FOR The Colony in Virginea BRITANNIA.  
Laws Divine, Moral and Martial, etc.  
Alget qui non Ardet.  
Res nostrae subinde non sunt, quales quis optaret, sed quales esse possunt.  
Printed at London for Walter Burr. 1612.   

To the Right Honourable his singular good Lord, the Lord LAWARR, of the heroyicke and Religious Plantation in VIRGINIA-BRITANIA, the sole personal Advancer, his majesties Lord Governor and Captain GENERAL.  

OF all things we enjoy, the Founder's worth  
Is still most prayed for: In attempts of war,  
The Chargers fame is ever most set forth:  
Of all things founded true Religion far,  
We are worthiest Palm, and merits holiest meed:  
This then heroic Lord your glory shrines,  
That y'are sole personal Lord of this great deed,  
Which more by all else shunned the more it shines:  
Scorn then all common Aims, and every Act  
Where every vulgar, thrusts for profit on,  
Nor praise; nor prize affect, like the mere Fact  
Nor any other Honour build upon,  
Then only this, since 'tis for Christ's dear word,  
You shall be surnamed; The most Christian Lord.   
By an unworthy follower of the same fortune, your Lordship's Servant, William Strachey.   

To the much Honoured, in all Nations acknowledged the most renowned famous Factor and Professor of all Actions that have the warrant of Religion, Honour or goodness, Sir THOMAS SMITH Knight, and in this pious Plantation of Virginia-Britania, the unremovable cordial friend, and right bounteous & well chosen TREASURER.  

SIR, if the traffic with all Nations,  
(Venturing your Purse for profit) hath renowned  
Your noble mind with all men's commendations,  
For this divine gain, it is triple Crowned,  
In which you traffic not with men, but God:  
Not venturing, but surely gaining Souls:  
Not only such as Idleness had trod,  
As low as hell, and given their flesh to Fowls,  
In our own Country: but such souls beside,  
As living like the son of Earth, the Moule  
Have never yet Heavens saving light descried:  
More than the world he gains, that gains a soul:  
Which but yourself, though few or none esteem,  
Assures your soul a heavenly Diadem.   
William Strachey.   

To the Right Honourable, the Lords of the Council of Virginea.  

NOblest of men, though 'tis the fashion now  
Noblest to mix with basest, for their gain:  
Yet doth it fare far otherwise with you,  
That scorn to turn to Chaos so again,  
And follow your supreme distinction still,  
Till of most noble, you become divine  
And imitate your maker in his will,  
To have his truth in blackest nations shine.  
What had you been, had not your Ancestors  
Begun to you, that make their nobles good?  
And where white Christians turn in manners Mores  
You wash Moor's white with sacred Christian blood  
This wonder ye, that others nothing make;  
Forth them (great LL.) for your Lords saviour's sake.   
By him, all whose duty is tributary to your Lordships, and unto so excellent a cause. William Strachey.   

To the constant, mighty, and worthy friends, the Committees, Assistants unto his majesties Council for the Colony in VIRGINEA-BRITANNIA.  
WHen I went forth upon this voyage, (Right worthy Gentlemen) true it is, I held it a service of duty, (during the time of my unprofitable service, and purpose of stay in the Colony, for which way else might I add unto the least height of so Heroic and pious a building) to propose unto myself to be (though an unable) Remembrancer of all accidents, occurrences, and undertakings thereunto, adventitiall: In most of which since the time our right famous sole Governor then; now Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Gates Knight, after the ensealing of his Commission hasted to our fleet in the West, there staying for him, I have both in the Bermudas, and since in Virginea been a sufferer and an eye witness, and the full story of both in due time shall consecrate unto your views, as unto whom by right it appertaineth, being vowed patrons of a work, and enterprise so great, than which no object nor action (the best of bests) in these times, may carry with it the like fame, honour, or goodness.  
Howbet since many impediments, as yet must detain such my observations in the shadow of darkness, until I shall be able to deliver them perfect unto your judgements, 〈◊〉 I shall provoke and challenge) I do in the meantime present a transcript of the Toparchia or State of those duties, by which the●● Colony stands regulated and commanded, that such may receive due chick, who maliciously and desperately heretoforè have censured of it, and by examining of which they may be right sorry so to have defaulked from us as if we lived there lawless, without obedience to our Country, or observancy of Religion to God.  
Nor let it afflict the patience of such full and well instructed judgements, unto whom many of these constitutions and Laws Divine or Marshal may seem ancient and common, since these grounds are the same constant, Asterisms, and stars, which must guide all that travel in th●se perplexed ways, and paths of public affairs; & whosoever shall wander from them, shall but decline a hazardous and by-course to bring their purposes to good effect.  
Nor let another kind quarrel or traduce the Printing of them to be delivered in particular to officers and private Soldiers for their better instruction, especially unto a Company for the 〈◊〉, unsettled and unfurnished, since we know well how short our memories are oftentimes, and unwilling to give sto●ge to the better things, and such things as limit and bound mankind in their necessariest duties.  
For which it transcends not the reach of his understanding, who is conversant, if but as for a festival exercise, (every 〈◊〉 Moon) in reading of a book, that records and edicts for manners or civil duties, have usually been fixed upon engraven Tables, for the Commons daily to overlook: a custom more especially cherished by those not many years since in Magnuza who have restored (as I m●● say) after so great a flood and rage of abused goodness, all Laws, literature and Virtue again, which had well nigh perished, had not the force of piety and sacred reason remaining in the bosoms of some few, opposed itself against the fury of so great a calamity, of whom it is an undeniable truth, that the means and way whereby they reduced the general defection, was by printing thereby so holding up those involved principles, and Instructions wherein (as in a mirror, the blind and wandering judgement might survey, what those knowledges were, which taught both how to govern, and how to obey, (the end indeed of sociable mankind's Creation) since without order and government, (the only hendges, whereupon, not only the safety, but the being of all states do turn and depend) what society may possible subsist, or commutative goodness be practised. And thus law●s being published, every common eye may take survey of their duties, and carrying away the tenor of the same, meditate, & bethink how safe, quiet, and comely it is to be honest, just, and civil.  
And indeed all the sacred powers of knowledge and wisdom are strengthened by these two ways, either by a kind of divine nature, which his happy creation hath blessed him with, the virtue whereof comprehendeth, foreseeth and understandeth the truth and clearness of all things: or by instruction and tradition from others, which must improve his wants, and by experience render him perfect, awaking him in all seasons a vigilant observer of civil cautions and ordinances, an excellent reason enforcing no less unto the knowledge of him that will shine a star in the firmament, where good men move, and that is, that no man doth more ill than he that is ignorant.  
For the avoiding of which, and to take away the plea of I did not know in him that shall exorbitate or go aside with any delinquency which may be dangerous in example or execution, albeit true it is how he is indeed the good and honest man that will be good, and to that needeth few other precepts. It hath appeared most necessary unto our present Ethnarches' Deputy Governor Sir Thomas Dale knight Martial, not only to exemplify the old Laws of the Colony, by Sir Thomas Gates published & put in execution by our Lord General Laware during his time one whole year of being there, but by virtue of his office, to prescribe and draw new, with their due penalties, according unto which we might live in the Colony justly one with another, and perform the general service for which we first came thither, and with so great charges & expenses, are now settled & maintained there.  
For my pains, and gathering of them, as I know they will be right welcome to such young soldiers in the Colony who are desirous to learn and perform their duties, so I assure me, that by you I shall be encouraged to go on in the discharge of greater offices by examining and favouring my good intention in this, and in what else my poor knowledge or faithfulness may enable me to be a servant in so beloved and sacred a business. And even so committing to your still most abstract, grave and unsatisfied carefulness, both it and myself, I wish return of seven fold into such his well inspired bosom, who hath lent his helping hand unto this new Zion. From my lodging in the black Friars.  
At your best pleasures, either to return unto the Colony, or to pray for the success of it here. WILLIAM STRACHEY.   

