TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE AND VIRTUOUS LADY, THE LADY HARINGTON.  
MADAM, the late pestilence in Coventrie, which occasioned my translation etc. of this History, moved me also, in part, to address the same unto your Honour.  
For being altogether restrained then, from free practice of my profession abroad, & no less impatient of idleness at home, I could not readily think of a better course to spend that vacation, than in an Argument having a reference to mine old Grammatical Muses, and according; in some ●…ort, with my latter studies in Physic. What hours therefore, either the doubtful or diseased estate of my neighbours, together with the meditations of mine own mortality would afford, I employed gladly in the said Subject.  
Again, for as much as the self same cause debarred me from access unto your house at Comb (a duty that otherwise the vicinity of our abode did require) I fully resolved at the finishing of those my Sedentary labours, to present the same to your view: thereby to shield myself (whom it pleased you before time to grace with kind entertainment) from the just imputation of rude negligence in that behalf. But now, since the same city so dangerous the year before, is become a retiring place of safety for your Household, & hath to me already yielded fit opportunity to excuse my former absence personally by word of mouth, I have presumed nevertheless to dedicated the same unto your Honour, as a token of my thankfulness for your bounteous favour, far above the proportion of my deserts, and an earnest penny of that propense mind, which I carry to honour your name, in the best manner I could devise.  
And verily calling to my remembrance how courteously you have vouchsafed heretofore to accept even at second hand my travails in this kind, and with good words testified oftentimes the contentment you received therein, I had no reason to doubt the like acceptance of that which out of a loving and devote heart I offer first unto yourself.  
Lastly, when I consider, how together with sincere piety, rare wisdom, and other eminent virtues, there is seated in your person a singular affection to advance good literature, with an extraordinary respect of learned men, I knew no means out of my small fortunes to do you greater honour, than by entituling you as Patroness of that, which may benefit young Scholars, my countrymen, that would be learned: to give knowledge unto the word, that all the profit or pleasure whatsoever, which shall grow unto them, from these endeavours of mine, are derived immediately from you and for your sake bestowed upon them.  
These motives, right Honourable, as well of my first enterprise, as of choosing your Patronage, if it please you to approve, (the only thing that I humbly crave at your hand for this present) I shall not only think my pains well taken and choice as well made: prising your acceptance to the worth of a competent guerdon: but also continued my hearty prayers unto the Almighty for your perfect health, proceeding in a virtuous course of life, with increase of true Honour here upon earth, and after the revolution of many new years, for eternal happiness in the highest Heaven.  
Your Honour's most ready at command, Philêmon Holland.   

To the Readers.  
THAT ye may with better contentment read these Historical reports of the twelve first CAESAR'S, which SVETONIUS hath delivered most truly, compiled as compendiously, and digested right methodically; I have thought it good with some few advertisments praemised, to commend the same unto you.  
First therefore, whereas by the judgement of the best learned, and the Analogy of other Histories, he seemeth to affect nothing so much as uncorrupt & plain truth, (the principal virtue of an Historiographer) for bearing to meddle with those 
* Neru●…, Traia●…▪ and Hadri●…nus 〈◊〉 secretary he wa●….  Emperors in whose days he flourished; because he would not thrust himself into danger by revealing, nor betray the liberty of a writer in concealing the faults; much less incur the note of Flattery, extolling above measure the good parts of Princes then living; and to that purpose penned their lives, who were lately deceased, as one said very well, eadem libertate qua ipsi vixerunt: if happy in prosecuting of this point, he hath recorded aught that may be offensive to chaste and modest minds, ye shall do well to glance over with your eye such places lightly, as I with my pen touched unwillingly.  
Secondly, for as much as he continueth in general the Narrations of the said Princes, from before their Nativity unto their Death & Funerals: and in the several discourses, of their ages, affairs, virtues, vices, feature & lineaments of body, first, after an uniform manner, proposeth throughout certain heads summarily, and then exemplyfieth the same in due order by particulars (a most lightsome method and way of teaching) keeping himself still to the Subject matter, without any digressions at all: my advice is, that for your more expedite course in reading the whole, ye direct your mind thereunto. Now, for that his JULIUS CHASAR sorteth not with the rest, but appeareth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as whose ancestors, birth, childhood, etc. be not set down; (which maim I impute rather to the injury of time, than unto the purpose or oversight of the Author) I have in some sort supplied that defect, with the labours of LEWIS VIVES, TORRENTIUS and others, which I find prefixed in the last and best Editions.  
Thirdly, considering that brevity is many times the mother of Obscurity, may it please those among you, who are not so conversant in such concise writings, as admit not one word superfluous, to have recourse, for the clearing of some doubts unto the margin, as also to those brief Annotations, which for their sakes, out of mine own readings, together with the select observations of BEROALDUS, SABELLICUS, TORRENTIUS and CASAUBONUS I have collected. Which also will ease them of many difficulties that his succinct style and terms, not elsewhere obvious, interlaced, may otherwise breed.  
Finally, if there happen to occur some Errata, that might escape either my pen in writing, or the ordinary diligence of mean Correctors in the printing ye will of your judicious candour, I hope, either pass them over with connivency, if they be literal, or else tax with some easy censure in case they be material: So long as for your full satisfaction, ye may with small pains before ye begin either to read or judge, correct what is amiss, according to the Examen and Review annexed to the end of all.  
Farewell.   

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE BEGINNING OF C. JULIUS CEASAR DICTATOR.  
THE JULIAN lineage, as most men are persuaded, is descended from Ascanius Iülus, the son of Aeneas by Creusa: which Iülus, after he had left Lavinium, built long Alba: wherein also he reigned. Others, grounding upon a more assured evidence, have thought it good to derive the same rather from Iülus the son of Ascanius. For when after the death of (this) Ascanius▪ the Kingdom of the Latins was devolved 
* or returned unto  again upon Silvius the son of Aeneas and Lavinia, the charge of Religion & sacred ceremonies of the Latin and Trojan Nation both, remained yet still in the race and progeny of Iülus: out of which are sprung the julij. These (julij) with certain other most noble families of Latium, Tullus Hostilius King of the Romans, after he had razed Alba, translated to Rome, and ranged among the 〈◊〉. Late it was, ●…re they rose and mounted to high place of Magistracy; but were reckoned almost in the last rank of the 〈◊〉 of ancient Nobility: & of them, the Iüli●…are ●…are the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. For C. julius, (son of Lucius) surnamed also Iülus, was Consul together with PEA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rufus, in the year after the foundation of Rome city 
* or rather 265, according to the Chronology annexed unto Titus Livius.  264. And 
* By the computation of Dionyfius, T. Livius, C●…ssiodorus & others.  seven years after, 
* C. julius, or junlus.  his son, with Q. Fabius Vibulanus (Consul) the second time. Again, some space of time coming between, Vopiscus julius, son of Caius and Nephew of Lucius, bore the consulship with L. Aemilius 
* al. Mamercus  Mamercinus third time Consul, in the year 
* or 28●…, after the chronology aforesaid of Dionyfius.  280. I find likewise, that in the year 
* more truly 303  302. Caius julius, son of Caius, and nephew of Lucius, was a decemvir for the enacting and 〈◊〉 of Laws, and that in the former Election of that Magistracy: as also, that Caius julius son of Caius and Nephew of Caius, become Consul with Marcus Geganius Macerinus, in the year 
* 307, by Livius ac●…  306. and the self same man a second time, with Lucius Verginius Trirostus in the year 
* 319. 320. 4●…7  318: and immediately in the 
* So ●…med.  year next following, a third time, with the same Verginius now twice Consul. And thus much for the junli. For to rehearse and collect all them of that family, together with the honourable places of every one, which were many in number, and of sundry kinds; is not our purpose: and beside, the thing itself is apparent and upon record in the public Registers.  
Moreover, I have observed in the julian line, a certain house also of the Mentones: and among them, one Caius julius, colleague in the consulship with T. Quint●…s' Pennus Cincinnatus, in the 322. year after the foundation of the city. I find likewise, Caius julius Denter to be master of the Horsemen, when Caius Claudius Cr●…ssus Sabinus Regillensis was Dictator, for to hold their solemn assembly of Election, in the year 405. There were beside of these julij, others going under the name of Libones: and of the same race one triumphed; to wit, Lucius julius, son of Lucius and nephew of Lucius; companion in the Consulate which Marcus Attilius Regulus, in the year 
* H●…ply Pomp●…n 2●… of the tribe Pompun●…  486. But, as touching Caius julius son of Lucius, and surnamed Caesar 〈◊〉, whom Suetonius also meant in the 55. chapter of julius Caesar, and Cicero praiseth in his Brutus, and in the second book of his Orator, I doubt, whether this addition (Strabo,) should not be taken as a byname. For, otherwise there is in our ●…andss a piece of silver coin, with the inscription of Lucius julius, son of Lucius, and surnamed Strabo. The Epigram of the former is extant among the Antiquities of Rome city, in this manner.  
C. julius, L. F. Caesar Strabo, AEd. Cur. Q. Trib. Mil. Bis XVIR. AGR. D●…nd. ADTR. IV D. Pontif.  
To conclude, I have met with writers, who reckoned also among the julij, certaine* annal: which, for mine own part verily, I could never yet light upon, in searching the Records & Chronicles. But in the eight book of the Familiar Epistles (of Cicero) and namely in the seventh letter there, of M. Caelius unto Cicero, there is mention made among others, of one L. julius, son of Lucius, Pomp. Annalis: where the writing (as I suppose) is not very certain and 〈◊〉 acknowledge. For besides that the better corrected Copies call him vilius, (for julius) Livy also hath expressly & plainly written in his fortieth book, that one Lucius vilius a Tribune of the Commons, made a Law which provided and ordained, in what year of men's age they might sue for every kind of Magistracy, and be capable thereof. Whereupon, unto that 〈◊〉 was given this surname, to be called Annals Thus far Livius. Hereunto may 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 moreover; that the Kindred julia, is reckoned in the Tribe Fabia (and not Pomp●…), as we have noted in the fortieth chapter of Augustus. I am of opinion therefore, that safer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 accounted the Annals among the Villii, and not the julii. But thus much hereof, by the ●…ay, and as it were passing by; Now proceed we to the rest.  
In the lineage 〈◊〉 then, there was a family also of the Caesars. But what the reason should be of that surname, it is not certainly known; no more, than who he was, that first bore the said 〈◊〉. For, before Caesar the Dictator, and his father and grandfather, there were julii na●… Cae●…ares. As for example; He, who (as Livy witnesseth in his 27. book) was in the second ●…unick war sent from the Senate to Crispinus the Consul, about the nomination of a dictator. As for the term Cae●…ares, those usually the Roman tongue surnamed so, who were borne, either by r●…pping their mother's wombs▪ or with a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  bush of hair growing on their heads, or else 
* cum 〈◊〉  〈◊〉. Some add moreover the tale of an Elephant slain in Africa, which the inhabitants there call Caesar: and upon that very cause, this surname first befell unto Caesar the dictators 〈◊〉. But Spartia●…us and Servius, the Authors hereof, are of the meanest credit and authority. For not his progeny alone, of all the julii, had this surname, but many others besides of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉, both long before and also together with him.  
〈◊〉 before julius 〈◊〉 the Dictator, there were, Sext. julius, son of Caius, nephew of Lucius, together with Lucius Aurelius Orestes, in the year after the foundation of Rome 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 596: Also 〈◊〉. julius son of Ca●…us, nephew of sixth, was colleague with L. Marcius Phi●… in the beginning of the social war in the year after the city's foundation 
* 597. after the above said chronology.  662. and in the next year after, Lucius julius so●…ne of Lucius, and Nephew of Lucius, bore the Consulate with Pub. 〈◊〉 Lupu●…. Neither before these, were any of the Caesars reno●…med or advanced to the highest Office 
* 663.  of 〈◊〉. Many▪ 
* Consulship. Frater patruelis.  years after, out of the same family, Lucius Caesar, son of Sextus and cosi●… German to that C. julius Caesar, who beg at the Dictato●…r, and attained only to the 〈◊〉, who also died at P●…sae without any evident sickness, even as he did his shoes 〈◊〉 in a morning, that L. Caesar I say, came to be Consul.  
Well. Caesar the Dictator was borne at Rome (when Caius Marcius and Lucius Valerius Flaccus were Consuls) upon the fourth day before the Ideses of Quintilis, which month after his death, was by virtue of the Law Antonia called for that cause, julie, His bringing up he had with his mother Aurelia, daughter of Caius Cotta, and his aunt by the father's side julia, the wife of Mar●…. Whereupon grew the love that he took (a Petritian though he were) to the 〈◊〉 Fa●…tion; and the hatred he bore to Silvius. The Greek and Latin tongue, the precepts also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Oratory, ●…e learned of M. Ant●…nius Gu●…pho, a French man borne. Who being of an 〈◊〉 ●…it and 〈◊〉 memory, courteous beside in his behaviour, and of a kind & 〈◊〉 nature, taught the Greek and Latin, Grammar, & 〈◊〉 ●…itbal, first in the house of C●…ius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; 〈◊〉 in his own; and got much there●…; such was the bounty of his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that he never compounded with 〈◊〉 for any wages or reward. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wondrous 〈◊〉 and apt to learn, ●…a and framed naturally for ●…quence.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 speech was trimly ●…arnished, (〈◊〉 Domestical ●…cquaintance) by his mother 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 spoke the Roman tongue purely and elegantly: like as the Muciae, Laeliae, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 honourable Dames did, in whose families there arose Orators of great 〈◊〉.   

An Index to the History and Marginal Gloss.  

A  
A in Agrippa. Page, 83  
Accensus. 8  
Acilius for his valour compared with Cynegirus. 27  
Acroames. 249  
Actiack battle and victory. 44. 45  
Actors upon the Stage, and Champions in what manner chastised. 60  
Ad antlium. 110  
Adminius, Cinobelinus son. 144  
Adultery punished. 54, 104  
Aegysthus the adulterer. 21  
Aelianus gently reproved by Augustus. 62  
Aelius Lamia put to death by Domitian. 265  
Aenobarbi, 178, 202  
The reason of that name. ibidem  
Aesar, what it signifieth. 83  
Aeserninus hurt in Troy tournament. 58  
Afranius his treachery. 29  
Agraria law. 8  
Agrippa, Nephew to Augustus, in disfavour, 67  
He is slain. 99  
Agrippina wife of Germanicus persecuted by Tiberius Caesar: 111  
Pined to death. ibidem  
Agrippina daughter of Germanicus wedded to Claudius Caesar her own Uncle. 174  
Enamoured upon Galba. 213  
Mother of Nero, by him killed. 196  
Ajax. 76  
Alauda, the Legion why so called? 10  
Alexandrines salute Augustus, 83  
Amethyst colour and purple in grain forbidden. 194  
Amnestia. 89  
Amphitheatres three. 61  
Ancilia, 226  
Anicetus slandreth himself with Octavia 197  
Anna Perenna, 32  
Anticatones, books so called, 23  
An●…stius Labeo, his franke-speech to Augustus Caesar. 63  
Antonia daughter of Claudius killed by Nero. 197  
M. Antonius vanquished by Augustus. 44  
Killeth himself. 45  
Taxed for obscurity of speech. 77  
Antony, son of M. Antonius killed. 45  
Antonius Musa Physician to Augustus Caesar, honoured by the people. 65  
Anticyra the Isle. 146  
Apelles an Actor, whipped by Caligula. 138  
Apollonius Molo: 2  
Apollo Palatinus his temple. 51  
Apollo Sandaliarius, 65  
Apollo Temenites. 121  
Apollo Intonsus et 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 207  
Apollo Torture. 70  
Apollodorus of Pergamus, 77  
Aponius Saturninus confined by Caligula, 141  
Apparel of Roman Citizens, 57  
Appius Caecus: 88  
Appius Claudius Regillanus, 88  
Apragopolis an Isle, 83  
Araeus the Philosopher. 78  
Artocreas, 16  
Asclepiades Mendesius, 80  
Ascletario a famous ginger, 269  
Killed by Domitian, 269  
Asellius Sabinus, his Dialogue, 107  
Asiaticus, Vitellius his minion, 235  
He misleadeth Vitellius, ibidem  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 24  
Asinius Pollio complaineth of the Troiefight. 58  
Asprenas Nonius in question for poison. 64  
Asses what pieces of money: 79  
Astarte 208  
Astrologers misliked by Tiberius Caesar: 104  
Astura●…. 83  
Atalanta and Meleager's picture: 107  
Atergate: 208  
Atia the mother of Augustus: 39  
Thought to be conceived by a Serpent: 80  
Her dream, ibidem  
Atrium, what it is, 51  
Atrium libertatis, ibidem  
Augury of Sassus: 51  
Augusta what they be, 40  
Augustus Caesar ubraided for his base Parentage▪ 39  
His birth: ibidem  
His pedigree. 38  
Surnamed Thurinus, ibidem: 40  
Surnamed C. Caesar. etc., ibidem  
His towardly young years, 40  
A student in Apollonia, 40  
His five civil wars. 40, 41  
He revengeth his Uncle julius Caesar's death. 41  
He sideth against M. Antonius the Triurnvir 41  
His victory against Pansa & Hirtius. 41  
He putteth the Nursines to a fine, 42  
He entereth society of Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus. 42  
His bloody cruelty. 42, 43  
He hardly escaped murdering. 43  
His dangers at sea. 43, 44  
By land. 44  
He deposed and confined Lepidus his Colleague. 44  
He disgraced M. Antonius. 44  
His moderate carriage toward M. Antonius. ibidem  
He vanquisheth M. Antonius. 44  
He forceth Alexandria in Egypt. 44  
He caused Antony and Cleopatra, to be honourably buried. 45  
He cleanseth the river Nilus: ibidem  
In danger of many conspiracies: 45  
His foreign wars: 46  
Not desirous of large dominion: 46  
His moderation whereby he won many nations: 46  
His triumphs. 47  
His sorrow for the loss of Quintilius Varus: 47  
His military Discipline: 47  
His manner of rewarding Soldiers 47  
His offices of Estate. 48  
His cruelty in the time of Triumvirate. 49  
Perpetual Tribune: 50  
Perpetual Censor, 50  
His purpose to resign up his absolute government: 50  
His fatherly care for Rome's prosperity. 50  
His public works and buildings: 50  
His lenity and severity both in ministering justice. 53  
He ordaineth a privy Counsel: 54  
He deviseth new Offices: 55  
His bounty in rewarding Soldiers: 55  
Endangered at the sight of solemn Games, 59  
His delight in beholding public Spectacles, etc.: 60  
His clemency and fatherly regard showed to foreign Princes and Potentates: 61  
How he ordered his military forces, 61  
His clemency to his Opposites, 62  
His courtesy and civil behaviour, 63  
how much beloved of all sorts and degrees: 64, 65  
His wives: 66  
How he brought up his Daughter and Nieces, 67  
His unhappiness in his progeny: 67  
His demeanour to his friends: 67, 68  
To his freed men and servants: 68  
Noted for bodily uncleanness against kind: 69  
For adulteries, ibidem  
Taxed for Corinthian vessels, 70  
For Diceplay: ibidem  
His integrity of life, 70: 71  
His apparel, 72, 75  
His order at the table: 72  
His diet for himself, 72  
His abstinence of wine, 73  
His sleeps, 73  
His presence and parsonage, 73, 74  
His stature and feature: 74  
His infirmities of body, 74, 75  
His bodily exercises, 75  
His recreations and pastimes, 75  
His eloquence and liberal studies, 76  
His voice and utterance. 76  
What books and compositions he made: 76  
His Poetry, 76  
His Ajax: 76  
He misliketh indifferently of affectate and antic phrases: 76, 77  
His phrases in ordinary talk, 77  
What teachers he followed, 77  
Not ready in the Greek language, 78  
A lover of fine-wits, 78  
His religious scrupulosity, 78  
His respective observance of foreign ceremonies, 79  
His greatness foretold by prophecies, oracles, etc., 79  
By Dreams and Prodigies, 81, 82  
His miracles that he wrought, 81  
His prescience of future things: 82  
His death foresignified. 82  
His Deification prefigured, 83  
The sickness whereof he died: 83  
His mirth & affability a little before death 83  
His death. 84  
His age. 85  
His Deification. 85  
His Monument. 85  
His last will. 85, 99  
His wealth and treasure. 86  
His bounty to the Commonwealth. 86  
His opinion of Tiberius Caesar. 98, 154, 155  
Augustians, 190  
Augustum saeculum. 85  
Aurelia julius Caesar's mother. 2  
Aureus, of what value it is. 224   

B  
BAbilus, a great ginger. 198  
Banishment voluntary. 18  
Basilides, 244  
Bathing seldom, 75  
Bawdry maintained by Caligula. 142  
Beccus what it signifieth, 238  
Bellonae. 71  
Berenice, 255  
Bibulus Aedile with julius Caesar. 4  
His pretty speech touching his Colleague Caesar. 5  
Consul with him. 8  
He stood for a cipher in both offices. 4, 8  
Blazing star what it portendeth. 198  
Bona Dea, the Goddess, 3, 29  
Bonnet the badge of Freedom. 90  
Boter, Father of Claudia. 169  
Brachae. 32  
Britain attempted by Claudius Caesar. 162  
Britannicus the son of Claudius the Emperor. 168  
Recommended to the Soldiers and Commons. 169  
Poisoned by Nero. 195  
Buildings stately & sumptuous Augustus Caesar careth not for. 71  
Burrhus poisoned by Nero. 198  
Buthysia, 184   

