1582. januarij decimus.  
THE Pathwaie to Martial Discipline. Now newly Imprinted, and divided into three books. Whereunto is added the order and use of the Spaniards in their Martial affairs: which Copy was lately found in the Fort in Ireland, where the Spaniards and Italians had fortified themselves.  
THE FIRST BOOK: ENTREATETH OF THE OFFICES from the highest to the lowest, with the laws of the Field, arming, mustering, and training of Soldiers.  
THE SECOND BOOR: ENTREATETH OF SUNDRY PROportions and training of calivers, and how to bring Bows to a great perfection of service: also how to march with a Camp royal: with divers Tables annexed for the present making of your battles, as otherwise to know how many paces they require in their march & battles from 500 to 10000  
THE THIRD BOOK: COMPREHENDETH THE VERY RIGHT order of the Spaniards, how to train, March, and Encamp, with divers Tables therein contained.  
¶ Londini excudebat T.E. Impensis Milonis Ienyngs.   


Sr. Richard Nerudigate of Arbury in the County of Warwick Baronet 1709    


❧ Of the electing of the General.  
IF any Prince do mind to erect his government in the field: he must seek out a sufficient and able man, each ways as well for the reputation and nobility of his Predecessors, as for his mind, body, virtue, and experience, to be his chief and high governor general of the field, who shall by the Prince or some other of the Privy Counsel before the Prince or else where, being authorized by the Prince's commission, take his oath, in the which he shall be sworn to serve his Prince truly and faithfully, and to eschew and foresee all dangers and inconveniences, which may happen to the Prince his master to the uttermost of his power, and to be ruled by the determinate counsel in all needful and profitable causes to the greatest furthering of his Prince any ways, as well in marching, encamping, approach, eskirmish camisado, or retreat, or what other service with deep care to judge and foresee whether their devices may redound to the best accomplishing of any exploit, or otherwise for the remedy of the Princes great charge. Also, not to levy or take up any soldiers in his own name, but in his Princes. Such a one should be chosen to be general unto whom the Staff should be delivered, binding him with a solemn oath that he carry the said staff and deal uprightly with each man, all affection set a part, in causes of judgement doing always according to equity and justice.   

Of the General's office.  
THe General principally aught to be a man that liveth in the fear of God, who must provide that there be Preachers and Ministers appointed, for the daily ministration of God's sacred and divine word, the which Preachers are to teach them their duties towards God, and their obedience towards their Prince, General, and Captains, and to persuade them in all enterprises valiantly, and manfully to persist, in all such attempts, as by the General and principal officers shall be thought meet, yielding them an assured hope through their daily prayer and serving of GOD, to have most happy success in all their enterprises, for no doubt although it pleaseth the almighty to suffer the faithful many times to receive punishment, yet the faithful serving of him yieldeth an assured hope of victory.   

Of the office of a General.  
A General ought to be temperate, continent, and not excessive in eating and drinking: Patient in travail, of wit prompt, whereby in the night time by quietness of mind the counsels of Captains examined, may more perfectly be confirmed. He ought to be content with simple fare: For the preparing of dishes full of delicateness and the too much thoughts and diligence about meats, corrupteth and drowneth the mind in such sort, that the time that ought to be spent in the business that is to be done, by the delicateness of the Captains is most vainly consumed. He ought too be painful, for that princiapllie it doth appertain too a General that he in the time of turmoils of the War, may be the last that is weary. He must be quick witted, forsomuch as Homer saith, flying to the end: that with his thought he may most quickly discuss every thing, and with his mind make judgement, and as it were divine a far of and foresee that which is to come: lest when there happen chances neither foreseen nor looked for, the General be constrained suddenly and unprovided for to take counsel, and the safeguard of things to commit most fearfully to fortune. It behoveth him to be liberal, and not to be covetous and desirous of gain. For surely of this vice he ought most principally to take heed, forasmuch as he that is not given to pass much of gifts of Silver and Gold, may most honourably have the charge of such doings, whereas those be most wicked that will be drawn with the unsatiableness of Gold, the which is such a weapon of so much might, and as it were with lively force to deliver the weapon out of his own hands and to give to others. He ought to be a fair speaker, for that considering the things that are to be entreated of for the War, I judge there will follow much utility, considering that either having occasion to set men in array to the battle, the General comforting the soldiers easily may persuade every one of them to despise all perils, and to attend to the glorious enterprise. For the sound of the Trumpet cannot so much inflame the minds of men to take their weapons; and constrain them more valiantly to fight, than the convenient and according to the time the sugared task of the General, which may move them, both unto great acts for the love of virtue, and encourage them for the desire of glory, or else if need be, to comfort the minds afflicted for some overthrow had, his words shall be a medicine. Wherefore for the benefit of the host and to lighten heaviness of accidents the accommodate speaking of the General by most reason is more to be desired then the industry of Surgeons, which follow the Camp only to the end to heal wounds, for that they take no care or charge but to heal the hurts: but he with sweet and courteous manner of speaking comforteth and most highly maketh glad, the minds of the weak and afflicted. Besides this, he confirmeth the minds of them that be whole, and retains them that be boldened, then how much more difficult it is to heal the infirmities that is hid, than those which may be both felt and seen, every man knoweth: and like as no Prince will erect an army to send them without a General and determinate Governor: even so the General ought not to be chosen that knoweth not, nor hath the grace in speaking, and that lacketh the facility and utterance of speech. Likewise the General being confirmed in his degree, should be pleasant, gentle, and cheerful to them that will come to him, gladly and willing to recompense the valiant and good, both with the liberality of the purse, and dignity of office, and with sharp punishment to punish the slothful, malefactors, and offenders. Also he ought not in every place and too every man show himself so benign and gentle, lest he happen to be despised, neither so proud and stout that he move other to bear him hatred.  
And that he do this to the intent that with to much licence and benignity he cause not the army to be dissolute, or with sharpness and severity make them alienate their minds and become enemies. Likewise the liberality of a Prince or General although it be but little: if with benignity liberally at time convenient it be used, it may get most great benevolence of the multitude; and from thence forth the most assured fidelity of the soldiers gotten, it doth add unto it security and constantness in any enterprise, seeing indeed every man hopes to obtain greater things, bearing themselves valiantly in fight, when they know that in little things the liberality of the General cometh of the proper benignity of his own mind. It is necessary that the General with his warlike counsel do deliberate upon every matter, and they being partakers of the counsels are sworn in time and place to tell their judgements, the which together with him of every thing ought to debate, forsomuch as all those things not any man of himself hath found: he may alone by study with himself examine, but he ought not straightways to approve and confirm it, for that our thoughts and counsels as a thing, unto the which we have a natural affection, if of others faithful counsel it be not helped, easily it may beeguile us, and many times it is found full of errors, contrariwise those things that by judgement and opinion of others be approved, do assure the mind and keep things stable and sure. Notwithstanding no man ought so little to trust to himself that always he be of opinion weak and doubtful, nor of himself so much too presume that he think other cannot find counsel better than his: for that it shall be necessary that he which is always subject too the counsel of others, having altogether distrust of himself, came to change infinite things whereby in weighty matters both hurt and incommodity doth follow, as likewise he must needs either always or oftentimes commit error, that not hearing the advise of other, every thing doth attribute to himself alone. The General shall often and unlooked for resort unto the captains tents and places of abode to see in what towardly readiness they are or may be in of a sudden, that he cause the Captains often to make like resort unto the under officers and soldiers to see if they be in the like orderly readiness for any sudden service. He must receive into his hands the order of all offices in writing, whereby he may the better understand and judge of them. Likewise the names of all the soldiers of the bands, to see whether they have their just number.   

The office of the Master of the Campe.  
SInce it standeth with the office of him that will govern well to be as forward in maintaining the good, and rewarding those that deserve well, as in sincerity of judgement to punish the wicked and offenders: the master of the camp, bearing the entire and full authority of the office of a General, is to have a regard, that justice bear as great sway in his army as in any the best ordered city that can be. And therefore he must provide justices sufficiently practised and studied, that they may be able to see what justice will afford in every case, always provided, notwithstanding that the laws of arms be not broken, than the case understood, let them decide the matter, and give sentence briefly. For in the Camp they are bound to observe nothing but that which the Captain General shall appoint, and that which natural reason shall chiefly allow of, admitting herein the Canons of the holy law of Christendom, to which all the good soldiers, as every faithful Christian is bound to be obedient unto. Next the master of a camp hath to appoint an Agozzino, Arcaldo, or a Provest, who besides that he must be well seen in his Art, must have regard that he entertain a convenient retinue of assistants, and amongst the rest a Praetor or master of justice. He must ordain also that this Provest with his servants, and the Master of justice go appareled civiltie, and not as the custom is in many cities like abjects, that thereby they may have credit in their office, and be obeyed as they ought, and this must be proclaimed through the army general: namely, that they obey these officers upon pain of death. He must forbid all soldiers except Sergeants who in divers causes ought to have their weapons about them to restrict all others of what fort so ever, by that means to prevent those thefts and murders which are commonly committed in such places of men given to the spoil. He must cause by all means possible all privy mutinies to be abandoned, and all privy grudges and enmities to be forgotten, during the time of War, which otherwise will bring great hurt to the Camp, considering that many do leave house and home to go to War, not so much to do their Countreie service or win to themselves practise in battle, thereby to become equal in value to couragius minds, either else to deserve pay with the recompense of his doughty deeds, but rather some are pulled into the field to kill villainously some foe of their own, or their fathers, or their friends, men truly most worthy of a thousand deaths, in that they seek by treason to murder, in that place where they ought to look to nothing else then to uphold justice, and to procure that she may have her due execution, and in justice the punishment she deserveth. He must care moreover that respect be had that merchants and puruaiers and other artificers that are too furnish the Camp with apparel, victuales, and other nessaries, that such may have traffic freely, to the end they may do it willingly, and that they be paid with good and lawful Money for that they sell, entertaining them courteously, and too make them safe conduct as well too depart from thence, as too come thither, that they may have a desire too return: that by these the Army may have store of things as well commodious for their help, as otherwise necessary for their use. He must rate the victuals at a reasonable price, that the soldiers be not overcharged in buying, and that the merchuunt may have an honest gain. And as this care must be had, so those things as less necessary may be left to be sold, as the buyer and the seller can agree, as household stuff, saddles, and all other furniture for horse, spiceries, weapons, and such merchandise. Also he must with great counsel and deliberation bestow the lodgings, as next the trenches to bestow the artillery, and other munitions, and the ordinary victuals giving charge that none come near the powder with any fire, neither gunner nor other soldier. He shall assign the quarters of the camp, to every company his several charge of the artillery, which must be kept unoccupied for what need so ever there shall be, appointing watch and ward continually, and that very strong, whereby the soldiers may be the better conveyed at pleasure, and the frontes the readier to be defended against the enemy. There must by him be appointed as it were a street for merchants, safe for themselves, and commodious for all the Campe. Then must there in every quarter be appointed places of ease as for their own use, and likewise for killing and dressing cattle for food, that by this means their lodgings may be kept clean and the infection of the air avoided for the benefit of health. Then shall he appoint the footmen to be distinctly divided from the Horsemen. He must appoint them so that every quarter have his sere place for victuals: and after they be lodged it ought to be his greatest care to see them well defenced: also that they may so encamp as they may have the benefit of wood and water, especially in Winter. These conditions he must look too with eyes well opened, viewing them diligently and oftentimes: and well considering them. And also he must foresee that the way be commodious and ready, by which the army may march and safely be brought to the place of encamping. Moreover, it behoveth necessarily to dispose both horsemen and footmen toward by day, and watch by night, in places most dangerous, that the camp may remain without fear of sudden assaults, which otherwise brings great trouble. And when the army shall by any accident either by day or night, be forced to come to battle, he must diligently provide, that the artillery, the munition and victuals, may be safely guarded. Likewise the discipline of War doth require at his hands in his own person a certain sharp behaviour, that thereby he may win obedience of his soldiers, which is of as great importance, as any thing else he can have. Thus he shall very well discharge his duty towards his Prince, as otherwise preserve the safety of him and his. Also considering that in an army there is a great multitude of men, diverse in nation, differing in manners, not equal in years, in nature not altogether agreeing, wherefore they which for pride and insolency, will not submit themselves to the martial ordinances, may be constrained through fear of punishment: it appertaineth to such, to provide such sufficient guard, as any repairing for relief, carriages, or otherwise either for horsemen or footmen, or other beasts which are continually in the host to be occupied. In this office the Lord john Baptist Marquis of Cassano, the Commender of Saint james greatly deserved commendation being great master of the camp in the two journeys too Germany in the time of the renowned Emperor Charles the fift, against the Launcegrave, the Duke of Saxony, the county Palatine, and divers other Princes then in confederacy with the Almains.   

Of the Treasurer's office.  
THis offcer is of great reputation, and hath to his charge committed, the payments of Colonelles, Captains, and all other officers, he ought in the beginning to receive from the General, the true number, both of Horse and footmen, within the camp or army, and by perfect computation, to make a book how much is due every month to every Colonel Captain, and other officers, as well for themselves as other bands.  
He ought to make his proportion of pay well known to the General, whereby the General might accordingly make his provision, that money be not wanting to pay the soldiers.  
He ought to confer with the master of the victuals to see how he is furnished, and accordingly, to disburse unto him that he be not destitute of provision.  
He ought in like sort to make allowance when need shall be, to the master of the ordinance, for supplying his store of munition, as he shall see cause, by reason of the consuming of the old, or any importaunt service to be done.  
He must confer with the muster master to see how the bands be furnished; and what soldiers be slain, when and how main, and when new supply is made, delivering pay to every Colonel, and Captain accordingly, keeping their warraunts for his discharge.  
He ought also at the pay day to confer with the master of the ordinance, and master of the victuals too see what is due unto the Prince by the Colonel and Captains for munition and victuals, and to deduct so much in their wages.  
This officer ought to be a man of great wisdom, and well experienced in martial affairs: because he is used in counsel, where he is to speak his opinion in all exploits of importance, although they concern not directly his office.   

Of the Master of the ordinance.  
THis officer being one of the chief officers, for that charge of all the artillery and munition for the wars is committed unto him, would be a man of learning and experience, whereby he shall the better conceive any exploit, wherein a very good wit without experience shall be amazed.  
He ought to be studied in histories, the better to consider of such stratagems as heretofore by other noble Soldiers hath been used, the sundry sorts of ingennes too assault and defend, also how too pass Bridges and Waters, with other inventions for conveying of great ordinance over marshes.  
He ought to be studied in the mathameticalles, considering he shall be the better able to shoot at any randoms, to convey mines under the earth, to any curtain, Bulwark, or other place that shall be determined to be torn a pieces.  
He ought to forecast what quantity of shot, powder, etc. shall be requisite for any battery or other exploit, and to set out in due proportion every particular fortification of Camp, town, or fort, whether ordinance is to be used without the knowledge of those sciences, cannot sufficiently be discharged, and that master of ordinance through ignorance shall commit his trust to the bold presumptuous persons, whose want of experience will but shame themselves, dishonour him and overthrow their enterprise.  
He ought at the receipt of his charge to make an inventory of all such things committed to his charge, as well to render an account, as to consider the want of every sort of munition for the wars.  
To this officer appertaineth to have a lieutenant, and certain clerks in wages, who are to attend inferior causes, rendering an account of all their doings too the master of the ordinance.  
It appertaineth too the master of the ordinance too provide all such necessaries as too the artillery appertaineth, as Wheels, Exeltrees, Ladles, sponges, Bullets, Chayneshot, Crosbarres, Cornepowder, Serpnetine powder, mattocks, shovels crows of iron, handaxes, engines for the mounting of ordinance, graundmaundes or gabions, little handbaskets, ropes, and all other cart-ware.  
Item, to have such governors as are not only skilful in the ready managing of their pieces, but also in the making of trunks, bawls, arrows, and all other sorts of wild fire, and for the continual supply of them, they ought to have in a readiness great store of Sulphur, saltpeter, Rosin, Calx vive, Lint seed Oil, and comcom Lamp Oil, Pitch, Tar, Camphor, Wax, Tucia, Arsenic, quick silver, and Aquavite: hereof to frame balls to burn in the water, cressets, and torches, that storms and wind cannot extinguish, murdering bullets to shoot out of mortar pieces, and such like.  
Item, every piece of ordinance to have his convenient number of horse or Oxen too draw, and carters too guide and keep these beasts, and every piece to have his gunner or two, to attend thereon to charge, discharge, and mount the piece, also to wade, ram, cleanse, scour, and cool the pieces, when they are over heated, and for this purpose they shall have in a readiness, sponges, vinegar, and cold water, etc. For these gunner's, there must be one master gunner over all.  
Item, if any band want powder, or shot, the master of the ordinance upon request of the Captain, is to give order to his clerks, to deliver the same, and to take a bill of the Captains for their discharge, the which at the pay day must be delivered to the treasurer, who is to stay so much of the Captain and his band.  
To this officer appertaineth to have in a readiness certain boats made for the purpose with flat covers of sawed planks which chained together may make suddenly a bridge to pass an army over any water, who must have cables, and anchors to let fall in a violent stream.  
The Master of the ordinance is to have attend upon his charge a sufficient band for the guard of his charge, and also pioneers to make plain the way for his carriages, and to entrench the place in the camp, appointed by the Provost for the atilerie.  
That there be whéele-writes, carpenters, Copper-smiths, Bowyers, fletcher's, Masons, and such skilful artisans, with all tools necessary and needful too preserve, repair, and make all things appertaining to artillery.  
When the day of service is, the Master of the ordinance is too select a place convenient too plant his ordinance as well to noye the enemy, as also to be in such sort guarded and fortified, as by no ways it be not surprised by the enemy.  
Also in the camp, town, or fort, he only is to give order for the planting of the artillery, and fortifications of the flankers to the best advantage, and also to foresee that the Master gunner and other gunner's do their duties which appertains to their office, also in besieging to have no less care in placing his Battery for the cutting of the flankers before the assault be given.  
Also the Master of the ordinance is to give order for the accomplishing of any plat by mines, and the Captain of the mines and pioneers, are to follow his direction. Finally, this office is of great reputation in the field, and many exploits dependeth thereupon: but for that he cannot well perform all himself, he may refer the small to those that serve under him, and to execute the great himself.   

The office of the lieutenant or General of horsemen.  
Unto this officer appertaineth too have the charge of all the horsemen of the field, as of Hargulaters, Lighthorsmen, Lances, and men at arms, who immediately after entering into his charge, must view the election of the Captains appointed, whether they be meet for such a charge, or appointed by favour: and to make report unto the General, whereby such may be appointed, as have been brought up in militare profession. He must keep a book of all the bands committed too his government, with the names of the Captains, and to peruse whether the bands be furnished with horse, armour, pieces, lances, and all such necessaries, for that warlike profession, as unto such appertaineth. He must give great charge, to all the Captains for the training of their bands, and to give order in what sort, in what place and time, they shall exercise their bands: and if default be either of furniture and otherwise, to make certificate to the General or high Marshal, that defaults may be amended. He must dispose every sort of weapons in several troops by themselves, who must appoint them in service, as he shall be directed by the General, or Lord high marshal. He is to appoint what bands shall watch and what vancorriers, providing that they which watch the night, may rest the day, and others to supply their places, that convenient rest may be had, whereby man and horse may the better continue in service. Also at the sound of the trumpet in the morning he shall with all the troops of horsemen repair to the generals Tent, to know his pleasure, and then immediately to set forth the generals standard, causing all the troops with their guydions to place themselves in ranks after the General, that he may at every sudden, draw forth such numbers that shall be required by the Marshal, or General. He ought to give warning to such horsemen as shall watch the night ensuing, that they may be the better able to do such service as they shall be enjoined too do.  
When the Lord Martial pretendeth to encamp, the Lieutenant is to appoint a convenient band to attend upon his person, and to appoint a company to take their rest, which shall feed their horses, till such time as he shall deliver them to the scout Master at night, who shall enjoin them what to do all the night after, and shall also deliver them their watch word.  
And at such time as they enter into the camp, the Lieutenant shall cause the horsemen to keep the field, till all the footmen be encamped, causing first one band to enter, and the rest to keep the field, and so orderly to follow, placing themselves as the last bands may be as well lodged, as the first.  
He must give order that the coziers' come not out of the field, till the trumpet sound to the watch, and sentinel come from the camp to take their places in the field.  
He must appoint a sufficient number of horse to attend upon the forage master, to guard and defend the foringers which must not return out of the field till the forering master with the rest be returned to the camp, these must rest all that night, and the next day.  
He is to appoint a reasonable convey of horsemen for the safe bringing of victuals to the camp, to see that no violence be offered unto them, and so to order the change of his horse in these several services, that some be not overburdened, and others spared to much, but all things so ordered as none have cause to repine.  
He is in the day of battle to appoint the hargubeters the which are the first to service, the light horsemen Lancis, men at arms in several troops with such distance as one may rescue an other, who with the Lord marshal is not only to give his advise, but in those actions to be a leader.  
He must have regard that he chargeth not in the front of his footmen, for being repulsed he may be the overthrow of them, but let them charge upon the flank, and diligently attend if they can perceive if any breaking or opening of the side in the enemies battle be, and suddenly to charge that breach. For as horsemen are inferiors to well ordered footmen, so upon every little occasion they carry victory with them.  
The offences committed by these regiments are to be reform by the Lord marshal, who should have the Captain of that band by whom offences are committed, to sit in justice with him, with such other of the said band as may be thought meet by the Lord marshal, and the soldier condemned to be executed with the same weapons of the offenders, used by his own company.   

