A Sea Grammar, WITH ●HE PLAIN EXPOSITION of SMITH'S Accidence for young Seamen, enlarged.  
●●●ided into fifteen Chapters: what they are you may partly conceive by the Contents.  
●●●tten by Captain JOHN SMITH, sometimes Governor of VIRGINIA, and Admiral of NEW-ENGLAND.  
LONDON, Printed by JOHN HAVILAND, 1627.   

TO ALL THE RIGHT HONOURABLE, AND most generous Lords in England, especially those of his Majesty's Privy Council, and Council of War.  
Great LORDS,  
IVlius Caesar wrote his own Commentaries, holding it no less honour to write, than fight; much hath been writ concerning the art of war by land, yet nothing concerning the same at Sea. Many others might better than myself have done this, but since I found none endevourd it, I have adventured, encouraged by the good entertainment of my late printed Accidence. This I suppose will be much bettered by men in these things better experienced, others ignorance may fault it: I have been a miserable Practitioner in this School of War by Sea and Land more than thirty years, however chance or occasion have kept me from your Lordship's knowledge or employment. Yet I humbly entreat your Lordships to accept and patronise this little Pamphlet, as the best testimony I can present your Honours, of my true duty to my King and Country. Thus humbly craving your Honour's pardons, and favourable construction of my good intent, I remain  
Your Honours in all duty to be commanded, JOHN SMITH.   

TO THE READER AND ALL WORTHY Adventurers by Sea, and well wishers to NAVIGATION.  
Honest Readers,  
IF my desire to do good hath transported me beyond myself, I entreat you excuse me, and take for requital this rude bundle of many ages observations; although they be not so punctually compiled as I could wish, and it may be you expect; At this present I cannot much amend them; if any will bestow that pains, I shall think him my friend, and honour his endeavours. In the interim accept them as they are, and ponder errors in the balance of good will,  
Your friend, JOHN SMITH.   

TO HIS WELL Deserving friend Captain JOHN SMITH.  
REader within this little work thou hast  
The view of things present, to come, and past,  
Of consequence and benefit to such  
As know but little, thinking they know much;  
And in thy quiet chamber safely read,  
Th'experience of the living and the dead,  
Who with great pain and peril oft have tried  
When they on angry Neptune's back did ride.  
He having with his Trident struck the main,  
To hoist them up and throw them down again  
Dear friend I'll cease and leave it to thy Book.  
To praise thy labour. Reader overlook.  
Edw. Ingham.   

To the much deserving Captain, john Smith.  
I Hate to flatter thee, but in my heart  
I honour thy fair worth and high desert;  
And thus much I must say, thy merits claim  
Much praise & honour, both from Truth & Fame.  
What judge so ●'re thy Actions overlook,  
Thou needest not fear a trial by thy Book.  
Geor Buck.   

TO HIS WORTHILY deserving friend Captain JOHN SMITH.  

THe Lighter Hippias of Troy disclosed,  
Germans in India Cannowes now in trade,  
The Barge by grave Amocles was composed,  
The Argozees first the Illyrians made,  
The Galley I●son built that Grecian spark,  
The Cyprians first did cross the Seas with Bark.   

The Keel by the Phaenician● first was named,  
The Tyrrhens first made anchors, Plateans oars;  
The Rhodians for the Brigandine are famed,  
Cyrenians found the Craer, and Crect adores  
Daedalus for Masts, and Saile-yards; Typhis wise  
(With triple honour) did the stern device.   

The Tackle famous Anacharsis wrought,  
Noble Pyseus did the Stem first frame,  
To light the Copians first the Rudder brought,  
Young Icarus for Sailes acquired great fame,  
Thou, with the best of these may'st glory share,  
That hast devised, compiled a work so rare.   

For what long travels observations true  
On Seas, (where waves do seem to wash the skies)  
Have made thee know, thou (willing) dost unscrew  
To those that want like knowledge; each man cries  
Live worthy Smith; England for this endeavour  
Will (if not stupid) give thee thanks for ever.   
Nicolas Burley.   

In laudem Nobilissimi viri Johannis Smith.  
MOney, the world's soul, that both forms and fames her,  
Is her bad Genius to, it damns, and shames her.  
If merit and desert were truly weighed  
In justice Scales, not all by money sweyed;  
Smith should not want reward, with many more,  
Whom sad oblivion now doth overflow.  
For now no good things gotten without money,  
Except 'tis got, as Bears from thorns lick honey,  
With danger to themselves. For poor men's words  
Are wind, and air: Great men's are picks, and swords▪  
Greatness more safe may act lust, theft, or treason;  
Than poor john Smith or I may steal two peason,  
Or drink a harmless cup, to chase away  
Sad cares and griefs that haunt us every day.  
Who saw thy Virgin limbed by thee so truly,  
Would swear thou hadst been one that sawest her newly,  
One of her latest lovers. But to tell  
The truth, I think they know her not so well.  
And this Sea Grammar learned long since by thee,  
Thou now hast formed so artificially,  
That many abeardlesse boy, and Artless fool,  
Preferred before thee, may come to thy school.  
john Hagthorpe.   

TO HIS FRIEND Captain Smith, on his GRAMMAR.  
Much travelled Captain, I have heard thy worth  
By Indians, in America set forth:  
Me silence best seems to keep, and then  
Thy better praise be sung by better men,  
Who feel thy virtue's worthiness: Who can  
Derive thy words, is more Grammarian,  
Than Camden, Clenard, Ramus, Lilly were;  
Here's language would have nonplussed Scaliger.  
These and thy travels may in time be seen  
By those which stand at Helm, and prime ones been.  
Edw. Iorden.   

In Authorem.  
EAch Science terms of Art hath where withal  
To express themselves, called Technologicall. 
Technologicall, a Greek word compounded of two Greek words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, signifies words of Art.   
Logic doth teach what Pradicables be,  
Genus and Species, 
* 

Pr. 5.  
Genus.  
Species.  
Diffe●ētia  
Propriam.  
Accidens.    with the other three.  
Philosophy, purblind in the first Creation,  
Talks of first Matters form, and void Privation.  
Geographie teaches how for to define  
Tropics, Meridian's, and the Aequators line.  
So words of Art belong to Navigation  
And ships, which here from thee receive translation;  
That now th' untraveld land-man may with ease  
Here know the language both of ships and Seas.  
I have no Art of words due praise to impart  
To thee that thus expound'st these words of Art.  
W. S.   

In Authorem.  

THou which in Sea-learning wouldst Clerk commence,  
First learn to read, and after read to learn,  
For words to sound, and not to know their sense,  
Is for to sail a ship without a Stern.  
By this Sea Grammar thou mayst distinguish  
And understand the Latin by the English.   

Here mayst thou learn the names of all ships gear,  
And with their names, their natures, and their use;  
To hoist the Sails, and at the Helm to steer;  
To know each Shroud, each Rope, each Knot, each Noose,  
And by their names to call them every one,  
'Tis such a Book as may be called Such none.   

And yet a Smith thereof the Author is,  
And from his Forge alone we have the same,  
Who, for his skill in such a work as this,  
Doth far excel all others of his name:  
He's neither Lock-Smith, Goldsmith, nor Blacksmith,  
But (to give him his right name) he's jack-smith.   
S.S.   

The CONTENTS.  
CHAP. I. 
OF Dockes and their definitions, and what belongs to them. fol. 1  CHAP. II. 
How to build a Ship, with the definition of all the principal names of every part of her, and her principal timbers, also how they are fixed one to another, and the reasons of their use. 2  CHAP. III. 
How to proportion the Masts and Yards for a Ship, by her Beam and Keel. 15  CHAP. FOUR 
The names of all the Masts, Tops, and Yards belonging to a Ship. 17  CHAP. V. 
How all the Tackling and Rigging of a Ship is made fast one to another, with the names and reasons of their use. 18  CHAP. VI 
What doth belong to the Boats and Skiffe, with the definition of all those thirteen Ropes which are only properly called Ropes belonging to a Ship or a Boat, and their use. 26  CHAP. VII. 
The names of all sorts of Anchors, Cables, and Sails, and how they bear their proportions, with their use. Also how the Ordnance should be placed, & the goods stowed a Ship. 29  CHAP. VIII. 
The charge and duty of the Captain of a Ship, and every office and officer in a man of war. 34  CHAP. IX. 
Proper Sea terms for dividing the Company at Sea, and steering, sailing, and moring a Ship in fair weather or in a storm. 37  CHAP. X. 
Proper Sea terms for the Winds, Ebbs, Floods, and Eddies, with their definitions, and an estimate of the depth of the Sea, by the height of the Hills & largeness of the Earth. 46  CHAP. XI. 
Proper Sea terms belonging to the good or bad condition of Ships, how to find them and amend them. 52  CHAP. XII. 
Considerations for a Sea Captain in the choice of his Ship, and inplacing his Ordnance. In giving Chase, Boarding, and entering a man of war like himself, or a defending Merchant man. 54  CHAP. XIII. 
How to manage a fight at Sea, with the proper terms in a fight largely expressed, & the ordering a Navy at Sea. 59  CHAP. XIV. 
The names of all sorts of great Ordnance, and their appurtenances, with their proper terms and expositions, also diverse observations concerning their shooting, with a Table of proportion for their weight of metal, weight of powder, weight of shot, and there best at random and point blank enlarged. 64  CHAP. XV. 
How they divide their shares in a man of War; what Books and Instruments are fit for a Sea man, with diverse advertisements for young Gentlemen that intent to follow the Sea, and the use of the petty Tally. 72   
THe Expositions of all the most difficult words seldom used but amongst sea men: where you find the word in the Margin in that break against it: you shall find the exposition so plainly and briefly, that any willing capacity may easily understand them.   

A Sea Grammar.  

Chap. I. Of Dockes, and their definitions.  
A Dock is a great pit or pond, 
A dry Dock.  or creek by a harbour side, made convenient to work in, with two great floodgates built so strong and close, that the Dock may be dry till the ship be built or repaired, and then being opened, let in the water to float and launch her; and this is called a dry Dock. 
A wet Dock.  A wet Dock is any place, where you may hale in a ship into the oze out of the tides way, where she may dock herself. 
A Cradle.  A cradle is a frame of timber, made along a ship, or the side of a galley by her billidge, for the more ease and safety in launching, much used in Turkey, Spain, and Italy. 
The stocks.  And the stocks are certain framed posts, much of the same nature upon the shore to build a Pinnace, a Catch, a Frigate, or Boat, etc. To those Dockes for building belongs their woodyards, with saw-pits, and all sorts of timber; but the masts and yards are chained together in some great water to keep them from rotting, 
A Crab.  and in season; Also a crab is necessary, which is an engine of wood of three claws, placed on the ground in the nature of a Capsterne, for the launching of ships, or heaving them into the Dock.   

CHAP. II. How to build a ship with the definitions of all the principal names of every part of her principal timbers, also how they are fixed one to another, and the reasons of their use.  
THe first and lowest timber in a ship is the keel, 
The Keel.  to which is fastened all the rest; this is a great tree or more, hewn to the proportion of her burden, laid by a right line in the bottom of the dock, or stocks. At the one end is skarfed into it, 
The Stem.  the Stem, which is a great timber wrought compassing, and all the butt-ends of the planks forwards are fixed to it. 
The Stern.  The Stern post is another great timber, which is let into the keel at the other end somewhat sloping, 
The fashion pieces.  & from it doth rise the two fashion pieces, like a pair of great horns, to those are fastened all the planks that reach to the after end of the ship, but before you use any planks, 
The Rungs.  they lay the Rungs, called floor timbers, or ground timbers, thwart the keel; thorough those you cut your Limberholes to bring the water to the well for the pump, 
The Limberholes  the use of them is when the ship is built to draw in them a long hair rope, by pulling it from stern to stem, to scour them, and keep them clean from choking.  

The Floor.  Those ground timbers do give the floor of the ship, being strait, saving at the ends they begin to compass, and there they are called the Rungheads, 
Rungheads.  and doth direct the Sweep or Mould of the Foot-hookes and Navel timbers, 
Sweep. Mould. Skarfing.  for there doth begin the compass and bearing of the ship, those are skarfed into the ground timbers, which is one piece of wood let into another, or so much wood cut away from the one as from the other, for when any of those timbers are not long enough of themselves, they are skarfed in this manner, to make two or three as one: those next the keel are called the ground Foot-hookes, 
Foot-hookes. Keeleson.  the other the upper Foot-hookes; but first lay your keeleson over your floor timbers, which is another long tree like the keel, and this lying within as the other without, must be fast bound together with strong iron bolts thorough the timbers and all, and on those are all the upper works raised, when the Foot-hookes are skarfed, as is said, and well bolted, when they are planked up to the Orlop they make the ships Howle, and those timbers in general are called the ships ribs, 
Howle. Ribs. Sleepers.  because they represent the carcase of any thing hath ribs. The sleepers run before and after on each side the keeleson, on the floor well bolted to the Foot-hookes, which being thus bound do strengthen each other. 
Spurkits.  The Spurkits are the spaces betwixt the timbers alongst the ship side in all parts, but them in Howle below the Sleepers, are broad boards, which they take up to clear the Spurkits, if any thing get betwixt the timbers.  
The Garbord is the first plank next the keel on the outside, 
The Garbord. Garbord strake. Rising timbers.  the Garbord strake is the first seam next the keel, your rising timbers are the hooks, or ground timbers and foot-hookes placed on the keel, and as they rise by little and little, so doth the run of the ship from the floor, 
The Run.  which is that part of the ship under water which comes narrower by degrees from the floor timbers along to the stern post, called the ships way aftward, for according to her run she will steer well or ill, by reason of the quickness or slowness of the water coming to the rudder: now all those planks under water, 
Planks.  as they rise and are joined one end to another, the fore end is called the Butt-end in all ships, 
Butt-ends.  b●t in great ships they are commonly most carefully bolted, for if one of those ends should spring, or give way it would be a great troublesome danger to stop such a leak, the other parts of those planks are made fast which good Treenailes and Trunnions of well seasoned timber, 
Treenailes. Tiunnions.  thorough the timbers or ribs, but those planks that are fastened into the ships stem are called whoodings. 
Whoodings.   
The gathering of those works upon the ships quarter under water is called the Tuck, 
The Tuck.  if it lie too low it makes her have a fat quarter, and hinders the quick passage of the water to the rudder; if too high she must be laid out in that part, else she will want bearing for her after works. The Transome is a timber lies thwart the stern, 
Transome.  betwixt the two fashion pieces, and doth lay out the breadth of the ship at the buttocks, 
Buttocks.  which is her breadth from the Tuck upwards, and according there to her breadth or narrowness, we say she hath a narrow or broad buttock, the fashion pieces, before spoke of, are the two outmost timbers, on either side the stern, excepting the counters. 
Rake. The Hull.  The ships Rake is so much of her hull as hangs over both ends of the keel, so much as is forward is said, she rakes so much forward, and so in like manner aftward: by the hull is meant, the full bulk or body of a ship without masts or any rigging from the stem to the stern: The Rake forward is near half the length of the keel, and for the Rake aftward about the forepart of her Rake forward, but the fore Rake is that which gives the ship good way, and makes her keep a good wind, but if she have not a full Bow, it will make her pitch her head much into the Sea, if but a small Rake forward, the sea will meet her so fast upon the Bows, she will make small way, and if her stern be upright as it were, she is called Bluffe, 
Bluffe. Bluffeheaded. Billage.  or Bluffeheaded. A ships Billage is the breadth of the floor when she doth lie aground, & Billage water is that which cannot come to the pump, we say also she is bilged, when she strikes on a rock, an anchors flooke or any thing that breaks her planks or timbers, to spring a leak.  
When you have berthed or brought her up to the planks, 
Planks.  which are those thick timbers which goeth fore and aft on each side, whereon doth lie the beams of the first Orlop, 
Beams. Orlop.  which is the first floor to support the planks doth cover the Howle, those are great cross timbers, that keeps the ship sides asunder, the main beam is ever next the main mast, where is the ships greatest breadth, the rest from this is called the first, second, third, fourth, etc. forward or aftward beams. Great ships have a tier of beams under the Orlop whereon lies no deck, and great posts and binder's called Riders from them to the keel in howl only to strengthen all. 
Riders.  But the beams of the Orlop is to be bound at each end with sufficient Knees, 
Knees.  which is a crooked piece of wood bowed like a knee, that binds the beams and foot-hookes, being bolted together, some stand right up and down, some a long the ship, and are used about all the decks, some sawed or hewed to that proportion, but them which grow naturally to that fashion are the best.  
Lay the Orlop with good plank according to her proportion▪ so level as may be is the best in a man of War, 
Ports.  because all the Ports may be of such equal height, so that every piece may serve any Port, 
Beds.  without making any beds or platforms to raise them, but first bring up your work as before to the second deck or Orlop, and by the way you may cut your number of port holes according to the greatness of your ship; 
Ringbolts.  by them fasten your Ringbolts for the tackles of your Ordnances, you use Ringbolts also for bringing the planks and wails to the ship side, 
Set bolts.  and Set bolts for forcing the works and planks together, 
Clinch bolts.  Clinch bolts are clinched with a riveting hammer for drawing out. But Rag bolts are so iaggered that they cannot be drawn out. 
Rag bolts.  Before lock bolts hath an eye at the end, 
Before lock bolts.  whereinto a fore lock of iron is driven to keep it from starting back. 
Fend bolts.  Fend bolts are beat into the outside of a ship with the long head to save her sides from galling against other ships, 
Drive bolts.  Drive bolts is a long piece of iron to drive out a treenaile, or any such thing, besides diverse others so useful that without them and long iron spikes and nails, 
She was built of Cedar.  nothing can be well done; yet I have known a ship built, hath sailed to and again over the main Ocean, which had not so much as a nail of iron in her but only one bolt in her keel.  