C  
Caenis the Paramour and Concubine of Vespasian, 241  
C: in Caesar, 83  
A. Cacina raileth upon julius Caesar. 30  
C. julius Caesar Dictator persecuted by Silvius. 1  
Obtaineth his pardon. 2  
His warfare during his youth, 2, 3  
Suspected for wantonness with K. Nicomedes, 2, 54  
Takes part with the Marian's, 1  
Retired to Rhodes, 2  
Taken by Pira●…es, 2  
What Funeral Orations he made. 3  
Weddeth Pompeia and p●…tteth her away. 3  
An aemulus of K. Alexander the Great. 3  
His dream, 3  
His conspiracies for alteration of State. 4  
His games exhibited, and works during his Aedileship: 4, 5  
Sueth for the Province of Egypt, 5  
Choose chief Priest, 5  
Favourable to Catiline and his complices, 5: 6  
He convented Catulus and suffered a foil.  
He gave over his Senators rob, 6  
Restored again, 7  
Detecteth Catiline's conspiracy, 7  
Appeached by Vettius and acquit: 7  
In danger of his creditors, 7  
Choose Consul, 7  
Sideth with Cn: Pompeius, 8  
His Acts whiles he was Consul, 8  
He ruleth Consul alone, 8  
His absolute rule in his Consulate, 8  
He weddeth Calpurnia, 9  
He chooseth the government of Gaul. 9  
His proud and arrogant words, 9  
Accused by Antistius, 10  
His Acts in Gaul, 10, 11  
He warred upon the Britain's, 11  
His adverse fortune in war, 11  
Aspireth to the Empire of Rome, 11  
His largesses, 11, 12  
His proceeding crossed by Claudius Marcellus, 12  
The pretences and causes of his civil war: 13  
His first enterprise of civil war, and his departure from Rome 14  
His exploits in the civil war, 15  
He encountereth the forces of Pompeius, 15  
He vanquisheth Pompeius, 15  
He warreth upon K. Ptolomeus, 15  
He subdueth Pharnaces, Scipio, juba, and Pompey's children, 15  
His fortune in wars, 16  
His triumphs, 16  
His liberality to his Soldiers & the people, 16  
His Plays and Spectacles exhibited to the people: 16  
How he commended his Candidates for Offices, 17  
The ordinances that he made in his Dictatourship, 18  
What stately works and buildings he intended, 19  
His shape, feature, apparel, and behaviour. 19  
How he covered his bald head. 19  
His excess in house-furniture. 20  
His severity in domestical discipline. 20  
His passive incontinency. 20, 22  
His whoredom and adultery. 21  
He kept Queen Cleopatra. 21  
Abstinent of wine and nothing curious in his fare. 22  
His extortion and sacrilege. 22  
His eloquence. 22  
His pronunciation and gesture. 23  
His orations and writings, 23, 24  
His Commentaries. 23  
His letters missive. 24  
His manner of writing. 24  
His pains taking in warlike expeditions. 24  
Whether he were more wary or adventurous, doubtful. 24  
Irreligious. 25  
His militare policy. 25  
His resolution in Battles. 25, 26  
His martial Discipline. 26  
His affability to his Soldiers. 26  
His affectionate love unto them. 27  
Beloved of his Soldiers. 27  
His Soldiers valour and fidelity to him. 27  
His severity unto mutinous Soldiers. 27 28  
Taxed for his manner of beholding public spectacles. 60  
His faithful love to his dependents. 28  
His respective kindness to his friends. 28  
Soon reconciled. 28  
His clemency to his enemies, in war and after victory. 29  
To Roman Citizens. ibidem  
His ambitious pride and arrogancy in deeds. 30  
The same also in words. 30, 31  
How he incurred the envy and hatred of the world: 31  
He openly affecteth regal Empire. 31  
Conspiracy against him. 32  
His death foresignified. 32  
His last will and testament. 34  
Murdered in the Senate-house. 33  
His murderers died miserably. 36  
His Funerals & solemn obsequies, 34, 35  
Not willing to live, and why? 35  
He wished for a quick and unexpected death. 36  
His age. 36  
His canonisation after death: ibidem  
Caesar 10, Caesar's supposed son by Cleopatra. 21  
He is put to death, 45  
L. Caesar commended by Augustus: 15, a.  
L: Caesar his cankered malice against julius Caesar Dictator, 30  
Caesarea, the name of diverse Cities, 65  
Caesonia slain with her husband Caligula, 151  
Caius and Lucius adopted by Augustus Caesar, 66  
They both die, 96, 67  
Caius a fatal name to the Caesars, 151  
Caius, Nephew of Augustus ill affected to Tiberius Caesar, 94  
Calendss, 77  
Ad Calendas Graecas. 77  
Caius Caesar Caligula his birth. 125  
The place of his nativity, 125  
Why surnamed Caligula, 126  
Beloved and respected of the Soldiers, 126  
His hypocrisy, 126  
His cruel nature, 126  
He plotteth for the Empire, 127  
He courteth Ennia wife to Macro, 127  
Practiseth the death of Tiberius Caesar, 127  
With what joy of people and foreigners he entered upon the Empire, 127, 128  
His popularity, ibidem  
His show of Piety and kindness, 128  
His semblance of restoring the common liberty, 129  
What honours were decreed and done unto him, 129  
His largesse and bounty, 130  
His public plays and Spectacles exhibited, 130  
His bridge between Baiae and Puteoli, 130  
The motive of making it, 131  
Works by him finished, 131  
His style, 131  
He usurpeth divine majesty & honour: 132  
His sacrifices, 132  
His unkindness to his own blood, 132  
His incests, 133  
With Drusilla his own sister, ibidem  
His sorrow for her death, 133  
His marriages, 134  
He weddeth Caesonia, 134, 138  
His unnatural cruelty to his best deserving friends, 135  
His bloody & proud nature, 135, 136, 137  
His unplacable nature, 136  
His jests and scoffs, 138  
His envy and malice, 138  
To Homer, Virgil, and Livy. 139  
He was envious of all good parts. 139  
His particular spite and envy to Colosseros. 139  
His uncleaneness and incontinency. 139  
His cruel pillage, 140  
His roiot and wasteful expense. 140  
Wrongful proceed. 141  
His Dices play. 143  
His extraordinary love to money. 143  
His martial acts.  
His mock-warfare: 144  
His bounty. 145  
His triumph. 145  
His hatred to the Senate. 145  
His cruel projects. 146  
His stature, shape, etc. 146  
His infirmities of body and mind. 146  
His vices: 146, 147  
His habit and apparel. 147  
His natural eloquence: 148  
His profession of arts: 148  
What faction of Chariotiers and Sword-fencers he favoured: 149  
His death contrived: 149  
His death foretold by strange signs: 149 150  
He is murdered. 151  
His corpse interred. 151  
Callipides. 105  
C. Calvus made libels of Caesar: 28  
Calvini: 178  
A Camp maintained about Rome: 105  
Capita Bubula: 39  
Capitol at Capua: 150, 106  
Capricorn, the stamp of a Coin: 82  
Capri, the Island exchanged by Augustus Caefar for Aenaria▪ 79  
A place wherein Tiberius Caesar delighted: 106  
Capys founder of Capua: 32. His Sepulchre: ibidem  
Carmelus: 243  
Carnulius killeth himself:  
Cassita, what bird. 10  
Cassius Chaerea, a principal conspirator against Caligula: 149  
Cassius Longinus, Proconsul, killed by Caligula: 150  
Cassius Longinus a Lawyer killed by Nero: 198  
Cassius or Casca, a conspirator of julius Caesar's death. 33  
Cassius Patavinus gently chastised by Augustus: 62  
Castra scelerata: 153  
Catta and Catti: 236  
Valerius Catullus his Epigrams of Caesar: 28  
Q. Catulus his Dream of Augustus Caesar: 81  
Causarij: 240  
Cautelous and cunning casts punished by Tiberius Caesar, 104  
Cercopithecus: 193  
Centumviral causes: 246  
Charicles the Physician: 120  
Chariotiers and their factions: 180, Restrained, 186  
Christians nicknamed Christians, 167  
Christians persecuted and put to death under Nero, 186  
Choregus: 69  
Cimber Tullius a conspirator against julius Caesar: 33  
Helvius Cinna killed in steed of Corn: Cinna: 35  
M. Cicero his dream of young Octavius afterwards Augustus, 81  
City, what it signifieth, 162  
Civil, how to be understood, 101  
Claudian family both Patrician and Plebeian, 87  
The beginning of the Claudian family at Rome, 87  
Claudius Caudex, 88  
Claudius Drusus, 88  
Claudius Pulcher, 88  
Claudiae noble women and their sundry examples, 88  
Claudij opposite to the commons, 88  
Sext. Claudius an old fornicator, 106  
Claudia water, 163  
Claudia espoused to Augustus Caesar, 66  
Claudia daughter of Claudius the Emperor, 169  
Claudius the Emperor his birth: 253  
His youth, 154  
His study in liberal Sciences, 154  
Reputed no better than a fool, 154  
His sluggardie, folly, drunkenness, and gaming: 155  
Honoured by all estates, 156  
Of base reckoning, 156  
His troubles, 157  
How he attained to the Empire, 157  
He executeth certain conspirators, 158  
His piety and kindness: 158  
His modest carriage, 158, 159  
His popularity, 159  
In danger of Treasons, 159  
His Consulates, 159  
His jurisdiction, 159  
His variant conditions, 160  
His wise judgement, 160  
His contemptible demeanour, 160  
His censureship, 161, 162  
His warlike expedition, 〈◊〉  
His triumph: ibidem  
His care over the City of Rome. ibidem  
The works and buildings that he made. 163  
His munificence, 163, 164  
His bald jests. 164, 165  
His naval fight. 165  
His religious ceremonies. 165  
His managing of civil affairs. 165, 166  
His exploiting of martial feats. ibidem  
His ordinances in sundry kinds. 167  
Ruled by his wives and freedmen. 168  
His wives, 168  
His divorcements. 168  
His children. 168  
His cruelty and injustice. 170  
His person and feature. 170  
His health. 170  
His manner of feasting. 170  
How he used a filching guest at his board. 171  
His appetite to meat. 171  
His wantonness: 171  
His diceplay. ibidem  
His bloody nature. 171  
His timorous diffidence, 172  
His anger and malice, 173  
His foolishness: 173  
His oblivion & inconsiderate blindness. 174  
His unadvised words. 174  
He compiled an history: 174, 175  
His other books: 175  
He studied Greek: 175  
He repenteth his marriage with Agrippi-Hna: 175  
He maketh much of Britannicus his son. 176  
His death: 176  
Murdered with the privity of Nero. 195  
Canonised a God▪ 176  
Clemens rebelleth against Tiberius: 100  
Cleopatra poisoneth herself: 45  
P. Clodius suspected for incontinency with Pompeia, julius Caesar's wife: 3, 29  
Adopted into the Rank of Commanders: 88  
A Comet why so called: 251  
Commotions prevented by Tiberius Caesar: 105  
Commotioners punished by him: 105  
Comedy the old allowed by Augustus: 78  
Compitalitij plays: 52  
Concord's temple: 98  
Congiaries given by Augustus Caesar: 57  
Consuls when they entered into their office: 1  
Conventus what they be: 3  
Corn distributed by Augustus: 57  
Cornelia Law: 18, 53  
Crassus Frugi: 162  
Columbus a Mirmillon Fencer: 149  
Covetousness & Avarice how they differ: 264  
A Crow prophesieth: 272  
Crucifying▪ 29  
Curiae. 67  
Curiatae leges: 67  
Curtius lake: 65  
Cutiliae waters: 251   

D  
days observed by Augustus, 79  
Date tree, 81  
Datus a Comedian Actor, 200  
Decemvirs, 55  
Decocted water of Nero, 206  
Decurions: 85  
Deliciae Romanis, 75  
Demetrius a Cynic Philosopher: 247  
Dictare, 30  
Diogenes the Grammarian how he was requited by Tiberius Caesar. 103  
Dis, why so called, 226  
Divus, what it is, 271  
Dodecatheos' a supper of Augustus Caesar 69  
Dominus a title & term rejected by Augustus, 63  
L: Domitius the Stockfather of the Aenobarbi: 178  
Cn. Domitius: 179  
Domitius the Grand father of Nero: 180  
His acts, 180  
Domitius the Father of Nero, 180  
His pranks, 181  
Domitian the emperors birth, 259  
His poverty in his youth, 250  
Noted for unnatural impurity, 260  
Saluted Caesar, 260  
His wild and unruly pranks, 260  
His ambition, 260  
His study in Poetry, ibidem  
Most unkind to his brother, 261  
Putteth away his wife Domitia, ibidem  
His covetise and cruelty, 261  
His public Shows, 261  
His Games, 262  
His buildings, 262  
His warlike expeditions, 262  
His triumph, 262  
His manner of feasting, & housekeeping: 263  
He added ij factions of Charioteers: 263  
A precise justicer: 263  
He reformeth abuses in judicial Courts, 263  
His severe reformation of all Enormities, 264,  
His hypocritical religion, 264  
His bountiful mind, 264  
His false semblance of Clemency and pity, 264  
His barbarous cruelty, 265  
In his cruelty, subtle and crafty, 266  
His rapines and wrongs, 267  
His insolency and Arrogancy 267  
His ●…7 Consulships. 267  
He foreknew the hour of his own death 268  
His death wrought by his nearest favourites, and wife. 268  
Suspicious and fearful of death. 268  
His destruction foretold by many prodigies, 269  
His Apopththegmes and notable sentences. 271  
Murdered in his bed chamber, 269  
His recreations, 271  
His Stature and countenance, 270  
His effeminate 〈◊〉 271  
Impatient of all labour. 270, 271.  
An excellent archer. 271.  
Murderers of him executed. 272.  
Domitia, wife of Domitian falleth in fancy with Paris the player. 261  
Doves, 81  
Druidae and their Religion, 167  
Drusilla sister of Caligula 133  
Honoured as goddess, 133  
Drusus son of Tiberius Caesar, 110  
His vices and death, 110. 116  
Drusus a name, from whence it cometh, 89  
Dec. Drusus Nero father to Claudius Caesar. 152  
Begotten in adultery. 152  
His acts, 152, 153  
His death and honours after death, 153  
His issue. 153  
Drusinae fossae. 153  
Drusus son of Claudius Caesar choked with a pear, 168  
Ducenaries, 166  
A dwerfe, 59  
Dwerfes ieiected by Augustus. 75  
Dyrrhachi●…m strongly beleaguered by Augustus Caesar, 27   

E  
Elephants walking upon Ropes. 213  
Eleusine Sacred Caeremonies, 144  
Ellebor. 146  
Emblema. 119  
Epaphroditus Nero's secretary put to death by Domitian. 269  
Epicadus his conspiracy against Augustus. 49  
Equestria, 135  
Ergastula. 92  
Esius Proculus called Colosseros, 139  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 269  
Euthanasia. 84  
Excess in house furniture restrained. 103  
Excess in fare of the table restrained 53. 54. 103. 185  
See more in sumptuaria.  
Exploratoriae Coronets. 144  
Extortion of the Pollentians punished by Tiberius Caesar. 105   

FLETCHER  
Fall of an Amphitheatre at Fidenae. 106  
Faustus his treacherous rebellion. 29  
Felix afreed man of Claudius the Emperor. 169  
Fercula; what they be. 72  
Fist-fight Augustus Caesar delighted to see. 60  
Flaminship of jupiter, 52  
Flavij. 239  
T. Flavius Petronianus, 239  
Flavius Sabinus a faithful Publican. 240  
Flavius Sabinus put to death by Domitian. 266  
Flavius Clemens killed by Domitian. 268  
Flavian Family, noble and ancient, 240  
Flora, and Floralia, 213  
Forgery of writings provided against, 186  
Freedom of Rome City, sparily granted 56  
Friendship, how Augustus Caesar entertained. 68  
Frogs silent. 81  
〈◊〉 the Mere drawn dry, 163  
Fustuarium. 114   

G  
Gabinius surnamed Caucius. 166  
Galba the surname of the Seruilij▪ 211  
Galba with Spain revolteth, 202  
Galba enriched by Livia Augusta's will 213  
His offices of State. 21●…  
His martial Discipline. 213  
His Proesse. 213. 214  
Highly esteemed of Claudius the Emperor, 213  
His civil juridiction. 214  
His Honours, 214  
His Empire fore-signified, 212, 214, 215  
His extreme severity, 214  
His semblance of Surquedry, 214  
Saluted Emperor. 215  
In danger to be killed. 216  
Takes upon him the name of Caesar. 216  
Ill spoken of for covetousness and cruelty. 216  
His Nigardise, 216. 217  
His noble Pedigree, 211  
His death foreshowed, 219  
Slain. 220  
Interred. 220  
His stature and parsonage. 220  
His unclean life. 221  
His 3. paedagognes, 217  
His variable carriage. 217  
His corrupt government. 218  
In curreth the hatred of soldiers especially 218  
Forsaken first of the Germanician forces. 218  
Galbanum what gum. 211  
Galbei what they be. 211  
Galeria, wife of A. Vitellius the Emperor.  
Galerita, what bird, 10  
Ad. Gallinas, a place. 210  
Gallograecia. 137  
Q. Gallius the Praetour, tyrannously killed by Augustus Caesar. 49  
Gallius Terrinius mindeth to famish himself. 63  
Corn. Gallus shorteneth his own life. 68  
His death lamented by Augustus Caesar 68  
Games and Shows exhibited by Augustus Caesar. 58  
In Games and Shows what order Augustus Caesar put down, 59  
Gemini Fratres, who they be, 5  
Genij. 136  
Gentleman Roman Surveied by Augustus. 55. 56  
Their solemn riding. 55  
Their estate and worth. 56  
German Embassaders well respected▪ 167  
Germanician soldiers refuse Tiberius Caesar, for their Emperor. 100  
Germanicus Caesar the adopted son of Tiberius Caesar. 111  
Disgraced by him, 111  
Murdered by Piso, 111  
His offices and Acts, 122  
His death, 123  
His commendable parts, 123  
How much beloved, 123, 154  
What ensued upon his death, 124  
His marriage and issue, 124. 125  
Gestures in worshipping the Gods, 231.  
Gelding of males prohibited by Domitian. 263   

H  
HAlotus a bloodhound of Nero, 218  
Odious to the people, 218  
Harpocras, a freedman of Claudius, 169  
Hasta pura. 169  
Q. Haterius, 101  
helvidius Priscus over malapert with Vespasian the Emperor, 248  
Helvidius Priscus, another Cato. 265  
Helvidius the son put to death by Domitian the Emperor, 265  
Hirtius Consul, with his Colleague Plancus slain 41  
Historiographers countenanced by Caius Caligula, 129  
honorary Games, 53  
Hoplomachus, 139  
Horoscope of Augustus his Nativity, 82  
Horse of julius Caesar, 25  
Hostages of women, 46  
Hyeme, 24  
Hylas a Pantomime whipped, 60   

I  
janiculum what Hill, 230  
janus Quirinus' Temple shut by Augustus, 47  
jewish Religion censured by Tiberius Caesar, 104  
jews by him banished, 16  
jews banished out of Rome, 167  
jews affected julius Caesar 35  
jews plagued by Domitian in their payments, 267  
Iliensians eased of Tribute and endued with immunities. 167  
Iliensian Ambassadors skoffed at by Tiberius Caesar. 111  
Images and Statues how they differ, 225  
Incendium a Comedy  
Incitatus, the name of an horse. 149  
Inferum mare what sea, 61  
Ira and Iracundia, how they differ, 173  
Is●…uricus, the surname of Servilius, whereupon, 2  
Isidorus the Cynic Philosopher, 200  
Isthmus attempted by Caligula, 131  
By Nero, 186  
Italian Regions, 61  
Itius a Dwerfe, 59  
Italy peopled and adorned by Augustus Caesar. 60  
julia daughter of Caesar  
Dictator, wedded to Pompeius Magnus, 9  
julia, daughter of Augustus Caesar wedded to Marcellus and Agrippa, 66  
julia daughter of Augustus banished and confined, 67  
julia wife of Tiberius Caesar convict of Adultery, 94  
juliae, daughter and Niece of Augustus, dishonour him. 67  
juliae killed by Claudius, 170  
julius the haven, 43  
junia Drusilla daughter of Caligula by Caesonia, 134  
junius Rusticus put to death by Domitian, 265  
I●…piter the Thunderers Temple, 51  
jupiter Tragaedus, 65  
jupiter Olympicus, 65. 132  
jupiter the Thunderer. 78  
jupiter Custos, 262  
juvenal pastimes, 183   

KING  
Calendar reform by julius Caesar, 17  
King of Kings, 124  
Kisses forbidden, 104   

L  
Lambranes, a people why so called, 4  
Laurel checketh lightning, 119  
Laws precisely observed by Tiberius Caesar, 103  
Lawsteed what it is. 124  
Cn. Lentulius forced to die by Tiberius Caesar, 109  
Lepida, wife to Galba.  
Letters new in the Alphabet devised by Claudius, 175  
Libels and Libelers not regarded by Augustus, 64  
Libels against Nero, 200  
Libertines, 166  
chastised by Claudius the Emperor, 167  
Libitina the Goddess, and her Temple. 200  
Libraries maintained by Domitian. 271  
Licinius Mutianus governor of Syria, favoureth Vespasian. 244  
Licinius Mutianus, a Catamite noted by Vespasian, 247  
Livia Drusilla wife of Tiberius Nero, wedded to Augustus Caesar, 66  
Her experiment when she went with child, 95  
Livia Orestilla kept as a paramour by Caius Caligula. 134  
Livia Ocellina, wife to Galba the emperors father, 211  
Livilla for Livia, 127  
Livius Salinator, 89  
Livius Drusus, 89  
Locusta professeth poisoning, 195  
Lollia Paulina, wedded to Caius Caligula 134  
Lone-mony dealt out by Augustus Caesar, 57  
Lord. See Dominus,  
Lucius a fore-name, rejected by the Claudian Family, 88  
Lucus, 88  
Lupercal instituted by Augustus, 52  
Lustrum, 4●…  
Lycians diffranchised, 167   

M  
Macteae, 141  
Maecenas reproved for affectation of new phrases and words 76  
For want of of Secrecy and Taciturnity, 68  
Mago and Annibal, 265  
Male opinari. what it is, 62  
Mallia, 70  
Mallonia filthily abused by Tiberius Caesar, 108  
Her death. ibidem  
Malum. 201  
Man's ordinary stature and weight. 59  
Marriage between Gentry & commons, 54  
Marriage urged and rewarded, 54  
Marriage between cousin Germane allowed by Claudius. 168  
Mars the Revenger his Temple built by Augustus Caesar, 51  
The use thereof, ibid.  
Masgabas and his tomb. 84  
Masintha resk●…ed out of trouble by juli. Caesar, ●…8  
Massilia standeth out against jul. Caesar, 15  
Masters misusage of their servants, 167  
Matian appuls, 271  
Mausoleum of Augustus, 86  
Maxima and Maximilla 264  
Maximi Ludi, what Plays, 183  
Medioxuna, 136  
C. Memmius his invectives against julius Caesar, 28  
Friended by him, ibid.  
Menecrates the harper advanced by Nero.  
Messalina the Empress wedded to C. Silius, 168  
Messalina the Empress by commandment of her husband Ciaudius killed, 174  
Metius Pomposianus, 248  
Putto death by Domitian 254  
Minerva's Target, 235  
Mirmillones what Fencers, 137. 149  
How armed, 257  
Mnester a Pantomime, 139  
Favoured by Caligula, 148  
Modius, what measure, 214  
Monomachis. 137  
Monopolium. 119  
More maiorum what it is 105  
What punishment is meant thereby? 266  
A Mule foaleth, 212.  
Mummia Achaira, wife of Galba the emperors Father. 211  
Music games of prize instituted by Nero at Olympia, 189.   

