrave.  
Thomas Webbe:  
john Waler.  
William Tankard.  
Francis Snarsbrough.  
Edward Brookes.  
Richard Dixon.  
john Martin.  
George Martin.  
Anthony Gosnold:  
Thomas Wotton, Sierg.  
Thomas Gore.  
Francis Midwinter.   Gent. 

William Laxon.  
Edward Pising.  
Tho. Emry.  
Rob. Small.   Carpenters. 

Anas Todkill. john Capper.  
james Read, Blacksmith.  
jonas Profit, sailor.  
Tho. Couper, Barber.  
john Herd, Brick layer.  
William Garret, Bricklayer  
Edward Brinto, Mason.  
William Love, Taylor.  
Nic. Skot, Drum.  


john Laydon.  
William Cassen.  
George Cassen.  
Tho. Cassen.  
William Rods.  
William White.  
Old Edward.  
Henry Tavin.  
George Golding.  
john Dods.  
William johnson.  
William unger.  
William Wilkinson. Surgeon   Labourers.  


Samuel Collier.  
Nat. Peacock.  
james Brumfield.  
Rich. Mutton.   Boys.  
with divers others to the number of 105.    

CHAP. 2.  
What happened till the first supply.  
BEing thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within tennedaies 
The occasion of sickness.  scarce ten amongst'vs could either go, or well stand, such extreme weakness and sickness oppressed us. And thereat none need morvaile, if they consider the cause and reason, which was this; whilst the ships stayed, our allowance was somewhat bettered, by a daily proportion of biscuit which the sailors would pilser to cell, give or exchange with 
The sailors abuses.  us, for money, saxesras, surres, or love. But when they departed, there remained neither tavern, beerhouse nor place of relief but the common kettle. Had we been as free from all sins as gluttony, and drunkenness, we might have been canonised for Saints; But our Precedent would never have been admitted, for engrossing to his private, Otemeale, sack, oil, aquavitae, beef eggs, or what not, but the kettle; that indeed he allowed equally to be distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat and as much barley boiled with water for a man a day, and this having fried some 26. weeks in the ships-hold, contained as many worms as grains; so that we might truly call it rather so much bran than corn, our drink was water, our lodgings castles in air, with this lodging and diet, our extreme toil in bearing and planting palisadoes, so strained and bruised us, and our continual labour in the extremity of the heat had so weakened us, as were cause sufficient to have made us as miserable in our native country, or any other place in the world. From May, to September, those that escaped; lived upon Sturgeon, and sea-Crabs, 50. in this time we buried, The rest seeing the Precedents projects to escape these miseries in our Pinnace 
Abad Precedent.  by flight (who all this time had neither felt want nor sickness) so moved our dead spirits, as we deposed him; and established Ratcliff in his place, (Gosnoll being dead) Kendal deposed, Smith newly recovered, Martin and Ratliffe was by his care preserved and relieved, but now was all our provision spent, the Sturgeon go, all helps abandoned each hour expecting the fury of the Savages; when God the patron of all good endeavours in that desperate extremity so changed the hearts of the Savages, that they brought such plenty of their fruits, and provision as no man wanted. 
Plenty unexpected.   
And now where some affirmed it was ill done of the Council to sand forth men so badly provided, this incontradictable reason will show them plainly they are too ill advised to nourish such i'll conceits; first the fault of our going was our own, what could be thought fitting or necessary we had, but what we should find, what we should want, where we should be, we were all ignorant, and supposing to make our passage in two months, with victual to live, and the advantage of the spring to work; we wear at sea 5. months where we both spent our victual & lost the opportunity of the time, and season to plant.  
Such actions have ever since the world's beginning been subject to such accidents, and every thing of worth is found full of difficulties, but nothing so difficult as to establish a common wealth so far remote from men and means, and where men's minds are so untoward as neither do well themselves nor suffer others; but to proceed.  
The new Precedent, and Martin, being little beloved; of weak judgement in dangers, and less industry in peace, committed the managing of all things abroad to captain Smith: who by his own example, good words, and fair promises, set some to mow, others to 
The building of james Town.  bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task for his own share, so that in short time, he provided most of them lodgings neglecting any for himself. this done, seeing the Savages superfluity begin to decrease (with some of his workmen) shipped himself in the shallop to search the country for trade, the want of the language, knowledge to mamnage his boat with out sailors, the want of a sufficient power, (knowing the multitude of the Savages) apparel for his men, & other necessaries, were infinite impediments, yet no discouragement. Being but 6 or 7 in company he went down the river to Kecoughtan, where at first they scorned him, as a starved man, yet he so dealt with them, that the next day they loaded his boat with corn, & in his return he discovered & kindly traded with the 
The beginning of trade abroad,  Weraskoyks, in the mean time those at the fort so glutted the Savages with their commodities as they become not regarded.  
Smith perceiving (notwithstanding their late misery) not any regarded but from hand to mouth, (the company being well recovered) caused the Pinas to be provided with things fitting to get provision for the year following; but in the interim he made 3. or 4. journeys and discovered the people of Chickahamine yet what he carefully provided the rest carelessly spent. Wingfield and Kendal living in disgrace, seeing allthings at random in the absence of Smith, The companies dislike of their Precedents weakness, & their small love 
The discovery of Chickahamine.  to Martin's never-mending sickness, strengthened themselves with the sailors, and other confederates to regain their former credit & authority, or at lest such means aboard the Pinas, (being fitted to sail as Smith had appointed for trade) to altar her course and to go for England. Smith unexpectedly returning had the plot discovered to him, much trouble he had to prevent it till with store of fauken and musket shot he forced them stay or sink in the rivers, which action cost the life of captain Kendal. These brawls are so disgustful, as some will say they were better forgotten, yet all men of good judgement will conclude, it were better their baseness should be manifest to the world, than the business bear the scorn and shame of their excused disorders. The Precedent and captain Archer not long after intended also to have abandoned the country, which project also was kerbed, and suppressed by Smith. The Spaniard never more greedily desired 
Another project to abandon the Country.  gold then he victual, which finding so plentiful in the river of Chickahamine where hundreds of Savages in divers places stood with baskets expecting his coming. And now the winter approaching, the rivers be came so covered with swans, geese, ducks, & crane's, that we daily feasted with good bread, Virginia pease, pompions, and putchamins, fish, soul, and divers sorts of wild beasts as fat as we could eat them: so that none of our Tustaffaty humorists desired to go for England. But our comaedies never endured long without a Tragedy; sun idle exceptions being muttered against Captain Smith, for not discovering the head of Chickahamine river, and taxed by the Council, to be too slow in so worthy an attempt. The next voyage he proceeded so far that with much labour by cutting of trees in sunder he made his passage, but when his Barge could pass no farther, he left her in a broad bay out of danger of shot, commanding none should go ashore till his return, himself with 2 English & two Savages went up higher in a canoe, but he was not long absent, but his men went ashore, whose want of government, gave both occasion and opportunity to the Savages to surprise one George Casson, & much failed not to have cut of the boat & all the rest, Smith little dreaming of that accident, being got to the mar she's at the river's head, 20 miles in the desert, had his 2 men slain (as is supposed) sleeping by the canoe, whilst himself by fowling sought them victual, who finding he was beset with 200 Savages, 2 of them he slew, still defending himself with the aid of a Savage his guide, (whom he bound to his arm and used as his buckler, till at last slipping into a bogmire they took him prisoner: when this news came to the fort much was their sorrow for his loss, few expecting what ensued. A month those Barbarians kept him prisoner, many strange triumphs and conjurations they made of him, yet he so demeaned himself amongst them, as he not only diverted them from surprising the Fort, but procured his own liberty, and got himself and his company such estimation amongst them, that those Savages admired him as a demi God. So returning safe to the Fort, once more stayed the Pinnace her flight for England, which till his return, could not set sail, so extreme was the weather, and so great the 
The 3 project to abando the fort  frost.  
His relation of the plenty he had seen, especially at Werowocomoco, where inhabited Powhatan (that till that time was unknown) so revived again their dead spirits as all men's fear was abandoned, Powhatan having sent with this Captain diverse of his men loaded with provision, he had conditioned, & so appointed his trusty messengers to bring but 2 or 3 of our great ordinances, but the messengers being satisfied with the sight of one of them discharged, ran away amazed with fear, till means was used with gifts to assure them our loves. Thus you may see what difficulties still crossed any good endeavour, and the good success of the business, and being thus often brought to the very period of destruction, yet you see by what strange means God hath still delivered it. As for the insufficiency of them admitted in commission, that error could not be prevented by their electors, there being no other choice, and all were strangers each to others education, 
A true proof of God's love to the action.  qualities, or disposition; & if any deem it a shame to our nation, to have any mention made of these enormities, let them peruse the histories of the Spanish discoveries and plantations, where they may see how many mutinies, discords, and dissensions, have accompanied them and crossed their attempts, which being known to be particular men's offences, doth take away the general scorn and contempt, malice, and ignorance might else produce, to the scandal and reproach of those, whose actions and valiant resolution deserve a worthy respect. Now whether it had been better for Captain Smith to have concluded with any of their several projects to have abandoned the Country with some 10 or 12 of them we call the better sort, to have left Mr Hunt our preacher, M. Anthony Gosnoll, a most honest, worthy, and industrious gentleman, with some 30 or 40 others his country men, to the fury of the Savages, famine, and all manner of mischiefs and inconveniences, or starved himself with them for company, for want of lodging, or but 
Of two evils the lesser was choose  adventuring abroad to make them provision, or by his opposition, to preserve the action, and save all their lives, I leave to the censure of others to consider.  
Thomas Studley.   

CHAP. 3.  
The arrival of the first supply with their proceed and return.  
ALL this time our cares were not so much to abandon the Country, but the Treasurer & Council in England were as diligent and careful to supply us. Two tall ships they sent us, with near 100 men, well furnished with all things could be imagined necessary, both for them and us. The one commanded by Captain Newport: the other by Captain Nelson, an honest man and an expert mariner, but such was the leewardnesse of his ship, (that though he were within sight of Cape Henry) by stormy contrary winds, was 
The Phoenix from Cape henry forced to the west Indies.  forced so far to sea, as the West Indies was the next land for the repair of his Masts, and relief of wood and water. But Captain Newport got in, and arrived at james town, not long after the redemption of Captain Smith, to whom the Savages every other day brought such plenty of bread, fish, turkeys, squirrels, dear, & other wild beasts, part they gave him as presents from the king; the rest, he as their market clerk set the price how they should sell.  
So he had enchanted those poor souls (being their prisoner) in demonstrating unto them the roundness of the world, the course of the moon and stars, the cause of the day and night the largeness of the seas the qualities of our ships, shot and powder, The division of the world, with the diversity of people, their complexions, customs and conditions. All which he feigned 
How C. Smith got his liberty.  to be under the command of Captain Newport, whom he termed to them his father; of whose arrival, it chanced he so directly prophesied, as they esteemed him an oracle; by these fictions he not only saved his own life, and obtained his liberty, but had them at that command, he might command them what he listed. That God that created all these things; they knew 
Their opinion of our God.  he adored for his God, whom they would also term in their discourses, the God of captain Smith. The Precedent and Council so much envied his estimation amongst the Savages (though we all in general equally participated with him of the good thereof) that they wrought it into their understandings, by their great bounty in giving 4. times more for their commodities then he appointed; that their greatness and authority, as much exceed his, as their bounty, and liberality; Now the arrival of his first supply, so overioyed us, that we could not device too much to please the mariners. We gave them liberty to tract or trade at their pleasures. But in a short time, it followed, that could not be had for a pound of copper, which before was sold for an ounce, Thus ambition, and sufferance, cut the throat of our trade, but confirmed their opinion of Newports greatness, (wherewith Smith had possessed Powhatan) especially by the great presents Newport (often sent him, before he could prepare the Pinas to go and visit him; so that this Savage also desired to see him. A great bruit there was to set him forward: when he went he was accompanied, with captain Smith, & Mr Scrivener a very wise understanding gentleman newly arrived, & admitted of the Council, & 30. or 40. chosen men for that guard. Arriving at Werowocomo Newports conceit of this great Savage, bred many doubts, and suspicions of treacheries; which Smith, to make appear was needless, which 20. men 
Smith's revisiting Powhatan  well appointed, undertook to encounter (with that number) the worst that could hap there names were. 

Nathaniel powel.  
Robert Beheathland.  
William Phettiplace.  
Richard Wyffin.  
Anthony Gosnoll.  
john Taverner.  
William Dier.  
Thomas Coe.  
Thomas Hope.  
Anas Todkell   with 10. others whose names I have forgotten, These being kindly received a shore, with 2. or 300. Savages were conducted to their town; Powhatan strained 
Powhatans first entertainment of our men.  himself to the uttermost of his greatness to entertain us, with great shouts of joy, orations of protestations, and the most plenty of victual he could provide to feast us. Sitting upon his bed of mats, his pillow of leather embroidered (after their rude manner) with pearl & white beads, his attire a fair rob of skins as large as an Irish mantle, at his head and feet a handsome young woman; on each side his house sat 20. of his concubines, their heads and shoulders painted read, with a great chain of white beads about their necks, before those sat his chiefest men in like order in his arbor-like house. With many pretty discourses to renew their old acquaintance; the great king and our captain spent the time till the ebb left our Barge a ground, then renewing their feasts and mirth we quartered that night with Powhatan: the next day Newport came a shore, and received as much content as those 
The exchange of a Christian for a Savage.  people could give him, a boy named Thomas Savage was then given unto Powhatan who Newport called his son, for whom Powhatan gave him Namontacke his trusty servant, and one of a shrewd subtle capacity, 3. or 4. days were spent in feasting dancing and trading, wherein Powhatan carried himself so proudly, yet discreetly (in his Savage manner) as made us all admire his natural gifts considering his education, as scorning to trade as his subjects did, he bespoke Newport in this manner.  
Captain Newport it is not agreeable with my great 
Powhatas speech.  nes in this peddling manner to trade for trifles, and I esteem you a great werowans, Therefore lay me down all your commodities together, what I like I will take, and in recompense give you that I think fitting their value. Captain Smith being our interpreter, regarding Newport as his father, knowing best the disposition of Powhatan told us his intent was but to cheat us; yet captain Newport thinking to out brave this Savage in ostentation of greatness, & so to bewitch him with his bounty, as to have what he listed, but so it chanced Powhatan having his desire, valued his corn at such a rate, as I think it better cheap in Spain, for we had not 4. bushels for that we expected 20. hogsheads, This bred some unkindness between our two captains, Newport seeking to please the humour of the unsatiable Savage; Smith to 'cause the Savage to 
Difference of opinions.  please him, but smothering his distaste (to avoid the Savages suspicion) glanced in the eyes of Powhatan many Trifles who fixed his humour upon a few blue beads; A long time he importunately desired them, but Smith seemed so much the more to affect than, so that ere we departed, for a pound or two of blue beads he brought over my king for 2 or 300 bushels of corn, yet parted good friends. The like entertainment we found of Spechanchynough king of Pamaunke whom also he in like manner fitted, (at the like rates) with blue beads: and so we returned to the fort. Where this new supply being lodged with the rest, accidentally fired the quarters, & so the Town, which being but thatched with reeds the fire was so fierce as it burned their pallizadoes (though 10. or 12 yards distant) with their 
james town burnt.  arms, bedding, apparel, and much private provision. Good Mr Hunt our preacher lost all his library, and all that he had (but the clothes on his back,) yet none ever see him repined at his loss. This happened in the winter, in that extreme frost, 1607. Now though we had victual sufficient, I mean only of Oatmeal, meal, and corn, yet the ship staying there 14. weeks when she might as well have been go in 14. days, 
A ship idly loitering 14 weeks.  spent the beef, pork, oil, aquavitae, fish, butter, and cheese, beer and such like; as was provided to be landed us. When they departed, what their discretion could spare us, to make a feast or two with biscuit, pork beef, fish, and oil, to relish our mouths, of each somewhat they left us, yet I must confessed those that had either money, spare clotheses, credit to give bills of payment, gold rings, furs, or any such commodities were ever welcome to this removing tavern, such was our patience to obey such vile commanders, and buy our own provision at 15 times the value, suffering them feast (we bearing the charge) yet must not repined, but fast, and then leakage, ship-rats, and other casualties occasioned the loss, but the vessel and remnants (for totals) we were glad to receive with all our hearts to make up the account, highly commending their providence for preserving that. For all this plenty our ordinary was but meal and water, so that this great charge little relieved our wants, whereby with the extremity of the bitter cold air more than half of us died, and took our deaths, in that piercing winter I cannot deny, but both Skrivener and Smith did their best to amend what was amiss, but with the Precedents went the mayor part, that their horns were too short. But the worst mischief was, our gilded refiners with their golden promises, made all men their slaves in hope of recompense, there was no talk, no 
The effect of mere verbalists.  hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold, such a brute of gold, as one mad fellow desired to be buried in the sands, lest they should by their art make gold of his bones, little need there was and less reason, the ship should stay, their wages run 
a needle's charge  on, our victual consume, 14 weeks, that the Mariners might say, they built such a golden Church, that we can say, the rain washed near to nothing in 14 days. Were it that Captain Smith would not applaud all those golden inventions, because they admitted him not to the sight of their trials, nor golden consultations I know not; but I heard him question with Captain Martin and tell him, except he would show him a more substantial trial, he was not enamoured with their dirty skill, breathing out these and many other passions, never any thing did more torment him, then to see all necessary business neglected, to fraught such a drunken ship with so much gilded dirt; till than we never accounted Captain Newport a refiner; who being fit to set sail for England, and we not having any use of Parliaments, plays, petitions, 
A return to England.  admiral's, recorders, interpreters, chronologers, courts of plea, nor justices of peace, sent M. Wing field & Cap. Archer with him for England to seek some place of better employment.   