Articles, Laws, and Orders, Divine, Politic, and Martial for the Colony in Virginea: first established by Sir Thomas Gates Knight, Lieutenant General, the 24. of May 1610. exemplified and approved by the Right Honourable Sir Thomas West Knight, Lord Lawair, Lord Governor and Captain General the 12. of june 1610. Again exemplified and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale Knight, Martial, and Deputy Governor, the 22. of june. 1611.  
WHereas his Majesty like himself a most zealous Prince hath in his own Realms a principal care of true Religion, and reverence to God, and hath always strictly commanded his Generals and Governors, with all his forces wheresoever, to let their ways be like his ends, for the glory of God.  
And forasmuch as no good service can be performed, or war well managed, where military discipline is not observed, and military discipline cannot be kept, where the rules or chief parts thereof, be not certainly set down, and generally known, I have (with the advise and counsel of Sir Thomas Gates Knight, Lieutenant General) adhered unto the laws divine, and orders politic, and martial of his Lordship (the same exemplified) an addition of such others, as I have found either the necessity of the present State of the Colony to require, or the infancy, and weakness of the body thereof, as yet able to digest, and do now publish them to all persons in the Colony, that they may as well take knowledge of the Laws themselves, as of the penalty and punishment, which without partiality shall be inflicted upon the breakers of the same.  
1 FIrst since we owe our highest and supreme duty, our greatest, and all our allegiance to him, from whom all power and authority is derived, and flows as from the first, and only fountain, and being especial soldiers emprest in this sacred cause, we must alone expect our success from him, who is only the blesser of all good attempts, the King of kings, the commander of commanders, and Lord of Hosts, I do strictly command and charge all Captains and Officers, of what quality or nature soever, whether commanders in the field, or in town, or towns, forts or fortresses, to have a care that the Almighty God be duly and daily served, and that they call upon their people to hear Sermons, as that also they diligently frequent Morning and Evening prayer themselves by their own exemplar and daily life, and duty herein, encouraging others thereunto, and that such, who shall often and wilfully absent themselves, be duly punished according to the martial law in that case provided.  
2 That no man speak impiously or maliciously, against the holy and blessed Trinity, or any of the three persons, that is to say, against God the Father, God the Son, and God the holy Ghost, or against the known Articles of the Christian faith, upon pain of death.  
3 That no man blaspheme Gods holy name upon pain of death, or use unlawful oaths, taking the name of God in vain, curse, or ban, upon pain of severe punishment for the first offence so committed, and for the second, to have a bodkin thrust through his tongue, and if he continue the blaspheming of God's holy name, for the third time so offending, he shall be brought to a martial court, and there receive censure of death for his offence.  
4 No man shall use any traitorous words against his majesties Person, or royal authority upon pain of death.  
5 No man shall speak any word, or do any act, which may tend to the derision, or despite of God's holy word upon pain of death: Nor shall any man unworthily demean himself unto any Preacher, or Minister of the same, but generally hold them in all reverent regard, and dutiful entreaty, otherwise he the offender shall openly be whipped three times, and ask public forgiveness in the assembly of the congregation three several Saboth days.  
6 Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first tolling of the Bell shall upon the working days repair unto the Church, to hear divine Service upon pain of losing his or her days allowance for the first omission, for the second to be whipped, and for the third to be condemned to the Galleys for six Months. Likewise no man or woman shall dare to violate, or break the Sabbath by any gaming, public, or private abroad, or at home, but duly sanctify and observe the same, both himself and his family, by preparing themselves at home with private prayer, that they may be the better fitted for the public, according to the commandments of God, and the orders of our Church, as also every man and woman shall repair in the morning to the divine service, and Sermons preached upon the Saboth day, and in the afternoon to divine service, and catechizing, upon pain for the first fault to lose their provision, and allowance for the whole week following, for the second to lose the said allowance, and also to be whipped, and for the third to suffer death.  
7 All Preachers or Ministers within this our Colony, or Colonies, shall in the Forts, where they are resident, after divine Service, duly preach every Sabbath day in the forenoon, and catechize in the afternoon, and weekly say the divine service, twice every day, and preach every Wednesday, likewise every Minister where he is resident, within the same Fort, or Fortress, Towns or Town, shall choose unto him, four of the most religious and better disposed as well to inform of the abuses and neglects of the people in their duties, and service to God, as also so to the due reparation, and keeping of the Church handsome, and fitted with all reverent observances thereunto belonging: likewise every Minister shall keep a faithful and true Record, or Church Book, of all christenings, Marriages, and deaths of such our people, as shall happen within their Fort, or Fortresses, Towns or Town at any time, upon the burden of a neglectful conscience, and upon pain of losing their Entertainment.  
8 He that upon pretended malice, shall murder or take away the life of any man, shall be punished with death.  
9 No man shall commit the horrible, and detestable sins of Sodomy upon pain of death; & he or she that can be lawfully convict of Adultery shall be punished with death. No man shall ravish or force any woman, maid or Indian, or other, upon pain of death, and know ye that he or she, that shall commit fornication, and evident proof made thereof, for their first fault shall be whipped, for their second they shall be whipped, and for their third they shall be whipped three times a week for one month, and ask public forgiveness in the Assembly of the Congregation.  
10 No man shall be found guilty of Sacrilege, which is a Trespass as well committed in violating and abusing any sacred ministry, duty or office of the Church, irreverently, or profanely, as by being a Church robber, to filch, steal or carry away any thing out of the Church appertaining thereunto, or unto any holy, and consecrated place, to the divine Service of God, which no man should do upon pain of death: likewise he that shall rob the store of any commodities therein, of what quality soever, whether provisions of victuals, or of Arms, Trucking stuff, Apparel, Linen, or woollen, Hose or Shoes, Hats or Caps, Instruments or Tools of Steel, Iron, etc. or shall rob from his fellow soldier, or neighbour, any thing that is his, victuals, apparel, household stuff, tool, or what necessary else soever, by water or land, out of boat, house, or knapsack, shall be punished with death.  
11 He that shall take an oath untruly, or bear false witness in any cause, or against any man whatsoever, shall be punished with death.  
12 No manner of person whatsoever, shall dare to detract, slander, calumniate, or utter unseemly, and unfitting speeches, either against his majesties Honourable Council for this Colony, resident in England, or against the Committees, Assistants unto the said Council, or against the zealous endeavours, & intentions of the whole body of Adventurers for this pious and Christian Plantation, or against any public book, or books, which by their mature advise, and grave wisdoms, shall be thought fit, to be set forth and published, for the advancement of the good of this Colony, and the felicity thereof, upon pain for the first time so offending, to be whipped three several times, and upon his knees to acknowledge his offence, and to ask forgiveness upon the Saboth day in the assembly of the congregation, and for the second time so offending to be condemned to the Galley for three years, and for the third time so offending to be punished with death.  
13 No manner of Person whatsoever, contrary to the word of God (which ties every particular and private man, for conscience sake to obedience, and duty of the Magistrate, and such as shall be placed in authority over them, shall detract, slander, calumniate, murmur, mutiny, resist, disobey, or neglect the commandments, either of the Lord Governor, and Captain General, the Lieutenant General, the martial, the Council, or any authorized Captain, Commander, or public Officer, upon pain for the first time so offending to be whipped three several times, and upon his knees to acknowledge his offence, with ask forgiveness upon the Saboth day in the assembly of the congregation, and for the second time so offending to be condemned to the Galley for three years: and for the third time so offending to be punished with death.  
14 No man shall give any disgraceful words, or commit any act to the disgrace of any person in this Colony, or any part thereof, upon pain of being tied head and feet together, upon the guard every night for the space of one month, beside to be publicly disgraced himself, and be made uncapable ever after to possess any place, or execute any office in this employment.  
15 No man of what condition soever shall barter, truck, or trade with the Indians, except he be thereunto appointed by lawful authority, upon pain of death.  
16 No man shall rifle or despoil, by force or violence, take away any thing from any Indian coming to trade, or otherwise, upon pain of death.  
17 No Cape Merchant, or Provant Master, or Munition Master, or Truck Master, or keeper of any store, shall at any time imbezell, sell, or give away any thing under his Charge to any Favourite, of his, more than unto any other, whom necessity shall require in that case to have extraordinary allowance of Provisions, nor shall they give a false account unto the Lord Governor, and Captain General, unto the Lieutenant General, unto the Marshal, or any deputed Governor, at any time having the command of the Colony, with intent to defraud the said Colony, upon pain of death.  
18 No man shall imbezel or take away the goods of any man that dieth, or is employed from the town or Fort where he dwelleth in any other occasioned remote service, for the time, upon pain of whipping three several times, and restitution of the said goods again, and in danger of incurring the penalty of the tenth Article, if so it may come under the construction of theft. And if any man die and make a will, his goods shall be accordingly disposed, if he die intestate, his goods shall be put into the store, and being valued by two sufficient praisers, his next of kin (according to the common Laws of England, shall from the Company, Committees, or Adventurers, receive due satisfaction in moneys, according as they were praised, by which means the Colony shall be the better furnished; and the goods more carefully preserved, for the right heir, and the right heir receive content for the same in England.  
19 There shall no Capttain, Master, mariner, sailor, or any else of what quality or condition soever, belonging to any Ship or Ships, at this time remaining, or which shall hereafter arrive within this our River, bargain, buy, truck, or trade with any one member in this Colony, man, woman, or child, for any tool or instrument of iron, steel or what else, whether appertaining to Smith Carpenter, joiner, Shipwright, or any manual occupation, or handicraft man whatsoever, resident within our Colony, nor shall they buy or bargain, for any apparel, linen, or woollen, household-stuff, bed, bedding, sheet, towels, napkins, brass, pewter, or such like, either for ready money, or provisions, nor shall they exchange their provisions, of what quality soever, whether Butter, Cheese, Biscuit, meal, Oatmele, Aquavite, oil, Bacon, any kind of Spice, or such like, for any such aforesaid instruments, or tools, Apparel, or household-stuff, at any time, or so long as they shall here remain, from the date of these presents upon pain of loss of their wages in England, confiscation and forfeiture of such their moneys and provisions, and upon peril beside of such corporal punishment as shall be inflicted upon them by verdict and censure of a martial Court: Nor shall any officer, soldier, or Trade's man, or any else of what sort soever, members of this Colony, dare to sell any such Tool, or instruments, necessary and useful, for the business of the Colony, or truck, sell, exchange, or give away his apparel, or household stuff of what sort soever, unto any s●ch Seaman, either for money, or any such foresaid provisions, upon pain of 3 times several whipping, for the one offender, and the other upon peril of incurring censure, whether of disgrace, or addition of such punishment, as shall be thought fit by a Court martial.  
20 Whereas sometimes heretofore the covetous and wide affections of some greedy and ill disposed Seamen, Sailors, and Mariners, laying hold upon the advantage of the present necessity, under which the Colony sometimes suffered, have sold unto our people, provisions of Meal, Oatmeal, Biscuit, Butter, Cheese etc., at unreasonable rates, and prizes unconscionable: for avoiding the like to be now put in practice, there shall no Captain, Master, mariner, or Sailor, or what Officer else belonging to any ship, or ships, now within our river, or hereafter which shall arrive, shall dare to bargain, exchange, barter, truck, trade, or sell, upon pain of death, unto any one Landman member of this present Colony, any provisions of what kind soever, above the determined valuations, and prizes, set down and proclaimed, and sent therefore unto each of your several ships, to be fixed upon your Main mast, to the intent that want of due notice, and ignorance in this case, be no excuse, or plea, for any one offender herein.  
21 Since we are not to be a little careful, and our young cattle, & Breeders may be cherished, that by the preservation, and increase of them, the Colony here may receive in due time assured and great benefit, and the adventurers at home may be eased of so great a burden, by sending unto us yearly supplies of this kind, which now here for a while, carefully attended, may turn their supplies unto us into provisions of other qualities, when of these we shall be able to subsist ourselves, and which we may in short time, be powerful enough to do, if we will according to our own knowledge of what is good for ourselves, forbear to work into our own wants, again, by over hasty destroying, and devouring the stocks, and authors of so profitable succeeding a Commodity, as increase of cattle, Kine, Hogs, Goats, Poultry etc. must of necessity be granted, in every common man's judgement; to render unto us: Now know ye therefore, these promises carefully considered, that it is our will and pleasure, that every one, of what quality or condition soever he be, in this present Colony, to take due notice of this our Edict, whereby we do strictly charge and command, that no man shall dare to kill, or destroy any Bull, Cow, Calf, Mare, Horse, Colt, Goat, Swine, Cock, Hen, Chicken, Dog. Turkey, or any tame cattle, or Poultry, of what condition soever; whether his own, or appertaining to another man, without leave from the General, upon pain of death in the Principal, and in the accessary, burning in the Hand, and loss of his ears, and unto the concealer of the same four and twenty hours whipping, with addition of further punishment, as shall be thought fit by the censure, and verdict of a martial Court.  
22 There shall no man or woman, Launderer or Laundress, dare to wash any unclean Linen, drive bucks, or throw out the water or suds of fowl clothes, in the open street, within the Pallizadoes, or within forty foot of the same, nor rench, and make clean, any kettle, pot, or pan, or such like vessel within twenty foot of the old well, or new Pump: nor shall any one aforesaid, within less than a quarter of one mile from the Pallizadoes, dare to do the necessities of nature, since by these unmanly, slothful, and loathsome immodesties, the whole Fort may be choked, and poisoned with ill airs, and so corrupt (as in all reason cannot but much infect the same) and this shall they take notice of, and avoid, upon pain of whipping and further punishment, as shall be thought meet, by the censure of a martial Court.  
23 No man shall embezzle, lose, or willingly break, or fraudulently make away, either Spade, shovel, Hatchet, Axe, mattock, or other tools or instrument upon pain of whipping.  
24 Any man that hath any edge tool, either of his own, or which hath heretofore been belonging to the store, see that he bring it instantly to the storehouse, where he shall receive it again by a particular note, both of the tool, and of his name taken, that such a tool unto him appertaineth, at whose hands, upon any necessary occasion, the said tool may be required, and this shall he do, upon pain of severe punishment.  
25 Every man shall have an especial and due care, to keep his house sweet and clean, as also so much of the street, as lieth before his door, and especially he shall so provide, and set his bedstead whereon he lieth, that it may stand three foot at least from the ground, as he will answer the contrary at a martial Court.  
26 Every tradesman in their several occupation, trade and function, shall duly and daily attend his work upon his said trade or occupation, upon peril for his first fault, and negligence therein, to have his entertainment checked for one month, for his second fault three months, for his third one year, and if he continue still unfaithful and negligent therein, to be condemned to the Galley for three year.  
27 All overseers of workmen, shall be careful in seeing that performed, which is given them in charge, upon pain of such punishment as shall be inflicted upon him by a martial Court.  
28 No soldier or tradesman, but shall be ready, both in the morning, & in the afternoon, upon the beating of the Drum, to go out unto his work, nor shall he return home, or from his work, before the Drum beat again, and the officer appointed for that business, bring him of, upon peril for the first fault to lie upon the Guard head and heels together all night, for the second time so faulting to be whipped, and for the third time so offending to be condemned to the Galleys for a year.  
29 No man or woman, (upon pain of death) shall run away from the Colony, to Powhathan, or any savage Weroance else whatsoever.  
30 He that shall conspire any thing against the person of the Lord Governor, and Captain General, against the Lieutenant General, or against the Marshal, or against any public service commanded by them, for the dignity, and advancement of the good of the Colony, shall be punished with death: and he that shall have knowledge of any such pretended act of disloyalty or treason, and shall not reveal the same unto his Captain, or unto the Governor of that fort or town wherein he is, within the space of one hour, shall for the concealing of the same after that time, be not only held an accessary, but a like culpable as the principal traitor or conspirer, and for the same likewise he shall suffer death.  
31 What man or woman soever, shall ro●bany garden, public or private, being set to weed the same, or wilfully pluck up therein any root, herb, or flower, to spoil and waste or steal the same, or rob any vineyard, or gather up the grapes, or steal any cares of the corn growing, whether in the ground belonging to the same fort or town where he dwelleth, or in any other, shall be punished with death.  
32 Whosoever Seaman, or Landman of what quality, or in what place of command soever, shall be employed upon any discovery, trade, or fishing voyage into any of the rivers within the precincts of our Colony, shall for the safety of those men who are committed to his command, stand upon good and careful guard, for the prevention of any treachery in the Indian, and if they touch upon any shore, they shall be no less circumspect, and wary, with good and careful guard day and night, putting forth good Sentinel, and observing the orders and discipline of watch and ward, and when they have finished the discovery, trade, or fishing, they shall make haste with all speed, with such Bark or Barks, Pinisse, galley, Ship. etc. as they shall have the command of, for the same purpose, to james town again, not presuming to go beyond their commission, or to carry any such Bark or Barks, Galley, Pinnace, Ship. etc. for England or any other country in the actual possession of any Christian Prince, upon peril to be held an enemy to this plantation, and traitor thereunto, and accordingly to lie liable unto such censure of punishment (if they arrive in England) as shall be thought fit by the Right Honourable Lords, his majesties Council for this Colony, and if it shall so happen, that he or they shall be prevented, and brought back hither again into the Colony, their treacherous flight to be punished with death.  
33 There is not one man nor woman in this Colony now present, or hereafter to arrive, but shall give up an account of his and their faith, and religion, and repair unto the Minister, that by his conference with them, he may understand, and gather, whether heretofore they have been sufficiently instructed, and catechized in the principles and grounds of Religion, whose weakness and ignorance herein, the Minister finding, and advising them in all love and charity, to repair often unto him, to receive therein a greater measure of knowledge, if they shall refuse so to repair unto him, and he the Minister give notice thereof unto the Governor, or that chief officer of that town or fort, wherein he or she, the parties so offending shall remain, the Governor shall cause the offender for his first time of refusal to be whipped, for the second time to be whipped twice, and to acknowledge his fault upon the Saboth day, in the assembly of the congregation, and for the third time to be whipped every day until he hath made the same acknowledgement, and asked forgiveness for the same, and shall repair unto the Minister, to be further instructed as aforesaid: and upon the Saboth when the Minister shall catechize, and of him demand any question concerning his faith and knowledge, he shall not refuse to make answer upon the same peril.  
34 What man or woman soever, Launderer or Laundress appointed to wash the foul linen of any one labourer or soldier, or any one else as it is their duties so to do, performing little, or no other service for their allowance out of the store, and daily provisions, and supply of other necessaries, unto the Colony, and shall from the said labourer or soldier, or any one else, of what quality whatsoever, either take any thing for washing, or withhold or steal from him any such linen committed to her charge to wash, or change the same willingly and wittingly, with purpose to give him worse, old and torn linen for his good, and proof shall be made thereof, she shall be whipped for the same, and lie in prison till she make restitution of such linen, withheld or changed.  
35 No Captain, Master, or Mariner, of what condition soever, shall depart or carry out of our river, any Ship, Bark, Barge, galley, Pinnace etc. Roaders belonging to the Colony, either now therein, or hither arriving, without leave and commission from the General or chief Commander of the Colony upon pain of death.  
36 No man or woman whatsoever, members of this Colony, shall sell or give unto any Captain, Mariner, Master, or sailor, etc. any commodity of this country, of what quality soever, to be transported out of the Colony, for his or their own private uses, upon pain of death.  
37 If any soldier indebted, shall refuse to pay his debts unto his creditor, his creditor shall inform his Captain, if the Captain cannot agree the same, the creditor shall inform the Marshal's civil & principal officer, who shall prefer for the creditor a bill of complaint at the Marshal's Court, where the creditor shall have justice.  
All such Bakers as are appointed to bake bread, or what else, either for the store to be given out in general, or for any one in particular, shall not steal nor embezzle, loose, or defraud any man of his due and proper weight and measure, nor use any dishonest and deceitful trick to make the bread weigh heavier, or make it courser upon purpose to keep back any part or measure of the flower or meal committed unto him, nor ask, take, or detain any one loaf more or less for his hire or pains for ●so baking, since whilst he who delivered unto him such meal or flower, being to attend the business of the Colony, such baker or bakers are imposed upon no other service or duties, but only so to bake for such as do work, and this shall he take notice of, upon pain for the first time offending herein of losing his ears, and for the second time to be condemned a year to the Galleys, and for the third time offending, to be condemned to the Galleys for three years.  
All such cooks as are appointed to seethe, bake or dress any manner of way, flesh, fish, or what else, of what kind soever, either for the general company, or for any private man, shall not make less, or cut away any part or parcel of such flesh, fish, etc. Nor detain or demand any part or parcel, as allowance or hire for his so dressing the same, since as aforesaid of the baker, he or they such Cook or Cooks, exempted from other public works abroad, are to attend such seething and dressing of such public flesh, fish, or other provisions of what kind soever, as their service and duties expected from them by the Colony, and this shall they take notice of, upon pain for the first time offending herein, of losing his ears, and for the second time to be condemned a year to the Galleys: and for the third time offending to be condemned to the Galleys for three years.  
All fishermen, dressers of Sturgeon or such like appointed to fish, or to cure the said Sturgeon for the use of the Colony, shall give a just and true account of all such fish as they shall take by day or night, of what kind soever, the same to bring unto the Governor: As also of all such kegges of Sturgeon or Caviar as they shall prepare and cure upon peril for the first time offending herein, of losing his ears, and for the second time to be condemned a year to the Galleys, and for the third time offending, to be condemned to the Galleys for three years.  
Every Minister or Preacher shall every Sabbath day before catechizing, read all these laws and ordinances, publicly in the assembly of the congregation upon pain of his entertainment checked for that week.   