N  
Narcissus favourite & Minion of Claudius the Emperor, 169  
Naumachia, what place, 19●…  
Naumachie, or Naval battles exhibited by Augustus Caesar, 58  
Exhibited by julius Caesar, 17  
Nemorensis Rex. 139  
Nepos, surnamed of Caecilius Metellus 6  
Nero, what it signifieth, 88  
Nero the Emperor his birth. 181  
In danger to be murdered, 181  
His acts in his childhood, 181  
He entereth upon the Empire. 181  
His show of Piety and kindness, 182  
His semblance of Bounty, Clemency, Courtesy and Humanity 183  
His shows exhibited, 183  
He shutteth the Temple of janus 185  
His manner of jurisdiction, 185  
His order in conferring dignities, 185  
His buildings. 185  
His martial exploits, 186  
His extraordinary love to Music, 187. 188  
Is excused, 201  
Given much to horsemanship and charioting. 188, 190  
Strove for the Criers Coron●…t. 190  
He triumpheth for victory in games of prize, 190  
His unruly wildness, 191  
His shrewd pranks, 191  
His riotousness, 191  
His lose life and filthiness, 192  
He wedded Sporus, 192  
His lavish expense, 193  
His golden house, 193  
His outrageous and enormous works, 194  
His pilling and oppression of the people 194  
His sacrilege, 194. 195  
His bloody murdres and parricides 195  
His unnatural cruelty to his own mother 195. 196  
He is stung with the worm of Conscience 196  
Forsaken of the French. 201  
Deluded by the Oracle at Delphi. 201  
His carelessness of the State 202  
His bloody designments 202. 203  
His warlike voyage, 203  
His exactions, 203  
Forewarned of his death, 204  
His fearful dreams. 204  
His desperate case, 205  
He flieth from Rome 205  
His death. 207. 209  
His funerals. 207  
His Stature, Feature, Shape etc. ib.  
His Attire, 207  
Given naturally to Poetry, 207  
He delighted in painting, 208  
He was Popular. 208  
Irreligious, 208  
He murdereth his Ant Domitia, 197  
His wives, ib.  
He slew Atticus Vestinus, ib.  
He killeth Poppaea, 197  
His cruelty to his kinsfolk and Affinity 197  
He poisoneth his freedmen, 198  
Intends a massacre of the Nobility. 198  
His cruelty to all in general. 198  
Maliciously bend to the Senate. 199  
He setteth Rome on fire, 199  
Neronia, what Games. 184  
Neroneus Neropolis, 208  
New years gifts restrained, 104  
Nicopolis, built by Augustus Caesar, 45  
P. Nigidius a great ginger, 80  
Niobe. 188  
Niobe and other parts acted by Nero upon the stage, 188  
Nollem factum, 28  
Nomenclators, 45  
Nonae. 97  
Nonae ominous days, 79  
C. Nonius Asprenas honoured with a collar of gold. 58  
Called thereupon Torquatus, 58  
Novatus slightly chastised by Augustus Caesar, 62  
Numerius Atticus, 85  
Nundinae. 75  
Nundinae, ominous days. 79   

OH  
Obnuntiare what it is, 8  
Ocellatae vestial votaries and sisters, put to death for Incest, 264  
Octavia wife of Nero. 197  
Put away ib.  
Murdered by Nero. 197  
Octavij whence they are descended, 37  
Octavius the father of Augustus, 38  
His Acts, ib. & 39  
His dreams, 8  
An office, a Voluptatibus, 107  
Opius kindly entreated by julius Caesar 28  
Origines of Cato, 77  
Orthography of Augustus Caesar. 77  
Otho the Emperor his progenitors 222  
L. Otho father of the Emperor, 222  
His praise, 223  
Otho the Emperor his birth, 223  
The wild pranks of his youth, 223  
Put in hope of the Empire by Seleucus 224  
His popularity. 224  
far in debt. 224  
Conspireth against Galba ib.  
Saluted Emperor, 225  
Accepteth the surname Nero 225  
Murdereth Galba and Piso, 225  
Haunted with the ghost of Galba, 225  
Faithfully beloved of his Praetorian soldiers, 225  
His death foretokened. 226  
He is defaited, 227  
Minded to kill himself, 227  
He intended to wed Messalina Nero's widow. 227  
Detested civil war, 227  
Killed himself. 228  
His stature, proportion and habit. 228  
Beloved of his soldiers, 228   

P  
Paconius put to death by Tiberius Caesar, 116  
Paederastie condemned, 44  
Paedia Law. 180  
Paetus Thraseas, killed by Nero, 198  
Paidica Graecis.  
Palilia. 129  
Pallas, a freed man of Claudius, 169  
Pansa Consul with Hirtius his Colleague slain, 4●…  
Pantomime 139, 61  
Paris the actor envied by Nero, 208  
Parricidium, what day? 36  
Parthian hostages respectively honoured by Augustus Caesar.  
Pater patriae, a title conferred upon Augustus Caesar, 65  
Patres familias. 65  
Peace maintained by Tiberius Caesar, 104  
Peculium. 96  
Peer at Ostia. 163  
Peristylium. 51  
Petoritum. 24  
Pestilence in Rome. 200. 257  
Petreius his Treachery, 29  
Petronia wife of A. Vitellius the Emperor. 232  
Phagita pardoned by julius Caesar. 29  
Pharnaces K. of Pontus subdued by jul. Caesar dictator. 15  
Phengites a stone, 268  
Philemon a traitor to juli. Caesar, 29  
Phoebe ha●…geth herself, 67  
Phonascus, 76  
Cn. Piso worketh the death of Germanicus Caesar. 123  
Piso adopted by Galba, 218. 224  
Piso slain by the Spaniards, 4  
Piso his conspiracy. 198  
Pitholaus his railing verses against Caesar 30  
Players upon the stage restrained by Domitian. 263  
Plaudite, 84  
A. Plautius abused and killed by Nero. 197  
Pluto, why so called. 226  
Polybius a favourite of Claudius, 169  
polygamy. 22  
pomegranate a place, 259  
Pomp of funerals. 34  
Pompeius Magnus' son in law of Claudius▪ 169  
Murdered, 170  
Poppaea Sabina common to Nero and Otho. 223  
Posides an Eunuch & freedman of Claudius, 169  
Post-curriers ordained by Augustus Caeser, 62  
Postumus who it is. 34  
Prodigies portending Galba's destruction. 209  
Promoters or informers plagued by Titus the Emperor. 257  
Punished by Domitian. 265  
Proscription in time of the Triumvirate rigorously executed by Augustus Caesar. 49  
Psylli. 45  
Ptolomaeus Auletes. 5  
Puerpe rium what it signifieth. 125  
Pulvinar, 60. 155. 267  
Pylades the player banished, 60  
Pyrallis a Courtesan, paramour of Caligula. 140  
Pyrrhich dance. 16   

Q  
Quindecemvirs. 214  
Quirites. 28  
Quinquatria. 196   

R  
Rabririus postumus. 161  
Regaviolus. 33  
Religions foreign prohibited by Tiberius Caesar, 104  
Retiarij, what they were. 137  
Rhinoceros showed in Rome, 59  
Rhodians restored to their freedom, 167  
Royal spoils. 153  
Roman names not to be used by Aliens, 167  
Roman years when they began? and how reckoned? 1  
Roscia law, 56  
Rufinus Crispinus murdered by Nero, 197   

S  
Salaria Via. 247  
Salijs priests of Mars, 171  
Salvidienus Orcitus put to death by Nero. 198  
Salvius Liberalis a Lawyer. 247  
Salvius Cocceianus put to death by Domitian. 265  
Salustius Lucullus put to death by Domitian. 265  
Scaeva his valour, 27  
Scribonia divorced from Augustns. 66  
Scribonius an ginger, 95  
Scribonius Libo conspireth against Tibe rius Caesar. 100  
Seal or signet of Augustus Caesar, 62  
Secular plays, 52. 164. 231  
Secutores, what fencers. 137  
Ael. Sejanus put to death by Tiberius Caesar. 112. 115  
His death plotted by him, 117  
Seleucus the ginger, 224  
Seleucus the Grammarian put to death by Tiberius Caesar, 112  
Sempronia Law. 10  
Senators number restrained. 54  
Senators sons honoured by Augustus Caesar. 55  
Senators estate augmented by Augustus Caesar. 57  
Seneca taxed by Caligula, 148  
Seneca schoolmaster to Nero, 198  
Done to death by him 198  
Septimontiall sacrifice, 262  
A Serpent Dragon, 120  
A Serpent 50 cubits long, 59  
Sestertium in the Neuter Gendre, ●…93  
Sextants. 73  
Sextarius. 73  
Sextilis the month named Augustus, 53  
Signs observed by Augustus, 79  
Silanus put to death by Claudius 173  
Sociale Bellum. 47  
Soldierie well rewarded by Augustus, 61. 62  
Spaeresterium. 249  
Spelunca what place, 106  
Spicillus the Fencer. 193  
Spoerus a great scholar. 77  
Spintriae. 107. 232  
Expelled by Caligula, 129  
Sportula. 164  
Spurina a famous Soothsayer, 33  
Stage players and Swordfensers expenses cut short, 103  
Statues of silver refused by Augustus.  
Stephanio an Actor banished, 60  
Strange things exhibited by Augustus Caesar to be seen, 59  
Subdival. 51  
Suburra. 19  
Suggestum comae. 207  
Suing indirectly for Offices reform. 56  
Silvius the dictator his speech of julius Caesar. 2  
Sumptuaria lex. 1●…: 53, 54  
Superum mare. 61  
Supra-numerum. 166  
Syracuse. 71   

T  
Talon of silver: 22  
Tedius Afer driven by Augustus Caesar to kill himself. 232  
Temples refused by Augustus Caesar. 62  
Tenants how they dwelled in Rome. 232  
Terentilla. 69  
Tertulla, etc. ibidem  
Tetrinius, 137  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 71  
Thalamegos an Egyptian Galley or Barge. 21  
Theatralis law. 56  
Theodorus Gadareus his saying of Tiberius Caesar. 113  
Thessalian Vawlters. 164  
Tholi. 70  
Thrace's what Fencers. 137, 149  
Threces. See Thrace's.  
Thrasyllus the ginger, 95, 131  
Thunder and lightning Augustus feared: 78  
Tiberius Caesar his descent and pedigree. 89  
His Father's constancy. 89  
Tiberius Father, yielded his wife Livia Drusilla to Augustus. 90  
Tiberius Caesar his birth. 90  
His infancy and childhood: 90  
Adopted by Gallius: 91  
His youth: 91  
He weddeth Agrippina. 91  
He divorceth her: 91  
He weddeth julia: 91  
Forsakes her: 91  
His civil employments. 92  
His martaill exploits: 92  
His Oration and Triumph: 92  
His Magistracies: 92  
His purpose to forsake Rome, and retire himself: 92  
His departure from Rome to Rhodes: 93  
His behaviour at Rhodes: 93  
His suit to return: 94  
His dangers at Rhodes, 94  
His return. 95  
His hopes of the Empire: 95  
Adopted by Augustus, 96  
His promotions, ibidem  
His hard warfare in Illyricum: 96  
His prosperous success, 96  
His Honours, 96  
His circumspect providence in warre-affaires: 97  
His martial Discipline: 97  
His superstitious observations, 97  
Like to have been murdered, 97  
His Triumph: 97  
His thankful munificence to Baton, 97  
He feasteth the people of Rome: 98  
He entereth upon the Empire, 99  
His manner of refusing the Empire, controlled: 100  
He distrusteth Libo: 100  
His civil carriage at his first entrance: 100 101  
He hated flattery: 101  
He contemned Libels, etc.: 101  
He debaseth himself overmuch to his Senators: 102  
His respect of the Senate: 102  
His courteous humanity, 103  
His moderation, 103  
His worthy apothegm: 103  
He looseth both his sons, 105  
Retireth himself into Campania: 105  
Escapeth a great danger: 106  
His neglect of the weal public: 106  
His drunkenness and gluttony, 106  
His nick names, 106, 107  
His Nigardise, 108  
His covetousness, 109  
His polling and pilling, 109  
His hard heart to his wife julia, 109  
His hatred to his kinsfolk, 109  
His unkindness to Livia his own Mother. 110  
His quarrel unto her, 110  
He starved to death Nero and Drusus his Nephews, 112  
His cruelty unto Noble Roman Citizens, 102  
His close and cruel nature: 113, 114  
His cruelty to Greek professors, 112  
His open cruelty, 114, 115  
He devised new torments, 116  
Hated of the world. 116  
In continual fear, ibidem,  
Exposed to the reviling taunts of men: 117  
His stature, feature, etc., 118  
Irreligious, 119  
Fearful of Thunder and Lightning, 119  
His Studies and Write, 119  
He forbore to speak Greek, 119  
He was very healthful, 118  
He falleth sick, 120  
His death, 120, 121  
His death foreshowed, 121  
It contenteth the people, 121  
His corpse burnt, 121  
His will and testament,  
Tigellinus a bloodhound of Nero, odious to the people, 219  
A Tiger showed by Augustus, 59  
Tillage maintained by Augustus, 58  
provided for by Domitian. 263  
Tiridates showed at Rome, 184  
Titus the Emperor his commendation, 253  
His birth and education, 253  
Poisoned with Britannicus, 254  
He loved Britannicus entirely, ib  
His good parts, 254  
His war-seruice, 254  
He divorseth Martia Flavia, ib  
He assaulteth and forceth at Jerusalem, 255  
Saluted Emperor, 255  
Suspected of his Father, 255  
He cleareth himself, 255  
He ruleth the Empire joinetly with his Father, 255  
His violent and cruel demeanour, 255  
Suspected for riotous life, 255  
For wantonness, ib  
For extortion, ib  
His honest conversation and princely carriage every way, 256  
His sumptuous spectacles, 256  
A most gracious Prince, 256  
What mishaps fell out in his days, 257  
His clemency, 257  
Forlayde by his own brother Domiti●…n, 258  
His untimely death, 258  
Honoured after death, 258  
A treasury erected by Augustus Caesar for Soldiers, 62  
Tribunes of Com. created out of Gentlemen. 56  
Triumphirate 55  
Troy warlike game, 17, 58  
Tropaei, 156  
Tun●…cati, 137  
Tuscus killed by Nero. 198   

V  
VAlerius Catullus abused by Caligula, 240  
Varonilla a vestal votary put to death for incest, 264  
Varus his overthrow, 47, 96  
Vatinia Law, 9  
Venice gulf, 15  
Venus Erycines Temple, 167  
Vestal Virgins of what respect, 89  
Vindexrebelleth, 201  
Polla Vespasia mother of Vespafian the Emperor, 240  
Vespasian the emperors birth, 240  
His Education. ib  
He espouseth Flavia Domitilla 241  
His Martial exploits, 241, 242  
Surnamed in mockery, Mulio, 241  
In disgrace with Nero, 242  
His empireforesignified by sundry signs, 242. 243.  
Friended by Vologesus King of the Parthians. 244.  
How he acquired princely majesty, 245  
He triumphed over the jews, 245  
He reformeth military discipline, 245  
His care to repair buildings in Rome, 246  
His works and buildings, 246  
He reformeth the judicial Courts, etc. 246  
He represseth unbridled lust & lavish expense, 246, 247  
Not vainglorious, 247  
His patience, 247  
His mercy and pity, 248  
Noted for Avarice, 248, 249  
A maintainer of learning and learned men 249  
Surnamed Cybia sactes. 249  
His stature, etc., 249  
Given to skurrile skoffs, 250  
His pretty jests, 250, 251  
His death, 251  
Vibius Crispus his saying of Domitian, 261  
Vineyards go to decay under Domitian, 263  
Vinicius his conspiracy, 258  
Viscecratio what it is, 16  
Visitation of foreign Provinces and Cities by Augustus Caesar, 61  
Vitellia a goddess reputed, 230  
A. VITELLIUS the Emperor his rising, 231  
His descent and Pedigree, 229 230  
His moderate behaviour in the Province, 232  
His lewd Demeanour in Rome City 232  
His birth, 231  
He killeth his own son Petronianus, 232  
Driven to extremities for need 232  
His unseemly affability and popularity, 232, 233  
Proclaimed Imperator, 233  
Surnamed Germanicus, ib.  
Refuseth other titles in his style, 233  
His exemplary justice done upon traitors 234  
His insolency and pride. 234  
Surnamed Spintria, 231  
Sumteous at his table, 230  
He sacrificeth to the Ghost of Nero, 234  
His gluttony, 235  
His Platter, 235  
His cruelty, 235  
Unto Astrologers especially, 236  
Impious to his mother, 236  
His largesses, 236  
Minded to resign up the Empire, 137  
He fireth jupiters' Temple upon the Capitol Surnamed Concord, 237  
Murdered with shameful indignities, 238  
His shape and stature. 238  
He maketh head against Otho. 226  
P. Vitellius. 230  
Q. Vitellius removed from the Senate, 230  
P. Vitellius cutteth his own veins, 230  
L. Vitellius doted upon a woman, 230  
Devoted to Caius Caesar, 230  
To Messalina, 231  
His death, 231  
Vltimum supplicium what it is, 5. 6  
Vologesus affected to Nero, 209  
Volucer the horse of Verus the Emperor, 149  
Vonones perfidiously killed by the means of Tiberius Caesar, 109   

W  
Wayfaring men how they should travel 167  
Wine not allowed by Augustus, 57  
Winter months which they be, 2   

Z  
Zeno confined by Tiberius Caesar, 112    

AN INDEX TO THE Annotations.  

A  
Accensus, what officer. 3, b  
Acclamations, 39, b  
Adoptions of ij. sorts 15, a  
Adulteria. 25. b  
Aegle the Roman Mainestandard, 7, a  
Aeneas kind to his fathe●… Anchises, 31. b  
Agrippae who they be: 21. a  
Ajax. 9, a  
Alcmaeon killed Eriphyle his own mother, 31, b  
Alexandrea in Egypt, 8, a  
Alliensis dies, 35, a  
Amazons what woman, 4, a  
De Ambitu, Laws, 13, a  
Amphora what measure, 23, b  
Ambubaiae, 30, b  
Ancilia, 34, b  
annal or annarsae Laws 12, b  
Why so called? 25, a  
Annonae 13, b  
Anticatones, 7, a  
Anticyra, 27, a  
Antipater Sidonius his Ague 17, a  
Apis, what Idol, 18, b  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 41, a  
Apollo Paean, 31, b  
Apollo Hecatebcletes, 31, b  
Apoplexy. 35, a  
Appeal unto the people, 2▪ a  
Area, 38, b  
Army Roman, 11, b  
Artaxe●…xes Mnemon, 14, b  
As, 20, a  
Aspis the Serpent, 11, b  
Asprenas Nonius accused for poisoning 14, b  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 21, b  
Atellane Comaedies, 24, b  
Atricapilla what bird, 23, b  
Attae, who they be: 21, a  
Augurs and Augurium: 12, b  
Auguralis caena 13? a  
Augustales, priests: 33: a  
Sodales: 19, b  
Augustus Caesar punisheth Adultery, 13, a  
Favoureth the jewish religion 18, b  
Aurei Romani, what pieces, 33, b  
Automatum. 28: b   

B  
Balls to play with diverse sorts 17, b  
Basilides, 36. b  
Bathing much: 17. b  
Biberius, 23. a  
Bissextile or Leap year: 5, b  
Blackebird commended, 23, b  
Bombi. 30, a  
Bonum Factum, 8, a, 25, b  
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, signifieth a great sacrifice: a word compounded of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. or of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. i▪ Bos an ox. And such were their Hecatombae, whereat a thousand oxen were killed. 29, 12, d  
Bracata Gallia, ●…3. b  
Bracae or Brachae. 8, a, 17, b  
Bridges in Campus Martius: 8, a  
Brutus supposed to be julius Caesar's son 8, b  
Busaucheres. 24, a   

C  
Caenae Adijciales, 19, b  
Caesar in a duple signification, 38, b  
Caius Caesar killed, 15. a  
C. Caesar his sudden death, 1, a  
C, julius Caesar how deeply indebted 13. a  
Calcei Lunati, 13, a  
Caldus 23, a  
Caliga what it is, 25, b  
Caligati. what soldiers? 12, a  
Caligula excessive in table expenses. 27, b  
Caligula counterfaiteth thunder and lightning, 27, b  
Callipides 23, a  
Camp duple why prohibited, 38, a  
Canace 30, a  
Cancers, what they be, 15. b  
Candidates. 4, a, i4, b, 15. a  
Candida Toga differeth from Alba, 4, a  
Caninius Rebilus his Consulate, 7, b  
Canis, what chance 16, a  
Capitolium, 27. b  
Cardiaca Cardialgia, 28. b  
Carmelus, 36, a  
Casca and Cassius, 8, b  
Castor hardly entreated by Caligula. 26, b  
Caudex. 21, a  
Cauneas. 18, b  
〈◊〉. 13. a  
Centumuiralis hasta, 36, a  
* Ceres' priestresses named Antistitae for their holiness & chastity, were no less honoured at Athens, than the Vestal Nuns in Rome. 29, 12, e  
Chariotiers factions how distinguished. 29, a  
Chius, what chance, 16, a  
Cicero what he said as touching his brother's Demy-personage. 25, b  
Cinaedus, 15, b  
Circenses Games, 5, a  
When exhibited? 22, b  
Cisalpine Gaul. 3, b  
Civic guirland. 1, b. 22, b  
Civility in Emperors, 14, a  
Civil, in Suetonins, what it signifieth. 25, a  
Claudius the Emperor, compared to a dumb Player in a Show, 28, b  
Clients and Patrons, 1, b  
Climacterick year: 9, b  
Coleta, what place: 5, b  
Colonies, 13, b  
Colonies Latin, 2, a  
Colosseros, 27, a  
Colossus. 36, b  
Comata Gallia, 3, b  
Comitiales Leges, what Laws, 25, a  
Comitialis morbus. See falling-sickness.  
Comitium what place, 2, a  
Commilitones, 12, a  
Comaedies the old, and who wrote them, 18, a  
Congiaries, 4, b  
Consuls reckoned for Sovereign Magistrates after the free State. 26, b  
Copae: 30, b  
Cornelia Law. 13, a  
Cous, what chance, 16, a  
Criers for the best Game: 30  
Cubiculum, what it signifieth, 29, b  
Curia and Curio, 2, b  
Cutiliae what waters, 36, b  
Cybele, 15, b  
Cynics, 36, a   

D  
DEceres, what Galley, 27, b  
Decuriones what they are, 13, b  
Depilatorae medicinae: 34, b  
Dialects: 23. b  
Dialis, 7, b  
Dialis caena, 13, a  
Dictare &  
Dictator, 7, b  
Divisores what they are, 3, a. 10. a  
Divortium what it is. 1, a  
Dog tied at the Porter's Lodge, 35, b  
Domini Insularum. 31, b  
Dominus. 14, a  
Domitian more Sanguin●…rie than Nero. 39, a  
Dragon creeping. 24, b  
Dropsies of three kinds. 29, a  
Drusilla, Claudius the emperors wife: 28, a  
Dulciarius. 23, a   

E  
Ellebor, where the best. 26: a  
Emblemata. 24. b  
Epulones. 19: b  
Equestria, what place in the Theatre at Rome. 28. a  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ominous words. 34. a  
Erycina Venus. 28, a  
Eutychus: 19, a  
Executions, in what place of the Camp they were done? 34. a  
Exploratores, who they are. 27. b   

FLETCHER  
Fabius' Maximus commended. 22: a  
Factions of Players, 30. a  
Faeminalia and Tibialia, 17, a: b  
Falling sickness. 6,  
Fasting from all food, how long tolerable 14. b  
Festina lente, 12, a  
Ficedula what bird. 23. b  
Flamens. 1. a 7. b  
Flaviani, Priests, 33: a  
Flavius Clemens a Proselyte and Christian, 39, a  
Fool or Physician, 24, a  
Fora, 12, b  
Fricasies reprehended by Cornelius Celsus. 36, b  
Funales, what horses. 21, b   

G  
GAlli: 32. b  
Galli Priests of Cybele. 15, b  
Games sacred which they were. 30: a  
Genius of the Emperor: 26. b  
Gentlemen in youth how trained up: 1, a  
Gentlemen of Rome, their estate? 4: b  
Germaniciani who they be: 22, b: 34. b  
Gestation, what exercise. 36. b  
Goals in the Cirque. 5. b  
God and Goddesses Select, 16. a  
Gown, the Roman habit, 13. b  
Graecia Magna, 11. a  
Graphium. 8, b. 27. a  
Gymnick Games, and Gymnasium 19 b 29 b   

H  
Hare commended, 23. b  
halls of justice. 12. b  
Hecatebeletes. 31. b  
Height of men. 16. b. 24, a  
Hemiplegia, 35, a  
Hercules enraged, 30. a  
Hersilia, 33, b  
Hidroa, 24, a  
Hieronicae, ●…0, a   

I  
JIS. what it signifieth, and so forth, 4, a  
janus Quirinus his Temple, 11, b  
Icarus and his fable, 29. b  
Ideses of the month, 13, a  
jews, put for Christians 28, a  
Ilium, 8, a  
Imbrices, 30, a  
imperator how diversely taken, 22. b  
Impudicitia, 6, b  
Inferiae, 9, b  
Inheritances Testamentariae and Legitimae, 1, a  
Insertae, 24, b  
Insula, 31, b  
jovis Epulum, 13. a  
Ira and Iracundia how they differ. 28, b  
Isthmus, 6, a  
julia Law, 13, a  
julius the month, 7, b  
julius Montanus, 30. b  
jupiter his Ensigns, 27. b  
Ius, what it is. 23, a  
justitium at Rome what it betokeneth, 25. b  
juvenalia, 29, b  
juvenes secundi ordinis, 30, b   

KING  
Kalends of januarie, 2, b  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, what it is, 31, a  
King of Kings. 25, b  
Knights Living what it was, 28, b   