The office of a Colonel.  
THe valiant Colonel after his lawful dispatch from the General, and the obtaining of his letters patents from the General, and money for the conduction of that number of soldiers, appointed to his government, he must with all diligence choose and appoint so many Captains as he shall have need of, appointing three C. men for a company, which is a convenient number: For if the number were divided into smaller companies, the more money would be spent upon the officers. And beside, where many divisions are: there happens the sooner discord and disorder. Those Captains would be chosen of years and good experience, whereby they may the better execute their office, as otherwise too obtain the love of the soldiers, granting unto them sufficient authority for the executing of all things appertaining to their charge. He must then deliver unto them equally so much money as he hath received for the companies by priest, foreseeing that it be sufficient for such an effect, that the Captains and officers may not be hindered by extraordinary expenses, and the soldiers to have better liking of the Colonel, as otherwise to win them to obedience, which is most convenient for men of that calling. He must have special regard, that the Lords or principal officers, whose minds are addicted to avarice by their unsatiable desire of gain, the good soldier be not any ways hindered of his pay, which would do so much hurt to his good nature, without whom the Colonel can avail little or nothing: and that he give strait charge that such money as they receive be laid out and spent with advisement and discretion. He must choose a Lieutenant of good experience, qualities, and behaviour, that he may the better attend on the charge of his own company: and beside, too have care of all the bands appertaining to the Colonel. Then must he choose an ensign bearer, who must be a worthy soldier, a Gentleman of noble parentage, as otherwise gentle of behaviour, who of all the rest of the officers must be superior. Also he must choose the Sergeants, the masters of the squares, drums and other officers, who must be of honest behaviour and of great experience in their offices. He must appoint to his armed pikes his most valiant soldiers, who must be gently used, showing unto them a cheerful and good countenance, which to them is most acceptable. Then must he choose a sergeant mayor who must be a tried soldier and of great experience, and one who hath executed and professeth the office: There belongeth to his office great advertisement, as to alter or remove the army, as sometimes the straightness of time doth require, sometimes the discommodity of the place doth enforce, sometimes the order in which the enemy is placed doth compel, yea and sometime some practice of his own, or some devise of his Colonel doth put into his head, whereupon great advisement would be taken, minding not further to speak of it, but to refer it until I come unto his own office, where I will more amply speak of it. There must by him be appointed, a furrior or harbinger, who shall without rewards or corruption lodge the whole company of the Colonel, using his office honestly and indifferently, without pleasing of any particular man. He must appoint a general Drum, which shall take care of the rest of the Drums, who must be authorized to command the rest of the Drums, having a care that they use obedience: and that every one do his part that belongeth to his office, as in sounding the march, a call, the charge, the battle, the retreat, etc. He ought to provide himself the best munition, fit for a colonels charge, as corselets, pikes, calivers, morions, halberds, bills, gonpouder, lead, match, and of all manner of victuals, the which shall be delivered by the Sergeant maior. He must also examine the election that the Captains have made, & of all their officers throughout the companies, and if they be such as ought to be, or not much worry, he may allow them and not otherwise. And it is to be understood that these and the like advertisements do make to appear the very insight of the conductor, whereas not being narrowly looked unto, the contrary happens: It seems not out of purpose that every company have 12. harqebusiers too serve on horseback, who being honest men, may do great service both on foot and horse back, as often hath been seen, as well in careful following. keeping or recovering of passages, as for the discovering the watch word of the enemies, and to cast down and level places the easier to make roods to discover in manner of lighthorsmen: and for to conclude, following these precepts by exercising thy soldiers often, shall bring them soon to experience the better to be guided. He must procure that his officers diligently perform his commissions, and that faithfully they make relation of every particular thing that he may be informed of all, and in especial that happens in wards, as well by day as by night: for they going in circuit as apertaines unto them, may well perceive what chanceth of any great importance. He ought carefully and courteously to exhibit to the general Captain great reverence to honour him, obey him and faithfully counsel him: and for the performance of this, he must refuse no travail, sith that taking pains in causes of such importance is very meet for men of his calling an office: for gains and delicate pleasures rather appertein● to women or those that more esteem riches then virtue, and more accounpt of the body, than the soul.   

Of the office of the great Sergeant or Sergeant mayor.  
INasmuch as good order is necessary in all human actions, the weighty office of the Sergeant mayor, must needs be excellent and of great importance as unto whose charge and authority appertaineth, not only to govern, but also to bring into form, and to execute the greatest part of the chiefest affairs which require any special service in the army. Wherefore it behoveth him to have 4. expert and worthy soldiers, whose aid at all times he must use, which he must erect as principal Corporals, who in his absence are to succeed him both in office and authority. He must after he hath received his charge of his Lord and General use all diligence and wariness, not only to maintain it, but also to increase it in the minds of the Captains and other head officers, as also of the common soldiers, in whatsoever appertaineth to his charge, to the intent, that both those which of themselves know their duty, and of other which are bound to their endeavour to him wards: he may have that ready obedience showed him that is required, for if that be denied him, no diligence that he can use, may avail any jot to give any hope of good success in his great office, as by many examples heretofore hath been showed. It is necessary for him that is in this office, to forecast with himself, to consider and foresee all chances before they happen, and to foretell every one what he hath to do, for that very often he shall be taken at unwares, and the time that he hath for the dispatch of his business is very short, howbeit the straightness of time must no whit appall them, or any ways hinder him from executing his business wisely and readily, as having his wits at commandment even in this brunt, otherwise if he have not before cast in his own mind, and instructed others how to behave themselves, he cannot look for any prosperous end of his business, seeing at the very instant when they are to join with the enemies, there can be no great heed given unto that which he commandeth, for that their ears will be otherwise occupied, and full of rumours, hurly-burlies, 
To understand the number of weapons as well as of men.  and confusion, which by their noise will rise on the sudden. Moreover, it behoveth him to know to how many armed pikes and to how many holbards he hath to give charge, and to how many unarmed of both sorts: beside, to have many hargubuseires on foot, and how many on horseback, and to be short, he must know the whole number of able soldiers he can make, to the end when occasion shall be, he may the readier place in the vanguard or rearward some in one wing, and some in another to defend the carriage, or to environ the enemy, him to guide his band, and the rest to like offices, and he must command the Captains, that they repair with their companies when any rumour is made, to the place where the artillery and the munition is kept, charging them that they come neither straying in sunder nor upon heaps (as in like cases men use with great disorder, but to be careful to keep themselves with their ensigns, that thereby they may be in a readiness too give a valiant onset in places where most need shallbe. For it is often seen that the munition of the artillery is very hotly assaulted by the enemies, the more to dissipate and deceive the force of the army, and to break in upon them with more ease after they come to the place aforesaid, of the munition. Every band with the ensign must attend to follow the Sergeant Maior, or the Corporals, who shall in silent manner, and with all obedience, follow the appointment of the Sergeant Maior, or his Corporals, placing their companies in such order as by them shall be thought good, having regard that the most valiant and best armed pikes be always appointed in the fronts, and rearward, so many ranks as may empale the bills and ensigns in the wings, whereof the battle will come, called the quadrant of people and ground, 
Of the battle quadrant of people and grounds.  and not that of people: this battle is of great force to shoulder and beat down the enemy, for that there are more soldiers placed in ranked then are in any other form, and yet they occupy a less plat. The shot must be placed as sleeves or wings to the battle, the which must flank the battle, as a curtain doth a fort. He hath to cause them daily to remove and exercise themselves, to the end when need requireth, neither the wings should be dissolved by and fair speech as much as he may, and that he endeavour to guide them by a sign, rather than by words: who in this the Lord Chappinuittello deserved great praise. If upon any alarm a sudden noise or rumour be raised whereby he shall have chause to gather his army together in the night time, he must first command all the Captains, that their Quarries and their Cressets being light every one by itself, the Captains must bring their companies in troop, placing their Shot in the Uoward and Rearward, the Pikes and Bills next the Ensigns into the maket place, and so conveyed to any place of service whereas need shall require, every one bestirring him in such sort, that in a moment as it were, and out of hand they may be armed and ready, in that place to be received of the Sergeant General, 
Of a baltell for the night the Moon.  when of him they must be ordered in battle, the which for the night is the Battle called the half Moon, who must within the compass of the two horns place all the ensign-bearers with their Ensigns in their hands, then behind them the armed Holbards, next unto these the unarmed Pikes, and without the great Circle between both the Horns of the Moon, must be placed the the armed Pikes, and the one half of the Sergeants and Livetenaunts must attend on this great charge without, but the rest of the Captains with the Sergeant General must attend on the company of armed Pikes, and most of the Drums and the Lights must be in the void space between both the horns and before the Ensigns, where sitting to give hearing of the Embassage and Messengers which come and go in such cases, they must deliberate and take counsel what is best to be done. The entrance of this place must be turned to the most safety that the situation of the place shall offer. Besides, they may for the surer, place some part of the Artillery of the field, now the Hargubusiers must be bestowed by the Sergeant Maior, so far distant from the Square in so many Troops, and so many forms as the condition of the place shall require, which may soon be perceived by the expert, thereby to fortify the main battle, provided with all, that every company of hargubusers thus placed, have his company of officers appointed over them, with their drums, as if be needful with their lights that they may be ready and serviceable in every chance that may befall, & in my judgement, in these skirmishes by night neither measure of Geometry, nor the numbers of Arethmetike are so necessary as the diligence of the valiant and discreet captains is expedient, who have to stir up the minds of their companies, remembering always their obedience udto the great Sergeant, whose will they are only to execute. I have the rather set down this square, for that it hath been oftentimes well ordered of many valiant captains of Italy, and especial of the L. Alexander Vitellie. Concerning the other forms of battles which are to be used in the night, I mind to omit thinking this to be sufficient, and easy to be ordered and beside not commonly known, except a battle representing full cross, to which there are so good rules that they may serve any number by day or night to be ordered, and I the rather do it, because I speak not sufficiently in their places in the second book, yet as well as I can, not so well as would, joining to them certain others, to the end, that if in nothing else I have pleasured the valiant & expert, yet at the least the proportions of these forms may give them some small help. Then when as upon any doubt the army shall remove to march, 
Of ordering this army in the march.  he shall place the armed pikes & unarmed with their bills & ensigns, in such sort, that when need shall be to double the ranks to make the army greater, and yet the army may keep his former proportions: that is to say, that the vanguard & rearward divide between themselves all the armed corselets and unarmed pikes, so that the flanks in long wise be not unarmed. So shall it come to pass that the short weapons shall gather together, & in the midst of them the ensigns. The unarmed pikes are not to be rejected in the plain field seeing it is very hard, and peradventure not altogether m●●t that any should be armed pikemen, as it is truly said, they with the armed are the whole strength of the footmen, so the hargubusers must only serve to flank to ease the defences, to lie in ambushment, to skirmish, to approach, and in all other functions, and at a word, to encumber the enemy, either in defending the enemy, or to assault any fort. He must have a care in the making of this battle quadrant, the which of all other I hold the best that for Corporals or Sergeants do perfectly understand, how many ranks are in a company, advertising them with all, that every company be agreeable together in the number of the ranks, which be of many called maniples. 
Of 〈…〉.  Then must he cause them to march one hard after another, seeing every company guided by their officers, and being come to the place to contain them of ease, command the first company to march from the rest, to make space, willing the second to join unto the first as a flank, than the third likewise unto the second and the fourth to the third, and so from hand to hand. He shall frame a valiant battle to encounter the enemy howbeit it is very hard to keep a just in order of so many men in rank, and of so many ranks as the rule of the Theorikes oath doth teach, for that very often the companies are unlike, either in number or weapons then marching thus together on this order, he must command that all the ensigns under one Colonel march together, not mingling themselves with the ensigns of other Colonels Now the companies being thus doubled & the battles engrossed, as is said before, every ensign may seek out his own band, & stand with it both for the greater encouragement of them, & the more safety to himself but if they return to march at length every ensign shall place himself amongst the rest as his lot falls out, the hargubusires severed from the battle must march half of them by the Uoward, & the other half by the Rearward, either a little towards the right hand or towards the left, either as the commodity of the place, or doubt of any danger shall require. Then doubting the ranks of these hargubusires, as much as shall be needful, they must be engrossed, & then vex is carefully placed for the flanking of the main battle, understanding with all, that it behoveth very much aswell these two wings of hargubusires, with the vanguard & rearward of the chief battle, & the ordinance should be committed to the guide of worthy Captains, of officers of credit, & of expert soldiers, that they may be able to help in all extremities, and to resolve themselves in any doubt, knowing what is to be done without waiting for the counsel of others, in cause where such counsel is neither present nor at hand. 
Of a battle called 〈…〉 saw or shears.  The body of the square like a wedge must have in the first rank one man, in the second three men, in the third five men, so till every rank increasing by two souldieiers, which rule is very perfect, & keepeth just in proceeding to infinite numbers, & of two wedges joined together, a battle may be well called the shears, & three or four joined together a battle called the saw, 
Of a battle for the night called a cross.  with many others, the which were much used amongst the Romans and other nations, the battle in full form of a cross, having four fronts containing all sorts of weapons belonging to footmen is very profitable, as may be understood by the rules of the Theoriks, as otherwise in the proper place of the battle appeareth in the second-booke. And although all these battles be not in use, yet all these forms seem very profitable if they might be ordered and disposed in place convenient, howbeit all are not very 〈◊〉 to march: and as in my judgement it is not very easy to show by words the manner that must be kept in giving the assault to the enemies, either by day or by night, considering that a man hath always to apply himself to the warlike policies and devices of his Lord that governeth him. For it hath been often seen that the onset hath been given by the coriers on horseback, many times by ambushes well placed in covert having advantage of such as lie in scout, who wait their time to assail them at unawares, when they may most endamage them. I might here speak also (as appertaining to the Sergeant's office) of the providing the principal munition, the armour and victuals & other things necessary for the army, and the bestowing of them: besides that, he hath a part in the business which belongs to the great master of the camp, as to place the wards within the camp, and to appoint the watch word by which the same wards are governed and the whole camp. I might speak of these things if they were to be done always after one sort, or had one ordinary manner. But for that they be variable according to the nature and disposition of him that governeth, and very often, as place and time shall require, I will omit them. 
How the great Sergeants charge should be given him in writing.  It may suffice to show in part what appertaineth to the office, that thereby he may the redilier dispatch what shall be appointed of his Lord. Those things which shall be given him in charge of any importance, shallbe given him in writing, reserving besides a copy thereof, that if he either miss in his obedience, or otherwise by his default any mischance shall happen in matters of weight, he may not say but that he was forewarned, that whatsoever is to be done by them may be done in their course and order: thereby to avoid all brawls and jars which might happen amongst Officers every man knowing what appertaineth to his charge. When the face of the Battle, must be turned, he must give warning that every man turn his face, and not his Weapons, that there do no noise arise in such cases. And this may be done best and most readily, if every soldier keep the point of his weapon in his hand, 
How soldiers should behave themselves the battle is turned.  which doth give a glorious show, and besides that doth make them ready to lay on their shoulders again, if they have cause to march again at length▪ and he shall give order when the army removing, do come to any strait passage or other discommodious place which may break their order, that every rank do pass after another, and when they he beyond the strait, that then they place them in order again, which being observed in every rank, they may presently be in some order, as they were before the readier to be brought to the forms & squares before rehearsed. And when any charge or commandment is to be given, see it set and ordained in the Rearward, and when there is nothing to be done, he shall raise the army, He shall likewise command that every Ensign march with his own company to the end when they come to be encamped, they may the easiliar be brought to their lodging appointed for them.   

Of the electing and office of the four Corporals of the fields.  
GReat regard would be had to the choosing of these, as well for their calling, years and valiantness, as otherwise for their experience, lenity, and wisdom. Whereby these Warlike affairs may be the readier and sooner executed, otherwise it may be prejudicial to the whole Army. These be under the Sergeant general to appoint, set, order, and make battle and battles, and and to guide every particular person therein, according to their degree and office, and as the necessity of the same shall require, to instruct and reform, whose commandments all Captains and Soldiers with their Officers must obey. But in march, approach, camizado, skirmish, retreat, watch, ward, or what other service by them shall be commanded, whose authority likewise is such, as if any resist, they shall by the Provost matiall be punished as rebels, of what calling or degree soever they be. Two of these are appointed to the placing and ordering of shot, and the other two for the embatteling of the pikes and boil, who according to their worthiness, if death happeneth, are to succeed the great Sergeant or Sergeant mayor.   

Of the warlike counsel and their oaths.  
SUch must by the General of the army be appointed and chosen twelve honest, wise, & grave men, the which said twelve he shall appoint to be his judges and determiners in all martial discipline and correction. His choice is to be made of Captains or otherwise at his pleasure, so he be of stayed judgement and of honest sobriety The which said judges being is elected and chosen shall have their wages accordingly appointed them, who except in great extremity shall be watch free. These shall swear and protest solemnity by the almighty God unto the said General, that they will serve the Prince by the month in that p●●●● which they are chosen and called to, that they will seriusly, faithful, obedient, and dutiful unto the General in all needful and lawful affairs, and at all times uprightly & indifferently to judge all causes coming before them, & to be obedient to the commandments of the General standing with equity and the laws of the field, that they will to the uttermost power endeavour themselves to give counsel and advise to see General to the welfare and commodity of the Prince and his subjects, and justly to judge the rich as the póore not regarding friendship, kindred, or any other corrupting cause which may lead affection to the hindrance of justice: but to their knowledge to minister equity according to the tenor of the laws, as they will that God help them at the last & dreadful day of judgement. Also that in mustering they do diligently foresee to their uttermost power that the prince their master be not deceived in giving double pay to such as are not worthy, and that they shall also deliver the names of the soldiers unto the General as they mustered them with a note of their aloweance and wages under their hands and seals faithfully without any deceit.   

Of the oaths that every officer ought to take, of what Office so ever he be. Of the Praetor,  
THe Praetor shall take his oath given him by the General, who shall swear by almighty God that whatsoever he shall judge, ordain, or determine in court, or out of court, that he shall keep it close and secret to his lives end, and that he shall be true and just to the Lords, and that he shall execute justice to his uttermost power, and that he shall not during the wars take any gift of any man for any matter in controversy to be tried before him, but shall use indifferent justice to all men, without respect of persons friendship or malice, as God shall help him at the dreadful day of judgement.   

Of the Provost martial.  
HIs oath is likewise given by the General, that these points whereof do consist herein, that he shall see all faults duly and according to the laws punished in all offenders, without regard or respect of persons.  
That he shall in the market place set up a pair of gallows both for the terror of the wicked, as for execution upon them that offend the laws. Also that he shall set on all victuals brought to the market a reasonable price, that the seller and the buyer may reasonably live by it. And that he exact nothing beyond his duty of any man, that he neither use extortion or bribery, that he let no prisoner taken of the enemy or offender otherwise to his witting escape, with other Articles contained in his office, at the discretion of the General, the which he must be sworn unto.   

Of the master of the watch.  
HIS oath is to be true and just in his office, and nightly to attend upon the General to receive the watch word, the which at the setting of the watch, he shall secretly deliver unto the Captains. He shall divers times prove the watch, as well to see if they sleep not, and such as he findeth in fault to accuse them to the higher officers, who ought to appoint their punishment according to the tenor of the Articles: otherwise appertaineth unto his office at the discretion of the General of the army.   

Of the chief purveyor of the victuals.  
HIS oath is to be true and just in his office, and not to be slack any time in procuring in his office good, fit, and wholesome victuals, as well for those soldiers in extraordinary, as for those which are in ordinary service priest, not to weary or drive away from the victualling of the Camp any victualler by giving him a more or less sum than they are well worthy, to procure as many to serve the camp with good victuals as he can, both in giving of them good and fair language: as also now and then to give them some piece of money to encourage the said victuallers to take pains with the like. And that he shall with diligence faithfully shun all things that shall any ways be unprofitable unto the Prince and the soldiers. And to devise as far as his wit and judgement will serve him to profit his Lord and Master and his soldiers, as well for wholesome victuals, beer and wine, for their bodies, as for good sweet and wholesome meat for their horses, as well for such as serve in the field, as such as travail & work in the waggon, cart, or otherwise, which follow for the relief of the camp, and that of all these their doings, he keep a true & perfect book of accounts, and reckonings for the General, when and as often as it shall please him to call for it, that the rest of the counsel may be privy to it, if so it shall be thought good of the General of the field, for the better trial of all his dealings.   

Of the fire Master.  
HIs oath is, to be true and just in his office, & that without special commandment of the General, not to adventure to set any thing on fire, unless that the enemy be encountered withal, and then without delay all matters laid apart to annoy the enemy by his skill what he may. And that he do not burn or waste any cornehouses, or other thing that may any ways profit the camp, and that to his knowledge. He shall not hurt or hinder any poor creature, or aged person that he may well spare, but extend mercy and pity on them.   

Of the Clerk or Notary of the Court.  
THe Notary shall be sworn before the xii. judges of the Court, that he shall truly & without fraud exercise his office, not adding or diminishing, for friendship, malice, or bribery, any thing delivered to him in Court, or else where, to the hindrance of equity and justice. And that he precisely keep undefaced and uncanceled all the records, & the whole acts & dealings of all men hanging in the Court, whether they be tried or untried in controversy & not determined, and that he keep & conceal all things that he heareth in the court, either said or done, as ended & determined, secret & close to his lives end, and if he do otherwise, he shall have the law provided for such an offender.   

Of the common crier of the Court.  
He shall take the like oath before the judge, to do truly and faithfully in his office at all times and places as the judge shall command him, so that through his diligence there be no fault found in him at the court day, & that he keep close and secret all such matters as he shall hear handled by the judges until his lives end, as God help him.   

Certain necessary points concerning the captains charge.  
THe noble custom of English warriors is to choose & appoint to the leading of men, 
Of electing and choosing of Captains.  such Captains as be circumspect, skilful, & expert in the noble art of martial affairs: also hardy, & valiant of courage, painful & ingenious: liberal in rewarding: just in service to their powers, above all things on the earth, over mindful to render a just account of that charge, daily regarding that their numbers be furnished with men, armour, weapons, and munitions to them appertaining, with all other things to them needful to be used, distributed in times convenient: oft calling forth their numbers to muster, march, and train the same in all such necessary points of war, as to such appertaineth. They may not suffer any to continue and spend their time in idleness, leaving their armour, weapons, and other furniture, unready to service at need, but give commandment unto their officers in their absence, circumspectly to look unto the same. They may not suffer their soldiers to live in too much liberty, neither to be outrageous as some have done in other countries in times past, as in whoorehunting, drunkenness, common swearing, quarreling, fight, defrauding, or any other thing contrary to the laws of God and our Prince, and the order of the field: but upon approving any such offence, shall reform, correct, and amend the same immediately. Good Captains will have special regard that such provision be made for his soldiers in due time as unto their numbers shall be needful and necessary, 
How Captains ought to have great regard to provide all things for their numbers.  as well for victuals as for armour, and munitions, the same to be discretely used and in due time, by victuallers appointed, and to be distributed to their soldiers, to pay their wages truly, also to see the victuallers and other artificers lending unto soldiers upon their credit at need, until the pay day to be satisfied & paid: also if any of their soldiers be taken prisoners, be ransomed home in due time, that their bands be not long unfurnished of men to the hindrance of service. Captains have oft times committed to their charge and leading, soldiers of great honesty, substance, & credit, so have they others of small regard, both ignorant and wilful, whom through their worthy and prudent government may be so trained and instructed by word and deed, courteously gratifying the good, and sharply correcting the evil, that in short time all be brought to one civility of service.   

