A DECLARATION OF SUCH GRIEVOUS accidents as commonly follow the biting of mad Dogs, together with the cure thereof,  
BY THOMAS SPACKMAN Doctor of Physic.   mad dog 
LONDON Printed for john Bill 1613.   

TO THE RIGHT WORSHIPFUL Sr ROBERT WROTH Knight, health and happiness.  
SIR,  
Having collected out of many learned Authors, sundry special notes and observations, showing what strange and cruel accidents, do usually or very often, follow the bitings of mad dogs, and knowing that among us sometimes (though not so frequently as in hotter countries) this mischief happens to the great danger both of man & beast: I am bold to present them (handled and disposed as they be) to the general view, (I hope) for puplicke good, and to your particular self in respect of your worth and neighbourhood. Our language (for aught I know) hath never yet said so much of this subject. Therefore if any by this shall take occasion to search further, or speak more for a greater general good, I shallbe glad to be a whetstone to such an edge. In the mean time, seeing this familiar animal, the Dog, is the servant of poor men, the delight of great men, and a companion of most men: to prevent inconveniences that may fall, Pecori, pecorisque magistro, both to this kind cattle, and their loving keepers, as also to prepare (if need require) a convenient remedy for so disastrous a mishap, I have thought good, thus (as I can) to forewarn their negligence that think slightly of such a wound, and to reform their ignorance, that may be (when time is) to seek for needful help, and make bold to direct these my simple labours, first and chiefly to your courteous acceptation, not as thanks for any benefits received, (for I am a stranger to you) nor as means to insinuate for future favours (though it now be my hap to be your poor well-wishing neighbour) but both for the popular and well deserved speeches the whole country doth afford you, and also for that I know your place and pleasure is, to keep many Hounds for Hare and Dear, and Spaniels for land and water. Accept therefore worthy SIR, this worthless) though perhaps not altogether fruitless) labour, as it is intended, a slender token of the good affection and respect I bear to the just report of your reputation. And so with my best wishes of health and happiness to you, I rest.  
Your worships in all good will, THO. SPACKMAN.   

OF THE MAD DOG: together with the Cure of those most dangerous wounds and fearful accidents, happening to man and beast through their bitings.  
OF poisons incident to the outward parts of man or beast, there is none that in the end induceth or procureth more cruel accidents, and fearful affections, than the biting of a mad dog, though in some more or less than in other, partly by reason of the complexion and constitution of the body that is bitten, and partly by the manner of the biting.  
As for example, if a choleric body of large veins replete with hot humours, be bitten through the skin by a mad dog, that with his biting casteth forth store of that virulent some or matter contained in his mouth, being sharp and hot, he will become mad commonly in the space of one month after he is bitten, and some time sooner, as within a week, especially if it be in the heat of summer, and coupled with other bad causes, as an apt disposition of the body, thereto etc. If timely prevention be not used. And the worse constitution of body a man is of, the more dangerous is the biting: but if the bitten body be of a cold complexion, such as are the phlegmatic or melancholic, or the biting but slight, or the venomous matter proceeding from the dog, but small in quantity, or not very malign & piercing, then is it longer before the bitten body be tainted with madness. And by this reason it hath come to pass, that some after the biting have felt no hurt (more than a little ache and smarting of the wound) till a quarter of a year after. Some not in a year or two, 
〈…〉  or three, or 7. yea (as Galen reporteth, some not till 16. years after, or as Guanerius, not till 18. years after, which he verifieth by a story of one that so many years after he was bitten, fell mad and died so within three days after. For such is the condition of this poison, that when it hath lain lurking in the body long before it be perceived, it breaketh out, when it beginneth to stir, with much more violence, and maketh a quicker dispatch, than otherwise. Which if we duly consider, it is no wisdom for any man, be he never so lightly hurt, or feel as little present pain as may be thereby, to be secure and careless in seeking present remedy upon such a chance. For by often experience it hath been seen, that not only the biting is of force to cause madness, but even the foam or slaver of a mad dogs mouth, if it touch any bare part of the body, and be not speedily wiped or washed away with salt water, or the ●ine of a boy, or such like, especially if any skin be broken where the slaver abideth, or the body bitten be tender, thin skinned, weak or  with bad humours; such being the subtle and piercing nature thereof, that it speedily passeth through the poors of the skin, and then by little and little maketh itself way into the small veins, arteries and sinews, & so in process of time assaileth the heart, and disturbeth the brain.  
Now than if so great hurt may proceed from dogs, why do we make them so familiar companions with us, and use them with so great delight, seeing we may endanger ourselves thereby sooner and sorer than we imagine? Surely the reason is, because the dog is so necessary a beast as men cannot well tell how to want. For the Mastiff dog is a most trusty servant in a country house, a Butchers one hand, and by his admirable hardiness maketh many great men in love with him, for the delight and pastime he giveth them in combating with the terrible Bull and merciless Bear. Yea some of them be so full of audacity, that they will adventure on the Lion the King of beasts. But therein I commend them not, because it savoureth of a rebellion's nature, than which nothing can be more odious in a common wealth.  
Beside the Mastiff, we have other dogs of pleasure, as the land and water Spannels, the one necessary for such as delight in hawking after the partridge and pheasant, the other for water souls: the gentlemanly Greyhound for coursing Buck, Stag, Otter or Hare: the Talbot or Buckhound, more regarded of noble personages: the hounds of ordinary Gentlemen and Yeomen, for Hare, Fox, & Badger. Besides these, we have dogs, as of lesser spirit and courage, so less seemly and necessary, and yet well liked of many, as the shepherds cur, which he would not change for the best hound the King hath, & sundry other country curs, which some keep only to be as watchmen in the night, to lug a Hog and eat up their superfluous crusts and parings. And lastly, we must not forget the fine Lady dog that fares of the best, lodgeth warm and soft, and is tricked up with silver bells, carefully kept from flees, washed and combed with great curiosity, and hath more of this worldly pleasure then many a substantial and honest housekeeper.  
Hear we see such use and acceptation of all these sorts of dogs, as we cannot well spare any of them, who beside, make themselves the better to be liked, because they carry so true and hearty love toward such as they serve, as no brute creatures may be compared with them. As I remember a story of which Saint Augustine is reported to be the Author, wherein is shown an admirable love of a dog to his Master. The story is thus: A certain Priest that had a loving dog, on a time travailing by the way, was met by a thief that bereft him both of his money and life, casting his dead body into anod corner out of the way, and so departed. The dog would not leave his Master's body though dead, but lay by it howling and crying day and night, till by this doing the dead body was sound, which being laid openly to be viewed, the dog still gave his attendance thereon. At length, among other beholders thereof, came the thief that rob and murdered him, making show of as great sorrow as any other: but the dog having spied him, ran at him, and would never leave assailing and barking at him, till the rest of the beholders by noting the dog's demeanour and his former attendance on the dead body, became suspicious of him that he so fiercely assailed: whereupon causing him to be thoroughly examined, he confessed the fact, and was dealt withal according to his desert.  
Scaliger also, 
Exercit. 202.  maketh mention of a certain huntsman that by extremity of cold, was found dead on the top of a snowy mountain, by whose dead body lay a great dog, keeping it in such sort, as he would suffer no man, neither the dead man's friends nor any other, not so much as such as the dog before did know and was acquainted withal, to touch or come near it.  
But having no need to seek so far for ancient and foreign stories, Thomas Lupton in his notes of memorable things, maketh report of no less love in a dog than this, that served an Innkeeper of Ware, a through-faire village in the way to and from London. This dog loved his Master so exceedingly, that after he was dead, he sought him up and down certain days, with so great sorrow and mourning, as nothing could comfort him, neither would he eat or drink at all. At length, not finding him whom he so carefully sought for, he laid himself down in the hot coals in the chimney, from whence being plucked divers times, he notwithstanding would do so still, till he had burnt himself to death. Though many wives love their husbands dearly, yet I think very few of them would adventure to make demonstration of their love by such a conclusion.  
As by these examples, the exceeding love of dogs toward such as they serve, is noted for one special cause of the regard that is made of them, so are they besides this, much esteemed for their ingenuous and witty capacity in learning many pretty and strange things.  
But as for these and such like causes we love and like them, so if we would consider well the great hurts they often do, and may procure both to man and beast by their madness, which no creature is thought so subject unto as they, we should rather providently have an eye to them and beware of them, than so familiarly entertain them as we do: especially, if we did bethink ourselves that this familiarity betwixt us and them, maketh us the less circumspect in preventing the hurt which in a moment we may catch by them. For some Writers affirm, that there is no means to help or cure either man or beast, that by the biting of a mad dog are become mad. 
Lib. 5. cap. 3.  And Paulus Aegineta saith, he never knew above one or two cured of this kind of madness, and those not immediately bitten of a dog, but bitten of such persons as were fallen mad by the biting of a mad dog. Now if any desire to know into what kind of passions such do fall as are bitten of these creatures, and not helped before they be grown mad, let them mark these stories following.  
One Baldus of Trident, Doctor of both laws, and a very famous man in his profession, had a little fine Lady dog, that he did take much delight in, and would often play with him. This dog on a time (as Mathiolus reporteth) snapped his Master by the lip, yet so lightly as he made none account of the hurt, neither had the least suspicion that might be of the dog's madness. But hereupon, about some four months after, this famous Lawyer became so lawless, so unruly, so outrageous, and so far beside human sense and behaviour, that notwithstanding all the means which were used for help, he died in that madness very miserably.  
This may be an admonition to all such fine Ladies and Gentlewomen as take pleasure in playing with their beloved chamber-dogs, to have a regardful eye to their chaps.  
Andraeas Baccius Elpidianus a learned Physician, writeth thus of a Patient of his that was bitten by a mad dog, although with so small hurt and offence, as he regarded it not, having the wound healed up within the space of three days. But about a month being past, finding himself more sad and sorrowful than he was wont to be, together with a loathing of himself, and wondering how it should so come to pass, he sent for me (saith Baccius) enquiring the reason and cause thereof, and I finding him weak spirited and lompish, advised him to be careful of his diet, to feed upon comfortable meats and easy of digestion, and to drink wine for the better strengthening of his spirits, more plentifully than he had used to do. To which he answered, that he could neither cat nor drink, whereupon I offering him drink, and noting his impotency in receiving it, opened his mouth, but found no cause there, of his weakness or refusal. Then after long bethinking myself what might be the cause thereof, I asked him whether at any time he had been bitten by any dog. To which he answered, yes, but yet without any great hurt, as he thought. Whereupon, after some words of comfort, I acquainted his wife and other of his friends privately, what danger he was in, wishing them to boat him over the river Tiber, by which he dwelled, and suddenly to throw him in, and souse him well in the water, which they did, himself being very willing thereto. But this practice profiting nothing, I made trial of other means used in such cases, but all in vain. For the same day toward night, he began to rage, and though tormented with intolerable thirst, and a troublesome fever, yet could he not be forced to drink any kind of drink or water, (which is a common accident in this disease.) Then was he strongly bound to a post, yet so great was his fury and madness, that he had almost broken the cords, with a desire to run upon the bystanders, crying away, away; and sometime howling like a dog, gaping wide, tormented with thirst, and as it were holding his mouth open for drink, but when it was cast into his mouth with a spout, he would tremble and quake for fear, continuing in this manner most cruelly vexed with insufferable thirst and hellish heat and burning, until the second day from the beginning of his madness, was near ended, and then he yielded up the ghost in wonderful torture, and no less terror and astonishment to the beholders, being the 36 day after his biting.  
julianus Palmarius also writeth, that he knew a man of the country bitten with a mad dog, who in like manner became mad, & so furious, that he was bound with cords for restraint of his fury, and the hurt he was like to do unto others. Yet sometime this man found intermission of his fits, in such sort as he then would speak and talk sensibly, and would yield to reason. And on a time, in such a kind of intermission and sensibleness, making account he should die very shortly, he desired such as were about him, that he might take his leave of his children: which being permitted, he embraced and kissed them very lovingly, and very shortly after, he yielded up the ghost. But about 7 days after, these his children became as mad as their father, and being vexed with the like tortures, died within few days very pitifully tormented.  
Hieronymus Cardanus in like manner showeth that one Alexander Brasca, a nobleman of Venice, 
Lib. 2. Conten. Medico. Tract. 5.  having a dog fallen mad that he exceedingly loved, which for his madness was taken to be hanged, this man in a foolish kindness, would needs kiss his beloved dog before his execution. But such was the sequel of this kissing, as himself became mad also in very short space after, and died very miserably.  
Matthaeus de Gradibus saith, 
Cons. 82.  that one john Coqueran, by the only putting of his hand into a mad dogs mouth, became mad himself thereby. And P. Andraeas Matthiolus testifieth, that he saw two men vexed with this kind of madness, by the only sprinkling of a mad dogs slaver upon them, without being bitten at all.  