L  
Laberius quitteth Cicero with a scoff, 5. a, b  
Lar, Lararium, 25, a  
Latro, 27, a  
Latus Clavus and Laticlavij. 13, a, 36, a  
Law Sempronia. 3. b  
Cn. Lentulus of great wealth. 23. b  
M. Lepidus his death, 1, b  
Levana, what Gods, 10, ●…  
Libelers punished, 14, b  
Libera Legatio 22, b  
Libertines, who they were. 1. a. 12, a  
Library at Alexandrea. 39 b  
Linigeri. 38 a  
Litare. 19 a  
Livia the Empress what names she had, 20. b  
Lorarij, why so called, 27. a  
Loxias, an Attribute of Apollo, 32. a  
Luperci. 7. b  
Lustrum. 19 a   

M  
Mactae, 19, a  
Maecenas noted to be Vxorius, 15. b  
Taxed for curious trimming of himself, and for affectate speech. 18. a  
Maenius, and Maeniana, 25, b  
Magistrates Superior and Inferior, 2, b  
Magistrates at Rome who were properly called. 29, b  
Mancipatio, what it is, 15, a  
Marriage enforced by Law. 13, a  
Mars the revenger and his Temple. 11. b  
Mater Deum what Goddess. 15. b  
Matronalia, 36, b  
Mausoleum. 20, a  
Maxima vestalis. 9 a 20. a  
Melanocoryphus what bird. 23. b  
Mellita bellaria, 23. a. 30, b  
Mercurius his Ensign, 27, b  
Mero. 23, a  
Metellus persuadeth for Marriage. 18, b  
Milliarium in Rome, what it was 34. a  
Mimi what they be 5, a  
Mirmillones. 27, b  
Mirtitrichila 30, b  
Mioneres, a Galley 27, b  
Monopoly 24, b  
Morari 31. a  
Mortality's with pestilence. 31, b   

N  
Nauphilus 32. a  
Nemesis, 18, b  
Neptune's mace, 27, b  
Nero, what it signifieth, 21. a  
Nestor's cup in Homer 32, b  
Nicon 19 a  
Nomis in Egypt, 32. b  
Nominalia 29. b  
Nones of ihe month 13. b  
Novae Tabulae 5, b  
Nundina what Goddess 29, b  
Nundinae 18, b   

OH  
Ocellatae, 18. a  
Octophorum what Licter, 22, b  
Oedipus. 30, a  
Ops. 10. a, 15, b  
Optimates who they be, 2, a: b  
Optimus Maximus. 7, b, 8. a  
Orbis in ij, significations. 15, b  
Orchestra, 5, a, 28, a  
Orcus, 22: a  
Orestes killed his mother, 30. a, 31, b  
Otho his costly feasting of Nero, 30. b  
His effeminacy 34. b  
Ovatio. 11. b  
Ovilia. 22. a   

P  
Paean. 31: b  
Pagani, 33. b  
Pelilia, what feast. 25, b  
Palmularius. 38, b  
Papia Poppaea Law. 13, a, 28. a  
Parricidium a day, 9 b  
Parricidium what crime. 5. b. 6. a  
Parricides punishment. 12. b, 13, a  
punished by Claudius. 28, b  
Pasiphae. 29, b  
Pater familias. 38. a  
patrons and Clients. 11 a  
Pegmares, and Pegmatis. 26. b  
Pemmata, 23, a  
Pentathlon. 5. b  
Perduellionis crime 2, a  
periodical diseases 17. a  
Phaeton and his fabulous history, 25, b  
Phalerae, 31, a  
Pheasants why called Phasiani: 26, a  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 36. b  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 36. a  
De. Plano. 23. a  
Pleistobolinda, 31, a  
Pluto, 32. a  
Polemones, Kings of Pontus, 30. a  
Polycrates glutted with prosperity, 18. b  
Polyphagus and Phagon. 31: a  
Pontificialis caena. 13, a  
Pontificum caenae 28, b  
Populares who they are. 2. a. b  
Popularia, what place in the Theatre, 28. a  
Pound Roman 33. b  
Praetexta what rob. 2, b  
Praetextata verba. 36, b  
Praetorian soldiers: 22, a  
Principia, what place in the Camp, 34, a  
Profani. 31, a  
Province what it signifieth, 3. a  
Provinciae Caesare. 13, b  
Praesidiariae. ib.  
Populi. ib.  
Praetoriae, Consulares: 14. a  
Psylli. 11, a  
Ptolemaees counted dead: 11, b  
Publicans, 12: a: 3. b  
Pulvinar. 7: b  
Pyrrhic dances, 5, a  
Pythagoras. 31: a   

QUEEN  
Quadragesima. 36: a  
Quindecemuirs. ●…: a: 19: b  
Quinquatria: 16: a  
Quintana: 30, b  
Quintilis what month. 7. b  
Quirites: 7: a   

R  
Rectae Caenae. 29: b  
Regal ensigns what they be: 26: a  
Regaliolus, what bird, 8, a  
Regions of Rome City. 5, a, 10. a  
Repudium what it is. 1. a  
Retiarij what fencers: 27: b  
Rex Nemorensis: 27: b  
Rhegium, why so called: 10: b  
Riding of Roman Gentlemen. ●…3, b  
Ring-finger. 4: b  
Rings of gold and iron: 19: b  
Rogatio, what it is. 1, b  
Roman plays, 22, b  
Rosaria: 30: b  
Roscia Law: 10: b  
Rostra: 20: a  
Rutuli or Rufuli, 1, b   

S  
Sabbats: 16: b  
Sagatio: 34: a  
Saliares Epulae: 28. b  
Salinator where of he took that name: 21: b  
Sardina, a pestilent place: 23. a  
Saturnalia. 36. b  
How and when celebrated, 25. b  
Scalae Gemoniae, 23: b  
Scarus a delicate fish 35. b  
Scatinia Law. 13. a  
Scelerata porta and Sceleratus vicuse 28 a  
Sciatica: 17: a  
Scutarij, what Soldiers. 14. b  
Seal of Rome, 18. b  
Sestiones et Suturae. 35, a  
Secular Games. 12, b  
Selena: 26, b  
Senators badges, 13. a  
Septemvirs, 19, b  
Septizonium, 37, a  
Sestertius what place, 33, b  
Sordidati, 21, b  
Speculatores and Spiculatores, 33. b, 16, b  
Sphinx. 14, a  
Spongia, 18, a  
Sportulae, 29, b  
Stature of men. See Height.  
Staechades what islands, 28, a  
Strangury, 17, a  
Subegit, in a duple sense. 6, b  
Sudamina. 24, a  
Silvius proscribeth the Marian Faction, 2. a  
Sumptuariae Laws, 6, a, 13, a  
Suovetaurilia, what sacrifice, 19, a  
Supplication what it is, 4, a  
Sustulit in a duple sense 31, b  
Swimming commended 15, a  
Syracuse 16, a   

T  
Tabellariae Naves, 30, a  
Tili, 31, a  
Talorum Lusus, 16, a  
Templum, 19▪ a  
Tertia deducta est, 6, b  
Tessera, 33. a  
Testae. 30, a  
Tetraones what birds, 26. a  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 16, a  
Theatralis law. 10. b  
Thensae. 7, a  
Thrace's or Threces what fencers. 27. b  
Thraseas Paetus, judicially convented 30. a  
Thrasyllus a great ginger 21, b, 22, a  
Thunder in fair wether, 37, b  
Tiberius Caesar noted by Angustus, 22. a  
Tiberius, the younger, his pitiful death: 26: a  
Tibur City, an healthy place: 23: a  
Tiridates, a great magician: 31: a  
Tithing of men: 7▪ a  
Titles, what they be 37: a  
Toga Graecanica. 38. a  
Togata Gallia. 3: b  
Tollendum. 10: b  
Tribes Urban and Rustic: 2: b  
Tribunes of the commons Inviolable: 2: a  
Tribunes Military: CITIZEN: b  
Triumphalis caena: 13: a  
Triumphal ornaments: 13: b: 22: a  
Triumvirate: 10: a  
Troy Tournament: 5: b  
Troica: 32: a  
Tropaee, what it was: 33 a  
Tunicati: 27: b  
Turdus See Blackebird:   

FIVE  
Vallare Coronets: 12: a  
Varro▪ 6: a  
Venus what chance: 16: a  
Venus Genitrix: 7: a  
Veraculi or vericuli: 35, b  
Veratrices: ib.  
Vestal virgins peacemakers: 1. a  
Vestal Nuns convicted of Incontinency in what sort buried quick, 38: a  
Veteres, 20, a  
Viaticum, what it is: 7. a  
Victory her Image. 33. a  
Vindex. 32. b  
Virile rob, 10. a  
Visire what it is. 28. b  
Voconia Law. 20. b  
Vomiting much. 35. b  
Vows. 19 a. The form thereof: 22, b  
Vxorij. 35. a   

W  
Wars, whereof they take name. 11. b  
Watersnake. 28. b   

X  
Xystici what spectacles. 13. b   

Z  
Zenodorus an Architect 36: b  
Zopyrus a Physiognomer, 37. a   
FINIS.   

Faults escaped in the History and Marginal Gloss.  
PAge, 3, Line, 33. Fault. for Mysteries, read Mysteries. l, 35. leave out, That is, pa. 10 pomell, 47, for, who well, read who had deserved well. p, 15, l. 9, in the Ma. for Venus, r, Venice. p, 17, pomell, 32, in the Ma. r. Calendis janua●…js novis. p, 18, pomell, 19, for trial, r, train. l. 34, in the m. for with. r. both▪ lordship, 22, pomell, 27. of Legions of, r. of 10 Legions; of p. 27. pomell, 33, gate, r, guard for port, r, fort. l 34, before. Massilia, r, before Massilia, lordship, 30, l. 17, in the Marg, form, r, Forum, lordship, 32, pomell, 3, joined r. joyed, l, 25 Decius r. Decimus Calpurina razors, Calp●…ial 19 Decius razors, Decimus l. 24 the razors his lordship 32 the razors and the l 26 Beautiful razors bountiful pomell 29 Alvernus razors Avernus l 11 bore razors bearing, for Egypt where, r Egypt. Where pomell 22 in razors into pomell 40 in the Marg, mongrel r Laber●…ine p 48 pomell 29 with a razors with as p ●…0 l 41 Palatinus razors Palatium; pomell 19 in the Marg, Prassoria r Praetoria pomell 17 spaces razors ●…pousess p 58 pomell 32 devour r devoir p 59 l 1 L, IVIUS L. ●…TIUS lordship 60 pomell 11 pleasure r his pleasure for contentment, r contentment wherein, lordship 61 pomell 1 hands r hands and lordship 64 pomell 4 opened, r opined pomell 17 less of razors less, and of p 65 pomell ●…3 wishes razors osses lordship 66 pomell 39 in the Marg. Lotapas r jotapas p 68 pomell 44 then to be any razors than any pomell 39 in the mark Terenthia r Torentia, lordship 70 pomell 4 adulterium: razors adulteria. p 71 l Senio n. 1 Se●…o, l 41 not with razors not so much with pomell 46 in the mar. Be●…luar. r Belluarum. Whales within pools, razors Whales, whirr pools lordship 72 pomell 16 in the mark or razors in pomell 37 in the mark Baffors, Buff●…nss, lordship 74 pomell 26 in the mark Casanu●…n r Casaubon pomell 36 in the mark charlicter r licter l 40 in the mark ve●…eres' razors delicias lordship 76 pomell 13 or less razors more or less pomell 47 in the mark sweat r sweet balms lordship 81 pomell 2 by the razors about the l 40 in the mark or razors are l 46 in the mark infigured razors pr●…figured lordship 82 pomell 29 like ensued razors like end ensue lordship 89 pomell 26 Senators r Senones pomell 49 opened razors opined pomell 22 and alio rend all lordship 96 pomell 3 in the ma. ofa: years razors of two years. p 102 pomell 22 what, in razors what▪ and in lordship 103 pomell 9 both when razors both. When lordship 109 pomell 6 latest razors later p 110 pomell 42 in the marg. r La●…umiam lordship 1●…5 l 34 jemoniae razors Gemoniae 116 pomell ●…8 cariager Carnage lordship 119 pomell 1 or had razors or sense l 28 cheer you frowning razors chie●…e you frownsing lordship 127 pomell 29 disguisement r de●…ignment p 128 pomell 22 pitchers with razors pitchers. And with lordship 130 pomell 4●… fargnet r targue●… p 1●…2 l 13 in the mark his own razors his own self p 137 pomell 33 in the mark destruction r distinction p 139 pomell 45 impu●…ity r impurity p 140 pomell 29 barns razors baines. p 148 pomell 35 hantbors razors ha●…tbois lordship 1●…9 l 18 in the mark Incitato, cuius equi r Incitato, equo, cuius cau●…a p 152 pomell 8 in the mark Nero his mother's son. r Nero, his mother's husband. l 35 s●…ould pick razors should not pick lordship 168 pomell 5 and children razors and freedmen lordship 174 pomell 2●… father, quoth he, had razors father had lordship 183. pomell 5 or most razors a most lordship 187 pomell 23 stippled razors ●…ippled pomell 37 in the mar. wings razors rings lordship 190 pomell 45 tabels razors labels p 193 pomell 36 granings r gra●…ges l 38 always razors all was pomell 24 Foi●…e razors foist p 197 pomell 29 That all razors that when all lordship 200 pomell 10 in the ma left out Camelodun●… et Londinium coloniae etc. Tacitus. i. Maldon & London ij Colonies; & together with them, Verulamium a Burrough free town, (in the ruins whereof S. Albans now standeth in which places 7000 (by report) were slain of Citizens & Allies. p 201 pomell 47 in the ma. r Citharaedum a ●…inger to the Ha●…p p 202 pomell 6 so plainly razors so painfully p 204 pomell 15 grave r brave p 209 pomell 17 in the mark Aspernas r Asprenas l 14 from the razors by the l 16 the had razors he had lordship 215 pomell 14 them likewise razors then likewise lordship 216 pomell 5 in the mar. omitterens' razors amitterent. i. to lose l 45 in the mar. or this one razors or thus, one lordship 229 pomell 3 now start razors new start p 230 pomell 14 games razors gains p 2●…3 l 17 divided repast razors divided his repast p 236 pomell 1 As usurers razors Of usurers pomell 15 in the mar. image r huge lordship 246 pomell 12 in the mark words razors records l 35 Gods r goods p 250 pomell 44 placed razors played lordship 251 pomell 32 in the mar. to grow razors so, grow pomell 43 in the ma. order razors ordure p 25●… l 6 in the mark E●…ses r Euseb▪ lordship 268 pomell 27 in the mark Lacinthus r Latin thus lordship 270 pomell 24 his own razors her own lordship 271 pomell 19 mirable razors notable line 28 for Matium read Mat●…an.   