Clamps.  Now your risings are above the first Orlop as the Clamps are under it, which is long thick planks like them, fore and aft on both sides, under the ends of the Beams and timbers of the second Deck or Orlop, or the third Deck or Orlop, or the third Deck which is never called by the name of Orlop, 
Decks. A half Deck. A quarter Deck. A Flush Deck.  and yet they are all but Decks; also the half Deck and quarter Deck, whereon the beams, and timbers bear are called risings. A Flush Deck is when from stem to stern, it lies upon a right line fore and aft which is the best for a man of War, both for the men to help and succour one another, as for the using of their arms, or remounting any dismounted piece, because all the Ports on that Deck are on equal height, which cannot be without beds and much trouble, 
A cambered Deck. To sink a Deck. To raise a Deck.  where the Deck doth camber or lie compassing. To sink a Deck is to lay it lower, to raise a Deck to put it higher, but have a care you so cut your Port holes, one piece lie not right over another for the better bringing them to your mark.  
The half Deck is from the main mast to the steareage, & the quarter Deck from that to the Master's Cabin called the round house, which is the utmost of all, but you must understand all those works are brought up together, as near equally as may be from bend to bend, 
Bend, or wail.  or wail to wail, which are the outmost timbers on the ship sides, and are the chief strength of her sides, to which the foot-hookes, beams, 
Chain wail.  & knees, are bolted, and are called the first, second, and third Bend; but the chain wail is a broad timber set out amongst them, a little above where the chains and shrouds are fastened together to spread the shrouds the wider the better to succour the masts. Thus the sides and Decks are wrought till you come at the Gunwaile, 
Gun wail.  which is the upmost wail goeth about the upmost strake or or seam of the upmost Deck about the ships waste, and the ships quarter is from the main mast aftward. 
The ships quarters. Culuertailed. Carlings.   
Culuertailed is letting one timber into another in such sort that they cannot slip out, as the Carling ends are fixed in the beams, and Carlings are certain timbers lieth along the ship from beam to beam, on those the ledges doerest whereunto the planks of the Decks are fastened. 
Carling knees.  The Carling knees are also timbers comes thwart the ship from the sides of the Hatches way, betwixt the two masts, and bears up the Deck on both sides, and on their ends lieth the comings of the hatches, 
Commings.  which are those timbers and planks which bears them up higher than the Decks, to keep the water from running down at the hatches; also they fit Loopholes in them for the close fights, 
Loopholes.  and they are likewise a great ease for men to stand upright if the Decks below. 
Hatches way.  The Hatches way is when they are open where the goods are lowered that way right down into the howl, and the hatches are like trap doors in the midst of the Decks, before the main mast, by certain rings, to take up or lay down at your pleasure.  
A scuttle-hatch is a little hatch doth cover a little square hole we call the Scuttle, 
A Scuttle.  where but one man alone can go down into the ship, there are in diverse places of the ship whereby men pass from Deck to Deck, and there is also small Scuttles grated, to give light to them betwixt Decks, and for the smoke of Ordnances to pass away by. The Ramshead is a great block wherein is three shivers into which are passed the halyards, 
Ramshead.  and at the end of it in a hole is reved the ties, and this is only belonging to the fore and and main halyards; to this belong the fore Knight, 
The fore Knight.  and the main Knight, 
The main Knight  upon the second Deck fast bolted to the Beams. They are two short thick pieces of wood, commonly carved with the head of a man upon them, in those are four shivers apiece, three for the halyards and one for the top rope to run in, and Knevels are small pieces of wood nailed to the inside of the ship, 
Knevels.  to belay the sheats and racks unto. 
Capstaine.   
The Capstaine is a great piece of wood stands upright upon the Deck, abaft the main mast, the foot standing in a step upon the lower deck, and is in the nature of a windis, to wind, or weigh up the anchors, sails, top masts, ordnances, or any thing it is framed in diverse squares, with holes thorough them, 
Capstaine bars.  thorough which you put your Capstaine bars, for as many men as can stand at them to thrust it about, and is called manning the Capstaine. The main body of it is called the Spindle. 
The Spindle. Whelps.  The Whelps are short pieces of wood made fast to it, to keep the Cable from coming too high in the turning about; 
Paul.  The Paul is a short piece of iron made fast to the Deck, resting upon the whelps to keep the Capstaine from recoiling which is dangerous, but in great ships they have two, the other standing in the same manner betwixt the fore mast and the main, to heave upon the jeer rope, 
jeer Capstaine.  and is called the jeer Capstaine, to strain any rope, or hold off by, when we way Anchor, to heave a head, or upon the viol, which is when an Anchor is in stiff ground we cannot weigh it, or the Sea goeth so high the main Capstaine cannot purchase in the Cable, than we take a Hawser opening one end, and so puts into it Nippers some seven or eight sadome distant from each other wherewith we bind the Hawser to the Cable, and so brings it to the jeer Capstaine to heave upon it, and this will purchase more than the main Capstaine can. 
The viol.  The viol is fastened together at both ends with an eye or two, with a wall knot and seized together. 
A windas.  A windas is a square piece of timber, like a Role before the fore Castle in small ships, and forced about with handspikes for the same use as is the Capstaine.  

The Pump.  What are the parts of a pump you may see in every place, 
The Brake.  the handle we call the brake, the pumps can, is a great can we power water into pumps to make it pump. 
The Can. The Daile.  The daile is a trough wherein the water doth run over the Decks; 
Chained Pumps.  But in great ships they use chained pumps which will go with more ease, and deliver more water. 
A Bur Pump.  The Dutch men use a Burr pump by the ship side, wherein is only a long staff with a Burr at the end, like a Gunner's sponge, to pump up the Billage water that by reason of the breadth of the ships floor cannot come to the well: In pumping they use to take spells, that is, fresh men to relieve them, and count how many strokes they pump each watch, whereby they know if the ship be staunch, or thite, or how her leaks increase. The Pump sucks, 
The Pump sucks  is when the water being out, it draws up nothing but froth and wind. They have also a little Pump made of a Cane, a little piece of hollow wood or Latin like an Elder gun, 
A bear Pump.  to pump the Beer or Water out of the Cask, for at Sea we use no Taps, and then stave the Cask to make more room, and packeth the Pipe-staves or boards up as close as may be in other Cask till they use them.  
The Skuppers are little holes close to all the Decks thorough the Ships sides, 
The Skuppers.  whereat the water doth run out when you pump or wash the Decks; 
Skupper-leathers.  the Skupper-leathers are nailed over those holes upon the lower Deck to keep out the Sea from coming in, yet give they way for it to run out: 
Skupper-nailes.  Skupper nails are little short ones with broad heads, made purposely to nail the Skupper-leathers, 
The Waist.  and the coats of Masts and Pumps. The Waist is that part of the Ship betwixt the main Mast and the forecastle, and the Waist boards are set up in the Ships waist, 
Waist boards.  betwixt the Gunwaile and the waist trees, 
Waist trees.  but they are most used in Boats, set up alongst their sides to keep the Sea from breaking in.  
There are usually three Ladders in a Ship; 
The entering Ladder.  the entering Ladder is in the Waist, made formally of wood, and another out of the Gallery made of Ropes to go into the boat by in foul weather, 
Gallery Ladder.  and the third at the Beak-head, made fast over the Boulspret to get upon it, 
Boultspret Ladder.  only used in great Ships.  
It were not amiss now to remember the Forecastle, 
The Forecastle.  being as useful a place as the rest, this is the forepart of the Ship above the Decks over the Bow; 
Bow.  there is a broad Bow & a narrow Bow, so called according to the broadnes or the thinness: the Bow is the broadest part of the Ship before, compassing the Stem to the Loufe, 
Loufe.  which reacheth so far as the Bulk-head of the Forecastle extendeth. Against the Bow is the first breach of the Sea, if the Bow be too broad, she will seldom carry a Bone in her mouth or cut a feather, 
Cut a feather.  that is, to make a foam before her: where a well bowed Ship so swiftly presseth the water, as that it foameth, and in the dark night sparkleth like fire. If the Bow be too narrow, as before is said, she pitcheth her head into the Sea, so that the mean is the best if her after way be answerable. The Hauses are those great round holes before, 
Hauses.  under the Beak-head, where commonly is used the Cables when you come to an Anchor, the bold or high Hause is the best, for when they lie low in any great sea, they will take in very much water, the which to keep out, they build a circle of plank either abaft or before the main Mast called the Manger: 
Manger.  and a Hause-plug at Sea, now the Forecastle doth cover all those being built up like a half deck, to which is fixed the Beakhead, 
Prow.  and the Prow is the Deck abaft the Forecastle, whereon lieth the Prow pieces.  

The Beak-head.  The Beak-head is without the ship before the fore Castle, supported by the main knee, fastened into the stem, all painted and carved as the stern, and of great use, as well for the grace and countenance of the ship, as a place for men to ease themselves in. To it is fastened the collar of the main stay, and the fore tacks there brought aboard; also the standing for rigging and trimming the spretesaile gear, 
Combe.  under the midst of it is the Comb, which is a little piece of wood with two holes in it to bring the fore tacks aboard. 
Bits.  The Bits are two great pieces of timber, and the Crospeece goeth thorough them, 
Crospeece.  they are ordinarily placed abaft the Manger in the ships loose, to belay the Cable thereto when you ride at Anchor: Their lower parts are fastened to the Riders, but the middle part in great ships are bolted to two great beams cross to the Bows, and yet in extraordinary storms we are glad to make fast the Cable to the main M●st for strengthening of the Bits and safety of the Bows, which have in great storms been torn from the ships. 
David.  The David is a short piece of timber, at the end whereof in a notch they hang a block in a strap called the Fish-block, 
Fish-block.  by which they hale up the flock of the Anchor to the Ships bow, 
Cat.  it is put out betwixt the Cat and the Loufe, and to be removed when you please. The Cat is also a short piece of timber aloft right over the Hawse; in the end it hath two shivers in a block, wherein is reeved a Rope, to which is fastened a great hook of Iron, to trice up the Anchor from the Hawse to the top of the forecastle.  
A Bulks head is like a ceiling or a wall of boards thwart the Ship, as the Gunroome, the great Cabin, the bread room, 
A Bulks head.  the quarter Deck, or any other such division: but them which doth make close the forecastle, and the half Deck, the Mariners call the Cubbridge heads, 
Cubbridge head.  wherein are placed murderers, and abaft Falcons, Falconets, or Rabinits to clear the Decks fore and aft so well as upon the ships sides, to defend the ship and offend an enemy. 
Sockets.  Sockets are the holes wherein the pintels of the murderers or fowlers go into. The hollow arching betwixt the lower part of the Gallery and the Transome, is called the lower Counter; 
Low Counter. Upper Counter.  the upper Counter is from the Gallery to the arch of the round house, 
Brackets.  and the Brackets are little carved knees to support the Galleries.  
The Stearage room, is before the great Cabin, 
The Stearage. Great Cabin.  where he that steereth the Ship doth always stand, before him is a square box nailed together with wooden pins, called a Bittacle, because iron nails would attract the Compass; 
Bittacle.  this is built so close, 
The Compass.  that the Lamp or Candle only showeth light to the stearage, and in it always stands the Compass, which every one knows is a round box, and in the midst of the bottom a sharp pin called a Centre whereon the Fly doth play, which is a round piece of pace-boord, with a small wire under it touched with the Loadstone, in the midst of it is a little brass Cap that doth keep it level upon the Centre. On the upper part is painted 32. points of the Compass covered with glass to keep it from dust, breaking, or the wind; this Box doth hang in two or three brass circles, so fixed they give such way to the moving of the Ship that still the Box will stand steady: there is also a dark Compass, 
A dark Compass. A Compass for Variation.  and a Compass for the variation, yet they are but as the other, only the dark Compass hath the points black and white, and the other only touched for the true North and South. Upon the Bittacle is also the Travas, 
The Travas.  which is a little round board full of holes upon lines like the Compass, upon which by the removing of a little stick they keep an account, how many glasses (which are but half hours) they steer upon every point. The Whipstaffe is that piece of wood like a strong staff the Steersman or Helmesman hath always in his hand, 
The Whipstaffe  going thorough the Roll, 
The Roll.  and then made fast to the tiler with a Ring.  

The tiler.  The tiler is a strong piece of wood made fast to the Rudder, 
Rudder.  which is a great timber somewhat like a Plank, made according to the burden of the ship, and hung at the stern upon hooks and hinges, 
Pintels. Gudgeons or Rudder-Irons. The Gun-roome.  they call Pintels and Gudgeons, or Rudder-irons. The tiler playeth in the Gun-roome over the Ordnances by the Whipstaffe; whereby the Rudder is so turned to and fro as the Helmesman pleaseth, and the Cat holes are over the Ports, 
Catholes.  right with the Capstaine as they can, to heave the Ship a stern by a Cable or a Hauser called a sternefast. On each side the Stearage room are diverse Cabins, as also in the great Cabin, the quarter Deck, and the round house, with many convenient seats or Lockers to put any thing in, 
Lockers.  as in little Cupberts.  

The bread-roome.  The Bread-roome is commonly under the Gun-roome, well dried or plated. The Cookroom where they dress their victual may be placed in diverse places of the Ship, 
Cooke-roome.  as sometimes in the Hold, but that oft spoileth the victual by reason of the heat, but commonly in Merchantmen it is in the Forecastle, especially being contrived in Fornaces; beside in a chase their Stern is that part of the ship they most use in fight, but in a man of war they fight most with their Prow, and it is very troublesome to the use of his Ordnance, and very dangerous lying over the Powder-roome, some do place it over the Hatches way, but that as the Steward's room are ever to be contrived according to the Ships employment, etc. 
Calking.  Calking is beating Okum into every seam or betwixt plank and plank, 
Okum.  and Okum is old Ropes torn in pieces like Towze Match, or Hurds of Flax, which being close beat into every seam with a calking Iron and a Maller, 
Calking-Iron.  which is a hammer of wood and an iron chisel, 
Paying.  being well paid over with hot pitch, doth make her more sight than it is possible; by joining Plank to Plank. Graving is only under water, 
Graving.  a white mix ure of Tallow, Soap and Brimstone; or Train-oile, Rosin, and Brimstone boiled together, is the best to preserve her calking and make her glib or slippery to pass the water; and when it is decayed by weeds, or Barnacles, 
Barnacles, or Worms.  which is a kind of fish like a long red worm, will eat thorough all the Planks if she be not sheathed, which is as casing the Hull under water with Tar, and Hair, close covered over with thin boards fast nailed to the Hull, which though the Worm pierce, 
Brooming or Breaming.  she cannot endure the Tar. Breaming her, is but washing or burning of all the filth with reeds or broom, either in a dry dock or upon her Careene, which is, 
Careene.  to make her so light as you may bring her to lie on the one side so much as may be in the calmest water you can, but take head you overset her not; and this is the best way to Breame Ships of great burden, or ●liose have but 4. sharp Flores for fear of bruising or oversetting. 
Parsling.  Parsling is most used upon the Decks and half Decks; which is, to take a list of Canvas so long as the seam is you would parsell, being first well calked, then pour hot pitch upon it, and it will keep out the water from passing the seams. There remains nothing now as I can remember to the building the Hull of a Ship, nor the definition of her most proper terms, but only s●eling the Cabins and such other parts as you please, and to bind an end with all things fitting for the Sea, as you may read in the Covenants betwixt the Carpenter and the Owner, which are thus.  

Notes for a Covenant between the Carpenter and the Owner.  If you would have a Ship built of 400. Tuns, she requires a plank of 4. inches: if 300. Tuns, 3. inches: small Ships 2. inches, but none less. For clamps, middle bands and sleepers, they be all of six inch plank for binding within. The rest for the sparring up of the works of square three inch plank. Lay the beams of the Orlope, if she be 400. Tuns at ten foot deep in howl, and all the beams to be bound with two knees at each end, and a stardard knee at every beams end upon the Orlope, all the Orlope to be laid with square three inch plank, and all the planks to be treenailed to the beams.  
Six foot would be between the beams of the Deck and Orlope, and ten ports on each side upon the lower Orlope, all the binding between them should be with three inch or two inch plank, and the upper Deck should be laid with so many beams as are fitting with knees to bind them; laying that Deck with spruce Deal of thirty foot long, the sap cut off, and two inches thick, for it is better than any other.  
Then for the Captains Cabin or great Cabin, the Stearage, the half Deck, the Round house, the Forecastle, and to bind an end with the Capsterne and all things fitting for the Sea, the Smith's work, the carving, joining, and painting excepted, are the principal things I remember to be observed, for a Charter-party betwixt the Merchant, the Master, and the Owner, you have Precedents of all sorts in most Scriveners shops.   