Baptista Codronchus a late writer, 
Iab. 1. de Hydrophob. cap. 5.  saith he knew a certain rich man of Saint Peter's castle in the dition of Bononia, who seeing a little dog of his that he dearly loved, enraged so with madness, as he ran up and down gaping and foaming at the mouth, he supposing that some bone had stuck in his mouth or throat, would needs try with his hand, the plucking out thereof, but was for his kindness so bitten by this his darling, that thereupon he became cruelly tortured with the fear of water and convulsions, and the seventh day after in great misery and torment, took his leave of this world. He was twice or thrice cast into the water and enforced to drink it, but without any relief at all. Hereby we may see, not only the cruelty of this kind of poison, but also learn to take heed of it in time. But though the foam or slaver of a mad dog be by all men's consent, of a most virulent nature, yet Petrus Salius Diversus a very learned and intelligent Physician, cannot be persuaded, that by only touching of the skin of ones body, it can be of force to procure madness, except the skin be broken in that part which the foam toucheth. Yet surely I for my part do verily believe, that if it be suffered to lie long upon the sound skin, it will work such an effect in the end, in some sooner, in some later, according to the constitution and disposition of the party bitten, and the poisonous degree of such filthy slaver.  
Philostratus an ancient writer, 
Hist. 6. lib. 18. in vita Apollonij Tyanei.  hath a story of a young man, that being bitten with a mad dog, was within a little while after so altered from all human manners and conditions, that he became altogether doglike in his behaviour. For he would bark, and sit on the ground like a dog, and when he offered to go, it was still upon all four, using his hands as his feet, as apes do, continuing in this wretched estate the space of thirty days together, julian Palmarius before named, affirmeth that he had seen horses, oxen, sheep, and other cattle become mad upon the eating of such straw or hay, as mad swine had tumbled in.  
Yet this is a mischief that few people hitherto have greatly made account of; which slight regard of a thing so full of peril, hath been one special cause, that hath moved me to publish the danger thereof, in such manner as by the beholding of other men's harms, the readers hereof may hereafter become more circumspect and wary, and when occasion serveth seek remedy with speed.  
This kind of madness is called in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in latin Rabbis, or Furor, of the Greek verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 1. Rabie percellor, insanio. The greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 doth also signify furorem, fury, but that is such a manner of fury as belongeth to reasonable creatures, rather than bruit beasts. And Rabbis taken rather for doggish-madnes, than furor, hath this property attributed to it, that although the sick thereof be extremely tormented with thirst and heat, yet do they so wonderfully abhor and fear the sight, yea (as some have observed) the very noise or speech of water and other drink, as they will in no wise taste thereof, but tremble and quake when they look on it, and therefore by all means avoid it. Some in stead of rabbiss, call it hydrophobia that is to say waterfeare. But this seemeth rather a consequent to rabbiss, and to come upon the stage in the very last act of this tragedy.  
My purpose was not in a matter of such a subject, as may be shut up in so small a room as this, to stand curiously upon any bookish method for the handling here of; but rather as compendiously without multiplicity of words, as I could, to set abroach the knowledge thereof in our vulgar language, in manner of a caveat or watchword, to all such as have use and dealing with dogs: though notwithstanding I think it not amiss, here to show some definition or description of this infirmity, for the plain explanation of it: although very few have vouchsafed so much in the treaty hereof: & therefore for avoiding of tediousness I will produce only one, which in my conceit doth more significantly express the nature of this infirmity, than any other that I have read, which is thus out of Baptista Codronchus.  
Rabbis, 
Lib. 1. de hydroph. Cap. 1.  That is to say, Doggish madness, is an affect beside nature, engendered or bred in a living creature, of some certain peculiar poison, and communicated or imparted to man with a vehement detestation of all liquid things, but especially of water.  
Hereby we may see the original of this proceedeth from such kind of poison, as by the peculiar property thereof, induceth a greater loathing of liquid things, than any other manner of poison is known to do.  
Petrus Salius saith he hath known some of these mad people, that would eat bread and flesh, but especially sugar, in great quantity, while they were tortured with their madfits, but if the sugar were dissolved in wine, broth, or water, they would in no wise taste thereof. And many of them will howl and bark like dogs. Though this manner of madness be accounted so peculiar and proper to dogs as no creatures are found so often afflicted therewith as dogs, and such as have been bitten with dogs, communicating the poison thereof one to another by contagion: yet Palmarius saith, he saw twenty wolves at one time enraged with this kind of madness, that ran forth of a wood together, biting and murdering great numbers of all sorts of cattle. But what are wolves indeed, other than a kind of wild dogs?  
Howbeit Andraeas Baccius affirmeth that the kind of Weasels called Martynnes, and Apes also, have primarily (that is without the biting of any other creature) been found mad. He maketh mention also of a woman that being bitten by a cat, fell mad, and died within 14 days after.  
And again he saith, that he knew a certain Gardiner, who upon the sudden was assailed with an old red cock, and bitten by him on the lefthand that it bled withal. Which Gardiner, the very same day showed his teeth and grinned like a dog, and straight after he offered to leap like a fight cock, at such as were near him, with fierce and staring eyes, and the third day after his biting he died in torment to the terror of the beholders. But it is like, in mine opinion, that both this Cat and Cock were first bitten by some mad dog, and this last the rather, because he made a grinning and show of his teeth like a dog.  
Aristotle also saith that Camels, Horses & Mules have been found mad in like sort, 
Lib. 8. the Hist. animalium.  and myself knew a Mare of great worth, that was mad, but she had been bitten by the nose by a mad dog. And swine I have known mad upon the like occasion, and so I am persuaded that the other creatures named by Aristotle, got their bane also from mad dogs. Yet Petrus Salius showeth some reason to prove that this kind of madness may be caused in man or beast, by some internal principle inbred within them, with out the biting or contagion from any other. And to that end he produceth a story of a woman his Patient, in manner following.  
A certain woman about 36. years of age, sick of a fever, 
Lib. de affect. Particula. Cap. 19  sent for me craving my help. Being come, I perceived that she was vexed with a pestilent fever, whose cure I take in hand, and the 11. day after, I left her restored to health. About so many days after, she fell sick again of a bloody flix and a fever withal. Whereupon she sent for me the second time, and hereof I holpt her in the space of 7. days, saving that a light or mild fever still remained, of whose cure I did deliberate. But before I could effect it, the woman fell into a great loathing and abhorring of all liquid things, and that so exceedingly, as she would neither receive any herself, nor could abide to see any other body drink before her, it being in the midst of summer. Whereupon I supposed her to be sick of a doggish madness called rabbiss. Yet she was well in her wits and understanding, complaining of nothing so much, as the detestation of drink or liquid meats, the sight or imagination whereof, ministered so great horror unto her as was wonderful. Otherwise she was very quiet, and would talk very sensibly. Whereupon I asked whether she had not at any time been bitten of dogs? To which she answered no, neither did ever keep any dog in the house. Then I asked her Mother also whether she had not been bitten when she was a little Girl or Infant? who also answered the like. Upon consideration whereof I began to doubt whether any body might fall into this kind of affliction or hydrophoby by some inbred beginning or occasion, without contagion from any other. The woman could not be cured hereof, but the eight day after died in this manner of passion. The reason of this hydrophoby or waterfeare in this woman, I leave to be discussed of the learned. But in mine opinion this was the less like to proceed from the biting of a mad dog, because it was not accompanied with any other of such accidents as are usually wont to go with it. And though this example be ex raro contingentibus, in a manner matchless, yet Soranus seemeth to parallel this of Salius by a history that he reporteth of a child, whom he saw so fearful of his nurses breast-milk, that it would not abide to taste it, yet no note or knowledge of doggish contagion going before.  

Causes of this infirmity.  
IN searching out the causes of this doggish madness, divers learned writers both old and new, have been very industrious, producing reasons agreeable to the opinions they were of, which here to set down in order, would be more long and tedious, then pleasing & profitable, and therefore I will show briefly such as seem most probable and truthlike. Of which some are immediate and inward: other some mediate and outward. The immediate and inward cause hereof, is a most pernicious and deadly poison engendered and bred of such corruption of humours and notable malignity, as peculiarly fort and most agreeth to the nature of such creatures, as are afflicted therewith.  
Corruption and pravity of humours, is the mediate inward cause of such manner of poison, as the excess of heat and cold, a hot and dry region, or such as is extremely cold and dry, are the mediate outward causes. All which argue that the temperature and complexion of dogs, is not any efficient cause of this infirmity, though like enough to yield some furtherance thereto. For if dogs (being very angry beasts) be restrained or kept much from drink, choler doth so boil in them (as some think) that it joined with the peculiar property of their nature, helpeth forward the breeding of such a malignity as forceth them to madness. Which may happen at any time of the year, but especially in the heat of Summer, and that chiefly in the dog days, or in the extremity of winter. For both these constitutions of the air, though contrary, may work the same effect. For as the extremity of heat is of force to scorch the blood, so the extremity of cold, doth thicken and congeal it in such sort, as for want of difflation it be cometh gross and black, & thereby infected with so evil a quality, as giveth occasion of madness. And therefore in these regions where the Summer season is most hot, and the winter most cold, are commonly found most store of such dogs. But the very true cause indeed why a dog is more quickly & easily turned mad than any creature else, is his peculiar and natural property and inclination to such a malady, more than of any other living creature.  
Among outward causes contagion or the biting one of an other is the chief. Their feeding also upon carrion, especially such as have died of any murrion or rot, or been stricken dead with thunder, or poisoned by the biting or stinging of any venomous beasts: or their eating of corrupt, rotten, stinking or very salt or spiced meats: much sorrow for want of their lost masters: for hereupon many times, they hunt up and down so long, without eating or drinking, that by their restless travail, want of meat and drink, joined with mourning & grief, their blood is so chafed and distempered, as it ministereth great occasion of breeding this kind of fearful passion. For as dogs do exceedingly love those whom they serve, so will they as much grieve for the loss of them.  
A dog's love saith Ascanius Mancinellus hath this peculiar property above the love of other creatures, that the more his Master beateth him, the more entirely he will love him, and thereupon in a merry conceit, he seemeth to prove a woman's love and a dogs to be contrary one to the other, in that (as he saith) If a woman be beaten but once by her husband, she will do her uttermost to repay it again a hundredth fold.  
Aetius out of Rufus and Posidonius, 
Tetru●. 1. Ser. 2. cap. 24.  saith, that dogs being hot and dry by nature, do get an other kind of heat and dryness in the Summer time, by the ambient air, and by the immoderate intemperature thereof do become mad.  
Galen saith, that no creature is troubled with this kind of madness, but only dogs. Which speech of his, hath tried the wits of many men in searching out the truth thereof. Of whom, some think it understood by Galen, for the most part, or none so mad as dogs, or none vexed with such a kind of madness primarily, that is, from their own peculiar nature, as dogs be, but that such as are infected with this kind of madness, have it commonly from dogs by contagion. 
〈…〉  Galens' words be these: Cum enim reliquorum animalium nullum rabie capiantur, solus canis co affectu corripitur.  
Thomas A Viega commenting upon these words saith: Liege (nullo alio capto) solus: significat manentibus alijs multis sanis, canem corripi ob promptitudinem temperamenti: non quasi alia non rabiunt.  
Petrus Salius, saith, Credatur hoc ab eo fuisse factum ob non habitam ab eo rei experientiam etc. That is, Let it be supposed that Galen spoke thus, not upon any experience he had of this matter, which if he had seen, or heard any faithful testimony thereof, he would surely have revoked this opinion, and not have avouched, that only dogs and none other creatures are tainted with this manner of madness.  
Ascanius Mancinellus endeavouring to explain Galens' meaning, saith: Quando Galenus dicit canem solum etc. That is, When Galen saith that a dog only is troubled with this kind of madness called rabbiss, it is to be understood, first and principally, by reason he is more apt thereto than any other living thing, but other creatures by a secondary means, and accidentally: for that this rabbiss, which inferreth the terrible passion of waterfeare, seemeth to be the proper passion of dogs, as a thing more often and rather afflicting them, than other living creatures. Which seemeth the more probable, for that of other creatures, not one among a thousand is found to be affected with this manner of madness; and such things as so seldom happen, are esteemed as though they never happened. Beside this, the truth hereof seemeth more apparent, because I never found in any author or expositor, that the signs and notes accompanying this disease, have been described and spoken of in other mad beasts, or that such as have been bitten by them, have fallen into the passion of waterfeare, as it falleth out in those that are bitten by a mad dog. Therefore we may very well conclude, that this kind of affection belongeth properly and principally to dogs, and secondarily to other creatures, and thereby it may seem no absurdity to say, that their madness is not vera rabbiss, because it wants the right notes of rabbiss, but rather a kind of fury caused by adustion of humours, according to part, and not according to the whole. And this I think may suffice for the explaining of Galens' meaning, though more I could produce.   