THE HISTORY OF Caius julius Cesar Dictator,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
CAESAR in the sixteenth year of his age, lost his (a) Father: 
CHAP. 1. A. V C. 670.  and in the 
* Sequentibus Coss. For at Rome they reckoned the years according to their Consuls: whose office ordinarily continued one year, and begin with the year▪ upon the first day of januarie.  year following, being elected (b) Flamen Dialis, he cast off COSSUTIA (a Gentlewoman borne but very wealthy) affianced unto him during his childhood; and espoused CORNELIA the daughter of CINNA four times Consul: who bore unto him soon after, his daughter JULIA: neither could he by any means be forced by SULLA the dictator, to (c) put her away: Whereupon, deprived of his sacerdotal dignity, losing the dowry in the right of his wife, and forfeiting all his heritage's (d) descended unto him from his lineage and name, he was reputed one of the 
* O●… Divorce.  contrary Faction▪ In so much as he was constrained to 
* Of Ma●…s.  hide his head; and (albeit the quartain Ague hung sore upon him) to change almost every night his starting holes wherein he lurked▪ yea▪ and to redeem himself with a (e) piece of money out of the inquisitors 
* To fly into the Sab●…s' Country,  hands that made search for him: until such time, as by the mediation of the religious (f) vestal virgins, by the means also of MAMER●…US AEMILIUS and AURELIUS COTTA, his near 
* For Aurelia was his mother.  kinsfolk and allied unto him, he obtained pardon. Certain it is, that SULLA, when he had denied a good while the request of those right worshipful persons, and his singular good friends entreating in his behalf, and yet they persisted earnest suitors still for him, being thus importuned and at length overcome, broke forth aloud into these words, either in a Divine prescience, or some pregnant conjecture, Go to (quoth he) my Mrs: Take him to you, since ye will needs have it so: but know this withal; that he whose life and safety ye so much desire, will one day be the overthrow of the Nobles, whose side ye have maintained with me▪ For in this CAESAR there be many MARII.  
THE first time that CAESAR served in the Wars, was in Asia, and that 
2.  in the (a) domestical retinue of 
* M. 〈◊〉 Thermus.  M. THERMUS the praetor: By whom being sent into Bythinia for to levy a Fleet, he made his abode with K. NICOMEDES: not without a foul rumour raised, that he prostituted his body to be abused by the King. which rumour he augmented himself, by coming again into Bythinia within few days, under a colour of calling for certain money, which should be due to a (b) Libertine and (c) Client of his. The rest of his soldiery he carried with better fame and reputation: and at the winning of MITYLENAE, THERMUS honoured him with a (a) Civike guirland.  
HE was a Soldier also under SERVILIUS ISAURICUS in Cilicia, but it 
3.  was not long: For upon certain intelligence given of SULLA his death, and the 
A. V C 676.  hope withal of the new dissension that was stirred & set on foot by M. (a) LEPIDUS, he returned in all haste to Rome. And notwithstanding he was mightily solicited by many large offers and fair promises, yet forbore he to join in society with LEPIDUS, partly distrusting his 
* Surnamed so of the people in Cilicia named ●…auri, whom he subdued.  nature, and in part doubting the present opportunity, which he found nothing answerable to his expectation.  
HOWBEIT when that civil discord and sedition was (a) appeased, he judicially 
4.  accused for 
* So variable and indiscreet  extortion CORNELIUS DOLABELLA, a man who had been Consul, and triumphed. But seeing that the Defendant was found unguilty and acquit, he determined to retire himself unto the City of Rhodes, as well to decline the 
* Wh●…es he governed his Province.  hatred of the world, as by occasion of that leisure and repose to learn the Art of Oratory under APOLLONIUS 
* For calling into question so honourable a person.  MOLON a most renowned Rhetorician in those days. As he crossed the Seas thitherward 
* Molon●…, not Molonis, as Plutar●… taketh it, that is, the son of Molon.  (being now Winter time) his fortune was about the Isle Pharmacusa to be taken by Rovers, and with them he remained in custody (not without 
* 〈◊〉 men●…us, that is, In the Winter months which were Decemb; januar. Febr:  exceeding indignation) for the space well near of xl. days, accompanied with one 
* Some read d●…gnatione in a diverse sense.  Physician and two Grooms of his chamber. For, 
* M●…dico, vel am●…, that is, a friend.  his 
* O●… the rest of his companions & ●…eruantss.  companions and the rest of his servants belonging to his train▪ he had sent 
* To the Cities of Asia, a Province adjoining.  away immediately at the very first, to procure him money with all speed for his ransom. After this upon the payment unto them of L. talents being set a shore, he delayed no time, but presently put his Fleet to Sea again, embarked, and never gave over pursuing the said Pirates, until he had overtaken them: and no sooner were they within his power, but as he often times had threatened in mirth, he put them all to death. Now whiles MITHRIDATES wasted the Country's next adjoining, because he would not be thought to sit still & do nothing in this dangerous & doubtful state of confederate Nations and Allies to the Romans', he left Rhodes whether he had directly bend his course, gathered a power of auxiliary Soldiers, expelled the Governor under the King out of the Province, and so kept the Cities and States in their allegiance, which were wavering and at the point to revolt.  
IN his Military (a) tribuneship, which was the first dignity after his return 
5.  to Rome, that befell unto him by the voices and election of the people, he assisted with all his might 
* C. Co●…ta▪ M. Cras●…s, & C●…. Pompe●…us. who were the chief.  those patrons of the Commons, who stood out for the restitution of their Tribunes authority; the force and strength whereof SULLA had abated. He effected moreover thus much, by virtue of an Act proposed by 
* A Tribune of the Commons.  PLOTIUS, that L. CINNA his wives brother, that they, who together with him in the time of the civil discord abovesaide, took part with LEPIDUS, and after the 
* Lepidus.  Consul's death, fled unto Sertorius, might return safely into the City, and enjoy their freedom. As touching which matter, himself made an Oration before the body of the people.  
BEING 
* Treasurer.  Questour he made as the ancient manner was Funeral Orations 
6.  out of the public Pulpit called Rostra, in the praise of JULIA his Aunt by the Father's side, and of his wife CORNELIA, both late deceased. And in the commendation verily of his said Aunt, speaking of the pedigree and descent by both sides, namely of herself, and also of her Father, he maketh report in these terms: Mine Aunt JULIA (quoth he) by her Mother is lineally descended from Kings, and by her Father united with the race of the immortal Gods: For, from Ancus Marcius are derived the Marcijs surnamed Reges, id est▪ Kings, which name my Mother was styled with: and from VENUS the JULIIS draw their original of which house and name is our family. So then, in this stock there concur and meet together, as well the sanctity and sacred Majesty of Kings, who among men are most powerful, as the religious Caeremonies and service of the Gods, in whose power Kings themselves are. In the place of CORNELIA departed, he wedded POMPEIA, daughter of Q. POMPEIUS, and Niece to L. SULLA. But her afterward he divorced, suspecting that she had been nought with P. CLODIUS, of whom there went so constant a report abroad, how at the celebration of certain public Divine ceremonies, he being disguised in woman's apparel had access secretly unto her, that the Senate by Decree directed a Commission to justices inquisitors, for to sit upon the pollution of those sacred Rites and 
* Of the Goddess Bona▪ which we celebrated in Caesar's house, being the Ponti●…ex.  Mysteries.  
DURING his Questureship, it fell unto him by lot to execute his Office in 
7.  
A. V C 687.  the 
* Called ●…ca.  farther Province of Spain: where, when as by the commandment of the 
* A●…tist ●…s Vet●…s.  Lord praetor, he road his circuit to keep the 
* In head shire Towns which were called Conventu●…. Pl●…▪  Assizes, and came to Gades, beholding advisedly the Image or pourtracture of K. ALEXANDER the Great in the Temple of HERCULES there: at the sight there of he fetched a deep sigh, yea, and as one displeased and yrked with his own slothfulness, in that he had performed yet no memorable Act at those 
* That is, 33. C. Ph●…lip. 5.  years, wherein ALEXANDER had conquered the whole world, he presently made earnest suit for his discharge and licence to departed, thereby to take the first opportunity of all occasions to compass greater enterprises at home within the City: and being moreover much disquieted and dismayed with a dream the night before (for he imagined in his sleep that he had carnal company with his own Mother) the Divinours and Wizards incited him to the hopes of most glorious achievements, making this exposition of his dream, that thereby was portended unto him the Sovereignty of the whole world, considering that his Mother whom he saw under him betokened naught else but the subjection of the earth, which is counted the Mother of all things.  
DEPARTING therefore thence before his time was fully expired, he went 
8.  unto the (a) Latin Colonies, which were now devising and in counsel to sue for the freedom of the City of Rome, and no doubt had solicited and excited them to attempt some tumult and trouble in the State, but that the Consuls for the avoiding of this very dunger, kept back the Legions for a while which were enrolled for to be sent into Cilicia.  
AND yet for all that, soon after he projected greater designs within the City. 
9  For, not many days before he entered upon his Aedileship, suspected he was 
A. V C. 688.  to have conspired with M. CRASSUS (
* That had been Consul.  a man of Consular degree) with P. SULLA likewise and 
* Or L. rather.  P. ANTRONIUS, (who after they were Consuls elect stood condemned for suing indirectly and by corruption for that place) to set upon the body of the Senate in the beginning of their year; and that after they had massacred whom it pleased them, M. CRASSUS should usurp the Dictatourship; himself be chosen by him Master of the Horsemen: and so when they had settled the State at their pleasure, SULLA and ANTRONIUS should be restored again unto their Cons●…lship. Of this conspiracy, TANUSIUS GEMINUS maketh mention in his Story, M. BIBULUS in his Edicts and C. CURIO the Father in his Orations. CICERO likewise seemeth to signify as much in a certain Epistle unto AXIUS wherein he reporteth that CAESAR established in his Consulship that Kingdom and royal government, which he plotted and thought upon when he was Aedile. TANUSIUS writeth farther, that CRASSUS either repenting himself, or else upon fear, was not present nor kept the day appointed for the said massacre▪ and therefore CAESAR neither gave that signal which by agreement he should have given. Now agreed it was as CURIO saith, that he should let his gown fall from his shoulders. The same CURIO yea and M. ARTORIUS NASO do writ, that he conspired also with CN. PISO anoble young Gentleman, who being in suspicion for a conspiracy within the City, had the Province of Spain extraordinarily and without his own suit bestowed upon him: and complotted it was, that both he in foreign parts abroad 
* Who was slain by Spanish Horsemen, of whom he had the conduct.  and himself also at Rome should at once make an insurrection for to altar the State; and that, by the occasion and means of the 
* So called of a river, near into which they dwelled beyond the Po.  Lambranes and inhabitants beyond the Po. That is, But the designment both of the one and the other was defeated and frustrate by reason of PISO his death.  
WHEN he was Aedile, besides the (a) Comitium, the Marketplace, and stately 
10  Halls of justice, he beautified the Capitol also with fair open Galleries 
A. V C. 689.  built for the present occasion to stand only during the public shows and plays: wherein if the number of Images, Statues, and painted Tables fell out to be greater than was needful, part of that furniture and provision might be set forth to the view of all men. As for the chase and baiting of wild beasts, the Stage plays & solemn sights, he exhibited them both jointly with his companion in Office, and also severally by himself. Whereby it came to pass, that howsoever the charges of these Solemnities were borne in common by them both, yet he alone went away with all the honour and thank thereof: Neither did M. BIBULUS his Colleague dissimule the matter, but utter as much, when he said that the same befell unto him which unto POLLUX: For like as (quoth he) the Temple erected in the Common Market place of Rome unto 
* Geminis fra●…ribus, that is, Costor and Pollux, who commonly be called Gemini fratres  both the Twin-brethrens, beareth the name of CASTOR alone: even so my munificence in expense and CAESAR'S together in setting out these games and plays, goeth under the name of CAESAR only. CAESAR over and above, did exhibit another show of Swordfight even at the sharp: but he brought into the place 
* And yet he exhibited 320. pair, as Plutarch writeth.  fewer couples of champions by a good many than he purposed: For, buying up (as he did) such a sort of Fencers from all parts out of every School, and putting his adversaries of the other faction in great affright thereby, he gave occasion unto the State to provide by a special Act in that behalf, For a certain set number of Swordeplaiers, above which no man might retain any at Rome.  
11 THUS when he had gained the hearts & favour of the people, he gave the attempt by some of the 
* That he might govern it and place the King ●…gaine in his ro●…all Seat.  Tribunes, and sued to have the Province of Egypt by an Act of the Commons conferred upon him: taking occasion to make suit for this extraordinary Government, For that the Alexandrianes had driven their 
* P●…lomeus Au●…etes the Father of Cleopa●…, who many years after by Gabi●… was restored to his Kingdom. A. V C. 690.  King out of his royalme, whom the Senate had styled with the title of Ally and Friend, An Act of theirs generally misliked. Howbeit he could not carry it, by reason that the faction of the Nobles crossed him. Whose authority 
* As ●…orrentius saith.  because he would by way of quittance infringe and impair by all means possible; the Tropaees and victorious Monuments of C. MARIUS' for subduing K. JUGURTHA, the Cimbrians and the Teutons, which before time had been demolished 
* This is by the figure Prol●…sis to be understood of Caesar when he was ●…raetour of the City: as who favoured the Faction of M●…rius both then and before, howsoever it may seem that 〈◊〉 speaketh this of him being Aedile, or presently after his Aedileship: which by Torre●…tius leave, may well stand with the truth.  and cast down by SULLA, he erected and set up again: 
* In place of the ●…retor.  Also in sitting upon a Commission for the examination of 
* Cae●…r. A. V C. 691.  murderers, he reckoned those in the number of them, who in the time of the Proscription, had received money out of the public Treasury for bringing in (a) the heads of Roman Citizens, notwithstanding they were excepted by virtue of the Laws 
* That is, Egypt and the restoring of the king afore said.  CORNELIAE.  
12 MOREOVER, he suborned one (a) and set him on, to indite C. RABIRIUS of high treason, by whose help especia●…ly some years before the Senate had repressed and restrained the seditious Tribuneship of L. SATURNINUS: and being by lot chosen a 
* Which were 35.  judge Delegate to pass sentence of the prisoner, so willing he was to condemn him, that when RADIRIUS appealed unto the people, nothing did him so much good as the rigour of the 
* But not entered y●…t i●…to the Office.  judge.  
13 HAVING laid a side all hope of the foresaid 
* 〈◊〉 suppl cium.  Province, he stood to be the Highest Priest, not without excessive and most lavish largesse. Wherein, considering how deeply he engaged himself in debt, the same morning that he was to go unto the assembly for the Election, when his Mother * kissed him he told her (by report) aforehand, that he would never return home but pontiff. And so far overweighed he (a) two most mighty Competitors, who otherwise for age and dignity much outwent him, that in their own Tribes he alone carried more voices, than both of them in all * throughout.  
BEING * created praetor, when as the Conspiracy of CATILINE was 
14  detected, and all the Senate generally awarded no lighter punishment than * death, for as many as were parties and accessary in that Action; he only gave his sentence, That their goods should be confiscate, and themselves put into several free Cities and Burrowghes under the people of Rome, and there to be kept in ward: and furthermore he put them in so great a fright that gave sharper censure (intimating eftsoones and setting before their eyes the exceeding great hatred of the Roman Commonalty, which in time to come they should incur) that D●…CIMUS SILANUS Consul elect was not abashed nor unwilling to mollify his own 
* As if he meant by ●…mum supplicium, impri sonment or some less punishment than death.  award, with a gentle exposition (because it had been a shame to altar it and eat his own words) as if it had been taken and construed in an harder sense, than he meant it. And verily prevailed he had, and go clear away with it (for many there were already drawn to his side, and among the rest, 
* Quintus Cicero  CICERO 
* M. Cicero.  the Consul's brother) but that a speech made by M. CATO emboldened the whole house, and confirmed all the Senators in their former sentence, who now were at the point to yield unto him. And yet for all this, he ceased not to hinder their proceed, until such time as a troop of Roman Knights, who stood round about the place in Arms for 
* Of Consul and Senate  guard and defence, threatened to dispatch him out of the way, in case he continued still in his obstinate contumacy, holding and shaking their drawn Swords so near unto him, as that his next fellows forsook him as he sat with them, and very few taking him in their arms and putting their 
* Plutarch nameth Curio for one of them  Gowns between, hardly and with much a do saved him from violence. Than was he scared in deed, in so much as he not only condescended unto them, but also for the rest of that 
* Of M. T Cicero the Consul his year which now drew to an ●…nd.  year forbore to come into the Senate house.  
THE very first day of his Pretourship, he convented QUEEN CATULUS before 
15  the body of the people to receive their order upon (a) a matter to be discussed 
A. V C. 692.  by them, as touching reedification of the Capitol, having withal promulged a Law, by virtue whereof he transferred the charge of that work unto 
* That i●…, to Cn. Pompeius.  another▪ But not able to match the Nobles and better sort, nor to make his part good with them drawing in one line, as they did, whom he saw in great frequency to run by heaps together, so fully bend to ma●…e resistance, that presently they left their officious attendance upon the new Consuls, he gave over this action.  
BUT, whereas CECILIUS METELLUS 
* Surnamed Nepos (as Va●…erius witnesseth) for his riotous life and beha viour.  a Tribune of the Commons, proposed 
16  most turbulent and seditious Laws, malgre his Colleagues with all their opposition, he showed himself a stout ab better and maintainer of him: most stiffly bearing him out in the cause, so long until both of them were by an injunction and decree of the Senators removed from the administration of the Common wealth. Howbeit presuming nevertheless to continued in his magistracy, and to execute his jurisdiction, when he understood once that some were ready to prohibit him by force and Arms, he sent away his sergeant, cast off his (e) embroidered purple rob, and retired priu●…ly to his own house, minding there to keep himself quiet in regard of the troublesome time. And when two days after, the multitude flocked unto him willingly and of their own accord, promising after a very tumultuous manner their help and assistance in the recovery of his former place and dignity, he repressed them. Which thing happening thus beyond all expectation, The Senate which was hastily met together about that riot and uproar, gave him hearty thanks; and that by the principal and noblest personages among them, sent for him into the (f) Curia, and after they had in most honourable terms commended him, they restored him fully to his Office, and reversed their former Decree.  
HE fell again into another new trouble and danger, being called into 
17.  question as one of CATILINE'S conspiracy, both before the Questor NOVIUS NIGER in his house, and that by L. VETTIUS 
* Indice, some read Indice, that is, as if Index were his surname.  who appeached him; and also in the Senate▪ by P. CURIUS: unto whom for that he detected first, the plots & designments of the Conspirators, were rewards appointed by the State. CURIUS deposed that he knew so much by CATTILINE: and VETTIUS promised to bring forth even his own hand-writing which he gave unto CATILINE: But this was such an indignity as CAESAR in no wise thought tolerable; whereupon, craving the testimony of CICERO by which he proved, that himself merely of his own accord had given some information unto him of the said Conspiracy, ●…e prevailed so much that CURIUS went without those rewards. As for VETTIUS, after his goods were arrested and stresses taken, his household-stuff rifled, himself evil entreated, beaten, and in the open assembly of the multitude even before the ROSTRA well-near pulled in pieces, him he clapped up in prison. After the same sort he served NOVIUS the Questour, because he suffered him, (g) a superior Magistrate of State, to be accused and defamed in his house.  

* Ex praetura whereby it appeareth he was Praetor Viba●….  AFTER this Pretourship of his, having the Government of the farther 
18.  Province in Spain allotted unto him, he took order with his Creditors (that 
A. V C. 69●….  were in hand to stay him) by the means of certain (a) sureties who came in and undertook for him: and before the Governors of the Provinces were disposed-of by the State, with Commissions sealed for their jurisdiction and other affairs, with allowance and furniture also set out for them accordingly, he contrary to all right and custom put himself in his journey: were it for fear of some judicial proceeding intended against him whiles he was a private person, or because he might more speedily secure the Allies of the Romans', who craved help, it is uncertain. Well, when he had settled the Province in peace, he made as great haste to be go▪ and not expecting a Successor he departed, as well to ride in Triumph as to take upon him the Consulship. But after the Writs and Proclamations were out for the great Assembly to Election (of 
A V C 695.  Consuls) when he might not be pricked nor propounded (Consul) unless he entered the City in quality of a private Citizen, and 
* Cato, and his followers.  many withstood him labouring as he did to be dispensed-with for the Laws, forced he was for fear of being put by the Consulship to forego (b) his triumph.  
OF the two Competitors with him for the Consulship, to wit, L. LUCEIUS 
19  and M. BIBULUS, he made choice of LUCEIUS to be his Companion in Office; upon this compact and condition, That since he was a man not so gracious, but better moneyed than himself, he should of his own purse pronounce in the name of both, & promise' to deal monies among the Centuries. Which devise being known the 
* Optimates.  Nobles and great men who were afraid, that being once a sovereign 
* Consul.  Magistrate, & having a colleague ready at his beck to agreed & consent with him, he would both dare & do any thing; persuaded with BIBULUS to make promise of as great a Donation as the other did: and the most part of them contributed their monies thereunto. Yea, CATO himself verily was not against it, but said, This Largesse stood with the good of the weal public. Hereupon created Consul he was with BIBULUS. For the same cause, the said Nobles and principal persons of the City gave order, that the Consuls for this year following, should have (b) the Provinces and Commissions of lest affair and importance, to wit, the looking unto Forests & Woods, unto Lanes and Paths. CAESAR taking this wrong and disgrace most to the heart, made court all that ever he could unto CN. POMPEIUS, who had taken offence against the Senators, for that having vanquished KING MITHRIDATES, his Acts and Decrees were no sooner ratified and confirmed. He reconciled also unto POMPEIUS, M. CRASSUS, an old enemy ever since that Consulship, which they bore together with exceeding much jarring and disagreement: He entered likewise into a Society with them both, upon this contract, That nothing should be done or pass in the administration of the Commonweal, that displeased any of them three.  
WHEN he was entered into this Honourable place of Consulship; he (first 
20  of all that ever were) ordained, That all Acts, as well of Senate as People should 
A. V C. 695.  day by day as they (a) were concluded, be recorded also and published. He brought-in likewise the ancient custom again, that in what (b) month he had not the Knitches of rods with Axes borne before him, a public Officer called ACCENSUS should huis●…er him before, and the sergeant or Lictours follow after behind. Having promulged the Law Agraria, as touching the division of Lands among the Commons, when his fellow Consul withstood and resisted his proceed, he drove him out of the commonplace, by violence and force of Arms. The morrow after, when the said BIBULUS had made his complaint in the Senate of this outrage, and there would not one be found that durst move the house about so great a garboil and hurly burly as that was, nor give his censure thereof (as often times in lighter 
* Turbis alias culp●…, that is, Trespasses or offences.  tumults and stirs there had passed many Decrees) he drove him to such a desperate fear, that until he went quite out of his magistracy, he kept close within house and never prohibited 
* 〈◊〉, by pronouncing out of the Augurs learning, that the day was nefa●…tus & non comitialis, that is no Law-day.  any proceed else, but by way of 
* Per edicta, some read, per list ●…ess, that is, by his Ser●…ntss and Officers.  Edict. From that time forward, CAESAR alone managed all the affairs of State, even as he would himself: in so much as divers Citizens pleasantly conceited, when so ever they signed, subscribed, or dated any writings to stand upon record, would merrily put it down thus, Such a thing was done, not when CAESAR and BIBULUS, but when JULIUS and CAESAR were Consuls: setting down one and the same man twice, by his name and surname: yea, and soon after, these verses were commonly currant abroad,  

Non Bibulo, quidquam nuper, sed Caesare, factum est:  
Nam Bibulo fieri Consul, nil memini.   

CAESAR of late did many things, but BIBULUS not one:  
For naught by Consul BIBULUS, can I remember done.   
The Stellat champain fields held consecrated & religious by our Ancestors, together with the Campane territory reserved to yield rend and pay tribute for a Subsidy to the Commonweal, he divided without casting 
* At the discretion of ●…x. men d●…puted Commissioners for that purpo●….  lots, among twenty thousand Citizens who could show three children or more. The Publicans making request for some 
* For that they had taken things at too high a rate.  easement he relieved, by striking of a third part of their rents, and warned them openly, that in the setting and letting of the new commodities and revenues of the City, they should not bid and offer too much. All other things likewise he gave and granted, according as every man's mind and desire stood thereto, and no man gainsaid him: but, went any about to thwart him, he was soon frighted away. M. CATO, when he seemed to interrupt and stop his proceed, he caused to be haled violently out of the Senate house by an Officer, and committed to prison. As L. LUCULLUS stoutly withstood his doings, he put him into so great a fear of sundry Actions and criminations, that he was glad to come and fall down before him at his knees. When CICERO pleading upon a time in Court, had lamented the woeful state of those times: the very same day, at the 
* Three a clock in the afternoon.  ninth hour thereof, he brought P. CLODIUS his enemy to be adopted into the house and name of a Commoner; one who long before had laboured in vain to go from the Nobles, and be incorporate among the Commons. Last of all, it is credibly reported, that he induced by rewards, against all those in general of the contrary faction, 
* Indicem, others read judic m id est Vettius judex.  an appeacher, to profess that he was solicited by some for to murder POMPEIUS; 
* L. Vettius according to Di●… and ●…ptian.  who being produced forth by him before the body of the people, nominated (as he had instructions, and as it was agreed between them afore) those that set him a work: but when one or two of them were named to no purpose, nor without pregnant suspicion of some fraudulent practice; he despairing the good success of so rash and inconsiderate a project, poisoned the 
* Id est Vettius judex aforesaid: For, dead he was found in prison by night.  party whom he had thus suborned, and made him away for telling any more tales.  
ABOUT the same time, he took to wife CALPURNIA the daughter of L. 
21.  PISO, who was to succeed him in the Consulate; and affianced hiw own daughter JULIA unto CN. POMPEIUS, rejecting and casting off her former spouse 
* Whom he promised in marriage the daughter of Cn. Pompeius.  SERVILIUS CAEPIO, by whose help especially a little before, he had impugned BIBULUS. After this new contracted affinity, he began (in Counsel) to ask (a) POMPEIUS' opinion first; whereas before, he was wont to begin with CRASSUS: notwithstanding also the custom was, that the Consul should observe that order all the year following, in ask the Senators sentences, which he began with, the first day of januarie.  
BEING backed therefore by the favour and assistance of his wife's 
* Piso.  Father 
22.  and 
* Cn. Pompeius.  Son in Law, out of all that choice of Provinces he chose especially the Gauls, the wealth and commodity whereof might fit his hand, and minister matter sufficient of (a) triumphs. And verily at the first by virtue of the Law (b) VATINIA he took upon him the government of (c) GALLIA CISALPINA together with ILLYRICUM. Soon after by the means of the Senate, that also which was called (d) COMATA: For, the nobility feared, lest if they had denied him it, the people would have bestowed the same also upon him. With joy whereof he grew so haughty and proud, that he could not hold and temper himself, but after some few days make his boast in a frequent Senate house, that he had gotten now what he desired in despite of his adversaries, and full ●…ore against their wills; and therefore from that time forward, would (e) insult upon all their heads: whereupon, when one by way of reproach denied that and said, That it was no easy matter for a woman so to do: he answered again, as it were alluding merrily to another sense, That, even in Assyria there some time reigned Queen SEMIRAMIS: and that the women named (f) amazons held in times past a great part of Asia in subjection.  
WHEN he had borne his Consulship, C. MEMMIUS and L. DOMITIUS 
23  Pretours for the time being 
* whether they should be repealed or stand in force. , put to question his Acts passed the former year: 
A V C 696.  whereupon he referred the examination and censure thereof unto the body of the Senate but seeing they would not underta●…e the thing, after three days spent to no purpose in vain brabbles and altercations, he departed into his Province. And immediately his 
* When he was Consul.  Questour (a) for to prejudice him, was drawn into trouble & indicted upon certain crimes. Within a while himself also was brought judicially to his trial, and accused by L. ANTISTIUS a Tribune of the COMMONS: but by appealing unto the College of the Tribunes, he prevailed through their favour thus much (in regard of his absence about the affairs of Commonweal) that he should not be liable to the accusation. For his better security therefore against future times, he travailed much to oblige and make beholden unto him the Magistrates every year: and of those Competitors who sued for any honourable Office, to help or suffer none other to come unto the place, but such as covenanted with him, and undertook to defend & maintain 
* For that he was extraordinarily absent, longer than the Law Sempronia did permit.  him in his absence. For assurance of which their covenant, he stuck not to require of some an oath, yea, and a bill of their own hands.  
BUT when L. DOMITIUS a (a) Candidate for the Consulship threatened openly, 
24.  that were he once Consul, he would effect that which he could not while 
A. V C. 698.  he was praetor, yea, and take from him his Armies, he made means to draw CRASSUS and POMPEIUS unto Luca a City within his Province: with whom he dealt effectually, that for to give DOMITIUS the repuise, they should both sue for themselves to be Consuls the second time, and also labour that his government might be prorogued or continued for five years longer; and he effected both. Upon this confidence he presumed to assume unto those Legions which he had received from the State, others beside, maintained partly at the City's charges, and in part with his own private purse. And one Legion above the rest, enrolled from out of the Countries beyond the Alps, he termed by a French word, For named it was 
* The bird Galerita or Cassita, so called of a crest, upon the head. This Legion it should seem aware P●…umeses of feathers in their crests of Helmets, whereupon it took that name.  Alauda. Which, being trained in military discipline, armed also and set out after the Roman fashion, he afterwards enfranchised throughout and made free of Rome. Neither from this time forward forbore he any occasion of war, were it never so unjust or dangerous: picking quarrels as well with confederate Nations, as those that were enemies, savage and barbarous; whom he provoked to take Arms: in so much as the Senate one time decreed▪ to sand certain Ambassadors for to survey & visit the state of the Gauls: yea, and some 
* Namely Cato, Plutarch.  were of opinion, that he should be delivered unto the enemy's hands. But by reason that his affairs sped well and had good success, he obtained in regard thereof solemn Supplications both oftener, and to hold more days than ever any man did (before himself.)  
DURING the time of his (provincial) government, which continued nine 
25.  years space, these, in manner, were the Acts which he performed. All that part of Gaul, which from the Forest and Mountain Pyrenaeus, the Alps, and the hill Gebena, is enclosed within the Rivers Rhine and Rhosne, containing in circuit 3200. miles, not accounting the associate Cities and States well of the people of Rome, he reduced into the form of a Province, and imposed upon them a payment of tribute yearly. The Germans inhabiting beyond the Rhine, he of all the Romans' first assailed by means of a bridge which he built over the said River, and those he grievously plagued and gave them many great overthrows. He set upon the Britaines also, a people before time unknown, whom he vanquished and compelled both to pay money, and also to deliver hostages. In so many prosperous battles and fortunate exploits, he tasted of adverse fortune thrice only & no more: once in Britain, when his Fleet had like to have been lost and cast away in a violent tempest: a second time in Gaul, where a Legion of his was discomfited and put to flight, near unto Gergou●…a: and last of all, in the marches of Germany, when TITURIUS and AURUNCULEIUS his Lieutenants were forlayed by an ambush and put to the sword.  
WITHIN the compass of which very same time, he lost by death, first, his 
26  
* Aurelia a Dame of singular chastity  Mother, than his daughter (JULIA) and not long after his 
* neptem, alij nepotem, that is, Nephew.  Niece by the said 
A. V C. 700.  daughter. And in this mean while, the Commonwealth being much troubled and astomed at the murder of CLODIUS, 
* By Milo●…  when the Senate thought good there should be but one Consul created, namely CN. POMPEIUS, he dealt with the Tribunes of the Commons (who intended that he should be the Colleague in Office with POMPEIUS) to propose this rather unto the People, That they would grant leave unto him in his absence, whensoever the term of his government drew toward an end, to sue for his second Consulship: because he might not be constrained upon that occasion, and whiles the war was yet unfinished, to departed out of his Province. Which when he had once obtained at their hands, reaching now at higher matters, and full of hopes, there was no kind of largesse, no manner of dutiful Office either in public to the whole City, or privately unto any person that he omitted and left undone. His FORUM or stately Hall he began to build with the money raised of the spoils gotten in wars: the very plot of ground whereon it should stand, cost him 
* That is, a hundred millians of Sesterces, and 20, as P●…me writeth, lib 36 Cap. 15. if G●…areanus readeth truly, Millies aucenti●…s.  Millies sestertium and above. He pronounced also a solemn Swordfight and Feast unto the people, in the honour and memorial of his Daughter, a thing that never any man did before him. And to 'cause an expectation of these solemnities in the highest degree, the viands & whatsoever pertained unto the feast, albeit he had agreed with B●…tcherss and Victuallers for the same at a certain price, he provided nevertheless by his 
* Domesticatim.  household-servants. All the notable and well known sword players, when and wheresoever they fought so, as upon the mislike and displeasure of the beholders they were in danger to be killed in the place at their commandment, he took order and charged they should be had away by force and reserved for himself. As for new-Fencers and young beginners, he trained them neither in any public School, nor under professed Mrs: of that Faculty, but at home in private houses, by Gentlemen of Rome, yea, and Senators also, such as were skilful●… in their weapon and in feats of Arms praying and beseeching them earnestly (as appeareth in his Epistles unto them) to take the charge of every one severally, and to have a special care to instruct each one, and give them rules in their exercises. The legionary Soldiers pay in money he doubled for ever. And so often as there was plenty of corn, he gave them their allowance of it without stint and measure and other-while he bestowed upon every one a slave or bond-servant, yea and possessions by the poll.  
MOREOVER, to retain still the bond of acquaintance, affinity, and good 
27.  will of POMPEIUS, OCTAVIA his sister's 
* So, he was great Uncle unto her▪ like as he was to Octavius A●…gustus, the Emperor.  Niece wedded unto C. MARCELLUS, he affianced and made sure unto him: but withal, he craved his daughter to wife, promised in marriage before unto FAUSTUS SULLA. Having thus obligued and brought to his devotion all those about him, yea, & the greater number of Senators, by crediting out his money unto them, either gratis, or upon a slight consideration: those also of other sorts & degrees, either invited kindly by himself, or resorting unto him of their own accord, he gratified with a most magnificent and bounteous (a) congiary. The freed men beside, yea, and the Servants and Pages belonging to every one, according as any of them were in favour with their 
* Or Patron.  Lord and Master, tasted of his liberality. Moreover, there was not a man sued in Court judicially and in danger of the Law; there was not any deeply engaged and indebted unto their Creditors; there were no prodigal young spendthrifts, but he was their only supporter, and most ready at all assays to help them: unless they were those that either had committed such grievous crimes, or were so low brought, or had been so excessive in riot, as that they could not possibly be relieved by him. For such as these, he would say in plain terms and openly, there was no other remedy but civil war.  
Not less careful and studious was he to al●…ure unto him the hearts of Kings, 
28  yea, and whole Provinces throughout the world: unto some, offering in free gift the delivery of Captives and prisoners by thousands at a time: unto others, sending aid secretly and underhand without authority or commission of Senate and people, whether and as often as they would: and more than this, adorning with goodly building and excellent pieces of work the mightiest Cities of Italy, Gaul, Spain, yea, and of Asia and Greece. This he did so long, until all men now were astonished thereat: and when they cast with themselves whereto this might tend, at last M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS the Consul, after a preface and preamble 
A. V C. 703.  made to his Edict, namely, That he would speak as touching the main point of the Commonweal, proposed unto the Senate, That for as much as the war was now ended, and peace abroad established, there might be one sent to succeed him, before his time was fully expired; also, That the victorious Army aught of right to be dismissed and have their discharge from warfare: Item, that in the High Court and assembly for the Consul's election his name should not be propounded, considering POMPEIUS afterward had annulled 
* ●…i plebis●…ito.  that Act of the people (by virtue whereof it was granted that he might be chosen Consul in his absence.) Now it had fallen out so, that he making a Law as touching the right of Magistrates, in that Chapter and branch thereof, wherein he disabled those who were absent for being capable of honours and dignities, forgot to except CAESAR: and soon after, when the said Law was once engrossed and engraven in brass, & so laid up in the Treasury, corrected his error and oversight. Neither was MARCELLUS content to deprive CAESAR of his Provinces, and to put him by the privilege of a former Act passed in especial favour of him, but he made a motion moreover, that those inhabitants, whom by the Law Vatinia CAESAR had planted in the Colony of Novocomum, should lose the freedom which they had, as Citizens of Rome: For that this prerogative of theirs had been granted by ambitious means, and beyond that prescript number which was appointed and warranted by the Decree in that behalf.  
CAESAR highly displeased and troubled at these proceed, and judging it, (as he was heard by report many times to give out) an harder matter for him a 
29  principal man of the City, to be deposed and thrust down from the highest and first place of degree into the second, than from the second into the lowest and last of all) withstood him with all his might and power, partly by the opposition and negative voice of the Tribunes, and in part by SERVIUS SULPITIUS 
A. V C. 904.  the other Consul. Also in the year following when HUNDRED MARCELLUS who succeeded his cousin GERMAN by the father's side MARCUS, in the consulship▪ assayed to bring the same about, he bribed & made sure unto him, with a mighty sum of money, AEMILIUS PAULUS, companion with him in office, and C. CURIO a most violent Tribune▪ to stick unto him, & defend his honour. But seeing all things carried still against him more obstinately than before, & the new Consuls elect take the contrary side & bend another way, he wrote unto the Senate, and by his letters humbly besought them, not to suffer the benefit granted unto him by the people to be taken from him: or if they did, yet to give order that other Generals like wise as well as he, might leave their Armies: presuming confidently, as men think, upon this, himself should be able whensoever he pleased to assemble together his soldiers more easily than POMPEIUSTO levy new. But with his adversaries he would have treated by way of Capitulation in these terms, that after he had discharged and sent away 8. Legions, and given over the province of Gaul beyond the Alps, he might be allowed 2. legions with the province on this side the Alps: or if not so, yet at least wise one, together with ILLYRICUM, until such time as he were created consul.  
But perceiving that the Senate came not between nor interposed their authority to stop the course intended against him, & his adversaries denied flatly to admit all manner of capitulating & composition concerning the commonwealth, he passed into the hither part of Gaul, & having kept the Assizes there and executed his provincial jurisdiction stayed at Ravenna, with full resolution to be revenged by open war, in case there had passed from the Senate, any sharp and cruel decree, touching the Tribunes of the Commons opposing themselves in his behalf, & quarrel: And verily this was the colour and occasion which he pretended of civil war: yet men think there were some other causes & motives thereto. Cn. POMPEIUS was wont to give out that for as much as CAESAR was not able of himself and with his own private wealth, either to consummate and finish those stately works & aedifices which he had begun, or to satisfy the expectation of the people which he had raised & wrought of his coming, therefore he intended to trouble the state and set all on a garboil. Others say, that he feared lest he should be compelled to give an account of those things which in his first Consulship he had done against the sacred Auspexes, the laws, and prohibitions of the Tribunes (in the name of the people) considering that M. CATO had threatened and professed eftsoons, & not without an oath, that no sooner should he and his army be parted, but he would judicially call his name in question & bring him to his answer: Also for that it was commonly spoken abroad that if he returned once in quality of a private person, he should after the example of MILO pled before the judges, with a guard of armed men about the Court and Tribunal. And this seemeth to be more probable by that which ASINIUS POLLIO writeth, who reporteth, that in the battle of Pharsalia, when he beheld his adversaries before his face, slain and put to flight, he uttered this speech word for word. Lo, this was their own doing: this would they needs have, And I CAIUS CEASAR after so many worthy exploits achieved should have been a condemned man, had I not craved help of mine army. Some are of opinion, that being so long enured & acquainted with sovereign command, & weighing his own puissance & the power of his enemies, in balance one against the other, took the occasion & opportunity to usurp that absolute dominion, which in the very prime of his years he aspired unto; and of this mind, it seemeth CICERO was, who in his 3. book of duties writeth, that CEASAR had always in his mouth, these verses of EURIPIDES  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   
Which CICERO himself translated thus.  