The captains charge.  
Captains have also oftentimes certain exploits and points of service committed unto them, wherein they must be very secret, using therein great discretion & knowledge, 
Of secre●●●● to be used in service.  as occasion of service shall require, as to use to cownuoie, camisado, ambush, eskermish, approach, assault, retreat, etc. The which sometimes requireth counsel of the skilful and expert soldiers, whose opinion they will diligently observe and learn, gratifying and rewarding according to the value of their counsel: so shall they sometime prove & circumspectly try by feigned pretences, saying: they mind exploits, & will travail to some place, nothing pretending the same, but finding such rash busy bodies & unsecret to counsel, presuming without knowledge or experience, afterward revealing the same, will try the truth & punish the offenders, as to their demerits is meet. 
The regard of Captains in choosing their officers.  Captain's must be very circumspect in choosing of soldiers to their officers of their bands, placing ancient, travailed and skilful men, to charge according to their experiences, as lieutenants, ensigne-berers, sergeants of bands, and other whose duties are hereafter mentioned. Many other noble points unto good captains do appertain, the which for tediousness in this I omit, wishing that such be chosen, painful in travail, circumspect in wit, hardy of courage, liberal of heart in rewarding of service. Thus trusting this brief remembrance may signify unto the noble and expert, also to the unperfect available.   

Certain points to the Lieutenants charge.  
Lieutenants of every band ought to be men of great experience and ripeness of service, whose authority in the absence of the captain extendeth to examine, try, reform, correct & amend any offence within the band committed, & also day and night to bring the company with the ensign to the place of assembly, there in order, train and exercise the same, as to the necessity of service doth appertain, and being commanded by the higher powers to march towards the enemies, must encounter and fight with the same, as if the Captain were in presence, who upon impediment must sometimes be absent, otherwise to the Lieutenants charge appertaineth to watch, ward, approach, conduct, advance against the enemy, & to encounter, animate, comfort, and also to encourage the companies by word and deed, and as need serveth to retire, continually maintaining skirmish until he have recovered some place of safeguard.   

The Ensign bearers charge.  
THe Ensign bearer must be a man skilful, hardy, and courageous, of able courage to advance & bear dp the Ensign, in all extremities secret, silent & zealous, able often to comfort, animate, & encourage the company to take in hand and maintain such enterprises as they are appointed unto, never to retire, but when of noble policy the higher officers command the same, at such time as the Ensign is committed unto him, he must vow and profess the same rather to be his winding sheet, and therein to lose his life, then through his default lose the same, of his discretion & authority, espying the company, travel, or follow enemies to their discommodity and peril, losing the wind, hill, or ground of advantage, disordering the array, may stand still and command the drums & mischiefs to stand & sound the retreat, that the company may resort & come to the ensign & order the array by advantage of the ground, rather than abide the coming of the enemy, or follow as is aforesaid in time of approach, assault, or entering, imbrech he with his ensign advanceth with the foremost, giving occasion that soldiers the rather follow the same. Other points to his charge appertaineth, which shallbe hereafter more amply declared.   

Of the Sergeant of the bands charge.  
Such aught to be men sober, discreet, and skilful in the duty of a soldier, able to bring the company in order of array, as to the ground and number shall be meet and convenient, if the same be broken, immediately place the same in order again, always ready day and night to service by the Captain or by his Lieutenant commanded oft times to instruct the company, to march, train, and travail as well by signs from him framed, as otherwise by words spoken, he must have very great regard to the company, to see that their armour and weapons be in a readiness always to service. None may resist his authority, but observe as the Captain in person: he may not hear any mutinous or rebellious words among the company, but immediately reveal the same, that speedy reformation may be had, and faults amended.   

The Corporals charge.  
SUch must be chosen to every hundred & two honest & skilful soldiers, either of them leading soldiers, of whose weapons they have skill, & must often call forth their numbers, view their furniture, that nothing be lacking to them appertaining in time of service. Also if any be sick, hurt, or absent, by way of imprisonment or death: immediately they ought to make report of the same, and finding any cause worthy of relation, they must spare for no man to report the truth to the Sergeant from him the Lieutenant, so to the Captain, and further unto the higher powers if need shall require. Thus shall dignity of offices be maintained, and faults amended to the comfort of the rest.   

The Disners charge.  
THe Disners charge: four such of the skilfullest soldiers being trusty and honest men must under the governance of the other officers be appointed to every hundred, to divers points of necessaries available, two of them to have charge of the shot, the other two of the pikes. The band being divided into 4. parts, they must have to train 24. a piece, the which 24. they are to train and exercise according to their experience. Also they must be lodged in the midst of their charge, whereby when any secret service is to be done, they may call numbers without the drum. They be also a great relief in watch and ward.   

The drums and fifth charge.  
Such must be chosen of able sort and parsonage, secret, and ingenious, skilful in the sounds and using of their instruments, which warneth as the mouth of a man to all intentes of service, diligent in times convenient to instruct soldiers in the same, that none by ignorance neglect their duties. Such be oftentimes sent on messages, importing charge, which of necessity require languages, sometimes to summon or command the enemies to render, sometimes carry ransoms or redeem, conduct prisoners. Many other things, to them do appertain, as hereafter shall appear.   

The Surgeon's charge.  
Needful it is that every company have one Surgeon, a man honest, sober, and of good counsel, skilful in that science, able to heal and cure all kinds of sores, wounds, and griefs, to take a pellet out of the flesh and bone, and to flake the fire of the same, and that he have all his tools and instruments, with other necessary stuff, as oils, balms, salves, stepres, roulers, bolsters, splenters, and all other things to the science belonging, which also ought to have courage for his patiented and allowed stuff. He shall readily employ his industry upon the sore and wounded, not intermeddling with others to his own charge noisome, such be placed with the ensign, and lodged near to the Captain, and wear their baldricks in time of fight, which by law of the field is their charter.   

The office of the Clerk of a Band.  
A Clerk of a Band would be a man chosen of a discreet behaviour, such a one as hath the use of his pen, and is skilful in Arithmetic, who must have a book in the which he must write all the names of the soldiers appertaining to the band, dividing every weapon by themselves, that they may be the readier to be mustered, as otherwise to be placed. In order of march again the Clerk at watch & ward, must be attentive with his book to call every man's name to see who is absent, and that certificate thereof be made unto the Captain, who must without sickness or some special licence of the head officers see him or them punished to the example of all others. Also the Clerk is to take charge of the captains munition, who seeing it delivered unto the soldiers, must take note how much is delivered, unto whom and what day of the month it is delivered, with the price: likewise he must repair to the Clerk of the victuals, and by the Captains warrant to receive such bread, beer, and other victuals as is to be had, and to deliver it to those that shallbe thought by the Captain to be of credit to victual the band by the Prince's price, and to take ticates of them as well for that it is delivered unto them, as what they do deliver unto the soldiers. Also he must in the captains name and by his warrant repair unto the merchants & other artificers, and take such wares, as the officers and soldiers have need of, who must at the pay day by the Captain be answered. Also provided that the vitler alloweth to the soldiers but vj. pence a day, the overplus goeth to the payment of their furniture & apparel. The Clerk must also peruse the ticates to see that no more be delivered then their wages come to, that the Captains thereby receive no loss. The Clerk ought to inquire when any be departed this world, also when any be slain or discharged the band, and to make a just note thereof, whereby certificate be made to the muster master, that the Prince in no ways may be hindered, neither the Captain by the victuallers receive any detriment or loss.   

The Minister's charge.  
IT is convenient that every band, have one honest and sober man appointed to use daily prayer among the soldiers, and in time convenient to communicate with them, and to teach the companies their duties towards God & their Prince, & to give good counsel unto the sick, wounded, and weak in body or in conscience, and that such be well armed with spiritual armour, that is with good knowledge, & good living, ready to persuade them manfully to withstand their enemies, the flesh, the devil, and desperation, putting them in sure hope through faith in Christ to enter into the camp of everlasting life, where they shall ride amongst the soldiers on white horses, clothed in white and pure silk, as witnesseth the holy Scripture of the almighty God of hosts, who of his mercy bring all soldiers unto the Host of them.  
THe noble custom of England is to furnish their numbers with manual weapons to battle appertaining, as with Calivers, couriers, Archers, or long Bows, Pikes, Halberds or Billmen, which be hereafter signified by letters placed in order of array, as men bearing such weapons may be placed the like to service convenient, as hereafter by proportions shall more plainly appear.  


The signification of the Letters.  
C for Captain  
L for Lieutenant  
S for Sergeant  
D for Drums  
F for Fiftei  
s for Calivers.  
a for Archers.  
b for Bills.  
p for Pikes,  
h for Horsemen.    
AS there is a great alteration of weapons, and also division of the same, I purpose to note unto you the just numbers to every hundred at this present used: which shall greatly profit to the making of your battles from 1. C. to 15. C.  
Two i. C. Men 40 pi. 10 bill. 50 shot. two. C. 80 20 100 three C. 120 30 150 iiii. C. 160 40 200 v. C. 200 50 250 vi. C. 240 60 300 seven. C. 280 70 350 viii. C 320 80 400 ix. C. 340 90 450 x. C 400 100 500 shot. xi. C 440 110 550 xii. C. 480 120 600 xiii. C. 520 130 650 xiiii. C 560 140 700 xv. C. 600 150 750 Men. Pik. Bills shot.   

Hear followeth orders which are to be observed for the furnishing of the weapons.  

The calivers or Coriers.  
Such must have either of them a good and sufficient piece, flask, touch box, powder, shot, fire, iron, mould, ramor, sword, & dagger, a murrion, in rain, mists, and winds, their pieces charged & primed. They must carry the touch hole under their armholes, mach light in their hands covertly and dry, their pieces fair and clean within and without: so be they serviceable at all times, having regard, they keep their mach and powder very dry, oft charged and discharged, march and retire of good distance a sunder, guarding other, as hereafter shall plainly appear by divers examples.   

Archers or long Bows.  
Necessary it is that every man have a good and meet Bow according to his draft and strength, light and easy: a jack with a skull, sword and dagger, nothing upon his arms, whereby in time of service he may easily draw the arrow to the head, that they may deliver the same with strength an art as Englishmen be accustomed. They must have also braser and shooting gloove, their strings whipped and waxed over with glue, their feathers dry: so be they serviceable in any weather to serve against the enemy to slaughter and execution.   

Pikes.  
THose bearing that warlike weapons especially the frontes which serve in the place of Gentlemen, must have a fair corselet, with all the pieces appertaining to the same, that is the curates, the collars, the poldrens' with the Uambraces: also the long taces & the burganet, with Sword and Dagger, their Pikes of the usual length (for the strength of the battle doth consist in the same) bearing the pikes on their shoulders, setting their thombs under the same, whereby it is ruled. They must oftentimes practise to trail, push, ward, couch, cross, etc. as for the necessity of the skirmish or battle appertaineth.   

Bills.  
THese be guards unto Captains and Ensigns, which be most times chosen Gentlemen of experience, who as occasion serveth, give order to the numbers in array, & approaching the enemy to the assault, certain of them be oft appointed to advance and maintain the same: whose discrete leading and valiant courage doth much comfort the rest to follow the same. These be armed with Corslettes, and be placed in the heart of the battle, usually called the slaughter of the field, or execution of the same, who commonly do not fight but in very great extremity.   
Thus be the Soldiers, with the great four weapons armed and furnished to service convenient to be trained and exercised, as hereafter followeth.   

Of mustering and training.  
Captains having their bands furnished with officers, soldiers, armour, weapons, & munitions, as aforesaid in times convenient, resort wholly together to some ground necessary to muster, march, and train, exercise, and instruct such as are not perfect in the feats of war, which be ordered sometimes by words and deeds, as by signs from the officers framed, that soldiers may learn and observe the meaning of the same, as hereafter shall more plainly appear. At such times of assembly, as at watch or ward, the Clerk ought to read the bill, and to call every soldier by his name, that every man may answer for himself, and none to be absent upon pain without sickness or licence. The Sergeant as they be called, putteth them in array that every man follow his lodseman, keeping his rank fellows justly on both sides, placing the shot in vanguard and rearward, the ensign and bills in the midst of the pikes: So be they placed in beauty and strength, as is accustomed, sometimes to stand and advance their weapons, turn their faces, & march any way assigned: sometimes to receive a word that shall pass from man to man from the one end to the other, with such silence that none hear the same, but those in array assembled.   

Six principal points belonging to the soldiers of all estates, as hereafter do follow in order.  

Silence. IN all places of service such silence must be used, that soldiers may hear friends, & not be heard, as well in watch, ward, ambush, camisado, or else where: in which point consisteth oftentimes the safety or perdition of the whole Campe.  
Obedience. 2 Such obedience must be used, that none regard the persons, but the office to them appointed, diligently observing the same, any offending to the contrary runneth into danger of the Law: for longer than obedience is used and maintained, there is no hope of good success.  
Secretness. 3 Soldiers must be secret and have regard that they disclose nothing, though sometimes they understand the pretence of the higher powers. The disclosers of such meriteth most cruel punishment.  
Sobriety. 4 In sobriety consisteth great praise to the soldiers, who using the same, are ever in state of preferment. Such regard their duties, and reprove the rash busy bodies. Drunkards, etc. are ever in danger of punishment.  
Hardiness. 5 The Captains and Soldiers of courage hardy, be to service much available, specially such as will ponder what may be the end of their enterprise. Some in times past have hardly given the onset, and after repented the same, but the praise of the advised cannot be expressed.  
Truth. 6 The virtue of goodness and truth is far exceeding my capacity to write, the practisers of the contrary, are not worthy of life, but to be soon adjudged. Subtle enemies approve to corrupt soldiers with gifts: but sith the reward of truth is everlasting life, and the untrue looseth the fruition of the same in continual darkness, I trust none of our countrymen will learn the one for the other: from the which God keep all good soldiers. (⸫)    