Signs of a mad Dog.  
WHen a dog is become mad, 
jacobus Grenious, lib. 1. de Venenis, cap. 35. & alij.  he is commonly altered in the whole habit and temperature of his body, growing lean, dry and thirsty, yet refusing drink, and fearing or flying from water and bright things. He is sad and pensive, hanging down his head, or bearing it more toward one side than another: his eyes be red and fiery, his countenance horrible and very unpleasant; and Paulus saith he is altogether dumb and seldom able to bark. Yet some say, he will now and then bark at his own shadow, but with a very hoarse voice. His ears hang down, he dreveleth and foameth at the mouth and nose, his tongue hangeth out, being of a red or blackish colour, he bloweth short, refuseth both meat and drink, his tail hangeth loosely, or is clapped betwixt his legs: he goeth drowsily, and when he runneth, he reeleth to and fro, yet runneth he then faster than he was wont; he knoweth neither his Master, nor any of the household, but will bite them as soon as any other. What creature soever he meeteth, either wild or tame, he will offer to bite it. In his running or going, he will stop sometime upon the sudden. All other dogs are afraid of him, and run from him if they may: but if they meet him on the sudden, they will crouch down to him and flatter him for fear.  
These are noted to be the signs of an absolute mad dog, but many mad dogs want some of these signs.  
Therefore when one is bitten with any dog whatsoever, because Galen saith, 
Lib. de ther. ad Pison. cap. 16.  that the biting of a mad dog, is like, and nothing different in show or feeling, from the biting of one that is not mad. Oribasius, and other ancient Writers, set down this for a trial, namely, to take the kernel of a Wainut well bruised, and lay it upon the bitten place, according to the Greek writers, a day and a night, but Isaac and Haly abbess, think a night sufficient, Avicen, only an hour, of which opinion is Gentilis, if the kernel be applied presently after the biting, but otherwise not. Some again say, if the wound be great and bleed much, that an hour is sufficient, because that in great wounds a nut will much sooner drink up the poison than in small. Therefore the smaller wounds require a longer time. When it is taken of, cast it to Hens, who if they eat it and die the next day after, it is a manifest sign that the dog was mad; or as some say, if they refuse to eat it. Or take a piece of bread, wet in the bleeding wound of one bitten, then offer the same to some other hungry dog to eat; if he refuse to taste of it, that is taken for a very had sign. Yet some think that these are not sufficient trials to repose trust upon, and therefore it were better to note diligently whether the biting dog be afraid of water or not, for that is accounted a certain sign of madness, if he fear and refuse the sight of it. This kind of fear is named of the Greeks', 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and is for the most part, an inseparable sign of a mad dog, or of any other thing that is mad by the biting of a dog. Neither can they abide the sight of any thing that is bright, as to behold a looking glass, or such like.  
Among dogs, such are noted to be most apt to become mad, as are swiftest of foot, fullest of agility in body, leanest of constitution, and in colour red or black.  
A man bitten of a mad dog, first becometh sad and full of imaginations, after the poison beginneth once to work, muttering and talking to himself, and being asked a question, answereth little to the purpose. He is afraid, where is no cause of fear, his sleep weareth away, he feeleth grypings in his stomach, and shuneth the company of men; his countenance becometh wild and ghastly, he is exceeding thirsty, his voice groweth hoarse, his eyes red and fiery, flying the light, and sometime weary without any manifest cause; his face sweaty, he is very prone to anger more than he was wont to be, his mind is far out of order. For the venom having made itself a way through the small veins and arteries into the great, in process of time getteth up to the brain, where it perverteth and corrupteth the imagination, reason, and memory. Yea sometime it so infecteth the sinews, as he is vexed with grievous cramps, and cruel convulsions, and in the end forceth him so far out of his wits, as he will offer violence both to himself and all that he is in company withal, especially with his teeth like a dog, and will howl and bark after a doggish manner, fearing the sight of water, or any bright thing, and (as some Writers affirm) imagining that therein he seethe a dog, which of all creatures he feareth and abhorreth most.  
Beside these remembered notes, Salius mentioneth one, which he avoucheth to be infallible, although never observed before by any but himself: which is a feeling of some kind of pain in the bitten place, though the wound have been healed long before. For when the bitten body beginneth to grow into madness, he sensibly feeleth a pain, though not very great, in the place that he was bitten in, which creeping from place to place, about three or four days after it beginneth, or a little more, ascendeth to the brain, where it causeth a kind of giddiness and a certain manner of confusion withal, whereby the sick body beginneth to stagger and reel this way and that way, and shortly after, falleth stark mad.  
This sensible feeling of pain in the bitten place when the mad humour beginneth to stir, which Petrus Salius calleth an infallible note of this malady, never before observed by any but himself, as he saith, seemeth to be verified by a story of a mad body, related by an excellent Physician called D. Abel Roscius of Lausanna, in an epistle of his to Guiliel. Fabritius that notable Chirurgeon of our time. The story as he hath reported it, is, as followeth.  
A certain very honest Matron, the daughter of a famous Doctor, and married not passed two years before to a Nobleman, one well known to me, and very near allied, as she passed one day through the city, Anno Domini 1581. was suddenly set upon by a mad dog and bitten in the left arm. The neighbours and other that were in her company, being much grieved at this mishap, killed the dog presently, and without delay were learned Physicians sent for, who prescribed exquisite remedies, causing them to be applied to the part affected accordingly, not omitting the administration of wholesome antidotes and apt preservatives inwardly. The bitten arm was straightly bound about the wound, and local medicines of drawing faculty for the bringing forth of the venom, were applied. After which a Chirurgeon seared the place with a hot iron, so that within a few days space the woman (as it pleased God was quite healed) or seemed so to be, no hurt appearing in her arm, nor scarce any scar perceived, neither was there any suspicion of the least jot of poison remaining. But mark I pray you what followed. In the seventh year after it was healed, she was afflicted with much more cruel and grievous accidents: In the arm that was bitten she felt a most intolerable pain, like as it had been torn and gnawed with the teeth of dogs: Very shortly after, she became furious, distract in mind, full of grief and sorrow, void of sleep, vexed with unquenchable thirst, and after this with a fever and exceeding decay of strength, abhorring meat extremely, but not drink, neither did she refuse such liquid things as might assuage her thirst. We thought her hard at death's door because we saw no hope of life or health in her. Yet so notable remedies were with all diligence administered to her by Physicians, and so well she was attended by her domesticals, as beyond all hope, she recovered health again in few days. Seven years after this invasion, and in the fourteenth year after the dogs biting, and in the third year after the death of her husband, she began again to be most miserably tortured, her fit still beginning in her left arm. She felt extreme pains, was vexed with vomiting and incredible belching, enduring all the symptoms that are wont to proceed from  choler, want of sleep and exceeding thirstiness. In the bitten place she felt most cruel prickings shootings and exquisite pains, yet by good means she was again helped, I being still present with her, and seemed perfectly cured. Howbeit, I deemed that her griefs were rather dulled and as it were brought a sleep, then quite extinguished, although she continued in this good state six years together, as afterward it appeared. For in the twentieth year after her biting, her former griefs returned again, which being yet then also assuaged, they vexed her the next year following, and the very next year after this she had to grievous fits thereof, and the next after that, three, and this last year two. Her fits in the three former years were oftener, but shorter. In almost every one of the mutations of these times, her pains still began in her bitten arm, I fear it will be her death shortly. Of all this I am a witness, and have been still present, etc. Thus far D. Abel Roscius.  
This story is produced as a thing of rare contingence. The chief cause of the so often redintegration of these mad sits in this Gentlewoman, (in mine opinion) was, for that the wound at the first curing thereof, was healed up to soon. For it should have been kept open and from healing, the space of forty days at the least: and again, because the hot iron was applied before sufficient abstertion and correction of the venomous matter contained therein, by convenient lotions and the application of ventozes or horseleeches, to the place affected.  
Aetius, an ancient writer, reporteth a story of a Philosopher, that being bitten with a mad dog, and at length perceiving his growing into that infirmity, went to wash himself in a bath, wherein he thought he saw a dog. Whereupon musing a pretty while, at length he took courage and leapt into the bath, saying, what have dogs to do with baths, and striving against the growing infirmity, drank his belly full of the bath water, and so holpt himself.  
Dotage, or idle talking, hath been noted to be one special accident that usually followeth such as are growing into the extremity of this evil, though always it falleth not out so. For Peter Salius before named, who had good experience of this bad malady, saith, he knew some in great extremity without any show or token of dotage, and so sensible, that being persuaded to drink at such time as they have trembled at the sight thereof, have requested the offerers of it, that they would close their eyes or blindfold them, that they might not see the drink or water offered them, and then bade them cast into their mouths what they thought good, or any thing else mixed with their drink that might be for their help. And when they grinned or gnashed with their teeth, and after a doggish fashion, were forced by the strength of the poison working in them, to offer to bite such as were near them, they would pray the bystanders, to hold or bind them fast, that they might not hurt any body by their biting, wishing them not to put their hands, or any part of their bodies to their mouths, lest they should snap at them; for so the poisonous infection enforced them to do. These, saith he, I have known to lament their own misery, being greatly grieved, that they sought not for help in due time, committing themselves in all things to God's mercy, craving of him forgiveness of their sins, etc.  
If a man that is fallen mad by the biting of a mad dog, do bite an other man, woman, or child, they likewise will be mad in time, except by good means it be speedily prevented. Yet this madness caused by a mad man's biting, is much more easily prevented and cured, than the madness of such as have it immediately from a dog. Howbeit, the biting of some mad men or women, that is, such as be black or red haired and freckled, is worse than the biting of other colours: and among other, such as be fasting.  
It hath been much debated among Writers, which should be the chief and most special place affected in this malady; some thinking that the sinews were, because of the grievous convulsions that the sick have been vexed with sometimes. Other, that the brain, in which resteth the seat of the reasonable soul. Some, the mouth of the stomach, observing their manner of vomiting, yesking, and insatiable thirst. Some, the heart only. But others (whose opinion liketh me best) do believe that not only place or part of the body is affected therewith, but many, as the heart, stomach, midriff, head, etc. For if the venom do first pierce the veins or arteries, it passeth directly to the liver and heart. If it first take possession of the sinews, it mounteth thereby to the brain & the membranes or skins enclosing it, whereupon follow such terrible convulsions as they are many times afflicted withal, and by consent from thence the mouth of the stomach and consequently the heart. For they are not troubled with any fever till the heart be touched, which indeed is the part that all manner of poison either mediately, or immediately doth invade.  
Now if I be asked why mad dogs do so greatly fear water, 
The cause of hydrophobia or waterfeare.  For answer I will produce the opinions of sundry learned Writers concerning this point.  
Hieronymus Capinaccius out of Galen de theriaca ad Pisonem, bringeth this for one reason: Namely, because a mad dog is so exceeding dry, as he hath great need and desire of moisture, but being distracted in his mind and perseverance, despiseth it, and flieth from that which might do him good.  
This, and divers other opinions of ancient and some modern Writers, are learnedly disproved by Baptista Codronchus, who afterward yieldeth his approbation to others more like to be true.  
But why do men which are reasonable creatures, fear also and tremble at the sight of water or other moisture or liquors, when they be mad by the biting of a mad dog?  
This saith Capinaccius, proceedeth from the great abundance of melancholy, that sendeth up a dark black vapour to the brain, whereby the animal spirit is made so thick and cloudy, that the action thereof is hurt and perturbed.  
But why do they fear water more than any other object?  
Because of the want of moisture, which is in such a manner, as the moist form of water hath gotten a fearful impression hereof in the brain.  
But if water be brought them, why is their fear sometime increased, and sometime they be ready to vomit at the sight thereof?  
They be always in fear, though they see no water, but when they see it, their fear is much more increased at the beholding thereof; calling sometime to mind their biting, with an imagination that they see a dog therein: and they become apt or ready to vomit, because the mouth of the stomach is affected with poison, whereby is stirred up therein a certain heavy and grievous sense that is imparted to the inward sense, and is a cause that from the brain is imparted that loathsome and hurtful desiring power: whereby, like as if the animal spirit be rightly offered from the brain to the mouth of the stomach, the appetite is good, and thereto agreeth the attractive power of the stomach: even so while there is offered from the brain, a vicious or corrupt appetiting faculty, there followeth loathing and aptness to vomit, whereto assenteth the expulsive faculty: which is the cause that they vomit up such water as they drink.  
herewithal may reason be inferred for the reconciling of two famous Physicians that seem to have uttered contrary opinions or doctrines: that is Galen and Avicen: This man saith, that mad men die upon the drinking of water, and Galen, contrariwise saith, that the drinking of it is good for them. To which it is answered, that if the madness be in the beginning, the drinking of water is wholesome: but if it be far gone, and the fear continueth, then do they die by drinking thereof, because the vital spirit is almost wholly dissipate, so that upon small occasion and very speedily it is extinguished.  
julian Palmarius thinketh, that (whatsoever the right cause of their fearing of water may be) there is some extreme antipathy or contrariety betwixt that madness and water, because (beside this exceeding fear of water) it hath been observed by experience, that if the new bitten wound be but washed with water, the bitten body can afterward very hardly or never be cured & freed from madness: for that the water by this antipathy driveth & forceth this kind of poison so deeply into the body, as it cannot be fetched out again, or very hardly. Therefore it behoveth such as be bitten, to take heed of washing the wounds with fresh water. This opinion of Palmarius seemeth very truthlike.  