CHAP. 4.  
The arrival of the Phoenix, her return, and other accidents.  
THE authority now consisting in resining, Captain Martin and the still sickly Precedent, the sale of the stores commodities maintained their estates as inheritable revenues. The spring approaching, and the ship departed, M. Skrivener and Capt. 
The repairing of james town  Smith divided betwixt them, the rebuilding our town, the repairing our palisadoes, the cutting down trees, preparing our fields, planting our corn, & to rebuild our Church, and recover our storehouse; all men thus busy at their several labours, M. Nelson arrived with his lost Phoenix (lost I say, for that all men deemed him lost) landing safely his men; so well he had managed his ill hap, causing the Indian Isles to feed his company that his victual (to that was left us before) was sufficient for half a year, he had nothing but he freely imparted it, which honest dealing (being a mariner) caused us admire him, we would not have wished so much as he did for us. Now to relade this ship with some good tidings. The Precedent (yet notwithstanding with his dignity to leave the sort) gave order to Captain Smith and M. Skrivener to discover & search the commodities of Monacans country beyond the Falls, 60 able men was allotted their number, the 
60 appointed to discover Monacan.  which within 6 days exercise, Smith had so well trained to their arms and orders, that they little feared with whom they should encounter. Yet so unseasonable was the time, and so opposite was Capt. Martin to every thing, but only to fraught his ship also with his fantastical gold, as Captain Smith rather desired to relade her with Cedar, which was a present dispatch; then either with dirt, or the reports of an uncertain discovery. Whilst their conclusion was resolving, this happened.  
Powhatan to express his love to Newport, when he departed, presented him with 20 Turkeys, conditionally to return him 20 Swords, which immediately were 
An ill example to cell swords to Savages.  sent him; Now after his departure he presented Captain Smith with the like luggage, but not finding his humour, obaied in sending him weapons he caused his people with 20. devises to obtain them, at last by ambuseadoes at our very ports they would take them per 
powhatan's treachery.  force, surprise us at work, or any way, which was so long permitted that they become so insolent, there was no rule, the command from England was so strait not to offend them, as our authority bearers (keeping their houses) would rather be any thing than peace breakers: this charitable humour prevailed, till well it chanced they meddled with captain Smith, who without farther 
The governors weakness.  deliberation gave than such an encounter, as some he so hunted up and down the I'll, some he so terrified with whipping, beating and imprisonment, as for revenge they surprised two of his foraging disorderly 
Smith's attempt to suppress the Savages insolences.  soldiers, and having assembled their forces, boldly threatened at our ports to force Smith to redeliver 7. Savages which for their villainies he detained prisoners, but to try their furies, in less than half an hour he so hampered their insolences, that they brought the 2. prisoners desiring peace without any farther composition for their prisoners, who being threatened and examined their intents and plotters of their villainies confessed they were directed only by Powhatan, to obtain him our own weapons to cut our own throats, with the manner how, where, and when, which we plainly found most true and apparent, yet he sent his messengers & his dearest Daughter Pocahuntas to excuse 
powhatan's excuses.  him, of the injuries done by his subjects, desiring their liberties, with the assurance of his love, after Smith had given the prisoners what correction he thought fit, used them well a day or two after, & then delivered them Pocahuntas, for whose sake only he feigned to save their lives and grant them liberty. The patiented council, that nothing would move to war with the Savages, would gladly have wrangled with captain Smith for his cruelty, yet none was slain to any man's knowledge but it brought them in such fear & obedience, as his very name would, sufficiently affright them. The fraught of this ship being concluded to be 
A ship fraught with Cedar.  Cedar, by the diligence of the Master, and captain Smith she was quickly reladed; Mr Scrivener was neither Idle nor slow to follow all things at the fort, the ship falling to the Cedar I'll, captain Martin having made shift to be sick near a year, & now, neither pepper, sugar, cloves, mace, nor ●●gmetss, ginger nor sweet meats in the country (to enjoy the credit of his supposed art) at his earnest request, was most willingly admitted to return for England, yet having been there but a year, and not past half a year since the ague left him (that he might say somewhat he had seen) he went twice by water to Paspahegh a place near 7. miles from james town, but jest the dew 
The adventure of Capt. Mart●●  should distemper him, was ever forced to return before night, Thus much I thought fit to express, he expressly commanding me to record his journeys, I being his man, and he sometimes my master.  


Thomas Studly.  
Anas Todkill.     

Their names that were landed in this supply:  Matthew Scriviner, appointed to be of the Council. 

Michael Phetyplace.  
William Phetyplace.  
Ralph Morton.  
William Cantrill.  
Richard Wyffin.  
Robert Barnes.  
George Hill.  
George Pretty.  
john Taveruer.  
Robert Cutler.  
Michael Sickelmore.  
Thomas Coo.  
Peter Pory.  
Richard Killingbeck.  
William ●ausey.  
Doctor russel.  
Richard Worley.  
Richard Prodger.  
William ●●yley.  
Richard Molynex.  
Richard Pots.  
jefrey Abots.  
john Harper.  
Timothy Leds.  
Edward Gurganay.  
George Forest.  
john Nicholes.  
William Gryvill.   Gent. 

Daniel Stalling jueller.  
William Dawson Refiner.  
Abraham Ransack Refiner.  
William johnson Goldsmith.  
Peter Keffer a Gunner.  
Robert Alberton a Perfumer.  
Richard Belfield Goldsmith.  


Ramon Goodyson.  
john Speareman.  
William Spence.  
Richard Brislow.  
William Simons.  
john Bouth.  
William Burket.  
Nicholas Ven.  
William Perce.  
Francis Perkins.  
Francis Perkins.  
William Bentley.  
Richard Gradon.  
Rowland Nelstrop  
Richard Savage.  
Thomas Savage.  
Richard miller.  
William May.  
Vere.  
Michael.  
Bishop wiles.   Labourers.  


john powel.  
Thomas Hope.  
William Beckwith.  
William young.  
Laurence Towtales.  
William Ward.   Tailer.  
Christopher Ro●es.  
james Watkings.  
Richard Fetherstone.  
james Burn.  


Thomas Felled.  
john Harford.   Apot hecaries.  
Post Gittnat a Curgion.  
john jews a Couper.  
Robert Cotten a Tobaco-pipe-maker.  
Richard Dole a black Smith & diverse others to the number of 120.    

CHAP. 5.  
The accidents that happened in the Discovery of the bay.  
THe prodigality of the Precedents state went so deep in the store that Smith and Scrivener had a while tied both Martin & him to the rules of proportion, but now Smith being to departed, the Precedents authority so overswayed Mr Scriveners discretion as our store, our time, our strength and labours was idly consumed to fulfil his fantasies. The second of june 1608. Smith left the fort to perform his discovery; with this company.  

Walter russel Doctor of Physic.  


Ralph Morton.  
Thomas Momford.  
William Cantrill.  
Richard Fetherstone.  
james Bourne.  
Michael Sicklemore.   Gent.  


Anas Toakill.  
Robert Small.  
james Watkins.  
john powel.   Sould.  
james Read blacksmith.  
Richard Keale fishmonger.  
jonas Profit fisher.   
These being in an open barge of two tons burden leaving the Phoenix at Cape-Henry we crossed the bay to the Eastern shore & fell with the Isles called Smiths, Isles the first people we saw were 2. grim and stout Savages upon Cape-Charles with long 
Cape Charles.  poles like javelins, headed with bone, they boldly demanded what we were, and what we would, but after many circumstances, they in time seemed very kind, 
Acawmacke.  and directed us to Acawmacke the habitation of the Werowans where we were kindly entreated; this king was the comeliest proper civil Savage we encountered: his country is a pleasant fertile clay-soile. He cold us of a strange accident lately happened him, and it was Two dead children by the extreme passions of their parents, or some dreaming visions, fantasy, or affection moved them again to revisit their dead carcases, 
A strange mortality of savages.  whose benumbed bodies reflected to the eyes of the beholders such pleasant delightful countenances, as though they had regained their vital spirits. This as a miracle drew many to behold them, all which, (being a great part of his people) not long after died, and not any one escaped. They spoke the language of Powhatan wherein they made such descriptions of the bay, Isles, and rivers that often did us exceeding pleasure. Passing along the coast, searching every inlet, and bay fit for harbours & habitations seeing many Isles in the midst of the bay, we bore up for them, but ere we could attain them such an extreme gust of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning happened, that with great danger we escaped the unmerciful raging of that ocean-like 
An extreme gust.  water. The next day searching those inhabitable Isles (which we called Russels Isles) to provide fresh water, 
Russels Iles.  the defect whereof forced us to follow the next Eastern channel, which brought us to the river Wighcocomoco, 
Wighcocomoco.  the people at first with great fury, seemed to assault us, yet at last with songs, dances, and much mirth, become very tractable, but searching their habitations for water, we could fill but 3, and that such 
An extreme want of fresh water.  puddle that never till then, we ever knew the want of good water, we digged and searched many places but ere the end of two days we would have refused two barricoes of gold for one of that puddle water of Wighcocomoco. Being past these Isles, falling with a high land upon the main we found a great pond of fresh water, but so exceeding hot, that we supposed it some bath: that place we called Point ployer, being thus refreshed in crossing over from the main to other Isles, the wind and waters so much increased with thunder, lightning, and rain, that our foremast blew overbord and such mighty waves overwrought us in that small 
The barge near sunk in a gust.  barge, that with great labour we kept her from sinking by freeing out the water, 2 days we were enforced to inhabit these uninhabited Isles, which (for the extremity of gusts, thunder, rain, storms, and i'll weather) we called Limbo. Repairing our fore sail with our shirts, we set sail for the main & fell with a fair river on the East called Kuskaranaocke, by it inhabit the people of Soraphanigh, Nause, Arsek, and Nauta quake that much extolled a great nation called Massawomekes, 
The first notice of the Massawomecks.  in search of whom we returned by Limbo, but finding this eastern shore shallow broken Isles, & the main for most part without fresh water, we passed by the straits of Limbo for the western shore So broad is the bay here, that we could scarce perceive the great high Cliffs on the other side, by them we anchored that night, and called them Richard's Cliffs. 30 leagues we sailed more Northwards, not finding any inhabitants, yet the coast well watered, the mountains very barren, the valleys very fertile, but the woods extreme thick, full of Wolves, Bears, Dear, and other wild beasts. The first inlet we found, we called Bolus, for that the clay (in many places) was like (if not) bolearmoniac: when we first set sail, some of 
Bolus river.  our gallants doubted nothing, but that our Captain would make too much hast home; but having lien not above 12 days in this small Barge, often tired at their oars, their bread spoiled with wet, so much that it was rotten (yet so good were their stomachs that they could digest it) did with continual complaints so importune him now to return, as caused him bespeak them in this manner. Gentlemen if you would remember the memorable history of Sir Ralph Lane, how his 
Smith's speech to his soldiers.  company importuned him to proceed in the discovery of Morattico, alleging, they had yet a dog, that being boiled with Saxafras leaves, would richly feed them in their returns; what a shame would it be for you (that have been so suspicious of my tenderness) to force me return with a months' provision scarce able to say where we have been, nor yet heard of that we were sent to seek; you cannot say but I have shared with you of the worst is past; and for what is to come of lodging, diet, or whatsoever, I am contented you allot the worst part to myself; as for your fears, that I will loose myself in these unknown large waters, or be swallowed up in some stormy gust, abandon those childish fears, for worse than is passed cannot happen, and there is as much danger to return, as to proceed forward. Regain therefore your old spirits; for return I will not, (if God assist me) till I have seen the Massawomekes, found Patawomeck, or the head of this great water you conceit to be endless. 3 or 4 days we expected wind and weather, whose adverse extremities added such discouragements to our discontents as 3 or 4 fell extreme sick, whose pitiful complaints caused us to return, leaving the bay some 10 miles broad at 9 or 10 fathom water.  
The 16 of june we fell with the river of Patawomeck: 
The discovery of Patawomeck.  fear being gon●, and our men recovered, we were all contented to take some pains to know the name of this 9 mile broad river, we could see no inhabitants for 30 miles sail; then we were conducted by 2 Savages up a little bayed creak toward Onawmament where all the woods were laid with Ambuscadoes to the number of 3 or 400 Savages, but so 
Ambuscadoes of Savages.  strangely painted, grimed, and disguised, shouting, yelling, and crying, as we rather supposed them so many devils, they made many bravadoes, but to appease their fury, our Captain prepared with a seeming willingness (as they) to encounter them, the grazing of the bullets upon the river, with the echo of the woods so amazed them, as down went their bows & arrows; (and exchanging hostage) james Watkins was sent 6 miles up the woods to their king's habitation: we were kindly used by these Savages, of whom we understood, they were commanded to betray us, by powhatan's direction, and he so directed 
A treacherous project.  from the discontents of james town. The like encounters we found at Patawomeck Cecocawone & diverse other places, but at Moyaones Nacothtant and Taux, the people did their best to content us. The cause of this discovery, was to search a glistering metal, the Savages told us they had from Patawomeck, (the which Newport assured that he had tried to hold half silver) also to search what furs, metals, rivers, Rocks, nations, woods, fishings, fruits, victuals and other commodities the land afforded, and whether the bay were endless, or how far it extended. The mine we found 9 or 10 miles up in the country from the river, 
Antimony.  but it proved of no value: Some Otters, Beavers, Martins, Luswarts, and sables we found, and in divers places that abundance of fish lying so thick with their heads above the water, as for want of nets (our barge driving amongst them) we attempted to catch them with a frying pan, but we found it a bad instrument to catch fish with. Neither better fish more plenty or variety 
An abundant plenty of fish.  had any of us ever seen, in any place swimming in the water, then in the bay of Chesapeack, but there not to be caught with frying-pans. To express all our quarrels, treacheries & encounters amongst those Savages, I should be too tedious; but in brief at all times we so encountered them & kerbed their insolences, as they concluded with presents to purchase peace, yet we 
How to deal with the Savages.  lost not a man, at our first meeting our captain ever observed this order to demand their bows and arrows swords mantles or furs, with some child for hostage; whereby he could quickly perceive when they intended any villainy. Having finished this discovery (though our victual was near spent) he intended to have seen his imprisonments, acquaintance upon the river of Toppahannock. But our boat (by reason of the ebb) chansing to ground upon a many shoules lying in the entrance, we spied many fishes lurking amongst the weeds on the sands, our captain sporting himself to catch them by nailing them to the ground with his sword, set us all a fishing in that manner, by this devise, we took more in an hour than we all could eat; but it chanced, the captain taking a fish from his sword 
A Stingray very hurtful.  (not knowing her condition) being much of the fashion of a thornback with a longer tail, whereon is a most poisoned sting of 2. or 3. inches long, which she struck an inch and half into the wrist of his arm the which in 4. hours had so extremely swollen his hand, arm, shoulder, and part of his body, as we all with much sorrow concluded his funeral, and prepared his grave in an I'll hard by (as himself appointed) which then we called stingeray Isle after the name of the fish. Yet by the help of a precious oil Doctor Russels applied, eat night his tormenting pain was so well assuaged that he eat the fish to his supper, which gave no less joy and content to us, than ease to himself. Having neither Surgeon nor surgery but that preservative oil, we presently set sail for james Town; passing the mouth of pyankatanck, & Pamaunke rivers, the next day we safely arrived at Kecoughtan. The simple Savages, seeing our captain hurt, and another bloody (which came by breaking his shin) our number 
The Savages affrighted with their own suspicion.  of bows, arrows, swords, targets, mantles and furs; would needs imagine we had been at wars, the truth of these accidents would not satisfy them) but impatiently they importuned us to know with whom we fought, finding their aptness to believe, we failed not (as a great secret) to tell them any thing that might affright them what spoil we had got and made of the Masawomeekes, this rumour went faster up the river than our barge; that arrived at weraskoyack the 20. of julie, where trimming her with painted streamers, and such devises we made the fort jealous of a Spanish frigate; where we all safely arrived the 21. of july, there we found the last supply, all sick, the rest, some lame, some bruised, all unable to do any thing, but complain of the 
A needless misery.  pride and unreasonable needless cruelty of their silly Precedent, that had riotously consumed the store, & to fulfil his follies about building him an unnecessary palace in the woods had brought them all to that misery; That had not we arrived, they had as strangely tormented him with revenge. But the good news of our discovery, and the good hope we had (by the Savages relation) our Bay had stretched to the South-sea, appeased their fury; but conditionally that Ratliffe should be deposed, & that captain Smith would take upon him the government; their request being effected, he Substituted Mr Scrivener his dear friend in the presidency, equally distributing those private provisions the other had engrossed; appointing more honest officers to assist Scrivener, (who then lay extremely tormented with a calenture) & in regard of the weakness of the company, and heat of the year they being 
The company left to live at ease.  unable to work; he left them to live at ease, but embarked himself to finish his discovery.  
Written by 