CHAP. III. How to proportion the Masts and Yards for a Ship, by her Beam and Keel.  
WHen a ship is built, she should be masted, 
A Ship overmasted.  wherein is a great deal of experience to be used so well as art; for if you overmast her, either in length or bigness, she will lie too much down by a wind, and labour too much a hull, and that is called a Taunt-mast, but if either too small or too short, 
Taunt-masted.  she is under masted or low masted, 
Vndermasted.  and cannot bear so great a sail as should give her her true way. For a man of war, a well ordered Taunt-mast is best, but for a long voyage, a short Mast will bear more Canvas, and is less subject to bear by the board: Their Rules are diverse, because no Artist can build a Ship so truly to proportion, neither set her Masts, but by the trial of her condition, they may be impaired or amended: suppose a Ship of 300. 
An example.  Tons be 29. foot at the Beam, if her main Mast be 24. inches diameter, the length of it must be 24. yards, for every inch in thickness is allowed a yard in length, and the fore Mast 22. inches in thickness, must be 22. yards in length; your Bowl spret both in length and thickness must be equal to the ●ore Mast, the Mizzen 17. yards in length, and 17. inches diameter.  
But the Rule most used is to take the ⅘ parts of the breadth of the Ship, and multiply that by three, 
The rule most used.  will give you so many foot as your main Mast should be in length, the bigness or thickness will bear it also, allowing an inch for a yard; but if it be a made Mast, 
A made Mast, or an arm Mast.  that is greater than one Tree, it must be more: for example, suppose the Ships breadth 30. foot, four fifts of 30. foot are 24. foot, so you find the main Mast must be 24. yards long, for every yard is 3. foot and 24. inches thorough, allowing an inch to every yard. The fore Mast is to be in length ⅘ of the main Mast, which will be 20. yards wanting one ⅘ part of a yard, and 20. inches thorough. The Boulspret must ever be equal with the fore Mast. The mizzen Mast half the length of the main Mast, which will be 12. yards long, and 12. inches diameter. Now as you take the proportion of the Masts from the Beam or breadth of the Ships, so do you the length of the yards from the Keel.  

The Steps.  These Masts have each their steps in the Ship, and their partners at every Deck where thorough they pass to the Keel, 
Partners.  being strong timbers bolted to the Beams in circling the Masts, to keep them steady in their steps fast wedged for rolling; yet some ships will not sail so well as when it doth play a little, but that is very dangerous in foul weather. Their Coats are p●eces of torrid Canvas, 
Cotes. Tarpawling.  or a Tarpawling put about them and the Rudder to keep the water out. At the top of the fore Mast and main Mast are spliced cheeks, 
Cheeks.  or thick clamps of wood, thorough which are in each two holes called the Hounds, 
The Hounds.  wherein the Ties do run to hoist the yards, but the top Mast hath but one hole or hound, 
The Cap.  and one tye. Every Mast also hath a Cap if a top; which is a piece of square timber with a round hole in it to receive the top Masts or flag-staff, to keep them steady and strong, left they be borne by the board in a stiff gale. The Crosse-trees are also at the head of the Masts, 
Cross-trees.  one let into another cross, 
Tressel-trees.  and strongly bolted with the Tressell trees, to keep up the top Masts which are fastened in them, and those are at the tops of each Mast; all the Masts stand upright but the Boulspret which lieth along over the Beak-head, and that timber it resteth on is called the Pillow. 
Pillow.   

An example of the Yards by the Keel.  Now for the yards, suppose the ship be 76. foot at the Keel, her main yard must be 21. yards in length, and in thickness but 17. inches. The fore Yard 19 yards long, and 15. inches diameter or thick. The spret-saile Yard 16. yards long, and but nine inches thick, and your Misen-yard so long as the Mast, the top yards bears half proportion to the main, and fore yard, and the top gallants, the half to them, but this rule is not absolute; for if your Masts be taunt, your yards must be the shorter; if a low Mast, the longer, but this is supposed the best. To have the main Yard ● parts of her Keel in length: the top Yard ¾ of the main Yard, and the main Yard for bigness ¾ parts of an inch, for a yard in length. The length of the fore Yard ● of the main Yard; the Crosse●acke Yard and Spretsaile Yard to be of a length; but you must allow the Mizzen Yard and Spretsaile Yard ½ inch of thickness to a yard in length. But to give a true Arithmetical and Geometrical proportion for the building of all sorts of Ships, were they all built after one mould, as also of their Masts, Yards, Cables, Cordage, and Sails, were all the stuff of like goodness, a methodical rule as you see might be projected: but their lengths, bredths, depths, rakes and burdens are so variable and different, that nothing but experience can possibly teach it.   

CHAP. FOUR The names of all the Masts, Tops, and Yards belonging to a Ship.  
THe Boulspret, the Spretsaile yard, the Spretsaile topmast; the Spretsaile top sail yard; the fore Mast, the fore yard, the fore topmast, the fore topsail yard, the fore top gallant Mast, the fore top gallant sail yard, Cores, Wouldings, Gromits, and, Staples for all yards. The main Mast, the main Yard, the Main Top. The main top Mast; the main topsail Yard. The top gallant Mast, the main top gallant sail Yard. The Trucke is a square piece of wood at the top wherein you put the flag-staff. The Mizzen, the Mizzen Yard, the Mizzen top mast, the Mizzen top sail yard. The Cross jack. In great ships they have two Misens', the latter is called the Bonaventure Mizzen. A jury Mast, that is, when a Mast is borne by the board, with Yards, Roofs, Trees, or what they can, spliced or fished together they make a jury-mast, woulding or binding them with ropes fast triced together with handspikes, as they use to would or bind any Mast or Yard.   

CHAP. V. How all the Tackling and Rigging of a Ship is made fast one to another, with their names, and the reasons of their use.  

Riggage or Cordage.  THe rigging a Ship, is all the Ropes or Cordage belonging to the Masts and Yards; 

A Mast well rigged.  
A Yard well rigged.   and it is proper to say, The Mast is well rigged, or the Yard is well rigged, that is, when all the Ropes are well sised to a true proportion of her burden. We say also, when they are too many or too great, 
Over rigged.  she is over-rigged, and doth much wrong a Ship in her sailing; for a small weight aloft, is much more in that nature than a much greater below, and the more upright any Ship goeth, the better she saileth.  


All Masts have stays except one.  
A Choler. A Lannier.   All the Masts, Top-masts, and Flagstaffs have stays, excepting the Spret saile-top Mast, the Main Masts stay is made fast by a Lannier to a Choler, which is a great Rope that comes about the head and Boulspret, the other end to the head of the main Mast. The main top-Masts stay is fastened to the head of the fore Mast by a strop and a dead man's eye. 
Dead men's eyes.  The main top-gallant Masts stay in like manner to the head of the fore topmast. The fore Masts and stays belonging to them in like manner are fastened to the Boulspret, and Spretsaile topmast, and those stays do help to stay the Boulspret. The Mizzen stays do come to the main Mast, and the Mizzen topmast stays to the shrouds with Crowes-feets: 
Crowes-feets.  the use of those stays are to keep the Masts from falling aftwards, or too much forwards. Those Lanniers are many small Ropes recued into the dead men's eyes of all shrouds, either to slaken them or set them taught; also all the stays have their blocks, and dead men's eyes have Lanniers. Dead men's eyes are blocks, some small, some great, with many holes but no shivers, the Crowes-feets re●ued thorough them are a many of small lines, sometimes 6.8. or 10. but of small use more than for fashion to make the Ship show full of small Ropes. Blocks or Pulleys are thick pieces of wood having shivers in them, 
Blocks or Pulleys. Shiuers.  which is a little Wheel fixed in the midst with a Cock or Pin, 
A Cock.  some are Brass, but the most of Wood, whereon all the running Ropes do run, some are little, some great, 
Running ropes.  with 3.4. or 5. shivers in them, and are called by the names of the Ropes whereto they serve. There are also double blocks, 
Double blocks.  that where there is use of much strength will purchase with much ease, but not so fast as the other, and when we hale any Tackle or Haleyard to which two blocks do belong, when they meet, we call that block and block. 
Block and block.   
The Shrouds are great Ropes which go up either sides of all Masts. 
All Masts have Shrouds, etc.  The Mizzen main Mast fore Mast shrouds have as their lower ends dead men's eyes seized into them, and are set up taught by Lanniers to the chains; at the other end, over the heads of those Masts are pendants, for Tackles and Swifters under them. The top-Masts shrouds in like manner are fastened with Lanniers and dead men's eyes to the Puttocks or plaits of iron belonging to them, aloft over the head of the Mast as the other: 
Chains.  and the Chains are strong plates of iron fast bolted into the Ships side by the Chaine-waile. When the Shrouds are too stiff, we say, ease them, 
To Ease. Taught.  when too slack, we say, set Taught the Shrouds, but the Boulspret hath no Shrouds, and all those small ropes do cross the Shrouds like steps are called Ratlings. 
Ratlings. Puttock's.  The Puttocks go from the Shrouds of the fore Mast, main Mast or Mizzen, to go off from the Shrouds into the Top, Cap., or Bowl, which is a round thing at the head of either Mast for men to stand in, for when the Shrouds come near the top of the Mast, they fall in so much, that without the Puttocks you could not get into the Top, and in a manner they are a kind of a Shroud. 
Pendants.  A Pendant is a short rope made fast at one end to the head of the Mast or the Yards arm, having at the other end a block with a shiver to reeve some running rope in, as the Pendants of the back stays and Tackles hang a little down on the inside of the Shrouds: all Yards-armes have them but the Mizzen, into which the Braces are reeved, and also there are Pendants or Streamers hang from the yard's arms, made of Taffety, or coloured flannel cloth to beautify the Ship only: 
Parrels.  Barrels are little round Balls called Trucks, and little pieces of wood called ribs, 
Ribs.  and ropes which do encircle the Masts, and so made fast to the Yards, that the Yards may slip up and down easily upon the Masts, and with the help of the Brest-rope doth keep the Yard close to the Mast. 
Brest-ropes. Standing ropes.  The standing ropes are the shrouds and stays, because they are not removed, except it be to be eased or set taughter.  
The Tackles or ropes run in three parts, 
The Tackles are of diverse sorts, etc.  having a Pendant with a block at the one end, and a block with a hook at the other, to heave any thing in or out of the ship; they are of diverse sorts, as the Botes' tackles made fast the one to the fore shrouds, the other to the main, to hoist the Boat in or out: also the tackles that keep firm the Masts from straying. The Gunner's tackles for haling in or out the Ordnances: but the winding tackle is the greatest, which is a great double block with three shivers to the end of a small Cable about the head of the Mast, and serveth as a Pendant. To which is made fast a Guy, 
A Guy.  which is a rope brought to it from the fore mast, to keep the weight upon it steady, or from swinging to and again▪ Into the block is reeved a hawser, which is also reeved thorough another double block, having a strop at the end of it; which put thorough the eye of the slings is locked into it with a fid, and so hoist the goods in or out by the help of the Snap-blocke.  
Cat harpings are small ropes run in little blocks from one side of the ship to the other, 
Cat harpings.  near the upper deck to keep the shrouds tied for the more safety of the mast from rolling. The Halyards belong to all masts, 
Halyards.  for by them we hoist the yards to their height, 
The Ties.  and the Ties are the ropes by which the yards do hang, and do carry up the yards when we strain the Halyards; the main yard and fore yard ties are first reeved thorough the Ram's head, then thorough the Hounds, with a turn in the eye of the slings which are made fast to the yard; the missen yard and top yard have but single Ties, that is, one doth but run in one part, but the Spretsaile yard hath none, for it is made fast with a pair of slings to the boltspret. 
A Horse.  A Horse is a rope made fast to the fore mast shrouds, and the Spretsaile sheats, to keep those sheats clear of the anchor flookes.  
To sling is to make fast any cask, yard, ordnances, 
To Sling. Slings.  or the like in a pair of Slings, and Slings are made of a rope spliced at either end into itself with one eye at either end, so long as to be sufficient to receive the cask, the middle part of the rope also they seize together, and so maketh another eye to hitch the hook of the tackle, another sort are made much longer for the hoising of ordnances, another is a chain of iron to Sling or bind the yards fast aloft to the crossetre●s in a ●ight, left the ties should be cut, and so the mast must fall. 
Canhookes.  The Canhookes are two hooks fastened to the end of a rope with a noose, like this the Brewers use to ●●●●g or carry their barrels on, and those serve also to take in or out hog heads, or any other commodities. 
A Parbunkell.  A Parbunkel is two ropes that have at each end a noose or lump that being crossed, you may set any vessel that hath but one head upon them, bringing but the loops over the upper end of the cask, fix but the tackle to them, and then the vessel will stand straight in the midst to heave out, or take in without spilling.  

Puddings.  Puddings are ropes nailed round to the yards arms close to the end, a pretty distance one from another, to save the Robbins from galling upon the yards, or to serve the anchors ring to save the clinch of the cable from galling. 
Robbins.  And the Robbins are little lines reeved into the eylet holes of the sail under the head ropes, to make fast the sail to the yard, for in stead of tying, sea men always say, 
Headlines.  make fast. Head lines, are the ropes that make all the sails fast to the yard.  

Furling lines.  Furling lines are small lines made fast to the top sail, top gallant sail, 
A smiting line.  and the missen yard's arms. The missen hath but one called the smiting line, the other on each side one, and by these we farthel or bind up the sails. 
Brales.  The Brales are small ropes reeved thorough Blocks seized on each side the ties, and come down before the sail, and at the very skirt are fastened to the Creengles, with them we furl or farthel our sails across, and they belong only to the two courses and the missen: to hale up the Brales, or brale up the sail, 
Creengles.  is all one; Creengles are little ropes spliced into the Boltropes of all sails belonging to the main and fore mast, to which the bolings bridles are made fast, and to hold by when we shake off a Bonnet.  

Bolt rope's.  Boltropes is that rope is sowed about every sail, soft and gently twisted, for the better sowing and handling the sails. 
Bunt lines.  Bunt lines is but a small rope made fast to the midst of the Boltrope to a creengle reeved thorough a small block which is seized to the yard, to trice or draw up the Bunt of the sail, 
Clew Garnet.  when you farthel or make it up. The Clew garnet is a rope made fast to the clew of the sail, and from thence runs in a block seized to the middle of the yard, which in furling doth hale up the clew of the sail close to the middle of the yard, 
Clew line.  and the clew line is the same to the top s●iles top gallant and spret sails, as the Clew garnet is to the main and foresailes. The Clew of a sail is the lowest corner next the Sheet and Tacks, 
A Clew.  and stretcheth somewhat goring or sloping from the square of the sail, and according to the Goaring she is said to spread a great or a little clew. 
Goaring. Tacks.  Tacks are great ropes which having a wall-knot at one end seized into the clew of the sail, and so reeved first thorough the chestres, and then cometh in at a hole in the ships sides, this doth carry forward the clew of the sail to make it stand close by a wind. 
Sheats.  The Sheats are bend to the clews of all sails, in the low sails they hale aft the clew of the sails, but in top sails they serve to hale them home, that is, to bring the clew close to the yards arm. The Braces belong to all yards but the missen, every yard hath two reeved at their ends thorough two pendants, 
Braces.  and those are to square the yards, or travasse them as you please. The Boling is made fast to the leech of the sail about the midst to make it stand the sharper or closer by a wind, 
Boling.  it is fastened by two, three, or four ropes like a crows foot to as many parts of the sail which is called the Boling bridles, 
Boling bridles.  only the missen Boling is fastened to the lower end of the yard, this rope belongs to all sails except the Spretsaile, and Spret-saile Topsail, which not having any place to hale it forward by, they cannot use those sails by a wind: sharp the main Boling is to hall it taught: 

Sharp the Boling.  
Ch●cke the Boling.  
Loe fanng.   hale up the Boling is to pull it harder forward on: check or ease the Boling is to let it be more slick.  
Lee fanngs is a rope reeved into the creengles of the courses, when we would hale in the bottom of the sail, to lash on a bonnet or take in the sail; 
Reeving.  and Reeving is but drawing a rope thorough a block or eyelet to run up and down. 
Leech lines.  Leech lines are small ropes made fast to the Leech of the topsails, for they belong to no other; and are reeved into a block at the yard close by the topsail ties, to hale in the Leech of the sail when you take them in. 
Leech of a sail.  The Leech of a sail is the outward side of a skirt of a sail, from the ear-ring to the clew; 
Earring.  and the Ear-ring is that part of the bunt rope which at all the four corners of the sail is left open as it were a ring. The two upmost parts are put over the ends of the yards arms, and so made fast to the yards, and the lowermost are seized or Bend to the sheats, 
Bent.  and tacks into the clew. 
Lifts.  The Lists are two ropes which belong to all yards arms, to top the yards; that is, to make them hang higher or lower at your pleasure. But the topsail Lifts do serve for sheats to the top gallant yards, the haling them is called the Topping the Lifts, 
Topping the Lifts. Legs.  as top a starboard, or top a port.  

Legs.  Legs are small ropes put thorough the bolt ropes of the main and fore sail, near to a foot in length, spliced each end into the other in the leech of the sail, having a little eye whereunto the martnets are fastened by two hitches, 
Martnet.  and the end seized into the standing parts of the martners, which are also small lines like crow feet reeved thorough a block at the top mast head, and so comes down by the mast to the deck; but the topsail martnets are made fast to the head of the top gallant mast, and cometh but to the top, where it is haled and called the top marnets, they serve to bring that part of the leech next the yards arm up close to the yard, 
Latchets.  Latchets are small lines sowed in the Bonnets and Drabblers like loops to lash or make fast the Bonnet to the course, 

Lashing.  
The Loose hook.   or the course to the Drabler, which we call lashing the Bonnet to the course, or the Drabler to the Bonnet. The Loose hook is a tackle with two hooks, one to hitch into a chingle of the main, or fore sail, in the bolt rope in the leech of the sail by the cl●w, 
Bouse.  and the other to strap spliced to the chestres to bouse or pull down the sail to succour the tacks in a stiff gale of wind, 

A Bonnet.  
A Drabler.  
A Course.   or take off or put on a Bonnet or a Drabler, which are two short sails to take off or put to the fore course or the main, which is the fore sail, or main sail.  