Petrus Salius very little differing in opinion from Palmarius saith, that the poison of doggish-madnes followeth no peculiar temperament, but is a poison of the whole substance: which being communicated to man, very slily or secretly polluting the humours without any sense or perseverance of hurt, and by little and little creeping from part to part, as soon as ever it toucheth any principal part, it disturbeth and greatly vexeth it, causing great thirstiness. At which time, if the sick do drink or take any liquid thing, they are tormented very extremely in their inward parts. This cannot be by reason of any temperature, because they feel one kind of torture whether they drink hot liquor or cold; but by the peculiar nature of that kind of poison, which as it is a poison hurtful to man for the whole substance thereof, so hath it an antipathy or contrary disposition in it to all liquid things, by which it becometh so exasperated and cruel, as the inward parts by the terrible pangs and gripings thereof, are more miserably vexed then otherwise they should be. This saith Salius, I have noted to be the cause from whence they have even from the beginning abhorred liquid things, because all with one consent, have affirmed that by the drinking of them, they have been exceedingly afflicted. After the trial whereof, they have loathed and detested all sorts of liquors so greatly, as the only sight of them, hath given occasion to turn them into the like tortures, and sometime worse.  
This opinion seemeth so well to be liked of Codronchus, that he nothing dissenteth from it. But otherwise, so different have been the opinions of other Writers, as the true cause of this Hydrophohie or waterfeare, seemeth so secret and hidden, as the most learned and ingenuous have been and are encumbered by the search thereof, and therefore for brevity I leave it, and pass to the cure of this miserable and fearful kind of madness.   

The Cure.  
WHEN one is bitten of a dog, and resteth doubtful whether he were mad or not, it were good to make a trial, by moistening a piece of bread in the bloody wound, and offering it to a hungry dog, which if he refuse to eat, it is very like that the biting dog was mad. For this trial hath been found more assured than the giving it to Pullen. For so exquisite is the smelling sense of dogs, as they are able to discern thereby that poisonous infection which they are so apt to be hurt by. But hens and poultry have been seen to eat such kind of bread or nut kernels as have been moistened in the wound, without any hurt thereby.  
It were good also to note or hearken, whether he did bite any other creature else, or whether he were noted to be afraid of water, or the sight & beholding of looking glasses, or other bright things.  
If the biting dog were known or found to be mad, & the wound that he hath made be great, suffer it to bleed well a good while together, that some part of the poison may come forth with the blood. But withal let the bitten member be presently bound about, three or four fingers breadth above the wound, with a garter or such like thing reasonable hard, for the better restraint of the poisons piercing. For this kind of practice by the testimony of Galen, and the experience of others, hath been found very profitable in prohibiting the speedy piercing of poison by the bitings of serpents and venomous creatures. Yet if the part bound do grow benumbed & senseless by the hardness of the binding, let it be slackened somewhat, lest the bound member might thereby be mortified. But if the bitten wound be in such a part as cannot be handsomely bound, then let some astringent medicine be applied some reasonable distance above the wound, such as this: Take oil of roses and myrtils, each an ounce, of bowl armenake, sanguis draconis, myrtils and sumach, each half a dram; Temper these together with the white of an egg well beaten, and a little vinegar, then spread it upon a linen cloth, and bind it above the wound, moistening it with vinegar, or laying to fresh when it is dry. Or if the rest cannot presently be gotten, then in the mean time till they may be gotten, use the white of an egg beaten with a little vinegar. Yet always provided, that these or such like astringent medicines, be applied quite beyond the place of the poisons abiding: For if the poison have gotten beyond them, they may be a means to force it further into the body.  
But if the wound be small and nothing perceived but the foam or slaver about it, then wash away the foam with the urine of a boy, or with lie, or such like, and then dilate or enlarge it, by paring away the flesh round about, that the hole may be round which some call circination. For by this means the wound will the more easily be kept open, and not heal so soon as otherwise it would. Which manner of practise Galen doth approve. Lib. de theriaca ad Pisonem. Cap. 16. Some only scarify or scotch the skin round about it, that it may bleed reasonable well. After the use of circination or scarification, let ventozes or cupping-glasses be set on with a good flame, and then either cauterize it with a hot iron or rather with a cautery of gold, except the place be sinowe and very sensible. This cauterizing is commended by all writers as the most sure remedy for the extinguishing of the virulent matter contained in the wound, which though it be terrible to the eye, yet the pain thereof continueth not so long as that which is caused by a potential cautery. This must not be slightly done, but strongly set on and deeply pressed in, as Guilielmus Fabritius a famous and singular Chirurgeon upon his often experience herein, seriously adviseth, saying, I speak by experience. For the more the wound is put in a heat and inflamed, the sooner will the poison be drawn forth.  
After it is seared, let the escharre or crust be caused to fall as soon as is possible, by often anointing it with a mixture made of liquid varnish, the white of an egg and fresh butter. Or with fresh butter of itself as hot as the party can endure it. And if the crust by these means come not off within two days space, then may it be removed by some instrument and handy operation, lest by the long continuance thereof the venomous matter that remaineth unconsumed, may get a new strength, and the ulcer be sooner cured than is convenient for this malady. For it should be kept from healing the space of forty days at the least.  
Or after the ventozes be removed, there may be set on horseleeches for the more effectual drawing forth of the venomous blood, and then to cauterize as is aforesaid.  
But if the bitten place be of exquisite sense, or in tender bodies, these means ought rather to be used to the parts next adjoining then to it, laying or apply-more mild things upon the biting. As if the bitten body can get one that will suck out the venom with his mouth, that is the gentlest way, most harmless, and yet very effectual. But he that sucketh the wound must look he have no raw or skynles, or ulcered part in his mouth, lest he catch hurt himself while he doth his good will to help another. And though his mouth be whole, yet it is good for him to rinse or moisten it with some sweet oil, before he go to sucking. For so he shall keep the venom from taking hold on any part thereof. Next to this, is commended the application of the fundaments of live cocks or hens, having the feathers plucked from about them and held to a good while together, and if one die thereby, then set to another presently, holding their b●● close that they breathe not. For so they will draw the more forcibly, continuing this as long as any dieth by the strength of the poison. Some rather like that these fowls or young pigeons, should be split through the midst alive, and so laid to one after another or young whelps in like sort.  
Such as cannot abide the searing with a hot iron, called an actual cautery, may have some potential cautery applied to the biting, after the washing, scarifying, and cupping thereof as before hath been declared, among which kind of cauteries, argentum sublimatum tempered with some cooling ointment is much commended, as a most helpful medicine, and the crust which it causeth, doth commonly fall off within two days, if it be often anointed with butter.  
Aetius commendeth the laying of stamped leeks, or bread tempered with salt or onions or garlic upon the bitten place, but especially this composition. Take of shall fossil, an ounce, of aerugo russa, as much, of the seeds of Horehound a dram. Let these be kept dry in a box of brass, use them first dry, till a crust be grown on the wound, then use them tempered with the oil of roses till the crust fall off.  
In very tender bodies, some lay to the wound a plaster of pigeon's dung and green rue stamped together. Or mustard seed stamped with walnut kernels, garlic, salt and honey laid to plasterwise.  
Ambrose Paraeus affirmeth that treacle dissolved in aqua vitae, or generous wine excelleth all other remedies, to rub the green wound withal hard till it bleed, & after the wound is clean wiped & dried, to lay lineaments to the place tempered therewith; after the removing whereof it is good to lay on garlic or onions beaten with salt and turpentine. With this only remedy he cured one of the daughters of the noble Lady Gron, that was bitten in the calf of the leg with a mad dog.  
I have read great commendations in an old written book of this medicine followings as sure remedy to help the biting of a mad dog.  
Take wormwood, rue, honey, and salt stamped well together, and lay it plaster-wise to the bitten place, and it will draw out the poison, seize the pain, and take away the swelling.  
The very like is noted also by Levinus Lemnius Lib. 3. the occult. naturae mirac. Cap. 13. And by joh. Huera. de capitis morbis. Cap. 13.  
Dioscorides prescribeth an emplaster made of garlic, onions, and wheat-cornes chewed in one's mouth, which hath been proved very effectual for the poorer sort of people and robust bodies. It draweth forth the pison & dilateth the ulcer, but many times it causeth very great pain, which willbe somewhat amended by tempering it with oil of Hypericon, or oil of worms. If it be laid to every other day, it will suffice.  
Galen lib. de theriac. ad Pison. affirmeth that he hath applied plaster-wise, only treacle mixed with oil of roses, with very happy success.  
It is much commended, to dress the ulcer daily with precipitata as a thing that both keepeth it from healing, and draweth out the poison.  
Or mix precipitata with any convenient ointment or emplaster, and some use it alone, because it is very forcible to draw the poison from the depth.  
All these remedies do cause pain more or less, but Guiliel. Fabritius saith, he regardeth not the pain they cause, so that it be not excessive, because pain in this case is very profitable; for with the attraction of his humours, it draweth the venom outward to the mouth of the wound.  
His manner was after he had cauterized the wound, to lay upon it bombast moistened with aquavitae that treacle hath been dissolved in, and after that to lay on this plaster following being spread upon linen.  
Take of onions somewhat roasted in the embers of leaven, and the powder of mustard seed, each an ounce, of treacle half an ounce, of the leaves of rue and scordium each half a handful, mix them in a mortar by adding a little honey. The next day after this manner of dressing, he separated as much of the crust as he could with a penknife, and then again applied the same medicines, till the crust were quite removed, and then to prohibit the closing up of the ulcer, he thrust a pease into it twice a day, and by this means kept it from healing as long as he thought good.  
Some to keep the ulcer open, and draw forth the venom, lay on a plaster made of garlic, onions, and the powder of mercury beaten together.  
If the ulcer be about to dry up, Rhasis adviseth to lay on a piece of the salt fish called Tunnus, or salt beaten, or to sprinkle it with vinegar. But never let it be washed with fresh water, but rather with pure wine, as Paulus adviseth, or with hot foamentations of camomile and lapathum, that is docks, boiled in water, to procure it to bleed, sucking it first, or rubbing it strongly with the hand, or with scarification, or by setting to of horseleeches or ventozes.  
It is said that the ashes of a figtree cast upon the bitten place, being closed up, will open it again. But for the more surety, it were good withal to scarify it.  
This plaster following is much commended to lay on the sore. Take of the ashes of crabfish burnt, of garlic, mint, gentium, aristolochia rotunda, each two drams: bayberries, bowl armeniake, each a dram. Temper them with the joys of mints and make a plaster, and wash the place often with the urine of a young boy.  
This powder following, is very excellent to be cast on the ulcer twice or thrice a week. Take of the powder of precipitata, of bezerstone, and the powder of angelica roots each a scruple. Mix them together. This doth wonderfully draw forth the malignity, and is of great force against poison.  
Inwardly also must be used Antidotes that have virtue against such kind of poison, as that which is mentioned of Galen, by the prescript of Asinius, made in this manner. Take of fresh water crab fishes dried and beaten to powder, ten drams; of gentium seven rams; of frankincense, one dram. Mix them, and give the bitten body every day three drams in water to drink, for the space of 40. days together. Aetius putteth but five drams of gentium to the rest.  
Another mixture very like this is set down by Diofcorides in this sort. Burn crabfish with the twigs or proinings of vitis alba, that is white bryony, and reserve the powder of gentium roots thus: Take of crab-fish powder three drams; with which may be mixed the powder of gentium one dram and half; of pure wine six ounces. Let so much be drunk four days together, which being ended, let the double or triple quantity be drunk certain other days.  
Some compound them thus: Take of gentian roots two drams, of crab-fish powder three drams; of terra sigillata half an ounce. Mix a dram of this powder with some five or six ounces of the decoction of crabfish, and give it every day to drink. This composition I like very well, and so do I this which followeth, described by joseph Quercetano.  