Walter russel and  
Anas Todkill.     

CHAP. 6.  
What happened the second voyage to discover the Bay.  
THE 20. of july Captain Smith set forward to finish the discovery with 12. men their names were  



Nathaniel powel.  
Thomas Momford.  
Richard Faetherstone.  
Michael Sicklemore.  
james Bourne.   Gent.  


Anas Toakill.  
Edward Pysing.  
Richard Keale.  
Anthony Bagnall.  
james Watkins.   Sould.  
William Ward.  
jonas Profit.   
The wind being contrary caused our stay 2. or 3: days at Kecoughtan the wer●●●●ss feasting us with much mitth, his people were persuaded we went purposely to be revenged of the Massawomeckes, in the evening we firing 2. or 3. rackets, so testified the poor Savages, they supposed nothing impossible we attempted, 
The Savages admire fireworks.  and desired to assist us. The first night we anchored at Stingeray I'll, the next day crossed Palawomecks' river, and hasted for the river Bolus, we went not much farther before we might perceiveive the Bay to divide in 2. heads, and arriving there we found it 
The head of the Bay.  divided in 4, all which we searched so far as we could sail them; 2. of them we found uninhabited, but in crossing the bay to the other, we encountered 7. or 8. Canoes full of Massawomecks, we seeing them prepare 
An encounter with the Massawomecks.  to 〈◊〉 us left our oars & made way with our sail to encounter them, yet were we but five (with our captain) could stands or within a days after we left Kecoughtan, the rest (being all of the last supply) were sick almost to death, (until they were seasoned to the country) having shut them under our tarpawling, we put their hats upon sticks by the barge side to make us seem many, and so we think the Indian's supposed those hats to be men, for they 〈◊〉 with all possible speed to the shore, and there stayed, staring at the sailing of our barge, till we anchored right against them. Long it was ere we could draw them to come unto us, at last they sent 2 of their company unarmed in a Conowe, the rest all followed to second them if need required; These a being but each presented with all bell, brought aboard all their fellows, presenting the captain with venison bears flesh, fish, bows, arrows, clubs, targets, and bear skins; we understood them nothing at all but by signs, whereby they signified unto us they had been at wars with the Tockwoghs the which they confirmed by showing their green wounds; but the night parting us, we imagined they appointed the next morning to meet, but after that we never saw them.  
Entering the River of Tockwogh the savages all armed 
An encounter with the Tockwoghs.  in a fleer of Boats round environed us; it chanced one of them could speak the language of Powhatan who persuaded the rest to a friendly parley: but when they see us furnished with the Massawomeckes weapons, and we feigning the invention of Kecoughtan to have taken them perforce; they conducted us to their pallizadoed town, mantelled with the barks of trees, with Scaffolds like mounts, breasted about with Barks very formally, their men, women, and children, with dances, songs, fruits, fish, furs, & what they had kindly entertained us, spreading mats for us to sit on, stretching their best abilities to express their loves.  
Many hatchets, knives, & pieces of iron, & brass, we see, which they reported to have from the Sasquesahanockes 
Hatchets from Sasquesahanock  a mighty people, and mortal enemies with the Massawomeckes; The Sasquesahanocks, inhabit upon the chief spring of these 4. two days journey higher than our Barge could pass for rocks. Yet we prevailed with the interpreter to take with him an other interpreter to persuade the Sasquesahanocks to come to visit us, for their language are different: 3. or 4. days we expected their return then 60 of these giant like people came down with presents of venison, Tobacco pipes, Baskets, Targets, Bows and Arrows, 5 of their Werowances came boldly aboard us, to cross the bay for Tockwogh, leaving their men and Canoes, the wind being so violent that they durst not pass.  
Our order was, daily to have prayer, with a psalm, at which solemnity the poor Savages much wondered: our prayers being done, they were long busied, with consultation till they had contrived their business; then they began in most passionate manner to hold up their hands to the sun with a most fearful song, then embracing the Captain, they began to adore 
The Sasquesahanocks offer to the English.  him in like manner, though he rebuked them, yet they proceeded till their song was finished, which done with a most strange furious action, and a hellish voice began an oration of their loves; that ended, with a great painted bears skin they covered our Captain, than one ready with a chain of white beads (weighing at lest 6 or 7 pound) hung it about his neck, the others had 18 mantles made of diverse sorts of skins sowed together, all these with many other toys, they laid at his feet, stroking their ceremonious hands about his neck for his creation to be their governor, promising their aids, victuals, or what they had to be his, if he would stay with them to defend and revenge them of the Massawomecks; But we left them at Tockwogh, they much sorrowing for our departure, yet we promised the next year again to visit them; many descriptions and discourses they made us of Atquanahucke, Massawomecke, and other people, signifying they inhabit the river of Cannida, and from the French to 
Cannida.  have their hatchets, and such like tools by trade, these know no more of the territories of Powhatan then his name, and he as little of them.  
Thus having sought all the inlets and rivers worth noting, we returned to discover the river of Pawtuxunt, these people we found very tractable, and more ci 
Pawtuxunt. R.  vill then any, we promised them, as also the Patawomecks, the next year to revenge them of the Massawomecks. Our purposes were crossed in the discovery of the river of Toppahannock, for we had much wrangling 
Toppahanock. R  with that peevish nation; but at last they become as tractable as the rest. It is an excellent, pleasant, well inhabited, fertile, and a goodly navigable river, toward the head thereof; it pleased God to take one of our sick (called M. Fetherstone) where in Fetherstons bay we buried him in the night with a volley of shot; the rest 
Fetherstone baried.  (notwithstanding their ill diet, and bad lodging, crowded in so small a barge in so many dangers, never resting, but always tossed to and again) all well recovered their healths; then we discovered the river of Payankatank, and set sail for james Town; but in crossing 
Payankatanke discovered.  the bay in a fair calm, such a sudden gust surprised us in the night with thunder and rain, as we were half employed in freeing out water, never thinking to escape drowning yet running before the wind, at last we made land by the flashes of fire from heaven, by which light only we kept from the splitting shore, un till it pleased God in that black darkness to preserve us by that light to found Point comfort, and arrived safe at james Town, the 7 of September, 1608. where we found M. Skrivener and divers others well recovered, 
Their proceed at james Town.  many dead, some sick. The late Precedent prisoner for mutiny, by the honest diligence of M. Skrivener the harvest gathered, but the stores, provision, much spoiled with rain. Thus was that year (when nothing wanted) consumed and spent and nothing done; (such was the government of Captain Ratcliff) but only this discovery; wherein to express all the dangers, accidents, and encounters this small number passed in that small barge, with such watery diet in these great waters and barbarous Countries (till then to any Christian utterly unknown) I rather refer their merit to the censure of the courteous and experienced reader, than I would be tedious, or partial, being a party;  
By 

Nathaniel Poell, and  
Anas Todkill.     

CHAP. 7.  
The presidency surrendered to Captain Smith, the arrival and return of the second supply: and what happened.  
THe 10. of September 1608. by the election of the Council, & request of the company Captain Smith received the letters patents, and took upon him the place of Precedent, which till then by no means he would accept though he were often importuned thereunto. Now the building of Ratcliffes pallas staid as a thing needless; The church was repaired, the storehouse recovered; building prepared for the supply we expected. The fort reduced to the 
QVERE,  form of this figure, the order of watch renewed, the squadrons (each setting of the watch) trained. The whole company every Saturday exercised in a field prepared for that purpose; the boats trimmed for trade which in their journey encountered the second supply, that brought them back to discover the country of Monacan, how, or why, Captain Newport obtained such a private commission as not to return without a lump of gold, a certainty of the south-sea or one of the lost company of Sr Walter Rawley I know not, nor why he brought such a 5. pieced barge, not to bear us to that south sea, till we had borne her over the mountains: which how far they extend is yet unknown) as for the coronation of Powhatan & his presents of Basin, Ewer, Bed, Clotheses, and such costly novelties, they had been much better well spared, then so ill spent. For we had his favour much better, only for a poor piece of Copper, till this stately kind of 
Powbatans' scorn when his courtesy was most deserved  soliciting made him so much overvalue himself, that he respected us as much as nothing at all; as for the hiring of the Poles and Dutch to make pitch and tar, glass, mills, and soap-ashes, was most necessary and well. But to sand them and scutcheon more without victual to work, was not so well considered; yet this could not have hurt us, had they been 200. (though then we were 130 that wanted for ourselves.) For we had the Savages in that Decorum, (their harvest being newly gathered) that we feared not to get victual sufficient had we been 500 Now was there no way to 
No way but one to overthrow the business.  make us miserable but to neglect that time to make our provision, whilst it was to be had; the which was done to perform this strange discovery, but more strange coronation; to lose that time, spend that victual we had, tyre & starve our men, having no means to carry victual, munition, the hurr or sick, but their own backs, how or by whom they were invented I know not; But Captain Newport we only accounted the author, who to effect these projects had so gilded all our hopes, with great promises, that both company and Council concluded his resolution. I confess we little understood then our estates, to conclude his conclusion, against all the inconveniences the foreseeing Precedent all eadged. There was added to the council one Captain Waldo, and Captain Win two ancient soldiers and valiant gentlemen, but ignorant of the business (being newly arrived) Rateliffe was also permitted to have his voice, & Mr Scrivener desirous to see strange countries, so that although Smith was Precedent, yet the Council had the authority, and ruled it as they listed; as for cleared Smiths objections, how pitch, and tar, wainscot, clapbord, glass, & soap ashes, could be provided to relade the ship; or provisiongot to live withal, when none was in the Country and that which we had, spent before the ships departed; The answer was, Captain Newport undertook to fraught the Pinnace with corn, in going and returning in his discovery, and to refraught her again from Werawocomoco; also promising a great proportion of victual from his ship, inferring that Smith's propositions were only devises to hinder his journey, to effect it himself; and that the crucltie Smith had used to the Savages, in his absence, might occasion them to hinder his designs; For which, all works were left; and 120 chosen men were appointed for his guard, and Smith, to make clear these seeming suspicions, that the Savages were not so desperate, as was pretended by Captain Newport, and how willing he was to further them to effect their projects, (because the coronation 
Captain Smith with 4 goeth to Powbatan.  would consume much time) undertook their message to Powhatan; to entreat him to come to james Town to receive his presents, accompanied only with Captain Waldo, M. Andrew Buckler, Edward Brinton, & Samuel Collier; with these 4 he went over land, against Werawacomoco, there passed the river of Pamavuke in the Savages Canoes, Powhatan being 30 miles of, who, presently was sent for, in the mean time his women entertained Smith in this manner.  
In a fair plain field they made a fire, before which 
The women's entertainment at Werawcomoco  he sitting upon a mat; suddenly amongst the woods was heard such a hideous noise and shrieking, that they betook them to their arms, supposing Powhatan with all his power came to surprise them; but the beholders which were many, men, women, & children, satisfied the Captain there was no such matter, being presently presented with this antic, 30 young women camenaked out of the woods (only covered behind and before with a few green leaves) their bodies all painted, some white, some read, some black, some party colour, but every one different, their leader had a fair pair of stags horns on her head, and an otter skin at her girdle, another at her arm, a quiver of arrows at her back, and bow and arrows in her hand, the next in her hand a sword, another a club, another a pot-stick, all horned alike, the rest every one with their several devises. These fiends with most hellish cries, and shouts rushing from amongst the trees, cast themselves in a ring about the fire, singing, and dancing with excellent ill variety, often falling into their infernal passions, and then solemnly again to sing, and dance. Having spent near an hour, in this maskarado, as they entered; in like manner departed; having reaccommodated themselves, they solemnly invited Smith to their lodging, but no sooner was he within the house, but all these Nymphs more tormented him then ever, with crowding, and pressing, and hanging upon him, most tediously crying, love you not me. This salutation ended, the feast was set, consisting of fruit in baskets, fish, & flesh in wooden platters, beans and pease there wanted not (for 20 hogs) nor any Savage dainty their invention could device; some attending, others singing and dancing about them; this mirth and banquet being ended, with firebrands (instead of torches) they conducted him to his lodging.  
The next day, came Powhatan; Smith delivered his 
Captain Smith's message.  message of the presents sent him, and redelivered him Namontack, desiring him come to his Father Newport to accept those presents, and conclude their revenge against the Monacans, whereunto the subtle Savage thus replied.  
If your king have sent me presents, I also am a king, 
powhatan's answer.  and this my land, 8 days I will stay to receive them, your father is to come to me, not I to him, nor yet to your fort, neither will I bite at such a bait: as for the Monacans, I can revenge my own injuries, and as for Atquanuchuck, where you say your brother was slain, it is a contrary way from those parts you suppose it. But for any salt water beyond the mountains, the relations you have had from my people are false, whereupon he began to draw plots upon the ground (according to his discourse) of all those regions; many other discourses they had (yet both desirous to give each other content in Complemental courtesies) and so Captain Smith returned with this answer.  
Upon this Captain Newport sent his presents by 
powhatan's Coronation.  water, which is near 100 miles, with 50 of the best shot, himself went by land which is but 12 miles, where he met with our 3 barges to transport him over. All things being fit for the day of his coronation, the presents were brought, his basin, ewer, bed & furniture set up, his scarlet cloak and apparel (with much ado) put on him (being persuaded by Namontacke they would do him no hurt.) But a fowl trouble there was to make him kneel to receive his crown, he neither knowing the majesty, nor meaning of a Crown, nor bending of the knee, endured so many persuasions, examples, and instructions, as tired them all. At last by leaning hard on his shoulders, he a little stooped, and Newport put the Crown on his head. When by the warning of a pistol, the boats were prepared with such a volley of shot, that the king start up in a horrible fear, till he see all was well, then remembering himself, to congratulate their kindness, he gave his old shoes and his mantle to Captain Newport. But perceiving his purpose was to discover the Monacans, he laboured to divert his resolution refusing to lend him either men, or guides, more than Namontack, and so (after some complemental kindness on both sides) in requital of his presents, he presented Newport with a heap of wheat ears, that might contain some 7 or 8 bushels, & as much more we bought ready dressed in the town, wherewith we returned to the fort.  
The ship having disburdened herself of 70 persons, with the first gentlewoman, and woman servant 
The discovery of Monacan.  that arrived in our Colony; Captain Newport with all the Council, and 120 chosen men, set forward for the discovery of Monacan, leaving the Precedent at the fort with 80. (such as they were) to relade the ship. Arriving at the falls, we marched by land some forty miles in 2 days and a half, and so returned down to the same path we went. Two towns we discovered of the Monacans, the people neither using us well nor ill, yet for our security we took one of their petty Werowances, and lead him bound, to conduct us the way. And in our return searched many places we supposed mines, about which we spent some time in refining, having one William Calicut a refiner, fitted for that purpose, from that crust of earth we digged he persuaded us to believe he extracted some small quan titie of silver (and not unlikely better stuff might be had for the digging) with this poor trial being contented to leave this fair, fertile, well watered country. Coming to the Falls, the Savages feigned there were divers ships come into the Bay to kill them at james Town. Trade they would not, and found their corn we could not, for they had hid it in the woods, and being thus deluded we arrived at james Town, half sick, all complaining, and tired with toil, famine, and discontent, to have only but discovered our gilded hopes, and such fruitless certainties, as the Precedent foretold us.  
Not sooner were we landed, but the Precedent dispersed many as were able, some for glass, others for pitch, tar and soap ashes, leaving them, (with the fort) to the Counsels oversight. But 30 of us he conducted 5. miles from the fort to learn to make clapbord, cut down trees, and lie in woods; amongst the rest he had chosen Gabriel beadel, & john russel the only two gallants of this last supply, and both proper gentlemen: strange were these pleasures to their conditions, yet lodging eating, drinking, working, or playing they doing but as the Precedent, all these things were carried so pleasantly, as within a week they become Masters, making it their delight to hear the trees thunder as they fell, but the axes so often blistered there tender fingers, that commonly every third blow had a loud oath to drown the echo; for remedy of which sin the Precedent devised how to have every man's oaths numbered, and at night, for every oath to have a can of water powered down his sleeve, with 
A punishment for swearing.  which every offender was so washed (himself & all) that a man should scarce hear an oath in a week.  
By this, let no man think that the Precedent, or these gentlemen spent their times as common wood-hackers at felling of trees, or, such like other labours, or that they were pressed to any thing as hirelings or common slaves, for what they did (being but once a little enured) it seemed, and they conceited it only as a pleasure and a recreation. Yet 30 or 40 of such voluntary Gentlemen would do more in a day than 100 of 
One gentleman better than 20 lubbers.  the rest that must be priest to it by compulsion. Master Scrivener, Captain Waldo, and Captain Win at the fort, every one in like manner carefully regarded their charge. The Precedent returning from amongst the woods, seeing the time consumed, and no provision gotten, (and the ship lay Idle, and would do nothing) presently embarked himself in the discovery barge, giving order to the Council, to sand Mr Persey after him with the next barge that arrived at the fort; 2. barges, he had himself, and 20. men, but arriving at Chickahamina that dogged nation, was too well acquainted with our wants, refusing to trade, with as much scorn and insolency as they could express. The Precedent perceiving it was powhatan's policy to starve us, told them he came not so much for 
The Chickahamines forced to contribution,  their corn, as to revenge his imprisonment, and the death of his men murdered by them, & so landing his men, and ready to charge them, they immediately fled; but then they sent their imbassadours, with corn, fish, fowl, or what they had to make their peace, (their corn being that year bad) they complained extremely of their own wants, yet fraughted our boats with 100 bushels of corn, and in like manner Mr Percy's, that not long after us arrived; they having done the best they could to content us, within 4. or 5. days we returned to james Town.  
Though this much contented the company (that then feared nothing but starving) yet some so envied his good success, that they rather desired to starve, than 
A bad reward for well doing.  his pains should prove so much more effectual than theirs; some projects there was, not only to have deposed him but to have kept him out of the fort, for that being Precedent, he would leave his place, and the fort without their consents; but their horns were so much too short to effect it, as they themselves more narrowly escaped a greater mischief.  
All this time our old tavern, made as much of all 
A good tavern in Virginia.  them that had either money or ware as could be desired; and by this time they were become so perfect on all sides (I mean Soldiers, Sailors, and Savages,) as there was ten-times more care, to maintain their damnable and private trade, then to provide for the Colony things that were necessary, neither was it a small policy in the mariners, to report in England we had such plenty and bring us so many men without victual, when they had so many private factors in the fort, that within 6. or 7. weeks after the ships return, of 2. or 300. hatchets, chissels, mattocks, and pickaxes searce 20. could be found, and for pike-heads, knives, shot, powder, or any thing (they could steal from their 
A bad trade of masters and sailors.  fellows) was vendible; They knew as well (and as secretly) how to convey them to trade with the Savages, for furs, baskets, mussaneekes, young beasts or such like commodities, as exchange them with the sailors, for butter, cheese, beef, pork, aquavitae, beer, biscuit, and oatmeal; and then feign, all was sent them from their friends. And though Virginia afford no furs for the store, yet one mariner in one voyage hath got so many, as he hath confessed to have sold in England for 30l.  
Those are the Saint-seeming worthies of Virginia, that have notwithstanding all this, meat, drink, and pay, but now they begin to grow weary, their trade being both perceived and prevented; none hath been in Virginia (that hath observed any thing) which knows not this to be true, and yet the scorn, and shame was the poor soldiers, gentlemen and careless governors, who were all thus bought and sold, the adventurers cozened, and the action overthrown by their false excuses, informations, and directions, by this let all the world judge, how this business could prospero, being thus abused by such pilfering occasions.  