A Knave-line.  The Knave-line is a rope hath one end fastened to the cross trees, and so comes down by the ties to the Ram's head, to which is seized a small piece of wood some two foot long with a hole in the end, whereunto the line is reeved, and brought to the ships side, and h●led taught to the Rails to keep the ties and Halyards from turning about one another when they are new. Knettels are two rope yarnes twisted together, and a knot at each end, 
Knettels.  whereunto to seize a block, a rope, or the like. 
Rope yarnes.  Rope yarnes are the yarnes of any rope untwisted, they serve to serve small ropes, or make Sinnet, Mats, Plaits, or Caburnes, and make up the sails at the yard's arms.  
Sinnet is a string made of rope yarn commonly of two, four, six, 
Sinnet.  eight or nine strings plaited in three parts, which being beat flat they use it to serve ropes or Mats. That which we call a Panch, are broad clouts, 
Mats or Panch.  woven of Thrums and Sinnet together, to save things from galling about the main and fore yards at the ties, and also from the masts, and upon the Boltspret, Louse, Beakhead or Gunwaile to save the clewes of the sails from galling or fretting. 
Caburne.  Caburne is a small line made of spun yarn to make a bend of two Cables, or to seize the Tackles, 
Seizing.  or the like. Seizing is to bind fast any ropes together, with some small rope yarn. Marline is any line, to a block, or any tackell, Pendant, Garnet, or the like. There is also a rope by which the Boat doth ride by the ships side, 

Seasen.  
Serve or Siruis.   which we call a Seasen. To serve any rope with plaits or Sinnet, is but to lay Sinnet, Spungius yarn, Rope yarn, or a piece of Canvas upon the rope, and then roll it fast to keep the rope from galling about the shrowds at the head of the masts, the Cable in the Hawse, the flooke of the Anchor, 
Spunyarne.  the Boat rope or any thing. Spunyarne is nothing but rope yarn made small at the ends, 
Caskets.  and so spun one to another so long as you will with a winch. Also Caskets are but small ropes of Sinnet made fast to the gromits or rings upon the yards, the longest are in the midst of the yards betwixt the ties, and are called the breast Caskets, hanging on each side the yard in small lengths, only to bind up the sail when it is furled.  
Marling is a small line of untwisted hemp, 
Marling.  very pliant and well tarred, to seize the ends of Ropes from ravelin out, or the sides of the blocks at their arses, or if the sail r●ntout of the Boltrope, they will make it fast with marlin till they have leisure to mend it. 
Marling spike.  The marling spike, is but a small piece of iron to splice ropes together, or open the bolt rope when you sew the sail. 
Splicing.  Splicing is so to let one ropes end into another they shall be as fitme as if they were but one rope, 

A round Splice.  
A cut Splice.   and this is called a round Splice; but the cut Splice is to let one into another with as much distance as you will, and yet be strong, and undo when you will. Now to make an end of this discourse with a knot, 
A Knot.  you are to know, 
A Wall knot.  Seamen use three, the first is called the Wall knot, which is a round knob, so made with the strouds or lays of a rope, it cannot slip; the Sheets, Takes, and Stoppers use this knot. 
A Boling knot.  The Boling knot is also so firmly made and fastened by the bridles into the creengles of the sails, they will break, or the sail split before it will slip. The last is the Shepshanke, which is a knot they cast upon a Runner or Tackle when it is too long to take in the goods, 
Sheepshanks Knot.  and by this knot they can shorten a rope without cutting it, as much as they lift, and presently undo it again, and yet never the worse.   

CHAP. VI What doth belong to the Boats and Skiffe with the definition of all those thirteen Ropes which are only properly called Ropes belonging to a ship and the Boat and their use.  
OF Boats there are diverse sorts, but those belonging to ships, 
A long Boat.  are called either the long Boat or ships Boat, which should be able to weigh her sheet anchor, those will live in any reasonable sea, especially the long Boat; 

A Shallop.  
A Skiffe.   great ships have also other small Boats called Shallops and skiffs, which are with more ease and less trouble rowed to and again upon any small occasion. To a Boat belongs a mast and sail, a stay sheet & Halyard, Rudder & Rudder irons, as to a ship, also in any discovery they use a Tarpawling, 

Tarpawling.  
Bails.   which jam a good piece of Canvas washed over with Tar, to cover the Bails or hoops over the stern of their Boat, where they lodge in an harbour which is that you call a Tilt covered with wadmall in your Wherries; or else an Awning, 
Awning.  which is but the bo●s sail, or some piece of an old sail brought over the yard and stay, and boumed out with the boat hook, so spread over their heads, which is also much used, as well a shore as in a ship, especially in hot countries to keep men from the extremity of heat or wet which is very oft infectious. Thoughts are the sea●s whereon the Rowers fit; 

Thoughts.  
Thowles.   and Thowles small pins put into little holes in the Gunwaile or upon the Boats side, against which they bear the oars when they row, they have also a Daved, and also in long Boats a windless to weigh the anchor by, which is with more ease than the ship can. The two arching timbers against the Boat head are called Carlings. Man the Boat is to put a Gang of men, which is a company into her, 
A Gang.  they are commonly called the Coxswaine Gang who hath the charge of her. Free the Boat is to bail or cast out the water. 
Free or Bail.  Trim the Boat is to keep her stright. 

Trim Boat.  
Wind Boat.  
Hold water.  
Forbear.  
A Spell.   Wind the Boat is to bring her head the other way. Hold water is to stay her. Forbear is to hold still any oar you are commanded, or on the broad, or whole side. A fresh Spell is to relieve the Rowers with another Gang, give the Boat more way for a dram of the bottle, who says Amends, one and all, Vea, vea, vea, 
Vea, vea, vea.  vea, vea, that is, they pull all strongly together.  
The Entering rope is tied by the ships side, 
The Entering rope.  to hold by as you go up the Entering ladder, cleats, or wails.  
The Bucket rope that is tied to the Bucket by which you hale and draw water up by the ships side. 
Bucket rope.   
The Bolt ropes are those wherein the sails are sowed. 
Bolt rope's.   
The Port ropes hale up the Ports of the Ordnances. 
Port ropes.   
The jeer rope is a piece of a hawser made fast to the 
●eare rope.  main yard, another to the fore yard close to the ties, reeved thorough a block which is seized close to the top, and to comes down by the mast, and is reeved thorough another block at the bottom of the mast close by the deck; great ships have on each side the ties one, but small ships none: the use is to help to hoist up the yard to succour the ties, which though they break yet they would hold up the mast.  

Preuenter rope.  The Preuenter rope is a little one seized cross over the ●ies, that if one part of them should break, yet the other should not run thorough the Ram's head to endanger the yard.  

Top ropes.  The Top ropes are those wherewith we set or strike the main or fore Top masts, it is reeved thorough a great block seized under the Cap, reeved thorough the heel of the Top must thwart ships, and then made fast to a ring with a clinch on the other side the Cap, the other part comes down by the ties, reeved into the Knights, and so brought to the Capstaine when they set the Top masts.  

Keele ropes.  The Keel rope, you have read in the building, is of hair in the Keel to scour the Limber holes.  

Rudder rope.  The Rudder rope is reeved thorough the stem post, and goeth thorough the head of the Rudder, and then both ends spliced together, serves to save the Rudder if it should be struck off the irons.  

Cat rope.  The Cat rope is to hale up the Cat.  

Boy rope.  The Boy rope is that which is tied to the boy by the one end, and the anchors flooke by the other.  

Boat rope.  The Boat rope is that which the ship doth tow her Boat by, at her stern.  

Guest rope. Shearing.  The Guest rope is added to the Boat rope when she is towed at the ships stern, to keep her from shearing, that is, from swinging to and again; for in a stiff gale she will make such yawes, and have such girds, it would endanger her to be torn in pieces, 
Swifting.  but that they use to swift her, that is, to encircle the Gunwaile with a good rope, and to that make fast the Guest rope.   

Chap. VII. The names of all sorts of Anchors, Cables, and Sails, and how they bear their proportions, with their use. Also how the Ordnances should be placed, and the goods stowed in a ship.  
THe proper terms belonging to Anchors are many: the least are called Kedgers, 
A Kedger.  to use in calm weather in a slow stream, or to kedg up and down a narrow River, which is when they fear the wind or tide may drive them on shore; they row by her with an Anchor in a boat, and in the midst of the stream, or where they find most fit if the Ship come too near the shore, and so by a Hawser wind her head about, then weigh it again till the like occasion, and this is kedging. There is also a stream Anchor not much bigger, 

Stream Anchor.  
The first.  
Second.  
Third Anchor.  
Sheet Anchor.   to stem in easy stream or tide. Then there is the first, second, and third Anchor, yet all such as a Ship in fair weather may ride by, and are called Bow Anchors. The greatest is the sheet Anchor, and never used but in great necessity. They are commonly made according to the burden of the Ship by proportion, for that the sheet Anchor of a small ship will not serve for a Kedger to a great ship. 

An Anchors shank.  
Flock.  
Shoulder.  
Beam or Nut.  
Eye.  
Ring.  
Stock.   Also it beareth a proportion in itself, as the one flooke, which is that doth stick in the ground, is but the third part of the shank in length; at the head of the Shank there is a hole called an Eye, and in it a Ring, wherein is the Nut to which there is fast fixed a Stock of wood crossing the Flookes, and the length is taken from the length of the Shank. These differ not in shape but in weight, from two hundred, to three or four thousand weight. Grapells, or grapplings, are the least of all, and have four flookes but no stock; for a boat to ride by, or to throw into a ship in a fight, to pull down the gratings or hold fast.  

A Cable, the first, second, and third.  The Cables also carry a proportion to the Anchors, but if it be not three strand, it is accounted but a Hawser, yet a great ships Hawser may be a Cable to the sheet Anchor for a small ship: and there is the first, second, and third Cable, besides the Sheet Anchor Cable. 

Sheet Anchor  
Cable.  
Keckell.   If the Cable be well made, we say it is well laid. To keckell or serve the Cable, as is said, is but to bind some old clouts to keep it from galling in the Hawse or Ring. 
Splice.  Splice a Cable, is to fasten two ends together, that it may be double in length, to make the Ship ride with more ease, 

A shot of Cable.  
Quoil.  
A Fake.  
Pay.  
Pay cheap.   and is called a shot of Cable. Quoil a Cable, is to lay it up in a round Ring; or fake one above another. Pay more Cable, is when you carry an Anchor out in the boat to turn over. Pay cheap, is when you over set it, or turns it over board faster. Veer more Cable, 
End for end.  is when you ride at Anchor. And end for end is when the Cable runneth clear out of the Hawse, or any Rope out of his shiver. 
A Bite.  A Bite is to hold by any part of a coil, 
A Bitter.  that is, the upmost fake. A Bitter is but the turn of a Cable about the Bits, and veare it out by little and little. And the Bitters end is that part of the Cable doth stay within board. 
A Bitters end.  
Gert.  Gert, is when the Cable is so taught that upon the turning of a tide, a Ship cannot go over it.  

To bend.  To bend the Cable to the Anchor, is to make it fast to the Ring; 
Unbend.  unbend the Cable, is but to take it away, which we usually do when we are at Sea, and to tie two ropes or Cables together is called bending. 

Bending.  
Hitch.   Hitch, is to catch hold of any thing with a rope to hold it fast, or with a hook, as hitch the fish-hooke to the Anchors flooke, 

Fenders.  
junkes.   or the Tackles into the Garnets' of the Slings. Fenders are pieces of old Hawsers called junkes hung over the ship sides to keep them from bruising. In boats they use poles or boathooks to fend off the boat from bruising. 
Breast fast.  A Brest-fast is a rope which is fastened to some part of the Ship forward on, to hold her head to a wharf or any thing, 
Stern fast.  and a Sternefast is the same in the Stern. The use for the Hawser is to warp the Ship by, which is laying out an Anchor, and wind her up to it by a Capsterne. 
Rousing.  Rousing is but pulling the slackness of any Cables with men's hands into the Ship. 
Shank-panter.  The Shank painter is a short chain fastened under the fore masts shrouds with a bolt to the ships sides, and at the other end a rope to make fast the Anchor to the Bow. 
Stop.  To stop is when you come to an Anchor, and veares out your Cable, but by degrees till the Ship ride well, than they say stop the Ship. To those Cables and Anchors belongs short pieces of wood called Boys, 
Boys.  or close hooped barrels like Tankards as is said, but much shorter, to show you the Anchor and help to weigh it, there is another sort of Cans called Can Boys much greater, 
Can Boys.  mored upon shoules to give Mariners warning of the dangers.  
The main sail and the fore sail is called the fore course, 

Sailes.  
Main Sail.  
Fore Sail.  
Main course.  
Fore course.  
Bonit's.  
Drabblers.   and the main course or a pair of courses. Bonit's and Drabblers are commonly one third part a piece to the sail they belong unto in depth, but their proportion is uncertain; for some will make the main sail so deep, that with a shallow bonnet they will clothe all the Mast without a Drabler, but without bonnets we call them but courses; we say, lash on the bonnet to the course, because it is made fast with La●chets into the eylot holes of the sail, 

Main top Saile.  
Fore top Saile.  
Top gallant Sails.  
Studding Sailes.   as the Drabler is to it, and used as the wind permits. There is also your main topsail, and fore topsail, with their top-gallant sails, and in a fair gaile your studding sails, which are bolts of Canvas, or any cloth that will hold wind, we ex●end alongst the side of the main sail, and boomes' i● out with a boome or long pole, which we use also sometimes to the clew of the main sail, fore sail, and spret sail, 

Mizzen.  
Mizzen top Saile.  
Spret sail.  
Spretsaile top.  
Saile.  
Drift Saile.   when you go before the wind or quartering, else not. Your Miszen, and Miszen topsail, your Spret and Spret topsail, as the rest, take all their names of their yards. A Drift sail is only used under water, veared out right a head by sheats, to keep the Ships head right upon the Sea in a storm, or when a ship drives too fast in a current. 
Netting Sail.  A Netting sail is only a sail laid over the Netting, 
Nettings.  which is small ropes from the top of the fore castle to the Poop, stretched upon the ledges from the Waist-trees to the Rouse-trees, 

Waist-trees.  
Rouse-trees.   which are only small Timbers to bear up the Grating from the half Deck to the forecastle, 

Stantions.  
Gratings.   supported by Stantions that rest upon the half Deck; and this Netting or Grating, which is but the like made of wood, you may set up or take down when you please, and is called the close fights fore and aft. 
Head Sailes.  Now the use of those sails is thus, all head Sailes which are those belonging to the fore Mast and Boltsprer, do keep the Ship from the wind or to fall off. 
After Sailes.  All after sails, that is, all the sails belonging to the main Mast and Miszen keeps her to wind ward, therefore few ships will steer upon quarter winds with one sail, but must have one after sail, and one head sail. The sails are cut in proportion as the Masts and Yards are in breadth and length, but the Spret-saile is ● parts the depth of the fore sail, and the Miszen by the Leech twice so deep as the Mast is long from the Deck to the Hounds. 
Leech.  The Leech of a sail is the outward side or skirt of the sail from the ear-ring to the clew, the middle betwixt which we account the Leech. 
The Clew.  The Clew is the lower corner of a Sail, to which you make fast your Sheats and Tacks, or that which comes goring out from the square of the sail, 
Goring.  for a square sail hath no Clew, but the mainesaile must be cut goring, because the Tacks will come closer aboard, and so cause the sail to hold more wind; now when the Sail is large and hath a good Clew, we say she spreads a large Clew, or spreads much Canvas. In making those sails they use two sorts of seams down the Sails, which doth sow the breadth of the Canvas together, 

A Monk seam.  
A Round seam.   the one we call a Monk seam, which is flat, the other a round seam, which is so called because it is round.  
The Ship being thus provided, there wants yet her Ordnances, which should be in greatness according to her building in strength and burden, but the greatest commonly lieth lowest, which we call the lower tier, if she be furnished fore and aft. Likewise the second Tier, 

A Tier.  
Third.  
Second.  
Half a Tier.   and the third, which are the smallest. The forecastle and the half Deck being also furnished, we account half a Tier.  
Sowage or to stow, 

Stowage.  
To Stow.  
Ballast.   is to put the goods in Howle in order. The most ponderous next the Ballast, which is next the Keelson to keep her stiff in the Sea. Ballast is either Gravel, Stones, or Led, but that which is driest, heaviest, and lies closest is best. To find a leak, 

Trench the Ballast.  
Shout.   they trench the Ballast, that is, to divide it. The Ballast will sometimes shoot, that is, run from one side to another, and so will Corn and Salt, if you make not Pouches or Bulk-heads, which when the Ship doth heeled is very dangerous to ouer●et or turn the Keel upwards. For Cask that is so stowed, tier above tier with Ballast, and canting Coins, 
Canting Coins.  which are little short pieces of wood or Billets cut with a sharp ridge or edge to lie betwixt the Cask; 

Standing Coins.  
To bear.   and standing Coins are Billets or Pipe-staves, to make them they cannot give way nor stir. The ship will bear much, that is, carry much Ordnance or goods, or bear much sail; and when you let any thing down into the Howle, lowering it by degrees, they say, Amaine; and being down, Strike.   

CHAP. VIII. The charge and duty of the Captain of a ship, and every Office and Officer in a man of War.  