The Summarie of the Marshal Laws.  
Ye are now further to understand, that all these prohibited, and forefended trespasses & misdemeanours, with the enjoined observance of all these thus repeated, Civil and Politic Laws, provided, and declared against what Crimes soever, whether against the divine Majesty of God, or our sovereign, and Liege Lord, King james, the detestable crime of Sodomy, Incest, Blasphemy, Treason against the person of the principal Generals, and Commanders of this Colony, and their designs, against detracting, murmuring, calumniating, or slandering of the Right Honourable the Council resident in England, and the Committees there, the general Council, and chief Commanders here, as also against intemperate railings, and base unmanly speeches, uttered in the disgrace one of another by the worse sort, by the most impudent, ignorant, and profane, such as have neither touch of humanity, nor of conscience amongst ourselves, against Adultery, Fornication, Rape, Murder, Theft, false witnessing in any cause, and other the rest of the Civil, and Politic Laws and Orders, necessarily appertaining, & properly belonging to the Government of the State and Condition of the present Colony, as it now subsisteth: I say ye are to know, that all these thus joined, with their due punishments, and perils here declared, and published, are no less subject to the Martial law, then unto the Civil Magistrate, and where the Alarm, Tumult, and practise of arms, are not exercised, and where these now following Laws, appertaining only to Martial discipline, are diligently to be observed, and shall be severely executed.  
1 No man shall willingly absent himself, when he is summoned to take the oath of Supremacy, upon pain of death.  
2 Every Soldier coming into this Colony, shall willingly take his oath to serve the King and the Colony, and to be faithful, and obedient to such Officers, and Commanders, as shall be appointed over him, during the time of his abode therein, according to the Tenor of the oath in that case provided, upon pain of being committed to the Galleys.  
3 If any Soldier, or what manner of man else soever, of what quality or condition soever he be, shall tacitly compact, with any Seaman, Captain Master, or Mariner, to convey himself a Board any ship, with intent to depart from, and abandon the Colony, without a lawful Pass from the General, or chief commander of the Colony, at that time, and shall happen to be prevented, and taken therewith, before the ship shall depart out of our Bay, that Captain, Master or mariner, that shall so receive him, shall lose his wages, and be condemned to the Galleys for three years, and he the sworn servant of the Colony, Soldier, or what else, shall be put to death with the Arms which he carrieth.  
4 When any select, and appointed Forces, for the execution and performance of any intended service, shall be drawn into the field, and shall dislodge from one place unto another, that Soldier that shall quit, or forsake his Colours, shall be punished with death.  
5 That Soldier that shall march upon any service, shall keep his Rank, and marching, the Drum beating, and the Ensign displayed, shall not dare to absent himself, or stray and straggle from his rank, without leave granted from the chief Officer, upon pain of death.  
6 All Captains shall command all Gentlemen, and Common Soldiers in their Companies, to obey their Sergeants, and Corporals in their offices, without resisting, or injuring the said Officers, upon pain, if the injury be by words, he the offender shall ask his Officer pardon in the place of Arms, in the mead of the troops. If by Act, he the offender shall pass the pikes.  
7 That Soldier that in quarrel with an other shall call upon any of his companions, or Countrymen to assist, and abet him, shall be put to death with such Arms as he carrieth.  
8 He that shall begin a mutiny, shall be put to death with such Arms as he carrieth.  
9 Where a quarrel shall happen between two or more, no man shall betake him unto any other Arms then his sword, except he be a Captain or Officer, upon pain of being put to death with such Arms as he shall so take.  
10 If a Captain or Officer of a Company shall come where two or more are fight with their drawn swords, so soon as he shall cry Hold, and charge them to forbear, those that have their swords in their hands so drawn, shall not dare to strike or thrust once after upon pain of passing the Pikes.  
11 That Soldier that having a quarrel with an other, shall gather other of his acquaintance, and Associates, to make parties, to bandy, brave second, and assist him therein, he and those braves, seconds, and assistants shall pass the Pikes.  
12 He that shall waylay any man by advantage taken, thereby cowardly to wound, or murder him shall pass the Pikes.  
13 If any discontentment shall happen between Officers, or Soldiers, so as the one shall give words of offence, unto the other, to move quarrel, the Officer or Soldier shall give notice thereof, to his Corporal, or superior officer, and the Corporal, or superior officer, shall commit the offender, and if it happen between Commanders, the officer offended shall give notice to the General, or Marshal, that he may be committed, who for the first offence shall suffer three days imprisonment, and make the officer wronged, satisfaction before his squadron to repair him, and satisfy him, without base submission, which may unworthy him to carry Arms. And the officer, or Soldier so offended, having satisfaction offered shall with all willingness receive it, for which both producing it to his Officer, and accepting of satisfaction, he shall be reputed an officer, or soldier well governed in himself, and so much the fitter to be advanced in Command over others, and if any shall upbraid him, for not having fought a savage headlong revenge against his fellow, the officer or soldier so upbraiding, shall be punished and make satisfaction as the first offender, and if any shall so offend the second time he shall suffer ten nights lying head and heels together, with Irons upon the guard, and have his entertainment checked for one month, and make satisfaction to the officer or soldier, as before remembered, and for the third offence, he shall be committed to the Galleys three years. And if upon the first offence given by any officer or soldier, unto any other, in words as aforesaid; and the other return injurious words again, they shall both be taken as like offenders, and suffer like punishment, saving that he who gave the first offence shall offer first repair unto the offended, which he the offended shall accept, and then shall he proceed to return though like satisfaction unto the other, and if any shall be obstinate in this point of repair, and satisfaction, he shall suffer sharp and severe punishment, until he shall consent unto it, the words or manner of satisfaction, to be given unto the Party, or parties offended, shall be appointed by the chief officer of the Company, under whom the officer, or soldier shall happen to be, with the knowledge of the provost Martial, provided, that if the Officer or soldier shall desire it, he may appeal unto the chief officer of the Garrison, or unto the Marshal, if he shall be present to judge of the equity of the satisfaction. And if any Lancepresado, corporal, or other officer, shall happen to be present, or shall take knowledge of any such offence offered of one party, or Quarrel sought and accepted of more parties, he shall presently cause the party, or parties so offending to be committed to prison, that due execution may follow, as is formerly provided. And if any Lancepresado, corporal, or superior officer shall neglect his or their duty, or duties herein appointed, by not bringing the offender, and their offences, to the knowledge of the superior office, that satisfaction as aforesaid, upon the fault committed, may orderly follow, the officer so offending, shall for his first omission, negligence, and contempt, suffer ten days Imprisonment, for the second twenty, and for the third loss of his place, and to be put to the duty of a Sentinel: And if any officer or Sould●er shall be present when two or more shall draw weapons, with intent to fight, or shall fight, they shall presently do their best to part them, and if he be an officer he shall commit them, or put them under safe guard to be committed, and if he be a private soldier, he shall give notice to the provost, marshal, or unto the first officer that he shall meet with, of the parties offending, who shall presently take order, that they may be apprehended, and committed to the Provost Martialcy, and if any officer or soldier, shall happen to see any officer or soldier so fight, and shall not do his best to part them, without favouring one part or other, he shall be punished at the discretion of the officer in chief, and the punishment shall extend to the taking away of life, if the cause shall so require, and if any officer, or soldier shall know of any purpose in any to fight, and shall not stay them, or discover them to such officers, as are competent to stay them, but that they go to fight, and do accordingly fight, that officer, or soldier shall be taken, and shall be punished clearly and in the same sort, as the offence deserveth punishment between them fight.  
14 That officer, or Soldier that shall challenge another to fight, and he that shall carry any Challenge, knowing it to be a Challenge, and he that accepteth any such Challenge with a purpose and return of answer, to meet the said Challenger to fight with him, in this case they shall all three be held alike culpable, and lie subject to the Censure of a martial Court.  
15 That officer who shall command the guard and let such Challengers and Challenged, pass the ports, upon his knowledge to fight, shall be casseird, and if the officer be under the degree of a Captain, he shall be put to do the duty of a Sentinel.  
16 No officer shall strike any soldier, for any thing, not concerning the order, and duty of service, and the public work of the Colony, and if any officer shall so do, he shall be punished as a private man in that case, and be held unworthy to command, so perverting the power of his place and authority.  
17 No man shall be Captain of the watch at any time, under the degree of an Ensign.  
18 He that shall take the name of God in vain or shall play at Cards or dice, upon the Court of guard, for the first time so offending, he shall be committed to prison, there to lie in Irons for three days, for the second time so offending, he shall be whipped, and for the third time so offending he shall be condemned to the Galleys for one year.  
19 He that shall absent himself from the Court of Guard, upon his watch above one hour without leave of his Corporal or superior officer, shall for his first time so offending, at the relieving of the watch be committed to prison, and there to lie in Irons for 3. days, for the second time he shall be committed to prison and there lie in irons for one week, and have his entertainment checked for one week, and for the third time, he shall be committed to the Galleys for six months.  
He that shall swagger, and give injurious words upon the court of guard, for the first offence, he shall ask forgiveness upon his knees, of the officers, and rest of the Guard, before the Captain of the watch at that time: for his second time so offending, he shall be committed to the Galleys for one year.  
21 He that draweth his sword upon the Court of Guard, shall suffer death by the Arms which he weareth.  
22 He that should draw his sword in a town of Garrison, or in a Camp shall lose his right hand.  
23 That Soldier that shall go out of the Fort, Town or Camp, other then by the ordinary guards, issues, ways, or ports, shall suffer death by the Arms which he carrieth.  
24 He that shall abuse and injury the Sergeant Maior, the provost Martial, either by word, or deed, if he be a Captain, he shall be casseird, if a Soldier he shall pass the pikes.  
When the Officer or Soldier shall have committed any Crime, or have made breach of the public Laws, his Captain shall commit him unto the sergeant Mayor, who having taken his examination, shall send him to the Provost Martial, committed unto prison, that he may be brought to be censured by a court Martial.  
26 No Soldier shall withstand or hinder the Provost Martial, or his men in the execution of his office, upon pain of death.  
27 All Captains, Lieutenants, sergeant, and Corporals, shall be diligent at convevient times, to train and exercise their Companies, & shall have a care of their Arms, as they tender their entertainment, and upon pain of casseiring, and other corporal punishment, as shall be inflicted by virtue of a Marshal court.  
28 No man shall go twelve score from the quarter, his colours, town or fort, without leave of his Captain, upon pain for the first time of whipping, for the second offence to be committed to the Galleys for one year, and for the third offence to suffer death.  
29 No man shall sell, give, imbezell, or play away his Arms, or any part thereof, upon pain of death.  
30 No common Soldier shall sell, or make away any of his apparel, which is delivered unto him by the Colony, or out of the store, upon pain of whipping.  
31 No man shall depart from his guard without leave of his officer, upon pain of punishment: and who so shall be set Sentinel, shall not depart from it, until he be relieved, nor sleep thereof upon pain of death.  
32 No man shall offer any violence, or contemptuously resist or disobey his Commander, or do any act, or speak any words which may tend to the breeding of any disorder or mutiny in the town or field, or disobey any principal Officers directions upon pain of death.  
33 He that shall not appear upon the guard, or not repair unto his colours, when the Drum upon any occasion shall beat either upon an Alarm, or to attend the business which shall be then commanded, shall for his first offence lie in Irons upon the court of guard all one night, and for his second be whipped, and for the third be condemned to the Galleys for one year.  
34 That Soldier who fight with an enenemie, shall lose his Arms, or run away cowardly, or yield himself but upon apparent and great constraints or without having performed first the part of a good soldier, and an honest man, shall suffer death with the arms which h● carrieth.  
35 That Soldier that shall let go any caution delivered upon a treaty, or any prisoner of war by his negligence, shall be punished with death.  
36 No Soldier shall let go any prisoner of war, which he hath taken without consent of his Captain, who shall advertise the chief Commander, upon pain of being committed to the Galleys for one year.  
37 That Soldier which upon an assault, or taking of any town, that shall not follow his colours, and the victory, but shall fall to pillage for his private profit, after the place taken, shall suffer death with the arms which he weareth.  
38 No Soldier may speak or have any private conference with any of the savages, without leave of his Captain, nor his Captain without leave of his chief Officer, upon pain of death.  
39 When the Marshal or Governor of a town, shall demand a Soldier that hath made breach of these laws, that Captain or any other that shall conceal him, or assist him to fly away, shall be punished with the punishment which the fact of the said fugitive deserved.  
40 That Captain that shall ipso facto, find any Soldier breaking these fore declared laws and ordinances, of whatsoever company he shall be, he shall commit him to the Provost Martial to be punished according as the offence committed cometh under the construction of the Martial law in that case provided.  
41 No Soldier shall unprofitably waste his powder, shot, or match, by shooting it idly away, or at birds, beasts, or soul, but shall give an account unto his Corporal of the same, who shall certify his Captain upon peril for his first fault so committed, to be committed to prison, there to lie in Irons head & heels together eight & forty hours, for the second to be condemned six months to the Galleys, and for the third offence to be condemned two years to the Galleys.  
42 All Captains, Officers, and common Soldiers, or others of what condition soever, members of the Colony, shall do their endeavours to detect, apprehend, and bring to punishment all offenders, and shall assist the officer of that place for that purpose, as they will answer the contrary at our Marshal court.  
43 All other faults, disorders, and offences that are not mentioned in these Laws, Articles, and Orders shall be & are supplied in the instructions which I have set down, and now shall be delivered unto every Captain, and other Officer, so far forth as the infancy, and as yet weak condition of this our present Colony will suffer, and which shall be punished according to the general custom, and therefore I command all men to look to their charges, and him that hath no charge to look to his own carriage, and to keep himself within the bounds of duty, for the discipline sh●ll be strictly kept, and the offenders against the laws thereof severely punished.  
44 Whosoever shall give offence to the Indians in that nature, which truly examined, shall sound to have been cause of breach of their league, and friendship, which with so great travail, desire, and circumspection, we have or shall at any time obtain from them without commission so to do, from him that hath authority for the same, shall be punished with death.  
45 Whosoever shall wilfully, or negligently set fire on any Indian dwelling house, or Quioquisock house or temple, or upon any storehouse, or garner of grain, or provision of what quality soever, or disualedge, ransack, or ill entreat the people of the country, where any war, or where through any march shall be made except it be proclaimed, or without commandment of the chief officers shall be punished with death.  
46 Whosoever shall not do his endeavour and best to regain & recover his colours, if by hap it fall into the Indians hands shall lie subject to the censure of a Marshal court.  
47 Whosoever shall feign himself sick, upon the point of fight, or when any work is to be done or slip away from the service of either, shall be punished by death.  
48 Whosoever shall raise any question, brabble or brawl in the watch, or Amboscado, or in Scout, or Sentinel in any other effect, or make any noise or rumour where silence, secrecy, and covert is to be required, shall be punished with death.  
49 Whosoever shall not retreat when the drum or trumpet soundeth the same, whether it be upon any sallies, made out of any town or fortress, or in skirmish, or in any encounter, shall be punished with death.  
50 It now resteth, that all Captains and supreme officers, whether governor in town, fort or forts, or Captain of companies shall be advised to do their endeavours jointly, and to agree in one accord, that the true and never failing justice, may be executed with all integrity of all these foredeclared laws, according to the dignity, power, and censure of the Martial court, that by the exemplar lives, and honourable practices of all that is good & virtuous, all things may be governed in good order, as no doubt, our Right Honourable Lord General doth assure himself, that all good and upright men that have the fear of God, and his service, and their own honour in regard, will demean themselves no less, then according to the dignity of their place, and charge of their command, the united powers of his Lordship's knowledge, being so full of approved nobleness, and the well known, and long time exercised grounds of Piety, as without question he cannot but desire rather a little number of good men, obedient & tractable, submitting to good order & discipline, than a great army, composed of vicious profane, quarrelous, disobedient, and ignoble persons, wherefore in his Lordship's behalf, I must entreat all Governors, Captains, Officers, and Soldiers, and nevertheless do enjoin, ordain and command them to carry themselves in their several duties and charges, according to the intention of his Lordship, declared by these present Ordinances.  
51 Every Captain shall cause to be read all these laws which concern martial discipline, every week upon his guard day, unto his company upon pain of censure of a Martial court.  