The proceed and accidents, with the second supply.  
Mr Scrivener was sent with the barges and Pinas to Werawocomoco, where he found the Savages more ready 
Skriveners' voyage to Werawocomoco.  to fight then trade, but his vigilancy was such, as prevented their projects, and by the means of Namontack got 3. or 4. hogsheads of corn, and as much Read paint which (then) was esteemed an excellent die.  
Captain Newport being dispatched with the trials of pitch, tar, glass, frankincense, and soap ashes, with that clapoord and wainscot could be provided met with Mr Scrivener at point Comfort, & so returned for England, leaving us in all 200. with those he brought us.  

The names of those in this supply are these.  


Captain Peter Winne.  
Captain Richard Waldo.   were appointed to be of the Council.  


Mr Francis West.  
Thomas Graves.  
Rawley Chroshaw.  
Gabriel Bedle.  
john russel.  
john Bedle.  
William russel.  
john Gudderington.  
William Sambage.  
Henry Collings.  
Henry Ley.  
Harmon Haryson.  
Daniel Tucker.  
Hugh Wollystone.  
john Hoult.  
Thomas Norton.  
George Yarington.  
George Burton.  
Henry Philpot.  
Thomas Maxes.  
Michael Lowicke.  
Mr Hunt.  
Thomas Forest.  
William Dowman.  
john Dauxe.  
Thomas Abbay.   Gent.  


Thomas Phelps.  
john Part.  
john Clarke.  
jefry Shortridge.  
Dius Oconor.  
Hugh Wynne.  
Davi Vphu.  
Thomas Bradley.  
john Burras.  
Thomas Lavender.  
Henry Bell.  
Mr powel.  
Davi elys.  
Thomas Gipson.   Tradsin.  


Thomas Dowse.  
Thomas Mallard.  
William Taler.  
Thomas Fox.  
Nicholas Hancock.  
Walker.  
Williams.  
Morrell.  
Rose.  
Scot  
Hardwin.   labourers.  


Milman.  
Hellyard.   Boys.  
Mistress Forest and Anne Buras her maid, 8.  
Dutchmen, and Poles with diverse to the number of 70. persons.   
Those poor conclusions so affrighted us all with famine; that the Precedent provided for Nansamund, 
Nansamund forced to contribution.  took with him Captain Winne & Mr Scrivener (then returning from Captain Newport), these people also long denied him trade, (excusing themselves to be so commanded by Powhatan) till we were constrained to begin with them perforce, and then they would rather cell us some, than we should take all; so loading our boats, with 100 bushels we parted friends, and came to james Town, at which time, there was a marriage between john Laydon and Anna Burrowes, being the first marriage we had in Virginia.  
Long he stayed not, but fitting himself & captain Waldo with 2. barges, from Chawopo, weanocke and all parts there, was found neither corn nor Savage, but all fled (being jealous of our intents) till we discovered the river and people of Appametuck, where we found 
Appamatucke discovered.  little that they had, we equally divided, betwixt the Savages and us (but gave them copper in consideration) Mr Persie, and Mr Scrivener went also abroad but could find nothing.  
The Precedent seeing this procastinating of time, was no course to live, resolved with Captain Waldo, (whom he knew to be sure in time of need) to surprise Powhatan, and all his provision, but the unwillingness of Captain Winne, and Mr Scrivener (for some private respects) did their best to hinder their project: But the Precedent whom no persuasions could persuade to starve, being invited by Powhatan to come unto him, & if he would sand him but men to build him a house, bring him a grindstone, 50. swords, foam pieces, a cock and a hen, with copper and beads, he would load his ship with corn, the Precedent not ignorant of his devises, yet unwilling to neglect any opportunity, presently sent 3. Dutchmen and 2. English (having no victuals to employ them, all for want thereof being idle) knowing there needed no better castle, than that house to surprise Powhatan, to effect this project he took order with Captain Waldo to second him if need required; Scrivener he left his substitute; and set forth with the Pinnace 2. barges and six and forty men which only were such as volentarily offered themselves for his journey, the which (by reason of Mr Scriveners ill success) was censured very desperate, they all knowing Smith would not return empty howsoever, caused many of those that he had appointed, to find excuses to stay behind.    

CHAP. 8.  
Captain Smith's journey to Pamaunke.  
THE 29 of December he set forward for Werawocomoco, his company were these.  

In the Discovery barge, himself.  


Robert Behethland.  
Nathaniel powel.  
john russel.  
Rawly Crashaw.  
Michael Sicklemore.  
Richard Worlie.   Gent.  


Anas Todkill.  
William Love.  
William Bentley.  
Geoffery Shortridge.  
Edward Pising.  
William Warde.   Sould.   

In the Pinnace.  
Mr George Persie, brother to the Earl of Northumber.  
land, Mr Francis West, brother to the Lord De-la-Ware.  
William Phetiplace Captain of the Pinnace.  
jonas Profit Master.  


Robert Ford clerk of the council.  
Michael Phetiplace.  
Geoffery Abbot Serg.  
William Tankard.  
George Yarington.  
james Bourne.  
George Burton.  
Thomas Coe.   Gent.  