¶ The laws and constitutions of the field.  
Hear begin the Articles whereunto all soldiers which serve under Emperor, or any other King or Prince, aught to be sworn unto, and them to keep and maintain inviolated at all times, and in all places, upon such pains as follow.  
FIrst, ye shall be sworn to be true, just, and dutiful to his Lord and sovereign, and his grand General or chief Captain of the field, to be tractable and obedient unto every officer placed and appointed to rule over him, and to be ready both day and night to serve, whether it be by land or by water, as occasion of service shall fall out and require. And whosoever doth repine or showeth disobedience herein, of what degree or condition so ever he be, he must be duly punished by the judgement of the superiors appointed for that purpose.  
2 Item, if there be any which shall blaspheme the almighty God or his divine word: let such a blasphemer be punished with the loss of his life openly, and to the terror of the rest let it be executed. For no doubt the plague of the highest will not departed from the house or tent of the blasphemer. For how should we use justice indifferently unto men, when we are content with silence to suffer such injury to be committed against God? Therefore first straightly punish the offences done against the living God, and he will send thee wisdom better to judge the causes between man and man.  
3 Item, whensoever any chieftain or Captain of any band, shall upon urgent causes appoint in his absence any other whom he shall think good, to supply and execute his room of Captainship, every man ought to follow and obey the said deputy, with no less care and diligence than they would the Captain himself, upon pain of such punishment as the General or his assigns shall appoint.  
4 Item, that all soldiers must content themselves with their places appointed, being joined together in bands, or several without resistance, whether it be in marching, watching, encamping, or besieging, being also commanded thereunto by the Captain or other officers, upon such pain as shall be thought good by the Captain.  
5 Item, that every soldier shall for his honour sake, gladly favour, and mercifully forbear unto the uttermost of his power, all women lying in child bed, or being with child, or lately delivered from child, to defend and secure them from the rage of the cruel and rude soldiers or others, which follow the camp for spoil. Also it behoveth all Soldiers to defend all Ministers, Priests of godly calling, and all spiritual persons. But now a days they be the first to whom abuse is offered, of what opinion or religion so ever they be: but God no doubt, will justly plague all such before they be aware, and when they least suspect it. Also they shall defend all aged men and women: neither shall any molest and hinder them: if otherwise, upon pain of loss of his or their lives.  
6 Item, that every soldier shall serve, and is by the law of arms bound by long custom to serve thirty days for every month, and after that rate he shall receive his months wages.  
7 Item, if that any soldier have received his months wages afore hand, or any part thereof, and departeth without leave or passport from his Captain, & hath not served for it, he or they apprehended, shall for the said offence be judged to die.  
8 Item, if there be any soldier or soldiers in marching break his or their ray without just occasion enforcing them, than the Provost marshal, Lieutenant of the band or Sergeant shall compel him or them with violence to keep his or their ranks in order: and if so be that he or they so disordered, do chance in this case to be slain, there shall no man be blamed by his or their deaths by the law of the field, for by such disordered people the whole army may be in danger of ruinating by the enemy.  
9 Item if that by the appointment of the chief rulers of the host there be a battle fought, and that by the mighty power of God, the victory be obtained on your side, the law of arms is such, that if any soldier hath received his months wages afore hand, he shall be discharged of the same, neither shall he serve any longer for the said wages, after the day of victory, neither shall owe any thing for it, but he shall be set free from that months service.  
10 Item, if it chance that in time of skirmish or in any other conflict with the enemy, some one do adventure to fly and run away from his fellows, if in the flying, his Captain or any other soldier by shooting at him, or by striking at him chance to kill him, they shall incur no danger for so doing. And if such a flyer chance to escape at that time, and afterwards be taken, let him according to the law of arms suffer death for the same: for one such a recreant may be the overthrowing of a great multitude.  
11 Item, it standeth with the law of arms that each common soldier shall be sworn that they will not have amongst themselves any private counsels, assemblies or conventicles, upon pain of the loss of their lives.  
12 Item, there shall no soldier neither in time of marching, nor during the time of their encamping hold or keep any whispering or talk, or secretly convey any letters unto their adversaries, without licence from the chief Captain upon pain of the loss of his life.  
13 Item, if there be any one or a more number that shall go about any treason or any other conspiracy to be committed against the camp or garrison, such a traitor or conspirator shallbe accused unto the Knight marshal, and he that bewrayeth and accuseth such an offendor shall have for his reward a month wages or more: as the fact is heinous, so the reward is to be increased unto the party that revealeth the same, and the offender to receive the reward of a false traitor.  
14 Item, that no soldier shall be suffered to be of a ruffinlike behaviour, either to provoke or to give any blow or thrust, or otherwise wilfully strike with his dagger, to injury any his fellow soldiers with any weapon, whereby mutines many times ensueth, upon pain of the loss of his life.  
15 Item, if any one beareth hatred or malice, or any evil will for any occasion done unto him, & so striketh him, he looseth his hand, if otherwise he seeketh revenge, then by law he looseth his life.  
16 Item, if any soldier be warned to watch or ward, and he do not come, he shall be punished at the discretion of the Captain, but if any soldier be summoned to watch, and he appear, and after the watch word given, and the watch set, he departeth, and leaveth the watch, such a one shall without mercy be punished with the loss of his life, neither shall any man set an other to watch in his place without the leave of the Captain upon pain of his life.  
17 Item, that no soldier or soldiers draw his or their sword or swords, or use any other kind of weapon with violence to do hurt within or without the camp, during the time of the wars, upon pain of death. It hath lately been used with more favour of life, as such an offender to lose his hand, but it is the discretion of the Lord chief General, in whose hands lieth both life and death of offenders, after their arraignment and just condemnation.  
18 Item, the like law is against the officer and officers of any band in the camp, if he strike any soldier without such occasion as is permitted him in the articles to do.  
19 Item, that no person or persons presume to be mustered or to take wages before he be sworn to be faithful, and truly to serve his Prince in those wars present, upon pain of death.  
20 Item, that the Harold at arms shall proclaim & publish all that the General shall give him in charge in the place and places where he is commanded, and not to add or diminish any part or parcel thereof upon pain of death.  
21 Item, there shall no soldiers or other men, procure or stir up any quarrel with any stranger, that is of any other nation and such as serve under one head and Lord with them neither in their gaming or otherwise upon pain of the loss of his life.  
22 Item, there shall no soldiers or other person, being in camp or march, take away any thing from any man being their friend by violence or by deceit, as their victuals or other necessaries upon pain of the loss of his life.  
23 Item, when that there are any victuals carried or brought unto the camp no man shall run out to take any part of them before they be brought to the appointed place for the purpose: no though they offer for them more than they be worth, upon pain of the loss of his life.  
24 Item, if that the Provost martial, have at any time taken an offender, and according to his office he carrieth him to be punished, and if that one or more soldiers seek to rescue the said malefactor, and in this stir the offender escape, he or they that are the occasion of this escape shall be punished with the like punishment as the malefactor should have been, whether it be by life or otherwise according as the weight of the crime requireth.  
25 Item, if there be any found, that hath entered his name under two Captains, and hath taken wages, armour and weapons before hand, such a person shall be taken for a perjured man, and shall by the law of arms for the same lose his life.  
26 Item, if any that hath a place appointed him by the harbinger or officers for his tent or lodging, he must hold himself content withal, neither shall he molest any man lodging within his tent, or other lodging at any time for any occasion upon pain of the chief captains displeasure, and such punishment as he shall think most fit for the offence.  
27 Item, that no man shall sound and make any alarum, except it be need or upon commandment, from the higher officers upon pain of the loss of his life.  
28 Item, when of necessity the alarm is made, each man must bestir him to be ready for battle upon pain of the loss of his life.  
29 Item, at the first warning of the drum or secretly, all soldiers must be in a readiness and resort to the place appointed, which commonly is the market place, & from thence in order of array to the enemies, as they be commanded upon pain of the loss of his life.  
30 Item, all soldiers being horsemen or footmen, must diligently in order of array by sound of drum or trumpet, accompany the Ensign to watch, ward, or relief of the same, being the silently in a readiness to the enemies, & as occasion shall serve to brute the alarm with the usual word, Arm, Arm, or Bows, Bowes, upon pain of the loss of their lives.  
31 Item, all soldiers must keep their armour and weapons fair, clean and serviceable in a readiness at every sudden, none intermeddling but with his own, every one to help other to arm and diligently to resort to the place of service at scrie and alarm upon pain.  
32 Item, all soldiers must honestly entreat, and truly pay victuallers & artificers allowed for their relief, being friends or enemies, and with courteous words encourage such to victual & relieve the companies or camp upon pain.  
33 Item all soldiers, in watch, ward, march, or otherwise shall have special regard, that if there be man or woman desirous to speak with the superiors, or being thine enemies for fear do forsake his own power and resort to thee, let such secretly be conveyed to the Lord chief General, regarding that they view no secrets, lest they be double spies upon pain of the loss of their lives.  
34 Item, Captains and officers must oft frequent & resort unto the soldiers lodgings, to see in what state their armour and munition be in, & to give great charge that their furniture be always in a readiness, their corselets with all pieces belonging to the same, and their calivers be made clean and oiled, to have match and powder dry, the strings whipped for their bows, their bills and halberds to be kept sharp. Thus oft they ought to view the same upon pain.  
35 Item, that no man of what degree soever he be of, shall commit adultery with married wives, nor enforce widows, maids or virgins: & by violence defile them, shall without mercy be punished with death.  
36 Item, he that shall departed out of the place where he shallbe put, by his head, or any officer, whatsoever, for a spy, watchman, scout, or warder, aswell by day as by night, as it often happeneth, to discover some dealings of the enemy, without attending and staying for him that placed him there, to take him away, except he should remove in haste to advertise his head of the success of the enemies assaulting or doing any outrage shall be punished with death.  
37 Item, whosoever should rashly offend or hurt either in words or deeds any man belonging to the deputies or head officers of justice or Captain, they being in pay for Sergeants, and they being appointed to carry no other weapons with steals or staves but bills, they may be known for men of justice, and not for soldiers.  
38 Item, whosoever standing within or without the camp or bars to watch or scout, and doth his duty so evil, that through his negligence, the enemy setteth upon the camp at unwares he shall die.  
39 Item, he that under colour of doing the duty of a scout or spy, perceiving the enemies have assaulted the camp and he with such feigning lieth still, shall die for it.  
40 Item, he that shall forsake the defence, in general, or in particular, of the battery, of the trench, of the passage, of a bridge, or other like, to him committed, but lightly, not forced, goeth away shallbe for so offending, punished with death.  
41 Item, whosoever entering into a City taken by force, followeth not his ensign whether soever it shall go, until the general make proclamation, that every man shall take booties, and if the general cause no such proclamation to be made, and that soldier make spoil, he shall incur the pain of death, and if proclamation be made that they shall cease from taking preys and booties, and after licence given if they give not over, they shall fall into the same punishment.  
42 Item, whosoever seeing the Ensign, under the which he warreth in frays or fight, by chance to be fallen into the hands of the enemies if he be there present, and do not his endeavour to recover it, and when it is cowardly lost, to punish the soldiers which have suffered it to be cowardly lost with death.  
43 Item, he that shall fly from the battle being in the face and front of the enemies, or shall go slowly and slackly to join and affront with them, in case it be to fight a field battle, or in any skirmish whatsoever, shall be punished with death.  
44 Item, he that shall feign himself sick, to avoid the fighting with the enemies, or because he would not go to any other enterprise to use his hands, but I mean therefore to rob, for to such affairs they will be ready enough, shall be cruelly punished.  
45 Item, whosoever seeing his General, or his Captain, or other Colonel, and officer of the camp, in the hand of the enemies, and succoureth him not with all his power, and may do it, not respecting any danger, shall suffer death.  
46 Item, he that shall rob or spoil the people of the country, or subjects or vassals of the Prince he serveth, shall die.  
47 Item, he that by theft should steal or rob the armour, weapons, or horses, or other thing from any others, serving against the enemies, shall die.  
48 Item, he that should ransom or tax or otherwise misuse the people of the country, except they should be enemies or Rebels to the Prince, shall be greatly punished.  
49 Item, he that shall play at any game for his armour, weapons or horses, which are written upon the role, or through his negligence shall lose them, or lend, give away, or lay them to pawn, let him fall into the same pain of death.  
50 Item, he that goeth further than two hundredth steps or paces from his quarter, without licence of his Captain specially when the camp looketh or strayeth to be assaulted by the enemies, except he should be sent for by his heads, shall be punished with death.  
51 Item, he that shall go longer than the hour appointed in the night abroad, in the camp wandering, except he should be sent by his superiors for a matter of weight, from head Captain to head captain, by a counter token shall be cruelly punished.  
52 Item, he that shall lodge strangers, whether he be of the camp or not, without licence of the General, or of his Captain, either in his lodging or under a tent, except he be of his chamber, or by the Captain appointed to service forth of the camp, shall be punished. But every one ought to be in the night with their chamber-fellows, and not to be divided from their lodgings, that occasion serving they may be ready with their weapons in their hands, neither ought they to lodge watch or scouts, or of the search, for that the spies having no lodging any excuse being found out, may the better be apprehended, also if the scout watch, be taken from their quarter, feigning to be a soldier of the Camp when they are to spy in the night, they for so offending shall be cruelly punished with death.  
53 Item, whosoever shall make any words, deeds, or questions in the ward or in an ambush, or in other place where respect and silence is needful shall be punished.  
54 Item, he that should be revenged of any injury received, either newly or before time done, by an indirect way, that is, traitorously, and not by way of reason, or by way of combat body to body, by the licence of his General shall suffer death.  
55 Item, he that should be so bold as to play with false cards and dice, or should dare to use in play any privy falsehood, theft or deceit in any wise shall be punished.  
56 Item, he that of presumption should pass out of his place into another either before the battle or in marching, should out of order make haste to go before to be the first that should come to the lodging of the camp, or in marching should go out of his Rank from one battle to another, or he that doth not observe the order of marching shall die.  
57 Item, he that shall task or ransom upon his host or Lodger, or upon any other that is not his lawful prisoner by good order of war, and that when he is lawfully taken, the ransom excel not the articles and orders of the field, and in case there were no articles of agreement, that there be a just ransom set upon pain of punishment.  
58 Item, he that shall enter in or go forth by any other gate, street, or way, then that which shall be accustomed into the city, pales or list, or fort where the camp is lodged, that is going over the walls or under some breach, and not by the ordinary gate, let him fall into the pain of death.  
59 Item, whosoever doth not immediately retire when he shall hear the trumpet or drum sound the retreat, either of a set battle, or of a skirmish or battery, or of any other fight, or should go in or come forth of the City when the assault is given to the walls thereof shall die.  
60 Item, he that speaketh or calleth or crieth aloud amongst the ordinance, or in the battle, or in any place where silence needeth, except he were a head, or other Officer or Sergeant, commanding some new order, shall die.  
61 Item, he that shall commit any thing whatsoever it be, whereby it may be conjectured that it is against the Prince, and damageable to the General & the camp shall die.  
62 Item, drums and fifth must oft sound and exercise their instruments, warning as the mouth of man, to all points of service, so must soldiers diligently learn and observe the meaning of the same, that none plead ignorance, neglecting their duties to service appertaining. Also sometimes they shall receive from the higher officers or Captains, secret commandments by word of mouth, the which must with all diligence be observed and truly executed upon the loss of their lives.  
63 Item, it is against the law of arms that any man should break down any mill or water works pertaining to mills, upon pain of the loss of his life.  
64 Item, no man in their marching through what place soever they shall pass shall set any thing on fire, no not their encamped place at their departing, without commandment from the chief Captain, upon the pain of the loss of their lives.  
65 Item, if at any time any man shall in the time of his drunkenness quarrel and fight with his fellow, and in so doing chance to kill him, he shall in so doing receive as great punishment by death, as if he had been sober.  
66 Item, thou shalt note that soldiers shall swear at their first entering into service that they will faithfully and truly serve their Captain for six months together, and when the six months are expired, they shall swear to serve him six months more if he need them. And if the Captain needeth them not so long, but minds to discharge his band, the Captain shall allow each of them half a months wages at the departing, & so discharge them.  
67 Item, there shall no man make any shout or other stirring noise in any corner or open place of city, town, castle, fort, or camp, whereby any danger or inconvenience may grow unto the company any manner of ways, on pain of the loss of his life.  
68 Item, he that shall disclose the watch word to enemies or to friends, except it be to such a one as he shall be appointed by his governor: or shall be found asleep in the watch, scout, or ward, shall be punished with death.  
69 Item, if any Captain for corruption sake, shall give licence to his own soldier or to any other soldier without the licence of the General to depart the Camp, shall receive the same punishment that the soldier should receive.  
70 Item, that no soldier shall go out of the camp in the night time without the watch word, in danger of his life, for if he be slain so by the watch, there is no blame to be laid upon them that kill him.  
71 Item, there shall no soldier go out of the camp without his armour and other weapons, upon the pain of the loss of his life.  
72 Item, every Captain shall be sworn, that he shall charge every decurion or Captain of ten men, upon their oaths that he shall denounce every soldier that is under his charge, and that is not able and meet to serve.  
73 Item, in like case if the said decurion shall receive any new or strange soldier into his band, his part and duty is, that he give unto the higher Captain knowledge thereof.  
74 Item, no man of what condition soever he be, shall be so bold as to convey or attempt to convey any offender upon pain of the loss of his life.  
75 Item, that every soldier shall have upon his outermost garment some special sign or token whereby he may be known, such a one as the higher Captains shall agree upon. As for example, he shall have on his garment a red cross, and upon his armour a red lace or such like, whereby he may the better be known of his fellows, and if there shall be any found without the said signs and tokens, he shall be used as an adversary or enemy.  
76 Item, if any Captain or other officers shall procure skirmish or fight the battle, without commandment from the higher officers, for so offending they shall receive death.  
77 Item, if that any number of soldiers be commanded and placed by the head Captains to defend or keep any city, tower, castle or fort, or any other place, and they being sharply assaulted by the enemy, once, twice, or oftener, in this case the law of arms is, that the Lord General shall allow and pay unto such a number of soldiers but ordinary wages, neither is there by the law of arms any thing more due unto them, and if the said Castles, Towers, or Forts shall be sold or be betrayed by the said Captain, officers, or soldiers, or otherwise yielded without the commandment of the Prince, or at the appointment of the General: shall be as false traitors used.  
78 Item, if there be any City, Castle, or other Fort, yielded up by the enemy without expugnation, there shall no man be so bold to enter into the said place to spoil, or otherwise to kill, or do any outrage without leave of the General upon pain of the loss of his life.  
79 Item, there shall no man departed out from the precinct of the camp with any booty or spoil, without leave of the chief officers or head Captain, upon the pain of the loss of his life.  
80 Item, if any man for fear forsaketh the place appointed him to fight in and for fear throweth down his weapon, the officers or soldiers may kill him without any danger.  
81 Item, if any man saying that he hath done some worthy thing in fight, and be proved contrary, should be punished with death.  
82 Item, if a legion, cohort, or band, shall by mutines, or otherwise incur the laws of the field, it is requisite and necessary, for that all shall not be put to death, that every man's name be taken and put into a bag, and that the tenth lot should be executed. The which although every man do not feel, yet nevertheless he shall fear the event.  
83 Item, if there shall be any man that shall infringe and not maintain, confirm, and to his power diligently and dutifully keep and observe these articles aforesaid, such shall as perjured persons with all severity be punished: and if any soldier or soldiers shall offend in any manner of thing that doth belong and appertain to the duty of a soldier, whereof there is no mention made in these articles, such an offender shall be punished at the discretion of the chief Captain.  
THese Articles must be openly read in the presence of the chief Captains by the notary or scribe of the court, and after that it is read, the oath shall be ministered unto every man by the praetor in this wise, or the like words, to the same end and purpose, speaking unto the whole company, and saying. My brethren and friends that are here present, ye have here heard the articles of the Queen our sovereign, containing the chief & principal points of our rights and laws of the field, and of the oath, and the manner thereof, which every soldier ought to take. All you therefore that do mean faithfully and valiantly to observe, maintain, fulfil, confirm, and keep the aforesaid articles: let him here now either openly refuse to be a soldier, or with me hold up his finger and say after me.  
ALl these Articles which have been openly read unto us, we hold & allow as sacred and good, and those will we truly and stoutly confirm, fulfil, maintain, and keep, so help us God and his divine word. Amen.  
These Articles with others, which for tediousness I omit, would be published, some upon pain of death, some greater, and some with lesser punishment, to every one that doth offend, without any remission or forgiveness, or regard of blood, degree, kindred, or friendship, specially at the beginning to lie in Camp, whereby the army may the better be set in good order, and to make it fearful of God, of justice, and of the General, with love and fear.  
The execution hereof only appertaineth to the Master of the Camp, for the hearing, ordering, and determining of causes of justice under the General, as the Lieutenant of a City or Town, Deputy for the Prince.  
For the Master of the camp is the chief of the orders, who hath place in the Field in many things, as principal next to the General, who hath the chief government in pitching the Camp, and dislodging: briefly, from the General downward, it is the greatest charge and burden that is in the Army, and therefore it is requisite, that he have good knowledge and remembrance of all the orders whereby the wars is to be governed, and that he be of good practice and experience.  
But such cases as are capital and of great importance, should be heard and determined by the General and his judges, it sufficeth that God is the knower and determiner, and next unto him his ministers on earth, who failing to do justice, either for zeal, love, or hatred, shall yield account thereof before the divine judge, and this law cannot be avoided by us, but we shall be cited and called by way of appeal.   

How Captains according to their worthiness are preferred to great charge.  
SOme Ensigns have in times past been accompanied with one hundred, some with two, some with three, some with four, some with five hundred men, according to the worthiness and experience of Captains, of which all were not thoroughly except at the first, the better to train, exercise, and order such numbers to service appertaining. Here follow certain particular practices in proportion by letters, signifying men, from one hundred, unto five hundred, in quadrant or twofold battle, to the greatest strength for defence of enemies, showing every weapon particularly in their place and order, to march any ways to service convenient, or else to keep the ground of advantage, as wind, Hill, and Sun will permit, in which consisteth great profit.   

Certain words to be used of the Captain, in time of training.  
AT such times as the Captain or any other officer determine to exercise their company to train them, they must cast them into a Ring, or such like necessary, and to use these words unto the soldiers, saying, as after followeth. My loving friends and fellows, we be gathered together, being also appointed to serve God and our Prince, and to defend our country to the death, and for that none through ignorance shall perish or run in danger of the laws of the field, ye shall from time to time by me or the officers of my band, be instructed by words or deeds in such points as to our calling and the necessity of Service shall require, the which you must diligently observe and follow, though such to you many times seem both dangerous and painful. Also if any of you my fellows shall find an occasion convenient to declare to me his mind and opinion in any thing, touching service, I will diligently hear, and gratify the party the double value thereof, and God willing I will use equity and justice with the same. Also regard, that all Soldiers know and obey their Officers in their place, according to their calling.   

Hear are set forth certain points, to train, exercise, and in order to place one hundredth men, three in a rank: also how to bring them into a Ring, an Esse, or a Snail, very profitable for young Soldiers.  
AS before I have set forth what number of weapons appertaineth to every band from one hundred unto fifteen hundred men: even so to march three in a rank, three & thirty ranks contain one hundred men, suiting your weapons in this order following, that is, in the front or vanguard .25. shot, next your shot .20. pikes, than 10. Bills to guard the Ensign, and next your Bills your other twenty pikes, and then your other .25. shot, the which being thus placed, may by your Officers be brought to these proportions and orders as followeth, greatly available to divers Services.  
The Vanguard,  
The rearward.  
FIrst, for that a C. is the least number that a Captain hath in charge, I will therefore begin with one hundred, the which after you have taught to march .3. in a rank, right forth, you shall bring them in this proportion of a ring, otherwise called a limasson: And although it is not of any force, it is necessary to train the unperfect, also by bringing them in close compass together, they may better hear and understand any precepts touching their charge spoken by the Captain, or any other officers as oft as is meet. This is not of force, because the Ensign lieth open to the enemies, without guard of Pikes.  
A Ring.  
SOmetimes upon good occasion you shall bring your pikes in order of an esse, your bills placed in the midst with the Ensign, whereby it may be environed with Pikes for defence of horse, your shot placed between every rank of Pikes, so that they may serve to the skirmish either rescuing other within guard, the which retiring into the void place, the Pikes couched every way for defence, the overplus of shot with the Captain and lieutenant with other officers to be placed in the midst of the Esse, with the Ensign.  
An Esse.  
the Vanward  
the rearward  
SOmetimes upon the sudden, bring them into this order of a D, otherwise called a Snail. Place your bills and Ensign, in the rearward of your Pikes, and cast yourself round, so that you may environ your Ensign, place your rank of Pikes, the Shot betwixt every Captain, Lieutenant, and other officers, with the overplus of shot to be placed within the weapons. This is a strength at need, but in this order they can not march or retire.  
A D, or, a Snail.  
the rearward  
the Vanward   

How to train your men and bring them to the use of their weapons.  
AFter that you have taught your company to march 3. in a rank right forth: likewise to keep their order in limitation or ring, you shall command your officers to teach them how to use their weapons. First divide your shot from your Pikes and Bills: causing a mark to be set upon the water, whereby you shall the better perceive where the Pellet falleth. Then cause your Drum to go before, and your shot to follow single, teaching them how to hold their pieces, and to put powder into the Pan, the Match into the Cock, the better to bolden them, and those that have experience to discharge at the mark, every one for to follow his lodesman. This done, cast them all about round, and bring them to the place where they began, then afterward teach them to discharge with pellet. Then must you divide your pikes and bills in two parts, commanding your officers, that they turn their broad sides, as if they should encounter the enemy, causing your drums to sound. Then charge your officers to go in the front of your pikes, to show them how that they should use their weapons, as first, to cause your pikes to sarie close together, then to trail their pikes with the sharp end toward the enemy, two yards from the end of the blade, and to offer the push one at an other. This being done, cause your Drums to sound the retreat, that is, to retire with your faces upon the enemy. Then must you teach them to ward with their pikes, when the push is offered against them, also to couch and cross, for defence of horse: likewise to advance, as hereafter shall more plainly appear.   

¶ Here begin certain orders and practices to train or place an hundred men.  
The first THis showeth how the hundred men before mentioned, cast in a ring, may march three in a Rank, the which may be brought unto these proportions of strength following.  
The second. SOmetimes marching in the Ray aforesaid you shall divide the same into three parts by 11. ranks in each part, dividing your shot into four parts, and your Pikes into four parts also, placing your Bills to guard the Ensign, so be they ready at the sudden in quadrant as appeareth.  
The third. LIkewise you must instruct the same from 3. to march 5. in rank, to the intent when need serveth to join unto other bands. In thus marching, place half your shot before, the other in the rearward.  
The fourth ALso you may practise them to march 7. in rank, placing your Bills in the rearward, with your Ensign, the which maketh a just quadrant, placing your Shot in the wings and rearward, as appeareth.  


The first. The Vanguard. The Rearward.  
The second.  
The third. The Vanguard. The Rearward. To augment from three unto five.  
The fourth. The Rearward.  
These four contain one hundred men a piece.    
The fift. YOu may likewise by placing 7. in rank the which is the greatest force that a hundred men may be brought into, place 21. Shot in the front and 15. in each wing, the which service very aptly to skirmish, is greatly unto the annoying of the enemy, also ready to retire to serve round about the battle, the Pikes as before.  
The sixth. IF in marching you understand or perceive that horsemen will assault you, then place 5. Pikes in rank, and betwixt every Pike a shot, so marching forward, they fall to be 10. rank quadrant, placing your bills and Ensign in the midst.  
The seventh. LIkewise you may for the defence of Horsemen, place 10. ranks of Pikes every way, your Shot next unto them, your Bills and Ensign in the midst, the Pikes ends couched on the ground, the better to defend the enemy.  
The eight. THis proportion showeth the March or Quadrant order at large of a C. men, very necessary to be used. In show to the Enemies, when thou understandest their numbers to exceed thine, placing seven Pikes in the Vanguard, also 7. Pikes in the Rearward, next unto them 6. Pikes in the second Ranks, your Bills and Ensign in the midst, with the Drum and Fiffe as is before mentioned, the which number when thou perceivest the Enemy, to take view of thine, thou shalt cause the second Ranks of the Vanguard and Rearward to step forward to furnish the void spaces, the which shall make of seven thirteen in Rank. Also if thou perceivest the enemy pretending to encounter thee, having no place of refuge, shalt cause the Ranks that stepped forward to retire to their places, and to sarrie close together, removing out of the second Ranks into the wings the Bills, to step forwards in their places, will be seven every way quadrant, as in the order before is mentioned, your Shot to be placed in the Vanguard and Rearward, may skirmish and retire as occasion serveth.  
The fifth.  
A quadrant mixed with shot.  
the sixth  
A quadrant defending the shot.  
the seventh  
The eight Battle.  
the Vanward  
the rearward  
The March at large.   

Certain practices for them that have charge of two hundred men to service convenient.  
The first. FIrst marching five in rank. 40. Ranks contain two hundred men sueting their weapons as before: may be brought to these orders following, to divers intents available, although the same for a time seem painful, and although Archers be not as heretofore they have been, yet it is good to show you, that having Archers you must place them as afterward to you is mentioned.  
The second SOmetimes divide the Pikes and the Bills into three parts, by fifteen ranks, seven to a rank, placing your Ensign in the midst, so joining them together, maketh a hearse battle, ready at the sudden against the enemy, placing forty Calivers in the vanguard, and twenty Archers and ten Calivers in the rearward with thirty Archers.  
The third. LIkewise according to your ground you shall place your outermost ranks with your best and fairest corselets, the which serve not only to the show, but otherwise for the strength of the battle, commanding your officers to place ten in a rank, the rest to march ten in a rank, likewise your Bills and Ensign in the midst, falleth to be ten every way quadrant, the which is a just hundred, your Calivers placed in the vanguard and rearward, and your Archers in the flanks which is a just hundred also.  


The first. The Vanguard. The Rearward.  
The second. The Vanguard. The Rearward.  
The third. The Vanguard. The Rearward     

Orders of training two hundred men.  
The fourth SOmetimes by commandment of the General or head Officers, you shall be commanded to do some exploit by night, the which being lead by your Guides through straits, wrong grounds, woods, etc. it is needful that every Pike man and Bill man take hold of his Lodsemans' weapon, placing your shot betwixt your Pikes and your Ensign in the midst, your Pikes to march five in Rank, sixteen ranks is just eighty pikes beside your Bills, the overplus of your shot to be placed in the rearward.  
The sixth. SOmetimes occasion serveth to march through long Brome, Corn, or fern, so that Soldiers must trail their pikes from the ground close together at the half pikes, in the Vanguard the sharp ends of the pikes forward, and in the rearward the sharp ends of the pikes to the ground, who may of the sudden being assailed with horsemen, must presently advance and couch their pikes every way for defence of Horse, your Calivers in the front and Rearward, the archers in the flanks.  
The fift. ALso when you shall be called to the assaults of Town, Fort, or any such like, you must endure the great shot if it be not dismounted, wherefore your officers must cause them to march a good distance a sunder, and every man close to his Lodseman, march with expedition, and manfully employ themselves unto victory, your Calivers in the Vanguard, your Archers next to your Pikes.  
The fourth. The Vanguard. The Rearward.  
The fifth. The Vanguard. The Rearward.  
The sixth Battle.  
The Vanguard.   

Certain points to exercise and train three hundred men unto service convenient.  
A Captain having charge of 300. men that be expert in service, may oft times victoriously accomplish Exploits and points of service to them committed, which great numbers unperfect may not attain unto. The better to instruct the same, here follow certain orders and strengths in array, which practised in time convenient, may bring perfection of service at need.  
The first Sometime placing such numbers by 5. in Rank, may be brought to divers points of service convenient .60. ranks contain .300. men, five in rank.  
The second To bring this number into a quadrant proportion, you must divide your long weapons into three parts, placing four in rank, your Bills and Ensign in the midst, and joined close together fall out to be 12. quadrant every way, your shot placed in the wings ready to skirmish, in the body of your battle are six score Pikes, thirty bills, and in the wings seven score and ten shot, in the rearward thirty shot, thus is this number at the sudden brought to strength against the enemy.  
The third Sometime augment your Ranks from 5. to 7. so 44. Ranks contain 100 men, which are to be joined unto other numbers, and to be brought to force.  
The fourth Sometime from 7. to 9 in rank the long weapons of the same contain 18. ranks, your shot placed in the Vanguard and Rearward as the ground may serve, is a hearse or broad square.  
By these exercises of augmenting ranks as do appear, Soldiers may be brought to perfection of order in array, and by the same be brought to perfection in quadrant or hearse, according as numbers and ground will serve.   