Take of gentian and valerian roots, each an ounce and half; of Consolida minor (which some take for the herb called Self heal, but other for the daisy) of dry rue and pennyroyal (that some call organy) each a handful; of mummia, and crabfish calcined each an ounce. Boil these together in wine. Of this decoction give the bitten body, about two or three ounces in the morning fasting, for the space of eight days together.  
Until things of greater efficacy can be prepared and made ready, it is thought profitable to give the bitten body some of the mad dogs liver burnt to ashes, and enjoin them withal to a convenient diet, as meats of good juice, & rather moist than dry, & that the body be lose, & prepared with opening roots that have virtue or power to procure urine.  
Aetius commendeth the giving of Treacle, about the quantity of a filbert nut, the three first days, saying that he never knew any fall into hydrophoby, that is the fear of water (which is the extreme and last act of this tragical infirmity) that used to drink treacle. And Petrus Salius also upon his own often experience, giveth it the price above all inward medicines that ever he made trial off. The powder of heart's horn burnt, and the bezour-stone are very good also to be used herein.  
Some beside treacle advise also the use of mithridate, or the confection called Diatessaron, (which specially is commended against the biting of a mad dog) to be given also, after the poison is spread into the veins and arteries, because they think that the inward parts are hereby fortified. Howbeit Capinaccius saith, that the great Antidotes (among which these are the chief) should not be given at all, after one is attached with madness, although before that time they ought to be used with all speed tempered with sorrel water, or the decoction of lapatium acutum, which some call herbe-patience, or some other apt or convenient liquor.  
There is no remedy more usual or better hoped off among the vulgar sort, then presently after the biting, to wash the bitten body two or three days together in sea water. Which hath been found very effectual in some bodies of good complexions, or in light hurts, but it is not catholicon, that is to say it seemeth not in all persons. Nether will it do any good at all, after the first three or four days, from the biting.  
This practice was first devised and used by such as dwell near the sea, whereupon such as have dwelled farther from thence, in imitation of these, have cast their bitten bodies into brackish water, which is so far from doing good, as it is indeed exceeding hurtful, by reason of the antipathy betwixt his kind of poison and fresh water, from which it is very little different.  
Nevertheless Corn-lius Celsus adviseth that such as be entering into hydrophoby, should suddenly be cast unawares into a pool or river of water, and if they be unskilful in swimming, to suffer then to sink into the water, as it may run well into their mouths, & then to raise up their heads again. But if they have skill in swimming, then to souse their heads sometime under the water, that they may drink whether they will or not. For so both their thirst & fear of water, will be amended, as he saith. But in this practice he wisheth one thing to be looked unto, that is, lest their weak bodies be caught with a cramp or convulsion, which if it happen, he wisheth them to be put into a vessel of hot oil, after they have been taken out of the pool. But how weak a remedy this is, hath been by example declared before, out of Andraeas Ba●cius Elpidianus.  
Some put the bitten body into a bath, and make him sweat therein, as long as he is able to endure it, the wound being kept open that the poison thereof might the more easily be soaked out, then do they make him drink a good draft of pure & unmixed wine, which is esteemed a thing contrary to all poisons. This being done three days together, they think the bitten body safe from all danger. This practice is somewhat agreeable to that which the Philosopher before spoken of, used on himself, that Actius maketh mention of.  
But Oribasius would not that any should adventure to bathe themselves, before 20. days after the biting, were expited, and some 40. days: and Avicen admitteth it only in the declination of the evil, that is, after all other medicinal practices, which indeed is most agreeable to reason.  
Petrus Salius saith that the vulgar sort of his country people, put so great confidence in the virtue of holy bread and holy water, that whosoever eateth and drinketh thereof from the hand of a Priest, shall need none other remedy then only this for his cure. But of what force this superstitious remedy is, he showeth by an example of one bitten by a mad dog, who very orderly and devoutly had taken this sanctified bread and water, and had the wound well healed up, as he thought. Yet about two months after, catching a great blow or bruising upon the bottom of his belly, he was presently vexed with a fever, and a doggish madness, with all the symptoms and consequencies, that usually accompany this manner of madness, and very shortly after, in great wretchedness and misery, took his leave of this world.  
After the first three or four days from the beginning of the hurt, if the venom be perceived to be of so quick operation, as it is dispersed through the body, let purging be used, or if it seem to be of slow proceeding, as in phlegmatic and melancholic bodies, whose humours are gross, and passages narrow, let a longer time be passed before purging, having yet a care to apply convenient remedies to the bitten place. And when purging is perceived to be needful, then let it be performed as the occasion shall seem to require, although the matter be neither concocted, nor do boil or move in the body. The like consideration some hold of phlebotomy, though Salius can in no fort like of this in any body tainted with any kind of poison. And indeed the ancient Greeks', as Dioscorides, Galen, Or●basius, Paulus, and Actuarius, where they speak of this infirmity, do show by their silence or not mentioning of phlebotomy, to dislike thereof: and some excellent men of the late writers, as Fracastorius, Fernelius, and Capinaccius, do dissuade the practice of it. But such as do approne it, do withal advise, that it be not in any wise put in practice in the beginning, lest the poison that remaineth then about the bitten place, might thereby be drawn from thence into the inward parts of the body. Nevertheless, when such practice hath been neglected, as aught to have been used at the first, and the venom is perceived to be spread throughout the body, then is it advised as very requisite, to open a vein, especially, if the body be plethoric or full of humours, whether it be in the biting of a dog, or any other venomous beast.  
Or for a more general doctrine this may pass, that in bodies cacochymicke, (that is) where the humours be corrupted, or badly tempered (purging should rather be used, then letting of blood. But in plethoric or full bodies, letting of blood rather than purging. And where is both corruption of humours and plenitude, there should both be used, the conditions still being observed that have been before advised.  
Baptista Codronchus seeing the diversity of opinions concerning this point, and the reasons pro & contra, 
Lib. 2. the Hydroph. Cap. 6.  as a man not well knowing whether part to approve, concludeth with these words. Nos igitur in hoc ancip●ti casu etc. That is to say: We therefore in this doubtful case, having a respect to both, would persuade that there should be evacuation by blood, though not by cutting a vain, but rather by ventozes, set to the lower parts, by which may be drawn out more or less blood as we list, according to the ability of the body, and so may both the plenitude be abated, and the venom be diverted and drawn from the upper, down to the lower extreme parts.  
But now returning to purging. The tenderer bodies may be purged with purgations made of sena epithymum, polypodium, black hell●bor, and such like. But the stronger, with pills made of hellebor, elaterium, veratrum album, and the most uchement medicines, as antimonium, and such like.  
Petrus Salius (a man of great experience in these doggishmaladies) preferreth the use of Elleborus albus (prepared in such sort as he setteth down) before any purgers whatsoever, in these affects, 
Lib. de affect. par. ium. cap. 19  except in weaklings, fearful & extenuate bodies, straight breasted, or troubled with a cough, or other affects of the breast. His manner of preparing and using it, he hath set down at large, and therefore for brevities sake I pass it over, referring the Reader to the place in the Margin cited. This and other strong purges before named, beside their forcible expelling of the poison, have also a secret quality, like either to the offending humours, or the doggish poison, by which they deliver the body thereof.  
This following, is a very good purge in this case: roast a great onion in the embers, (having first made a hole in the top of it, and filled it with good treacle) then stamp it, and strain out the juice with water of pimpinella, or carduus bene●ictus, and mix therewith a sufficient quantity of extractum elleb●ri, and a little of the confection of Hamech, and so give it for a purgation.  
Elaterium may be given to the quantity of their grains in both, or some proper decoction. Or the seeds of Cataputia.  
Some to purge also by urine, make a medicine of Cantharideses, mixed with equal quantity of hulled lentils, and give thereof half a scruple at once, many days together. This is esteemed profitable, by reason that the poison hereby, is led to the bladder, and expelled with bloody urine.  
But Rhasis, and joh. Damascenus, two famous Physicians, prepare cantharides as followeth. Separate from them, their wings, heads, and feet, and infuse them a night and a day in sour butter milk, then dry them, and mix them with the flower of lentils and wine, and so make them up in trochises or little round cakes, of a scruple-weight apiece. Of these little cakes, they gave every day one, in some convenient liquor, many days together. And if it chanced by the use of these, that the sick did piss blood, they gave him new milk to drink, which did amend the acrimony or sharpness of the urine, remedy the bleeding, and so did they prevent the fear of water. Yet some of good judgement and practice, be very jealous and doubtful in giving cantharides into the body, though never so skilfully prepared.  
In the beginning of the disease, cantharides are very profitable to lay to the bitten part. But into the body ought none of these uchement purges by stool & urine, be given in the beginning, while the poisonous matter resteth in the bitten part only, or near it. Nether is phebotomie then to be admitted, as hath been noted before, lest the hurtful pollution be drawn thereby from the outward to the inward parts, and therefore better to be used with the latest, than with the soonest.  
If in any disease Extrema extremis, according to the rule of Hypocrates, aught to be put in practice, then surely in this, as most, both of the ancient and modern Physicians have counseled. For after the poison hereof is once dispersed through the body, then will it not (as they say) be vanquished without the help of extreme and very violent remedies. All which ought to be used before hydrophoby. For that having once gotten the possession, most men are of opinion, that all physic cometh to late.  
Now concerning the government and diet of the bitten body, it is thought best to lodge him in a chamber that is hot and very lightsome, for the better evocation of the spirits and blood to the outward parts of the body, and never suffer him to be alone, but accompanied (if it may be) w●●h such as with pretty pleasing tales, and merry jests, or instruments of music, or both, are able to give refreshment to his dulled spirits. Let no means be used to put him in fear, nor to make him sorrowful. His diet must be in a mediocrity, neither very plentiful, nor slender. Emptiness or want of eating, increaseth the evil quality of humours, which is a very pernicious thing in any malignant ulcer. He may eat of veal, mutton, hens, chickens, or capon's flesh, and such other as breed good juice, being seasoned with the juice of oranges, limmons, citrons, which he may eat by themselves also. And the powders of tormentil, pimpinella, marygolds, borage, and such other like herbs, very good to straw or sprinkle upon his meat.  
Rabbi Moses forbiddeth the eating of pigeons, because, saith he, they be very exceeding hurtful for such as be thus affected, through a special property of substance in them. But contrariwise he commendeth the mutton or flesh of rams, though it breed but bad juice, for that it hath a secret property to do good in this infirmity.  
All writers with one consent approve and counsel the use and eating of fresh water crabfish, for the native & inbred property they have against the poison of this malady, as often experience hath proved.  
Crevices also boiled in good wine, are approved.  
Paulus Aegineta, adviseth, that such meat and drink should chief be used, as is of force to dull and extinguish the strength and working of the poison, and keep it from spreading itself through the bottom of the stomach: both which properties he saith, are performed by drinking of pure wine that is sweet and old; or by drinking of milk, and eating of garlic, onions or leeks.  
Aetius approveth the eating of garlic, and such other sharp and hot meats in the beginning, but not after, lest the poison thereby might become more forcible, but he forbiddeth the drinking of wine.  
Nevertheless, most writers do esteem it very medicinable to drink strong wine at the very beginning, as well as to eat hot and sharp meats. And some like of gross and slimy meats also, that by increasing of obstructions, may the better hinder the piercing of the poison to the principal parts.  
But after five or fix days be passed from the beginning, then will it be best to reduce all to mediocrity, as was said before, and forbear very hot meats and drinks. Then will it be good to use drink of mean strength, in which are steeped the leaves of pimpinella, that is burnt, and the flowers of marigolds. A julep also made of firupe of chicory, and the decoction of sorrel and barley, is good to drink.  
This julep following, is very goodalso to use. Take of the juice of limmons and citrons, each half an ounce, of the juice of sour pomegranates, two ounces, sorrel water and rose water, each an ounce, spring water boiled, as much as will suffice. Make hereof a 〈◊〉 according to art, of which it is good to drink often.  
Roast meats are not so good to be used, as meats boised, especially in some liquor that opening simples apt to procure urine, are sod in.  
Their bread should be made of the best wheat, and well leavened.  
Of fruits they may use, walnut;, sigges, and almonds, and some say that chestnuts have a property to do good.  
Let such as accompany the sick at their meat, take heed they can not of any meat they have tasted. And some think it dangerous also to drink in the cup or glass that they drink in, except it be first very well washed,  
The use of vinegar and sour fruits or herbs, is thought good.  
Some admonish the bitten body, not to touch the cornel tree, nor rest within the shadow of it, or the tree called Sanguinaria, which is the female cornel tree or shrub, nor to sleep under the sernice tree, but to shun them for the space of a whole year, because these trees are reported to have such a kind of property in them, as will quickly hasten forward their madness.  
Sleep, especially if it be much, is hurtful, till the strength of the poison be well abated, or till the sick be much distempered for want of sleep.  
Venereous actions should be forborn a year together.  