john Dods.  
Edward Brinton.  
Nathaniel Peacock.  
Henry powel.  
David Ellis.  
Thomas Gipson.  
john Prat.  
George Acrigge.  
james read.  
Nicholas Hancocke.  
james Watkins.  
Anthony Baggly Serg.  
Thomas Lambert.  
Edward Pising Serg.   Sould.  
4. Dutchmen and Richard Savage were sent by land, to build the house for Powhatan against our arrival.   
This company being victualled but for 3. or 4. days lodged the first night at Weraskoyack; where the Precedent took sufficient provision; This kind Savage did his best to divert him from seeing Powhatan, but perceiving he could not prevail, he advised in this manner 
The good counsel of Weraskoyack.  Captain Smith, you shall find Powhatan to use you kindly, but trust him not, and be sure he have no opportunity to seize on your arms, for he hath sent for you only to cut your throats; the Captain thanked him for his good counsel, yet the better to try his love, desired guides to Chowanoke, for he would sand a present to that king to bind him his friend. To perform this journey, was sent Michael Sicklemore, a very honest, valiant, and painful soldier, with him two guides, and directions how to search for the lost company of Sr Walter Rawley, and silk grass: then we departed thence, the Precedent assuring the king his perpetual love, and lenft with him Samuel Collier his page to learn the language.  
The next night being lodged at Kecoughtan 6017 days, the extreme wind, rain, frost, and snow, caused us to keep Christmas amongst the Savages, 
Plenty of victual.  where we were never more merry, nor fed on more plenty of good oysters, fish, flesh, wildfowl, and good bread, nor never had better fires in England than in the dry warm smoky houses of Kecoughtan, But departing thence, when we found no houses, we were not curious in any weather, to lie 3 or 4 nights together upon any shore under the trees by a good fire, 148 fowls the Precedent, Anth. Bagly, and Edward Pising, did kill at 3 shoots. At Kiskiack the frost forced us 3 or 4 days also to suppress the insolency of those 
148 Fowls killed at 3 shoots.  proud Savages; to quarter-in their houses, and guard our barge, and 'cause them give us what we wanted, yet were we but 12 with the Precedent, and yet we never wanted harbour where we found any houses. The 12 of januarie we arrived at Werawocomoco, where the river was frozen near half a mile from the shore; but to neglect no time, the Precedent with his barge, so far had approached by breaking the Ice as the ebb left him amongst those oozie shoules, yet rather than to lie there frozen to death, by his own example he taught them to march middle deep, more than a flight shot through this muddy frozen ooze; when the barge 
An ill march.  sloted the appointed 2 or 3 to return her aboard the Pinnace, where for want of water in melting the salt Ice they made fresh water, but in this march M. russel (whom none could persuade to stay behind) being somewhat ill, and exceeding heavy, so overtoiled himself, as the rest had much ado (ere he got a shore) to regain life, into his dead benumbed spirits, quartering in the next houses we found, we sent to Powhatan for provision, who sent us plenty of bread, Turkeys, & Venison. The next day having feasted us after his ordinary manner, he began to ask, when we would beegon, feigning he sent not for us, neither had he any corn, and his people much less, yet for 40 swords he would procure us 40 bushels. The Precedent showing him the men there present, that brought him the message and conditions, asked him how it chanced he become so forgetful thereat the king concluded the matter with a merry laughter, ask for our commodities, but none he liked without guns and swords, 
powhatan's subteltic.  valuing a basket of corn more precious than a basket of copper, saying he could eat his corn, but not his copper.  
Captain Smith seeing the intent of this subtle Savage; 
Capt. Smiths discourse to Powhatan.  began to deal with him after this manner, Powhatan, though I had many courses to have made my provision, yet believing your promises to supply my wants, I neglected all, to satisfy your desire, and to testify my love, I sent you my men for your building, neglecting my own: what your people had you have engrossed, forbidding them our trade, and now you think by consuming the time, we shall consume for want, not having to fulfil your strange demands, as for swords, and guns, I told you long ago, I had none to spare And you shall know, those I have, can keep me from want, yet steal, or wrong you I will not, nor dissolve that friendship, we have mutually promised, (except you constrain me by your bad usage.  
The king having attentively listened to this discourse; 
powhatan's reply & flattery.  promised, that both he and his Country would spare him what they could, the which within 2 days, they should receive, yet. Captain Smith, (saith the king) some doubt I have of your coming hither, that makes me not so kindly seek to relieve you as I would; for many do inform me, your coming is not for trade, but to invademy people and possess my Country, who dare not come to bring you corn, seeing you thus armed with your men. To clear us of this fear, leave aboard your weapons, for here they are needless we being all friends and for ever Powhatans.  
With many such discourses they spent the day, quartering that night in the king's houses, the next day he reviewed his building, which he little intended should proceed; for the Dutchmen finding his plenty, and knowing our want, and perceived his preparation to surprise us, little thinking we could escape, both him, and famine, (to obtain his favour) revealed to him as much as they knew of our estates and projects, and how to prevent them; one of them being of so good a judgement, spirit, and resolution, & a hireling that was certain of wages for his labour, and ever well used, both he and his countrymen, that the Precedent knew not whom better to trust, & not knowing any fit for that employment, had sent him as a spy to discover powhatan's intent, then little doubting his honesty, nor could ever be certain of his villainy, till near half a year after.  
Whilst we expected the coming in of the country, we wrangled out of the king 10 quarters of corn for a copper kettle, the which the Precedent perceived him much to effect, valued it at a much greater rate, but (in regard of his scarcity) he would accept of as much more the next year, or else the country of Monacan, the king exceeding liberal of that he had not yielded him Monacan. Wherewith each seeming well contented; Powhatan began to expostulate the difference betwixt peace and war, after this manner.  
Captain Smith you may understand, that I, having seen the death of all my people thrice, and not one living 
Powhatan●●… course of peace and war.  of those 3 generations, but myself, I know the difference of peace and war, better than any in my Country. But now I am old, & ere long must die, my brethren, namely Opichapam, Opechankanough, and Kekataugh, my two sisters, and their two daughters, are distinctly each others successors, I wish their experiences no less than mine, and your love to them, no less than mine to you; but this brute from Nansamund that you are come to destroy my Country, so much affrighteth all my people, as they dare not visit you; what will it avail you, to take that perforce, you may quietly have with love, or to destroy them that provide you food? what can you get by war, when we can hide our provision and fly to the woods, whereby you must famish by wronging us your friends; & why are you thus jealous of our loves, seeing us unarmed, and both do, & are willing still to feed you with that you cannot get but by our labours? think you I am so simple not to know, it is better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women & children, laugh and be merry with you, have copper, hatchets, or what I want, being your friend; then be forced to fly from all, to lie cold in the woods, feed upon acorns roots, and such trash, and be so hunted by you, that I can neither rest, eat, nor sleep; but my tired men must watch, and if a twig but break, every one cry there comes Captain Smith, then must I fly I know not whether, and thus with miserable fear end my miserable life; leaving my pleasures to such youth as you, which through your rash unadvisedness, may quickly as miserably end, for want of that you never know how to found? Let this therefore assure you of our loves and every year our friendly trade shall furnish you with corn, & now also if you would come in friendly manner to see us, and not thus with your guns & swords, as to invade your foes. To this subtle discourse the Precedent thus replied.  
Seeing you will not rightly conceive of our words, we strive to make you know our thoughts by our deeds. The vow I made you of my love, both myself 
C. Smith's reply  and my men have kept, as for your promise I find it every day violated, by some of your subjects, yet we finding your love and kindness (our custom is so far from being ungrateful) that for your sake only, we have kerbed our thirsting desire of revenge, else had they known as well the cruelty we use to our enemies as our true love and courtesy to our friends. And I think your judgement sufficient to conceive as well by the adventures we have undertaken, as by the advantage we have by our arms of yours: that had we intended you any hurt, long ere this we could have effected it; your people coming to me at james town, are entertained with their bows and arrows without exception; we esteeming it with you, as it is with us, to wear our arms as our apparel. As for the dangers of our enemies, in such wars consist our chiefest pleasure, for your riches we have no use, as for the hiding your provision, or by your flying to the woods, we shall so unadvisedly starve as you conclude, your friendly care in that behalf is needless; for we have a rule to find beyond your knowledge.  
Many other discourses they had, till at last they began to trade, but the king seeing his will would not be admitted as a law, our guard dispersed, nor our men disarmed, he (sighing) breathed his mind, once more in this manner.  
Captain Smith, I never used any of Werowances, so kindly as yourself; yet from you I receive the lest 
powhatan's importunity for to have them unarmed, to betray them.  kindness of any. Captain Newport gave me swords, copper, clothes, a bed, tools, or what I desired, ever taking what I offered him, and would sand away his guns when I entreated him: none doth deny to lay at my feet (or do) what I desire, but only you, of whom I can have nothing, but what you regard not, and yet you will have whatsoever you demand. Captain Newport you call father, and so you call me, but I see for all us both, you will do what you list, and we must both seek to content you: but if you intent so friendly as you say, send hence your arms that I may believe you, for you see the love I bear you, doth 'cause me thus nakedly forget myself.  
Smith seeing this Savage but trifled the time to cut his throat: procured the Savages to break the ice, (that his boat might come to fetch both him and his corn) and gave order for his men to come ashore, to have surprised the king, with whom also he but trifled the time till his men landed, and to keep him from suspicion, entertained the time with this reply.  
Powhatan, you must know as I have but one God, 
C Smiths discourse to delay time, that he might surprise Powhatan.  I honour but one king; and I live not here as your subject, but as your friend, to pleasure you with what I can: by the gifts you bestow on me, you gain more than by trade; yet would you visit me as I do you, you should know it is not our customs to cell our courtesy as a vendible commodity. Bring all your Country with you for your guard, I will not dislike of it as being over jealous. But to content you, to morrow I will leave my arms, and trust to your promise. I call you father indeed, and as a father you shall see I will love you, but the small care you had of such a child, caused my men persuade me to shifted for myself.  
By this time Powhatan having knowledge, his men 
powhatan's plot to have murdered Smith.  were ready: whilst the ice was breaking, his luggage women, and children fled, and to avoid suspicion, left 2 or 3 of his women talking with the Captain, whilst he secretly fled, and his men as secretly beset the house, which being at the instant discovered to Capt. Smith, with his Pistol, Sword & Target, he made such a passage amongst those naked devils, that they fled be sore him some one way some another, so that without hurt he obtained the Corpse du-guard; when they perceived him so well escaped, and with his 8 men (for he had no more with him) To the uttermost of their skill, they sought by excuses to dissemble the matter, and Powhatan to excuse his flight, and the sudden coming of this multitude, sent our Captain a great 
A chain of pearl for a present.  bracelet, and a chain of pearl, by an ancient Orator that bespoke us to this purpose, (perceiving then from our Pinnace, a barge and men departing & coming unto us.) Captain Smith, our Werowans is fled, fearing 
His excuse.  your guns, & knowing when the ice was broken there would come more men, sent those of his to guard his corn from the pilfrie, that might happen without your knowledge: now though some be hurt by your misprision, yet he is your friend, and so will continued: and since the ice is open he would have you sand away your corn; and if you would have his company sand also your arms, which so affrighteth this people, that they dare not come to you, as he hath promiseed they should: now having provided baskets for our men to carry the corn, they kindly offered their service to guard our arms, that none should steal them. A great many they were, of goodly well appointed 
Pretending to kill our men loaded with baskets we forced the Savages carry them.  fellows as grim as devils; yet the very sight of cocking our matches against them, and a few words, caused them to leave their bows & arrows to our guard, and bear down our corn on their own backs; we needed not importune them to make quick dispatch. But our own barge being left by the ebb, caused us to stay, till the midnight tied carried us safe aboard, having spent that half night with such mirth, as though we never had suspected or intended any thing, we left the Dutchmen to build, Brinton to kill fowl for Powhatan (as by his messengers he importunately desired) and left directions with our men to give Powhatan all the content they could, that we might enjoy his company at our return from Pamaunke.   

CHAP. 9  
How we escaped surprising at Pamaunke.  
WE had no sooner set sail, but 
The dutchmen deceive C Smith  Powhatan returned, and sent Adam and Francis (2. stout Dutch men) to the fort, who feigning to Captain Winne that all things were well, and that Captain Smith had use for their arms, wherefore they requested new (the which were given them) they told him their coming was, for some extraordinary tools and shift of apparel, by this colourable excuse, they obtained 6. or 7. more to their confederacy, such expert thieves, that presently furnished them with a great many swords, pike-heads, pieces, shot, powder and such like, they had Savages at hand ready to carry it away, the next day they returned unsuspected, leaving their confederates to follow, and in the interim, to convey them a competency of all things they could, for which service they should live with Powhatan as his chief affected: free from those miseries that would happen the Colony. Samuel their other consort, Powhatan kept for their pledge, whose diligence had provided them, 300. of their kind of hatchets, the rest. 50. swords, 8. pieces, and 8. pikes: Brinton, & Richard Savage seeing the Dutchmen so strangely diligent to accommodate the Savages these weapons attempted to have got to james Town, but they were apprehended; within 2. or 3. days we arrived at Pamaunke, the king as many days, entertained us with feasting and much mirth: & the day he appointed to begin our trade, the Precedent, with Mr Persie, Mr West, Mr russel, Mr Beheathland, M powel, Mr Crashaw, Mr Ford, and some others to the number of 15. went up to Opechancanougs house (near a quarter of a mile from the river,) where we found 
Opechancanoughs abandoned.  nothing, but a lame fellow and a boy, and all the houses about, of all things abandoned; not long we staid ere the king arrived, and after him came diverse of his people loaded with bows and arrows, but such pinching commodities, and those esteemed at such a value, as our Captain began with him in this manner.  
Opechancanough the great love you profess with your tongue, seems mere deceit by your actions; 
Smith's speech to Opechancanough.  last year you kindly fraughted our ship, but now you have invited me to starve with hunger. You know my want, and I your plenty, of which by some means I must have part, remember it is fit for kings to keep their promise, here are my commodities, whereof take your choices; the rest I will proportion, fit bargains for your people.  
The king seemed kindly to accept his offer; and the better to colour his project, sold us what they had to our own content; promising the next day, more company, better provided; (the barges, and Pinnace being committed to the charge of Mr Phetiplace) the Precedent with his old 15 marched up to the king's house, where we found 4 or 5 men newly come with great baskets, not long after came the king, who with a strained cheerfulness held us with discourse, what pains he had taken to keep his promise; till Mr russel brought us in news that we were all betrayed: for at lest 6. or 700. of well appointed Indians had environed the house and beset 
700 Savages beset the English being but 16.  the fields. The king conjecturing what russel related, we could well perceive how the extremity of his fear bewrayed his intent: whereat some of our company seeming dismayed with the thought of such a multitude; the Captain encouraged us after this manner.  
Worthy countrymen were the mischiefs of my 
Smith's speech to his company.  seeming-friends, no more than the danger of these enemies, I little cared, were they as many more, if you dare do, but as I But this is my torment, that if I escape them, our malicious council with their open mouthed minions, will make me such a peace-breaker (in their opinions) in England, as will break my neck; I could wish those here, that make these seem Saints, and me an oppressor. But this is the worst of all, where in I pray aid me with your opinions; should we begin with them and surprise this king, we cannot keep him and defend well ourselves, if we should each kill our man and so proceed with all in this house; the rest will all fly, then shall we get no more, than the bodies that are slain, and then starve for victual: as for their fury it is the lest danger; for well you know, (being alone assaulted with 2 or 300 of them) I made them con pound to save my life, and we are now 16 & they but 700. at the most, and assure yourselves God will so assist us, that if you dare but to stand to discharge your pieces, the very smoke will be sufficient to affright them; yet howsoever (if there be occasion) et us fight like men, and not die like sheep; but first I will deal with them, to bring it to pass, we may fight for some thing, and draw them to it by conditions. If you like this motion, promise' me you'll be valiant. The time not permitting any argument, all vowed, to execute whatsoever he attempted, or die; whereupon the captain, approaching the king bespoke him in this manner.  
I see Opechancanough your plot to murder me, but I 
Smith's offer to Opechancanough.  fear it not, as yet your men and mine, have done no harm, but by our directions. Take therefore your arms; you see mine; my body shallbe as naked as yours; the I'll in your river is a fit place, if you be contented: and the conqueror (of us two) shallbe Lord and Master over all our men; otherways draw all your men into the field; if you have not enough take time to fetch more, and bring what number you will, so every one bring a basket of corn, against all which I will stake the value in copper; you see I have but 15 men, & our game shallbe the conqueror take all.  
The king, being guarded with 50 or 60 of his chief 
Opechancanoughs device to betray Smith.  men, seemed kindly to appease Smith's suspicion of unkindness, by a great present at the door, they entreated him to receive. This was to draw him without the door where the present was guarded with (at the lest 200 men and 30 lying under a great tree (that lay thwart as a Barricado) each his arrow nocked ready to shoot; some the Precedent commanded to go & see what kind of deceit this was, and to receive the present, but they refused to do it, yet diverse offered whom he would not permit; but commanding Mr Persie and Mr West to make good the house, took Mr Poell and Mr Beheathland to guard the door, and in such a rage snatched the king by his vantbrace in the midst of his men, with his pistol ready bend against his breast: thus he led the trembling king, (near dead with fear) amongst all his people, who delivering the Captain his bow and arrows, all his men were easily entreated to cast down their arms, little dreaming any durst in that manner have used their king; who then to escape himself, bestowed his presents in goodsadnesse. And having caused all his multitude to approach difarmed; the Precedent argued with them to this effect.  
I see you Pamaunkies the great desire you have to 
Smith's discourse to the Pamaunkies.  cut my throat; and my long suffering your injuries, have inboldened you to this presumption. The cause I have forborn your insolences, is the promise I made you (before the God I serve) to be your friend, till you give me just cause to be your enemy. If I keep this vow, my God will keep me, you cannot hurt me; if I break it he will destroy me. But if you shoot but one arrow, to shed one drop of blood of any of my men, or steal the lest of these beads, or copper, (I spurn before me with my foot) you shall see, I will not cease revenge, (if once I begin) so long as I can hear where to found one of your nation that will not deny the name of Pamaunke; I am not now at Rasseneac (half drowned with mire) where you took me prisoner, yet then for keeping your promise, and your good usage, & saving my life, I so affect you, that your denials of your treachery, doth half persuade me to mistake myself. But if I be the mark you aim at, here I stand, shoot he that dare. You promised to fraught my ship ere I departed, and so you shall, or I mean to load her with your dead carcases; yet if as friends you will come and trade, I once more promise' not to trouble you, except you give me the first occasion. Upon this away 
The Savages dissemble their intens.  went their bows and arrows, and men, women, and children brought in their commodities, but 2 or three hours they so thronged about the Precedent, and so overwearied him, as he retired himself to rest, leaving Mr Beheathland and Mr Powel to accept their presents; but some Savage perceiving him fast asleep, and the guard carelessly dispersed, 40 or 50 of their choice men each with an English sword in his hand, began to enter the house, with 2 or 300 others that pressed to second them. The noise and hast they made in, did so shake the house, as they awoke him from his sleep, & being half amazed with this sudden sight, betook him strait to his sword and target, Mr Crashaw and some other charging in like manner, they thronged faster back, then before forward. The house thus 
Their excuse & reconcilement.  cleansed, the king and his ancients, with a long oration came to excuse this intrusion. The rest of the day was spent with much kindness, the company again renewing their presents of their best provision. And what soever we gave them, they seemed well contented with it.  
Now in the mean while since our departure, this happened at the fort, Mr Scrivener willing to cross the surprising of Powhatan; 9 days after the Precedents departure, would needs visit the I'll of hogs, and took with him Captain Waldo (though the Precedent had appointed him to be ready to second his occasions) with Mr Anthony Gosnoll and eight others; but so violent was the wind (that extreme frozen time) that the boat sunk, but where or how, none doth know, for they were all drowned; only this was known, that the skiff was much overloaded, & would scarce have 
The loss of Mr Skrivener and others with a skiff.  lived in that extreme tempest, had she been empty; but by no persuasion he could be diverted, though both Waldo and 100 others doubted as it happened. The Savages were the first that found their bodies, which so much the more encouraged them to effect their projects. To advertise the Precedent of this heavy news, none could be found would undertake it, but the journey was often refused of all in the fort, until Mr Wiffin undertook alone, the performance thereof; wherein he was encountered with many dangers & 
Mr Wiffin his journey to the Precedent.  difficulties, and in all parts as he passed (as also that night he lodged with Powhatan) perceived such preparation forwarre, that assured him, some mischief was intended, but with extraordinary bribes, and much trouble, in three days travel at length he found us in the midst of these turmoils. This unhappy news, the Precedent swore him to conceal from the rest, & so dissembling his sorrow, with the best countenance he could, when the night approached, went safely aboard with all his company.  
Now so extremely Powhatan had threatened the 
Powhatan constraineth his men to be treacherous  death of his men, if they did not by some means kill Captain Smith, that the next day they appointed the Country should come to trade unarmed: yet unwilling to be treacherous, but that they were constrained hating fight, almost as ill as hanging, such fear they had of bad success. The next morning the sun had not long appeared, but the fields appeared covered with people, and baskets to tempt us ashore. The Precedent determined to keep aboard, but nothing was to be had without his presence, nor they would not endure the sight of a gun; then the Precedent seeing many 
Their third attempt to betray us.  depart, and being unwilling to loose such a booty, so well contrived the Pinnace, and his barges with Ambuscadoes, as only with M ʳ Persie, Mr West, & Mr russel armed, he went ashore, others unarmed he appointed to receive what was brought; the Savages flocked before him in heaps, and (the bank serving as a trench for retreat) he drew them fair open to his ambuscadoes, for he not being to be persuaded to go to visit their king, the King came to visit him with 2 or 300 men, in the form of two half moons, with some 20 men, and many women loaded with great painted baskets; but when they approached somewhat near us, their women and children fled; for when they had environed and beset the fields in this manner, they thought their purpose sure; yet so trembled with fear as they were scarce able to knock their arrows; Smith standing with his 3 men ready bend beholding them, till they were within danger of our ambuscado, who, upon the word discovered themselves, and he retiring to the bank; which the Savages no sooner perceived but away they fled, esteeming their heels for their best advantage.  
That night we sent to the fort Mr Crashaw and Mr ford, who (in the midway between Werawocomoco and the fort) met 4 or 5. of the Dutch men's confederates going to Powhatan, the which (to excuse those gentlemen's Suspicion of their running to the Savages returned to the fort and there continued.  
The Savages hearing our barge departed in the night were so terribly afraid, that we sent for more men, (we having so much threatened their ruin, and the rasing of their houses, boats, and canoes) that the next day the king, sent our Captain a chain of pearl to 
A chain of pearl sent to obtain peace.  altar his purpose; and stay his men, promising (though they wanted themselves) to fraught our ship, & bring it aboard to avoid suspicion, so that 5 or 6 days after, from all parts of the country within 10 or 12 miles, in the extreme cold frost, and snow, they brought us provision on their naked backs.  
Yet notwithstanding this kindness and trade; had their art and poison been sufficient, the Precedent with Mr West and some others had been poisoned; it made them sick, but expelled itself; Wecuttanow a stout young 
The Precedent Poisoned. The offender punished.  fellow, knowing he was suspected for bringing this present of poison, with 40 or 50. of his choice companions (seeing the Precedent but with a few men at Potauncat—) so proudly braved it, as though he expected to encounter a revenge; which the Precedent perceiving, in the midst of his company did not only beaten, but spurned him like a dog, as scorning to do him any worse mischief; whereupon all of them fled into the woods, thinking they had done a great matter, to have so well escaped; and the townsmen remaining, presently fraughted our barge, to be rid of our companies, framing many excuses to excuse Wecuttanow (being son to their chief king but Powhatan) and told us if we would show them him that brought the poison, they would deliver him to us to punish as we pleased.  
Men may think it strange there should be this stir for a little corn, but had it been gold with more ease we might have got it; & had it wanted, the whole colony had starved. We may be thought very patiented, to endure all those injuries; yet only with fearing them, we got what they had. Whereas if we had taken revenge, them by their loss we should have lost our selves. We searched also the countries of Youghtanund and Mattapamient, where the people imparted that little they had, with such complaints and tears from women 
The Savage want & poverty  and children; as he had been too cruel to be a Christian that would not have been satisfied, and moved with compassion. But had this happened in October, November, and December, when that unhappy discovery of Monacan was made, we might have fraughted a ship of 40 tuns, and twice as much might have been had; from the rivers of Toppahannock, Patawomeck, & Pawtuxunt. The main occasion of our temporising with the Savages was to part friends, (as we did) to give the less cause of suspicion to Powhatan to fly; by whom we now 
The Dutchmen did much hurt.  returned, with a purpose, to have surprised him & his provision, for effecting whereof, (when we came against the town) the Precedent sent Mr Wiffin and Mr Coe, a shore to discover and make way for his intended project. But they found that those damned Dutchmen had caused Powhatan to abandon his new house, and werawocomoco, and to carry away all his corn & provision; and the people, they found (by their means so ill affected, that had they not stood well upon their guard, they had hardly escaped with their lives. So the Precedent finding his intention thus frustrated, & that there was nothing now to be had, and therefore an unfit time to revenge their abuses, held on his course for james Town; we having in this journey (for 25l of copper 50l of Iron and beads) kept 40 men 6. weeks, and daily feasted with bread, corn, flesh fish, and fowl, every man having for his reward (and in consideration of his commodities) a month's provision; (no trade being allowed but for the store;) and we delivered at james Town to the Capemarchant 279 bushels of corn.  
Those temporal proceed to some may seem too charitable; to such a daily daring treacherous people: to others unpleasant that we washed not the ground with their bloods, nor showed such strange in ventions, in mangling, murdering, ransacking, and destroying, (as did the Spaniards) the simple bodies of those ignorant souls; nor delightful because not stuffed with relations of heaps, and mines of gold and silver, nor such rare commodities as the Portugals and Spaniards found in the East & West Indieses. The want whereof hath begot us (that were the first undertakers) no less scorn and contempt, than their noble conquests & valiant adventures (beautified with it) praise and honour. Too much I confess the world cannot attribute to their ever memorable merit. And to clear us from the world's blind ignorant censure, these few words may suffice to any reasonably understanding.  
It was the Spaniards good hap to happen in those parts, where were infinite numbers of people, who had manured the ground with that providence, that it afforded victual at all times: and time had brought them to that perfection, they had the use of gold and silver, and the most of such commodities, as their countries afforded, so that what the Spaniard got, was only the spoil and pillage of those country people, and not the labours of their own hands. But had those fruitful Countries, been as Savage as barbarous, as ill peopled, as little planted, laboured and manured as Virginia, their proper labours (it is likely) would have produced as small profit as ours. But had Virginia been peopled, planted, manured, and adorned, with such store of precious jewels, & rich commodities, as was the Indieses: then had we not gotten, and done as much as by their examples might be expected from us, the world might then have traduced us and our merits, & have made shame and infamy our recompense and reward.  
But we chanced in a land, even as God made it. Where we found only an idle, improvident, scattered people; ignorant of the knowledge of gold, or silver, or any commodities; & careless of any thing but from hand to mouth, but for babbles of no worth; nothing to encourage us, but what accidentally we found nature afforded. Which ere we could bring to recompense our pains, defray our charges, and satisfy our adventurers, we were to discover the country, subdue the people, bring them to be tractable, civil, and industrious, and teach them trades, that the fruits of their labours might make us recompense, or plant such colonies of our own that must first make provision how to live of themselves, ere they can bring to perfection the commodities of the country, which doubtless will be as commodious for England, as the west Indies for Spain, if it be rightly managed; notwithstanding all our homebred opinions, that will argue the contrary, as formerly such like have done, against the Spaniards and Portugals. But to conclude, against all rumour of opinion, I only say this, for those that the three first years began this plantation, notwithstanding all their factions, mutinies, and miseries, so gently corrected, and well prevented) peruse the Spanish Decades, the relations of M. Hacklut, and tell me how many ever with such small means, as a barge of 2 Tons; sometimes with 7. 8. 9, or but at most 15 men did ever discover so many fair and navigable rivers; subject so many several kings, people, and nations, to obedience, & contribution with so little blood shed.  
And if in the search of those Countries, we had happened where wealth had been, we had as surely had it, as obedience and contribution, but if we have overskipped it, we will not envy them that shall chance to find it. Yet can we not but lament, it was our ill fortunes to end, when we had but only learned how to begin, and found the right course how to proceed.  
By 