The Captain's charge.  THe Captain's charge is to command all, and tell the Master to what Port he will go, or to what Height; In a fight he is to give direction for the managing thereof, and the Master is to see the cunning of the ship, and trimming of the sails.  

The Master and his Mates.  The Master and his Mates are to direct the course, command all the Sailors, for steering, trimming, and sailing the ship; his Mates are only his seconds, allowed sometimes for the two mid ships men, that aught to take charge of the first prize.  

The Pilot.  The Pilot when they make land doth take the charge of the ship till he bring her to harbour.  

The Chirurgeon and his Mate.  The Chirurgeon is to be exempted from all duty, but to attend the sick, and cure the wounded: and good care would be had he have a certificate from Barber Surgeons Hall of his sufficiency, and also that his chest be well furnished both for Physic and Chirurgery, and so near as may be proper for that clime you go for, which neglect hath been the loss of many a man's life.  

The Capemerchant or Purser.  The Capemerchant or Purser hath the charge of all the Ca●ragasoune or merchandise, and doth keep an account of all that is received, or delivered, but a man of War hath only a Purser. 
The Gunner with his Mate, and quarter Gunners.   
The Master Gunner hath the charge of the ordnance, and shot, powder, match, ladles, sponges, worms, cartrages, arms and fireworks; and the rest of the Gunners, or quarter Gunners to receive their charge from him according to directions, and to give an account of their store.  
The Carpenter and his Mate, is to have the nails, clinches, 
The Carpenter and his Mate.  roove and clinch nails, spikes, plates, rudder irons, pump nails, skupper nails and leather, saws, files, hatchets and such like, and ever ready for calking, breaming, stopping leaks, fishing, or splicing the mafts or yards as occasion requireth, and to give an account of his store.  
The Boatswain is to have the charge of all the cordage, 
The Boatswain and his Mate.  tackling, sails, fids and marling spikes, needles, twine, saile-cloth, and rigging the ship, his Mate the command of the long boat, for the setting forth of anchors, weighing or fetching home an anchor, warping, towing, or moring, and to give an account of his store.  
The Trumpeter is always to attend the Captain's command, 
The Trumpeter.  and to sound either at his going a shore, or coming aboard, at the entertainment of strangers, also when you hale a ship, when you charge, board, or enter; and the poop is his place to stand or sit upon, if there be a noise, they are to attend him, if there be not, every one he doth teach to bear a part, the Captain is to encourage him, by increasing his shares, or pay, and give the master Trumpeter a reward.  
The Marshal is to punish offenders, 
The Marshal.  and to see justice executed according to directions; as ducking at the yards arm, haling under the keel, bound to the capsterne, or main mast with a basket of shot about his neck, setting in the bilbowes, and to pay the Cobtie or the Morioune; but the boys the Boatswain is to see every Monday at the chest, to say their compass, and receive their punishment for all their week's offences, which done, they are to have a quarter can of beer, and a basket of bread, but if the Boatswain eat or drink before he catch them, they are free.  
The Corporal is to see the setting and relieving the watch, 
The Corporal.  and see all the soldiers and sailors keep their arms clean, neat, and you're and teach them their use.  

The Steward & his Mate.  The Steward is to deliver out the victuals according to the Captain's directions, and mess them four, five, or six, as there is occasion.  

The quarter Masters.  The quarter Masters have the charge of the howl, for stowing, rummaging, and trimming the ship in the hold, and of their squadrons for the watch, and for fishing to have a Sayne, a fisgig, a harpin iron, and fish hooks, for Porgos, Bonetoes, Dolphins, or Dorados, and railing lines for Mackerel.  

The Cooper and his Mate.  The Cooper is to look to the cask, hoops and twigs, to stave or repair the buckets, baricos, cans, steep tubs, runlets, hogsheads, pipes, butts, etc. for wine, bear, cider, beverage, fresh water, or any liquor.  

The Coxswaine and his Mate.  The Coxswaine is to have a choice Gang to attend the skiff to go to and again as occasion commandeth.  

The Cook and his Mate.  The Cook is to dress and deliver out the victual, he hath his store of quarter cans, small cans, platters, spoons, lanterns, etc. and is to give his account of the remainder.  

The Swabber.  The Swabber is to wash and keep clean the ship and maps.  

The Lyar.  The Liar is to hold his place but for a week, and he that is first taken with a lie, every Monday is so proclaimed at the main mast by a general cry, a Liar, a Liar, a Liar, he is under the Swabber, and only to keep clean the beak head, and chains.  

The Sailors.  The Sailors are the ancient men for hoising the sails, getting the tacks aboard, haling the bowlings, and steering the ship.  

The Younkers.  The Younkers are the young men called sore-mast men, to take in the topsails, or top and yard, for surling the sails, or slinging the yards, bousing or ●rising, and take their turns at helm.  

The Lieutenant his place.  The Lieutenant is to associate the Captain, and in his absence to execute his place, he is to see the Marshal and Corporal do their duties, and assist them in instructing the soldiers, and in a fight the forecastle is his place to make good, as the Captain doth the half deck, and the quarter Masters, or Master's Mate the mid ships, and in a State's man of War, he is allowed as necessary as a Lieutenant on shore.   

CHAP. IX. Proper Sea terms for dividing the company at Sea, and steering, sailing, or moring a Ship in fair weather, or in a storm.  
IT is to be supposed by this the Ship is victualled and manned, the voyage determined, 
Steep Tubs.  the steep Tubs in the chains to shift their Beef, Pork, or Fish in salt water, till the salt be out though not the saltness, and all things else ready to set sail; but before we go any further, for the better understanding the rest, a few words for steering and cunning the Ship would not be amiss. Then know, Starboard is the right hand, Larboard the left; 

Starboard.  
Larboard.  
Cunning.  
Steering.  
Mid-ships.  
Port.   Starboard the Helm, is to put the Helm a Starboard, than the ship will go to the Larboard. Right your Helm, that is, to keep it in the mid ships, or right up. Port, that is, to put the Helm to Larboard, and the Ship will go to the Starboard, for the Ship will ever go contrary to the Helm. Now by a quarter wind, they will say aloof, or keep your loof, keep her to it, 

A loof.  
Keep your loof.  
War no more.  
No near.  
Ease.  
Steady.   have a care of your Lee-latch. Touch the wind, and war no more, is no more but to bid him at the Helm to keep her so near the wind as may be; no near, ease the Helm, or bear up, is to let her fall to Lee-ward. Steady, that is, to keep her right upon that point you steer by; 
You're.  be you're at the Helm, or a fresh man to the Helm. But he that keeps the Ship most from yawing doth commonly use the least motion with the Helm, and those steer the best.  
The Master and company being aboard, he commands them to get the sails to the yards, 
Gear.  and about your gear or work on all hands, stretch forward your main Halliards, hoist your Sails half mast high. 
Prithee.  Prithee, or make ready to set sail, cross your yards, bring your Cable to the Capsterne, Boatswain fetch an Anchor aboard, break ground or weigh Anchor. Heave a head, men into the Tops, men upon the yards; 
A Pike.  come, is the Anchor a pike, that is, to heave the Hawse of the ship right over the Anchor, what is the Anchor away? 
Tally.  Yea, yea. Let fall your foresail. Tally, that is, hale off the Sheats; who is at the Helm there, coil your Cables in small fakes, hale the Cat, a Bitter, belay, lose fast your Anchor with your shank-painter, stow the Boat, set the land, how it bears by the Compass that we may the better know thereby to keep our account and direct our course, let fall your main sail, every man say his private prayer for a boon voyage, out with your spret sail, on with your bonits & Drabblers, steer steady & keep your course, so, you go well.  

How they divide the company at sea, and set, and rule the watch.  When this is done, the Captain or Master commands the Boatswain to call up the company; the Master being chief of the Starboard watch doth call one, and his right hand Mate on the Larboard doth call another, and so forward till they be divided in two parts, than each man is to choose his Mate, Consort, or Comrade, and then divide them into squadrons according to your number and burden of your ship as you see occasion; these are to take their turns at the Helm, trim sails, pump, and do all duties each half, or each squadron for eight Glasses or four hours which is a watch, but care would be had that there be not two Comrades upon one watch because they may have the more room in their Cabins to rest. And as the Captain and masters Mates, Gunners, Carpenters, Quartermasters, Trumpeters, etc. are to be abast the Mast, so the Boatswain, and all the Yonkers or common Sailors under his command is to be before the Mast. The next is, to mess them four to a mess, and then give every mess a quarter Can of beer and a basket of bread to stay their stomaches till the Kettle be boiled, that they may first go to prayer, then to supper, and at six a clock sing a Psalm, say a Prayer, and the Master with his side begins the watch, than all the rest may do what they will till midnight; and then his Mate with his Larboard men with a Psalm and a Prayer relieves them till four in the morning, and so from eight to twelve each other, except some flaw of wind come, some storm or gust, or some accident that requires the help of all hands, which commonly after such good cheer in most voyages doth happen.  
For now the wind veeres, that is, 
The wind veeres.  it doth shift from point to point, get your Starboard tacks aboard, 
Tally.  and tally or hale off your Lee-Sheats. The Ship will not wayer, settle your main Topsail, veer a fathom of your sheet. The wind comes fair again and a fresh gale, 
Flown.  hale up the slatch of the Lee-boling. By Slatch is meant the middle part of any rope hangs over board. Veer more sheet, or a flown sheet, that is, when they are not haled home to the block. 
Fly.  But when we say, let fly the sheats, than they let go amain, which commonly is in some gust, 
A pair of courses.  lest they spend their topsails, or if her quick side lie in the water, overset the ship. A flown sheet is when she goes before the wind, or betwixt a pair of sheats, or all sails drawing. But the wind shrinks, that is, when you must take in the Spretsaile, and get the tacks aboard, hale close the main Boling, that is, when your Tacks are close aboard. If you would sail against the wind or keep your own, that is, not to fall to lee-ward or go back again, by haling off close your Bolings, you set your sails so sharp as you can to lie close by a wind, thwarting it a league or two, or more or less, as you see cause, first on the one board then on the other; this we call boarding or beating it up upon a tack in the winds eye, or bolting to and again; but the longer your boards are, the more you work or gather into the wind. If a sudden flaw of wind should surprise you, when you would lower a yard so fast as you can, they call A main; but a cross sail cannot come nearer the wind than six points, but a Carvel whose sails stand like a pair of Tailors shears, will go much nearer.  

How to handle a ship in a storm.  It over-casts we shall have wind, fowl weather, settel your top sails, take in the spret-saile, in with your topsails, lower the foresail, tallow under the barrels, brade up close all them sails, lash sure the ordnance, strike your top-masts to the cap, make it sure with your sheep's feet. A storm, 
Try.  let us lie at Try with our main course, that is, to hale the tack aboard, the sheet close aft, the boling set up, and the helm tied close aboard. When that will not serve then Try the mizzen, if that split, or the storm grow so great she cannot bear it; 
Hall.  then hull, which is to bear no sail, but to strike a hull is when they would lie obscurely in the Sea, or stay for some consort, lash sure the helm a lee, 
Under the Sea.  and so a good ship will lie at ease under the Sea as we term it. 
Wether coil.  If she will weather coil, and lay her head the other way without losing a sail, that must be done by bearing up the Helm, and then she will drive nothing so far to Leeward. They call it hulling also in a calm swelling Sea, which is commonly before a storm, when they strike their sails left she should beat them in pieces against the mast by Rolling. 

Rolling.  
Labour.   We say a ship doth Labour much when she doth roll much any way; but if she will neither Try nor Hull, 
Spoon.  Then Spoon, that is, put her right before the wind, this way although she will roll more than the other, yet if she be weak it will not strain her any thing so much in the Trough of the Sea, 
Trough.  which is the distance betwixt two waves or Billows. If none of this will do well, than she is in danger to founder, 
Founder.  if not sink. Foundering is when she will neither veer nor steer, the Sea will so over rake her, except you free out the water, she will lie like a log, and so consequently sink. 
To spend a mast.  To spend a mast or yard, is when they are broke by fowl weather, 
Spring a mast.  and to spring a mast is when it is cracked in any place.  
In this extremity he that doth cun the ship cannot have too much judgement, 
A Yoke.  nor experience to try her drift, or how she capes, which are two terms also used in the trials of the running or setting of currants. A yoke is when the Sea is so rough as that men cannot govern the Helm with their hands, & then they seize a block to the Helm on each side at the end, & reeviug two falls thorough them like Gunner's Tackles brings them to the ships side, and so some being at the one side of the Tackle, some at the other, they steer her with much more ease than they can with a single rope with a double Turn about the Helm.  
When the storm is past, though the wind may alter three or four points of the compass, or more, yet the Sea for a good time will go the same way; then if your course be right against it, you shall meet it right a head, so we call it a head Sea. Sometimes when there is but little wind, 
A head Sea.  there will come a contrary Sea, and presently the wind after it, whereby we may judge that from whence it came was much wind, for commonly before any great storm the Sea will come that way. Now if the ship may run on shore in ose or mud she may escape, or Billage on a rock, or Anchor's flooke, repair her leak, but if she split or sink, she is a wrack. But seeing the storm decreaseth, let us try if she will endure the Hullocke of a Sail, 
Hullocke.  which sometimes is a piece of the mizzen sail or some other little sail, part opened to keep her head to the sea, but if yet she would weather coil, we will lose a Hullocke of her foresail, and put the Helm a weather, and it will bring her head where her stern is; courage my hearts.  
It clears up, set your foresail; Now it is fair weather, 
Large. Laske.  out with all your sails, go large or laske, that is, when we have a fresh gale, or fair wind, and all sails drawing. But for more haste unparrell the mizzen yard and launch it, and the sail over her Lee quarter, and fit Gives at the further end to keep the yard steady, and with a Boome boome it out; this we call a Goose-wing. 
Goosewing.  Who is at Helm there? Sirrah you must be amongst the Points; Well Master the Channel is broad enough; Yet you cannot steer betwixt a pair of sheats; Those are words of mockery betwixt the Cunner and the Stearesman. But to proceed,  
Get your Larboard Tacks aboard, hale off your starboard sheats, keep your coarse upon the point you are directed, Port, he will lay her by the lee; the stays, or back stays, that is, when all the sails flutter in the wind, and are not kept full, that is full of wind, they fall upon the masts and shrowds, so that the ship goes a drift upon her broad side, fill the sails, keep full, full and by. Make ready to Tack about, is but for every man to stand to handle the sails and ropes they must hale, Tack about is to bear up the helm, and that brings her to stay all her sails lying flat against the shrowds, then as she turns we say she is paid, then let rise your Lee tacks and hale off your sheats, and trim all your sails as they were before, which is cast of that Boling which was the weather boling, and hale up taught the other. So all your Sheats, Brases, and Tacks are trimmed by a wind as before. To belay, is to make fast the ropes in their proper places. 
Round in.  Round in, is when the wind largesse, let rise the main tack and fore tack, and hale aft the fore sheet to the cat's head, and the main sheet to the cubbridge head, this is Rounding in, or rounding aft the sail; 
Rounding aft. Pasarado.  the sheats being there they hale them down to keep them firm from flying up with a Pasarado, which is any rope wherewith we hale down the sheats, blocks of the main or fore sail, when they are haled aft the clew of the main sail to the Cubbridge head of the main mast, and the clew of the fore sail to the Cat head; Do this when the ships goes large.  

Observe.  Observe the height, that is, at twelve a clock to take the height of the Sun, or in the night the North star, or in the forenoon and afternoon, if you miss these by finding the Azimuth end Alnicanter. 
Dead water.  Dead water is the Eddie water follows the stern of the ship, not passing away so quickly as that slides by her sides. 
The Wake.  The wake of a ship is the smooth water a stern showing the way she hath gone in the sea, by this we judge what way she doth make, for if the wake be right a stern, we know she makes good her way forwards; but if to Lee-ward a point or two, we then think to the Lee-ward of her course, but she is a nimble ship that in turning or tacking about will not fall to thee Lee-ward of her wake when she hath weathered it. Disimbogue is to pass some narrow strait or currant into the main Ocean, out of some great Gulf or Bay. 
Disimbogue.  
A Drift.  A Drift is any thing floating in the sea that is of wood. 
Rockweed.  Rockweed doth grow by the shore, and is a sign of land, yet it is oft found far in the Sea. Lay the ship by the Lee to try the Dipsie line, 
Dipsie line.  which is a small line some hundred and fifty fathom long, with a long plummet at the end, made hollow, wherein is put tallow, that will bring up any gravel; which is first marked at twenty fathom, and after increased by ten to the end; and those distinguished by so many small knots upon each little string that is fixed at the mark thorough the strouds or midst of the line, showing it is so many times ten fathom deep, 
Plummet.  where the plummet doth rest from drawing the line out of your hand; this is only used in deep water when we think we approach the shore, for in the main sea at 300. fathoms we find no bottom. Bring the ship to rights, that is, again under sail as she was, some use a Log line, 
Log line.  and a minute glass to know what way she makes, but that is so uncertain, it is not worth the labour to try it.  
One to the top to look out for land, 

Land to.  
Kenning.  
To lay a land.   the man cries out Land to; which is just so far as a kenning, or a man may discover, descry, or see the land. And to lay a land is to sail from it just so far as you can see it. 
Good land fall.  A good Land fall is when we fall just with our reckoning, if otherwise a bad Land fall; but however how it bears, 

Bad land fall.  
A head land.  
A Point.  
Land mark.  
To ●ai●e a land.  
To make land.  
A Reach.   set it by the compass, and bend your Cables to the Anchors. A Head land, or a Point of land doth lie further cut at sea than the rest. A Land mark, is any Mountain, Rock, Church, Wind-mill or the like, that the Pilot can know by comparing one by another how they bear by the compass. A Reach is the distance of two points so far as you can see them in a right line, as White Hall and London Bride, or White Hall and the end of Lambeth towards Chelsey. Fetch the Sounding line, 
Sounding line.  this is bigger than the Dipsie-line, and is marked at two fathom next the lead with a piece of black leather, at three fathom the like, but slit; at 5. fathom with a piece of white cloth, at 7. fathom with a piece of red in a piece of white leather, at 15. with a white cloth, etc. The sounding lead is six or seven pound weight, 
The Lead.  and near a foot long, he that doth heave this lead stands by the horse, or in the chains, and doth sing fathom by the mark 5. c. and a shaftment less, 4.0. this is to find where the ship may sail by the depth of the water. 
Fowl water.  Fowl water is when she comes into shallow water where she raises the sand or ose with her way yet not touch the ground, but she cannot feel her helm so well as in deep water.  
When a ship sails with a large wind towards the land, or a fair wind into a harbour, 
Bear in.  we say she bears in with the land or harbour. And when she would not come near the land, but goeth more Roome-way than her couse, we say she bears off; 
Bear off.  but a ship board, bear off is used to every thing you would thrust from you. 
Bear up. Hold off.  Bear up is to bring the ship to go large or before the wind. To Hold off is when we heave the Cable at the Capsterne, if it be great and stiff, or slimy with ose, 
Surges.  it surges or slips back unless they keep it close to the whelps, and then they either hold it fast with nippers, or brings it to the I care Capsterne, and this is called Holding off. As you approach the store, shorten your sails, when you are in harbour take in your sails, and come to an anchor, wherein much judgement is required.  