Here followeth the fift and sixth order of training .300. men.  
The fift. SOmetimes the Captains with your bands aforesaid, be appointed to some exploits with such silence that Drums sound not, nor clap Weapons, neither use any noise until they have recovered the place convenient for their enterprises, yet sometimes the officers in the rearward sendeth a word passing from man to man, until it come to the vanguard only, from one rank unto an other, which may be said (Sarre advance) or such like, appointed two or three ranks of gentlemen skilful Soldiers to lead the vanguard, knowing the encounter to join, that way by order of the officers, the shot doth issue to skirmish betwixt the leaders aforesaid. The Battle may join close together if occasion requireth, also the rest of the shot may wade through to help the vanguard.  
The sixth. As before is placed 12. in rank, with your Bills and Ensign in the midst, so it falleth out to be 12. in rank in breadth, and 13. in length, placing your shot in the front and rearward, the which as occasion serveth, may be brought to skirmish any ways. This same Battle as the ground serveth, is very strong against the enemy.  
The fift. Orders of training three hundred men. The Vanguard.  
The S Rearward. S  
The sixth.  
The Vorward.  
The Reward.  


The first. I. The Vanguard C The Rearward  
The second. L The Vanguard L  
The third. L The Vanguard C The Rearward.  
The fourth. L The Vanguard. C The Rearward.    
The viii. Battalle.  
The Vanguard.  
The S Rearward.  
Sometime marching in straits, & especially having some guard in Rearward for the safety of the Ensign, you may send certain Ranks or Pikes unto the Front towards the enemy, which shall wade through to strengthen the battle, placing the one half of your shot to the skirmish in the front, the other half in the Rearward.  
The eight Battle.  
The viii. SOmetime having scope of Ground, standing in doubt of Horsemen, cause the numbers to march .12. in a Rank at large, a good distance asunder, and so to stand still, every man towards their quarters, placing their Shot on all the sides betwixt the Pikes which after they have discharged, being charged with horse, may retire to the Bills, and your outward Fronts serve close together, until the Shot have charged, and at the repulse of the Horse, to open your Pikes at large, and the Shot to be commanded to skirmish as they were in the fronts. This battle is of great force.   

To order and embattle 4. hundred in quadrant proportion.  
The first TWo Ensigns accompanied with 4. C. men may be brought to this quadrant proportion against the defence of the enemy by placing .15. in the front, joining 4. ranks of Pikes, in the Vanguard, and 4. in the Rearward, 4. in the Flanks, your Bills and Ensign in the midst, placing your Shot in six wings for the rescuing of each other, the rest of your shot in the Vanward and Rearward in Diamond wise. This Battle for so small a number is of great force. (⸫)  
To order and embattle 4. hundred in quadrant proportion. The first Battle.  
The like number placed in manner of an hearse or twofold Battle. The second.  
The second. THe ground may be such as it shall be necessary to place the same number in manner of a Hearse, or twofold battle, placing 10. in rank to length, and 20. in breadth, placing your Bills and Ensign in the midst, encountering the enemy on your broad side, so shall you occupy more hands, than the quadrant battle doth, occupying less ground in marching, than the other battle. You must cause them to tarry close together, trailing their Pikes on the ground, being ready to offer the push to the footmen, and to cross for the defence of the horse, your shot to be placed, as before you appeareth. This is of great strength, so that the Enemy cannot environ you.   

To embattle five hundred men in a quadrant proportion.  
ACcording to the worthiness of the Captain, the greater charge is committed, as one Captain to have charge of 5. C. men under one Ensign, the which to bring into quadrant Battle, you must place 16. pikes in front, making 4. ranks quadrant, placing your Bills in the midst with your ensign, so have you lift the body of your battle .250. men, your shot to be placed in the front and rearward .110. in the flanks of the battle 140. in the 8. wings, the which being charged, may discharge and retire whereby to be rescued by the lest: they may in this proporiton march any way unto them needful, be it either to travail, or else for to win grounds by any advantage.  
To embattle 500 men in a quadrant proportion.  
To place the like number in an hearse or square Battle.  
SOme time by reason of the ground it is necessary to bring such a number into an hearse or twofold battle, which may be more available than the quadrant battle. To bring them into this present proportion, you must place 13. pikes in breadth, and 21. in length, your Bills and Ensign in the midst, your shot in the Fronts and Wings. Thus in order they may turn their faces, and march any way to them needful, which practice may greatly avail at need, as unto great numbers appertaineth.  
Thus leaving to treat any further of private bands, here following I will show some points, and necessary practices to great numbers, convenient to order, join, and embattle.   Laudata virtus crescit. 
The end of the first book.   

¶ In this book is contained certain necessary practices to be exercised with such hands and regiments, as unto Colonels or Chieftains, to be committed, to many exploits of service greatly available.  
Such appointed to the leading and govenment of numbers aforesaid (with their bands suited) weapons as accustomed The Captains and Companies be unto them obedient and observe their commandments to all intents, as if the Lord Lieutenant General were present. And for that Captains with their bands the better and more easily may bring their numbers into such order or battles, as the Sergeant mayor, by the Colonels or Chieftains commanded must do, hereafter ensuing doth follow proportions to the assistance of the same. And for Calivers, whose practice in the Skirmish be the first in the field, and beginneth the fight, the letters following in divers proportions signify such, and show to march, skirmish, invade or retire in politic manner, as to such doth appertain, as well by bands divided in sundry parcels distantly in sunder, as either may rescue other, as also to retire by ranks rescewing as aforesaid. And considering how by inventions daily devised, the exercises and subtleties of the same do daily increase, to the great peril of the unexpert, as we may daily see, these sundry proportions following unto some unknown, may in times convenient be exercised to bring to perfection such small numbers, so to profit in greater numbers, which the unperfect cannot accomplish.  

Certain necessary points for to be exercised with numbers of calivers and Archers to divers intents of service in the field.  
The first. THis number upon the sight of the Enemies must march three in a rank, casting themselves in proportion of a Ring, so to abide there, appointing themselves to approach still in array, there to discharge by Ranks, so in the Rearward to charge ready to service again, marching round.  
The vanguard.  
The rearward.  
The second. THis number encountering the ring must discharge by ranks, and after the first rank hath discharged, to retire betwixt the Ranks until they come to the rearward, there to charge and follow his looseman to service again. Thus may you continually maintain skirmish how little or great so ever your number be, it giveth great encouragement to the soldiers standing but one shot and retireth.  
Orders of shot very necessary for divers intents of service in the field.  
The Vanguard. 
The third.   
Theswo bands change tanks, and place on their broad sides.  

The fourth.  These bands of Archers be brought to service by the calivers afore them.  
THese two bands of callevers set to recounter the enemy on their broad sides, the fronts discharge and turn their faces, retiring betwixt the other, 
The third.  which advance in like manner to the rescue of the same. Those retire & charge again to service, thus practising the skirmish may bring the bands of archers to service, to the great annoying and discomfiting of the enemy.  
These bands of archers being brought to service by the callevers, 
The fourth.  although that the callevers be counted to be of greater force than they be of, & the archers be not used in the field so much as they have been, yet having light shafts made to shoot 12, or 14, score, may keep their place shooting altogether over the heads of the caleevers, to the blemishing and very great anoie of the enemy.  
Orders of shot very necessary for divers intents of service in the field.  
These two bands discharged by ranks, and return to the rearward, and charge again.  
These two bands placed 5. in ranks like two horns are to be brought to skirmish in proportion, like as doth appear, the fronts or vanguard dischargeth, the one retiring on the left hand, the other on the right hand unto therereward, and there to charge again, every one to follow his lodesman unto service again. (⸫)  
Orders for shot very necessary for divers intents of service available,  
The seventh.  
According to the number of the Enemies you must answer them with like proportion and numbers, 
The seven.  having great regard to obtain hill, wind, water, wood, etc. the which greatly availeth, sometimes the advantage of grounds is such that small numbers way repulse greater numbers. The grounds large and plain, make your maineward of shot large & strong, the better to answer the enemy, the fronts to discharge and retire to the rearward, there to charge again, and being thus joined in skirmish with the enemy, the Captain and officers must foresee the best way to repulse and overthrow the enemy, sending two wings to flank the enemies & to encounter them the which being wisely foreseen will greatly profit.  
Orders of shot very necessary for divers intents of service available.  
These three bands marching at large may wade through in skirmish, or retire betwixt the ranks as occasion serveth either band rescewing other, to charge in the Rearward, and to advance to service again. This may you continually maintain skirmish.  
These practices and such like exercises in times convenient may bring perfection to service with shot at need, the rather through the good industry and painful travail of officers and the soldiers by whose gentle patience it is sooner obtained.  
An order to embattle 600. men at the sudden against horsemen and footmen.  
IT is appointed unto two Captains to bring 600. men to convey, charge or do exploits, as the commandment of the higher Officers shall appoint them.  
The captains advertised of straights, passages, and situations of the countries: also on what part the Enemies be most like to assault. them, must give order unto your Officers to place 13. in front, as before you is mentioned, your Ensign in the midst with the Bills, your Shot placed in the Wings as appeareth. At such times as the Eenmie shall assault you, join both your Bands, and become one strength, as the ground doth serve. This order is very necessary to do many exploits.  
The like number brought in manner of a Hearse, to defend horsemen.  
SOmetimes marching by 10. in rank, upon the fight of the Enemies divide into two parts and join their broad sides divided together, and become in one strength, which being thus placed, is in length 24. and in breapth 10. Against horsemen they must pitch their pikes on the ground and cross them, and against footmen bear above hand. They must sarrie close together, and not dissever to follow or fly, lest their disorders make place for Enemies to enter, as by this proportion doth appear. Sometimes for the safety of & our shot you must receive them within the guard of your Pikes. This. h. signifieth horsemen galloping the field to break upon you, where they may best enter, and most easily, as by the void space arpeareth, the overplus of your shot to be placed in the 4. wings without the battle. This number to dissever is very perilous.   

An order to embattle 900. men at the sudden.  
Captains marching with 900, men understanding by scout or spy that the enemy pretendeth to skirmish with them or otherwise to join battle, you may divide your bands in three parts, marching 9 in a rank placing Officers betwixt every band, that being assaulted may join the Vanguard and the Rearward to the middle ward, so fall they out to be an hearse battle, placing your shot in the wings, that they may the better resort to the skirmish, likewise to retire as occasion serveth. This is a singular good order for the obtaining of any grounds or doing of exploits. (⸫)  
¶ An order to embattle 900. men at the sudden.  
The Vanguard.  
The Rearward.  
An order to embattle the like number in quadrant proportion at the sudden as if the Sergeant Maior were there present.  
The Vanguard.  
The Rearward.  
WHen battles are to be made, the Sergeant mayor giveth commandment unto the Sergeants of the bands to bring their companies several and to join your bands the broad sides together, as your numbers serve, The Captains, Drums & Fiffes, with your Ensign placed in the midst of the execution, as well for the safety of the same as for the comforting of the soldiers? nevertheless, such order is taken, that Lieutenants and Sergeants of bands with other serviceable Gentlemen, be placed to lead the Vanguard and Rearward of the battle, where onsets be uncertain, whose beautiful armours, politic and courageous onset is to the enemy a terror, to their own companies great comfort. The shot to be placed in four Troops with two Wings in the Rearward, for that they may easier maintain skirmish round about the battle, on which side soever they be assaulted.  
THese four quarters joined in one, seem to be 12. hundred men under four Ensigns every ways, who at the enemy's sight must place thirteen in rank, which fall to be a quadrant every way, which suddenly may join their long weapons together making one quadrant of four. Your Drums and Fiffes with the Captain placed next to the Ensign, the Lieutenants in the Wings, and the Sergeant in the Vanward and Rearward, whereby they may the better give intelligence by sign or word what is best to be done. Three hundred men bearing calivers in the Wings, & three hundred in Demie Diamond wise, after the Almain manner in the midst, the which being discharged, the calivers will greatly prevail. This way they may march wholly together, or retire any ways to service needful, ready with their shot to encounter the enemy any ways in skirmish, either wing rescuing other as need shall require. And although the Sergeant's Mayor appointeth order for the same, yet the Sergeants of every Band having experience, only ruleth and giveth order to their own charge, and appoint and place such in the fronts, Rearward and wings, as to them seem most convenient.  
THis proportion is after the Almain manner of embattling, much like unto the order of the Romans who divided their Legions into divers cohorts to this intent, that when the Fronts were wearied the Maineward and Rearward succeeded, having by late experience in France tried, that the dividing of the Battle in many Bands, so that they have Pikes sufficient to impsle the Bills, and to every Band their number of shot and horse, is more available than any battle being made of a whole body, or as the Greeks term it, a Phalange: for they are to be out of length or breadth as the ground or occasion serveth, to charge and encounter the enemy placed in one battle, of every quarter to their great detriment, and overthrowing of any so placed, being of sufficient strength for defence of horse: and though the first or second, or third, should be overthrown, yet the rest keeping their order are to succeed. Whereas the battle being one, after the Fronts be overthrown, the rearward is ready to run, the which being disordered, can hardly recover to place them in order again.  
And order to embattle 12. C. men quadrantlie at the sudden.  
This ways you may march or retire anle ways that should be thought needful to the doings of any exploits.  
A Colonels charge in twofold wise, the pikes crossed for defence of horse.   

¶ An order to embattle a Colonels charge.  
Colonels or Chieftains who oft times according to their experience and worthiness of service have the charge and leading of fifteen hundred men more or less, to whom is committed divers sundry exploits and points of service in the field, whereof they descry any multitude of horsemen, pretending for to charge them and to environ your battle, having no Wagon. Borough, or pale of carriages, water, hedge ditch, or other succours, but only the strength of their manual weapons and policy of defence upon sight of the enemies, must cast the Vanguard and Rearward to become one strength, and to serve close together, to touch cross, and defend, as by this order may appear. The three outmost ranks fair armed, and skilful gentlemen and others, do pitch their pikes on the ground couching and crossing the same, the two ranks next giving the push at the length of the pikes, the shot placed within the pikes for safeguard, shoot and charge still in their places. This order to encounter with footmen if it be possible will recover the advantage of wind, hill, and Sun, in good order, on the one side of the hill to join in fight, where God giveth the victory before these same encounters.  
Revive your soldiers with meat, drink, and good counsel, and with comfortable words to animate and encourage the same.   

How to embattle .150. men in quadrant proportion.  
AS before I have set forth the order or embattling of 150 men in two fold wise, that which in some ground is much available, for that it occupieth more hands than that just square in fiight at one instant, notwithstanding such must be assured that the enemy can approach but one way, which else may be prejudicial therefore in the plain field the just square or quadrant is, the strongest order that may be, nevertheless convenient it is at such time as you purpose to join battle with the enemy, having ordinance & other carriage to the same in the wings of the rearward, thereby to empale the same that the enemy enter not but in the fronts. Also the expert captains must foresee to obtain hill, wind, Sun, or any other advantage, the which divers ways greatly profiteth. If your battle be assaulted with horse, than couch & cross your pikes, and against footmen sarrie close, trailing your pikes until the encounter, & then to offer the push till repulse be given, and God give the victory. In the fronts you must place your best armed & most valiant men, aswell to encourage the rest, as to be a terror to the enemies, your shot to be placed in the wings & rearward, for being placed in the fronts, they cannot well retire, but upon their own pikes, or else upon the shot in the wings. To be brought to this proportion you must place 6. ranks of pikes 19 in rank every ways which comes to 512. the shot to be placed in 4. troops in the wings, 10, in rank which is 400. & 310 in rank, & 3. in breadth in the Rearward, the which are to succeed the other troops after they have discharged, the 50. shot & 48. pikes are to be placed about the artillery, or otherwise at the discretion of the Colonel, the captains & lieutenants with the sergeants to be placed about the battle, to give such order as may best prevail. The Chieftains & Colonel to be placed within the battle, as appeareth in the figure.  
How to embattle 150. men in Quadrant proportion.  

A Table to discover numbers by hundreds, placed by. 3.5.7.9, etc. in rank and ray assembled, from one. C. unto one thousand five hundred, that is to say, marching by 3, in rranke, 34. ranks contain. 102. men, by which example following, you may plainly discover the numbers.   Ranks.  Men.  3. in rank 34 is 102 67 201 100 300 5. in rank 20 is 100 40 200 60 300 80 400 100 500 7. in rank 15 is 105 29 203 43 301 57 399 72 504 86 600 100 700 9 in rank 11 is 99 22 198 33 296 45 405 56 504 67 603 78 702 89 801 100 900 11. in rank 9 is 99 18 198 17 297 37 406 46 506 56 616 64 715 74 820 81 897 91 1017 100 1100 13. in rank, 8 is 104 Men 16 208 23 299 31 404 39 507 46 702 54 806 62 897 69 1014 78 1105 85 1196 92 1230 100 1300 15. in rank 7 is 105 Men 14 210 20 300 27 404 34 510 40 600 47 707 54 810 60 900 67 1005 74 1110 80 1200 87 1305 94 1410 100 1500   


❧ A twofold Battle of 2000 men.   

THIS TABLE SERVETH TO PUT IN ORDER OF BATTLE LONG OR SOVARE, ON HORSEBACK OR ON FOOT, OR TO NUMBER Enemies so placed: also to tile or pa●e or measure ground of like portion: also what ground serveth to encamp every one of the long or square Battles.   
A quadrant or twofold battle of 2000 men.  
THis present form of battle, which represents a quadrant, hath been often used as very profitable of many Italians, well experienced, and of great credit in the field: it is as it doth appear, flanked and environed with two great bodies or sleeves of Hargubusiers, the which contain in number for each flank 380. men, and in the Vanguard 100 and in the Rearward 140. Which shot are to be carried about the battle very commodiously for service, and as they shall seem otherwise to be employed by the Sergeant maior. In the body of the battle, are 800. Pikes, 200. Bills, and 10. Ensigns, having to every Ensign 200. men, the which to be brought to this form, you must place 45. in rank for the breadth, and 22. in rank for the length, the Captains, lieutenants and Sergeants, as before you is mentioned, and the Chieftains in the heart of the battle. And although this manner or form giveth scope to move which way they list, yet I hold it best, not to suffer them to stir much. And that little moving which is to be granted to them, must not be over hasty but in pace flow, sober, and well measured, unless he hath to set against the like battle of the enemy, for then the last ranks must be somewhat quicker in stirring, and to bring 10000 or 20000. to this order readily, they must in setting forward, march with maniples well severed and divided, which manner is very ready to be compassed with ease. But to place them in length, doubling the ranks, bringeth them likewise to a very formal order of battle: of which I have sufficiently spoken, in the office of the Sergeant mayor, in the first book.   

A Battle in form of a Cross, very necessary to be used, as well in the night as by day, because all the weapons are divided by themselves.  
THis Battle in form of a full Cross, consisteth of 10. Ensigns, every Ensign having under it 200. soldiers, so that the whole number containeth 2000 men. It hath 4. fronts or faces, whereof every one is accompanied with Hargubusiers, which may in time of necessity be covered and defended by the armed Pikes, so that the foremost ranks be moved by the flanks and sides. This form hath been used of Spaniards and Italians. It is a gallant battle, and of force sufficient to resist the enemy in open field, albeit setting unwares, and beside superior both against horsemen and footmen, the Hargubusiers are 1000 the which are the half of the number. These Hargubusiers being divided into four parts, must be in every flank 200. placing 14. in rank every way, the Bills and Ensigns placed in the midst of the Cross, are 200. and the whole number of Pikes, are 800. the which are to be placed on every quarter of the Bills 200. placing 14. every ways, the which make a just quadrant of people, so that there remain to be placed by the Sergeant maior 16. Pikes and 4. Bills, and of shot 200. This rule may serve in proportion for any number being very excellent for the night, because each weapon being divided by themselves, may be ready at the sudden for any service, either to give battle, or for defence of the Camp, the horsemen and the field pieces to be placed as shall seem best by the Chieftains or the Sergeant maior.  

The Battle called a Cross, very excellent both for day and night.   

THE BATTLE IN FORM OF A MOON, BEING OF GREAT FORCE FOR THE NIGHT.    

An excellent order of encamping, if thou standest in doubt of the enemy.  
THis square battle in form of a Moon is very convenient and fit to be executed in the night time, for that there being appointed any Chieftain whatsoever, which may place the first companies that come to him, at the Ensign in order before assigned, and the great Sergeant then receiving them, and from hand to hand parting them into several companies, in manner as this form shall require, it is ordered very easily, and it is no great matter to divide the weapons without confusion: either to march, or otherwise to use themselves severally from the rest, more or less as it shall be needful, for that every weapon doth stand at his own defence by itself, as first the Artillery, next the Ensigns, than the Bills, or Holbards, and in the outermost circle, the armed Pikes, which may upon the sudden by the Sergeant or the corporals of the field, be brought to any other form of battle: also the great Sergeant may place the Hargubusiers in so many companies and so many forms, and so much distance one from another, as the situation of the place doth either bind him to, or may seem to require, to the end that the principal square may be best defended and flanked. And for that the purpose of this form is easy enough of itself to be understood: & also for that I have more largely spoken of it in the first book in the office of the great Sergeant, I will no further entreat thereof, advertising withal, that every battle in square form, this or other, that must be ordered in the night, above all must provide that it have placed every sort of weapons by themselves, that thereby confusion may be avoided, and beside they may call forth to service any company presently upon any necessity that may befall, advertising that good watch and scout be kept on horseback and on foot, as near the enemy as is possible, and to give advertisement whereby you may know what is best of you to be done.   