Rich. Wiffin,  
William Phettiplace, and  
Anas Todkill.     

CHAP. 10.  
How the Savages become subject to the English.  
WHen the ships departed, all the provision of the store (but that the Precedent had gotten) was so rotten with the last summer's rain, and eaten with rats, and worms, as the hogs would scarcely eat it, yet it was the soldiers diet, till our returns: so that we found nothing done, but victual spent, and the most part of our tools, and a good part of our arms conveyed to the Savages. But now, casting up the store, & finding sufficient till the next harvest, the fear of starving was abandoned; and the company divided into tens, fifteens, or as the business required. 4 hours each day was spent in work, the rest in pastimes and merry exercise; but the untowardness of the greatest number, caused the Precedent to make a general assembly, and then he advised them as followeth.  
Countrymen, the long experience of our late miseries, 
The Precedents advice to the company.  I hope is sufficient to persuade every one to a present correction of himself; and think not that either my pains, or the adventurers purses, will ever maintain you in idleness and sloth; I speak not this to you all, for divers of you I know deserve both honour and reward, better than is yet here to be had: but the greater part must be more industrious, or starve, howsoever you have been heretofore tolerated by the authority of the Council from that I have often commanded you, yet seeing now the authority resteth wholly in myself; you must obey this for a law, that he that will not work shall not eat (except by sickness he be disabled) for the labours of 30 or 40 honest and industrious men, shall not be consumed to maintain 150 idle varlets. Now though you presume the authority here is but a shadow, and that I dare not touch the lives of any, but my own must answer it; the letters patents each week shall be read you, whose contents will tell you the contrary. I would wish you therefore without contempt seek to observe these orders set down: for there are now, no more councils to protect you, nor curb my endeavours. Therefore he that offendeth let him assuredly expect his due punish meant. He made also a table as a public memorial of every man's deserts, to encourage the good, and with shame to spurn on the rest to amendment. By this many become very industrious, yet more by severe punishment performed their business; for all were so tasked that there was no excuse could prevail to deceive him, yet the Dutchman's consorts so closely still convaid powder, shot, sword's, and tools, that though we could found the defect, we could not found by whom it was occasioned, till it was too late.  
All this time the Dutchmen remaining with Powhatan, 
The Dutchman's plot to murder Capt. Smith.  received them, instructing the Savages their use. But their consorts not following them as they expected, (to know the cause, they sent Francis their companion (a stout young fellow) disguised Savage like) to the glass-house, (a place in the woods near a mile from james Town) where was the randavus for all their unsuspected villainy, 40 men they procured of Powhatan to lie in Ambuscadoe for Captain Smith, who no sooner heard of this Dutchman, but he sent to apprehended him, who found he was gone, yet to cross his return to Powhatan, Captain Smith presently dispatched 20 shot after him, and then returning but from the glass-house alone, he encountered the king of Paspaheigh, a most strong stout Savage, whose persuasions not being able to persuade him to his ambush, seeing him only armed but with a falchion, attempted to have shot him; but the Precedent prevented his shot by grappling with him, and the Savage as well prevented him for drawing his falchion, and perforce bore him into the river to have drowned him; long they struggled in the water, from whence the king perceiving two of the Poles upon the sands would have fled; but the Precedent held him by the hair & throat 
Smith taketh the king of Paspaheigh prisoner  till the Poles came in; then seeing how pitifully the poor Savage begged his life, they conducted him prisoner to the fort. The Dutchman ere long was also brought in, whose villainy, though all this time it was suspected, yet he feigned such a formal excuse, that for want of language, Winifrid had not rightly understood them, and for their dealings with Powhatan, that to save their lives they were constrained to accommodate his arms, of whom he extremely complained to have detained them perforce; and that he made this escape with the hazard of his life, and meant not to have returned, but only walked in the woods to gather walenuts: yet for all this fair tale (there was so small appearance of truth) he went by the heels; the king also he put in fetters; purposing to regain the Dutchmen, by the saving his life; the poor Savage did his best, by his daily messengers to Powhatan, but all returned that the Dutchmen would not return, neither did Powhatan stay them, and bring them fifty miles on their backs they were not able; daily this king's wives children, and people, came to visit him with presents, which he liberally bestowed to make his peace, much trust they had in the Precedents promise', but the king finding his guard negligent (though fettered) yet escaped; Captain Win thinking to pursue him, found such troops of Savages to hinder his passages, as they exchanged many volies of shot for flights of arrows. Captain Smith hearing of this, in returning to the fort took two Savages prisoners, the one called Kemp's, the other Kinsock, the two most exact villains in the country; with those, Captain Winifrid, and 50 chosen men attempted that night to have regained the king, and revenged his injury (and so had done if he had followed his directions, or been advised by those two villains, that would have betrayed both their king and kindred for a piece of copper, but he trifling away the night, the Savages the next morning by the rising of the sun, braved him come a shore to fight, a good time both sides let fly at other, but we heard of no hurt, only they took two Canoes, burned the king's house and so returned.  
The Precedent fearing those bravadoes, would but encourage the Savages, begun himself to try his conclusions; whereby 6 or 7 Savages were slain, as many 
The Salu●geses desire peace.  made prisoners; burnt their houses, took their boats with all their fishing wears, and planted them at james Town for his own use; and now resolved not to cease till he had revenged himself upon all that had injured him, but in his journey passing by Paspaheigh towards Chickahamina, the Savages did their best to draw him to their ambuscadoes; but seeing him regardlessly pass their Country, all showed themselves in their bravest manner, to rrie their valours, he could not but let fly, and ere he could landlord, the Savages no sooner knew him, but they threw down their arms and desired peace; their Orator was a stout young man called Ocanindge, whose worthy discourse deserveth 
Geanindge his Oration.  to be remembered; and this it was.  
Captain Smith, my master is here present in this company thinking it Captain Winifrid, and not you; and of him he intended to have been revenged, having never offended him: if he have offended you in escaping your imprisonment; the fishes swim, the fowls fly, and the very beasts strive to escape the snare and live; them blame not him being a man, he would entreat you remember, your being a prisoner, what pains he took to save your life; if since he hath injured you he was compelled to it, but howsoever, you have revenged it with our too-great loss, we perceive & well know you intent to destroy us, that are here to entreat and desire your friendship, and to enjoy our houses and plant our fields, of whose fruit you shall participate, otherwise you will have the worst by our absence, for we can plant any where, though with more labour, and we know you cannot live if you want our harvest, and that relief we bring you; if you promise' us peace we will believe you, if you proceed in revenge, we will abandon the Country. Upon these terms the Precedent promised them peace, till they did us injury, upon condition they should bring in provision, so all departed good friends, & so continued till Smith left the Country.  
Arriving at james Town, complaint was made to the Precedent that the Chickahaminos, who all this while 
A Salvage smothered at james Town, and was recovered.  continued trade, and seemed our friends, by colour thereof were the only thieves, and amongst other things, a pistol being stolen, and the these fled, there were apprehended 2 proper young fellows that were brothers, known to be his confederates. Now to regain this pistol, the one we imprisoned, the other was sent to return again within 12 hours, or his brother to be hanged, yet the Precedent pitying the poor naked Savage in the dungeon, sent him victual and some charcoal for fire; ere midnight his brother returned with the pistol, but the poor Savage in the dungeon was so smothered with the smoke he had made, and so piteously burnt, that we found him dead, the other most lamentably bewailed his death, and broke forth in such bitter agonies, that the Precedent (to quiet him) told him that if hereafter they would not steal. he would make him alive again, but little thought he could be recovered, yet (we doing our best with aquavitae & vinegar) it pleased God to restore him again to life, but so drunk and affrighted that he seemed lunatic, not understanding any thing he spoke or heard, the which as much grieved and tormented the other, as before to see him dead; of which malady (upon promise of their good behaviour afterward) the Precedent promised to recover him and so caused him to be laid by a fire to sleep, who in the morning (having well slept) had recovered his perfect senses; and then being dressed of his burning, and each a piece of copper given them, they went away so well contented, that this was spread amongst all the Savages for a miracle, that Captain Smith could make a man alive that is dead; these and many other such pretty accidents, so amazed and affrighted both Powhatan and all his people that from all parts with presents they desired peace, returning many stolen things which we neither demanded nor thought of. And after that, those that were taken stealing (both Powhatan and his people) have sent them back to james Town to receive their punishment, and all the country become absolutely as free for us, as for themselves.   