It were very requisite that the sick body should be kept indifferent lose or soluble, all the time of his sickness or infirmity, and to go once or twice in a day to stool, and piss freely, if he can.  
Now for the better dilucidation of the manner of curing this kind of malady, I thought it good here to insert the method and means which Franciscus Valleriola, a very learned Physician used, in curing one far gone toward madness, by the biting of a mad dog.  
This man was bitten a little above one of his ankles, 
Obser. lib. 3. Obser. 3.  and thereupon was carried by his friends to a village called Les Sainctes Maries, which of the vulgar sort is accounted a place sacred or hallowed for the curing of such as are bitten by mad dogs, where he was washed & bathed in the sea the space of nine days together; after which he was brought home again to Arles where he dwelled, the wound being grown very grievous. He looked with a writhe or warped countenance, using little speech, and seemed full of meditations like such as be troubled with melancholy. The wound was of a pale or ashy colour, and full of venomous matter, and therefore speedily to be taken in hand. Finding his body very costive, he caused this clyster to be prepared for him.  
℞, Malnar. althaeae cum suis radicib. matrum violar. branc. ursin. mercurialis, melissophylli, ana M, j flor. chamomel, melilot. rorismarin. ana, P, j epithym. ℥ ss. furfuris macri, P, j Fiat omnium decoctio in iure capitis castrati & omasorum, ad lib. j & coletur. In colutura add cathol. ℥ j Confect. hamech, ʒ iij. ol. violar. ℥ iiij. sacchari rub. ℥ j Fiat Clyster.  
This clyster having performed his operation, he presently made the wound to be cauterized with a hot iron, and for the more speedy removing of the crust or scab caused by the searing, he anointed it with a mixture made of fresh butter, the yolk of an egg and swine's grease, and sometime he mixed unguentum basilicum with it. While these things were in hand, he gave preservatives inward, for the subducting of the poisonous infection: and because he was a plethorike young man, and of bad humours also, he did both let him blood & purge him. For he feared not the recoiling or drawing inward of the venomous matter left, because a great part of it had been consumed by washing in the sea, & application of the cautery, and for the remaining poison, he thought it very requisite to do that now, which in the beginning might not be permitted. His cure was, to draw forth as much as he could, by the wound, keeping it open almost 60. days together, and diligently cleansing it; to strengthen the inward parts with appropriate Antidotes: and lastly to heal it up.  
For correcting and qualifying of his melancholic disposition and restraining of the poison, he caused this Apozeme or syrup following, to be made.  
℞, Borag. bugloss. amborum cum radicib. suis, lapatij acuticum toto, ana M. j summata tum fumer. lupulor. & fraxini, ana M. ss. mellissoph. M. j beton. tantundem, sem. citri, acetoes. & card. benedict. ana ʒ ij. polypodij queru. recentis non corrosi, & purum contusi, ℥ j pussulur. exacinaturum, N, vj. Fiat omnium decoctio in aqua hordeacea recenter facta ad lib. ij. & colatur.  
Colatura add succorum Inmar. lupulor. & pomorum redolentium ana ℥ iiij. aceti, ℥ iij. Fiat syrupus cum saccharo clarificatus & aromatizatus cum pulvere theriaculi Guidonis, ʒ j  
This is to be given four mornings together, and to be iterated again some other three or four mornings.  
After the sick man had used this syrup, eight days together, and now appeared some notes of concoction in his urine, and the gross humours seeming sufficiently attenuated, he purged him with this purgation following.  
℞, fol. sen. Oriental. mundat. ℥ iij. epithym. ʒ j ss. anis. & cinnamomi electi, ana ℈ ij. trium flor. commumum, folior. meliss. & beton. ana P, j Fiat decoctio ad ℥ iiij. & coletur. In colatura dissol. rhubarb. electi; in sero lactis caprini per noctem infusi cum tantillo cinnamoni, & mane fortiter expressi, ℈ iiij. confect. hamech prima descriptionis, ʒ ij. ss. th●riacae elect. puluer. theriaculis Guidonis, ana ℈ ij. syrup. rosarum ex infusione rosar. syrup. de pomis, ana ℥ j Fiat Potio.  
By this purgation, he avoided many choleric, burnt and melancholic excrements.  
The next day following, he gave him treacle tempered with the powder of betony and sugar. For the bitten wound, he caused a cataplasm to be made thus: Take of white onions in number three, make holes in the tops of them, and fill them up with treacle, then cover the holes, and roast the onions in hot embers till they be soft, after which, beat them in a mortar, and force them through a hair sive. This done, ad of both sorts of aristolochia beaten to powder, each ʒ iij. of galbanum, bdellium, myrrh, each half an ounce; of the powder of crabfish, siue dra,s. Mix them in the form of a cataplasm, spread it and lay it on the wound.  
After the crust was separated from the ulcer, he prepared a mundificative, made of rosine mixed with the powder of crabfish, and the roots of aristolochia, and upon the ulcer he laid this emplastar. Take of galbanum, sagapenum, and opopanax, each half a dram, of cuphorbium, iridis Florentiae, aristoloc. rotund. and gentian roots, each a dram; powder of crabfish, two drams; of wax a sufficient quantity; of turpentine, two ounces. Mix them and make a plaster.  
This did draw a wonderful deal of filthy matter out of the ulcer, and kept it from healing.  
Inwardly he gave him this powder following, for the space of forty days together, about two drams at once, to drink in bugloss water.  
Take of the ashes of river crabfish, ten ounces, of gentian roots, five ounces, of olibanum, one ounce. Mix them together, and make a very fine powder.  
When he had brought his cure to the point of healing, he gave the sick, epithymum in whey of goat's milk, and sometime he purged him with diacatholicon and the confection of hamech: and many times he washed the ulcer with the urine of a young boy. For this a Avicen saith, doth forcibly draw forth the venom. And lastly he healed it up, and recovered him perfectly from the danger of this cruel and fearful evil,  
But now to proceed as I began: It is very wholesome to drink the decoction of oxylapathum and pimpinella, or marygolds, tempered with a spoonful of aqua vitae, that gentium and treacle have been infused in.  
Some country people have made great account of a medicine made of rue, wormwood, garlic, daisy leaves, marygolds, balm, and a little black hellebor, salt, and vinegar stamped and strained together, and the juice here of given to drink every other morning fasting forthrice, which is wont to purge them upward and downward in such manner, that they think, the venom of the biting is thereby so thoroughly expelled out of the body, as they will never be touched with hydrophoby, or water fear, yet in the beginning, while the venom resteth still in or near the bitten place, I think it not safe to use it.  
When the malignity of the poison is dispersed into the entrails or inward parts, some account the giving of antimonium, to be a thing of special virtue, because it maketh expulsion every way, as by vomit, siege, and sweat. For in this case it is holden but lost labour, to purge with other than such as be violent in operation.  
In outward applications to the wound, a hot iron (as hath been said before) is much commended: yet if three or four days after the biting, be past without the use of any other good means, it is commonly to late to use it, but instead thereof may scarrifications be made, and some blistering medicines as horseleeches be applied.  
Such as are afraid of a hot iron, may have a potential cautery instead thereof, made of unguentum rosatum and sumblimatum tempered together.  
Such as are vexed with this infirmity, have many times a continual hot fever withal, for whose ease Aetius commendeth the use of a medicine or antidote made of nuts, as followeth. R. sagapeniʒij. op. ij. Thebaici, ʒ ij, Croci, ʒ ss. Lycij Indici, ℈ ixj & ss. Carnis nucum iuglandium non valde veterum, ʒ 40, Misce.  
The dose of it is about a dram at once in rain water hot, toward night, and after the vigour of the fever, so that in the morning before be given an antidote of crabfish, and at night this of nuts. For it is of very great efficacy to procure sleep where is great want thereof.  
After the cure is finished, he adviseth such as be cured, to be purged once a year with Hiera, for preservation, about the approaching of that time of the year they were bitten in; and upon the instant day of their biting to take treacle for three days together.  
For further cure of the sick if need be, Paulus saith that Dropacismi, & Sinapismi, with great profit be made all the body over. But the most effectual remedy of all other, he saith, is the right use of veratrum often practised and taken. Which Salius seemeth to approve, where he saith that the case is very desperate and hopeless, where this doggish madness is not helped by gining of white ellebor well prepared. It is good for the sick to drink whey, Smiths water, sorrel or lettuce water, which may easily be given them before they begin to fear water.  
But after they once begin to fear it, let them be kept from the sight both of it, and all other liquid things. For nothing doth put them into such horror, and trembling, and vexation, and confusion, as the beholding of these, and some other bright things. It were good also that they might not see such meat as is provided for them. Yet if they refuse to eat or drink, they must be forced thereto: although this be noted commonly in them that they swallow with great difficulty.  
As there may be devices to keep them from the sight of their meat that is prepared for their eating, so may drink be spouted into their mouths, or down their throats, with a syringe, or given them in a suckling bottle, or such like.  
Some not yet come to the fear of water, but being at the point thereof, have suddenly upon the sight of water, fallen very grievously into the fear of it, by the sudden motion and stirring of that virulent and poisonous matter contained in the body, which in nature is contrary to water.  
Some very superstitiously take upon them to cure this disease, with words and charms; which because it is ungodly and devilish, I pass over as a thing much more offensive to God, then healthful to man.  
When the cure is brought either near, or to an end, by the use of such means as have been declared, it would be very profitable and to good purpose, after a clyster given if the body be costive, to cause the bitten body to sweat in reasonable sort, for the utter expelling and vapouring out of the relics and remainder of the venomous matter, as well by inward as outward means. And before the sore be quite healed up, a trial may be made whether any of the venomous matter remain yet unremoved, by the application of such things as have been before advised, for to know whether the biting dog were mad or not, as the kernels of walnuts, or bread & such other laid to the sore & offered to hungry dogs, but first the sore place should be so sweetened from the scent & smell of such salves, and medicines as have been used thereto, as dogs by reason of them, might not take any dislike of the bread that is offered them. And also trial may be made by setting to the fundaments of cocks or hens, as hath been said.  
And though the cure be as well performed, as the skill of the Physician or Chirurgeon can devise, and no likelihood of any future harm seem to be feared: yet for the better assurance and prevention of relapse, some advise as a point of good providence, that the bitten body should be purged once every quarter of a year, and once in fifteen days to eat a little of the best kind of treacle.  
I have not read in any man's writings that hath entreated of this doggish evil, how dogs may be ordered to keep them from madness, saving only in Pliny, or the citers of Pliny, lib. 19 cap. 5. who showeth that the old Physicians before his time, used to cut a worm, as they call it, out of their tongues, which indeed is no worm, but a sinewy matter, round in the fashion of a worm. And some to that purpose cut of the end of whelps tails after they be forty days old. And the same, Pliny saith also, lib. 8. cap. 40. that the elder and bigger dogs, should every year in the dog days, be given hen-dunge mixed with the meat that they eat. For in those days they are most apt to be caught with madness; but if they chance to be mad before the use of these means, then to purge them with elleborus. But yet in my conceit, upon the consideration of that which before I have noted, and gathered out of the best & most judicial & practised writers, before the purging of them, there should be used outwardly (if they were bitten by any other dog) some of those good remedies that are set down for men, and inwardly to give them treacle and other good antidotes used against this infirmity. But the surest way is to hang them up, or kill them outright, least being kept alive, they mischeive others. But for the preventing and keeping dogs from madness, whether they be sound or bitten by a mad dog, no means can be used more excellent & effectual for the sound than while the dog days last, & for the bitten at any time to mix with their meat, or water that they drink, some of this excellent powder following, that Doctor julian Palmarius, hath so much commended.  
All the advise, counsel, and manner of curing this fearful malady, carefully set down by ancient & modern Physicians, hath no further scope, then to help such as are not fallen into hydrophoby or fear of water, which is the extremity of this disease, and so hard to be helped, as none finding the sick in that case, would adventure the curing of them, but leave them as past all help and recovery.  
Yet now of late years through the careful and commendable industry of some notable men, there is found out an Antidote of so excellent and precious virtue, as being rightly used, hath by much experience been tried most sure and infallible, not only for preventing of hydrophoby, but also for the curing of such as have been attached therewith, so that the wound be not in any part of the head above the mouth, nor washed with fresh water. For where either of these is found, there remaineth either none, or very small hope of help.  
This precious Antidote, or all-curing medicine, julian Palmarius a worthy Physician, hath made known for the benefit of all sorts of people, affirming upon his own sundry trials thereof, that it is so excellent in virtue, as it will cure and help the bitten bodies, at what time soever they be bitten, yea though they have never been purged, or used any of the means before set down, or though they be vexed with the hydrophoby, the conditions only excepted that are before noted. By which means, the sick are freed from many tortures that in other manner of curings, they be forced to endure.  
This remedy of so rare virtue, is made as followeth.  