Nam si violandum est ius, imperij gratia  
Violandum est, alijs reb●…s pietatem colas.   

For if thou must do wrong by breach,  
Of laws, of right and equity,  
'tis best thereby a Crown to reach,  
In all things else keep piety.   
When word therefore was brought unto him, that the Tribunes inhibition 
31  & negative voice was put down, and themselves departed out of the City: 
A▪ V▪ C▪ 705,  having immediately sent before certain Cohorts privily, because no suspicion might arise, he dissimuled the matter, & was present in person to behold a public Game, viewed, and considered the platform according to which he was about to build a School of sword fencers, and according to his usual manner gave himself to feast & banquet often. After this presently upon the Sunsetting, he took up certain Mules from the next Bakersmil-house; set them in their geires to his waggon, and as closely as possibly he could with a small retinue and company about him put himself in his journey; and when by reason that the lights were go out, he had lost his way, after he had wandered a long time, at the length meeting with a guide by that time it was day, he passed on foot through most narrow cross lanes and by-paths until he recovered the right way again. Now when he had ones overtaken his Cohorts, at the river Rubicon, which was the utmost bound of his province, he rested & stood still a little while▪ them casting in his mind, how great an enterprise he went in hand with, he turned unto them that were next unto him and said. As yet my masters we may well return back; but pass we once over this little bridge, there will be no dealing but by force of arms and dint of sword.  
As he thus stayed, and stood doubtful what to do, a strange sight he chanced to see in this manner. All of a sudden their appeared unto him a certain man of an extraordinary stature & shape withal, sitting hard by, & piping with a reed. Now when beside the shepherds & herdsmen many soldiers also from their standing wards ran for to hear him, & among them the Trumpeters likewise, he caught from on of them a Trum pet, leapt forth to the river, & beginning with a mighty blast to sound the battle, kept on his pace to the very bank, on the otherside. Than CEASAR, Let us march on quoth he & go whither the tokens of the Gods & the injurious dealings of our enemies call us. The dices be thrown: I have set up my rest. Come what will of it.  
And thus having conveyed his army over the river, he joined with the Tribunes of the commons, who upon their expulsion out of the City were come unto him, & in a full & frequent assembly, with shedding tears & renting his garment down the breast, besought 
3●…  the faithful help & assistance of his soldiers. It is supposed also that he promised unto every on of them a knights living: which happened upon a vain & false persuasion, for when in his speech & exhortation unto them, he showed ever & a non the (ring▪) finger of his left hand, & therewith avouched & promised for the satisfaction & contentment of all those by whose means he should maintain his honour & dignity, that he would willingly (b) pluck the ring from off his own finger: those that stood hindmost in the assembly, who might better see than hear him speak, took that for spoken which they imagined by bore sight, and so the speech went for currant, That he promised them the dignity of wearing the ring (of gold) together with 400000 (sesterces.)  
THE order▪ proceeding a final compliment of those Acts, which from thence 
34  forth he achieved, summarily goeth in this manner. He seized into his hands and held PICENUM, VMBRIA, & HETRURIA. L. DOMITIUS, who in a factious tumult was nominated to be his successor, & kept CORFINIUM with a garrison, he subdued & forced to yield: and when he had dismissed him, he marched along the coast of the Adriatic 
* That is Venus-gulfe.  sea, to Brundis, whether the Consuls & POMPEIUS were fled, intending with all speed to cross the narrow Seas: whose passage after he had assayed by all manner of lets to hinder & stop (but in vain) he turned his journey and took the way directly to Rome. And when he had courteously moved the Senators to give him meeting in the Senate house, there to treat & consult 
●… T●…  as touching the State of the Commonweal, he set upon the most puissant forces of POMPEIUS, which were in Spain under the conduct of three Lieutenants, M. PETREIUS L. AFFRANIUS & M. VARRO: having given out before among his friends and openly professed, that he was going to an Army without a (a) Captain; and would return from thence to a (b) Captain without an Army. And albeit the besieging of Massilia, which City in his journey forward, had shut the gates against him, & exceeding scarcity of corn & victuals was some impeachment & stay unto him, yet within a short time he overcame & subdued all.  
FROM hence having returned to the City (of Rome) again, & passed over into 
35.  Macedon, after he had held POMPEIUS besieged for the space well-near of 4. 
A. V C. 706.  months, & that within most mighty trenches & strong rampires, he discomfited at the last in the Pharsalian battle & put him to flight: and following him hotly in chase as he fled to Alexandria, so soon as he understood that he was slain, and perceived likewise that King PTOLOMAEUS laid wait for his own person also, he warred upon him▪ which, to say a truth, was a most difficult & dangerous piece of work, by reason that he managed it, neither in place indifferent, nor time convenient, but in the very Winter season, and within the walls of a most wealth & politic enemy, being himself in distress & want of all things, and unprovided beside to fight. Having achieved the victory, he granted the kingdom 
A. V C. 707.  of Egypt unto CLEOPATRA & her younger brother, fearing to reduce it into the form of a Province, lest at any time, being governed under some L. Precedent of a more stirring spirit & violent nature than others, it might give occasion & yield matter of rebellion. From Alexandria he went over into Syria, & so from thence into Pontus, upon the urgent news as touching PHARNACES; Whom, notwithstanding he was the son of that great MITHRIDATES, & taking the opportunity of the troubles & civil war among the Romans, made war, yea, and now bore himself presumptuous and overbold for his manifold victories & great success, yet within 5 days after his arrival thither, & 4. hours after he came into sight of the enemy, he vanquished and subdued in one only battle: eftsoones & oftentimes recounting the felicity of POMPEIUS, whose 
708. A. V C. 709.  hap it was, to win his principal name for warfare, of so ●…owardly a kind of enemies. After this, he defeated SCIPIO and JUBA, repairing the relics of that side in Africa, and the children of POMPEIUS in Spain.  
IN all the civil wars, he sustained no loss or overthrow but by his own 
36  Lieutenants: of whom, C. CURIO was slain in Africa: C. ANTONIUS yielded himself into the hands of his enemies in Illyricum: P. DOLABELLA in the same Illyricum lost his fleet, and CN. DOMITIUS his army in Pontus. Himself fought his battles always most fortunately, and never was so much as in any hazard, save only twice: once before Dyrrachium, where being discomfited and put to flight, when he saw that POMPEIUS followed not on in chase, he said of him, That he knew not how to use a victory. A second time, in Spain, at the last battle that ever he fought, what time, being in great despair, he was of mind even to have killed himself.  
HAVING finished all his wars, he road in 5. triumphs: to wit, when he had 
37  vanquished SCIPIO, 4. times in one and the same month, but certain days between: 
A. V C 708. 709.  and once again, after he had overcome the children of POMPEIUS. The first and most excellent triumph that he solemnized, was that over Gaul: then followed the Alexandrine; after it the Pontic; next thereunto the African: and last of all the Spanish: every one set out diversely, with variety of Ordinance, provision and furniture. On the day of his Gauls triumph, as he road along the 
* A Street in Rome.  Velabrum, he had like to have been shaken out of his Chariot, by reason that the Axel-tree broke. He mounted up into the Capitol by torchlight, having xl. Elephants on his right hand & left, bearing (a) branches and candlesticks. In his Pontic triumph, among the Pageants and shows of that pomp, he caused to be carried before him the title & superscription of these three words, Veni, vidi, vici, I came, I saw, I conquered: signifying, not the acts achieved by war, as other 
* Sicut caet●…ri.  Conquerors, but noting his expedition in despatching the war.  
THROUGHOUT the Legions of old Soldiers, he gave in the name of pillage, 
38  unto every footman (over and above the (a) 2000 sestertij, which he had paid at the beginning of the civil tumult) (b) 
* Or rather ●…cena, that is, 20000.  4000 sestertij: and to the horsemen (c) 
* Rather quadrag●…, that is 40000.  24000. a piece. He assigned lands also unto them, but not lying all together, because none of the owners should be thrust out (of their live.) Among the people (of Rome) beside x. modij of corn, & as many pints of oil, he distributed & dealt 300 Sesterces also by the poll, which he had in times past promised, with an over-deale of 100 a piece to boot, 
* By which reckoning the proportion to horsemen was double.  for time. He remitted moreover one years house rend, unto all tenants in Rome, if it amounted to 2000 Sestertij and not above: but to those in Italy, if the said rent exceeded not 500 Furthermore, he 
* That is, for bearing so long.  made them a general great feast, & distributed a dole of raw flesh: yea, and after his victory in Spain he gave them 2. dinners: For, deeming the former of them to have been made niggardly and not beseeming his liberality, he bestowed upon them 5. days after, another, and in most large and plenteous manner.  
39 HE exhibited shows of sundry sorts (as namely) a swordfight of Fencers at sharp: he set forth Stage Plays likewise in several quarters and (a) Regions of the City throughout, and those verily acted by 
* Vi●…eerationem: which as some think Porfi●…, calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is expounded 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whereupon the Genius of such merriments, is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A. V C. 708. ˣ To gratify all strangers that conflowed to Rome.  Players in all languages: Semblably, the solemn games (b) Circenses, he showed; and brought forth Champions also to perform their devoir, and represented a naval-fight. At the said solemnity of swordplaiers, there fought to the uttrance in the Market place of Rome, FURIUS LEPTINUS, descended from the race of Pretours, and A. CALPENUS, one who had been sometime a Senator, and a pleader of causes at the bar. There danced the (c) Pyrrhic warlike dance, the children of the Princes and Potentates of Asia and Bythinia. During the Stage plays aforesaid (d) D. LABERIUS a Gentleman of Rome acted his own Poem or Interlude: For which, being rewarded with 500 thousand Sesterces, and a ring of gold, he passed directly from the Stage by the (e) Orchestra, to take up his place among the Knights in the 14. foremost seats. At the Games Circenses, against which the Cirque was enlarged on both sides and mo●…ed round about, there drove the Steeds drawing Chariots four and two together, yea and mounted the vaunting Horses from one to another, the greatest gallants & bravest young Gentlemen of the Nobility. The (f) warlike Trojan Game was performed by a twofold troop of greater boys and less. The hunting or baiting of wild beasts was presented five days together. And the last day of all, there was a fight between two battles of 500 footmen, 20. Elephants, and 30. horsemen on a side, put to skirmish one against the other. For, to the end that they might have more scope to bicker together▪ the (g) goals were taken up and removed: but in steed of them were pitched two 
* Or Tents.  Camps confronting one another. As for the (h) Champions abovesaid, they having a place for to exercise their feats of Activity set out and built for the present time, strove for the prize or best Game three days together in the Region of Mars field. To set out the naumachy or naval battle, there was a place digged for a great pool, in the less (i) Co●…eta; wherein certain galleys as well with two ranks of Oars as with three; the ships of Tyros also & of Egypt encountered, being manned with a great number of fight men. To behold these sights and shows, such a number of people resorted from all parts, as most of the strangers either within the streets of the City or in the high ways without, were feign to abide within booths pitched of purpose: yea, and oftentimes very many were in the press crowded and crushed to death; among whom were two Senators.  
TURNIN●… after this to set the State of the Commonweal in good order, 
40  he reform the Calendar, which long since through the Prelate's default, by their liberty of interlacing (months and days) at their pleasure, was so confused, that neither the festival holidays of harvest fell out in Summer, nor those of the vintage in Autumn. And he framed the whole year just unto the course of the Sun, that it should contain 365. days; and by abolishing the leap month, one (a) day every fourth year might be inserted between.  
Now to the end that the computation of the times to come, might from the 
* Calen●…is jauxarijs 〈◊〉.  new Kalends of janvarie agreed the better, between November and December, he put two other months. So as, that year wherein all this was ordained, had 15. months, reckoning the ordinary interlaced month, which by course and custom fell just upon the said year.  
HE made up the full (a) number of the Senators, and chose unto that place 
41  
* According to the Law Ca●….  new (b) Patritij. The number of Pretours, Aediles, Questors, and of other (c) inferior Magistrates he augmented. Such as were displaced and put down by virtue of the Censors Office, or otherwise by sentence of the judges condemned for unlawful bribery, and suing indirectly for any Office, he restored to their former rooms. In the election of Magistrates he parted with the people thus far forth; as (excepting the Competitors of the Consulship) for all the number beside of Candidates, the one half should be declared those whom the People were disposed to propound, the other half, such as himself would nominate. Which nomination passed by certain bills sent about unto the Tribes, in a brief kind of Writ after this manner: CAESAR DICTATOUR unto this or that Tribe (greeting) I commend unto you, such an one and such an one, that by virtue of your voices and suffrages they may have and hold the dignity they sue for. He admitted unto honourable places the children 
* Contrary to the Law Cornelia.  of those who had been proscript and outlawed. He reduced all judgements unto two sorts of judges, namely of the Knight's degree and the Senators: As for the Tribunes of the Treasury or chamber of the City, which had been the third, he utterly 
* Disabled them for being judges.  abolished. The general survey and numbering of the people he held, neither after the accustomed (d) manner, nor in the usual place, but street by street, and that by the 
* As who best knew the number of their tenants and inhabitants in their houses.  Landlords & owners of messages and tenements standing together: and whereas 3020000 Citizens (e) received allowance of corn from the State, he brought and reduced them to the number of one hundred & fifty thousand. And to the end that no new conventicles & riots at any time might arise about this review, he ordained, That every year, in the place of those that were deceased, the praetor should make a new supply and choice by casting lots, out of such as had not been reckoned and enrolled in the former survey.  
MOREOVER, when as to the number of 80000. (Roman) Citizens were bestowed 
42  in sundry Colonies beyond the Sea; he made a Law for the more frequent inhabiting of the City (of Rome) thus exhausted and dispeopled; That no Citizen above 20. years of age, and under 40. (unless he were a sworn (f) soldier to the State, and so bound by his oath) should remain out of Italy above 3. years together: Item, That no Senators son, except he lodged within the house or Pavilion, or belonged to the (g) familiar trial of a chief Magistrate, should travail (forth of Italy.) Item, That no Grasiars should keep and retain fewer than a third part of free borne young men, among the keepers of their cattle. All professors of physic at Rome, and teachers of the liberal Arts, he enfranchised Citizens: that both they themselves might more willingly devil in the City, & others beside desire there to inhabit. As touching money lent out; when he had quite put down the expectation of (h) canceling debts, (at thing that was often 
* Either by the Tribunes of the Commons, or the debtor themselves.  moved) he decreed at length; That all debtors should satisfy their Creditors in this manner: Namely by an estimate made of their possessions, according to the worth and value as they purchased them before the civil war, deducting out of the principal whatsoever had been paid or set down in the Obligations for the use: by which condition, the third part well-near of the money credited forth, was lost. All the Societies and Colleges, saving those that were of ancient foundation, he dissolved. The penalties of heinous crimes he augmented: And whereas the rich & wealthier sort fell to wickedness so much the sooner, because they went 
* In the free State before the Emperors, Citizens of Rome might departed before sentence pronounced, & so avoid with condemnation and loss of goods.  into banishment, and saved their whole patrimonies and estates: (i) parricides therefore and wilful murderers (as CICERO writeth) he deprived of all their goods; other manslayers beside he fined with the loss of one half.  
HE ministered justice and decided matters in Law, most painfully and with passing great 
43  severity. Such as were attaint and convict of (a) extortion, he removed even from their Senators place and degree. He broke the marriage of a man that had been praetor, marrying a wife presently after two days that she was divorced and went from a former husband, albeit there was no suspicion at all of adultery and naughtiness. He ordained customs and imposts of foreign merchandise. The use of Licters, likewise the wearing of purple 
* Or scarlet in grain.  clothes and of pearl he took away, saving only in certain persons and ages, and upon special days. The Law Sumptuaria, (b) to repress excessive cost in fare, he executed most of any other: And for this purpose, he set certain Watchmen and Warders in sundry places about the shambleses and markets where victuals were sold, to lay hold upon all cates and viands contrary to the prescript rule of the Law in that behalf, and to bring the same unto him. Otherwhiles also, he sent secretly his own Officers & Soldiers, to fetch away such meats our of the very dining Parlours and banqueting rooms, even when they were set upon the board, if happily they had any way escaped the hands of the foresaid warders.  
FOR, as concerning his purpose to adorn and beautify the City of Rome with gallant 
44  works, as also to maintain & amplify the Empire, he had more matters in his head and greater every day than other. Principally his intent and meaning was, to build so stately a temple in the honour of Mars, as the like was no where to be seen; having filled up and laid level that huge pit, wherein he had exhibited the show of a Naval battle: & also to erect an exceeding great Theatre, fast adjoining to the Mount Tarpei●…s. Iten, to reduce the whole corpse of the civil Law to a certain mean and mediocrity: and out of that huge and diffused number of Laws, to choose out the best and necessary points, and those to bring into as few volumes as possibly might be. Item, to erect publicly the greatest Libraries that he could, as well of Greek as Latin Authors: committing unto (a) M. VARRO the charge, both to provide the said books, and also to digest & place them in order. Item to lay the Mere & fenny Plashes POMPTINAE dry: to draw & let forth the lake Fucinus: to make a cawsie or highway, from the Adriatic Sea, by the ridge or side of the Apennine hill, as far as to the river Tiber, & to dig through the (b) Isthmus. Moreover, to bridle the Dakes who had invaded Pontus and Thracia: and soon after, to make war upon the Parthians by the way of Armenia the less▪ but not to give them battle before he had made (c) trial of them. Amid these purposes and designs, death prevented him. Concerning which, before I enter into speech, it shall not be impertinent to deliver summarily those points which concern the snape, feature, and proportion of his body: his habit & apparel: his fashions and behaviour: and withal, what may touch both his civil and also his martial affairs.  
OF stature he is reported to have been tall; of complexion white & clear; 
45  with limbs well trussed and in good plight; somewhat full faced; his eyes black, lively, and quick; also very healthful, saving that in his latter days he was given to faint and swoon suddenly; yea, and as he dreamt, to start and be affrighted: twice also in the midst of his martial 
* Inter re●… gerenda●… vel agendas, that is, cum acie●… ordinar●…t, Plutarch. While he was setting his Army in battle ray.  affairs, he was surprised with the (●…) falling sickness. About the trimming of his body, he was 
* Or fantastical.  overcurious: so as he would not only be knotted & shaved very precisely, but also have his hair plucked, in so much as some cast it in his teeth, and twitted him therewith. Moreover, finding by experience, that the deformity of his bald head was oftentimes subject to the scoffs and scorns of backbiters and slanderers, he took the same exceedingly to the heart: and therefore he both had usually drawn down his hair that grew but thin, from the crown toward his forehead: and also of all honours decreed unto him from the Senate and People, he neither received nor used any more willingly, than the privilege to wear continually the triumphant Laurel guirland. Men say also▪ that in his apparel he was noted 
* His attire different from others, or of a new fashion which the Greeks' call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  for singularity, as who used to go in his Senators purple studded rob, trimmed with a jagge or fringe at the sleeve hand: and the same so, as he never was but girt over it, and that very slack and lose: whereupon, arose (for certain) that saying of SULLA, who admonished the Nobles oftentimes, To beware of the boy that went girded so dissolutely.  
HE dwelled at first in the 
* A Street i●… Rome much frequented.  Suburra; but after he was high priest, in the street 
46  Sacra, in an edifice of the Cities. Many have written, that he was exceedingly addicted to neatness in his house, and sumptuous fare at his Table. The Manor house which he founded out of the very ground, & with great charges finished in the territory Nemorensis, because it was not wholly answerable to his mind, he demolished and pulled quite down: although as yet he was but of mean estate and deeply indebted. Finally, this speech goeth of him, That in his expeditions he carried about with him 
* The paving tiles of marble etc., whereof such floors are made.  pavements of chequer work made of quarrels square cut, so as they might be taken asunder, and set again together.  
HE made a voyage (as they say) into Britain, in hope of pearls: and 
47  otherwhiles, in comparing their bigness, would with his own hand peise them to find their weight. For to get and buy up precious stones, engraved and chased pieces, Images, and painted Tables of antic work, he was ever most eager and sharp set. Slaves likewise, if they were any thing fresh and new come, trimly set out with all, and fine, he procured at an exceeding price, such as himself also was ashamed of: so as he forbade expressly the same should be brought in any of his reckonings and accounts.  
IT is reported of him, that in all the Provinces which he governed, he feasted 
48  continually, and furnished two Halls or dining chambers ordinarily; the one, wherein either 
* Thus Turnebus expoundeth it: But it may be meant of the meaner ●…ort of his Cohor, prae oria, who were Sag●… or pall at●…: to put a difference between them & the persons of better qua ●…ty, who were Toga●….  Gauls in their warlike habit, or Greeks in their cloaks; the other, in which the gowned Romans', together with the more noble and honourable personages of the Provinces sat. The domestical Discipline of his house he kept so duly, so precisely, and with such severity, in small matters as well as greater; that he bond with fetters and irons his Baker for serving up secretly unto his guests other bread than to himself: And a freed man of his own (whom otherwise he did set very great store by) he put to death, for dishonouring by adultery a Roman Gentleman's wife, albeit no man made complaint thereof.  
HIS good name for continency and clean life, nothing verily blemished, 
49  save only the abode and inward familiarity with NICOMEDES: but a foul stain that was, which followed him with shame for ever; yea, and ministered taunting and reproachful matter unto every man. I omit the notorious verses of CALVUS LICINIUS.  