Neale to.  To know well the soundings, if it be Nealed to, that is, deep water close aboard the shore, or shallow, or if the Leeunder the weather shore, or the lee shore be sandy, clay, osie, or fowl and rocky ground, but the Lee shore all men would shun that can avoid it. 
A Roade. Offing.  Or a Road which is an open place near the shore. Or the Offing which is the open Sea from the shore, or the midst of any great stream is called the Offing. Land lock, 
Land locked.  is when the land is round about you.  
Now the ship is said to Ride, 
To Ride.  so long as the Anchors do hold and comes not home. 
Ride a great Road.  To Ride a great road is when the wind hath much power. They will strike their top masts, and the yards alongst ships, and the deeper the water is, it requires more Cable; when we have rid in any distress we say we have rid hawse full, 

Ride a stress.  
Ride betwixt.   because the water broke into the hawses. To ride betwixt wind and tide, is when the wind & tide are contrary & of equal power, 
Wind and tide.  which will make her roll extremely, yet not strain much the cable. To Ride thwart is to ride with her side to the tide, 
Ride thwart tide.  and then she never strains it. 
Ride a pike.  To ride a pike is to pike your yards when you ride amongst many ships. 
Ride cross.  To ride across is to hoist the main and fore yards to the hounds, and topped alike. When the water is gone and the ships lies dry, we say she is Sewed; if her head but lie dry, 
Sewed.  she is Sewed a head; but if she cannot all lie dry, she cannot Sew there. 
Sew.  Water borne is when there is no more water than will just bear her from the ground. 

Water borne.  
Water line.   The water line is to that Bend or place she should swim in when she is loaded.  
Lastly, 
To More.  to More a ship is to lay out her anchors as is most fit for her to ride by, and the ways are diverse; as first, to More a fair Birth from any annoyance. 
More cross.  To More a cross is to lay one anchor to one side of the stream, and the other to the other right against one another, and so they Bear equally ebb and flood. 
More alongst.  To More alongst is to lay an anchor amidst the stream ahead, and another asterne, when you fear driving a shore. 
Water shot.  Water shot is to more quartering betwixt both neither cross, nor alongst the ride. In an open road they will more that way they think the wind will come the most to hurt them. 
More Proviso.  To more a Proviso, is to have one anchor in the river, and a hawser a shore, which is mored with her head a shore; otherwise two cables is the least, and four cables the best to more by.   

CHAP. X. Proper terms for the Winds, Ebbs, Floods, and Eddies, with their definitions, and an estimate of the depth of the Sea, by the height of the Hills and the largeness of the Earth.  


A Calm.  
A Breze.   WHen there is not a breath of wind stirring, it is a calm or a stark calm. A Breze is a wind blows out of the Sea, and commonly in fair weather beginneth about nine in the morning, and lasteth till near night; so likewise all the night it is from the shore which is called a Turnado, or a Sea-turne, but this is but upon such coasts where it bloweth thus most certainly, except it be a storm, or very fowl weather, as in Barbaria, Egypt, and the most of the Levant. We have such Brezes' in most hot countries in Summer, but they are very uncertain. 
A fresh gale.  A fresh Gale is that doth presently blow after a calm, when the wind beginneth to quicken or blow. 
A Loom gale.  A fair Loom Gale is the best to sail in, because the Sea goeth not high, and we bear out all our sails. A stiff Gale is so much wind as our topsails can endure to bear. 
Eddie wind.  An Eddie wind is checked by the sail, a mountain, turning, or any such thing that makes it return back again. 
It over blows.  It over blows when we can bear no topsails. 
A Gust.  A flaw of wind is a Gust which is very violent upon a sudden, 
A Spout.  but quickly endeth. A Spout in the West Indies commonly falleth in those Gusts, which is, as it were, a small river falling entirely from the clouds, like out of our water Spouts, which make the Sea where it falleth rebound in flashes exceeding high. Whirl winds runneth round, 
A whirl wind.  and bloweth diverse ways at once. 
A Storm.  A storm is known to every one not to be much less than a tempest, 
A Tempest.  that will blow down houses, and trees up by the roots. 
A Mounsoune.  A Mounsoune is a constant wind in the East Indies, that bloweth always three months together one way, and the next three months the contrary way. 
A Hurricane.  A Hurricane is so violent in the West Indies, it will continue three, four, or five weeks, but they have it not passed once in five, six, or seven years; but than it is with such extremity that the Sea flies like rain, and the waves so high, they over flow the low grounds by the Sea, in so much, that ships have been driven over tops of high trees there growing, many leagues into the land, and there left, as was Captain Francis Nelson an Englishman, and an excellent Seaman for one.  
We say a calm sea, or Becalmed, 
Becalmed.  when it is so smooth the ship moves very little, and the men leap over board to swim. A Rough Sea is when the waves grow high. 

A Rough Sea.  
An overgrown Sea.  
Surges.  
The Rutilio of the Sea.  
The Roaring of the Sea.  
Floods & ebbs.   An overgrown Sea when the surges and billows go highest. The Rutilio of the sea where it doth dash against anything. And the Roaring of the Sea is most commonly observed a shore, a little before a storm or after a storm.  
Flood is when the water beginneth to rise, which is young flood as we call it, than quarter flood, half flood, full Sea, still water, or high water. So when it Ebbs, quarter ebb, half ebb, three quarter ebb, low water, or dead low water every one doth know; and also that as at a spring tie the Sea or water is at the highest, so at a Neape tied it is at the lowest. This word Tide, is common both to Flood and Ebb; for you say as well tide of ebb, as tide of flood, 

A Tide of ebb.  
A Tide of flood.  
A windward Tide A Lee-ward tide.   or a windward Tide when the Tide runs against the stream, as a Leewarde Tide, that is, when the wind and the Tide goeth both one way, which makes the water as smooth as the other rough. To Tide over to a place, 
To Tide over.  is to go over with the Tide of ebb or flood, and stop the contrary by anchoring till the next Tide, thus you may work against the wind if it over blow not. 
A Tide gate.  A Tide gate is where the tide runneth strongest. 
Tide and half Tide.  It flows Tide and half Tide, that is, it will be half flood by the shore, before it begin to flow in the channel; for although the Tide of flood run aloft, yet the Tide of ebb runs close by the ground. An Eddie tide is where the water doth run back contrary to the tide, 
Eddie Tide.  that is, when some headland or great point in a River hindereth the free passage of the stream, that causeth the water on the other side the point to turn round by the shore as in a circle, till it fall into the tide again.  
As touching the reasons of ebbs and floods, and to know how far it is to the bottom of the deepest place of the Sea, I will not take upon me to discourse of; as knowing the same to be the secrets of God unrevealed to man: only I will set down a Philosophical speculation of diverse men's opinions touching the depth of the Sea; which I hope will not be thought much impertinent to the subject of this book by the judicious Reader.  

The height of mountains perpendicular.  Fabianus in Plinis, and Cleomides conceived the depth of the Sea to be fifteen furlongs, that is, a mile and ● parts, Plutarch compared it equal to the highest mountains, Scallinger and others conceited the hills far surpassed the deepness of the Sea, and that in few places it is more than a hundred paces in depth, it may be he meant in some narrow Seas, but in the main Ocean experience hath taught us it is much more than twice so much, for I have founded 300. fathom, yet found no ground. Eratosthenes in Theon that great Mathematitian writeth the highest mountain perpendicular is but ten furlongs, that is, one mile and a quarter. Also Dicaearcus affirmeth this to be the height of the hill P●lius in Thessalia, but Xenagoras in Plutarch observed the height of Olympus in the same region to be twenty paces more, which is 1270. paces, but surely all those mean only those mountains in or about Greece where they lived and were best acquainted; but how these may compare with the Alps in Asia, Atlas in Africa, Caucasus in India, the Andes in Peru, and diverse others hath not yet been examined.  
But whatsoever the hills may be above the superficies of the earth, 
The height of the hills compared with the superficies of the earth and depth of the Sea.  many hold opinion the Sea is much deeper, who suppose that the earth at the first framing was in the superficies regular and spherical, as the holy Scriptures directs us to believe; because the water covered and compassed all the face of the earth, also that the face of the earth was equal to that of the Sea. Damascen noteth, that the unevenness and irregularity which now is seen in the earth's superficies, was caused by taking some parts out of the upper face of the earth in sundry places to make it more hollow, and lay them in other places to make it more convex, or by raising up some part and depressing others to make room and receipt for the Sea, that mutation being wrought by the power of the word of the Lord, Let the waters be gathered into one place that the dry land may appear. As for Aquinas, Dionysius, Catharianus, and some Divines that conceited there was no mutation, but a violent accumulation of the waters, or heaping them up on high is unreasonable; because it is against nature, that water being a flexible and a ponderous body, so to consist and stay itself, and not fall to the lower parts about it; where in nature there is nothing to hinder it, or, if it be restrained supernaturally by the hand and bridle of Almighty God, lest it should overwhelm and drown all the land, it must follow, that God even in the very institution of nature imposed a perpetual violence upon nature. And this with all, that at the Deluge there was no necessity to break up the springs of the deep and to open the cattaracts of Heaven, and pour down water continually so many days and nights together, seeing the only withdrawing of that hand, or letting go of that bridle which restraineth the water would presently have overwhelmed all. 
How all the hills and dry land above the superficies of the Sea hath made room for the Sea, therefore they are in equal height & depth.   
But both by Scriptures, the experience of Navigators, and reason in making estimation of the depth of the Sea, reckon not only the height of the hills above the common superficies of the earth, but the height of all the dry land above the superficies of the Sea, because the whole mass of earth that now appeareth above the waters, being taken as it were out of the places which the waters now possess, must be equal to the place out of which it was taken; so consequently it seemeth, that the height or elevation of the one should answer the descending or depth of the other; and therefore in estimating the depth of the Sea, we consider not only the erection of the hills above the ordinary land, but the advantage of the dry land above the Sea; which latter, I mean the height of the ordinary main land, excluding the hills, which properly answer the extraordinary deeps and whirlpools in the Sea. The rest is held more in large Continents above the Sea, than that of the hills is above the land.  

That there is small difference betwixt the springs first rising out of the earth, and their falling into the Sea.  For that the plain face of the dry land is not levelly, or equally distant from the Centre, but hath a great descent towards the Sea, and a rising towards the midland parts, although it appear not plainly to the eye, yet to reason it is most manifest; because we find that part of the earth the Sea covereth descendeth lower and lower towards the Sea. For the Sea, which touching the upper face of it, is known by nature to be level and evenly distant from the centre, is observed to wax deeper & deeper the further one saileth from the shore cowards the main Ocean: even so in that part which is untovered, the streamings of Rivers on all sides from the midland parts towards the Sea, sliding from the higher to the lower declareth so much, whose courses are some 1000 or 2000 miles, in which declination, Pliny in his derivation of water requireth one cubit of declining in 240. foot of proceeding. But Columella, Viturnius, Paladius, and others, in their conduction of waters require somewhat less; namely, that in the proceeding of 200. foot forward, there should be allowed one foot of descending downward, which yet in the course of 1000 miles, as Danubius, Volgha, or Indus, etc. have so much or more, which will make five miles of descent in perpendicular account, and in the course of 2000 or more, as Nilus, Niger, and the River of the Amazons have 10. miles or more of the like descent.  
These are not taken as rules of necessity, 
The determination of these questions.  as though water could not run without that advantage, for that respect the conveyors of waters in these times content themselves with one inch in 600. foot, as Philander and Viturnius observed, but is rather under a rule of commodity for expedition and wholesomeness of water so conveyed, left resting too long in pipes it should contract some unwholesome condition, or else through the slackness of motion, or long closeness, or banishment from the air, gather some aptness and disposition to putr●fie. Although I say, such excess of advantage as in the artificial conveyance of waters the forenamed Authors require, be not of necessity exacted in the natural derivation of them, yet certain it is, that the descent of rivers being continually and their courselong, and in many places swift, and in some places headlong and furious; 
Note the difference betwixt the springs of the rivers. and their falling into the Sea is not great.  the differences of height or advantage cannot be great betwixt the springs of the rivers and their out lets, betwixt the first rising out of the earth and their falling into the Sea: unto which declinity of land seeing the deepness of the Sea in proportion answer as I before declared, and not only to the height of the hills: it is concluded, that the deepness to be much more than the Philosophers commonly reputed: and although the deepness of the Sardinian Sea, which Aristotle saith, was the deepest of the Mediterranean, recorded by Posidonius in Strabo, to have been found but 1000 fathom, which is but a mile and a fifth part, and the greatest breadth not past 600. miles: then seeing if in so narrow a Sea it be so deep, what may we esteem the main Ocean to be, that in many places is five times so broad, seeing the broader the Seas are, if they be entire and free from Lands, they are answerably observed to be the deeper. If you desire any further satisfaction, read the first part of Purchas his Pilgrimage, where you may read how to find all those Authors at large. Now because he hath taken near 100 times as much from me, I have made bold to borrow this from him, seeing he hath founded such deep waters for this our Ship to fail in, being a Gentleman whose person I loved, and whose memory and virtues I will ever honour.   

CHAP. XI. Proper Sea terms belonging to the good or bad condition of Ships, how to find them and amend them.  
A Ship that will try hull, and ride well at Anchor, 
A wholesome ship.  we call a wholesome Ship. A long Ship that draws much water will do all this, but if she draw much water and be short, she may hull well, but neither try nor ride well; if she draw little water and belong, she may try and ride well, 
An unwholesome Ship.  but never hull well, which is called an unwholesome ship. 
Howsing a Ship.  The howsing in of a Ship is when she is past the breadth of her bearing she is brought in narrow to her upper works: it is certain this makes her wholesome in the Sea without rolling, because the weight of her Ordnance doth counterpoise her breadth under water, but it is not so good in a man of war, because it taketh away a great deal of her room, nor will her tacks ever so well come aboard as if she were laid out aloft and not flaring, 
Flaring.  which is when she is a little howsing in, near the water, and then the upper work doth hang over again, and is laid out brother aloft, this makes a Ship more roomy aloft for men to use their arms in, but Sir Walter Rawleighs' proportion, which is to be proportionally wrought to her other work is the best, because the counter poise on each side doth make her swim perpendicular or strait, and consequently steady, which is the best.  
If a ship be narrow, and her bearing either not laid out enough or too low, than you must make her broader and her bearing the higher by ripping off the planks two or three strikes under water and as much above, and put other Timbers upon the first, and then put on the planks upon those Timbers, this will make her bear a better sail, but it is a hindrance to her sailing, this is to be done when a Ship is cranke-sided and will bear no sail, 
Cranke side.  and is called Furring. Note also, 
Furring.  that when a Ship hath a deep Keel it doth keep her from rolling. If she be floty and her keel shallow, put on another keel under the first to make it deeper, for it will make her hold more in the water, this we call a false Keel. 
A false Keel. Gripe.  Likewise if her stem be too flat to make her cut water the better, and not gripe, which is when she will not keep a wind well; fix another stem before it, 
A false stem.  and that is called a false stem, which will make her rid more way and bear a better sail. 
The run.  Also the Run of a ship is as much to be regarded, for if it be too short and too ●ull below, the water comes but slowly to the Rudder because the force of it is broken by her breadth, and then to put a false stem post to lengthen her is the next remedy, but to lengthen her is better; for when a Ship comes off handsomely by degrees, and her Tuck doth not lie too low, which will hinder the water from coming swiftly to the Rudder, makes her she cannot steer well, and they are called as they are, a good run or a bad. 