A way to march and to conduct forth the Army.  
IF any General or Master of a Camp, Colonel, or Sergeant General that hath charge to conduct an Host to march from one place to another, it is requisite, that if he have not experience of the country himself, that he carry such as have experience, that he with them may consider well of the situation and place, whether he is to go with his Host, as through Plains, or near a Hill, or by Hills, or on Valleys that have Hills on both the sides, or by Woods, or near to a Wood, or else where a River is near. It is also requisite that some of the light horse, as well for discovering the enemy, as otherwise to take the breadth of the straits and passages go before, and to make certificate that according to the breadth the Host may march. And put case, that one part of the way be fifteen foot broad, the Host shallbe made to march by five in a rank, because every footman will have three foot in breadth from shoulder to shoulder, & six foot in length betwixt rank and rank, and one foot for every person, so that 21. foot in breadth, and two miles in length, will contain an Army of ten thousand men. After the same reason whether there be twenty or thirty thousand footmen, according to the measuring of ground by the foot they may be set in order very easily, neither can the leader be deceived when he knoweth how many armed men every place can contain. And after the same order as the place doth enlarge, he must enlarge the ranks, causing part of thy Shot to go before the array, and part behind, and other to go in succour of thy Horsemen that go in viewing the passages, and the Ambushments, with the whole doings of the enemy: and let an other part be for a vanguard and retrograde to the ray, to be able to serve them at need, and an other part to go always at the flanks of the ray, the which if there be Ditches, shall serve as a Counter-mure against the Horsemen of the enemy, and if they be men at arms, they must march on both the sides of the Battle, and also of the Hargubusiers that do march by the flanks of the Battle, and the Lighthorsmen to serve for Scouts both before and behind the ray. Also there be abundance of Labourers to make places plain, and to cast down Ditches and Bridges, and to make defences and other necessary things that are required in marching, the which must be guarded by your Lighthorse and Shot, and when you depart to feign to go to some other place than that you go to, and if there be no men at arms to appoint to every Regiment certain Hargubusiers to serve on Horseback, the which may serve in stead of men at arms, and when occasion serves to serve on foot again. It is requisite that all Soldiers follow their Constables and leaders, and have great care and diligence in marching, to the end, that by sudden assaults they be not at every step to rise in a rumour, and confusedly to run here and there, and the one to go contrary to the other, and finally coming about them, not to be able to do any thing of any profit. For which cause thou oughtest to march with thine Army through every place in battle ray, whereby the Soldiers may be made more apt and speedy to make a voyage, and quick and ready to resist if need shall be. They having learned to follow the Ensigns and attend to the commandments, and to behave themselves valiantly, according to their place and order, if thou march in a plain Country, it is requisite that thy Pikes march in battle ray, retiring thine Army into a little space, so that by the straightness and facility of enlarging, thou be not constrained to extend thyself into too much length, which fashion of marchings seems to give power to the enemy to assault commoudiously their adversaries, and according to the occasion to hurt them, he knowing to be taken from them the commodity to defend themselves, forasmuch either with more largeness coming against thee, the which is wont to happen both the horns being compassed, it is like that he shall easily disorder and put thee to flight, or else giving charge on the flank in the midst of thy battle, having already broken thine order, suddenly stop thy men from being able to go forward, being closed in the araies of their enemies: wherefore minding to retire in a main battle, and to turn to resist, they shall be able to do little good, as those that have used such a main battle, which for want of thickness is nothing strong, but altogether weak. Also if the enemy should charge thee on the Rearward, thou shalt be brought to the very same necessity, because thou shalt be so compassed as thy fronts shall not be able to secure the last, or the last to secure the first. For the which thing it is always better and more sure and easier, to govern the bands that march, close and square, then thin and long, especially, forasmuch as to an army that marcheth long, oft times happens that of some thing seen doubtful and uncertain, there groweth suddenly fear and terror, because sometimes it hath chanced that men descending from high and hilly places, into the plain, to places expedite and open, and the foremost seeing the last of the same band by a great distance to come after, supposing themselves to be assaulted of some Ambush of enemies, it hath been seen, they have suddenly turned to fight, and afterwards no otherwise then enemies, with their own companions, gone together by the ears. The victuals, the carriages, and all the rest of provision, I judge should be placed in the midst of the army, that without great danger such things may be carried and conducted after the army: but if it shall be otherwise the hindmost part would be guarded and defended of the most valiant Soldiers, as in the fronts, because that at unwares may happen many things, thy Lighthorsmen going before investigating and spying where they may pass, having occasion to pass by Mountains, Woods, places closed with Hills and most great Deserts, because the enemy many times by opportunity will lay an Ambush privily by the passage to assault his adversary, which little thereof taking heed, hath easily broken and brought them to utter decay, the which Ambushments if the conductor by way of explorators shall foresee with a little pain, having prevented the counsel of the enemy, may get him a most great name of prudence, and likewise save his Army. And as for the Plains thou with thine own eyes mayst see a far off, forasmuch as in the day dust moved and lifted up into the air, doth show the moving and stirring of the enemy, and in the night the fires and flames signifieth their Camp to be near. When thy men are to be conducted and not to fight, thou oughtest to remove by day, if peradventure some thing do not constrain thee, for the which thou thinkest it good to go in haste to come before thine enemy, where in deed for such occasion thou mayst remove by night; so that thou know it may safely be done to fight with the enemy. Lead thy men not in haste but softly, and enforce them not to make too long a journey, forasmuch as labour taken before men do come to fight, is seen most oftentimes vainly to consume and waste the strength of their bodies. And marching in the Country of thy friends, it is needful to command thy soldiers that in no manner of wise they touch or mar any thing, but rather altogether to refrain, considering that Soldiers having weapons and liberty to do what shall please them, will favour nothing, especially, for that the sight of things that please men, out of doubt is won most dangerously to lead ignorant and unwary men to desire them, and with the sweetness of robbing to entice them to all manner of mischief, whereunto if thou provide not, thy friends and thy confederates for very small occasion will become enemies. Notwithstanding, the Country of thine enemies, thou shalt suffer thy soldiers openly to destroy, burn, and consume, because by the dearth of victuals and lack of money, Wars are wont to diminish, and be extinguished: and contrariwise through abundance and riches they are nourished & maintained, but first before thou suffer thine enemy's Country to be destroyed, thou shouldest give advice to thine enemies, threatening them what thou wilt do, if they will not yield unto thee: for that the peril of the misery prepared, and the fear of ruin looked for, oft-times constrains men to grant many things, the which at the first by no manner of means had been possible to have brought them to pass, but after they have once received the hurt, they will make little account of thee, and despise all other things as though thou couldst do them no more harm. Albeit if thou knowest surely that in the Country of thine enemies thou must tarry long with thine Army, suffer to be taken and spoiled those things only which thou seest not to be greatly profitable unto thee: but the same which is to be thought may be preserved for thy commodity, command openly to thy Soldiers that they forbear. Having made ready and set in order thy men, tarry not long in thine own Country, nor yet in thy confederates, lest that consuming all thy provision, it seem not that thou art of greater hurt to thy friends then to thine enemies, but rather conduct quickly thine Army into thine adversaries country, whereby it be fertile and abundant, there may be taken at thy need most plenteously those things that thou list: but if it be otherwise, thou shalt cause to be known, that thou seekest to provide most lovingly both for the wealth & profit of thy friends. Besides this, thou oughtest to care with all diligence that marching or encamping by sea or land, victuals may safely be brought, forasmuch as by such means the merchants with all diligence will bring all things, which for the use of an army shallbe necessary. Moreover, when thou must pass by straits, or march through rough and hilly ways, then is it convenient principally for the preservation of thy things, to send before shot on horseback and on foot, for the keeping of those places, rocks, or enclosed ways, lest the enemy taking it before thee, may both let thy passage to thy great hindrance and loss: the contrary thou oughtest to enforce thyself to do, when thou understandest the enemy to pass, the like thou hast not only to take heed for receiving harm, but to enforce thyself to turn against the enemy, those deceits whereby he thought to deceive thee. And when thou purposest to go against him, it is requisite to provide before him, and at unwares oppress him. So diligently thou oughtest to provide to let him every way if thou understandest that he intends to pursue thee. (⸫)   

Of the order of the march in figure, and of the placing of the weapons.  
FOr somuch as there are diverse forms of marching, so I think it good to note this only one set down in figure, as very necessary and of great force for an army with his whole carriages to march with all: wherein I partilie imitate the antiquity, as otherwise the order now used, as for example, let there be an army of. 40000. footmen, and 14000. horsemen, according to the proportion set down, there is allowed to every hundred footmen, forty pikes, fifty shot, ten bills, the which falls out to be 20000. shot .16000. pikes and .4000. holberdes, the which with the horsemen are to be divided into three battles: the Vanguard, the Maineward, and the Rearward battle: In the Vanguard shall be placed .10000. footmen, whereof .4000. pikes .1000. bills .5000. shalt. In the front of the Vanguard battle are to be placed. 2000 pistolaters on horseback .1000. Lances, than there are to be placed thy piners who are to be guarded with .500. shot of each wing, the Sergeant mayor must give in charge that these Piners beat down and make plain the ground before them in their march, in such breadth as occasion shall serve to make your battles, or necessity procure, or the straightness of the place permit, also the Sergeant hath to appoint these Piners that if they be charged by the enemies, having their weapons to defend themselves amongst the shot: or otherwise to retire themselves by the wings of the battle, and to be placed at the discretion of the Sergeant mayor in the battle, next after the Piners shall follow .2000. shot, next unto the shot the carriages of 
❧ The order of march in figure.  the first battle with all the impediments, then followeth. 2000 pikes: and 1000 Bills with the Chieftain in the midst, then followeth the other. 2000 Pikes, after the Pikes the carriages of the merchants, and puruaiers, who must by the appointment of the General march armed for the defence of their charge, then followeth the other 2000 shot, and if you pass through any dangerous places, it is requisite so to march as you may suddenly bring them to a quadrant battle, sending always before. 100 Hargulaters on Horseback, and an hundred light Horsemen for vancurriers: to discover and view the straights and passages: as otherwise to take the breadth and to give certificate to the officers whereby they may make their march thereafter, and to view that all places be free from ambushes and trains of the enemy, whereby the army may the more safelier and quietlier pass, sending from the frontes as necessity require aid to assist the curriars, then must follow your main battle of footmen, the which is 20000. Footmen, whereof .10000. Shot, eight thousand Pikes. 2000 Holhardes, the which are to be divided in this manner, next unto the shot of the Vanguard battle must be placed the carriages of the main battle, with bag and baggage, who must be placed by quarter, than four thousand Pikes, next the Pikes. 2000 Holberdes with the General in the midst, than the other four thousand Pikes, after the Pikes the carriages of the merchants, the weaponnes of the Rearward battle to be divided as in the Vanguard, who must send forth corriers from the rearward, to espy whether the enemy doth prosecute thee to take advantage to thy hindrance or no, and you must place next your shot in the Rearward one thousand Lances, and two thousand pistolaters, your. 15000. shot of the main battle are to be placed as wings to all your battles, who must be placed a sixteen paces from the sides of the battles. Next unto the shot must go the artillery of the field with their carriages, with like distance on both the sides of the battles, then must be placed. 1000 men at arms of each side of the battles. Likewise. 1000 Lances of each side, and .2000. hargulaters, as appeareth in the figure. The General must give in charge that in all dangers till the footmen may be brought to form of battle, that the ordinance and artillery may be readily and equally divided in the two horns of the battle, to terrify the enemy to the uttermost, and if so be that the enemy will attempt the battle on the wings, let the hargulaters with the rest of the horse and shot in the wings make the like defence, thus every part shall be of like sort defended until thou hast made thy battles as pleaseth thee: if this order cannot please thee, to march withal, through a suspected place, you may practise that which the wise Captain may best like of: or according to him that shall have the authority of the field, not thinking it amiss in noting this order in figure, with the division of the weapons, for that being well considered, and with advise well ordered, you, may make presently as many battles as you will, and in what order you please, even by hand, without any great trouble, or business of brain. ❀ ❀   

The ordering of the lodgings.  
NOow when the wise Captain shall be come into his enemies land, and that by his politic government he shall have escaped all the trains of deceit which were laid to entrap him, insomuch that he is come to the Walls of any City, there to lay siege: his first care must be, that he be settled there, where he may have either at their backs some great fen, some large river, or some deep dale, having high pendles over it, either cast there by Art, or fortified by nature, or else he must provide that he place them where they may be defended by some other means, as in the top of some hill or under some mountain. But for the greater safety of the army, he shall send before faithful spies, which shall discover the coast, and make true report of all they see, in such sort as he doth, which is set in some promontory, to watch and give warning, of whatsoever enemies he shall see to appear by sea. But if so be that these places of strength be wanting in any place where he shall come, he must in any case provide that he encamp there, where he may both hinder all passage, and especially of victuals to his enemies besieged: and yet have free conveyance of provision for his own army. He must use especially in the choice of the Plat, the wise advise of his company, as namely of the Master of the camp, the Sergeant Maior, 
The choice of the plat ought to be by the consent of the chief Officers.  and other experienced heads of his army. And particularly for the Plat itself he may follow the counsel of the Master of the Camp, the Sergeant Maior: whether it be commodious for the victualling of the Camp, he must learn of the chieefe Purueier: and whether it be fit to fight in, he may take the counsel of other beaten soldiers: so that all having the election of the place both by the benefit of the The●riks, and the help of practice they shallbe lodged in places well defenced, wholesome in air, plenty in Water and Wood and meadow, free of passage for victuals so that the army be disquieted by no want. If in that place in which they are determined to give the siege, as convenient to compass the City with the army, there be any Palace or place of commodity it must be allotted for the lieutenant general. If there be none, let there be made a square vale of cunning men, well trenched and cast into this form following, which I have resembled partly too that of former time, or any other form, as the plot will best bear, or the counsel of those which are of greater experience herein then I, can better devise. But of what sort soever it be, it must be such, that the men at arms may lodge about the General, and the Lances about the men at arms, the pikemen about the Light horse, and the harqebusiers about the pikes, according to the manner and form mentioned in the end, that when by any sudden chance either by day or night, the camp shall be set on by the mighty multitude and force of the enemy, especially by night, the harqebusiers and the pikes may for a while make resistance in the head, till the Light horsemen and the Lances with the men at arms have leisure to arm themselves, and come with the Lances in the front one foot, in manner of pikemen to the Pavilion of the great General, & so armed as they they are to try the uttermost of their strength and courage be, to save their General and their army, to their own honour: which they may do very well, if so be that they will not stick to rush upon their enemies, and with their Lances serving for armed men, may encounter with the pikemen, whereby they may both defend their own valiantly, and beat back their footmen, maugre their force, considering that they shall be in complete armour and fresht, and their enemies but armed in part, and already tired with the hot onset they have had in the fronts, and besides the footmen being newly supplied and somewhat refreshed may break in by the flank and backs of the enemy, so that they may repent themselves that they ever attempted an onset to their so great loss, and greater shame, as enforced to fly and forsake their enterprise, only by the might and worthiness of the armed men, whereupon the armed men, as well bard as light, shall at all times for their great honour, and for the aforenamed necessity, lodge about their General. I have seen the armed men, and the light horsemen lodged, some at the entrance of the trench within the bank, and other without, not far from the ditch of the said trench: howbeit I have always thought some oversight to be therein. But I submit myself still to better judgement, for that if by night as I have said they shall be assailed, they must needs be taken unprovided and unarmed, then will they not be able to make any long resistance, so that the enemy breaking in upon them, shall find the footmen with the General, destitute of the defence of the bard and light horse: whereupon without all doubt, they shall be killed without respect, or taken prisoners, or otherwise fly from their tents, with their great dishonour. The form of the Camp I have set down at the end of this discourse in figure, partly showing how the ditch should be cast about the Plat. The space of the plat must be agreeable to the quantity of the army, which is to be determined up the Master of the Camp, the Sergeant Maior, and the whole counsel. Whereupon the greater army must have the greater plat, and the less army the less plat. Always providing, that the streets for the inner lodgings be made wide enough, aswell for the ease of the soldier, as for the use of the merchant and purveyor, as also for whatsoever sudden chance may happen: seeing that if not in order of battle, yet in this double ordered form, one man may take another's place, and by that means help one another, The ditches shall be 80, paces broad and as deep as may be, if the st● ninesse of the ground, or some hard rocks do not hinder as it doth about the Trapanian on Sicily. For about two miles from the city, there, rows a huge rock. This largeness of the ditch is necessary during the time of any siege; but especially if the army be incounted in a Plat not well defenced of itself, thereby to be safe from all ●ines and sleights of the enemy, both by day and night. But marching by the way, there is no such depth nor largeness required, especially if the adversaries army be not in wait too set upon you. Howbeit it is good always to lodge safely, being in your enemies land or otherwise in place of danger and I persuade myself, that this is a vary profitable form of lodging, for that if the enemy set upon them in their lodgings, he shall find them arrived and ordered in a quadrant battle, and flanked on every side with hargu●usiers and artillery. And besides the horsemen being in the midst, the enemy will suppose that all the strength lieth in the head, whereas the horsemen may come forth armed and set upon them by the flanks and behind, through the benefit and scope of the large streets which are from the North too the South, and from the East too the West, and breaking upon the enemy thus at unawares by the flanks and behind them, may endamage them to their shame and confusion. It is to be noted, that the Colonels, the Captains and other head Officers must lodge about their charge of footmen, to the end that the soldier in sight of his Captain dare not do the thing which honesty will not brook. And moreover there must be care had that the watch and ward and scouts be not raised before morning, not that the gates of the Camp, be opened to any, before the Sun be a good height and the spials be sent to view if there be no privy ambushments appointed by the enemy too endamage thee and do thee outrage. There must be therefore gre●● foresight in the 
THE PLAT FOR ENCAMPING.  General to cut off all such places, as be fit to harbour any scouts or ambushments of the enemy. This form of encamping is partly borrowed of antiquity, and partly imitated of the Turkish manner of encamping, in the assiege of any city, tying myself always to the memory of the ancients of former time. If there be any who misliketh this, I leave him to the liberty of his own judgement to devise some other of his own, and I promise him that I will be content there with to do him pleasure, and not in this alone, but in all other things above showed in this work. But if this form like he shall place the footmen, the horsemen, the merchants, the Purveyors, the craftsmen, soldier to soldier, back to back, and ridge to ridge, making the lodgings double. Upon the bank of the ditch, and in the Curtains he may place artillery round about and before it for safety, or else with the carriage of the munition, and the carriage of the whole army environ it for his defence. In which he shall imitate the Turk, who with the carriage, with the Camels, and the Artillery, both enchain and fortify the Campe. Near unto the artillery, he shall appoint the Gunners to lodge, who have the charge thereof, and after the Hargubusters, and so forth from hand to hand as I have said. And further he shall cause the Captains, and Officers to lodge at the back of the Hargubusters, having his Captain before him, and the Pikes at the flanks, that every kind of soldiers may be conjoined, and not dismembered as it were in their service, and from their Captains: which otherwise will be a cause of greater disorder, and many discommodities. (⸫)   

An Oration to be made by the General, before the Battle be fought.  
VAliant Knights and Companions in War, most thankfully I accept your service, for that you do offer your lives as true subjects, to accompany me the Kings high General in the wars: wherein you greatly show your duties. For of right you ought too lose your goods, and to venture your lives at the commandment of the King, and for the defence and surety of your Country, giving unto you, not only thanks for your company, but much more for your good counsel, which daily you give me. For in great conflicts, seldom is found together both good counsel and stout hearts, minding not too enterprise this battle in hope of man's power, for than had you reason we should not give battle, seeing the great multitude in respect of us. For as you say, the weighty affairs, of a public weal, should not be unadvisedly committed too the uncertain of Fortune: the which hath caused the King my Master to appoint me in this dangerous and perilous wars. First, trusting that on our part there remaineth justice, and sith God is the same only justice, I trust assuredly he will give me the victory in this perilous conflicts, for justice availeth princes more that they have, than the men of War do which they lead. Wherefore sith our cause is just, and that we have God the only judge thereof on our sides, me thinks no worldly fear should make us cease to give the battle: for I should show myself to be of small faith, and also blaspheme God, saying, he were of small justice, for God showeth his power there, where the frailness of man hath least hope. Then since by the King our Master and Governor, we are appointed and procured to come to this war, I have determined my most loving Companions and fellow Soldiers to enter in battle, and valiantly to adventure my life with you: and if I perish therein, I shall be sure it shall be for the salvation of my soul, and the memory of my person, for to die through justice is not to die, but to change death for life: and thus doing, if I lose my life, yet I lose not my honour, and all this considered, I do that which to my Prince and the Commonwealth I am bound. For to a Prince it were great infamy and dishonour, the quarrel being his own, should by the blood of others seek revenge, minding this day to try in battle, whether the pleasure or will of the living God be to give us victory, the which may be a warning to others of the great wrong offered us: if otherwise he suffer us to perish, the end of the sword of the enemy, is but the scourge of our offences. The best I see therefore in this matter to be done, is that we confess ourselves unto the celestial God, preparing ourselves to receive our redeemer, every man to pardon and forgive his brother, if he have done wrong or injury unto him, for oftentimes though the demand of the wars be just, yet many mishaps befall therein, through the offences of those which pursue and follow the same.  
Now each thing accomplished as behoveth according too my saying, then let God dispose things as he shall seem good. Wherefore my loving, valiant and stout Soldiers, doubt not at all, for this day I must either vanquish mine enemies, or else suffer death: and if I die I do that which I needs must. Wherefore I will now cease to exhort you any more, desiring you most lovingly to consider that, whereunto your duty leadeth you, remembering that you are come as Knights, and in the defence of your Country to wage battle, being now come to that pinch, that deeds must more avail us then words: for peace ought too be maintained by the tongue, but wars ought to be achieved by the sword.   