Instructions of the Marshal for better inhabling of the Colonel or Governor, to the executing of his or their charges in this present Colony the 22. of june. 1611.  
ALbeit the zeal which I bear unto this business that we have all now in hand touching the subsistence of this plantation, might justly take up all my spirits, and would require a large and passionate explanation of mine own thoughts and promptness to gain & possess the hearts of all understanding, noble and religious spirits thereunto, yet I must crave pardon (considering at this time many present impediments) if I wrap up any impatient desires & good affection hereunto, to all such unto whom these necessary effects of my duty and office shall appertain, and must be declared in few words and advises, appertinent yet (if not essential, as heat to blood, to the advancement hereof) my desire then by these is chiefly to let all the worthier & better sort to understand, how well it shall become their Honours, births, breed, reputations & fa●shes, to do their bests, and emulously to actuate in this work, the utmost of their clearest powers of body and mind, where the travail of both is so dearly valued, & highly interpreted by all good and wise men, who knowing the grounds of all goodness, cannot but know this, how this hazardous voyage (as yet but in her early days, reflecting only the comfort of fair hopes) is undertaken by you, more to honour God, your country, & to profit your knowledges, then for any other ends of profit, which speaks for you (in despite of envy and calumny) that you have minds much in love with virtue, & are right noble & worthy instruments, to be employed in so sacred and heroic a cause, if it were well known here the care that is had of this plantation in England, and the travel that is taken therein, and the fire that doth not only burn in the general body of our dear countrymen, to the encouragemet & joy one of another amongst themselves, but flames out (even to the view of strange nations, as well our neighbours, as far remote) for the furtherance & advancement of this honourable enterprise, there is no man here would think that this my induction, had either fashion or purpose of a complement. If the wisest man that ever spoke or writ (except him that was both God & man) summed up all the reckonings of worldly felicities in these two words Laecari & benefacere, employing a cheerful mirth with well doing (from which it cannot be severed) who hath more cause to be cheerful, and inly glad than you that have the comfort of so great well-doing, to which no other may be compared? for what well-doing can be greater than to be stocks & authors of a people that shall serve and glorify God, which is the end of all our Creation, & to redeem them from ignorance and infidelity, to the true knowledge and worship of God, whereby you are made partakers of this promise, that they which lead others into Righteousness, shall shine like the stars in the sirmament, wherein be right well assured, that your happiness is envied by many a right knowing, and excellent virtuous man in England, who cannot haply by reason of other their employments and callings, be partakers of that Comfort here, as they are by their Endeavours there at home. I shall not need to advise any Colonel, or Governor here for the present how to carry himself, for each man's own experience here hath made him out goal use of my admonition, which my affection would willingly else afford if there were cause. Only to discharge my service to god whose soldier I do now profess myself impressed, in this so glorious and great a cause of his, my duty to my Sovereign Liege Lord and King, & to his Highness my Royal Prince and Master, to my Country and the expectation of many Honourable select, painful, and Religious adventurers, patrons of this business, I have conceived no whit impertinent to deliver and publish to every imminent officer in this Colony here present, and for the direction and guiding of such who may hereafter arrive here such and so many few in structions as may the better enable them to execute their charges, no whit doubting, but every Colonel, Governor Captain, and other Officer may sufficiently understand his and their duties, as they are Soldiers, but happily not yet as they are, or may be Coloni, members of a Colony, which compriseth and involueth here, as well all the industrious knowledges & practices of the husbandman & of his spade, as of the Soldier, and of his Sword, since as Money is the payment & wages of the one, so of the other are the fruits of the earth the tillage and manuring of the Land, and in very truth of more necessity & use shall we here be of the latter then of the other, whether of you be comprehended the soldier himself or his Salary, since more easy it is to make a Husbandman a Soldier, than a Soldier a husbandman. And indeed the necessity of our subsisting, and the very danger which our enemies of this Country can any way put us unto (our Companies and people well commanded) requiring the choice rather of the one than the other. These being then the ends and intents of this work, and so understood, by every supreme and chief commander, I refer him to these following instructions.  
All Governors of Town or Towns, Fort or Forts, shall be ready (when so be it they shall be summoned thereunto) to take their Oaths of Allegiance unto his Majesty & of faithfulness unto such his majesties Lieutenant or to his Deputy or Deputies (authorized by Commission to command over and within the precincts of this whole Colony, or Colonies, by the Tenor of which Oaths they shall solemnly attest to perform all Integrity, uprightness, justice and sincere administration of the discipline and Laws in all causes and cases, for the good of the Colony or Colonies, provided and declared, and shall endeavour the best they may, with all carefulness to advance the dignity, and subsistence of the same, as well by giving often in charge, and taking no less into their own care, both the particular preservation of all such helps of what condition soever (especially of cattle, and all kind of such breeders, which may ef●oones redound unto the utility and profit of the same, as by tendering the provisions of the store, and t●e we●l husbanding of the same, be they of what several quality soever Nor is he meanly to be watchful, and jealous over his own ways and carriage in all particulars, making profession, and practise of all virtue and goodness for example unto others to imitate, it being true that examples at all times prevail far above precepts, men being readier to be led by their eyes, than their ear, for seeing a lively pattern of industry, order and comeliness, we are all of us rather swayed unto the same by a visible object, then by hearing much more in well instructed Arguments.  
Every such Governor therefore shall make it his firit duty to resort daily and usually to the divine Service, next to put in execution the Laws duly against offenders and with all cherish and reward the well deserving, and lastly with all worthiness & circumspection on, abeare himself unto and towards his Garrison, entreating all men as well strangers as others, with all Grace, humanity, and sweetness of a noble nature, & manliness, unto all which I heartily advise, and withal enjoin every such Governor of Town or Towns, to be most indulgent, and careful to perform, as he will answer the contrary (beside with the loss of his own Honour, with such other penalties, as the neglect of so behoveful and necessary business in him, may draw upon the Colony.  
Further he ought to be most vigilant, circumspect, and provident for the conservation, defending, & keeping the Town or Fort, for & unto his Majesty, wherein he is placed chief commander, & therefore ought the more duly to strengthen his judgement, and remember his reputation, that he fall into neither of those extremes, which the needy and prodigal are most what culpable of, the one wasting the stocks, commodities and provisions of the store, by which he must subsist, and the other by being ravenous and corrupt in himself become likewise enforced to tolerate the same in his inferior captains, and so leave the poor Soldier and Labourer, miserably peeled, oppressed and starved.  
Further he ought to provide that the companies be trained, and that they may be made ready for the public service, and for that the condition of this country doth require rather shot then other Arms, either for offence or defence, and time being precious with us in respect of our daily labours and works abroad belonging to our subsisting, in so much, as a small portion thereof may be afforded and allowed unto such exercising and training, therefore it is appointed by the Marshal, that the Captains that shall have the Guard, during their time of Guard (their people as then being exempted from their daily labour and work abroad) and their Officers shall teach every Soldier to handle his piece; first to present it comely, and soldier like, and then to give fire, by false firing, and so to fall his Piece to the right side with the nose up, & when their soldiers are hardy and expert in this, they shall set up a convenient mark fast by the court of Guard, at which every Soldier shall twice discharge his piece, at the relieving of the watch, morning and evening, and he that shall shoot nearest the Governor shall do well to allow some addition of victuals, or pay, or some prize of encouragement, that every one may thereby emulously contend to do best: Concerning the training, and cleanly exercising of their Arms, & their postures, the captains shall have order and directions for the same under the Marshal's hand which they shall put in Execution during the time of their Guard.  
41 It is also required that the Governor never lie out of his Town or Fort whereby he may the better keep good espial upon all officers, that they perform their several duties each one in his place especially in good observation of the watch & Guard, for the more confident securing the charge committed to him:  
He shall not suffer in his Garrison any Soldier to enter into Guard, or to be drawn out into the field without being armed according to the Marshal's order, which is, that every shot shall either be furnished with a quilted coat of Canvas, a headpiece, and a sword, or else with a light Armour, and Bases quilted, with which he shall be furnished: and every Targiteer with his Bases to the small of his leg, and his headpiece, sword and pistol, or Scuppet provided for that end. And likewisee every Officer armed as before, with a firelocke, or Snaphaunse, headpiece, and a Target, only the Sergeant in Garrison shall use his Halberd, and in field his Snaphaunse and Target.  
The Governor shall have a Principal care, that he use his Garrison to the daily wearing of these Armours, lest in the field, the soldier do find them the more uncouth strange and troublesome.  
Lastly the Governor shall have a singular care to put in execution all such Orders and Instructions as shall be delivered unto him from the General, or his deputy or deputies, concerning the employments of his Garrison upon such manual works and duties, as shall be thought necessary and convenient for the better subsisting both of the labourer, and Garrison committed unto him▪ In which is not to be forgotten the chary conservation of powder, and munition, which will the better inhable him for the defence of his Charge.  
The Governor shall be better instructed by taking notice of the Laws published, that these following abuses are provided for, impious and malicious speaking against the holy and blessed Trinity, Blasphemy, and taking Gods holy name in vain, traitorous words against his majesties person, or Royal Authority, unreverent Demeanour towards the Ministers and preachers of the same, the detestable crime of Sodomy, incest, theft, murder, false witnessing, treason against the Person of the General, and principal Commanders of this Colony, and their designs, against Detracting, Murmuring or slandering of the Right Honourable, the Council resident in England, and the Committees there, the general Council and Subalternate Commanders, here, as also against intemperate railings & base unmanly speeches uttered in the disgrace one of another, all which the Marshal Law, as well as the Civil Magistrate is to punish, but these which concern in particular the military Discipline, to enable your judgement for your sentence to be required, that it may with greater clearness, and understanding, called to censure offences in the Marshal court be delivered, I have abstracted, as followeth  
1 Conference with the enemy, without leave or warrant, from the Lord General, Lieutenant General, Marshal, or chief & principal command for the present.  
2 The designs, enterprises, and estate of the Colony, revealed to what enemy soever, by privy messengers, or missives, or otherwise in what sort soever.  
3 The not present advertising, & giving notice unto a chief Commander, of such things as any man knoweth intended any way, or by any body, for the damage, mischief or ill of the Colony, or the concealment in any one of any matter of importance, and moment for the good of the Colony.  
4 Running unto the enemy, or intending, and plotting to run albeit prevented.  
5 Of any one taken prisoner by the enemy, having means to escape, & not returning to the Colony again, unless he have given faith.  
6 Of attempting commotion, giving occasion of sedition, or Mutiny in the Colony, or seducing any labourer or soldier from their duty, divine, civil, or martial, or from their appointed works and labours.  
7 Of disclosing or giving the word unto the enemy, or unto any other, where it 〈…〉 be given.  
8 Of receiving, or protecting 〈…〉, ●●●●nger, or suspected spy, or supposed enemy, into 〈◊〉, or any covert, without making it known to the General, or chief officer, and without leave from him so to do.  
9 Suspicious and privily entering into the Camp Town, or Fort, or going out by any other ways and issues, than those which are accustomed, as over the Ramparts, Pall●zadoes, Trenches, etc.  
10 Of doing any act, or contriving any practice, which may prejudice the service of his Majesty commanded for the good of the Colony, by the General, or chief Officer.  
11 Of breaking the Truce, or peace at any time concluded with the Indian, without leave & warrant expressly given, by h●m who hath power so to do.  
12 Of pillaging, or violently forcing from any Indian to friend, without leave.  
13 Of ransacking, ransoming, or violently outraging, and dispoiling the Country people, or making war upon them, be it in body or goods, unless they be declared enemies, & warrant given to make prize of.  
14 Of laying violent hands on his Captain or other superior officer, and generally upon any one whatsoever, to whom duty & obedience is due, especially if it be in the executing of his Office.  
15 Of him who shall see his superior, or chief officer in danger, and shall not do his endeavour to rescue and relieve him with all his force, and power.  
16 Of him who shall violently or hardly entreat, or kill his soldier, without good, & lawful occasion, or that he have deserved so to be entreated, not to satisfy his own pleasure and appetite, to punish in colour, and revenge, thereby thinking to make himself more redoubted, a brave man, & to be feared, remembering well, the life of a soldier, or a labourer, belongs to none to take away, but to the Lord General, Lieutenant General, Marshal, or their deputy or deputies.  
17 Of killing any one, except it be in his own defence.  
18 Of striking or fight with an other man, having a quarrel unto him, and not holding his or their hands when an officer or third party comes between and cries, Holah.  
19 Of making debate, raising question, or laying his hand on his sword, and drawing it in the Court of Guard, in Ambush or other place, where he ought to be modest, peaceable, silent, & to keep himself in covert.  
20 Of assaying or endeavouring by bravery, & chiefly by treachery, to outrage or injury any one without a cause, in deed or in words, privately behind his back like a sly coward, or openly to his face, like an arrogant russian, since words are the parents of blows, & from quarrels infinite disorders, and mischiefs gather head whether in Camp, Town, or Fort.  
21 Of revenging a new wrong, or old injury, by any course, contrary to the peace of the camp or Colony.  
22 Of running where any quarrel is a foot, and companies gathered together, furnished with other Arms than his sword.  
23 Of taking away any money in bravery, won from another, or gotten by play otherwise without the will and consent of him, from whom he won it, or cheating or cozenage in play.  
24 Of not repairing to the place of Arms, or Colours at the public beating of the Drum.  
25 Of wilfully firing any place, without order from the superior officer.  
26 Of sacrilege or taking any goods out of Churches, or Temples, be they sacred or profane, without licence from the chief commander.  
27 Of a soldier enrowling himself in two companies at one time.  
28 Of going out of one company into another, without leave of his Captain.  
29 Of absenting himself from the Camp, town, or fort, without permission of a superior officer.  
30 Of him that shall receive his pay, and shall go away without speaking a word, it is a case capital, and worthy of death.  
31 Of suborning soldiers the one from the other, which is an evil example, and which doth draw many inconveniences with it.  
32 Of quarrels, debates, and revenge.  
33 Of failing to go, or refusing to follow, where his ensign shall march, or else where that he shall be commanded by those who have authority so to command without inquiring the cause.  
34 Of abandoning his ensign without leave or going from the place assigned him, be it in fight, in the court of guard, Sentinels, or other part, not brought of by those who placed him there, or others having the same authority.  
35 Of a Soldier not doing his endeavour to recover his ensign, if the enemy have taken it.  
36 Of being wanting at his watch, upon his time appointed, or of going of the Guard without leave, albeit under a colour of espy.  
37 Of being found sleeping in Sentinel, or of him who placed upon some Guard or watch by his negligence hath given means to the enemy, to do some spoil in the camp, town, or fort, and to surprise them at unawares.  
38 Of running away from the battle, conflict, or assault, etc. and of him that marcheth too slowly, or maketh delays in any other sort.  
39 Of a Soldier feigning himself sick, when any service is to be performed.  
40 Of yielding unto the enemy, a place which he hath in guard, without doing first his duty to the uttermost, & be not constrained unto it, according to the quality of the same, & the state whereunto he shallbe drawn.  
41 Of being appointed to defend a breach, trench, or passage, committed unto his charge, & do forsake it altogether, without being forced thereunto by the enemy.  
42 Of entering into any place taken by force, & pillaging the fame, not following his colours, or forsaking the fame, without a public proclamation, made by the chief commander, that it shall be lawful so to pillage.  
43 Of a soldier being found unfurnished of his arms, and of such furniture, as he is appointed to wear and aught to have, by losing them in play, or in cowardly running away, or otherwise by his default or negligence.  
44 Of a soldiers going from his quarter, town, or fort, without he have leave f●om a superior officer.  
45 Of a soldier advancing himself, to go before the troops, be it to come first to his lodging, or for any other occasion, or wandering here and there, and straggling when he should march.  
46 Of not retiring so soon as the drum or trumpet shall sound retreat, whether it be coming out of any town, or skirmish or any other fight.  
47 Of speaking loud, or making a noise in the battle or any other place, where silence is to be used, except those who have power to command.   