———— Bythinia quicquid,  
Et 
* That is, K. Nicomedes.  paedicator Caesaris, unquam habuit,   

Look what it was that Bithyne Land had ever more or less;  
And he that CAESAR did abuse, in filthy wantonness.   
I let pass the invectives and accusatory actions of DOLABELLA and CURIO the Father: In which, DOLABELLA for his part, termeth him the King's Concubine in the Queen's place, and the inner room of his Licter: and CURIO▪ nameth him NICOMEEDES his 
* Stabul●….  filth and harlot, yea and the Bithynian Brothel house. joverpasse likewise those Edicts of BIBULUS, wherein he published his colleague, and made him known, by the name of the Bithynian Queen: saying moreover, That before, he had loved the King, and now cast a fancy to the Kingdom At which very time, as M. BRUTUS makes report, there was one OCTAVIUS also, a man upon distemperature of his brain given to jest and scoff over broadly, who in a most frequent assembly, after he had called POMPEIUS, King, saluted him by the name of Queen: C. MEMMIUS likewise laid in his dish, that he stood with the rest of the stolen Catamites as Cupbearer, to serve NICOMEDES with wine at a full feast, where sat at the Table diverse Merchants and Occupiers, Citizens of Rome, whose names he putteth down. But CICERO not contented herewith, that in certain Epistles he had written, how by the Guard or Pensioners of the said King being 
* Deductum, or E●…uctum, that is, brought out of his own bed than b●…●…nto the kings.  conveyed into his bedchamber, he lay down upon a bed of gold, arrayed in purple: and so the flower of youth and maidenhead of him, who was descended from (a) Venus, become d●…filed and desteind in Bythinia. One time also, as CAESAR in the Senate house pleaded to the cause and in the behalf of NYSA NICOMEDES his daughter, and therewith rehearsed up the gracious favours that the King had done unto him, Let be (quoth he) these matters I pray you, and away with them, since it is well known, both what he bestowed upon you, and also what you gave to him. Finally, in the Triumph over Gaul, his Soldiers among other Sonnets (such as they use to chant merrily when they follow the (triumphant) Chariot) pronounced also these verses so commonly divulged.  

Gallias Caesar subegit, Nicomedes Caesarem,  
Ecce Caesar nunc triumphant, qui subegit Gallias;  
Nicomedes non triumphant, qui (b) subegit Caesarem.   

CAESAR did subdue the Gauls, and him hath NICOMEDE.  
Behold, now CAESAR doth triumph, who did the Gauls subdue:  
But NICOMEDE triumpheth not who CAESAR hath subdued.   
AN opinion there is constantly received; That he was given to carnal pleasures, 
50  and that way spent much: also, that he dishonoured many Dames, and those of noble houses: by name among others, POSTUMIA the wife of SERVIUS SULPITIUS; LOLLIA, wife to A. GABINIUS; TERTULLA, M. CRASSUS his wife, and MUTIA the wife of CN. POMPEIUS. For, certain it is, that not only the Curiones, both Father and Son, but many others also reproached POMPEIUS; That for whose cause, he had put away his own wife after she had borne him three children, and whom he was wont with a deep sigh and groan to call 
* That is, Adulterer: For that Aegysth●… committed adultery with Clytaemnestra the wife of Agame●….  AEGISTHUS; his daughter (I say) afterwards, he espoused; upon a desire of power and greatness by that marriage. But above the rest, he cast affection to SERVILIA the mother of M. BRUTUS; for whom both in his 
* Proximo, alij le●…t pr●…o, that is, first, 〈◊〉 Bibulo.  last Consuiship he had bought a pearl that cost him 
* 46875. pound sterling, or 150000. Fr●…ch crowns▪ according to Budaus.  six millions of Sesterces: and also unto whom during the civil war, over and above other free gifts, he sold in open port sale, fair Lands and most goodly Manors at a very low price: what time verily, when most men mervailed that they went so cheap, CICERO most pleasantly and conceitedly, That ye may know (quoth he) she hath the better pennyworth in the purchase, (a) Tertia deducta est. For it was thought that SERVILIA was bawd also to her own daughter TERTIA., and brought her to CAESAR his bed.  
NEITHER forbore he so much as men's wives in the Provinces where he was 
51.  governor, as appeareth even by this his Distichon, taken up likewise by his Soldiers at the Gaul Triumph. (a)  