Of the ordering of the battles before they fight.  
THe oration being made by the General, and prayers finished to the immortal God, it is requisite that thou have care too bring forth thy army to the field with bright and shining armour, which easily may be done, by giving charge in time to the Captaives, and so to the officers, that their burgonets, corselets, enleevers, halberds and every other piece of armour: forasmuch as the cleanness and brightness of the weapons, maketh the army seem terrible, and putteth fear and travel in the minds of the enemies. Then call forth thy bands, the which being set in array, the General being expert, having seen the preparation of the enemies, giveth in charge too the Sergeant maior and the principal corporals too accommodate and ordain his soldiers in battle according to the army, the men, and the manners of them. And if the enemy be more puissant of horsemen: thou having the commodity, choose thee strait and difficult places, or at the foot of mountains, and where the horse cannot easily serve. If in footmen he exceedeth, than it is requisite to get the hills and places of advantage, as the Sun and wind, etc. and that with diligence to choose such fit places, which either be near Rocks or Rivers: and above all things, where thou mayst put in array thy battles, and by the quality of thy place be able to let thy enemies, that they neither compass thee about nor enclose thee, the which requires not only the counsel and prudence of a wise Captain, but the counsel of the most expert in the camp, because oftentimes an Army happeneth upon such places. And notwithstanding the Captain ignorant how to choose such situation of ground as is best for him, but of those that are present it is good to choose the best, and to foresee which may be most profitable, is surely a sign of a wise Captain: Caius Sulpitius, 
Of the policy of Caius Sulpitius, whereby he overcame the Frenchmen. The po●●●●● of the Spaniards overcame Amilcar.  to fear his enemies got a great many of mules and other beasts unprofitable for the wars, causing a great number of sacks to be gotten, which were so ordered upon the backs of the beasts as they seemed men at arms, giving in charge whiles he was a fight they should appear upon a hill, whereby grew his victory against the Frenchmen. The Spaniards to overcome Amilcar, set in the fronts of their battles, carts full of tow, drawn with Oxen, that being ready for the encounter, they set it on fire, causing the Oxen behementlie to thrust forwards into the army of the enemy dividing the same. Thy number small, and the fields large and open, 
How the cutting of trenches may be the overthrow of the enemy.  it is good to make ditches, the which being filled with boughs and slightly covered with earth, leaving void spaces for thy horse and shot to procure skirmish, the which being of the enemy encountered may feign a running away, and being prosecuted by the enemy, shall be overthrown in the ditches, where they are easily slain, many such notable diuises by wise Captains hath been practised, the which upon the sudden put in use, will greatly profit. Thy battles being made and set in order, it is requisite that thou leave the ward within the trenches of the Camp for the defence of thy lodgings, munition, and carriages, lest the enemy understanding the place to be left void, send his soldiers to take the camp, and so to spoil all: upon occasion some Captains will destroy their own lodgings, or else pass rivers, or leave behind them hills and deep places, to the end that the soldiers standing constantly may overcome the adversary and obtain the victory, or otherwise altogether to perish, for that if they should think to save themselves by running away, they shall see by all manner of means taken from the possibility to escape. 
How the flourishing of the Weapons before the battle against the Sun, causeth a fear in the enemy.  Now being come to join battle, with thy enemy, cause thy soldiers somewhat before, to flourish oft their naked swords and halberds against the Sun, for that that glistering of the weapons, and their shining points, through the brightness now of the one and now of the other, against the resplendent beams of the Sun, doth show a certain horrible terror of war, the which will strike a dread and fear into the minds of the enemies. Likewise it is sometimes requisite that thy battles go forwards with rumours and shouts, sometimes running with violence, forasmuch as the semblance of such things with the noise of trumpets, drums, and great ordinance, wonderfully troubleth and feareth the hearts of the adversaries, also it is great wisdom in a Captain, not with desire to be drawn to be the first to give the onset, but to stay thee near thy trench till thou hast viewed thyself and the remedies of the enemies: that is, how many battles, how they are placed, of what condition, and where they are disposed too fight, for after this manner thou mayst more commodiously see to thine affairs: considering which of thine thou hast too set against those of thy enemies, and in what manner thy men are to be ordained and placed, doing in like sort too a good Physician, the which considering first the infirmity, and knowing the cause, cometh afterwards too give remedy, therefore ordain thy men so as may turn most utility too thy business. The manner of ordering of battles lately used. I cannot greatly commend, for the army being .20.30. or .40. M. they are divided but into 3. battles, whereby ensueth many perils and discommodities, because the Pike being but 5. yards three quarters long, every man occupying a yard and half a quarter of Pike, can occupy but four or five ranks at the most, so that the rest are superfluous, and lost, beside, they are easily too be compassed, and too be charged on every side: wherefore I have set down an order of one of the battles in figure, according to my opinion, the which if it may turn profit to my country, I would be most glad. 
How the good ordering of the Roman Legions made them victors.  The occasion of the prosperous success of the Romans, was only through their good orders, by dividing their Legions into cohortes, the which were bands of .400. and .50. the .50. were shot. the .400. were armed, their weapons, Pikes, Swords and Targets, the which were placed in quadrant manner .20. every ways being .10. battles in front, leaving a certain space between every battle for their retreat upon occasion unto the next order, which were but six battles, and the rearward four battles, all in like number, keeping one breadth, the vanguard were called Hastatie, their battles thick and close, the Maineward were called Principie, who had such space between the ranks as they might receive the Hastatie, the Rearward were called Triarij, whose spaces between their ranks, were such, as they might receive the Principie and Hastatie: on the wings were placed seven ranks of Pikes, of strangers, which did distend in length from the vanguard to the Rearward, through these good orders they became conquerors of many countries. 
Of the making of the battles to be fought.  Now because of the diversity of the weapons having, 20000. footmen, I would divide them into ten battles, too every one of the battles shall be according to my proportion set dawn .1000. shot .800. Pikes, and .200. Bills, the which placed in twofold wise according to my proportion set down in figure will be in breadth .45. and in length .22. and .10. overplus, the which are to be placed at the discretion of the Sergeant Mayor, the shot placed in the wings and rearward in maniples for their readier service, who must be place a good distance from thy battle, thy men at arms upon the wings of the shot, thy Lances as two horns in the front of thy battle the light horse in the fronts of thy Lances, the hargulater, in the frontes of thy light horse, who with the pistolaters are the first that gins the battle: thy great Ordinances to be placed in the fronts of the battles, or in such convenient place as may most terrify the enemy: there would be appointed certain troops of Lances, whose guidons would be contrary to the rest, the which the German calls, their Eorlorne hoop, the French Infans perdus, who must at such time and instant as shall be thought good by the General, give the charge upon the enemies battles, whatsoever shall happen, who are for the same too receive double pay. The second battle not too be placed in the front with the first battle, as the Romans did, but in the rearward of the first so far wide and with such distance, as the horsemen and shot a foot giving the first charge, may retire themselves without disturbance to the battles, having thy shot placed as in the vanguard with the lances and shot on horseback, the third battle to be placed in the rearward of the second, with like distance with shot and horse, and so to the fourth, fift, and the tenth, in the rearward of the which, if occasion shall require, thou mayst as in the Rearward of the battle, place for thy defence certain of thy carriages, thy battles being thus ordered, thou shalt be sure no ways to be compassed by the enemies, whereas thou mayst easily compass in him, not ordered in the like manner, and thy battles being but little, yet as strong as the greater, being strongly fortified every ways with Pikes, and when a sign is given, your hargulaters, pistolaters and lances, may at the sudden be with the foremost, or ready for any other place of service. Also your second battle may join with the first, and the third with the second, and so to strengthen your battles at pleasure, as otherwise two or three of thy battles to give the charge to one of his battles, and if it should so happen that thy first and second battles should be over thrown, ●hy battle 
❧ The Battle in Figure, showing how every Weapon should be placed to fight.  placed in this order thou mayst retire thyself and leave of the field, maugre the head of thy enemy, who in prosecuting thee, disorder themselves, as many times happens, may be easily conquered, using thy battles in this order, I hold to be of greatest and most available.   

Of the office of a General, when the battle is a fight  
THy battle set in order, the horse and shot being encountered, it is requisite that the General useth some speech unto the whole army, without the which many times a whole army ruinateth, for that his speaking taketh away fear, encourageth the minds, increaseth the obstinants to fight, discovereth the deceits, promiseth rewards, showeth the perils, and how to avoid them: reprehending, praying, threatening, filling with hope, praise, shame doing those things by the which the humane passions are extinct: 
How the fighting of the General cannot benefit so much a common weal, as his wise counsel.  unto the General it appertaineth rather with wisdom circumspectly to foresee them boldly to fight, because that his fight cannot so much benefit the common weal, although he should show force invincible, as the losing of his life should endamage the same, neither that in distress to refrain from fight, by the which the soldiers may do some exploit, but the best is, with prudence to foresee things, and deliberating in times convenient to counsel the common weal: principally to the General, and to no other is requisite, for as the master of a ship forsaking his charge doing that appertaineth to a mariner, giveth great occasion to the loss of the Ship. Even so the General, who setting a part his office of counseling and providing of every thing to descend so low, as to take upon him the charge of a soldier, should commit the like error: for through the negligence of superiors becometh vain all aid to whom such affairs is committed, the General being slain putteth the commonweal in hazard of decay, the which being alive, having through his counsel and discretion achieved felicity by mean of foresight with reason, he may lawfully glory: and contrariwise he that is so ignorant, arrogant, and covetous, that believeth not to do any thing honourably, except he fighteth himself is not to be thought, but rather presumptuous and foolish hardy, and he that will hazard his life to get him a name of the multitude, whereby to put those weighty affairs in peril, is very unmeet for such a charge. But if necessity constrains thee to fight, it behoveth thee to fight warily, and not to fear death: choosing rather to be deprived of life, having any overthrow, then to live with shame, but the army being in safety, he ought to have regard to his life, for surely where the death of the Captain chanceth, there the happy success is diminished: for as much as they who have had the worse understanding their enemies to be deprived of their Captain, taketh boldness, charging their enemies afflicted with melancholy, for the loss of their Captain, have given them the overthrow. Unto the General appertaineth whilst his men fight, to go riding about the battle, and to show himself to the fighters, praising those that do valiantly, to threaten the fearful, to comfort those that be doubtful and flow, to secure them that are repulsed, to supply the lacks: and if it shall be needful to lead men from one place to an other, to observe times, to take occasions, to make conjecture of things to come, and when necessity procures to give the sign to retire. The clemency of the General increaseth the love of the Soldier. Armour, good order, or late victory causeth Soldiers to have a good opinion and sure confidence in the General, and as the love of the Country is increased through a certain instinct of Nature, even so the love of the General through virtue more than through any other benefit. The necessities be many, but that is strongest which constraineth thee either to overcome, or else to die.   

Of making spoil after the victory obtained.  
THe spoil ought to be made with great discretion, and that special commandment be given, and proclaimed upon pain of death, that no prisoner be taken except he be of great authority until thou hast vanquished and become victor, for oftentimes through the greediness and desire of gain, the order of battle being broken and dispersed, the Conquered hath brought themselves in order again and become Conquerors, for undoubtedly many times when the enemy flying seeing his adursaries, coming upon him without any order, bringeth his men again in array, and turning backward with standing them with violence, cruelly overcometh them, wherefore men must think that nothing is better, nothing more safer, nothing more surer, then observing order, to prosecute in order, and retire in order, and the contrary nothing more dangerous, as appeareth by Brennus and Belinus, who being enriched by the plentiful spoils of Italy, returned in disorder and security, whereby Camillus and a few of his people before conquered, bereft them of the fruits of their conquest.  
Likewise Cyrus invading Scythia, feigning himself to be afraid of his enterprise, left his tents standing, and stored with good cheer and delicate Wines, the Scythians being greedy thereof, he returned and slew every mother's son: the like policy used by Thomeris a Queen of that country, who withdrew herself into her land, feigning fear until she had got them into straights, where being disordered, she privily had planted ambushes, which suddenly invaded Cyrus and his host, slew them all which were. 20000. thousand. The like examples in France and other places I could recite, but I will not waste time in declaring the mischiefs and destructions chanced through rash and over hasty reckoning of unripe victory, and unsure safety, trusting this may suffice to warn thee from rashness and uncircumspect foresight, to tumble upon the enemies sword. Having obtained the victory, humanity requireth, and christianity commandeth, to show mercy, following the Cannons of the field, having special regard that no Princes, 
Of the clemency of Alexander the great.  Prince's wives or Virginnes, be by filthy lust polluted, for God will see it punished, but imitate the courtesy of noble Alexander the great, used towards his captives Darius wife and his daughters, which greatly enlarged and spread abroad his honour, to the furthering of his Conquests. 
How Scipio's chaste hands was cause of his victories.  Likewise what fortunate success had Scipio, by his chaste hands, in delivering of Luceius his wife, and honourable usage of masinissa's nephew with his great liberality, which afterwards bred him continual service of those Princes, before his captives, with infinite examples which for tediousness I leave off. Grant not licence to thy Soldiers to put all to sack: having regard to the time, and to the state of things, whether thou hast need to retain all the pray, or part of the same, or else none at al. And it is not convenient if need require for the common profit, that making war, the common Treasury be left without money, for that more amply and largely things may be sold, and with benignity distributed to them that have best deserved, having regard to the hurt and sick: but those that have been slack and slothful, let him punish most shamefully: and unto valiant men grant those honours the which of right they ought to have. The gifts which the Captains ought to give, be Offices, Ancients Armours and Spoils, and to those that be in authority, there would be greater honours given, the which with benignity and gentleness liberally given according to the deservings of every man, it shall cause encouragement and virtue, for the good to show valour, and for the evil through fear, to embrace virtue.   

Of that is to be done after the deeds of arms, and of burying the dead.  
Having withdrawn thy Soldiers from the field, it is most requisite with all humility to render thanks to the immortal God in most solemn manner, the which being done with penitency and devotion from the heart: he will undoubtedly the better prosper thee in all thy affairs, as he did Moses, David, Manasses, with infinite others that put their trust in him: then provide and with great diligence procure, that the Obsequies be made most worshipfully to them which have been slain in the deed of Arms, for thou shouldest not make excuse, neither of time, nor of hour, nor of place, nor of peril, whether thou overcome or be overcomed. For like as it is a godly thing to perform the Obsequies, and according to the rights to see the dead buried, even so it is very profitable for them that remain alive, and rather altogether necessary to show to the living this thy pity towards the dead: for surely when every man seethe the dead bodies as it were for fearfulness left in the fields, or else for despite left unburied, they judge and presuppose the very same of themselves, taking displeasure of such things, causing hatred and a unwillingness in the minds of the Soldiers to adventure their lives, knowing that if they happen to fight for their Country and to be slain, they are not like to be buried. Wherefore the General and principal Officers must with eyes open, see to prevent those mischiefs that may ensue, as otherwise to render unto the dead, that of right they ought to have.   

Of the taking of prisoners, and of the usage of them.  
ALthough the antiquity hath dealt hardly with their prisoners, putting many to death, yet Christianity requireth, to show mercy, and considering that fortune is uncertain and doubtful: and chance variable and mutable, the which oftentimes beareth envy to the happy success, to minister shame to glory attained: so during the wars above all things, although great occasion given by the enemies, extend thy mercy, especially to those that be of authority, and bearing office: the which will procure the enemy to minister the like pity unto thee: except thou having taken many and stand doubtful of the field, or such as have die shot, Onions, Bacon, Gre●●● or such like, carried to the destruction of than, contrary to the Cannons and laws of the field, those thou mayst lawfully kill. It behoveth thee likewise, if the enemy sendeth not unto thee, to send unto him, to know if thy prisoners taken may be ransomed according to the ancient order of the field, the which is, every Officer and Soldier under the degree of a Captain, to be rusomed for his months wages, and those of fame & authority render them for some town or Hold, or else for some such of thy friends being taken, as thou greatly desirest to have again.  
Good Captains ought not to let their bands go long unfurnished of Soldiers being taken, to their weakening and detriment of the Army, whom by ransom and way of exchange or other means they may redeem. captains also ought to inquire whether any being taken, and sent home upon their faith and honour, that at the day expired, they either pay the money, or else send them again unto their takers, until better remedy be found, the which otherwise will breed great dishonour to the Captain, giving occasion to the enemy to kill and spoil so many of his band, as by them afterwards may be taken. The wars being ended, then with wisdom and deliberation leisurely at thy commodity, all peril taken away, determine what thou wilt do with the enemy thou hast conquered.   

Of Feasts and Triumphs, after the Victory.  
THE Romans order and manner, was after Victory obtained, and all dangers past and overcome: that preparation should be made to feast that whole Army, and that Triumphs and Plays should be made to lighten and rejoice the hearts of the Soldiers, giving them the better occasion to abide the pains and turmoil of the wars, and with greater courage to withstand the enemy's force: then of such spoils as the Treasury have no need of, there should be imparted, not only to those of Office, but particularly to every Soldier throughout the Camp, the which with benignity would be delivered as fruits of their labours, gotten with the hazard of their lives, giving unto them great thanks for their pains, true hearts, and valiant courage, promising greater recompense. The wars being once finished, to those in Office and authority, there would be greater rewards and honours given.   

Having received an overthrow how to seek revenge.  
IN fight if thou happen to receive the worse, it behoveth us with great of ligence and policy to find occasion of revenge to take away that shame received, as otherwise to put fear out of thy soldiers minds, it is good policy to retain spies giving unto them great rewards that which by politic usage may be learned the state, the strength, the order, manners, & determination of the enemies: by which means with secret usage, thou mayst many ways have due revenge: for that to those that have newly obtained the victory, have the lesser care of the enemy, becoming slothful and reckless straggling here & there, keeping their things without forecast, leaving their wards naked, and their watches slender, may with secret approach in the day time, or by camisado in the night time, with valiant courageous hearts be quite over thrown, otherwise by a few trained out to the skirmish retiring thyself feigning to run through fear till thou come to such place of advantage as before thou hast placed ambushes of horsemen, the which shall suddenly approach the enemy disordered and scattered, to their great detriment, as otherwise with thy hands of footmen placed in order of battle, mayest approach thy enemy, that which seeing thy policy, not having time to order themselves in the like, will come forth on heaps, the which being then valiantly charged, may put their state in hazard, through the which negligence the happy success before obtained by this policy will turn thy enemy to great ruin.   

Of truce and intermission of wars.  
POlicy willeth thee not to seek truce or delay, but by constraint of necessity, or for some advantage to be taken: as some aid looked for, or in the mean time to grow into the secrets of the Enemy, to fift his purpose, by conference had with him to undermine his doings, and if he be not very well advised, to search the state of his force and government, being most secret and vigilant in these affairs. Now if fear, enforceth the enemy to take truce, learn by all possible means whether it may turn to thy profit or discommodity, if otherwise it may little avail them, than it may much encourage thy own soldiers The truce being once made, do not at any time assault thy enemy, nor yet stand unprovided: although thou standest in such quiet, as if thou hadst peace, but have as great regard as may be, to the hidden hatred of thy enemy, and wily sleights, that being unprovided, he assaults thee not unwares: for as much as the minds of them with whom thou hast made war withal, be secret & uncertain. Wherefore make the watches and wards, as strong as if thou lookedst every hour to be assaulted, & give special commandment to all thy soldiers that during the truce no injury to be offered by them to the enemy upon pain of death, by reason of the oath that thou hast made in thy covenants to the enemy, the which by no means thou shouldest break or inviolate, considering that the fruits of falsehood (besides the punishment of almighty God) is everlasting shame. When thou sendest to thy enemy, send the most valiant, and noble men of thy army, the which be in the flower of their age, tall, lusty and of goodly parsonage, the which in all points should be very well armed, because many times it happeneth that the enemy seeing such men as cometh with the Captain, hath judged the Army to be the like, believing sooner that they see, then by report.   

Precepts and rules of war necessary to be observed as well for General, Captain, as Soldier.  
A General ought not to be cruel upon victory, nor insolent upon good success, nor timorous of an overthrow, but with most moderate magnanimity upon the respect of occasion to show mercy to the humble, and to subdue the proud.  
2 Cicero prescribeth four things to be in a governor or General, which is experience, valiance, authority & felicity, to the which add these 4, justice, fortitude, policy and temperance, first justice to revenge, fortitude, to execute revengement, policy to prepare the mean whereby to revenge, and temperance to limit and measure out how far they ought to revenge.  
3 That Captain that with such righteousness can so rule his soldiers, the he will suffer them neither to do wrong nor receive injury, but with wisdom will maintain them in that which is right, that Captain must needs be loved & feared of his soldiers, of the which proceedeth true and unfeigned obedeience.  
4 Alexander Severus saith, the strength of wars lieth in the Soldiers: whose great virtue consisteth in obedience towards their Captain.  
5 Obedience in soldiers is nourished by fear and love, fear is kept by true justice and equity, & love is gotten by wisdom joined with liberality.  
6 Xenephon declareth, that the soldier which first serveth God & then obaieth his Captain, may boldly with all courage hope to overthrow his enemy.  
7 Three necessary points appertaining to soldiers, the one to hearden the body to make it apt to pain, the other to teach them to handle their weapons the third to learn them to keep their orders in marching, as well in the army as in fight or in camping.  
8 As it is necessary to retain citizens for horsemen, the country for footmen, so it is perilous to receive strangers to serve in a city, because thou shalt dread two enemies.  
9 Nature hath bread few strong men, but industry and exercise hath made many.  
10 And army with labour and exercise doth profit and prevail, whereas idleness doth hinder and decay.  
11 The choice of ground doth more prevail than manhood, and manhood doth more prevail than multitude.  
12 He is hardly overcome the which can truly judge of his own and his enemies.  
13 No Counsels better than those which the enemies know not before thou accomplish them.  
14 Bring not forth thy soldiers to fight the field before thou triest what they can do.  
15 It is better to subdue the enemy through scarcity and want of necessary things, then through many assaults to decay thy army.  
16 If thou wilt know if any spy be in thy camp or no, send all thy soldiers to their lodgings.  
17 God Captains will never fight the field but when necessity constrains them.  
18 The advised valiant soldiers availeth more than the multitude.  
19 advertise thy soldiers to despise delicate living.  
20 He that disordereth his army, to follow the enemy, becometh of a conqueror, conquered.  
21 Sudden things do make enemies afraid, where things common are nothing set by.  
22 Offer not to fight the field, except thou perceive thy soldiers hope of victory.  
23 Always with thy footmen covet to get the hills or high places, so shalt thou accomplish thy exploits the better.  
24 If thou understanding thy counsels are bewrayed to thy enemies, then change thy intent and purpose.  
25 Let not thy enemies know after what manner you intent to fight, lest they go about to prevent the same by one means or other.  
26 That governor that prepareth not necessary victuals is already conquered.  
27 Men, money, Iron, and Bread, is the strength of the wars.  
28 Practice to know a new enemy by skirmise before thou fight the field with him.  
29 When any mercenary soldiers will leave the enemy to serve thee, retain them so they become faithful, for their departure shall both weaken the enemy, and make them fearful.  
30 In pitching the field, it is better to make many battles than few, for that in making many the enemy cannot imcompasse thee, likewise thou mayst make of one 2, of 2, three as occasion shall serve, & otherwise thou mayst charge a battle of the enemies with two or three of thine, the which will be to thy great advantage.  
31 New and sudden things makes armies afraid, slow and accustomed things are a little regarded of them.  
32 The same that helpeth the enemy hurteth thee, and that that helpeth thee, hurteth the enemy.  
33 Consult with many of those things which thou oughtest to do, and when thou determinest any exploit confer with few.  
34 With punishments there would be rewards, whereby at one instant to make the soldiers to fear & to hope, as according to the worthiness of the act, so the reward should be.  
35 As he that fight saved his Captain or other soldiers, rescewing them would be well recompensed.  
36 Also he that first leapt upon the walls of the enemy, or first entered the camp of the enemy would be well recompensed.  
37 He that killeth the first enemy, or striketh the first enemy from his horse, consideration would be used.  
38 Every act to the counsel known perfectly, would be openly punished, and openly rewarded.  
39 Thus shall good government be amongst all soldiers and officers, whereby any exploit to be executed, by this fear and hope shall be the better done, and of all men to be comemnded.   