Instructions of the Marshal for the better inhabling of the Captain of the watch, to the executing of his charge in this present Colony. the 22. of june. 1611.  
SIthence, as in every living creature, there be many and sundry members, & those distinct in place and office, and all yet under the regiment of the soul, and heart, so in every army, commonwealth, or Colony (all bodies a like compounded) it cannot be otherwise for the establishment of the same in perfect order and virtue, but that there should be many differing parts, which directed by the chief, should help to govern and administer justice under him. And if it be thus in this civil Audit, & courts of a well settled State, much more sure as it required, to be in their beginnings, and no less shall we read, how that first & great commander over the Colony of the children of Israel, conducting them from Egypt to make their plantation in the land of Promise, appointed Captains over Tribes and hundreds for the wars, and Elders to sit upon the bench (whilst unto himself all great causes were brought, whether martial, or civil to direct and determine it otherwise being impossible, so many and infinite occasions both being to be thought upon, and requiring judicial audience, should ever come by one man (of how indefatigable a spirit soever) to be decided or determined. Out of this example commended unto us by the holy writ, it may well be, that many Officers are still continued in all united societies, religious and well governed: having then thus religion, beside prescription and reason, (which mine own breeding hath taught me how to make the best use of, to be my guides in this new settlement, and in this strange and heathenous (contending with all the strength and powers of my mind and body, I confess to make it like our native country, I am not a little careful to adhere & take unto mine own endeavours, as many furtherances, as may help to work out with me the ends of this great employment, which hath now possessed and furnished all states of Christendom with discourse and expectation what may be the issue thereof, & to what perfection so great, & frequent levies of moneys, & annual transportations for these four years of men, and provisions, may bring this English plantation unto: And as I have constituted subaltern officers according both to the ancient & modern order of the wars, and well approved the government & magistracy, resembling and maintaining the laws of England, so I have taken pains to present so many & such instructions to such special officers (whom our necessity teacheth to establish amongst us) as may most nearest concern them for the present, (leaving out yet I confess many appertinent ones, which the time & our early days here of settlement may not yet admit of. Let me advise therefore every officer now established, to hold it a service of duty faithfully to execute such orders and instructions, as I have made it my minds labour to express and draw out for him: and amongst the rest (our no little safety consisting in our watch & guard as well by day as night, we being set down in a stranger land, savage, and treacherous, and therefore many sudden and barbarous accidents to be feared, I have as followeth extracted the duty of the captain of the wrath an office not meanly appertaining and necessary unto this Colony, and whose ignorance, and supine negligence may much endanger the safety thereof.  
That Captain who is Captain of the watch, must have a special care of the safeguard and preservation of the Town or Fort committed to his charge, and of the lives and goods of the soldiers, and Inhabitants, that through his defect, negligence, or Ignorance in his charge, he gives not opportunity to the enemy to execute any of his designs, for the indamaging of the place or the Inhabitants: Now for the more faithful executing of his charge, he shall do well to take notice, that being the chief commander of the watch, he he is to answer for all Disorders, Misrules, Riots, Tumults and what unquietness soever, shall happen in the Town or Fort, and that if any of these shall fall out to be, he is to commit the parties so offending, to the Provost Martial, making the Governor therewith acquainted, that the offender may receive such punishment, as his fault shall deserve, of what quality soever he be.  
At the setting of the watch, he is to repair to the place of Arms, with his Gorget about his neck, if his company have not the Guard, there to be present with the Sergeant Maior, at the drawing of the Billets for the Guards, that he may the better know the strength of his watch, and how the companies are disposed upon their Guards.  
He is to remain from the setting of the watch upon the main court of Guard, or Guard appointed for him & his Rounders that if any occasion present itself wherein his endeavour is to be used, he may be the readier found to receive the chief Officers direction, or to reform any abuses that shall come to his knowledge, by the misdemeanours of any to be found in the camp, town or fort.  
The Ports being shut, and the word delivered out from the Governor, he is to see that all his Gentlemen, appointed for his assistants, do come upon their guard, where he is so to order it that by drawing of Billets according to their lots, they may execute their rounds, whither first, second, third. etc. and after the Corporals have set out their sentinels, he is to pass from his court of guard, with three or four of his assistants, and so to make the round about the camp, town, or fort, from guard to guard, receiving from every Corporal the word of guet, that their be no error, or abuse, by variety of word: after which he is to go into the court of guard, to see that such officers, rounders, and soldiers, appointed for that guard, be there present upon their guard, than he shall search the pieces whither they be charged with Bullet, and that the soldiers be furnished with powder and match for the better defence of the guard, committed to his charge, so commanding and enjoining every officer, and soldier to execute his duty, for their better security of the camp, town, or fort: he shall depart to the next guard there to do the like, and so from guard to guard, until he hath visited all the guards and sentinels of his watch, giving in charge to the officers of each guard to send forth their rounders, according to their order and directions.  
Further he shall command all disordered people (untimely sitting up late in usual assemblies, whither in private meetings, public tap-houses or such like places) unto their rests, for which he shall cause all fire and candles to be put out and raked up in the town, and such night walkers, or unruly persons whom he shall meet in the streets, he shall either send to their lodgings, or to the Provost Martial, according as their misdemeanour shall require.  
He being returned to his own court of guard shall see his rounders set forth every one according to his order of Billet, from hour to hour, and he shall inform himself from these rounders which walk their rounds, two hours before day break, whither the Captains and their guards, and their companies be in arms according to their duties: if they be not he shall walk around towards the morning unto those Guards, and cause them to be put in arms, and shall inform the governor of those Officers neglects, that they may receive punishment: after this at the discharge of the watch, he is with his guard to attend the Sergeant Major for the safe opening of the Ports.  
At the opening of the Ports, he shall cause the people to stay that are to go out of the Town, a pretty distance from his guard, that they may give no encumbrance to his guard, until such time, as he hath sent out certain sergeant to discover forth right, and upon each side, as far as the limits of that fort are prescribed: At the return of the Sergeant, he shall cause those of the Town to go out leisurely and without thronging or confusion, and those without to come in, in like manner, warning the Guards to stand in arms one hour after.  
From thence he shall return to the main Guard or place of arms to assist the Sergeant Maior for the disposing of such men as are appointed unto ●●eir several business and works of the Colony for the whole day following: and likewise to see that those Captains, who have the Guard, do put in execution the commandments of the Marshal for the training and disciplining of their men for the better enabling them to the service of the Colony.  
After which he shall do well to present himself before the Governor, or chief Officer, to understand his further commands.  
It shall be his duty the time being come, when the general morning work is to be left off, to cause the Drum to beat, and with his Guard of Rounders to assist the Captains or Capt. to bring the labourers into the Church to hear divine service, which being ended he is to return to the main Court of Guard, there to be present for the ordering of all matters whatsoever to happen, during his time of being Captain of the watch, and when it shall so fall out that the Indians do at any time come in way of trade or visitation unto the Camp, town or fort, he shall leave order with the Guards that the suffer not them to enter before such time as they have made him acquainted first of their being there, who shall inform the Governor to know his pleasure, which being understood he shall so accomplish, at all times, appointing Guards upon such Indians, that they do not steal any of out ●ooles, Axes, Howes, Swords, Pieces or what thing else; and that none of our people talk publicly or privately with them, or that they truck or trade with them, or do any other unorderly Act, without leave granted for the same from the Governor, or chief Officer, the omission of which duty, will be required at his hands.  
He must likewise take notice of all such breaches of the public Laws and Articles, as shall be committed in the time of his Guard, and accordingly command such persons to the Provost Martial, as shall be found trespassers and breakers of the said Laws and Articles.  
At the time or hours appointed for the afternoon work of the Colony, every labourer to his work, and every craftsman to his occupation, Smiths, joiners, Carpenters, Brick makers &. He shall cause the drum to beat again, to draw and call forth the people unto their labour, when again the work on all hands towards night being to be left off, he is to cause the drum likewise then to beat, and as before assist the Capt: with the whole company to bring them to evening prayer.  
If it shall so be that he be Capt. of the watch upon Sunday, it shall be his duty to see that the Sabbath be no ways profaned, by any disorders, gaming, drunkenness, intemperate meeting, or such like, in public or private, in the streets or within the houses.  
It shall be his duty half an hour before the divine service, morning & evening, to shut the Ports and place Sentinels, and the Bell having tolled the last time, he shall search all the houses of the town, to command every one, of what quality soever (the sick and hurt excepted) to repair to Church, after which he shall accompany all the guards with their arms, (himself being last) into the Church, and lay the keys before the Governor.  
If at any time any alarm be taken, he is to strengthen himself from the main court of guard, taking a competent proportion of that guard, for the securing of his person, and so to repair to the place where the alarm was given, to inform himself by what means the alarm came, causing his rounders to command all guards to be in arms for the readier execution and resistance of any peril, and conservation of their charge, and if he find the alarm to be truly given, and that the enemy approach the Fort, town, or camp, he is to send to advertise the Governor or chief officers to know his directions for the assembling of guards, and ordering and drawing a force, for the better prevention of the enemy's designs.  
Lastly, when the guard is set, and another Captain hath the watch, he shall present himself before the Governor or chief Commander, to give account unto him of all such accidents, trespasses and neglects, as have been committed during the time of his watch.  
Thus to conclude, though his office amongst many others be a chief and principal office, and there be many weighty and frequent duties required in this great duty of the Captain of the watch, yet these are the most essential and necessariest which I can yet advise, the nearest to concern us.   

Instructions of the Marshal, for the better enabling of a Captain, to the executing of his charge in this present Colony. june the 22. 1611.  
THat Captain that will honestly and religiously discharge himself, and the duty entrusted to him, shall do well to conceive of himself, as the master of a family, who is at all times so to govern himself, as knowing assuredly that all the crimes and trespasses of his people under him shall be exacted at his hands, not only by his superior officer and judge here, but by the great judge of judges, who leaves not unpunished the sins of the people, upon the Magistrates, in whose hands the power and sword of justice and authority is committed, to restrain them from all delinquences, misdeeds and trespasses. And moreover since the Captain is to know, that not only the command of their civil duties is at his directions, for which he is to answer, but likewise all their actions and practices which shall break forth in them, contrary to the divine prescriptions of Piety and Religion: their perjuries, blasphemies, profaneness, riots, and what disorders soever, and generally all their breaches of both the sacred Tables, divine, and moral, to GOD and man, and in this place most especially, where the work assumed, hath no other ends but such as may punctually advance the glory, and propagation of the heavenly goodness, for which so many religious laws and ordinances are established, and declared, all tending to the subsisting of a Colony, the first seed-plot and settlement of such a new temporary kingdom and state, as may reduce, and bring poor misbelieving miscreants, to the knowledge of the eternal kingdom of God (therefore by him first shut up in misbelief, that in his due time, when it should so please him, he might again on them show mercy) It is carefully therefore by each Captain to be considered, how precious the life of a poor soldier is, but how much more precious his soul, and that he make conscience how he expose the first to apparent ruin and mischief, or suffer the other to run on into headlong destruction: for the first let his wisdom, knowledge, and circumspection be ever awake, and ready how to employ, and when and with what assurances, regards and cautions, either left to his own power, or prescribed him by virtue of these from the Marshal, and for the other, let him first be mindful to give witnesses in his own life, how careful he is to please God, who must bless all that he undertakes, and walk himself in a noble example of justice and truth; which doth not only enforce a reputation and respect from other men, but an imitation and following of the like by other men: And unto this may the diverse and frequent changes and strictness of the place where we are, and the hardness of the many with whom he shall have to do, with other chances & difficulties be motives sufficient to persuade him, in which yet let him remember this, that it is in vain in such place as here, to pretend only to be virtuous and religious, except a man be virtuous and religious indeed, and that virtue extend itself to example. But since I assure myself that of this advice no Capt. voluntarily employing himself in such a business as this is, and only for the business sake, hath any need, I commend him to the following instructions.  
Every Captain shall (if conveniently he may) present himself before his Colonel or Governor, once a day, to understand his commands, the which he must be careful, neither to exceed at any time, nor be defective in their full accomplishment, albeit he shall have a show and presentment at any time of a better advantage, since concerning his employment he may be ignorant of the chief commanders ends.  
He shall do well to have a special eye and regard over his company, that they as well br●ake not the public Laws, and Orders prescribed them, but also perform all duties and services unto which they shall be for the present commanded, the which that he may with the better aptness and conveniency draw them unto, it shallbe his duty to have knowledge, and take notice of every one of his under Officers, offices and duties; that he may the readier reform faults committed, either by negligence, or ignorance, and at the time of watch he shall send his Sergeant to the Sergeant mayor for the word, and if he have the watch himself, he shall after the word given out, call upon his court of guard, all his company (unless his Sentinels) and assembled together, humbly present themselves on their knees, and by faithful and ze●lous prayer unto almighty God commend themselves and their endeavours to his merciful protection.  
After prayer, either the Captain himself, or some one of his under officers, shall accompany the Sentinel to the place of Guet, after which he shall search all the pieces upon the court of guard, that they be charged with bullet against the Captain of the watch or Sergeant Major shall come to visit them, and also that they be furnished with Powder and Match, for the discharge of their duties, during the time of their watch and ward: and it is his duty, after that the Sergeant Major or Captain of the watch have made their round some time after midnight to walk his round, to see that his Sentinels do hold good watch in their guet, & that all things be quiet and peaceable, and no disorders in the town, and that if alarm be given, he give order to his Sentinels to take it with all secrecy, without any tumult or noise made, for the ●●act performance whereof, he must have especial care that he weaken not his guard, by giving leave unto any of them to be absent from the guard, but upon just and lawful cause, & reason to be alleged: likewise he is to appoint certain gentlemen for rounders in his company, the which are to make their said rounds from hour to hour, according to the directions of the Captain of the watch.  
Further, about two hours before day, the Captain shall put on his arms, and cause all his company to arm themselves, and so to stand in arms until one hour after the discharge of the watch in the morning, which time expired, he shall return with his company unto the court of guard, and there, with public prayer, give unto almighty God humble thanks and praises, for his merciful and safe protection that night, and commend himself and his, to his no less merciful protection and safeguard for the day following.  
And because that, during the watch, that time is appointed for the exercising of his men, and fashioning them to their arms, he shall set up a convenient mark by his court of guard, where he shall teach his men the exercise of their arms, both for the comely and needful use thereof, as the offensive practice against their enemies, at which mark his men shall discharge their pieces twice, both morn●ng and evening, at the discharge of the watch, having procured from the Governor some prize of encouragement due unto him that shall shoot nearest, than he shall file and rank, & exercise his men in such military actions, according unto such form and exercise, as he shall receive from the Marshal, not forgetting by the way, that all the Courts of guard, and all the members of the watch and ward, are under the command of the Capt. of the watch.  
Further, the Captain is to make it his especial duty to have religious and manly care over the poor sick soldiers or labourers under his command, for which cause he shall visit such as are sick, and provide so that they be attended, their lodgings kept sweet, and their beds standing the same height from the ground which is provided for in the public Injunctions, as likewise he shall call for such things for them out of the store, or from the Physicians or Surgeon's chest, as the necessity of their sickness shall require.  
Further he is to know, because we are not only to exercise the duty of a Soldier, but of the husbandman, and that in time of the vacancy of our watch and ward we are not to live idly, therefore the Captain sending his Sergeant to the Sergeant Maior for the word, shall likewise give in charge unto his Sergeant to make demand of the Sergeant Major, what service, work, and business he hath in charge, from the Governor, to command him and his men to go upon him the next morning, after notice whereof, he shall so provide, that he and his men be ready at the relieving of the morning watch, the Drum summoning him thereunto to effect the same, for which he shall bring ●is men unto the place of Arms, by the main Court of guard, where the Sergeant Major, or the Captain of the watch, shall conduct them to the place of the subsisting business, providing them such labouring and needful Instruments or tools, as the work for the present shall require, in which work the Captain himself shall do exceeding worthily to take pains and labour, that his Soldiers seeing his industry and carefulness, may with more cheerfulness love him, and be encouraged to the performance of the like in that business whereupon they are employed, chose himself taking his case, and enjoining them to toil and work, may breed both a weariness of the business in the employed, and give a way unto much hatred, and contempt unto himself.  
Now concerning the tools and instruments, and the furnishing his soldiers therewith, the Captain shall send his Sergeant to the store to make demand thereof, and leaving a note under his hand for the receipt of the same, thereby charging himself to the redelivery of them again at the finishing of the work. The companies thus furnished, and being assembled in the place of arms, the Sergeant Maior or Captain of the watch, upon their knees shall make their public and faithful prayers unto almighty God for his blessing and protection to attend them in this their business the whole day after succeeding, which done the Sergeant Maior or Captain of the watch shall extract out of the companies howsoever divided, and deliver unto every Master of the work appointed, his proper and several Ging, to take their ways thereunto, where the said Masters and overseers of such works shall be present with them to labour, and hold to labour such his Ging until 9 or ten of the clock, according unto the coldness or heat of the day, at which time he shall not suffer any of his company to be negligent, and idle, or depart from his work, until the Sergeant mayor, or Capt. of the watch causing the drum to beat shall fetch them in unto the Church to hear divine service, which being effected, every man shall repair to his lodging, to provide himself of his dinner, and to ease and rest himself until two or three of the clock in the afternoon, according to the heat and coldness of the day, at which time the drum beating, the Capt: shall again draw forth his company unto the place of Arms as a foresaid, to be disposed of as before upon their work until five or six of the clock, at which time the drum beating as before, at the command of the Sarjeant mayor or Capt. of the watch, they shallbe by one of them brought in again unto the Church to Evening prayer, which being ended they shall dismiss the company; those that are to set the watch, with charge to prepare their Arms, the others unto their rests and lodgings.  
All these duties the Captain must not be ignorant nor negligent to put in execution, as being duties which will be exactly required at his hands by the Marshal, as also so to behave himself that he may be as well beloved as obeyed of his soldiers, that thereby they may as well know, how to obey, as he to command, and that he endeavour by all means to conserve his men, as annoy his enemy, & painfully to execute with all diligence such matters as he is enjoined by his superiors, and to have no apprehension of fear, but of shame and infamy.   