Take of the leaves of rue, vervain, of the lesser sage, of plantain, the leaves of polypodie, common wormwood, mint, mugwort, balm, betony, the lesser centaury, of each equal weight. These must every one of them be gathered at such time of the year as they be of most force, which commonly is in june, about the full of the Moon.  
Let them be put severally into paper bags, and suffered to dry in such a place, as neither Sun, nor rain may come near them, lest they should grow too dry, or wax mouldly. Thus dried, let them be kept for future uses, but so as they be renewed every year.  
When there is occasion to use them, take of each sort equal quantity, and beat them to a very fine powder. Of this powder, give to such as be bitten, half a dram every day fasting, either out of a spoon, being mixed with the double weight of sugar, or with wine, or sidar, or broth, or tempered with butter or honey in form of an Opiate, three hours before meat. Although a dram and half or two drams at once, be sufficient, either for man, or any kind of beast, though cruelly bitten, yet it will not be a miss to proceed to three or four drams, especially if it be long since the party was bitten, or that he be grown into hydrophoby. If he be hydrophobicke or mad, let him be bound that he cannot slack or do hurt, and then temper this powder with wine or other convenient liquor, and power it down his throat, whether he will or not, putting something into his mouth to hold it open. This may best be done in the intermission of his madness or fury. But to one that is newly bitten, there needs no more to be done, than first to wipe and dry the wound, either with a sponge, or some dry linen cloth, and then to bathe it with wine or hydromel, in which half a dram of this powder is dissolved.  
This should be done twice or thrice every day, then lay on some ointment or plaster, such as is wont to be laid on other wounds, and so suffer it to heal, without any fear of hydrophoby.  
While this practice is thus ordered, there willbe no need, either to alter the ordinary diet, or to keep the house, or to take any purging medicine, except the bitten body be vexed with hydrophoby before he be taken in hand. For that being removed, the humours of the body that be distempered, should be amended, partly by purging, and partly by good and wholesome diet.  
This noble remedy, was first received from a man of great nobility, called jacobus Sylvanus, Lord of Pyrou, as a thing worthy to be dignified by the authority and patronage of true nobility, and dinulged by julianus Palmarius a noble minded Physician.  
Admirable must needs be accounted the operation of this medicine, when it being hot in temperature is of force against hot malignant & continual fevers, accompanied with most fearful symptoms, such as commonly follow the the biting of mad dogs: and in allages & sexes, of what complexion soever, and also in the helping of bruit beasts. Palmarius saith he never knew it fail in curing either the new bitten, or such as have not had above two or three fits of hydrophoby. This therefore being of so wonderful efficacy against this malady, all that I have set down before concerning the cure hereof, out of ancient and late writers, might seem needless, were it not that this is not like to be always in a readiness in all places, or peradventure not prepared as it ought to be. These things considered, I thought it good to join both sorts of cure together, that where the one is wanting, the other may be used.  
And after these so many much commended, and experienced medicines, set down by learned writers for the cure of this disease I will communicate one more, much commended unto me from a friend, who reporteth, that this medicine hath been often experienced, with most happy success, in the curing of wounds caused by the biting of mad dogs. And is made as followeth.  
℞ Capitum Allij ℥ ij. fol: Ruta M j stanni puluerizati ℥ ij. Theriaca opt. Androm: ℥ iij.  
Boil all these together in muscudine, so much as will suffice in Balneo Mariae, the vessel wherein they are being close stopped, or if you cannot get wine, take so much Ale as will suffice to boil them in, and when they are well boiled, strain them and let the grieved patiented drink ℥ seven thereof at a time, taking so much a time at three several times within 24 hours. The first draft to be taken so soon as possible you can make this medicine ready after the patiented is bitten; then take the second draft, eight hours after that; and the third eight hours after that, and so to continue the giving thereof every eight hours, for the space of 7. or 8. days together. Or you may use it longer if you see any cause to suspect danger, and towards the end, you may change it from every 8. hours to every 12. hours.  
And you must always apply unto the wound bitten with the dog, the feces, or dregs, that were left of the drink, after the straining thereof, and it must be applied to the wound very warm.  
And you must always here observe, that you are not to apply either this medicine, or any other, unto the wound, until you have (by some of the means before named) cleansed the wound, from that venomous slaver, and filth, left there by the mad dogs biting by boxing-glasses with scarifying, and by washing the wound as before hath been taught.  
Now for conclusion, I suppose it willbe expected, that after this my demonstration and publishing of other men's opinions, advises, counsels, practises, and experiments for the help of this infirmity, I should also bring to light, such peculiar knowledge, observation and experience, as myself have had at any time, in dealing with this kind of subject. To whose expectation I answer, that although I have been a practiser in Physic, above thirty years, and have dealt mith many sorts of infirmities, yet in all this time I ingenuously and plainly protest and confess, that never hitherto hath any cures of this condition, come to my hand, neither have I known that any Physician of mine acquaintance hath been called to counsel for it. The reason hereof (as I conceive) is, because the biting of a mad dog, in all places where I have been, hath so little been regarded and feared, as they think it not of such moment that it may need the help of a Physician: But when any such thing happeneth, they either apply some trivial medicine that they have a good opinion of, to the bitten place, or post them with what speed they can to the sea, though it be three or four days before they can get thither, and then they think them as sound helped, as any Physician or Chirurgeon can do. And truly, till by the reading of many writers of great knowledge and experience, I found it to be a matter of more regard than so slightly to be passed over, I esteemed in a manner as lightly of it as they.  
But now having offered a perspective glass, to all such as be willing to accept of it, for the better looking into the consequences, and dependences of these kinds of bitings, I doubt not but the wiser sort of such as shall have the perusal of this small pamphlet, will as occasion may be ministered, more seriously think of it, than peradventure they have hitherto done.  
But yet because I am loath altogether to frustrate their expectation of somewhat from me, that may help to direct such as be novices in the practice of physic, for ordering the cure hereof when occasion shall happen to be offered, I will in few words show them, how I would proceed in hope of their help, if any such came under mine hand.  
First therefore if the biting be new and fresh, I would bind the bitten member, about four or five finger's distance above the bitten place, if it were in such a part, as I might well do it, or lay on some astrictive plaster, such as before hath been set down, for the better restraint of the poisons passage, especially in sanguine or choleric bodies, whose ways and passages are large, and the heat of their complexions some motine to the speedier working of it, the quantity and quality of the venom being considered withal.  
But in bodies of gross humours and cold complexions, the regard of such astriction may be the less, for that in such bodies the poison findeth not his passage or operation so easy. This done, I would note whether the wound were great or small: if great, I would suffer it to bleed well: if small I would enlarge it, and make it bleed sufficiently (having first washed away the foam or flaver of the dogs mouth, with the urine of a boy, or some other good lotion) either by circination as hath been showed before, or scarification, or leeches, & then set on a great cupping glass, with a good flame, if the bitten part would receive it, or a cupping horn; after the removing hereof, I would wash and foment it again, with some strong brine or salt water tempered with the best sort of treacle, or with the lotion that Ambrose Paraus used to the Lady Grons' daughter, and lastof all I would foment it in such manner, as julian Palmarius hath advised, with a mixture of his powder (if I had it in a readiness) and give of the same powder inward according to his counsel forbearing to torture the bitten body with cauteries as much as I could, and rest only upon the operation of this so much commended Antidote, which I would continue for the space of 40. days at the least, still fomenting and bathing the hurt place every day as I should find occasion, and withal use means to keep the fore from healing up all that while, though Palmarius affirm it needless so to do. But if this powder were not in readiness, then after the binding, washing, and cleansing with such lotions as before are named, and cupping with scarification, I would sear it either with an actual or a potential cautery, according to the doctrine before delivered by the learned, procuring the fall or coming away of the scab or crust, with what speed I could, and keeping open the sear a sufficient time, using evacuations, by purging, bleeding, and sweeting in their due times, and inward corroboratives and diet, etc. in such sort as hath been specified. But except I should see the greater occasion I would in stead of opening a vain in the arm, use a practice that none of them have spoken of that I have read, namely the opening of the hemorrhoidal veins in the fundament. For so by all probability the venomous pollution would be drawn down thither from the princip all parts, without detriment to any other.  
If many days were passed, before the bitten body came to my curing, I would deal with him as Doctor Palmarius counseleth, if I had his Antidote in a readiness, or else as Franciscus Valleriola dealt with his patient, or like differing from his practice.   

Prognosticke notes  
ALl that be bitten o● a mad dog, if they be neglected or badly cured, will fall into the passion of fearing water called hydrophoby, at one time or other; and much the rather if they be  with evil humours. But all this may easily be prevented, if at the first there be good order taken. For few have miscarried thereby, that presently have used good means to withstand it.  
Petrus Salius saith that in his country, it hath been long time observed for truth, that if such as be bitten by a mad creature, chance to touch the plant or tree called Cornus, or Sanguinaria, that is the cornel or dogbery tree, within the space of one year after his biting, he will certainly fall mad. And some also affirm that if the bitten do sleep under the tree called Sorbus, which we call a Service tree, he will do the like.  
Though the biting be but small, and in the upper part of the skin, yet all speed ought to be used for cure thereof. For otherwise it willbe a very hard matter to prevent the mischief depending thereon.  
The poison contained in the slaver or spittle of a mad dog, is hot and dry, malignant and contagious, causing a distemper like itself in all such as be hurt thereby: which if it be suffered to lie on the skin of any part of the body, and not quickly washed away with salt water, urine or such like, it will infect the whole body, though it be not bitten.  
The foam or slaver of a mad dogs mouth, touching once lips or tongue, will so quickly and easily pierce though those parts, that it will very speedily induce madness, if it be not quickly prevented, which is verified by a history out of Caelius Orlerianus, which makes report of a certain Sempster or Sewster, that while she was making a shirt, a dog that she no whit suspected to be mad, snatched at the shirt, and rend it with his teeth, which rend place she afterward held betwixt her teeth to pluck it out straight, that she might the better sow it even, but by this holding betwixt her teeth, she so licked the bitten rent of the cloth, that the third day after, she became stark mad, and so died.  
That this is like to be true, hear what Guiliel. 
I●b. Obser. & Curate C●…rur. Obser. 86.  Fabritius,. a very excellent and expert Chirurgeon of our time reporteth of the like, in his chirurgical obscruations and cures.  
A certain Matron or ancient woman, happed to be met in the way by a mad dog, who catching hold of one of her coats, tore it in two or three places, and so went his way without hurting any part of her body at all. This woman not knowing or supposing the dog to be mad, at her coming home sowed up the rents of her coat, and when she had done, bit of the thread with her teeth, without perceiving any hurt at all thereby, till three months were passed. After which, she began by little and little to grow melancholic and troubled with imaginations, horrible visions and fears, and lastly she fell into a great loathing of water, wine, and liquid things, and moreover to bark like a dog, losing the knowledge of such as were usually in the house with her, and offering to bite them, continuing in this state till she died.  
The scratching also with the nails, as well as the slaver may induce madness, as Caelius Orrelianus affirmeth which was found to be true, An. Dom. 602. by an instance produced by the forenamed Fabritius in the same observation cited.  
The story is this. A certain young man about 20. years of age, called Daniel Perrin, in the harvest time of the year above named, was scratched on the thumb of the right hand, by a mad Cat, but yet so lightly as the very upper rind of the skin, which the Greeks' call Ep●dermis, was scarce hurt, which, because the young man had no suspicion of the Cat's madness, he made none account of, and the rather for that he felt no pain of it, but on the first day of March following, he began by little and little to be very solemn, fearful, and moved with strange imaginations, so that the next day he was afraid to go abroad. The third day of the same Month, saith Fabritius, I was sent for, & found him hydrophobicke, so exceedingly abhorring water, wine, or any liquid or bright thing, that he could not endure the sight of them. His face, neck, and breast were inflamed, with the mixture of a blue colour, sweeting and fainting much, and sometime casting himself so violently this way and that way on his bed, that three strong men could scarce hold him, offering to bite such as stood near him, trembling and quaking at the sight of meat and drink, & in this wretched estate ended his life that night: Thus far Guil. Fabritius.  
This Cat no doubt, had been bitten before by some mad dog.  
Hereby furthermore is showed a most admirable force of this kind of poison, that is able to pierce even the very nails, being of a solid, senseless & horny substance, in such sort as to be able to work so strange effects.  
D. Esaias Meischuerus in his observations hath this story following. A Stripling or youth belonging to a noble gentleman, by chance found a sword cast under a bedstead, with which a mad dog had been thrust through many years before. Which sword he begged of his master, who bade him take it. The youth having gotten it, fell to scouring off the rust thereof, but being earnest in this his business, he, chanced to catch a very slight hurt thereby upon one of his hands, yet as small as the hurt was in show the sequel thereof proved it great, in that very shortly after he became mad thereby, and so died.  