CHAP. 11.  
What was done in three months having victual. The store devoured by rats, how we lived 3 months of such natural fruits as the country afforded.  
NOW we so quietly followed our business, that in 3 months we made 3 or 4 last of pitch and tar, and soap ashes, produced a trial of glass, made a well in the fort of excellent sweet water (which till then was wanting) built some 20 houses, recovered 
Moore done in 3 months then 3 years.  our Church, provided nets and wears for fishing (& to stop the disorders of our disorderly thieves & the Savages) built a block house in the neck of our Isle, kept by a garrison to entertain the Savages trade, & none to pass nor repass, Savage, nor Christian, with out the Precedents order, 30 or 40 acres of ground we digged, and planted; of 3 sows in one year increased 60 and odd pigs, and near 500 chickens brought up themselves (without having any meat given them) but the hogs were transported to hog I'll, where also we built a block house with a garrison, to give us notice of any shipping, and for their exercise they made clapbord, wainscot, and cut down trees against the ships coming. We built also a fort for a retreat, near a convenient river upon a high commanding hill, very hard to be assaulted, and easy to be defended; but ere it was half finished this defect caused a stay; in searching our casked corn, we found it half rotten, the rest so consumed with the many thousand rats (increased first from the ships) that we knew not how to keep that little we had. This did drive us all to our wit's end, for there was nothing in the country but what nature afforded. until this time Keinps and Tassore, were fettered prisoners, and daily wrought, and taught us how to order and plant our fields. Whom now (for want of victual) we set at liberty, but so well were they used, that they little desired it; and to express their loves, for 16 days continuance, the Country brought us (when lest) 100L a day of squirrels, Turkeys, Dear, and other wild beasts; but this want of corn occasioned the end of all our works, it being work sufficient to provide victual. 60 or 80 with Ensign Laxon were sent down the river to live upon oysters, & 20 with lieutenant Percy to try for fishing at pointcomfort, but in 6 weeks, they would not agreed once to cast out their net. Mr West with as many went up to the falls, but nothing could be found but a few berries and acorns; of that in the store every one had their equal proportion. Till this present (by the hazard and endeavour of some 30 or 40) this whole number 
The pains of 40 fed 150.  had ever been fed. We had more Sturgeon their could be devoured by dog and man; of which the in dustrious, by drying and pownding, mingled with caviar, sorrel, and other wholesome herbs, would make bread and good meat; others would gather as much Tockwough roots in a day, as would make them bread a week, so that of those wild fruits, fish and berries, these lived very well, (in regard of such a diet) but such was the most strange condition of some 150, that had they not been forced nolens volens perforce to gather and prepare their victual they would all have star ved, and have eaten one another: of those wild fruits the Savages often brought us: and for that the Precedent would not fulfil the unreasonable desire of those distracted lubberly gluttons, to cell, not only our kettles, howes, tools, and Iron, nay swords, pieces, & the very ordinance, and houses, might they have prevailed but to have been but idle, for those savage fruits they would have imparted all to the Savages, especially for one basket of corn they heard of, to be at Powhatan's, 50 miles from our fort, though he bought near half of it to satisfy their humours, yet to have had the other half, they would have sold their souls, 
Their desire to destroy themselves.  (though not sufficient to have kept them a week) thousands were their exclamations, suggestions, and devises, to force him to those base inventions, to have made it an occasion to abandon the Country. Want perforce constrained him to endure their exclaiming follies till he found out the author, one Dyer, a most crafty knave, and his ancient maligner, whom he worthily punished, and with the rest he argued the case in this manner.  
Fellow soldiers, I did little think any so false to 
The Precedents speech to the drones.  report, or so many so simple to be persuaded, that I either intent to starve you, or that Powhatan (at this present) hath corn for himself, much less for you; or that I would not have it, if I knew where it were to be had. Neither did I think any so malicious as now I see a great many, yet it shall not so much passionate me, but I will do my best for my worst maligner. But dream no longer of this vain hope from Powhatan, nor that I will longer forbear to force you from your Idleness, and punish you if you rail, you cannotdeny but that by the hazard of my life, many a time I have saved yours, when, might your own wills have prevailed, you would have starved, and will do still whether I will or no. But I protest by that God that made me, since necessity hath not power to force you together for your selves those fruits the earth doth yield, you shall not only gather for yourselves, but for those that are sick: as yet I never had more from the store then the worst of you; and all my English extraordinary provision that I have, you shall see me divide among the sick. And this Savage trash, you so scornfully repined at, being put in your mouths your stomachs can digest it, and therefore I will take a course you shall provide it. The sick shall not starve, but equally share of all our labours, and every one that gathereth not every day as much as I do, the next day shall be set beyond the river, and for ever be banished from the fort, and live there or starve.  
This order many murmured, was very cruel, but it caused the most part so well bestir themselves, that 200 men (except they were drowned) there died not passed 7 or 8. As for Captain Winifrid, and Mr Ley, they died 
But 7 of 200 died in 9 months  ere this want happened, and the rest died not for want of such as preserved the rest. many were billitted among the Savages, whereby we knew all their passages, fields, and habitations, how to gather and use their fruits, as well as themselves.  
So well those poor Savages used us, (that were thus Billeted) as diverse of the soldiers ran away, to 
The Savages return our sugitives.  search Kemp's our old prisoner. Glad was this Savage to have such an occasion to testify his love for instead of entertaining them, & such things as they had stolen with all the great offers and promises they made them; to revenge their injuries upon Captain Smith, First he made himself sport, in showing his countrymen (by them) how he was used; feeding them with this law who would not work must not eat, till they were near starved, continually threatening to beat them to death, neither could they get from him, till perforce he brought them to our Captain, that so we contented him, and punished them: as many others that intended also to have followed them, were rather contented to labour at home, than adventure to live Idle among the Savages, (of whom there was more hope to make better christians and good subjects, than the one half of those that counterfeited themselves both.) For so afeard were all those kings and the better sort of their people, to displease us, that some of the base sort that we have extremely hurt and punished for their villainies, would hire us, we should not tell it to their kings or countrymen, who would also repunish them, and yet return them to james Town to content the Precedent, by that testimony of their loves.  
Mr Sicklemore well returned from chawonock, but 
Search so them sent by Sir Walter Rawley.  found little hope and less certainty of them were left by Sir Walter Rawley. So that Nathaniel powel & Anas Todkill, were also, by the Quiyoughquohanocks, conducted to the Mangoages to search them there. But nothing could we learn but they were all dead, this honest, proper, good promis-keeping king, of all the rest did ever best affect us, & though to his false Gods he was yet very zealous, yet he would confess, our God as much exceeded his, as our guns did his bow and arrows, often sending our Precedent many presents to pray to his God for rain, or his corn would perish, for his Gods were angry all this time. to reclaim the Dutchmen, and one Bentley an other fugitive, we employed one William Volda (a Swisser by birth) with pardons and promises to regain them. Little we then suspected this double villainy, of any villainy, who plainly taught us, in the most trust was the greatest treason. For this wicked hypocrite, by the seeming hate he bore to the lewd condition of his cursed countrymen, 
The Dutchman's projects.  having this opportunity by his employment to regain them, conveyed them every thing they desired to effect their project to destroy the colony. With much devotion they expected the Spaniard, to whom they intended to have done good service. But to begin with the first opportunity, they seeing necessity thus enforced us to disperse ourselves; importuned Powhatan to lend them but his forces, and they would not only destroy our hogs, fire our town, and betray our Pinnace; but bring to his service and subjection the most part of our companies. With this plot they had acquainted many discontents and many were agreed to their devilish practice. But on Thomas Dovese & Thomas Mallard, whose christian hearts much relenting at such an unchristian act, voluntarily revealed it to Captain Smith: who did his best it might be concealed, persuading Doveses and Malard to proceed in the confederacy: only to bring the irreclamable Dutch men, and inconstant Savages in such a manner amongst his ambuscadoes, as he had prepared, as not many of them should ever have returned from out our penisula. But this brute coming to the ears of the impatient multitude, they so importuned the Precedent to cut of those Dutchmen, as amongst many that offered to cut their throats before the face of Powhatan. Mr Wiffin and jefra abbot were sent to stab or shoot them; but these Dutch men made such excuses 
Two gentlemen sent to kill them.  accusing Volday whom they supposed had revealed their project, as Abbot would not, yet Wiffin would, perceiving it but deceit. The king understanding of this their employment, sent presently his messengers to Captain Smith to signify it was not his fault to detain them, nor hinder his men from executing his command, nor did he nor would he maintain them, or any to occasion his displeasure. But ere this business was brought to a point, God having seen our misery sufficient, sent in Captain Argall to fish for Sturgeon with a ship well furnished with wine and biscuit, which though it was not sent us, such were our occasions we took it at a price, but left him sufficient to return for England, still dissembling Valdo his villainy, but certainly he had not escaped had the Precedent continued.  
By this you may see, for all those crosses, treacheries, and dissensions, how he wrestled and overcame 
Note these inconveniences.  (without blood shed) all that happened. Also what good was done, how few died, what food the country naturally affordeth, what small cause there is men should starve, or be murdered by the Savages, that have discretion to manage this courage and industry. The 2. first years though by his adventures he had often brought the Savages to a tractable trade, yet you see how the envious authority ever crossed him, and frustrated his best endeavours. Yet this wrought in him that experience and estimation among the Savages, as otherways it had been impossible he had ever effected that he did, though the many miserable yet generous and worthy adventures, he had long, & often endured as well in some parts of Africa, and America, as in the most parts of Europe and Asia by land or sea had taught him much, yet in this case he was again to learn his Lecture by experience. Which with thus much a do having obtained, it was his ill chance to end, when he had but only learned how to begin. And though he left these unknown difficulties, (made easy and familiar) to his unlawful successors, who only by living in james Town, presumed to know more than all the world could direct them though they had all his soldiers with their triple power, and twice triple better means, by what they have done in his absence, the world doth see: and what they would have done in his presence, had he not prevented their indiscretions: it doth justly approve what cause he had to sand them for England. but they have made it more plain since their return, having his absolute authority freely in their power, with all the advantages, and opportunity that his labours had effected. As I am sorry their actions have made it so manifest, so I am unwilling to say what reason doth compel me, to make apparent the truth, lest I should seem partial, reasonless, or malicious.   