Instructions of the Marshal for the better enabling of a Lieutenant to the executing of his charge in this present Colony june the 22. 1611.  
WHen the Captain is present he is to be assisting to his Captain, in providing that all directions that are commanded by the Superior Officer, as well his Captain as other, be put in execution, that the company be well and orderly governed, and such duties duly and daily performed as are enjoined by the Governor or chief officer; and likewise that the duties of the inferior officers or Soldiers be no less diligently and sedulously discharged, for he being, as is said, a help, and aid unto his Captain, is therefore accountant to and with his Captain for such omissions, disorders and neglects, as the company shallbe found faulty in.  
He ought faithfully to inform his Capt: of all abuses, disorders, neglects, and contempts that shall happen in the company, of what nature or condition soever they be.  
If his Captain shall at any time demand his opinion in any matter of consequence, he shall faithfully and sincerely deliver it, but not presume to advise his Capt. undemanded, unless it be upon extraordinary occasion of present and imminent peril.  
It shallbe his duty in all quarrels, brawls, debates, and discontentments of his soldiers to accord and agree them without partiality, and with the least troubling of his Cap. with the same, & if he cannot with his courtesies, and gentle interposition work them into peaceable agreement, he shall then acquaint his Captain, and afterwards faithfully put in execution his captains directions.  
He ought to train & exercise the company that they may be expert in the use of their arms when they shall be commanded to public service. He ought likewise to see that the inferior officers be duly obeyed the one by the other without singularity or contradiction, & the soldiers obey them all in general, each one according to his place.  
By his care every Squadron shall have his arms serviceable and clean, and at the setting of the watch that they be provided of powder, match, and bullet, for the defence of the guard, and if the company be unfurnished to advertise his Captain, or send his Sergeant to the munition Master, that order may be presently taken for the supply thereof.  
He shall do well, if conveniently he may, morning and evening (or at least once a day) to present himself before his Captain, to know his commands, and to inform his Captain, of the state of his Company.  
It shallbe his duty to have care that the company be ready (as is expressed in the captains duty) to go forth and attend the daily business, and public labour appertaining to the Colony, which shallbe commanded by the chief officer, In which he shall have a hand in executing, and an eye in over-seeing, that every one take his due pains, and not loiter, and idly misspend the time appointed unto the dispatch of such business.  
He is to have a hearty and religious care that the soldiers do not make breach of the laws, and duties, divine, civil, or martial, enjoined them to observe upon so necessary reasons and strict penalties, but that he inform, correct and punish to the utmost of his authority limited, the trespassers of the same, or the omission of any duty whatsoever, with the approbation of his Captain.  
He is not to make it his least care to oversee and take charge of the lodging and bedding of all in general in his company, that according unto the public edict the preservation of their healths be provided for, and that one point of slothfulness in the common soldier prevented, and met with, of lying upon or to near the ground, which neglect in the officer hath been the loss of many a man.  
For his order of command and march in the field, and quartering he shallbe appointed the manner thereof by the Marshal, when occasion of service shall so require, likewise the order of training and exercising his captains company he shall have under the marshals hand.  
He is amongst other his duties most carefully, like a charitable and well instructed Christian, merciful and compassionate, make often and daily survey of such of his company as shallbe visited with sickness, or wounded by any casualty of war, gunpowder, or otherwise, in which he shall take such order that the lodgings of such as shallbe so sick or hurt, be sweet and cleanly kept, themselves attended and dressed, and to the uttermost of his power to procure either from the store, or the Physician and Surgeon's chest, such comforts, healps, and remedies, as may be administered and applied unto them, and to have care that they be not defrauded of those means and remedies which are for them delivered out of the said store or chests.  
And for that this officer is in the absence of his Captain to be called unto the Marshal Court as his deputy, for the better inhabling of his judgement, when his opinion is to be required in the censure of offences and crimes of what quality soever, which shallbe brought thither to be sentenced, I refer him to the abstract of the laws in brief annexed unto the duty of his Capt.   

Instructions of the Marshal for the better enabling of an Ensign to the executing of his charge in this present Colony, june the 22. 1611.  
IT is requisite for every soldier to stand upon his credit and reputation, proposing unto himself that their can be no less equal, or to be compared with dishonour, & sure in matters of arms and their execution, what dishonour can be greater than the loss of the ensign, for which it ought to be committed to the charge of a right valiant, and well governed soldier, who may not leave nor lose it, but where the loss of his life shall quit him of that duty.  
So far as toucheth his command, or government in the company, he is to know that he hath no command where his Captain or Lieutenant are present, but in their absence I refer him to the duty of the Capt: which he is to execute as religiously, painfully, and circumspectly as the Captain: he being answerable unto his Captain for all defects, neglects, disorders, and contempts of duties, in his company whatsoever.  
In the government of his company he is to be asistant unto his superior officers, in teaching and enabling all his inferiors, every one his particular duty, with fair persuasion and all gentleness, and sweetness of command, and if any thing shall happen, either disorders or neglects of duties, it shall be fit for him to advertise his superior officers that redress may be had, for he hath no power of himself in their presence to punish, correct, or do any act of executions upon his companions.  
When the time of exercise and training shallbe of the company, he shall be there ready and assistant unto his superior officer (if so be it his colours be not drawn forth) for the better furtherance of him in the so training, and disciplining of the men.  
He shall see all commands of his superior Officers put in execution, and not stand ignorantly in defence (as some have) and it is the property of the ignorant so to do, that he is tied to no other duties, but to the carrying of his colours. For no inferior officers duty, whether sergeant or corporals, but he is to perform and execute (if they shall be by any disaster, defeat, or visitation of sickness disabled personally to discharge it themselves) being so commanded by his Superior officers, during the time of guard, yea the duty of the Sentinel he is to undergo, and from which neither the Captain nor Lieutenant are exempted upon urgent occasion.  
In the happening of any dispute, quarrel, or debate amongst the soldiers, the same being brought to his knowledge, he shall do his best to end and compound, whose authority & persuasions, if they shall not be powerful enough to reconcile & set at one, he shall then inform his Lieutenant, or Captain: that order with the most speed & convenience, may be taken therein.  
He shall hold it his duty to visit the sick or hurt in his company, and to his power of them take the same care, and make the same charitable provision for, as is injoind both the Captain and Lieutenant.  
It is his duty to command the Corporals to bring their squadrons to his lodging, who shall conduct them to his Lieutenant, and they both conduct them to their Captain, at the beating of the Drum, whither for any manual labour and work, for the Colony, or whither to be lead unto the Church at any time to hear divine service.  
He is to visit the arms of the Company, and at the setting of the watch to take care, and so at all time, that they be not unserviceable, and if any want be then of ma●ch, powder, or bullet, or what else defect, he is to advertise his Superior Officers, that they may then and at all other times be supplied and amended.  
To be brief he is an assistant to the Lieutenant in the same nature that the Lieutenant is to the Captain, and may not by any means intrude into the command of the one or other, they being present.  
In the absence of the Captain, and Lieutenant (when he is then to be Captain of the watch) I refer him to the duty of the said Captain of the watch.  
For his Order of march, and flying of his colours, and his carriage in the field, and upon service, he shallbe ordered and instructed by word of mouth from the Marshal, when occasion shallbe offered.  
Thus much is needful for him to know touching his command, and his carriage to his officers and company, so far forth as he and they are soldiers, and as the necessity of this present state and condition which we are in doth require. But concerning the public and daily manual business which appertain to our settling there as Planters of a Colony, he is to make it his duty, to be a diligent not only overseer, but labourer, himself accompanying therein, and seconding the example of his Captain, and industrious Lieutenant, that the necessary and daily tasks of such works and husbandry (without which we cannot here keep footing, nor possibly subsist) may be in due time accomplished and brought to pass.   

Instructions of the Marshal for the better enabling of a Sergeant to the executing of his charge in this present Colony, june the 22. 1611.  
THat Captain who shall dispose of a H●lbert, by virtue whereof a Sergeant is known, aught to make choice of a man well approved, that hath passed the inferior grades of a resolute spirit, quick apprehension, and active body, for it is a place of great pains and promptitude, and that Sergeant who will be able to execute his duty in sincerity and uprightness, must not be slack to punish where it is deserved, nor over rash to abuse his authority, unbefitting an officer of such moment.  
This officer hath in the absence of his superior officers the command of the company, to see them do their duties, and observe laws and orders in all things, and punishment of them by his Halberd, or otherwise in his discretion, for defect or negligence in any part of order.  
This officer is to attend upon the Sergeant Major for the word upon the shutting in of the Ports, at the governors lodging or place of arms, according as the Sergeant Major shall appoint, than he is to give the word to his Captain, Lieutenant, and Ensign, and unto his corporal or corporals having the guard.  
He must see the Soldiers of his company furnished and provided with munition, as shot, powder, and match, at the setting of the watch.  
He is to call, or cause to be called the Corporals roll, to see who are absent or negligent in the discharge of their duties.  
He is to see each soldiers arms cleanly kept, and serviceable, and if default be, he is to reprove the corporal for his negligence in the oversight of that duty, and to punish the soldier.  
He must see the soldiers practise their arms, and therefore it is requisite that he know the use of all sorts of arms himself.  
If the watch be set by squadrons, he shall lead that squadron, that is to watch to the Parado, and there draw Billets for his guard, and from thence lead them to the guard.  
He shall see the setting out of the Sentinels, and after shall have care that silence and good order be kept upon the guard, and that no man depart from the guard without the leave of him, or his corporal, and that no man be absent above one half hour, having a special regard that he weaken not his guard, by giving leave unto above two at a time to be absent, lest he disable himself in the performance of that duty of trust and charge which is committed unto him of the guard.  
He shall see that his corporal or corporals, do put his or their squadrons into arms, two hours before the relieving of the watch, who shall so abide in arms, at least one whole hour after.  
If the watch be set by whole companies, it is his duty to place every soldier in his order, and to see them march in rank and file, and himself being eldest Sergeant to march upon the right point in the vanguard: if he be the youngest he is to march upon the left point in the rearward, each taking care of half of the company, unless when more companies march together, they be appointed any other place by a superior officer. When the Sergeant is appointed to lead out any shot, he shall go upon the side of the utmost rank, and see that they take their level, & give fire, and do all things with comeliness and leisure, & so likewise in the retreat.  
A Sergeant of each company, presently after the discharge of the watch shall be in the place of arms, or market place, to attend the Captain of the watch to the opening of the Ports, that they may be employed by him, for the discovery without the forts, of any ambushes or attempts of the enemy, with such guard as he shall appoint them, the Captain of the watch having caused all those of the town, about, to go forth, to forbear and stay until the said sergeant return, which sergeant are to command those that are coming in, to stay until those in the town are coming forth, & then they shall discover right forth before the Port, and to both sides of the Port, so far until the discoverers of the other forts meet where they end; the discoverers being returned, those of the town shall be suffered to pass out leisurely, & after those being without shall come in as leisurely, without throng or crowd, that they be the better discerned by the guard what they are. The Ports being open, the sergeant shall return to their guards, where they shall instruct their soldiers in the practice of their arms, and shall show them the ready use of them, and do their endeavours by their best means, to encourage the towardly, and instruct the ignorant.  
If upon his guard, in the absence of his superior officer, any soldier of his guard shall offend, he shall either punish him by his Halberd, or if the quality of the offence so deserve he shall disarm him, and keep him prisoner upon the guard, until the watch be relieved, and then he shall bring him to his superior officers, that he may receive condign punishment according to the condition of his offence.  
The Sergeant ought to know every soldier, and to take notice of their particular lodgings, and to make it a point of his duty to see that they keep their lodgings clean, and that their beds do stand a yard about the ground, to have an eye into their diet, their thriftiness and conversation, to advise them to the best, whereof he is to make report unto the Captain or chief officer, that they may receive estimation for good, and punishment for evil behaviour.  
He is to inform himself of the sick, or hurt, in the company, and to visit them once a day, and to inquire whether they be not defrauded by the Physicians and Surgeons, of such necessary helps as are delivered unto them, for their preservations and recoveries, and to inform his Captain of the negligence and abuse of such, who should in that case deal unjustly with them that their dishonesty may receive due punishment.  
He is likewise to address himself unto the Sergeant Major, and Store-maister, for the supplying of his company with munition, and victuals, upon any occasion: and concerning the munition, he is to have a principal care, that the soldier do not spend it away in vain, but only at such times as they are appointed for exercising and training.  
He is likewise to take notice of all defects and abuses in his company, and to inform his superior officers, that they may be redressed, and justice take place,  
He shall with great diligence attend the commands of his Captain, and of the Sergeant Major, and at all times put them in present execution, rebuking such as do amiss, showing them their faults, and teaching them by a good example in himself, to tread in the way of all civility and goodness. If any debate shall happen between soldier and soldier, he having knowledge thereof, shall do his endeavour to agree, and reconcile them, that it come not to his superior officers, and if through obstinacy he cannot agree them, he shall commit them, or inform his superior officers, who may take order therein.  
He is to provide that none of the company be absent when the Drum shall call them forth to work, in which works he is to be a precedent himself, both by labouring in the same, and calling upon others to do the like,  
He is to go to the Store, to take out such Tools, as are required for the works in hand, and there to underwrite unto the book of the store-Maister, or unto a note to be filled, thereby charging himself to be accountable for the said tools, when the work shall be performed, over which he is to have a regard, that they be not neglectfully laid up, spoiled nor broken without examining by what means they came so broken, that the wilful breaker thereof may receive punishment, and the said tool or tools so broken, withal the pieces, he shall bring unto the store, to show the same for his better discharge.   