Laurentius Surius reporteth that a certain Inhoulder in the Duchy of Wertenberg, 
Comment. rerum in orbegestar,  on a time entertained some of his Guests with swine's flesh that had been bitten by a mad dog, whereby all the eaters thereof became presently so mad, that they bitten and tore one an other with their teeth.  
Many are of opinion, that if the principal parts, that is the brain, heart, or liver, be affected, but especially if the sick doc once begin to fear water, there is no hope, or very little, of recovery.  
It is reported also a sgne of small hope, if the sick will lie down and tumble on the ground, and do speak with a hoarse voice.  
A biting or wound quickly closed up, is much worse than a great and large wound.  
No man neglecting means of help, aught to account himself safe from peril, that hath been bitten of a mad dog, though he find no alteration in his body within the space of a year. For Albertus saith, that some have become mad not till 12. years after. Galen also and Guinerius, and other more (as hath partly been noted before) have spoken of a greater number of years that have passed betwixt the biting and the madness. And Alharabius of some called Alzaranius an Arabian, affirmeth that he knew it fortruth, that the poison of a mad dogs biting, hath lain lurking in the body of the bitten, the space of forty years, before it hath showed itself. And such is the property of it, that the long ere it lieth lurking in the body unperceived, the sooner it killeth when it breaketh out into action, as Petrus Forestus by examples hath notified.  
The spittle or slaver of any beast, is thought to have something in it that is contrary to man's nature, as also the scratchings with their nails etc. and therefore is not to be neglected.  
Avicen is of opinion that none bitten of a mad dog are past help, that are able to know themselves in a looking glass.  
It is not so dangerous to be bitten of a body that is mad by the biting of a mad dog, as to be bitten of a mad dog.  
Concerning prognostickes, thus writeth Petrus Salius: There be only two things worth the noting for prognosticke signs in this infirmity: Namely whether they be only fore-showers of madness imminent or to come: or whether the madness be already present. In the former case there is hope of health or recovery, if the disease be oppugned with valiant and strong medicines, and not with such as be gentle and light, because as yet the poison hath not wholly invaded or possessed the principal members: but if it have once gotten the mastery of them, I am of opinion with the more famous sort of Physicians, that it is passed all help and remedy, and therefore but lost labour to use any means for curing thereof. And if Dioscorides hath testified that he cured Eudemus sick of this disease, and that the Physician Themison was also delivered from it: though this be true, yet is it to be numbered among admirable things, and such as exceed the power of man. Again, if they were delivered from this disease, I am of mind saith he, that they were dealt withal in the beginning, and not in the state or progress thereof.  
But Paulus saith, that these were not bitten of a mad dog, but that this affection was transferred to them, by some man that had been bitten of a dog, and that therefore Themison might be saved, because he had it by a light contagion from a friend of his that had been dogge-bitten.  
The difficulty therefore of this matter, being thus exemplified, may put the wisely careful in mind, the better to regard it, and look to it in time.  
For it hath gone current from time to time that if once they be grown mad, they are past recovery, and therefore the Poet Ovid who lived not long after Asclepiades, a Physician of greatnote in his time could say: 
solvere nodosam nescit medicina podagram:  
Nec formidatis ulla medetur aquis.  Which I have made speak english in this manner: 
The knotty gout to cure, no medicines counted sure:  
Nor doggish waterfeare, that ever I could hear,    

The biting of a dog that is not mad.  
COrnelius Celsus saith, that every biting of a beast, hath some kind of venomnes in it: therefore the biting of a dog that is not mad, should not be neglected. For the pain that ensueth thereupon, some think to be an argument of malignity from the biter, because the biting of any creature is more painful and hard to cure, than any simple wound. Yet the pain of biting, more than by a simple wound, may be by reason of the tearing of the skin and flesh through the thickness of the teeth, which rather doth bruise, then pierce the flesh, except they be pressed very hard. And such wounds as make round holes, or such as be caused by stones, staves, stripes and such like, are also more painful and hard to cure, than those that be made with swords, dagger's, knives, and such like. Wherefore whether a man, woman, child, horse, cow, swine or other creature, be bitten with a dog that is not mad, or by a man, or ape, or such like, let the biting be presently fomented or bathed with vinegar and nitrum, called saltpetre mixed together. Or as Oribasius adviseth, lay on a sponge soaked in vinegar: or bruise a fennel root and lay it on with honey.  
Paulus Aegineta counseleth that the bitten wound should first be sprinkled with vinegar, & then beaten with the open or flat hand, after which, to power vinegar upon it from a fit, the vinegar being first tempered with nitrum, and then to lay on a new sponge soaked either in vinegar alone, or tempered with nitrum, and so let it lie the space of three days on the wound, moistening the sponge with vinegar when it drieth, for it healeth perfectly, as he saith. Or lay on lana succida wet in vinegar, or an onion bruised with honey, or the tops of origanum tempered with salt and onions in equal portions. But for bitings that are come to suppuration or matter, temper the meal of eruum with honey and lay it on: For it is special good for such bitings. If they be inflamed, anoint them with spuma argenti or litharge beaten with water.  
After the place hath been tormented, as before is said, and the sponge removed, some account it very good to lay upon the wound a cateplasme made of walnut kernels, onions, honey and salt boiled together, and made up with wheat meal, or farinaerui, beaten together. It is good to keep the wound open some reasonable time before it be healed up.  
Amatus Lusitanus being called to the cure of one bitten by an English Mastiff dog that was not mad, kept the wound from healing, 
Curate med. Centur. 2. Cura. 78.  a month together, to prevent all danger that might have happened.   

Simples of great virtue against the biting of a mad dog.  
AGrimonià, Eupatorium, agrimony is of force to purge by urine, and given either in powder, or the juice of the green herb drunk of one bitten with a mad dog, after three or four days from the beginning, is of great effect, especially if the body have been dealt withal before with other convenient means. It is very excellent also against the biting or stinging of serpents, and other poisons.  
Allium, Garlic, is of very great operation against all cold poisons, and the biting of a mad dog.  
Alysson, Madwort, or Galens Moonewort. Galen affirmeth it to be a marvelous herb in curing such as are bitten of a mad dog, yea though they were entered into madness. It is brought out of Spain, and Italy: but now some of our herbarists have it growing in their gardens.  
Amygdala, Almonds beaten with honey, are very good to lay to the biting of a mad dog.  
Angelica, is very excellent against the biting of a mad dog or any other venomous beast.  
Aphronitrum, Spumamaris, tempered with swine's grease, availeth much against such bitings.  
Arnoglossa, Plantago, lambs tongue or plantain, is also very good.  
Beta, Beet is commended for a good herb in this case.  
Betonica, Betonie is also greatly commended for such bitings.  
Brassica, Colewort, This herb saith Rabbi Moses, hath a peculiar property against the biting of a mad dog.  
Bulbi omnes impositi iwant.  
Cancer flwiatilis, River crab-fish, The ashes of these fishes (as Galen saith) are of wonderful virtue, by the property of their substance, against the biting of a mad dog, either alone, or much more by mixing them with gentian and frankincense or olibanum, in such sort as there may be offrankencense one part, of gentian five, and of the ashes of crabfish ten parts. This he learned of his Master Aeschrion the Empiricke, who always had this powder in a readiness, prepared as followeth. Into a pot of red brass he put a number of crabfish alive, wherein he burned them so long till they might be beaten to very fine powder. This he did after the rising of the dogstarre, the sun being in the sign of Leo, and the Moon being 18. days old. This powder he gave the dog-bitten body, every day, forty days together, about a spoonful at once, sprinkled with water. But after three or four days from the beginning, he gave every day two spoonfuls sprinkled as before.  
An other of his Masters called Pelops, did no less esteem the powder of these fishes, than the former.  
Oribasius, Paulus and Aetius, prepare them much after the same manner. The use of them is very much regarded both of old and late writers.  
Caepe, Onion. The juice of onions tempered with honey, rue and salt, is very profitable against the biting of mad dogs.  
Centaurium minus. The lesser century is an herb of very great excellency for the same.  
Cham●●itis, Herbe-Iuie, or ground pine stamped green with honey, is of virtue against poison, or the biting of any venomous beast.  
Gentiana, Gentian or Felwort, a dram of the powder of the root of gentian or felwort, mixed with a little pepper and herb grace, and given inward, is profitable for such as are bitten or stung with any manner of beast, or for any that hath taken poison.  
Hyaenaepellis, the skin or hide of the beast Hyaena, is of so admirable efficacy, saith Aetius, that if it be leapt about one that beginneth to be mad of the biting of a mad dog, he will quickly be restored again to his wits. Or the powder of it burned and given in drink, will assuage the affection of hydrophoby.  
Imperatoria, masterwort, the root with the leaves stamped and laid upon the bitings of mad dogs, or rather venomous beasts, will cure them.  
Lapatium, Dock or herbe-patience is greatly commended by Aetius, to be laid plasterwise on the wound or biting, and the decoction thereof drunk, saying, he knew an old man that used none other remedy.  
Lichnis Plumaria, Fethertop or wild campion, the weight of two drams of the seed hereof beaten to powder and drunk, is good for such as are bitten of any venomous beast.  
Lycopsis Anglica, Echium, Alcibiadion, viper's bugloss or wall bugloss: this herb chewed and the juice swallowed down, is a most singular remedy against poison and the biting of any venomous beast, or the root chewed and laid on the sore, worketh the same effect.  
Melissa, Melissophyllon, Balm drunk in wine, or applied outwardly, is of great virtue against the biting of mad dogs, or other venomous beasts.  
Nepeta, Nep dry, is a very good herb for this purpose: It draweth all the circumstant moisture from the deepest parts of the body, as Oribasius writeth.  
Origanum wild marierome drunk in wine, is good against any kind of poison.  
Oxalis Acetosa, Sorrell bruised and laid on, or the decoction thereof drunk, is of great force in this case as Aetius reporteth. Some use it as a secret, both in meats and medicines prepared therewith and applied to the wound.  
Pimpinella, Burnet, This is a herb of excellent virtue against the biting of a mad dog. Of this herb a huntsman belonging to the french King Henry the second, made report unto Doctor john Fernelius (while he had him in cure of a grievous disease) that he knew by often experience, so great excellency in it for preventing of hydrophoby or fear of water, that whosoever being bitten of a mad dog, did use to eat thereof certain mornings fasting, either in a salad or otherwise ordered did never sustain any hurt by such biting, which he first made proof of in the King's hounds, with notable good success.  
Porrum, leek, the juice of Leeks drunk with honey, is good against the biting of venomous beasts, and so are the leaves stamped and laid on the wound.  
Potumogeton, pond-weed tempered with salt and laid on the sore, will not suffer any to fall into hydrophoby, saith Aetius.  
Prasium, Marrubium, Horehound is one of the three herbs of account that Galen mentioneth.  
Ruta siluestris, or agrestis, the seeds of this herb are very excellent to drink against all bitings.  
Scordeum, water-germander, or garlick-germander, is an herb of very great account, not only against all bitings of venomous beasts, but also against the plague and other poisons. This herb and Centaurium minus, and Prasium, have been retained saith Galen, as great secrets for these infirmities, among the ancient Physicians: but yet he preferred Terra Lemnia before them all.  
Scorzonera, Viper grass is also reputed of great virtue against poisonous bitings.  
Serpillum, wild time is good against the bitings of any venomous beast either taken in drink, or outwardly applied.  
Triticum, wheat chewed betwixt the teeth, and laid on the bitten wound, is very curative. So is the meal thereof tempered with vinegar, or the bran of it.  
Balms either natural or artificial, are very excellent to dress the bittenwound withal.  
Some remedies named in this treatis, I have set down in Latin, as I found them in the Authors thereof, partly because any Apothecatie upon the sight thereof, can prepare them in better sort than other that are not used to such practices: and partly for that many remedies heretofore (and too commonly indeed) divulged and laid open to the unskilful managing of women and all-daring Empirics, (though of themselves very excellent, where they be ordered per manum artificis, by the ministration and application of a skilful artist that knoweth the true times and opportunities of their use) have fallen out to do great hurt to such as they have been practised upon, to the great discredit and undeserved blemishing of the most noble science of Physic, especially in matters of purging and phebotomie, and such particulars as specially belong to the secret mysteries of Physic. For now are start up so many Thessalian Physicians in every corner, whom many not unproperly do term Dogleeches, that this never too much commended Science, containing in it the hidden secrets of all the whole Elemental world, is grown now so trivial and basely common, as every smattering Surgeon, every Apothecary, yea almost every woman, and every botching Ass that hath read a little in English books of medicine, take upon them to be as good Physicians, as those that in the universities have spent many years, and much money in the suit and study thereof, and been dignified with the highest degrees of school, belonging to that profession, that the Universities can bestow upon them.   
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