A good run.  
A bad run.   When a Ship hath lost a piece of her Keel, and that we cannot come well to mend it, you much patch a new piece unto it, and bind it with a stirrup, 
A Syrup.  which is an iron comes round about it and the Keel up to the other side of the Ship, whereto it is strongly nailed with Spikes. Her Rake also may be a defect, 
Her Rake.  which is so much of the Hull, as by a perpendicular line the end of the Keel is from the setting on of the stem, so much as it without that forward on, and in like manner the setting in of her stem Post. Your French men gives great Rakes forwards on, which makes her give good way and keep a good wind, but if she have not a full bow she will pitch her head extremely in the Sea. If she have but a small Rake, she is so blusse that the Seas meets her so suddenly upon the Bows she cannot cut the water much, but the longer a ship is, the fuller should be her Bow, but the mean is the best. 
Loom.  The looming of a ship is her prospective, that is, as she doth show great or little: Her water draught is so many foot as she goes in the water, but the Ships that draws most water are commonly the most wholesome, but the least draught goes best but rolls most, and we say a Ship doth heeled on Starboard or Larboard, 
Heeled.  that is, to that side she doth lean most.  


Ouerset.  
Overthrow.   To overset or overthrow a ship, is by bearing too much sail you bring her Keel upwards, or on shore overthrow her by grounding her, so that she falls upon one side; and we say a Ship is walt when she is not stiff, 
Wale.  and hath not Ballast enough in her to keep her stiff. 
Wall reared.  And wall reared when she is right built up, after she comes to her bearing it makes her ill shapen and unseemly, but it gives her within much room, and she is very wholesome, if her bearing be well laid out. The Masting of a Ship is much to be considered, and will much cause her to sail well or ill, as I have related in the masting a Ship. 
Iron sick.  Iron sick, is when the Bolts, Spikes, or Nails are so eaten with rust they stand hollow in the planks, and so makes her leak, the which to prevent, they use to put lead over all the bolt heads under water. 
Trim.  Lastly, the trimming of a ship doth much amend or impair her sailing, and so alter her condition. To find her trim, that is, how she will sail best; is by trying her sailing with another Ship so many glasses, trimmed a head and so many a stern, and so many upon an even Keel, also the casing of her Masts and Shrouds, for some ships will sail much better when they are stack than when they are taught.   

CHAP. XII. Considerations for a Sea Captain in the choice of his Ship, and in placing his Ordnance. In giving Chase, Boarding, and entering a man of war like himself, or a defending Merchant man.  
IN Land service we call a man of war a Soldier either on foot or horse, 
How to choose a Ship fit to make a man of wane.  and at Sea a Ship, which if she be not as well built, conditioned, and provided, as near fitting such an employment as may be, she may prove (either) as a horseman that knoweth not how to hold his reins, keep his seat in his saddle and stirrups, carry his body, nor how to help his horse with leg and spur in a curuet, gallop, or stop; or as an excellent horsemen that knoweth all this, mounted upon a jade that will do nothing, which were he mounted according to his experience, he would do more with that one, than half a dozen of the other though as well provided as himself. But I confess, every horseman cannot mount himself alike, neither every Seaman ship himself as he would, I mean not for outward ornament, which the better they are, the less to be disliked; for there cannot be a braver sight than a ship in her bravery, but of a competent sufficiency as the business requireth. But were I to choose a ship for myself, I would have her sail well, yet strongly built, her decks flush and flat, and so roomy that men might pass with ease; her Bow and chase so Gally-like contrived, should bear as many Ordnances as with conveniency she could, for that always cometh most to fight, and so stiff, she should bear a stiff sail and bear out her lower tier in any reasonable weather, neither should her Gunroome be unprovided: not manned like a Merchantman, which if they be double manned, that is, to have twice so many men as would sail her, they think it is too many in regard of the charge, yet to speak true, there is few Merchant Ships in the world doth any way exceed ours. And those men they entertain in good voyages have such good pay, and such acquaintance one with another in shipping themselves, that thirty or forty of them would trouble a man of war with three or four times their number manned with pressed men, being half of them scarce hale Boulings. Yea, and many times a Pirate who are commonly the best manned, but they fight only for wealth, not for honour nor revenge, except they be extremely constrained. But such a Ship as I have spoken of well manned with rather too many than too few, with all sufficient Officers; Shot, Powder, Victual, and all their appurtenances, in my opinion might well pass muster for a man of war.  

His reward that first descries a Ship, or enters a prize.  Now being at Sea, the tops are seldom without one or other to look out for purchase, because he that first descries a sail, if she prove prize, is to have a good suit of apparel, or so much money as is set down by order for his reward, as also he that doth first enter a Ship there is a certain reward allowed him; when we see a Ship alter her course, and useth all the means she can to fetch you up, you are the chase, and he the chaser. In giving chase or chase, or to escape being chased, there is required an infinite judgement and experience, for there is no rule for it; but the shortest way to fetch up your chase is the best. 
How to give chase, and escape the chaser.  If you be too lee-ward, get all your Tacks aboard, and shape your course as he doth to meet him at the nearest angle you can, than he must either alter his course and Tack as you Tack as near the wind as he can lie to keep his own till night, and then strike a Hull that you may not descry him by his sails, or do his best to lose you in the dark; for look how much he falls to lee-ward, he falls so much in your way. If he be right ahead of you, that is called a stern chase, if you weather him, for every man in chase doth seek to get the weather, because you cannot board him except you weather him, he will laske, or go large, if you gather on him that way, he will try you before the wind, th●● if your ordnance cannot reach him, if he can outstrip you he is gone: But suppose you are to windward, if he clap close by a wind, and there goes ahead sea, and yours a lee-ward ship, if you do the like your ship will so beat against the Sea, she will make no way; therefore you must go a little more large though you chase under his lee till you can run ahead.  
Board and Board is when two ships lie together side by side, but he that knoweth how to defend himself, 
Board & board.  and work well, will so cun his ship, as force you to enter upon his quarter, which is the highest part of the ship, and but the mizzen shrouds to enter by; from whence he may do you much hurt with little danger, except you fire him, which a Pirate will never do, neither sink you if he can choose, except you be able to force him to defend himself. But in a Sea fight we call Boarding, in Boarding where we can, the greatest advantage for your Ordnance is to board him thwart the hawse, because you may use all the ordnance you have on one side, and she only them in her prow; but the best and safest boarding for entering is on the bow, 
Boarding & entering a ship.  but you must be careful to clear the decks with burning granadoes, fire-pots, poutches of powder, 
Powder chests.  to which give fire by a Gunpodwer match, to prevent trains to the powder chest, which are long board's joined like a triangle with diverse broad ledges on either side, wherein lieth as many peeble stones or beatch as can there lie, those being fired will make all clear before them. Besides in an extremity a man would rather blow up the quarter deck, half deck, fore castle, or any thing, than be taken by him he knows a mortal enemy, and commonly there is more men lost in entering, if the chase stand to her defence, in an instant, than in a long fight board and board, if she be provided of her close fights: I confess, the charging upon trenches, and the entrances of a breach in a rampire are attempts as desperate as a man would think could be performed, but he that hath tried himself as oft in the entering a resisting ship as I have done both them & the other, he would surely confess there is no such dangerous service ashore, as a resolved resolute fight at sea. A ships close fights, are small ledges of wood laid cross one another like the grates of iron in a prison's window, betwixt the main mast, and the fore mast, & are called gratings, or nettings as is said, which are made of small ropes, much in like manner covered with a sail, the which to undo is to heave a kedger, or fix a grappling into them, tied in a rope, but a chain of iron is better, and shearing off will tear it in pieces if the rope and anchor hold, some have used shear hooks, which are hooks like sickels fixed in the ends of the yards arms, that if a ship under sail come to board her, those shears will cut her shrouds, and spoil her tackling, but they are so subject to break their own yards, and cut all the ropes comes from the topsails, they are out of request. To conclude, if a ship be open, presently to board her is the best way to take her. But if you see your chase strip himself into fight sails, 
Evident signs that a chase will fight.  that is to put out his colours in the poop, his flag in the main top, his streamers or pendants as the ends of his yards arms, furl his spret-saile, pike his mizzen, and sling his main yard, provide yourself to fight. Now because I would not be tedious in describing a fight at Sea, I have troubled you with this short preamble that you may the plainlier understand it.   

CHAP. XIII. How to manage a fight at Sea, with the proper terms in a fight largely expressed, and the ordering of a Navy at Sea.  
FOr this master piece of this work, I confess I might do better to leave it to every particular man's conceit as it is, or those of longer practice or more experience, yet because I have seen many books of the Art of War by land, 
Many books of the Art of War for the land, none for the sea.  and never any for the Sea, seeing all men so silent in this most difficult service, and there are so many young Captains, and others that desire to be Captains, who know very little, or nothing at all to any purpose, for their better understanding I have proceeded thus far; now for this that follows, what I have seen, done, and conceived by my small experience, I refer me to their friendly constructions, and well advised considerations.  
A sail, how bears she or stands she, to windward or lee-ward, set him by the Compass; he stands right ahead, or on the weather-Bow, or lee-Bow, let fly your colours if you have a consort, else not. Out with all your sails, a steady man to the helm, sit close to keep her steady, give him chase or fetch him up; he holds his own, no, 
To give chase.  we gather on him. Captain, out ●oes his flag and pendants, also his waste clothes and top armings, 

Wast clothes.  
Top armings.   which is a long red cloth about three quarters of a yard broad, edged on each side with Calico or white linen cloth, that goeth round about the ship on the out sides of all her upper works fore and aft, and before the cubbridge heads, also about the fore and main tops, as well for the countenance and grace of the ship, as to cover the men for being seen, he furles and slings his main yard, in goes his spret-saile. Thus they use to strip themselves into their short sails, 
Fight sails. To hale a ship.  or figting sails, which is only the fore sail, the main and fore top sails, because the rest should not be fired nor spoiled; beside they would be troublesome to handle, hinder our sights and the using our arms; he makes ready his close fights fore and aft.  

How to begin a fight.  Master how stands the chase? Right on head I say; Well we shall reach him by and by; What's all ready, Yea, yea, every man to his charge, dowse your topsail to salute him for the Sea, hale him with a noise of trumpets; Whence is your ship? Of Spain; Whence is yours? Of England; Are you a Merchant, or a man of War? We are of the Sea; He waves us to lee-ward with his drawn sword, calls amain for the King of Spain, and springs his loufe, give him a chase piece with your broad side, and run a good birth ahead of him; Done, done, We have the wind of him, and he tacks about, tack you about also and keep your loufe, be you're at the helm, edge in with him, give him a volley of small shot, also your prow and broad side as before, and keep your loufe; He pays us shot for shot; Well, we shall require him; What are you ready again, Yea, yea. Try him once more as before, Done, done; Keep your loufe and loge your ordnance again; Is all ready? Yea, yea; edge in in with him again, begin with your bow pieces, proceed with your broad side, & let her fall off with the wind, to give her also your full chase, your weather broad side, and bring her round that the stern may also discharge, and your tacks close aboard again; Done, done, the wind veeres, the Sea goes too high to board her, and we are shot thorough and thorough, and between wind a●d water. Try the pump, bear up the helm, Master let us breathe and refresh a little, and sling a man over board to stop the leaks; that is, to truss him up about the middle in a piece of canvas, 
How to sling a man over board.  and a rope to keep him from sinking, and his arms at liberty, with a malet in the one hand, & a plug lapped in Okum, and well farred in a tarpawling clout in the other, which he will quickly beat into the hole or holes the bullets made; What cheer mates, is all well? All well, all well, all well; Then make ready to bear up with him again, and withal your great and small shot charge him, and in the smoke board him thwart the hawse, on the bow, mid ships, or rather than fail, on his quarter, or make fast your grapplings if you can to his close fights and shear off. Captain we are fowl on each other, and the ship is on fire, cut any thing to get clear, and smother the fire with wet clothes. In such a case they will presently be such friends, as to help one the other all they can to get clear, lest they both should burn together and sink; and if they be generous, the fire quenched, drink kindly one to another; heave their cans over board, and then begin again as before.  
Well Master, the day is spent, the night draws on, 
A consultation & direction in a sea fight, & how they bury their dead.  let us consult. Chirurgeon look to the wounded, and wind up the slain, with each a weight or bullet at their heads and feet to make them sink, and give them three guns for their funerals, Swabber make clean the ship, Purser record their Names, Watch be vigilant to keep your birth to wind ward that we lose him not in the night, Gunner's sponge your Ordnance, Soldiers scour your pieces, Carpenters about your leaks, Boat swain and the rest repair the sails and shrouds, and Cook see you observe your directions against the morning watch, Boy, Holla Master Holla, is the kettle boiled, yea, yea, Boatswain call up the men to prayer and break fast.  
Boy fetch my cellar of bottles, 
A preparation for a fresh charge.  a health to you all fore and aft, courage my hearts for a fresh charge, Gunners beat open the ports, and out with your lower tire, and bring me from the weather side to the lee, so many pieces as we have ports to bear upon him, Master lay him aboard loufe for loufe, mid ships men see the tops and yards well manned, with stones, fi●e pots, and brass bails, to throw amongst them before we enter, or if we be put off, charge them with all your great and small shot, in the smoke let us enter them in the shrouds, and every squadron at his best advantage, so sound Drums and Trumpets, and Saint George for England.  

How a prize doth yield, and how to entertain him Seaman like.  They hang out a flag of truce, hale him a main, a base, or take in his flag, strike their sails and come aboard with their Captain, Purser and Gunner, with their commission, cocket, or bills of loading. Out goes the boat, they are launched from the ship side, entertain them with a general cry, God save the Captain and all the company with the Trumpets sounding, examine them in particular, and then conclude your conditions, with feasting, freedom, or punishment, as you find occasion; but always have as much care to their wounded as your own, and if there be either young women or aged men, use them nobly, which is ever the nature of a generous disposition. To conclude, if you surprise him, or enter perforce, you may stow the men, rifle, pillage, or sack, and cry a prize.  

How to call a Counsel of War, and order a Navy at Sea.  To call a Council of War in a Fleet; There is your Council of War to manage all businesses of import, and the common Council for matters of small moment, when they would have a meeting, where the Admiral doth appoint it; if in the Admiral, they hang out a flag in the main shrouds; if in the Vice Admiral, in the fore shrouds; if in the Rear Admiral, in the mizzen; If there be many squadrons, the Admiral of each squadron upon sundry occasions doth carry in their main tops, flags of sundry colours, or else they are distinguished by several pendants from the yard's arms; every night or morning they are to come under the Lee of the Admiral to salute him and know his pleasure, but no Admiral of any squadron is to bear his flag in the main top, in the presence of the Admiral general, except the Admiral come aboard of him to Council, to dinner, or collation, and so any ship else where he so resideth during that time, is to wear his flag in the main top. They use to martial or order those squadrons in ranks like Manaples, which is four square, if the wind and Sea permits, a good birth or distance from each other, that they becalm not one another, nor come not fowl of each other; the General commonly in the midst, his Vice Admiral in the front, and his Rear Admiral in the Rear; or otherwise like a half Moon, which is two squadrons like two triangles for the two horns, and so the rest of the squadrons behind each other a good distance, and the General in the midst of the half circle, from whence he seeth all his fleet, and sendeth his directions, as he finds occasion to whom he pleaseth.  
Now between two Navies they use often, 
Stratagems for Seamen.  especially in a harbour or road where they are at anchor, to fill old Barks with pitch, tar, train oil, lincet oil, brimstone, rosin, reeds, with dry wood, and such combustible things, sometimes they link three or four together in the night, and puts them adrift as they find occasion. To pass a fort some will make both ship and sails all black, but if the fort keep but a fire on the other side, and all the pieces point blank with the fire, if they discharge what is betwixt them and the fire, the shot will hit if the rule be truly observed; for when a ship is betwixt the fire and you, she doth keep you from seeing it till she be passed it. To conclude, there is as many stratagems, advantages, and inventions to be used as you find occasions, and therefore experience must be the best Tutor.   

Chap. XIV. The names of all sorts of great Ordnance, and their appurtenances, with their proper terms and expositions, also diverse observations concerning their shooting, with a Table of proportion for their weight of metal, weight of powder, weight of shot, and there best at random and point blank enlarged.  

The Names of great Ordnance.  A Canon royal, or double Canon, a Canon, a Canon Serpentine, a bastard Canon, a demi Canon, a Canon Petro, a Culvering, a Basilisco, a demi culvering, a bastard Culvering, a Sacar, a Minion, a Falcon, a Falconet, a Serpentine, a Rabbinet. 
Carriages.  To all those do belong carriages whereon pieces do lie supported by an axletree betwixt two wheels, 
Trunnions.  whereon doth lie the piece upon her trunnions, which are two knobs cast with the piece on each of hersides, which doth lie in two half holes upon the two cheeks of the carriages, to raise her up or down as you will, 
Capsquares.  over them are the capsquares, which are two broad pieces of iron doth cover them, made fast by a pin with a fore lock to keep the piece from falling out. That the piece and carriages is drawn along upon wheels every one doth know, 
Wheels.  if she be for land service, they have wheels made with spokes like coach wheels, and according to their proportion strongly shod with iron, 
Trucks.  and the pins at the ends of the Axletree is called Linch pins.  
If for Sea she have Trucks, which are round intier pieces of wood like wheels. 