Instructions of the Marshal for the better enabling of a Corporal unto the discharge of his duty in this present Colony, june the 22. 1611.  
THe Corporal is in grave and dignity above the private soldier, and therefore care aught to be had in the choosing of this officer, for that it is an office of good account, and by neglect of this duty, many inconveniences may come upon a camp, town, or fort, therefore it is fit that he surmount and excel his inferiors in valour, diligence and judgement, and likewise in the practice and use of all sorts of arms, whereby he may the better be enabled to instruct and teach this squadron committed to his charge.  
The Corporal ought (having the third part of the company given him in command) to sort and assist them in their quartering or lodging, to have a care that they be clean and sweet, and that their beds in the same be laid three foot from the ground, he is to carry a hand over their dye●, thriftiness, and conversation, and to advise and instruct them at all times to demean themselves as good Christians ought to do, and to make report thereof unto his Captain or chief officer, that from them they may receive credit and estimation for good behaviour, and punishment and disgrace for their misdemenours.  
He is to have a special care of their Arms to see them duly furnished and kept in order, and when the Drum beateth to be in a readiness at the Colonies; and if any be absent, he shall make it known to his Sergeant or superior officer.  
When he marcheth, he is to lead a file, he ought to be daily conversant with his little company committed unto his charge, and the company being in the field, to lodge with them, and provide to his power for their wants, and to instruct and teach them how to use and handle the weapon they carry: Likewise, to remember well how each one is armed and appointed when he receiveth him into charge, then to see no part of his furniture or arms be broken or spoiled, but to have care that they be preserved clean and serviceable.  
He ought to have a vigilant eye upon the good behaviour of his company, not suffering them to use any unlawful and prohibited games, nor that they give themselves to excess of drinking, surfitting and riot, but that they be conformable to all the Martial laws: that they likewise make spare of their pay or victuals, the better to furnish themselves in comely and decent manner, with apparel and other necessaries fit and requisite for them, wherein the Corporal ought to use his utmost endeavour.  
In presence of his Captain, or superior officer, he is to take upon him no more than the condition of his office doth require, but diligently to attend and execute what they shall command, that his example may serve for a Precedent to the rest of his squadron.  
At the setting of the watch he is to see that they be furnished with powder, Bullet and match, and that their arms be serviceable and soldierlike.  
If the company watch by squadrons, he and his squadron shall be brought by the Sergeant unto the place of watch, and from him receive the word and directions, in what manner, and where he shall place his Sentinels, whether by day or night● which he is to see performed.  
When the Corporal with his squadron shall be brought to the place where he and they shall watch, he and they must provide eftsoones for wood for firing upon the guard, that beside for their own comfort, they may have fire ready always upon the guard to light their match upon any proffered occasion.  
He is to cause silence to be kept upon the court of guard, and to govern the watch, so that the labour be equally divided of his squadron, either in watch, work, or service, and to take care in all respects, that they perform the duties of good and honest soldiers.  
His Sentinels being placed, he is to let none pass without the word, unless it be the Captain of the watch, or Sergeant Major, unto whom (after he shall have perfect knowledge of them,) he is to deliver the word at their first round, but before the delivery of the word, he shall take the Captain of the watch and Sergeant Major alone within his guard, the corporal being accompanied with half a dozen of shot with Match in Cock, to have an eye over the rest of the rounders that accompany the Captain of the watch or Sarjeant Major, and not to suffer the rounders to come within the sentinel, & if at any time of the night after their first round, the Sergeant Maior or Captain of the watch shall go their round, as it is their duties, than they are to give the word to the Corporal, unless they mistrust the doubt the memory of any corporal: the Corporal is not to go out single to take the word of any round but to take two, or three, or more of his guard with him, and if it shallbe a round of more than two, than he shall ●●●w out all his men in his guard in their arms, the Corporal shall at no time (to receive the word) pass beyond the Sentinel, but make him that hath the word to come forward within the Sentinel, and shall cause the rest to stand without the Sentinel, and those that are out by the Corporal for his guard shall keep their eyes and arms in a readiness over him that is to give or take the word of the Corporal, until such time as the Corporal be satisfied of him.  
He must make good his guard until he be relieved the which he shall the better do if he keep his men together upon the guard; he must visit the Sentinels sometimes unawares to them, and must be ready to go to them at the first call.  
He shall put his men in arms two hours before the discharge of the watch, so to remain one hour after.  
He shall warn his Sentinels to make no alarm but upon just cause, and then with as much silence as may be, and in like silence he must advertise the Captain of the watch, and the next guards unto him, and so without notice or sign of contusion from one guard unto an other.  
If upon his guard any of his soldiers shall misdemeane himself, or offend in any of the public laws, divine, civil, or martial, he shall bring him to his superior officer, then upon the guard, that he may receive punishment.  
His duty is to provide that none of his Squadron, be absent, when the drum shall call to any labour, or work, or at what time soever they shall be commanded there unto for t●●●eruice of the Colony, in the performance of which said works he is to be an example of the rest of his Squadron by his own labouring therein, and by encouraging and calling upon others at any time negligent, idle and slothful, that thereby giving encoraging to his superior officers he may be held by them worthy of a higher place.  
He must likewise receive such instruments and tools, as spades, shovels, axes, etc. employed in the work, from his Sarjeant to dispose, and to deliver the same unto the labourers with all the care he may, to his utmost, that none of them be broken, lost, or wilfully spoiled, without drawing the parties so breaking, losing and wilfully spoiling the same into punishment; and after the work done he shall gather the said tools in again and redeliver them up unto his Sergeant, all, and the same, who is to be accountable unto the master of the store unto whose book he hath underwritten for the receipt of them.  
And by reason he is well knowing of every man in his Squadron, and thereby cannot but miss the pretence of any man from any duty whatsoever, sooner than haply the superior officers may, his care shall be to attend his squadron to the usual works and day-labours, and unto frequent prayers, and the divine service at all times, and upon all the days in the week, giving due notice unto his superior officer, of the neglect of either duties in their kind ●hat reformation may follow.  
He shall not suffer any gaming, hear any profane lewd speeches, swearing, brawling, etc. or see any disorder whatsoever upon his court of guard, or elsewhere, without present information given thereof unto his superior officer, that the offenders may be duly punished.  
He shall take notice of all bands and proclamations published by the General, procuring a copy of the same from the Provost Martial, the same duly to be read unto his squadron, that they may be made the perfecter in the knowledge of them, and thereby learn the better to forbear the trespassing in forbidden things, remembering the penalty of the same, and execute things commanded, considering the reward thereof, whether in Camp, Town or Forte, Field or garrison.  
He shall read, or cause to be read, the soldiers duty, every time of his guard in some convenient time and place, during the same, thereby to remember them the better of their general duties.   

Instructions of the Marshal for the better enabling of a private soldier, to the executing of his duty in this present Colony. june 22. 1611.  
IT is requisite that he who will enter into this function of a soldier, that he dedicate himself wholly for the planting and establishing of true religion, the honour of his Prince, the safety of his country, and to learn the art which he professeth, which is in this place to hold war, and the service requisite to the subsisting of a colony: There be many men of mean descent, who have this way attained to great dignity, credit, and honour.  
Having thus dedicated himself with a constant resolution, he ought to be diligent, careful, vigilant and obedient, and principally to have the fear of God, and his honour in greatest esteem.  
In making choice of his familiar accquaintance, let him have care that they be of religious and honest conditions, not factious nor mutinous murmurers, nor evil languaged and worse disposed persons: his choice being made he is to carry himself discreet, temperate, quiet and friendly, withholding himself from being to lavish of speech, for such as take liberty unto themselves to talk licentiously, to slander, rail, and backbite others, do usually make bankrupt of their friends, of estimation, and of their own peace and quiet of conscience.  
He must be careful to serve God privately and publicly; for all professions are thereunto tied, that carry hope with them to prosper, and none more highly than the soldier, for he is ever in the mouth of death, and certainly he that is thus religiously armed, fighteth more confidently and with greater courage, and is thereby protected through manifold dangers, and otherwise unpreventable events.  
He must be no blasphemer nor swearer, for such an one is contemptible to God and the world, and shall be assured to be found out and punished by the divine justice: whereof we have instant examples.  
He must refrain from dicing, carding, and Idle gaming: for common gamesters, although they may have many good parts in them, yet commonly they are not esteemed according to their better qualities, but censured according to their worst, procuring enemies, questions, brawls, and a thousand following inconveniences.  
He must not set his mind over-greedily upon his belly, and continual feeding, but rest himself contented with such provisions as may be conveniently provided, his own labour purchase, or his means reach unto: above all things he must eschew that detestable vice of drunkenness; for then a man is not apt nor good for any thing, and by that beastly disorder, many great armies have miscarried, and much disquiet and tumults raised in camp, and civil towns, whereupon doth fail the sword of justice upon their necks, which in that case they have compelled to be drawn.  
Chastity is a virtue much commended in a soldier, when uncleanness doth defile both body and soul, and makes a man stink in the nostrils of God & man, and layeth him open to the malice & sword of his enemy, for commonly it makes a man effeminate, cowardly, lazy, and full of diseases, & surely such who have unlawful women still trudging about with them, or in whom custom hath taken away the sense of offending in that kind, commonly come to dishonourable ends.  
He is tied in his entering or inrowling into any company, to take his oath of faithfulness, and sincere service to his Prince, General and Captain: to be conformable to the laws provided for the advancement of the intended business, and for the cherishing of the good therein, and punishment of the evil.  
He must be truehearted to his Capt. and obey him and the rest of the officers of the Camp, Town, or Fort, with great respect, for by the very oath which he taketh he doth bind himself and promise to serve his Prince, and obey his officers: for the true order of war is fitly resembled to true religion ordained of God, which bindeth the soldier to observe justice, loyalty, faith, constancy, patience, silence, and above all, obedience, through the which is easily obtained the perfection in arms, and is as a means to achieve great enterprises, though never so difficult: certainly, who wanteth the virtue of obedience and patience, though never so valiant otherwise, yet is he unworthy of the same name.  
A soldier must patiently suffer the adversities and travails which do fall out in the courses and chances of war: he must not be over-greedy, nor hasty of his pay, albeit he may stand in some want thereof, but must with a cheerful alacrity show his constancy, avoiding by all possible means, rebellions and mutinies, which most upon such pettish occasiones are run into: by no means must he be a partaker with such mutineers, for the end of such is sharp and shameful death.  
If in Skirmishes Encounters, or surprise of town the enemies be vanquished, let him set all his care and diligence in execution of the victory with his Arms, & not in rifling and spoiling for trash, for so he shall be accounted an unruly freebooter, beside innumerable are the disorders and mischiefs which do happen by ravenous Pillagers, many times to the dishonour of the action, and to the loss of their lives, therefore he shall pursue the victory until the enemy be wholly ended & the place fully carried and possessed, the Guards placed, and liberty granted from the chief Commander to sack & spoil, wherein by any means let him avoid murder and cruelty, and violation of women, for those are odious to God and man, rather in such cases let him show himself pitiful and merciful unto the vanquished, rather defending the silly women and Children then procuring their hurt and damage, for in so doing it will be right acceptable to God and his Commanders.  
Such Arms as he is appointed to serve with, whither Musket, Caliver or Target, let him be very diligent to use all his industry to excel in the use of them, for thereby he may conserve his own life and his fellows, for the which purpose he shall call upon his Sergeant and his Corporal to instruct him therein, until he come unto perfection.  
He must learn the several sounds of the Drum, whereby he may obey that which he is commanded; for the Drum oftentimes is the voice of the Commander, he shall carefully note and mark the signs made by the Captain and officers, without talking or prattling unto his next companions: for that is unbesitting a Soldier, and makes him uncapable to hear what is given in command.  
In skirmishes and encounters he shall be resolute and valiant, for that soldier which is timorous and fearful can never bring his heart to any hearty enterprise, nor dareth to attempt any hot, bold, or audacious charge or service, by reason of his cowardly spirit and fear.  
He must be careful to be always vigilant and ready, being placed for a Sentinel, or in the Court of guard, where he shall not put of his arms, until he have leave from the Captain: for therein consisteth the security of the Camp, Town, or Fort.  
He shall do well to keep his fidelity unspotted to his Prince and General, although his sufferings may be intolerable and infinite, and shall not fly unto the enemy: for to be branded with infamy of a traitor is a fowl and odious offence, and rigorously punished among all nations, and never yet traitor came to good end; of which we have examples infinite.  
He must not be shifting from company to company, but serve in the company where he first began, and if at any time he shall depart for his preferment, let him demand the good liking of his Captain, who if he shall deny it him in such a case, it shall be imputed no offence in him to appeal unto the General or chief officer.  
At the sound of the Drum, for the setting of the watch with his arms being fix and serviceable he shall repair to his colours, and it shall be commendable in him by the way to call upon his corporal, so that all the Squadron meeting together at the Corporals lodging may attend the Corporal unto the colours, and if he be unprovided of munition he shall acquaint his Corporal therewith, who shall see him furnished.  
When the company or squadron march to the guard he shall hold that order in which he was placed by his Sergeant, marching in a comely and graceful manner, and being armed at the place of guard he shall pose his arms according unto the Corporals direction, and behave himself in all his actions as befitting a religious Soldier in that holy place of guard, without doing any act of profaneness, disorder, or aught else, tending to the pollution of the same either in word or deed.  
When his Corporal shall appoint him forth for Sentinel, he shall shoulder his piece, both ends of his match being alight, and his piece charged, and pained, and bullets in his mouth, there to stand with a careful and waking eye, until such time as his Corporal shall relieve him, and to let no man pass nor come up to him, but to force him stand, and then to call his Corporal.  
He must hearken diligently and look well about him from his place of Sentinel for the approach of any about the Camp, Town, or Fort, or the dich thereof, or if he hear any noise, to call his Corporal to advertise him of the same.  
He must have a special care that he sleep not upon his Sentinel, nor set his arms out of his hands: for therein he maketh himself subject for any passenger by to take away his life, beside the general inconvenience that may come upon the Camp, Town or Fort.  
His corporal having relieved him and brought him to the guard, he shall do well to read the Laws and ordinances for the government of the Camp, Town, or Fort, constituted and prescribed by the Marshal, the better to enable his memory for the exact observance of those laws whereby he shall not only avoid the trespassing against the same, but also get the reputation of a well ordered and governed soldier.  
Such gentlemen or others, as are appointed by their Captain for rounders, and approved by the Sergeant Major or Captain of the watch, amongst them those rounders that are appointed to attend the Captain of the watch on his guard are to receive their directions from him, as Likewise those of the companies upon the guards for their order of rounding, according to the time of the night in what hour they shall make their Rounds,  
The Rounders from the guard, from the Captain of the watch, are to visit the Sentinels, and Courts of guards, making their rounds upon the rampart, hearkening and listening and looking over into the ditches, if they can hear or see, or discover any troops, or men near the town, taking care besides that there be good watch kept both by the Sentinels, and upon the court of guard, and if any noise or tumult be near the rampart, they may step down and inform themselves of it, and bring the trespassers to the next guard, committing them there until after the round made they have acquainted the Capt. of the watch of such disorders. The rounds from the Ports are to round the streets to take in charge that no disorders, breaking up, or firing of houses of y c store, or robberies, magazine, riots or tumult in Taphouses, or in the streets, or in private houses at hours untimely be committed, and the offenders to bring to the next guard, and to inform the Captain of the watch; All rounders are to be subject and obedient unto the Captain of the watch and his commands during his time of watch.  
Two hours before day he must be ready in arms with his piece charged & provided, & a match a light at both ends and bullets in mouth, there to attend the command of the Corporal until further directions be given, and at the time appointed for the exercise of his arms, he shall be tractable and obedient to his officers executing such commands as they shall impose upon him, that he may be the better trained and inhabled to offend his enemy, and to defend himself.  
He shall be careful to observe all words of command, postures and actions, according to the order of training published by the marshal.  
The exercise being ended and the prisewon and lost he shall pose his arms at the court of Guard, and there give diligent attendance that he be at no time absent from his Guard, above one hour, without leave from his Officer, and that not without leave of his Officer.  
The watch being relieved and he free from the guard he is to dispose of the rest of the time for his own particular use until next morning at the discharge of the watch: when at the call of the drum, he shall attend at his corporals lodging there to receive such instrument, or tool as the business of that day shall require, from whence he shall march to the place of arms or main court of guard; there to be disposed of by the captain of the watch for that day service of the Colonies, in which he shall do his best endeavour like a painful and industrious servant of the Colonies to discharge his duty for the furtherance of his work, and encouragement of such who shall be the more stirred up by his example of goodness, to the imitation of the like: and thus doing, he shall give cause unto the General, unto his Captain, and chief officers, to take notice of his painfulness, who may according to his desert in time give him advancement for the same.  
He shall continue at his work until the drum beat, and that his Captain, his officers or overseers of the work, give order unto a cessation for the time, and for the same purpose attendeth to lead him in, whom he shall orderly and comely follow into the Camp, Town or Fort, by his said Captain, officer or overseer him meeting, to be conducted unto the church to hear divine service, after which he may repair to his house or lodging to prepare for his dinner, and to repose him until the drum shall call him forth again in the afternoon, when so (as before) he shall acompany his chief officer unto the field, or where else the work lieth, and there to follow his easy task until again the drum beat to return home: at which time according as in the forenoon, he shall follow his chief officer unto the church to hear divine service and after dispose of himself as he shall best please, and as his own business shall require; with this caution carefully to preserve the tool or Instrument with which he wrought to serve his turn again the next day as he will answer the contrary upon the peril prescribed  
Concerning his order of march and carriage in the field when occasion shall present itself, he will easily acquire and learn the same by experience, provided that he be careful to march, rank, and file, and not straggle, or be disobedient unto proclamations of the General for therein consisteth the princicipal part of his duty, until when I leave him with this caveat, that he diligently mark, consider and remember the orders, which the higher officers do observe, in ordering their files and ranks, and surveying their squadrons of footmen, and to the placing of the great Artillery in the march and settled camp, and the plot of the quartering, according to the disposition of the ground where the camp shall then be, with the manner of entrenching, placing of Ordinances & Guards for the defence of the same, that in the knowledge and execution of these duties, the General having understanding of his promptitude and diligence may confer upon him, and call him unto place of preferment and command.  
That there be no neglect found in him, in his marching to the Guard or Field, and that in the same he do not forget or leave behind him any piece or parcel of his Arms appointed him by the Marshal for his own defence, or offence of the enemy.    