A Table to konwe from 500 men unto 10000 how many paces they do contain both in length and breadth in their march, from 5. to 11, in rank very necessary both for Chieftain and Captains,  500 5 in breadth 3, paces 500 7 in breadth 4 paces a foe, contains  contains. 3 overplus 200. in lengt. 140 pa. 71, in length, 99 pa 2 foot 1000 5 in breadth 3, pa, 1000 7 in breadth 4, pa, a foot contains  contains, 6 overplus 200 in length 280, paces, 142 in length 198 paces 4 fo 2000 5 in breadth 3, paces, 2000 7 in breadth 4 pac a foot contains  contains 5 overplus 400 in lengt, 260 paces, 285 in length 399 paces a foe 3000 5 in breadth 3, paces, 3000 7 in breadth 4 paces a foot contains  contains 4 overplus 600 in lengt 840 pace. 428 in length 599 pa a foot 4000 5 in breadth 3 paces 4000 7 in breadth 4 paces a foot contains  contains 3 overplus 800 in length 1120, paces, 571 in length 799, pac a, foo 5000 5 in breadth 3 paces 5000 7 in breadth 4 pa a foot contains  contains 2 overplus 1000 in lengt 1400, paces 719 in length 999 pac 3, foo 6000 5 in breadth 3 paces 6000 7 in breadth, 4 paces a foot contains  contains 1, overplus 1200 in lengt, 1680 paces 857 in length 1199 pa 4 foot 7000 5 in breadth 3, paces, 7000 7, in breadth, 4 paces a foot contains  contains  1400, in leng 1960 paces 1000 in leng 1400, paces 8000 5 in breadth 3 paces 8000 7 in breadth 4 paces a foe, contains  contains 6 overplus 1600 in lengt 2240 paces 1142 in lengt 1598. pa 4 foe, 9000 5 in breadth 3 paces 9000 7 in breadth 4 pa a foot contains  contains 5 overplus 1800 in leng 2520, paces 1285 in lengt 1799 paces 10000 5 in breadth. 3 paces, 10000 7 in breadth 4 pa a foot, contains  contains 4 overplus 2000 in lengt 2800, paces. 1428 in leng 2999 pa a foot 500 9 in breadth 5, pa, 2. foot, 500 11 in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 9 overplus contains. 5 overplus 55. in length. 77 paces, 45, in length, 63 paces 1000 9 in breadth 5, pa 2, foot, 1000 11 in breadth 6, place 3 foot 1 contains 1, overplus contains, 0 overplus 111 in length 155, pa, 2, fo, 90 in length 136 paces 2000 9 in breadth 5, pa, 2, foot, 2000 11 in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 2, overplus contains 9 overplus 222 in lengt, 310 pa, 4. foe, 181 in length 253 paces 1 foe, 3000 9 in breadth 5, pa, 2, foot, 3000 11 in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 3 overplus contains 8 overplus 333 in lengt, 466 pa 1 foe, 272 in length 380 pa 4 foot 4000 9 in breadth 5 pa 2, foot, 4000 11 in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 4 overplus contains 7 overplus 444 in length 622, pa, 3 foot 363 in length 508, pac 1, foot 5000 9 in breadth 5 pa 2. foot, 5000 11 in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 5 overplus, contains 6 overplus 555 in length 777, paces 454 in length 635 pac 3, foot 6000 9 in breadth 5 pa 2, foot, 6000 11 in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 6 overplus contains 4 overplus 666 in lengt. 932. pa 2, fo. 545 in length 763 paces 7000 6 in breadth 5, pa, 2, foot, 7000 11, in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 7 overplus contains 4 overplus 772, in leng  626 in lengt. 890, pa 2 foot 8000 9 in breadth 5 pa 2, foot, 8000 11 in breadt, contains 6 paces 3 foot contains 8 overplus contains 3 overplus 888 in length 1087 pa, 4, fo, 727 in length 1015 pa 4 foe, 9000 6 in breadth 5 pa 2 foot, 9000 11 in breadth 6 paces 3 foot contains 1 overplus contains 3 overplus 1000 in leng 1400, paces 818 in length  10000 9 in breadth 5 pa, 2, foot. 10000 11 in breadth 6, paces 3 foot contains  contains 1, overplus 1111 in length 1555, pa, 2, fo 909. in lengt. 1145 pa 1 fo. 
A TABLE TO know HOW MUCH GROUND WILL contain a quadrant battle of people, of people and ground, and twofold, and how many paces they require in their battles from 500, to 10000, very necessary for the Sergeant Maior or the Captains,   Quadrant Battles,  Battles of people and ground, 500 22. in length. 30, pa 4,. foot, 500 14. in length, 19 paces 3 foe, contains 16 men over contains. 10 overplus 22 in breadth 13 pa 2 fo. 35 in breadth 21 paces 1000 31 in length 43, pa 2, foot, 1000 22 in length 30, pa, 4 foot contains 8, men over contains,  32 in breadth 19, pa, 1, fo, 50 in breadth 30 paces 2000 44 in length, 61, pa, 3, foot, 2000 29 in length 40 pac 3 foot contains 20, men over contains 28 overplus 45 in breadth. 27 paces, 68 in breadth 40 paces 4 foe, 3000 54 in length, 71, pa, 3, foot, 3000 36 in length 50 paces 2 foo contains 30 men over contains 12 overplus 55 in breadth 33 pace. 83 in breadth 49 pa 4 foot 4000 63 in length 88 pa 1 foot 4000 41 in length 57 pace 2 foot contains 31 men over contains 23 overplus 63 in breadth 37, pa, 4 foot 97 in breadt. 58, pac 1, foot 5000 70 in length 98 paces 5000 46 in length 64 pa 2 foot contains 30 men over contains 32 overplus 71 in breadth 42, pa 3 foot 108 in bread, 64 pac 4, foot 6000 77 in length. 170 pa 1, foot 6000 50 in length 70 paces contains 71 men over contains  77 in breadth 46. pa 1, fo. 120 in breadt 72 paces 7000 83, in length 110, pa, 1, fo, 7000 55 in length. 77 paces contains 28 men over contains 15 overplus 89 in breadth 50 pa 1 foot, 127, in bread, 76, pa 1 foot, 8000 89 in length 124 pa 3. foo 8000 58 in length 81 paces 1 foe, contains 79 overplus contains 57 overplus 89 in breadth 53 pa, 2, fo, 137 in bread, 89 pa 1 foot, 9000 94 in length 131 pa 3 foot 9000 62 in length 86 pa 4 foot contains 70 men over contains 10 overplus 95 in breadth 55, paces 145 in bread 87 paces 10000 100 in length 140 pa, 10000 65. in length. 91, paces contains  contains 55, overplus 100 in bread 60, paces. 153 in breadt 91 pa 4 fo.  

twofold battles.  500 16 in length 22 pa, 2, foot. 6000 55 in length 77 paces contains 4 overplus contains 5 overplus 31 in breadth 18 pa, 3 foot 190 in bread. 65 pa 2 foot 1000 22 in length 30 paces 4 fo 7000 59 in length 82 pa 3 foot contains 10 overplus. contains 38 overplus 45 in breath 27 paces, 118 in breadth 70 pac 4 foot 2000 31 in length 43 pa 2, foot, 8000 63 in length 88 pac 1 foot contains 16 overplus contains 62 overplus 64 in breadt, 38 pa 2 foot 126 in bread. 75 pa 3 foot 3000 38 in length 53 pa, 1 foot 9000 67 in length 93 pa 4 foot contains 36 overplus contains 22 overplus 78 in breadth 46 pa 4 foot. 134 in bradth 80 pa 2 foot 4000 44 in length 61 pa 3 foot 100000 69 in length 96 pa 3 foot contains 36 overplus contains 64 overplus 90 in breadt, 44 paces 144 in bread, 68 pa 2 foot 5000 50 in length 70 paces    contains    100 in bread 60 paces      

A discourse of the Author, with a conclusion and end of the profession of Arms.  
AS for besieging of a City or Town, fortifications, and placing of battery, I have not entreated of, because the daily practice and execution of the same, besides the publication thereof by many excellent writers, by whom thou mayest receive profit sufficient, neither have I written of the offices or training of horsemen, because there is little alteration from the service used in antiquity, saving the hargulaters on horseback, the which at the discretion of the General are to skirmish or disorder a battle: only their places of service in the field with the battles I have noted & not otherwise the variety of weaponnes and alteration of service is only in footmen: of the which for the great desire I have to the profiting of my country, I have boldly entreated of, trusting that those errors that may happen through default of my writing may be without harm to any man corrected, the which are the only strength and bulwark of the field, the defence both of horse and shot, 
The Switzers the first inventors of squadrons,  as appeareth by the poor Switzers, who not being able to furnish themselves with Horse, were the first devisers of the pike and the Squadronnes, who sea read not after they found the strength and advantage thereof to encounter with 20000. footmen, any number of horsemen, whose victories hath caused diverse nations to imitate them. The Romans what multitudes of horsemen so ever they were to fight against, never used more than their accustomed number, the which was to 1000, footmen, a 100 horsemen, putting their whole confidence in their footmen, as appeared, when they fought against Tigrane King of Armenia, who invading their Country, 
Tigrane overthrone by the Romans having 150000. horsemen with 25000 footmen & 6000 horsemen.  with 150000 horsemen, were encountered of the Romans with 250000, footmen, and 6000. horsemen: being of them utterly subverted, with many other notable victories, the which the Romans did, as in Titus Livius thou mayst plainly see. Wherefore horsemen art to be accounted as second, and not as superior or principal of the field, because horsemen cannot go as footmen in every place, being slower than the footmen to obey, when it is requisite to alter the order: forasmuch, as if it be needful either going forward, to turn backward, or turning backward, to go forward, or to move themselves, standing still, or going to stand still, without doubt, the Horse can not do it so readily as the footmen.  
The horsemen can not being with violence disordered, return in their orders, but with great, difficulty, the which the footmen do most easily and quickly.  
Besides this it happeneth many times that a valiant man shall be upon a vile horse, and a coward upon a good, whereby it followeth that these evil matching of stomachs, makes disorder.  
Neither is it to be marveled at, that a band of footmen sustaineth all violence of horses, for that a horse is a beast, and knoweth the perils, and with an ill will, will enter upon the Pike: & if you consider what force maketh them go forward, and what holdeth them backward, you shall perceive the same to be greater which keepeth them back, then that which maketh them go forwards: for that the spur maketh them go forward, and the Pike and Sword keepeth them back, so that it must needs be, that footmen are most invincible, and superior to horses.  
And if you should argue with me, that the heat which they come withal, maketh them more furious, regarding the spur more than the Pike: I say, the Horse perceiving himself to run upon the point of the Pike, either of himself, he will refrain the course, turning on the right hand or left: or else feeling himself pricked or gawled, will stand still. As for example, prove a Horse, and run him against a wall, and you shall find few with what fury soever they come withal, will strike against it.  


Caesar with his horse feared to encounter the squadrons of the poor Switzers.  
The policy of Henry the 5. at Egincourt,   Caesar having in France to fight with the Switzers, caused all his horsemen to alight a foot, to avoid from the Squadrons, as a thing more meeter to fly then to fight.  
Footmen being politic hath many other helps as by making of Trenches, and as King Henry at Egincourt used sharp stakes, whereby he got the Chivalry of France. Or to cause of Iron to be made Galtropes a handful long, and to be made sharp like a Triangle, every man to have one of these to throw upon the ground at the encounter of the horse.  
Besides, the wise Captain will choose grounds of great advantage. And as for the Pistolate is not so much in use as they have been: using chiefly the caliver on horseback, the which is nothing comparable to the footman with the caliver, who will from every little Moll-hill gall him at his pleasure, beside more readier for any service.  

Horses necessar●e in the field,  Horses notwithstanding are very necessary in the field for discovering the Enemies Country, and to destroy their forage, and to burn and waste, all that is not within the fortified Towns, and to keep troubled and disquieted the Army of the Enemies, whereby not only to let them of their rest, but to keep them troubled and wearied in the it Armour. Also to let them of their victuals. Likewise, necessary for Vancurriers, or for Scout: and when the Battle is fought, and Victory obtained they are to overtake, run down, and ruerthrowe the Enemy expulsed. Wishing thee not to to be drawn with desire to imitat every new service, but to observe the order of the Romans, using thy footmen as thy force, and to every Regiment or Battle, a certain number of horse, where by thou mayest the better be able to serve against any Nation, how, or in what sort soever their service be.  
Now having finished the Wars, 
Of the retreat out of thy enemy's country,  and a full determination of peace concluded: being in thy late enemies Country, it behoveth thee to have great care, and with great diligence to retire thy soldiers, from the Enemies country, keeping so good order as if the Enemy would falsify his vow made, to take any advantage of thee: yet that he may find thee so prepared and in so good order: as his wiles shall little endamage thee, giving great charge unto thy Captains, and so to the Officers, that thy Soldiers straggle not from thy Camp to do any outrage, or by violence seek to take any thing away, but as they pass the Country, honestly and truly to pay for that they take, whereby thou mayst be the better thought off of the Enemy, as otherwise to avoid all inconveniences, that may follow. This would be published upon pain of death.  
And if thou art to pass the Country of thy friend, have the like regard of thy Soldiers, that through their disorder, they make not of a Friend an Enemy.  
Being come to the water side, see that with all expedition such preparation be made, for the conveying over of the Soldiers as the Prince so shortly as may, be unburdened of her great charge. And against their arrival see that money be prepared for the present payment of the poor soldiers that they to their detriment, and hindrance do not long remain unpaid, whereby their hearts may be hardened and through this default mutinies arise, and many inconveniences grow, considering that at the commandment of the Prince as true subjects they have adventured their lives, and in the defence of their Country: but it is great pity, that favour doth so much prevail, and experience so little esteemed, that so many be suffered to bear the Office and authority of Captains, whose going to the wars, is rather to bribe and hinder the poor Soldiers, to the dishonour of their Country and their own shame, then to merit any thing in the Wars to the profiting of the same. Trusting that great and wise Officers in time by trying the cause, will see it reform.  

An exhortation necessary for all Captains at the discharge of their soldiers,  The Soldiers being paid, it were very requisite that every Captain should call their company together, or a little before their wages paid: yéeldinge thanks unto them for their diligence and pains in the Princess affairs, certefying them that the almighty God no doubt, will prosper them the better in all their affairs.  
And where as every subject by GOD'S law in conscience, and by the law of Nature, are to be at the commandment of their Prince and Governor, their travails and pains in the turmoil of wars hath declared the same, letting them to understand the wars being ended: the Prince is not further to use them, exhorting every man, quietly to departed into his Country from whence he was priest, or to the place of his longest abode, not looking to make an Art or exercises of arms for that it is not to be used, but when the Prince through constraint shall be enforced to the same. And when they are come into their Country, require every man to frame himself to such Science, Occupations, Trades or traffics, as they have chief been brought up with all, accounting themselves most happy that GOD hath delivered them from the bloody wars to live in peace & quiet: the which bringeth so many commodities, so many virtues, and so much good as I am not able to express. For to make wars to have peace is Christianity, and to trouble the peace by making wars unjustly, is Tyranny. Now the fruits of the idle, the which scorns their occupations, through necessity are nothing else but robberies, thefts and murders, and then justice enforced to extinguish them.  
Most lovingly desiring them not to forget the great dangers that almighty God hath delivered them from, through the which they were men prepared to die, having the same printed always in their minds, by which means they shallbe the better able to see justice maintained, peace preserved, Magistrates and Officers obeyed, and they the better as true Christians, to live in the fear of God: thus doing, they shall not only show themselves as true and dutiful Soldiers to their Prince, but like the Soldiers and servants of jesus Christ, who of his infinite mercy, bring all Soldiers to the host of Heaven. Amen.  
The General, principal Officers and Captains are in conscience bound, 
How the General and Chieftains are in conscience bound to be Mediators unto the Prince, for the relief of the hurt and lame Soldiers.  to be most earnest suitors and Mediators unto the King and Prince, for the relief, help, and maintenance of the hurt, lame and sick Soldiers: being a part of Christianity to see them comforted, who in the Prince's affairs and under their conduct, have received their hurts: and that those that have served in the wars until they be aged, and the maimed, might have yearly stipends for their maintenance, during their lives, and the hurt and sick to be helped, at the charges of the Country from whence they were priest.  

An example of Alexander Severus.  Alexander Severus thought that Soldier worthy of his keeping in the time of peace, that had truly served his Country in the time of war.  
jesus the son of Siracke pitied in his heart the scarceness or poverty of an expert man of war.  

An excellent act made by Octavian Augustus for the maintenance of Soldiers.  Octavian Augustus erected a Law for Soldiers, that if he had served ten years in the wars, and being forty years of age, that he should have wages appointed out of the common Treasury for the maintenance of him and his family, and that the lawful wife of a Soldier, should be preferred before other women: and being Heroes, it was lawful for him to bear Arms, and that they should not be chastised, but by Caesar.  


How Polycrates appointed livings for the wives & children of Soldiers slain in the wars.  
Solon decreed the same.   Polycrates of Samos appointed living for the wives and children of the soldiers slain in the wars, straightly commanding that no man should offer them any wrong.  
Solon made this Law, that those children, whose fathers were slain in the defence of their Country, should be brought up at the charges of the Common Treasury.  
What Nation but England but cherisheth Soldiers, and provideth for men of service, trusting that some noble minds at the next Parliament may have in remembrance some of these good Laws decreed by Emperors, Kings and Princes, whereby some Act may pass for the relief and maintenance of Soldiers, the which would cause such a willingness & pristinate valour in English minds, that no Nation should be comparable unto us.  
And as there is all diligence used for to make men faithful, peaceable, and to live in the fear of God, by the Governors of war was doubled: for in what man ought the Country to seek greater faith, then in him who must promise to die for the same? In whom ought there to be more love of peace, then in him which only by the war may be hurt? In whom ought there to he more fear of God, then in him which every day committeth himself to infinite perils.  
Therefore to such as hath truly and valiantly served in the Field with authority, 
How dignity of office should be appointed to such as have served truly and adventured their lives in the defence of their Country.  would great rewards and dignity of Offices be appointed, as men most meet for counseling, and the ministration of justice. For as the Poets have feigned Minerva to be armed: signifying, that Captains should be as wise in counseling, as courageous in conquering: as politic in keeping, as valiant in getting.  
And Tully in his first book of Offices speaketh of a double commodity these men do yield to their Country: who making wars go armed, and roabed do govern the Commonwealth.  
And as in Genesis it is mentioned, before ever King was, that those were appointed to govern, in whom valiantness and virtue did most abound.  
Charles the Great gave this honour to his Captains, 

How Charles the great called his captains companions of kings and appointed them judges of offences.  
How the chief of every Shire should be in their warlike attire at the training day.   saying, you shall be called Heroes, the Companions of Kings and judges of offences. Wherefore hereafter counsel Kings in the public authority, and if any do you injury: let him know he hath offended the emperors Majesty: and if offences be by you committed, we ordain punishment to be given by us and our successors Emperors of Rome, as often as you shall transgress.  
And as the use of wars ought to be applied for the defence of right to shield us from injuries whereby to plant a commodious state of life, so the studies thereof are to be used in time of peace, for exercise, and in the time of war, for necessity and for glory, and to suffer only the Commonweal to use it for an Art: so likewise as peace is the nurse of store and increase of things, if respect in time be not had for the provision of Munition, money, weapons and men prepared both in minds and by exercise trained for the wars, it will cause in necessities but faint wars, beseeching the living GOD, that this careless living in security, be not so pernicious unto the Commonweal, as the detracting of time shall enforce us to take counsel when it is to late.  
The queens Majesty with her wise Counsel hath made so good provision of Munition for the Land, likewise of Shippus for the Sea, as no Realm for the quantity better provided: but if men be not trained and exercised for the use thereof, it will serve to no other purpose, than men taken from the Land, to be pilots of Ships well appointed in the dangerous Seas. Besides, her majesties provision upon every occasion is not to be broken, neither upon a sudden invasion easily to be transported to the hands of her subjects, for defence of her majesties Country, the which that Counsel hath wisely foreseen, but their Commissions are so simply executed, as I greatly doubt, when necessity shall enforce to the use of the same, they shall altogether be deceived.  
The reason is, the Commissions are directed unto the chief of every Shire, and by them are appointed, such Muster masters as hath good skill in the Law, the flying of a Hawk, or experience in choosing of a fat Bullock or Sheep: supposing because we have lived a time in peace, that we shall always live in this security: 
How those that hath experience in Martial affairs should be appointed for Muster masters.  despising to crave the assistance of the Soldier, who hath adventured his life for his Country, being never so expert or of so good behaviour, because he is poor, and for that a Soldier will not see his Country deceived by their Muster books, as to put in so many able Calivers, so many able Corstets, so many able Bills, and so many able Bows, the which will prove when occasion shall serve to use them, to be half lame. I mean, because such as are appointed to have a caliver furnished, shall pass the book with an old rusty Piece without a Flask, Touchboxe, Martion, Match, Powder, Sword, or Rapier and Dagger: and such as are appointed to have Corssets furnished, that is, to have good Curates for their bodies, Taces for their thighs, Poldrones and Vambrases for their shoulders & arms, Burgonites for their heads, good Pikes, and sword, and Daggers, these shall pass the Musters with a little old broken iron of their backs, or if he have an old Almon Rivet on his back, although he lack his Taces, and many other pieces, so he have a Pike he shall be very well armed, and yet men of that ability as they are, are able some to furnish 1.2. or 3. men, and keep them continually in pay: And the Bill men who are appointed for execution and slaughter of the field, the which of necessity must be armed at all points, these shall pass as men had in no estimation, with a Skull on his head, and a Pikestaff on his shoulders. Likewise the Bowmen without jacks, Skulls, or sufficient Bows, according to their strengths, with two or three Shafts by their sides in their doublets and hose, shall pass for able Bowmen: through the sufferance whereof, not only the Queen's Majesty but the Country shall be deceived, if it be not presently looked unto, trusting the wise Counsel will see it reform, by assisting the chief of the Shire, with such Soldiers whom experience hath made to know what is meetest for men to apparel themselves withal for the wars: and for that none are appointed but such as are of great ability for the provision of the same, so after sufficient warning given by the Muster masters, as is appointed for their Furniture, not well oiled and kept for the present use, if default be found either in lack of such Furniture, they to have a fine set upon their heads, the which they should truly pay, and that money to be bestowed upon Match and Powder, the which should be spent upon the training day, and that such might be appointed for the training of Soldiers as are known to have experience to instruct and teach them that, that they may profit themselves and their Country, and not by favour to choose such Captains as are to be taught by the poor Soldiers, and that consideration by the Country for their pains might be used: and at the days appointed for training, the chief of the Shire to be present in their warlike attire, and to exercise themselves and their horses, with running at the Ring, and such points of service as is meetest for Horsemen, as otherwise to see the training of Pikes and Shot, whereby if election be made of Captains not able to instruct like a Captain, that others might be appointed that hath experience. And if Noblemen and Gentlemen would see these exercises honourably frequented, we should not fear the wicked practices of foreign Princes, to be in hostile oppression, for that those Nations seeing the discipline and martial prowess of a state so well governed, provided, and defended, may fear to offer us injuries, being glad to desire favour and league, when things in this good stay and safety are confirmed and established through this course of life, we shall be most happy, and do our Lord God best service, so that our felicity may hereafter endure for ever.   
FINIS.