CHAP. 12.  
The Arrival of the third supply.  
TO redress those jars & ill proceed, 
The alteration of the government.  the Council in England altered the government & devolved the authority to the Lord De-la-ware. Who for his deputy, sent Sr Thomas Gales, & Sr George Somers, with 9 ships & 500 persons. they set sail from England in May 1609 a small catch perished at sea in a Herycano. The Admiral, with 150 men, with the two knights, & their new commission, their bills of loading with all manner of directions, and the most part of their provision arrived not. With the other 7 (as Captains) arrived Ratliffe, 
The loss of Virginia.  whose right name was Sickelmore, Martin, and Archer. Who as they had been troublesome at sea, began again to mar all ashore. For though, as is said, they vere formerly deposed & sent for England: yet now returning again, graced by the title of Captains of the passengers, seeing the admiral wanting, and great probability of her loss: strengthened themselves with those new companies, so railing and exclaiming against Captain Smith, that they mortally hated him, ere ever they see him. Who understanding by his scouts, the arrival of such a fleet (little dreaming of any such supply) supposing them Spaniards, he so determined and ordered his affairs, as we little feared their arrival, nor the success of our encounter, nor were the Savages any way negligent or unwilling, to aid and assist us with their best power, had it so been, we had been happy. For we would not have trused them 
The Savages offer to fight under o●r colours.  but as our foes, whereas receiving those as our countrymen and friends, they did their best to murder our Precedent, to surprise the store, the fort, and our lodgings, to usurp the government, and make us all their servants, and slaves to our own merit, to 1000 mischiefs 
Mutiny.  those lewd Captains led this lewd company, wherein were many unruly gallants packed thither by their friends to escape i'll destinies, and those would dispose and determine of the government, sometimes one, the next day another, to day the old commission, to morrow the new, the next day by neither. In fine, they would rule all or ruin all; yet in charity we must endure them thus to destroy us, or by correcting their follies, have brought the world's censure upon us to have been guilty of their bloods. Happy had we been had they never arrived; and we for ever abandoned, & (as we were) left to our fortunes, for on earth was never more confusion, or misery, than their factions occasioned.  
The Precedent seeing the desire those braves had to 
The planting Nansamund.  rule, seeing how his authority was so unexpectedly changed, would willingly have left all and have returned for England, but seeing there was small hope this new commission would arrive, longer he would not suffer those factious spirits to proceed. It would be too tedious, too strange, and almost incredible, should I particularly relate the infinite dangers, plots, & practices, he daily escaped amongst this factious crew, the chief whereof he quickly laid by the heels, till his lee sure better served to do them justice; & to take away all occasions of further mischief, Mr Persie had his request granted to return for England, & Mr West with 120 went to plant at the falls. Martin with near as 
A plantation of the falls.  many to Nansamund, with their due proportions, of all provisions, according to their numbers.  
Now the Precedents year being near expired, he made Martin Precedent, who knowing his own insufficiency, and the companies scorn, and conceit of his unworthiness, within 3 hours resigned it again to Captain Smith, and at Nansamund thus proceeded. The people being contributers used him kindly: yet 
The breach of peace with the Savages.  such was his jealous fear, and cowardice, in the midst of his mirth, he did surprise this poor naked king, with his monuments, houses, and the I'll he inhabited; and there fortified himself, but so apparently distracted with fear, as emboldened the Savages to assault him, kill his men, redeem their king, gather and carry away more than 1000 bushels of corn, he not once daring to intercept them. But sent to the Precedent then the Falls for 30 good shot, which from james town immediately were sent him, but he so well employed them, as they did just nothing, but returned, complaining of his childishness, that with them fled from his company, and so left them to their fortunes.  
Mr West having seated his men at the Falls, presently returned to revisit james Town, the Precedent met him by the way as he followed him to the falls: where he found this company so inconsiderately seated, in a place not only subject to the rivers inundation, but round environed with many intolerable inconveniences. For remedy whereof, he sent presently to Powhatan, to cell him the place called Powhatan, promising 
Powhatan sold for copper.  to defend him against the Monacans, and these should be his conditions (with his people) to resign him the fort and houses and all that country for a proportion of copper: that all stealing offenders should be sent him, there to receive their punishment: that every house as a custom should pay him a bushel of corn for an inch square of copper, and a proportion of Pocones as a yearly tribute to King james, for their protection as a duty: what else they could spare to barter at their best discretion.  
But both this excellent place and those good conditions did those furies refuse, contemning both him, 
Mutinies.  his kind care and authority. the worst they could to show their spite, they did. I do more than wonder to think how only with 5 men, he either durst, or would adventure as he did, (knowing how greedy they were 
5 suppress 120  of his blood) to land amongst them and commit to imprisonment the greatest spirits amongst them, till by their multitudes being 120. they forced him to retire, yet in that retreat he surprised one of the boats, wherewith he returned to their ship, wherein was their provisions, which also he took. And well it chanced he found the mariners so tractable and constant, or there had been small possibility he had ever escaped. Notwithstanding there were many of the best, I mean of the most worthy in judgement, reason or experience, that from their first landing hearing the general good report of his old soldiers, and seeing with their eyes his actions so well managed with discretion, as Captain Wood, Captain Web, Captain Moon, Captain Phitz-Iames, Mr Partridge, Mr White, Mr powel and diverse others. When they perceived the malice and condition of Ratliffe, Martin, and Archer, left their factions; and ever rested his faithful friends: But the worst was, the poor Savages that daily brought in their contribution to the Precedent, that disorderly company so tormented those poor naked souls, by stealing their corn, robbing 
The breach of peace with the Savages at the Falls.  their gardens, beating them, breaking their houses, & keeping some prisoners; that they daily complained to Captain Smith he had brought them for protector's worse enemies than the Monocans themselves; which though till then, (for his love) they had endured: they desired pardon, if hereafter they defended themselves, since he would not correct them, as they had long expected he would: so much they importuned him to punish their misdemeanores, as they offered (if he would conduct them) to fight for him against them. But having spent 9 days in seeking to reclaim them, showing them how much they did abuse themselves, with their great guilded hopes, of seas, mines, commodities, or victories they so madly conceived. Than (seeing nothing would prevail with them) he set sail for james Town: now no sooner was the ship under sail but the Savages assaulted those 120 in their fort, finding 
An assault by the Savages  some straggling abroad in the woods they slew many, and so affrighted the rest, as their prisoners escaped, & they scarce retired, with the swords & cloaks of these they had slain. But ere we had sailed a league our ship grounding, gave us once more liberty to summon them to a parley. Where we found them all so strangely amazed with this poor simple assault, as they submitted themselves upon any terms to the Precedents mercy. Who presently put by the heels 6 or 7 of the chief offenders, the rest he seated gallantly at Powhatan, in their Savage fort they built and prettily fortified with poles and barks of trees sufficient to have defended them from all their Savages in Virginia, dry houses for lodgings 300 acres of ground ready to plant, and no place so strong, so pleasant and 
The planting of Nonsuch.  delightful in Virginia, for which we called it nonesuch. the Savages also he presently appeased; redelivering to every one their former losses. Thus all were friends, 
New peace concluded.  new officers appointed to command, and the Precedent again ready to departed. But at that Instant arrived Mr West, whose good nature with the persuasions and compassion of those mutinous prisoners was so much abused, that to regain their old hopes new turboiles arose. For the rest being possessed of all their victual munition and every thing, they grow to that height in their former factions, as there the Precedent left them to their fortunes, they returning again to the open air at west for't, abandoning Nonsuch, and he to james Town with his best expedition, but this happened him in that journey.  
Sleeping in his boat, (for the ship was returned 2 
C Smith blown up with powder.  days before,) accidentally, one fired his powder bag, which tore his flesh from his body and thighs, 9 or 10. inches square in a most pitiful manner; but to quench the tormenting fire, frying him in his clothes he leapt over board into the deep river, where ere they could recover him he was near drowned. In this estate, without either Chirurgeon, or chirurgery he was to go near 100 miles. Arriving at james Town causing all things to be prepared for peace or wars to obtain provision, whilst those things were providing, Martin, Ratliffe, and Archer, being to have their trials their guilty consciences fearing a just reward for their deserts, seeing the Precedent unable to stand, & near bereft of his senses by reason of his torment, they had plotted to have murdered him in his bed. But his heart did fail him that should have given fire to that merciless 
A bloody intens  pistol. So, not finding that course to be the best they joined together to usurp the government, thereby to escape their punishment, and excuse themselves by accusing him. The Precedent, had notice of their projects: the which to withstand, though his old soldiers importuned him but permit them to take of their heads that would resist his command, yet he would 
The government usurped.  nor permit them, But sent for the masters of the ships and took order with them for his return for England. Seeing there was neither chirurgeon, nor chirurgery in the fort to cure his hurt, and the ships to departed the next day, his commission to be suppressed he knew not why, himself and soldiers to be rewarded he knew not how, and a new commission granted they knew not to whom, the which so disabled that authority he had, as made them presume so often to those mutinies and factions as they did. Besides so grievous were his wounds, & so cruel his torment, few expected he could live, nor was he able to follow his business to regain what they had lost, suppress those factions and range the countries for provision as he intended, and well he knew in those affairs his own actions and presence was as requisite as his experience, and directions, which now could not be, he went presently aboard, resolving there to appoint them governors, and to take order for the mutineers and their confederates. Who seeing him go, persuaded M ᶜ Persie (to stay) and be their Precedent, and within less than an hour was this mutation begun and concluded. For when the company understood Smith would leave them. & see the rest in Arms called Precedents and councillors, diverse began to fawn on those new commanders, that now bent all their wits to get him resign them his commission, who after many salt and bitter repulses, that their confusion should not be attributed to him for leaving the country without government and authority; having taken order to be 
The causes why Smith left the country & his Commission.  free from danger of their malice; he was not unwilling they should steal it from him, but never consented to deliver it to any. But had that unhappy blast not happened, he would quickly have qualified the heat of those humours and factions, had the ships but once left them and us to our fortunes, and have made that provision from among the Savages, as we neither feared Spaniard, Savage, nor famine: nor would have left Virginia, nor our lawful authority, but at as dear a price as we had bought it, and paid for it. What shall I say? but thus we lost him, that in all his proceed, made justice his first guide, and experience his second; ever hating baseness, sloth, pride, and indignity, more than any dangers; that never allowed more for himself, than his soldiers with him; that upon no danger would sand them where he would not lead them himself; that would never see us want what he either had, or could by any means get us; that would rather want then borrow, or starve then not pay; that loved actions more than words, and hated falsehood and cozenage worse than death: whose adventures were our lives, and whose loss our deaths. Leaving us thus with 3 ships, 7 boats, commodities ready to trade, the harvest newly gathered, 10 weeks provision in the store, 490 and odd persons, 24 pieces of ordinances, 300 muskets snaphanches, and fire locks, shot, powder, and match sufficient, curates, pikes, swords, and morions more then men: the Savages their language & habitations well known to 100 well trained and expert soldiers; nets for fishing, tools of all sorts to work, apparel to supply our wants, 6 mares and a horse, 5 or 600 swine, as many hens and chicken; some goats, some sheep, what was brought or bread there remained, but they regarded nothing but from hand to mouth, to consume that we had, took care for nothing but to perfect some colourable complaints against Captain Smith, for effecting whereof, 3 weeks longer they stayed the 6 ships till they could produce them. that time and charge might much better have been spent, but it suited well with the rest of their discretion's.  
Now all those, Smith had either whipped, punished, 
Their complaints and proof against him.  or any way disgraced, had free power and liberty to say or swear any thing, and from a whole armful of their examinations this was concluded.  
The mutineers at the Falls, complained he caused the Savages assault them, for that he would not revenge their loss, they being but 120, and he 5 men and himself, and this they proved by the oath of one he had often whipped for perjury and pilfering. The dutchmen that he had appointed to be stabbed for their treacheries, swore he sent to poison them with rat's bane. The prudent Council, that he would not submit himself to their stolen authority. Coe & Drer, that should have murdered him, were highly preferred for swearing, they heard one say, he heard Powhatan say, that he heard a man say: if the king would not sand that corn he had, he should not long enjoy his copper crown, nor those robes he had sent him: yet those also swore he might have had corn for tools but would not. The truth was, Smith had no such engines as the king demanded, nor Powhatan any corn. Yet this argued he would starve them. Others complained he would not let them rest in the fort (to starve) but forced them to the oyster banks, to live or starve, as he lived himself. For though he had of his own private provisions sent from England, sufficient; yet he gave it all away to the weak and sick, causing the most untoward (by doing as he did) to gather their food from the unknown parts of the rivers & woods, that they lived (though hardly) that otherways would have starved, ere they would have left their beds, or at most the sight of james Town to have got their own victual. Some prophetical spirit calculated he had the Savages in such subjection, he would have made himself a king, by marrying Pocahontas, powhatan's daughter. It 
Pocahontas powhatan's daughter.  is true she was the very nomparell of his kingdom, & at most not past 13 or 14 years of age. Very often she came to our fort, with what she could get for Captain Smith, that ever loved and used all the Country well, but her especially he ever much respected: & she so well requited it, that when her father intended to have surprised him, she by stealth in the dark night came through the wild woods and told him of it. But her marriage could no way have entitled him by any right to the kingdom, nor was it ever suspected he had ever such a thought, or more regarded her, or any of them, them in honest reason, & discretion he might. If he would he might have married her, or have done what him listed. For there was none that could have hindered his determination. Some that knew not any thing to say, the Council instructed, and advised what to swear. So diligent they were in this business, that what any could remember, he had ever done, or said in mirth, or passion, by some circumstantial oath, it was applied to their fittest use, yet not past8 or 9 could ●●y much and that nothing but circumstances, which all men did know was most false and untrue. Many got their passes by promising in England to say much against him. I have ipresumed to say this much in his behalf for that I never heard such foul slanders, so certainly believed, and urged for truths by many a hundred, that do still not spare to spread them, say them and swear them, that I think do scarce know him though they meet him, nor have they either cause or reason, but their wills, or zeal to rumour or opinion. For the honourable and better sort of our Virginian adventurers I think they understand it as I have writ it. For instead of accusing him, I have never heard any give him a better report, than many of those witnesses themselves that were sent only home to testify against him. Richard Pots, W. P.  
When the ships departed C. Davis arrived in a small Pinnace with some 16 proper men more, to those 
The planting at point comfort.  were added a company from james Town under the command of Captain Ratliffe to inhabit Point comfort. Martin and Mr West having lost their boats, and near half their men amongst the Savages, were returned to james Town, for the Savages no sooner understood of Captain Smith's loss, but they all revolted, and did murder & spoil all they could encounter. Now were we all constrained to live only of that which Smith had only for his own company, for the rest had consumed their proportions. And now have we 20 Precedents with all their appurtenances, for Mr Persie was so sick he could not go nor stand. But ere all was consumed, M. West and Ratliffe each with a pinnace, and 30 or 40 men well appointed, sought abro●●… to trade, how they carried the business I know not, but Ratliffe and his men were most slain by Powhatan, 
Ratliffe slain by Powhatan.  those that escaped returned near starved in the Pinnace. And Mr West finding little better success, set sail for England. Now we all found the want of Captain Smith, yea his greatest maligners could then curse his loss. Now for corn, provision, and contribution from the Savages; we had nothing but mortal wounds with clubs and arrows. As for our hogs, hens, goats, sheep, horse, or what lived, our commanders and officers did daily consume them, some small proportions (sometimes) we tasted till all was devoured then swords, arrows, pieces; or any thing we traded to the Savages, whose bloody fingers were so imbrued in our bloods, that what by their cruelty, our governors indiscreation, and the loss of our ships; Of 500, within 6 months after there remained not many more than 60. most miserable and poor creatures. It were to vild to say what we endured; but the occasion was only our own, for want of providence, industry, and government, and not the barrenness and defect of the country, as is generally supposed, for till then in 3 years (for the numbers were landed us) we had never landed sufficient provision for 6 months such a glutton is the sea, and such good fellows the mariners, we as little tasted of those great proportions 
The fruits of imp ovidences.  for their provisions, as they of our miseries, that notwithstanding ever swayed and overruled the business: though we did live as is said, 3 years chief of what this good country naturally affordeth: yet now had we been in Paradise itself (with those governors) it would not have been much better with us, yet was there some amongst us, who had they had the government, would surely have kept us from those extremities of miseries, that in 10 days more would have supplanted us all by death.  
But God that would not it should be unplanted, sent Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George summers, with a 
The arrival of Sr Tho. Gates with 150.  150 men, most happily preserved by the Berondoes to preserve us. strange it is to say how miraculously they were preserved, in a leaking ship, in those extreme storms and tempests in such overgrown seas 3 days and 3 nights by bapling out water. And having given themselves to death, how happily when lest expected that worthy Captain Sir George Somers, having line all that time cunning the ship before those sawlowing waves, discovered those broken Isles, where how plentifully they lived with fish & flesh, what a paradise this is to inhabit, what industry they used to build their 2 ships, how happily they did transport them to james Town in Virginia, I refer you to their own printed relations.  
But when those noble knights did see our miseries 
james Town abandoned.  (being strangers in the country) and could understand no more of the cause but by their conjecture, of our clamours and complaints, of accusing or excusing one an other, they embarked us with themselves, with the best means they could, and abandoning james Town set sail for England.  
But yet God would not so have it, for ere we left 
The arrival of the Lo●d Laware.  the river; we met the Lord de-la-ware, than governor for the country, with 3 ships exceeding well furnished with all necessaries fitting, who again returned them to the abandoned james Town, the 9 of june, 1610. accompanied with Sir Ferdinando Wainman, and diverse other gentlemen of sort. Sir George Somers, and Captain Argall he presently dispatcheth to require the Bermondas to furnish them with provision: Sir Thomas Gates for England to help forward their supplies: himself neglected not the best was in his power for the furtherance of the business and regaining what was lost. But even in the beginning of his proceed, his Lordsh had such an encounter with a scurvy sickness, that made him unable to wield the state of his body, much less the affairs of the colony, so that after 8. months sickness, he was forced to save his life by his return for England.  
In this time Argall not finding the Bermondas, having 
2 Ships sent to the Bermundas  lost Sir George Somers at sea, fell on the coast of Sagadahock, where refreshing himself, found a convenient fishing for God. With a taste whereof he returned to james town, from whence the Lord De-la-ware sent him to trade in the river of Patawomecke, where finding an English boy those people had preserved from the fury of Powhatan, by his acquaintance had such good usage of those kind Savages, that they fraughted his ship with corn, wherewith he returned to james Town, and so for England with the Lord governor, yet before his return, the adventurers had sent Sr Tho. Dale with 3 ships, men and cattle, and all 
The arrival of Sr Tho Dale.  other provisions necessary for a year, all which arrived the 10 of May, 1611.  
Again, to second him with all possible expedition there was prepared for Sr Thomas Gates, 6 tale ships with 300 men, and 100 kine, with other cattle, with munition and all manner of provision could be thought needful, and they arrived about the 1 of August next after safely at james town.  
Sr George Somers all this time was supposed lost: but thus it happened missing the Bermondas, he fell also as 
Sr George Somers arrival at the Bermondas and dieth.  did Argall with Sagadahock, where being refreshed, would not content himself with that repulse, but returned again in the search; and there safely arrived. But overtoiling himself on a surfeit died. And in this Cedar ship built by his own directions, and partly with his own hands, that had not in her any iron but only one bolt in her keel, yet well endured thus tossed to and again in this mighty Ocean, till with his dead boshe arrived in England at line, & at Whitchurch in Dorsetshire, his body by his friends was honourably buried, with many volies of shot, and the rights of a soldier. And upon his Tomb was bestowed this Epitaph  

Hei mihi Virginia, quod tam cito praeterit aestas,  
Autumnus sequitur, saeviet inde & hyems.  
At ver perpetuum nascetur, & Anglialaeta 
his Epitaph.   
Decerpit flores, Floryda terra tuos. 

Alas Virginia Summer so soon past  
Autumn succeeds and stormy winter's blast,  
Yet England's joyful spring with April shewres,  
OH Floryda, shall bring thy sweetest flowers.     
Since there was a ship fraughted with provision, and 40 men, and another since then with the like number and provision to stay in the Country 12 months with Captain Argall.  
The Lord governor himself doth confidently determine to go with the next, or as presently as he may in his own person, with sundry other knights & gentlemen, with ships & men so far as their means will extend to furnish: as for all their particular actions since the return of Captain Smith, for that they have been printed from time to time, and published to the world, I cease farther to trouble you with any repetition of things so well known, more than are necessary. To conclude the history, leaving this assurance to all posterity, how unprosperously things may succeed, by what changes or chances soever, The action is honourable and worthy to be approved, the defect whereof hath only been in the managing the business; which I hope now experience hath taught them to amend, or those examples may make others to beware, for the land is as good as this book doth report it.   
FINIS.   

Captain Smith I return you the fruit of my labours, as Mr Croshaw requested me, which I bestowed in reading the discourses, & hearing the relations of such which have walked, & observed the land of Virginia with you. The pains I took was great: yet did the nature of the argument, and hopes I conceived of the expedition, give me exceeding content. I cannot find there is any thing, but what they all affirm, or cannot contradict: the land is good: as there is no cities, so no sons of Anak: all is open for labour of a good and wise inhabitant: and my prayer shall ever be, that so fair a land, may be inhabited by those that profess and love the Gospel.  
Your friend W. S.