A Prayer duly said Morning and Evening upon the Court of Guard, either by the Captain of the watch himself, or by some one of his principal officers.  
MErciful Father, and Lord of heaven and earth, we come before thy presence to worship thee in calling upon thy name, and giving thanks unto thee, and though our duties and our very necessities call us hereunto: Yet we confess our hearts to be so dull and untoward, that unless thou be merciful to us to teach us how to pray, we shall not please thee, nor profit ourselves in these duties.  
We therefore most humbly beseech thee to raise up our hearts with thy good spirit, and so to dispose us to prayer, that with true fervency of heart, feeling of our wants, humbleness of mind, and faith in thy gracious promises, we may present our suits acceptably unto thee by our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ.  
And thou our Father of all mercies, that hast called us unto thee, hear us and pity thy p●0re servants, we have indeed sinned wondrously against thee through our blindness of mind, profaneness of spirit, hardness of heart, self love, worldliness, carnal lusts, hypocrisy, pride, vanity, unthankfulness, infidelity, and other our native corruptions, which being bred in us, and with us, have defiled us even from the womb, and unto this day, and have broken out as plague sores into innumerable transgressions of all thy holy laws, (the good ways whereof we have wilfully declines) & have many times displeased thee, and our own consciences in choosing those things which thou hast most justly & severely forbidden us. And besides all this we have outstood the gracious time and m●anes of our conversion, or at least not stooped and humbled ourselves before thee, as we ought, although we have wanted none of those helps, which thou vouchsafest unto thy wandering children to fetch them home withal, for we have had together with thy glorious works, thy word calling upon us without, and thy spirit within, and have been solicited by promises, by threatenings, by blessings, by chastisings, & by examples, on all hands: And yet our corrupted spirits cannot become wise before thee, to humble themselves, and to take heed as we ought, and wish to do.  
Wherefore O Lord God, we do acknowledge thy patience to have been infinite and incomparable, in that thou hast been able to hold thy hands from revenging thyself upon us thus long, & yet pleasest to hold open the dose of grace, that we might come in unto thee and be saved.  
And now O blessed Lord God, we are desirous to come unto thee, how wretched soever in ourselves, yea our very wretchedness sends us unto thee: unto thee with whom the fatherless, and he that hath no helper findeth mercy, we come to thee in thy Sons name not daring to come in our own: In his name that came for us, we come to thee, in his ●●diation whom thou hast sent: In him O Father, in whom thou hast professed thyself to be well pleased, we come unto thee, and do most humbly beseech thee to pity us, & to save us for thy mercy's sake in him.  
O Lord our God our sins have not outbidden that blood of thy holy Son which speaks for our pardon, nor can they be so infinite, as thou art in thy mercies, & our hearts (O God thou seest them,) our hearts are desirous to have peace with thee, and war with our lusts, and wish that they could melt before thee, and be dissolved into godly mourning for all that filth that hath gone through them. and defiled them. And our desires are now to serve and please thee, and our purposes to endeavour it more faithfully. we pray thee therefore for the Lord jesus sake seal by in our consciences thy gracious pardon of all our sins past, and give us to feel the consolation of this grace shed abroad in our hearts for our eternal comfort and salvation: and that we may know this persuasion to be of thy spirit, and not of carnal presumption, (blessed God) let those graces of thy spirit, which do accompany salvation, be powered out more plentifully upon us, increase in us all godly knowledge, faith, patience, temperance, meekness, wisdom, godliness, love to thy Saints and service, zeal of thy glory, judgement to discern the difference of good & ill, and things present which are temporary, and things to come which are eternal  
Make us yet at the last wisehearted to lay up our treasure in heaven, and so set our affections more upon things that are above, where Christ sits at thy right hand: And let all the vain and transitory enticements of this poor life, appear unto us as they are, that our hearts may no more be entangled and bewitched with the love of them.  
O Lord, O God, our God, thou hast dearly bought us for thine own self, give us so honest hearts as may be glad to ●éelt the possession of thine own. And be thou so gracious, as yet to take them up, though we have desperately held thee out of them in times past, and dwell in us, and reign in us by thy spirit, that we may be sure to reign with thee in thy glorious kingdom, according to thy promise through him that hath purchased that inheritance for all that trust in him.  
And seeing thou dost so promise these graces to us, as that thou requirest our industry and diligence in the use of such means as serve thereto (good Lord) let us not so cross our prayers for grace, as not to seek that by diligence, which we make show to seek by prayer, lest our own weighed condemn us of hypocrisy. Stir us up therefore (O Lord) to the frequent use of prayer, to reading, hearing, and meditating of thy holy word, teach us to profit by the conversation of thy people, and to be profitable in our own, make us wise to apprehend all opportunities of doing or receiving spiritual good, strengthen us with grace to observe our hearts and ways, to contain them in good order, or to reduce them quickly, let us never think any company so good as thine, nor any time so well spent, as that which is in thy service, and beautifying of thine Image in ourselves or others.  
Particularly we pray thee open our eyes to see our natural infirmities, and to discover the advantages which Satan gets thereby. And give us care to strive most, where we are most assaulted and endamaged.  
And thou O God, that hast promised to bless thine own ordinances, bless all things unto us, that we may grow in grace & in knowledge, and so may shine as light in this dark world, giving good example to all men, and may in our time lie down in peace of a good conscience, embalmed with a good report, and may leave thy blessings entailed unto ours after us for an inheritance.  
These O Father, are our special suits, wherein we beseech thee to set forth the wonderful riches of thy grace towards us, as for this life, and the things thereof, we crave them of thee so far as may be for our good, and thy glory, beseeching thee to provide for us as unto this day in mercy. And when thou wilt humble or exalt us, govern us so long, and so far in all conditions and changes, as we may clean fast unto thee our God unchangeably, esteeming thee our portion, & sufficient inheritance for evermore. Now what graces we crave for ourselves, which are here before thy presence, we humbly beg for all those that belong unto us, and that by duty or promise we owe our prayers unto, beseeching thee to be as gracious unto them, as unto our own souls, and specially to such of them, as in respect of any present affliction or temptation may be in special need of some more speedy help or comfort from thy mighty hand.  
Yea our Lord God we humbly desire to bless with our prayers the whole Church more specially our nation, and therein the king's Majesty our Sovereign, his Queen and royal seed, with all that be in authority under him, beseeching thee to follow him and them with those blessings of thy protection and direction, which may preserve them safe from the malice of the world, and of Satan, and may yield them in their great places faithful to thee for the good of thy people, and their own eternal happiness and honour.  
We beseech thee to furnish the Churches with faithful and fruitful ministers, and to bless their lives and labours for those merciful uses, to which thou hast ordained them, sanctify thy people O God, and let them not deceive themselves with a formality of religion instead of the power thereof, give them grace to profit both by those favours, and by those chastisements which thou hast sent successively or miredly amongst them. And Lord repress that rage of sin, and profaneness in all Christian states wh●●h breeds so much Apostasy and defection, threatening the taking away of this light from them: Confound thou O God all the counsel and practices of Satan and his ministers, which are or shall be taken up against thee, and the kingdom of thy dear son. And call in the jews together with the fullness of the gentiles, that thy name may be glorious in all the world, the days of iniquity may come to an end, and we with all thine elect people may come to see thy face in glory, and be filled with the light thereof for evermore.  
And now O Lord of mercy, O Father of the spirits of all flesh, look in mercy upon the Gentiles, who yet know thee not, O gracious God be merciful to us, and bless us, and not us alone, but let thy ways be known upon earth, & thy saving health amongst all nations: we praise thee, and we bless thee: But let the people praiss thee O God, yea let all the people praise thee, and let these ends of the world remember themselves and turn to thee the God of their salvation. And seeing thou hast honoured us to choose us out to hear thy name unto the Gentiles: we therefore beseech thee to bless us, and this our plantation, which we and our nation have begun in thy fear, & for thy glory. We know O Lord, we have the devil & all the gates of hell against us, but if thou O Lord be on our side, we care not who be against us. O therefore vouchsafe to be our God, & let us be a part and portion of thy plople, confirm thy cavenant of grace & mercy with us, which thou hast made to thy Church in Christ jesus. And seeing Lord the highest end of our plantation here, is to set up the standard, & display the banner of jesus Christ, even here where satins throne is Lord, let our labour be blessed in labouring the conversion of the heathen. And because thou usest not to work such mighty works by unholy means, Lord sanctify our spirits, & give us holy hearts, that so we may be thy instruments in this most glorious work: lord inspire our souls with thy grace, kindle in us zeal of thy glory: fill our hearts with thy fear, & our tongues with thy praise, furnish us all from the highest to the lowest with all gifts & graces needful not only for our salvation, but for the discharge of our duties in our several places, adorn us with the garments of justice, mercy, love, pity, faithfulness, humility, & all virtues, & teach us to abhor all vice, that our lights may so shine before these heathen, that they may see our good works, & so be brought to glorify thee our heavenly Father. And seeing Lord we profess ourselves thy servants, & are about thy work, Lord bless us, arm us against difficulties, strength us against all base thoughts & temptations, that may make us look back again. And seeing by thy motion & work in our hearts, we have left our warm nests at home, & put our lives into our hands principally to honour thy name, & advance the kingdom of thy son, Lord give us leave to commit our lives into thy hands: let thy Angels be about us, & let us be as Angels of God sent to this people. And so bless us Lord, & so prosper all our proceedings, that the heathen may never say unto us, where is now your God: Their Idols are not so good as silver & gold, but lead & copper, & the works of their own hands. But thou jehovah art our God, & we are the works of thy hands: O then let Dagon fall before thy Ark, let Satan be confounded at thy presence, & let the heathen see it & be ashamed, that they may seek thy face, for their God is not as our God, themselves being judges. Arise therefore O Lord, & let thine enemies be scattered, & let them that hate thee ●lie before thee: As the smoke vanisheth, so let Satan & his delusions come to nought & as war melteth before the fire, so let wickedness, superstition, ignorance & idolatry perish at the presence of thee our God. And whereas we have by undertaking this plantation undergone the reproofs of the base world, insomuch as many of our own brethren laugh us to scorn, O Lord we pray thee fortiffe us against this temptation: let Sanballat, & Tobias, Papists & players, & such other Amonits & Horonits the scum ● dregs of the earth, let them morke such as help to build up the walls of jerusalem, and they that be filthy, let them be filthy still, & let such swine still wallow in their mire, but let not the rod of the wicked shall upon the lot of the righteous, let not them put forth their hands to such vanity, but let them that fear thee, rejoice & be glad in thee, & let them know, that it is thou O Lord, that reignest in England, & unto the ends of the world. And seeing this work must needs expose us to many miseries, & dangers of soul & body, by land & sea. O Lord we earnestly beseech thee to receive us into thy favour & protection, descr●● us from the delusions of the devil, the malice of the heathen, the invasions of our enemies, & mutinies & dissensions of our own people, knit our hearts altogether in faith & fear of thee, & love one to another give us patience, wisdom & constancy to go on through all difficulties & temptations, till this blessed work be accomplished, for the honour of thy name, & glory of the Gospel of jesus Christ: That when the heathen do know thee to be their God, and jesus Christ to be their salvation, they may say, blessed be the king & Prince of England, & blessed be the English nation, and blessed for ever be the most high God, possessor of heaven & earth▪ that sent them amongst us: And here O Lord we do upon the knees of our hearts offer thee the sacrifice of praise & thanksgiving, for that thou hast moved our hearts to undertake the performance of this blessed work, with the hazard of our person and the hearts of so many hundreds of our nation to assist it with means & provision, and with their holy prayers, Lord look mercifully upon them all, and for that portion of their substance which they willingly offer for thy honour & service in this action, recompense it to them and theirs, and reward it seven fold into their bosoms with better blessings: Lord bless England our sweet native country, save it from Popery, this land scour heathenism, & both from Atheism. And Lord heat their prayers for us, and us for them, and Christ jesus our glorious Mediator for us all.  
Amen.