To mount a Piece.  
To dismount a Piece.  
Beds.  
Quoines.   To mount a piece is ●o lay her upon her carriages; to dismount her to take her down. Her Bed is a plank doth lie next the piece, or the piece upon it upon the carriage, and betwixt the Piece and it they put their quoines, which are great wedges of wood with a little handle at the end to put them forward or backward for levelling the Piece as you please. 
Travas.  To travas a Piece is to turn her which way you will upon her Platform. 
Dispert.  To dispert a Piece is to find a difference betwixt the thickness of the metal at her mouth and britch or carnouse, 

Britch.  
Carnouse.  
Musell.   which is the greatest circle about her britch, and her mussel Ring is the greatest circle about her mouth thereby to make a just shot, there are diverse ways to dispert her, but the most easiest is as good as the best: and that is but by putting a little stick or a straw that is straight into the toutch hole to the lower part of the Sillinder or Concave, 

Sillinder.  
Concave.  
Boar.   which is the bore of the Piece and cut it off close by the metal, and then apply it in the same manner to the mouth, and it will exactly show you the difference, 
How to dispert a Piece.  which being set upon the mussel of the Piece with a little Clay, Pitch, or Wax, it will be as the pin of any Piece is to the sight, level to the carnouse or britch of the Piece, otherways you may give her allowance according to your judgement.  
Taper boared, 
Taper boared.  is when a Piece is wider at the mouth then towards the britch, which is dangerous (if the Bullet go not home) to burst her. Honicombed, 
Honeycomb.  is when she is ill cast or overmuch worn she will be rugged within, which is dangerous for a cross bar shot to catch hold by, or any rag of her wadding being a fire and sticking there may fire the next charge you put in her; 
How to find it.  and you may find if she be Taper boared, either with a crooked wire at the end of a long staff, by scratching up and down to see where you can catch any hold, or a light candle at the end of a staff thrust up and down to see if you can see any fault. 
Britchings.  Britchings are the ropes by which you lash your Ordnance fast to the Ships side in foul weather. 
Chambers.  Chambers is a charge made of brass or iron which we use to put in at the britch of a sling or Murderer, containing just so much powder as will drive away the case of stones of shot, or any thing in her. In a great Piece we call that her Chamber so far as the powder doth reach when she is laded.  

Cartrages.  A Cartrage is a bag of Canvas made upon a frame or a round piece of wood somewhat less than the bore of the Piece, they make them also of paper, they have also Cartrages or rather cases for Cartrages made of Latin to keep the Cartrages in, which is to have no more powder in them than just the charge of your Piece, and they are closely covered in those cases of Latin, 
Cases.  to keep them dry, and from any mischances by fire, and are far more ready and safer than your Ladles or Budgbarrels. 
A Budgbarell.  A Budgbarrell is a little Barrel made of Latin, filled with powder to carry from place to place for fear of fire; in the cover it hath a long neck to fill the Ladles withal without opening. A Ladle is a long staff with a piece of thin Copper at the end like half a Cartrage, 
A Ladle.  in breadth and length so much as will hold no more powder than the due charge for the Piece it belongs to. 
A Sponge.  A Sponge is such another staff, with a piece of a Lamb skin at the end about it to thrust up and down the Piece, to take off the dust, moisture, or sparks of fire if any remain in her. 
A Rammer.  And a Rammer is a bob of wood at the other end to ram home the Powder and the Wadding. 
Wadding.  Wadding is Okum, old clouts, or straw, put after the powder and the Bullet. 
Wood cases.  A Case is made of two pieces of hollow wood joined together like two half Cartrages fit to put into the boar of a Piece, 
Case shot.  & a case shot is any kind of small Bullets, Nails, old iron, or the like to put into the case to shoot out of the Ordnances or Murderers, these will do much mischief when we lie board and board: but for Sponges and Rammers they use now a stiff Rope a little more than the length of the Piece, which you may turn and wind within board as you will, with much more ease and safety than the other.  
Round Shot is a round Bullet for any Piece: 

Round shot.  
Cross bar shot.   Crosbarshot is also a round shot, but it hath a long spike of Iron cast with it as if it did go thorough the midst of it, the ends whereof are commonly armed for fear of bursting the Piece, 
To Arm a shot.  which is to bind a little Okum in a little Canvas at the end of each Pike. 
Trundle shot.  Trundle shot is only a bolt of iron sixteen or eighteen inches in length; at both ends sharp pointed, and about a handful from each end a round broad bowl of lead according to the bore of the Piece cast upon it. Langrell shot runs loose with a shackell, 
Langrill shot.  to be shortened when you put it into the Piece, and when it flies out it doth spread itself, it hath at the end of either bar a half Bullet either of lead or iron. 
Chain shot.  Chain shot is two bullets with a chain betwixt them, and some are contrived round as in a ball, yet will spread in flying their full length in breadth; all these are used when you are near a ship to shoot down Masts, Yards, Shrouds, tear the sails, spoil the men, or any thing that is above the decks. 
Fire works.  Fireworks are diverse, and of many compositions, 

Arrows of wild fire.  
Pikes of wild fire.  
Granados of diverse sorts.  
Brass Balls.   as Arrows trimmed with wild fire to stick in the sails or ships side shot burning. Pikes of wild fire to strike burning into a ship side to fire her. There is also diverse sorts of Granados, some to break and fly in abundance of pieces every way, as will your brass balls & earthen pots which when they are covered with quartered bullets stuck in pitch, and the pots filled with good powder, in a crowd of people will make an incredible slaughter; some will burn under water, and never extinguish till the stuff be consumed; some only will burn and fume out a most stinking poison smoke; some, being but only an Oil, being anointed on anything made of dry wood, will take fire by the heat of the Sun when the Sun shines hot. There is also a Powder, which being laid in like manner upon any thing subject to burn, will take fire if either any rain or water light upon it; but those inventions are bad on shore, but much worse at Sea, and are naught because so dangerous, and not easy to be quenched, and their practice worse, because they may do as much mischief to a friend as to an enemy, therefore I will leave them as they are.  


Powder.  
Serpentine powder.  
Gross corned Powder.  
Fine corned Powder.   There are also diverse sorts of Powder, the Serpentine is like dust and weak, and will not keep at Sea but be moist. The common sort is great corned powder but gross, and only used in great Ordnance. Your fine corned Powder for hand Guns is in goodness as your Salt-Peter is oft refined, and from ten pence a pound to eighteen pence a pound.  

A Tomkin.  A Tomkin is a round piece of wood put into the Pieces mouth and covered with Tallow, 
A Fid  and a fid a little Okum made like a nail put in at the toutch hole, and covered with a thin lead bound above it to keep the Powder dry in the Piece. 
Shackles.  Shackles are a kind of Rings but not round, made like them at the hatches corns (by which we take them up and lay them down) but bigger, fixed to the midst of the ports within board, through which we put a billet to keep fast the port for flying open in soul weather, which may easily endanger, 
To cloy a Piece or poison her.  if not sink the Ship. To cloy or poison a Piece, is to drive a nail into her toutch hole, than you cannot give fire. 
To uncloy.  And to uncloy her, is to put as much oil as you can about the nail to make it glib, and by a train give fire to her by her mouth, and so blow it out.  

Compass Callipers.  Compass Callipers belongs to the Gunner, and is like two half Circles that hath a handle and joint like a pair of Compasses, but they are blunt at the points to open as you please for to dispert a Piece. 

Horn.  
Priming Iron.   A Horn is his touch box, his Primer is a small long piece of iron, sharp at the small end to pierce the Cartrage thorough the toutch hole. His Lint stock is a handsome carved stick, 
Lint stock.  more than half a yard long, with a Cock at the one end to hold fast his Match, and a sharp pike in the other to stick it fast upon the Deck or platform upright. 

Gunners quadrant.  
Dark Lantern.  
Mortars.  
The names of small Pieces, and their implements   The Gunners quadrant is to level a Piece or mount her to any random. A dark Lantern is as well to be used by any body as he. For Mortars, or such chambers as are only used for triumphs, there is no use for them in this service; but for Curriours, Hargabusacrocks, Muskets, Bastard-muskets, Colivers, Crabuts, Carbins', long Pistols or short Pistols, 

Bandilers.  
Bullet bags.  
Worms.  
Scowrers.  
Melting Ladles.  
Lead Moulds.  
Quartered shot.   there belongs to them Bandiliers, bullet Bags, Worms, Scowrers, melting Ladles, Led, Moulds of all sorts to cast their shot. Quarter Bullets is but any bullet quartered in four or eight parts, and all those are as useful a shipboard as on shore. For the soul, trunk, bore, fortification, the diversity of their metals, and diverse other curious Theormes or terms used about great Ordnance, there are so many uncertainties as well in her mounting, levelling upon her platform, as also the accidents that may happen in the powder, the ground, the air, and differences inproportion, I will not undertake to prescribe any certain artificial rule. These proportions following are near the matter, but for your better satisfaction read Master Digs Pantrimetria, Master Smith, or Master Burns art of Gunnery, or Master Robert Nortons' Exposition upon Master Digs Stratiaticos, any of those will show the Theoric at large. But to be a good Gunner you must learn it by practice.   

A Table of proportion for the weight and shooting of great Ordnance.  
  The names of the great Pieces. The height of the pieces. The weight of the pieces. The weight of the shot. The weight of the powder The breadth of the Ladle. The length of the Ladle. 2400. ●. of powder makes of shot in a Shot point blank in Shot random in    Inches. Pound. Pound. Pound Inche. Inches. P●●ce. Pi●e● ●●●e●. These Pieces be most serviceable for battery being within 80. paces to their mark, which is the chief of their forces. 1 A Canon Royal. 8 ½ 8000 66 30 13 ¼ 24 ½ 80 16 1930 2 A Canon. 8 6000 60 27 12 24 85 17 2000 3 A Canon Sarpentine. 7 ½ 5500 53 ½ 25 10 ½ 23 ⅓ 96 20 2000 4 A Bastard Canon. 7 4500 41 ¼ 20 10 23 ⅓ 120 18 1800 5 A demi Canon. 6 ½ 4000 30 ¼ 18 9 ⅓ 23 ¼ 133 17 1700 6 A Canon Petro. 6 3000 24 ¼ 14 9 23 171 16 1600 These Pieces be good and also serviceable to be mixed with the above Ordnance for battery to pieces being crossed with the rest, as also fit for castles, Forts, and Walls to be planted, and for defence. 7 A Culvering. 5 ½ 4500 17 ⅓ 12 8 ½ 22 ⅓ 200 20 2500 8 A Basilisco. 5 4000 15 ¼ 10 7 ½ 22 240 25 3000 9 A demi Culvering. 4 ½ 3400 9 ⅓ 8 6 ⅕ 21 300 20 2500 10 A bastard Culvering. 4 3000 7 6 ¼ 6 20 288 18 1800 11 A Sacre. 3 ½ 1400 5 ⅓ 5 ⅓ 5 ½ 18 490 17 1700 12 A Minion. 3 ¼ 1000 4 4 4 ½ 17 600 16 ●600 13 A Falcon. 2 ½ 660 2 ¼ 2 ¼ 4 ½ 15 1087 15 1500 14 A Falcon. 2 ⅓ 800 3 3 4 ¼ 15 800 15 1500 These Pieces are good and serviceable for the field, and most ready for defence. 15 A Faulconet. 2 500 1 ¼ 1 ¼ 3 ¼ 11 ¼ 1950 14 1400 16 A Sarpentine. 1 ½ 400 ½ ⅓ 2 ½ 10 7200 13 1300 17 A Rabonet. 1 300 ½ ½ 1 ½ 6 4800 12 1000  
Note that seldom in Ships they use any Ordnance greater than Demy Canons, nor have they any certainty either at point blank or any random.  
Note your Serpentine powder in old time was in meal, but now corned and made stronger, and called Canon corn powder.  
But that for small Ordnance is called corn Powder fine, and aught to have in strength a quarter more, because those small Pieces are better fortified than the greater.  
Now if you have but one sort of Powder for all, abate ¼ part, and cut off ¼ of the breadth and length of your Ladle.  
But Cartrages are now found the best and most readiest.  
Provided always, that all Shot must be a quarter less than the height of the Piece.   

CHAP. XV. How they divide their shares in a man of War, what Books and Instruments are fit for a Sea man, with diverse advertisements for Sea men, and the use of the petty Tally.  
THe ship hath one third part, the victuallar the other third, the other third part is for the Company, and this is subdivided thus in shares. 
Shares.   
The Captain hath 10 In some but 9 The Lieutenant 9 or as he agreeth with the Captain.  The Master 8 In some but 7. The Mates 7  5. The Chirurgeon 6  3. The Gunner 6  5. The Boatswain 6  5. The Carpenter 6  5. The Trumpeter 6  5. The 4. quarter Mast. 5 apiece, or 4. The Cooper 5  4. The Chirurg. Mate 5  4. The Gunner's Mate 5  4. The Carpent. Mate 5  4. The Corporal 4  3. The quarter Gunners 4  3. The Trump. Mate 3 3 ½. The Steward. 4  3. The Cook 4  3. The Coxswaine 4  3. The Swabber 4  3.  
In English ships they seldom use any Marshal, whose shares amongst the French is equal with the Boatswaines, all the rest of the Younkers, or fore-mast-men according to their deserts, some 3. some 2. and ½. some 1. and ●. and the boys 1. which is a single share, or 1. and ½. or as they do deserve.  
Now the Master, or his right hand Mate, the Gunner, Boatswain, and four quarter Masters do make the shares, not the Captain, who hath only this privilege, to take away half a share, or a whole share at most, to give from one to another as he best pleaseth.  
For to learn to observe the Altitude, Latitude, Longitude, Amplitude, the variation of the Compass, the Sun's Azimuth and Almicanter, to shift the Sun and Moon, and know the tides, your Rooms, prick your Card, say your Compass, and get some of these books, but practice is the best. 

Master wright's errors of Navigation.  
Master Tapps Seaman's Calendar.  
The Art of Navigation.  
The Sea Regiment.  
The Seaman's secret.  
Waggoner.  
Master Gunter's works.  
The Seaman's glass for the Scale.  
The New Attracter for variation.  
Master Wright for use of the Globe.  
Master Hewes for the same.    

Instruments fitting for a Seaman.  
Compasses so many pair and sorts as you will, an Astrolabe Quadrant, a Cross staff, a Back staff, an Astrolabe, a Nocturnal.  
Young Gentlemen that desires command at Sea, 
Advertisements for young Commanders, Captains, and other Officers.  ought well to consider the condition of his ship, victual, and company, for if there be more learners than sailors how slightly soever many esteem sailors, all the work to save, ship, goods, and lives must lie upon them, especially in fowl weather, than their labour, hazard, wet and cold, is so incredible I cannot express it. It is not then the number of them that here can say at home what I cannot do I can quickly learn, and what a great matter is it to sail a ship, or go to Sea; surely those for a good time will do more trouble than good, I confess it is most necessary such should go, but not too many in one ship; for if the labour of threescore should lie upon thirty, (as many times it doth) they are so overcharged with labour, bruises, and over-straining themselves they fall sick of one disease or other, for there is no dallying nor excuses with storms, gusts, overgrown Seas, and lee-shores, and when their victual is putrified it endangers all: Men of all other professions in lighting, thunder, storms, and tempests with rain and snow may shelter themselves in dry houses by good fires, but those are the chief times Seamen must stand to their tackling, and attend with all diligence their greatest labour upon the decks. Many suppose any thing is good enough to serve men at sea, and yet nothing sufficient for them ashore, either for their healths, for their ease, or estates, or state; A Commander at Sea should do well to think the contrary, and provide for himself and company in like manner; also seriously to consider what will be his charge to furnish himself at Sea with bedding, linen, arms, and apparel, how to keep his table aboard, and his expenses on shore, and provide his petty Tally, which is a competent proportion according to your number of these particulars following. 
●he petty Tally.   
Fine wheat flower close and well packed, Rice, Currands, Sugar, Prunes, Cinnamon, Ginger, Pepper, Cloves, green Ginger, Oil, Butter, Holland cheese, or old Cheese, Wine vinegar, Canary sack, Aqua vita, the best Wines, the best waters, the juice of Lemons for the scurvy, white Biscuit, Oatmeal, gammons of Bacon, dried Neat's tongues, Beef packed up in vinegar, Legs of Mutton minced and stewed, and close packed up, with tried suet or butter in earthen pots. To entertain strangers Marmalade, Suckets, Almonds, Comfits and such like.  
Some it may be will say I would have men rather to feast than fight; 
The use of the petty Tally.  But I say the want of those necessaries occasion the loss of more men than in any English fleet hath been slain since 88 For when a man is ill, or at the point of death, I would know whether a dish of buttered Rice with a little Cinnamon, Ginger, and Sugar, a little minced meat, or roast Beef, a few stewed Prunes, a race of green Ginger, a Flap-iacke, a can of fresh Water brewed with a little Cinnamon, Ginger, and Sugar be not better than a little poor john, or salt fish with oil and mustard, or biscuit, butter, cheese, or oatmeal pottage on fish days, or on flesh day's salt Beef, Pork, and Pease with six shillings beer, this is your ordinary ships allowance, and good for them are well if well conditioned, which is not always as Seamen can (too well) witness. And after a storm, when poor men are all wet, and some have not so much as a cloth to shift him, shaking with cold, few of those but will tell you a little Sack or Aqua vitae is much better to keep them in health, than a little small beer, or cold water although it be sweet. Now that every one should provide those things for himself, few of them have either that providence or means, and there is neither Alehouse, Tavern, nor Inneto burn a faggot in, neither Grocer, Poulterer, Apothecary, nor Butcher's shop, and therefore the use of this petty Tally is necessary, and thus to be employed as there is occasion. To entertain strangers as they are in quality every Commander should show himself as like himself as he can, as well for the credit of the ship, and his setters forth, as himself; but in that herein every one may moderate themselves according to their own pleasures, therefore I leave it to their own discretions, and this brief discourse, and myself to their friendly construction, and good opinion.  
FINIS.