Vrbani, servate uxores; moechum calvum ad ducimus,  
Auro in Gallia stuprum emisti, hic sumpsisti mutu●…m.   
HE was enamoured also upon Queens, and among them he loved EUNO●…, 
52.  the Moor, wife of BOGUDES (King of Mauritania) upon whom, as also upon her husband, he bestowed very many gifts and of infinite value, as NASO hath left in writing: but most especially he fancied CLEOPATRA 
* Of which the Egyptians Kings had alwaie●… ready rigged 800 as Appian writeth.  For, with her, he both sat up many times and feasted all night long even until the break of day; and also in the same Barge or Galley called Thalamegos, had passed into Egypt, almost as far as to Aethiopia, but that his Army refused to follow: and in the end having trained her into the City of Rome, he sent her back again, not without exceeding great honours, and enriched with many rewards: yea, and suffered her to call the son she bore, after his own 
* That is Ptolomaeus Caes●….  name. Whom verily, some Greek writers have recorded, to have been very like unto CAESAR both in shape and also in 
* Incessu, in his gang or manner of going.  gate: And M. ANTONIUS avouched unto the Senate, that by the same resemblance he knew him to be his son: averring withal, That C. MATIUS, CAIUS OPIUS & the rest of CAESAR'S friends knew as much. Of whom, C. OPIUS (as if the thing were so pregnant, that it required some Apology & defence) put forth a book entitled thus: TAAT HE WAS NOT CAESAR'S SON, WHOM CLEOPATRA FATHERED UPON HIM. HELVIUS CINNA, a Tribune of the Come confessed unto many persons, That he had a Law drawn out in writing & in readiness, which CAESAR being absent himself commanded him to propose, to this effect, That it might be lawful for him to marry 
* Quas et quot, ducere ●…llet, even an Alien.  what wives and as 
* For other wise, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was unlawful. And Ant●…nius was the first Roman that had two wives at once.  many as he would for to get children upon. And that no man need at all to doubt how infamous he was, both for (b) uncleanness of body against kind, and also for adulteries, CURIO the Father in a certain Oration calleth him a woman for all men, and a man for all women.  
THAT he was a most sparie drinker of wine, his very enemies would never deny. 
53.  Whereupon arose this apothegm of M. CATO, That of all that ever were, CAESAR alone came sober to the overthrow of the State. For, about his food and diet C. OPIUS showeth he was so indifferent & without curiosity, 
* Conditum ●…leum penult. cor. or conditum product●… est ●…nguentum, an ointment.  that when upon a time his Host set before him upon the board old rank oil in steed of green, sweet, & fresh, so that other guests refused it, he only (by his saying) fell to it & eat thereof the more liberally; because he would not be thought to blame his 
* Or friend.  Host either for negligence or rusticity.  
FROM other men's goods he held not his hands, neither when he had the command 
54  of Armies abroad, nor when he was in place of magistracy at home: For, in Spain (as some have recorded) he took money of the 
* Tubero.  Proconsul, & the Allies there, and that by way of begging, to help him out of debt: and certain towns of the 
* That is, in Portugal.  Lusitanes, he sacked in hostile manner, albeit they denied not to do whatsoever he commanded them; and beside, did set open their gates for him against his coming: In Gaul he rob & spoiled the Chapels & 
* jemplaque deorum, etc. or templaque dearum, etc. the tem les, full of rich gifts and oblations to the Gods.  Temples of the Gods, full of rich gifts & oblations. As for Cities, he put them to the sack, more often for booty sake and pillage, than for any trespass committed. Whereupon it came to pass, that he got abundance of gold, so as of it which he had to spare and did set to sale, 
* D●…venderet, some read dir deret, he distributed and dealt away.  he fold throughout Italy and in the Provinces after (a) 3000 sesterces of silver the pound weight. In his first Consulship, when he had stolen out of the Capitol three thousand pound weight of gold he bestowed in the place thereof as much brass guilt. The privileges of Society and alliance with the Romans, as also Kings Titles he gave for sums of money: as who (for example) from 
* Auletes. S●…: of silver 〈◊〉ter 80 pound weight the ta lent.  PTOLOMEUS that was but one, took away well-near 6000 
* Mu●…um  talents, in the name of himself & POMPEIUS: But afterwards by most open pilling poling▪ and sacrileges, he maintained the charges both of civil wars, and also of his triumphs and 
* Eloque●…ria, militarique re, after Lipsus.  solemn shows exhibited to the people.  
IN eloquence and warlike feats together, he either equalled or excelled the glory of the very best. After his accusation of DOLABELLA, he was no doubt 
55  ranged in the rank of the principal Advocates at Law. Certes, CICERO in his Catalogue of Orators to BRUTUS, sayeth; He cannot see any one, unto whom CAESAR might give place; affirming withal, That he holdeth an elegant and gay, a stately also, and in some sort a generous and Gentleman like kind of pleading: And unto CORNELIUS NEPOS, thus wrote he of the same CAESAR. What should a man say more? which of all there Orators that practised nothing else but Oratory, will you prefer before this CAESAR? who is there in sentences either quicker or coming thicker? who for words, yielded more gallant or more elegant? He seemeth whiles he was yet but young, to have followed that form of eloquence only, which STRABO CAESAR professed: out of whose Oration also entitled, Pro Sardis; he transferred some sentences, word for word, into his own; called Divinatio. It is said, that in his 
* Take it ge●…●…rally for the whole Actio●…  Pronunciation, he used an high and shrill voice; an ardent motion; and earnest gesture, not without a lovely grace. Some Orations he left behind him (in writing.) Among which certain go under his name, but untruly as namely that pro; Q. MET●…LLO: which AUGUSTUS deemeth (and not without good cause) to to have been written rather by Notaries, who either took not his words aright, or wrote not so fast, as he delivered them, than penned by himself. For in certain copies I found that it had not so much as this Inscription, Pro METELLO: but 
* Which he wrote for, or 〈◊〉 Metellu●….  quam scripsit METELLO: being (as it is indeed) a speech coming from the person of CAESAR, cleared METELLUS and himself, against the criminations and slanders of common backebiters to them both. The Oration likewise, 
* Orat, 〈◊〉 Mi●….  Ad MILIT●…S, in Spain, the same AUGUSTUS hardly thinketh to be his: And yet there be 2. of them extant: the one, was pronounced at the former battle: the other, at the latter: when, by the report of ASINIUS POLLIO, he had not so much as any time to make a speech; the enemies ran upon him & charged so suddenly.  
He left Commentaries also of his own Acts, to wit, as touching the Ga●…lewarre, and the Civil war with POMPEIUS. For, of the ALEXANDRIN●…, AFRICAN, and Spanishwarres, who was the writer it is uncertain: Whilst some think it was OPIUS; others, HIRTIUS; who also made up and finished the last of the Gaule-war, which was unperfect. As concerning those Commentaries aforesaid of CAESAR, CICERO in the 
* Ad 〈◊〉.  same book, writeth thus▪ He wrote Commentaries exceeding well, I assure you, to be liked: (n●…ked they be, strait and upright, yea and lovely too, being devested, as it were, of all ornaments & trim attire of Style▪ but while his mind was▪ that other●… disposed to writ a complete history, should furnish and serve themselves with matter there ready to their hands, happily, to some foolish folk he did some pleasure, who are willing to curl and frizle the same with their crisping pins, but surely the wiser sort he scared altogether from writing. Of the same Commentaries, HIRTIUS giveth this report, They are quoth he, in the judgement of all men so approved, that it seems he hath prevented writers, and not given them any help. And yet, our admiration of this matter is more than all men's beside. For, whereas others do know only how well and purely they were penned, we note also with what facility & expedition he wrote them. POLLIO ASINIUS thinketh 
* Asi●… Poll●….  they were compiled with small care & diligence: with as little regard also of sound truth: seeing that CAESAR received hand over head, & believed most things lightly: namely such as were by others achieved; and even those Acts which himself exploited either of purpose or for default of memory he put down wrong: He supposeth also that he meant to have written the same a new & corrected them. He left moreover ij. books, de Analogia▪ & as many 
* Against Ci●… in the dispraise of Ca●…o Vticen●… in whose commendation Ci●…ro had writ●… ten before.  Anticatones besides a Poem, entitled Iter; of which books the 
* De Analo●…ia  for most he made in his passage over the Alps, what time as having rid his Circuits and finished the Assizes, he returned out of the hither province of Gaul to his army: Those next 
* Anti●… Catones  following, about the time of the battle at Munda. And the last 
* Iter.  of all, whiles he travailed from the City of Rome into the farther province of Spain, and performed that journey within 
* Or rather 27.  24. days. Extant, there be also Epistles of his written unto the Senate: which (as it seemeth) he was the first that turned into pages and leaves, even to a form of a 
* A Book of remembrance.  Memorial: whereas before time, the Consuls and generals, never sent any letters but written overthwart the paper. MISSIVES likewise there be of his written to CICERO, and to familiar friends as touching home-affaires. In which, if any matters of secrecy were to be carried, he wrote them by privy 
* In manner of Cyphr●…s.  marks: that is to say, placing the letters in such order, as there could not one word be made of them. Which if a man would descypher and found out, he must of Necessity exchange every fourth letter of the Alphabet; to wit. d. for a. and the rest 
* e for b etc.  likewise. Further more there be certain works of his abroad in men's hands written when he was a boy & a very youth: as namely, The Praises of HERCULES, the Tragedy of OEDIPUS: as also, Collects of Say and APOTHEGMS: All which pamphlets, AUGUSTUS forbade to be published, in a certain Epistle of his; which being very brief and plain; he sent to POMPEIUS MACER whom he had appointed for the disposing and ordering of his Libraries.  
In 
* Or bearing arms.  handling his weapon most skilful he was, and in horsemanship as cunning: 
57  But what pains he would take, it is incredible. In the marching of his army, his manner was to be foremost: sometime on horseback, more often on foot: bore headed, whether the Sun shone, or the Clouds poured rain. He made exceeding long journeys with incredible speed: even an hundred miles a day riding in some hired 
* Or riding an horse.  waggon, if he were lightly appointed otherwise and without carriages. Were rivers in his way to hinder his passage? cross over them he would; either swimming, or else bearing himself upon blowed leather 
* Or caroche with four wheels, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ Graecè. In imitation here of the Romans devised Ascogephr●…s, quisi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, bridges founded upon such leather bottles blown with wind or lightly stuffed with straw.  bottles: so that, very often he prevented the letter-cariers, and messengers of his coming.  
58 In performing his expeditions & martial exploits doubtful it is, whether he were more wary or adventurous? He neither led his army at any time through ways dangerous for ambushments, before he had thoroughly viewed and descried the situation of the quarters. nor put over his fleet into Britain, until he had before hand in 
* Yet himself writeth that he sent C. Vossenus before.  proper person sounded the havens, and tried the manner of sailing, and arrival to the Island. How be it, the same man, (as circumspect as he was) upon news brought unto him, that his Camp was beleaguered in German; passed through his enemy's Corpse de guard in French habit, and so came unto his own men. From Brindis to Dirrhachium, he sailed over Sea in 
* Hieme, or in a tempestuous and stormy season, as Virgil and others, use the word.  winter, between ij. Fleets of the enemies riding opposite one to the other: and whiles his own forces which he had commanded to follow straight after him, lingered still behind; having sent messengers oftentimes to call them away but all in vain, at last himself secretly in the night went aboard into a very small botume, with his head hooded: and neither discovered who he was, nor suffered the pillot to give way unto the Tempest▪ that came full affront the vessel, before he was well near overwhelmed with the waves.  
Not religious fear of divine prodigies could ever fray him from any enterprise, 
59  or stay him if it were once in hand. As he sacrificed upon a time, the beast made an escape & ran away: yet for all that differred not he his journey against SCIPIO and JUBA He fortuned also to take a fall then, even as he went forth of the ship to land: but turning this foretoken to the better presage, I take possession quoth he, of thee, OH Africa. Moreover, in very scorn, and to make but a mockery of those prophecies, whereby the name of Scipions was fatal to that province, and held lucky and invincible there, he had with him in his Camp the most base and abject fellow of all the Cornelian family, & who in reproach of his life was surnamed 
* Or Saluti●…. Read 〈◊〉 Nature Hist. lib. 7. cap. 12.  SALVITO.  
He fought 
* Non 〈◊〉▪ Some read, non tantum●…. not only etc. but also.  not often set fields appointed before hand▪ but upon the present 
60  occasion offered; Many times he struck a battle immediately after his journey, otherwhiles in most foul & stormy wether, when no man ever thought he would once stir. Neither held he off, and detracted fight, but in his latter daves: being then of this opinion that the oftener he had gotten victory, the less he was to venture and make trial of fortune; Also, That a victory could gain him nothing so much, as some disastrous calamity might take from him. No enemy put he ever to flight, but he discamped him and drove him out of the field. By this means he gave them whom he had once discomfited, no time to be think themselves. In any doubtful and dangerous service, his manner was to sand away the horses, and his own with the first: to the end, that when all means of flight were go, they might of necessity be forced the rather to stand to it and abide to the last.  
The horse he used to ride upon was strangely marked, with feet resembling 
61  very near a man's, and the hoves cloven like toes, which horse was foaled about home: and when the Soothsayerss of their learning had pronounced; that he presaged unto his owner the Empire of the whole world, very careful he was to rear him and nourish him. Now when as the beast would abide no man else to ride him, himself was he that backed him first. The full portrait and proportion of which horse, he dedicated also afterwards before the Temple of Venus (a) Genitrix.  
Many a time himself alone renewed the battle when it was discomfited, 
62  standing in their way that fled & holding them one by one back: yea & by wreathing their throats he turned them again upon the enemies. Thus dealt he I say with his own soldiers, whè they were many times verily so fearfully maskared, that a 
* Aquilifer. Some read Aquilifer●…, as if Caesar threatened the Standerd●… bearer. See valer. Max lib. 3 cap 2.  Standard bearer threatened as he stayed him, to smite him with the 
* Wherewith it was pitched▪ into the ground.  footepoinct of the spear that carried the (b) Eagle: and another left behind him the Ensign in CAESAR'S hand as he detained it.  
63. Of his constant resolution these be no less tokens, if not greater (which I shall now rehearse). After the battle of PHARSALIA, when he had sent his forces before into Africa, and himself crossed the seas through the straight of Hellespont in a small 
* Vectoria na●…icula. a ferry boat If you read victor, ●…. being conqueror, distinguish there.  passengers bark, where he met with L, CASSIUS' one of the adverse part, with x. strong war-ships armed with brazen beakeheads; he avoided him not, nor, gave way: but affronting him, began to exhort him for to yield: and so upon his humble supplication received him aboard.  
At Alexandria being busy about the assault and winning of a bridge where 
64  by a sudden sally of the enemies he was driven, to take a boat, & many beside made haste to get into the same, he leapt into the sea, and by swimming almost a quarter of a mile recovered clear the next ship: bearing up his left hand all the while, for fear the writings which he held therein should take wet, and drawing his rich coat (a) armour after him by the teeth, because the enemy should not have it as a spoil.  
His soldiers he allowed for good, in regard neither of manners and behaviour, 
65  nor of 
* a fortuna, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, others read a forma, 1 be●…ty, favour and feature of body  wealth and outward estate, but only of bodily strength: & he 
This seemeth strange and co●… trary to the Roman discipline.  used them all with like severity: with like indulgence also and sufferance. For he awed and chastised them not in all places nor at all times: but only when the enemy was very near at hand: and then especially was he most severe, and precise in exacting and executing of discipline: in so much as he would not give them warning of the time; either of journey or of battle, but kept them ready, intentive & priest to be ●…ed forth upon a sudden, every minute of an hour, whether soever he would; this did he also many times without any cause, especially upon rainy days & festivals. And admonishing his soldiers ever & among, to observe and have an eye unto him, he would suddenly in the daytime or by night, withdraw himself out of the way yea & stretch out his journey more than ordinary; even to tire them out who were late in following after▪  
As for his soldiers that were terrified with the rumour of their enemies, his 
66  manner was to animate and encourage them, not by denying or 
* Minuendo. oin●…bendo ●… Suppressing. which might ●…eeme good policy.  diminishing, but by augmenting the same to the highest degree, even above the truth. And thus upon a time, when the expectation of JUBA his coming was terrible, he called his soldiers together: and in a public speech unto them. Be it known unto you all, quoth he, That within these very few days the King will be here with a power of 
* footmen he 〈◊〉 armed.  Legions of 30000. men of arms: an hundred thousand light 
* Foot men lightly armed.  armours and three hundred Elephants. Forbear therefore some of you to inquire or imagine further of the matter: but give credit unto me, that know this for a truth: Or else verily I will embark you in the Oldest ship, I can get, & 'cause you to be carried away with any wind, into what Lands and Countries it shall be your fortunes to fall upon.  
As touching his soldiers trespasses and delinquencies, he neither observed and took knowledge of them all, nor yet punished them fully to the 
67  
* Pro modo, 〈◊〉, pro more. ●…. after the manner of military discipline.  proportion. But as he made straight inquisition after those who traitorously forsook their colours, and were mutinous, and proceeded against them with rigour so, at others he would wink. Sometimes also, after a great battle and victory obtained, he released them all of military duties; permitting them in all licentiousness to roist and riot wanton here and there: being wont to give it out, That his soldiers (perfumed though they were with Odours: and besmeered with sweet oils) could fight valiantly. Neither called he them in his public oration, plain soldiers, but by a more pleasing name, Fellow-soldiers. Furthermore he maintained them so trim and brave, that he stuck not to set them out in polished armour, damasked with silver and gold: as well for goodly show, as because they should in battle take better hold and keep the same more surely for fear of damage and loss. Moreover he loved them so affectionatley, that when he heard of 
* And ●…he Legro●…s' 〈◊〉 him A. V C. 700.  TITURIUS his overthrow, he suffered the hair of his head and beard to grow long, and would not cut the same before he had revenged their death. By which means, he both had his soldiers most devoted unto him and also made them right valorous,  
When he was entered into the Civil war, the Centurions of every Legion 
68  presented unto him one horseman a piece, provided out of their own (a) private stock; and generally all his soldiers offered their service freely, with out allowance of corn or wages out of his purse: considering that the wealthier sort had taken upon them the finding and maintenance of the poorer. Neither all that long time of soldiery, was their any of them that once revolted from him; and very many being taken prisoners (by the enemies) & having life granted unto them upon condition, they would serve as soldiers against him, refused it. Hunger and other extremities which necessarily follow war, not only whilst they were besieged, but also when themselves beleaguered others; they endured so resolutely, that during their strong siege and fortification against Dyrrachium, POMPEY, when he saw what kind of bread made of a certain (b) Herb they lived upon, said, He had to deal with wild beasts. commanding withal, the same quickly to be had away, and not showed to any one: For fear, lest his own soldiers hearts should be utterly daunted, seeing once the patience and constancy of their enemies. And how valiantly they bore themselves in fight, this on thing may testify that having taken one foil in a battle before Dyrrachium, they voluntarily offered to be (c) executed therefore; in so much as their General was more troubled about comforting then punishing them. In all other battles, they fewer in number by many parts, easily vanquished, infinite forces of their enemies. To conclude, one (d) cohort & no more of the 6. Legion, which had the keeping of a 
* Or fort, at the Siege of Dyrrachium.  sconce, made good the place & held out for certain hours against four of POMPEY'S Legions: and were in manner all of them throughout shot into their bodies with a multitude of their arrows: of which were found one hundred & thirty thousand within their trench and rampires. And no marvel, if a man consider their several facts singly by themselves, either of CASSIUS SCAEVA a Centurion, or of C. ACILIUS a common soldier: to say nothing of many more. SCAEVA, when his eye was smitten out, his thigh & shoulder shot through, and his buckler pierced likewise with the shot of 
* Plutarcha 30.  120. arrows yet defended the gate of the port committed to his charge, & kept it still. ACILIUS in a fight at sea before, MASSILIA, after his right hand was quite cut off, wherewith he had cuaght the Poop of his enemy's ship, following herein that memorable example of CYNECIRUS among the Greeks', leapt notwithstanding into the said ship, shoving and driving before him with the boss and pike of his buckler those that he met in his way:  
In ten years space during the Gaule-warre, they never so much as once mutined: 
69  In the Civil wars some times they did: yet so, as they were soon reclaimed and came again into order: not so much by the remiss indulgence as the authority of their Captain▪ For, never would he yield one jot unto them in these their seditious tumults nay, he always withstood and crossed them: And verily the 9 Legion at Placentia, notwithstanding POMPEIUS yet was in arms with his power in the field) he casherde full and wholly & sent away with shame: yea & after many humble prayers & supplications with much a do restored he them to their places again, & not before execution done upon the offenders.  
As for the soldiers of the tent Legion, when as in Rome they earnestly called 
70  for their discharge from warfare, & required their rewards even with mighty threats, & that to the exceeding danger of the whole City at what time also, the war was very hot in Africa, he neither would admit them into his presence, nor yet dismiss them albeit his friends seemed to scare him from taking that course: but with one only word, whereby he named them (a) Quirites, instead of Milites, he did so gently turn and wind, yea and bring them to his bent, that forthwith they made answer. They would be his soldiers still: and so of their own accord followed him into Africa, notwithstanding he refused their service, And yet for all this, he ammerced and fined the most mutinous sort of them with the loss of a third part, both of the pillage and also of the Lands appointed for them.  
In affectionate love and faithful protection of his dependents, he was not 
71  wanting in his very youth. When he had upon a time defended MASINTHA a noble young Gentleman against King 
* Who laid claim unto Masintha as his Tributa●…ie.  HIEMPSAL, so earnestly, that in the debate & altercation between them he flew upon JUBA the King's son & caught him by the (a) beard: after that the said MASINTHA was pronounced definitively the King's 
* Stipendiarium quoque pronun tiatum: how ever some read pronuntiau●…t: as if Caesar had averred openly that he was his waged soldier.  Tributary: he forthwith both rescued him out of their hands that would have haled him away: and also kept him close a long time in his own Lodging; & soon after his Praetorship there expired, when he went into Spain, took the young gentleman away with him in his own litter among others his followers; and favourites, and those officers that attended upon him with their knitches of rods.  
His friends he used at all times with so great courtesy and tender respect, that 
72  when C. OPIUS who accompanied him in his journey through a wild forest fell suddenly sick, he gave him room in the only Inn, that was, while himself lay all night 
* In a pallet or mattress upon the ground.  upon the ground 
* Under the jetty of the house.  without doors. Moreover, being now become Emperor & Lord of all some of them he advanced even from the lowest degree unto the highest place of honour. And when he was blamed & reproved therefore, he professed openly. That if he had used the help of robbers by the highway side of cutters and swasbucklers in maintaining of his own dignity; he would not fail but requited them and be thankful even to such.  
He never entertained malice & hatred against any man so deeply but willing 
73  he was to lay down the same upon occasion offered. Notwithstanding, C. MEMMIUS had made most bitter invectives against him, and he again written unto him as bitterly, yet soon after when the said MEMMIUS stood for the Consulship, he friended him all that he could with his good word and procured him voices. When C. CALVUS after certain Libels and defamatory Epigrams against him, dealt by the mediation of friends for a reconciliation, he of his own accord wrote first unto him. As for VALERIUS CATULLUS (by whose verses concerning MAMURRA he could not choose but take knowledge that he was noted and branded with perpetual infamy when he excused himself unto him and was ready to make 
* by saying Nollem factum & I am sorry for it: and I would I had not so done.  satisfaction, he bade him to supper that very day: & as he used before time, so he continued still to make his father's house his lodging.  
Moreover, in his revengements he was by nature most mild. Those rovers 
74  by whom he was taken prisoner, after he had forced to yield, because he had sworn before that he would hung them upon a cross, he commanded that their throats should be first cut, and then to be 
* Where ●…ote, that cruiying was a painful death.  ctucified. CORNELIUS PHAGITA, whose forlaying him by night, he lying sick, & LATITANT hard lie had escaped (although he gave him a good reward 
* 2. Talents, Plutarch. ) but had like to have been brought unto SULLA, he never could found in his heart to hurt. PHILEMON a servant and secretary of his, who had promised his enemies to take his life away by poison, he punished only by simple death, without any other torment. Being cited and called much upon to bear witness against P. CLODIUS, for being nought with his wife POMPEIA, who was accused beside for the same cause to have polluted the sacred 
* Of Bona Dea. in whose chapel it was the ug●…the did the deed disguised in woman's apparel.  Ceremonies, he denied that he ever knew any thing of the matter, or was able to bring in evidence albeit both his mother AURELIA, & JULIA his sister, had simply related all upon their credires even before the same jury and judges. And being demanded thereupon, wherefore then he had put away his wife? Because I deem, quoth he, that those of my house aught to be clear as well of suspicion as of crime:  
The moderation & clemency which he showed as well in the managing of the 
75  civil war, as in his victory, was admirable: When POMPEIUS' denounced in minatory terms, that he would reckon him for an enenemie, whosoever he was, that failed to maintain the Commonwealth: He for his part pronounced openly, That he would make sure account of them to be his, who stood indifferent between and were Neuters. And so many, as upon the commendation of POMPEIUS before time, he had given any charge or place of command unto, in his army under him, he granted them all free leave and liberty to departed unto him. Upon Articles and conditions of yielding moved and propounded to POMPEIUS at Ilerda, whiles between both parts there passed reciprocal dealing & commerce continually▪ when AFRANIUS and PETR●…IUS had taken within their Camp certain of CAESAR'S soldiers, & (which they repent soon after) put them to the sword, he would in no wise imitate the same perfidious treachery of theirs practised against him. At the battle of Pharsalia he cried out, spare all Citizens; & afterwards granted unto every one of his own soldiers (none excepted) this favour to save each of them one of the adverse part, whom he would: neither were any found or known slain but in the very medley, except AFRANIUS, FAUSTUS, & L. CEASAR the younger and even these verily, men think, were not with his good will put to death. Of whom notwithstanding: both the former, to wit, AFRANIUS & FAUSTUS, after pardon obtained had rebelled and entered into arms again & L. CEASR for his part, when in cruel manner by fire & sword he had made havoc of his freed men & bondseruants, spitefully slew the very wildbeasts also which CEASAR had provided against the solemnity of a public show to be exhibited before the people. To conclude, in his very latter days he permitted all those also whom beforetime he had not pardoned to return into Italy, to govern as magistrates in the City, & to command as generals in the field. Yea the very Statues of L. SULLA & POMPEIUS which the commons had o●…erthrown & cast up & down, he erected again in their due places. And if after this, there was any plot intended or word spoken against him by his adversaries to his h●…rt, he chose rather to repress than to revenge the same. And so, diverse conspiraces detected and night conventicles; he found fault with no farther than thus, by giving notice in some edict and proclamation. That he had intelligence thereof. And as for such as gave out bitter speeches of him, he thought it sufficient in an open assembly to give them an Admonition, not to persist therein. Finally, when in a most slanderous book written by A. CAECINA, and certain verses as railing and reproachful as it; devised by PITHOLAUS, his credit and reputation was much cracked and impaired he took the matter no more to the heart; than 
* Civilianim●…●…ulit.  one Citizen would have done at an others hand: 
76   
howbeit, the rest of his deeds and words overweigh and depress his good parts down: so as he might be thought both to have abused his sovereignty, and worthily to have been murdered▪ For, he not only took upon him excessive honours, to wit, continued Consulship, perpetual Dictature, & 
* 1. Censorship indeed though not in name:  Presidency of Manners; and more than so, the forename of 
* Imperator is ●…. Sovereign and absolute commander.  Emperor, the Surname Father of his Country▪ His statue among the Kings, an eminent seat of Estate raised above the rest in the Orchestra, among the Senators▪ but he suffered also more stately dignities than beseeming the condition of a mortal wight to be decreed and ordained for him namely, a golden Throne in the Curia, and before the 
* In the form  Tribunal: a sacred (a) Chariot & therein a frame carrying an 
* Of himself, as a God,  Image, at the solemn pomp of his Games Circenses: Temples Altars, his own Images placed near unto the Gods▪ a sacred Bedlost for such Images to be bestowed upon: a flamen, (c) certain 
* 〈◊〉  Luperci (d): and the denomination of one (e) month after his own name. Besides, no honourable offices there were but he took and gave at his own pleasure. His third and fourth Consulship in name only and title he bore: contenting himself with the absolute power of Dictatourship decreed unto him with his Consulares all at one time: & in both years, he substituted two Consuls under him for the three last months: so as, in the mean time, he held no Election but of Tribunes and Aediles of the Commons. In steed of Pretours he ordained Provosts, who should administer the affairs of the City even 
* Etiam pr●…sente se: some read absense te: clean contrary:  whiles he was present. And upon the very last day of the year to wit next before 
* The last of December; A. V C. 709.  the Kalends of januarie, the place of a Consulship being vacant by the sudden death of a Consul he conferred upon one (f) that made suit to enjoy the same but a few hours. With semblable licentiousness despising the custom of his Country, he ordained magistrates to continued in office many years together. To. x. men of Pretours degree he granted the Consulate Ornaments. Such as were but enfranchised Citizens, 
* Made free 〈◊〉 of Rome.  and divers apparel Gauls no better then half Barbarians, he admitted Senators. Furthermore, over the Mint and receipt of the City-revenewes, he set certain peculiar servants of his own to be rulers. The charge and command of three Legions which he left in ALEXANDRIA, he committed wholly to a son of RUFINUS his freed man, a stolen youth and Catanite of his own.  
Neither did some words of his which he openly delivered, bewray less presumptuous 
77  lordliness, as T. AMPIUS, writeth▪ For example, That the Commonwealth was now no more any (a) real thing, but a name only, without form & shape: That SULLA was altogether unlettered and no (b) 
* ●…am Grammati●…e's 〈◊〉.  Grammarian▪ in giving over his Dictature. That men aught now to speak with him more considerately, and to ●…old every word that ●…e saith for a Law. Nay he proceeded to this point of Arrogancy, that when upon a time in a certain Sacrifice, the Soothsayer brought him word of unlucky Innardss in the beast; and such as had no heart at all, he made 
* Should signify better fortune.  answer and said, That those which were to follow afterwards should prove more joyful and fortunate if it pleased him: neither was it to be taken for a prodigious and strange token, if a beast wanted an heart.  
But the greatest envy and inexpiable hatred he drew upon himself by this 
78  occasion most of all. What time as all the Senators in general came unto him with many and those most honourable decrees, he received them sitting 
* In expiabilem or exitiabilem. 1 deadly, & that which brought him to mischief.  still before the Temple of Venus Genitrix. Some think, that when he was about to rise up, CORNELIUS BALBUS stayed and held him back: others are of the mind, that he never went about it. But when C▪ TREBATIUS advertised 
* Not so much as rising up unto them.  him to arise unto them, he looked back upon him with a strange kind of look: Which deed of his was thought so much the more intolerable, for that himself, 
* Saying with all, what Sir. Remember you are Caes●…  when PONTIUS AQVILA on of the (a) College of Tribunes; stood not up nor did reverence to him as he road in Triumph and passed by the Trybunes Rues, took such snuff and indignation thereat, that he broke out aloud into these words: well done Tribune's Aquila, Recover thou then the commonwealth out of my hands: and for certain days together, never promised aught unto any man without this Proviso and Exception, (b) If PONTIUS AQUILA will give me leave:  
To this CONTUMELIOUS and notorious 
* Or gesture.  behaviour of his toward the Senate 
79  thus despised, he adjoined a deed much more arrogant: For when as in his return from the solemn Sacrifice of the Latin Holy days, among other immoderate and new acclamations of the people, one out of the multitude had set upon his Statue; a Coronet of Laurel tied about with a white 
* Resembling a 〈◊〉.  band; and EPIDIUS MARULLUS; a Tribune of the Commons together with his colleagues CEASETIUS FLAVUS commanded the said band to be plucked of, & the man to be had away to prison, he takjng it to heart, either that this overture to a kingdom sped no better, or, (as he made semblance & pretended himself) that he was put by the glory of refusing it, sharply rebuked the Tribunes, & deprived them both of their authority. Neither for all this, was he willing afterwards to put away the infamous note of affecting and seeking after the title of a King: albeit he both made answer unto a (a) Comnoner saluting him by the name of a King, That he was CAESAR and no King: and also at the Lupercali●…, when ANTONIUS the Consul imposed the Diadem oftentimes upon his head before the ROSTRA, did put it back again, and sand it into the Capitol to (b) jupiter Optimus Maximus. Moreover sundry rumours ran rife abroad, that he would departed (for ever) to ALEXANDRIA or to (d) Ilium, having at once translated and removed thither the puissance and wealth of the Empire: dispeopeld Italy with mustering of soldiers; and with all be taken the administration of Rome-Citie unto his friends: As also, that in the next Session of the Senate, L COTTA on of the (e) Quindecimvirs would move the house to this effect, That for as much as it was contained in the Fatal books of SY●…ILLA, that the Parthians could not possibly be vanquished but by a King, therefore CEASAR should be styled King.  
This gave occasion to the Conspirators for to hasten the execution of 
80  their design, lest of necessity they should be driven to assent thereto. Their counsels therefore and conferences about this matter, which before time they held dispersed here and there, and projected oftentimes by two & three in a company, they now complotted altogether, for that by this time the very people joined not in the present state, seeing how things went; but both in secret and openly also distasted such sovereignty, and called earnestly for protectors and maintainers of their liberties. Upon the admission of Aliens into the order of Senators, there was 
* Or ●…ill,  a Libel proposed in this form (a) Bonum Factum etc. That no man would show the Senate-house to any new Senators. And these verses were commonly chanted.  

Gallos' CEASAR in Triumphum ducit, 
* Or rather, Idem in curiam. for the same Caesar brought them into the Senate.  jidem in Curia  
Galli 
* Bracas. or trousses, or Brachas, some take them for mantles.  Bracas deposuerunt, latum clawm sumpserunt.   

The French in triumph CEASAR leads, In Senate they anon  
No sooner laid their 
* Hist●…r.  Breeches of, but purpled robes put on.   
As Q. Maximus substituted (by CEASAR) to be a Consul for 3. Months entered the Theatre, and the * Sergeant commanded (as the manner was) that the people should observe and (c) regard him according to his place, they all with one accord cried out. That he was no Consul: After that CAESETIUS and MARULLUS the Tribunes aforesaid, were removed out of their office at the next Solemn assembly, held for Election, very many voices were found declaring them ij. Consuls Some there were who subscribed under the Statue of L. BRUTUS' these words▪ (d) Would God thou were alive. Likewise under the Statue of CAESAR himself.  
(e) BRUTUS' for expelling the Kings, was created Consul the first.  
This man for expelling the Consuls is become King, 
* Postremus or Postremo at last  the last.  
There conspired against him more than threescore the heads of which conspiracy were C. CASSIUS, 
* M. Brutus.  MARCUS and DECIUS BRUTUS; who having made doubt at first whether by 
* Some upon the bridge others under it.  dividing themselves into parts, they should cast him down the (f) bridge, as he called the Tribes to give their voices at the Election in Mars field, and so take him when he was down and kill him right out: or set upon him in the high street called 
* In which Caesar dwelled after he had been high Priest,  Sacra via: or else in the very entrance to the Theatre? after that the Senate had summons to meet in Counsel within the Court of POMPEIUS upon the 
* 15. of March in honour of Anna Perenna. And because the plays were exibited i●… Pompe●… Theatre. Therefore the Senate met also in his C●…ria.  Ideses of March, they soon agreed of this time and place before all others.  
81 But CAESAR surely had fair warning of his death before it came, by many evident prodigies and strange foretokens. Some few months before, when certain new inhabitants, brought by virtue of the Law 
* Which himself promulged.  JULIA to devil in the Colony Capua, overthew most ancient sepulchres for to build them houses to their lands; and did the same so much the more diligently and with better will, for that in searching they light upon manufactures and vessels good store of antic work: there was found in that very monument, wherein by report, CAPYS the founder of Capua lay buried, a brazen Table with a writing upon it in Greek words and Greek letters to this effect: When the bones and relics of CAPYS happen to be discovered, it shall come to pass, that one descended from JULUS shall be murdered by the hands of his near kinsfolk, and his death soon after revenged with the great calamities and miseries of all Italy▪ And lest any man should think this to be a fabulous tale and forged matter, know he that CORNELIUS BALBUS a very inward and familiar friend of CAESAR is the author thereof: And the very day next preceding his death, those troops of horses which in his passage over the River R●…bicon he had consecrated and let go lose ranging here and there without a keeper, (as he understood for certain) for bore their meat and would not to die for it, touch any, yea, and shed tears abundantly. Also, as he offered sacrifice, the Soothsayer SPURINA warned him to take heed of danger toward him, and which would not be differred after the Ideses of March. Now; the very day before the said Ideses, it fortuned that as the bird (a) 
* Or Regaviolus quasi re●… arium.  Regaliolus, was flying with a little branch of Laurel, into the Court of POMPEIUS, a sort of other birds of divers kinds from out of the grove hard by, pursued after and there pulled it in pieces: But that night next before the day of his murder, both himself dreamt as he lay a sleep, one while, that he was flying above the clouds: another while, that jupiter and he shook hands: and also his wife CALPURINA, imagined, that the Finiall of his house fell down, and that her husband was stabbed in her very bosom: and suddenly with all the chamber door of itself flew open. Hereupon, as also by reason of sickelinesse, he doubted a good while whether he should keep at home and put off those matters which he had purposed to debate before the Senate, or no? At the last, being counseled and persuaded by DECIUS BRUTUS, not to disappoint the Senators who were now in frequency assembled and stayed for his coming long since; he went forth when it was well near eleven of the clock. And when 
* Ab Obvi●… q●…dam, vel Ovi●…, 1, one Ori●….  one met him by the way, & offered him a written pamphlet, which laid open the conspiracy, and who they were that sought his life, he shuffled the same among other skroes and writings which he held in his left hand as if he would have read it anon. After this when he had killed many beasts for sacrifices & could speed of the God's favour in none, he entered the 
* Of 〈◊〉  Curia in contempt of all Religion; and therewith laughed SPURINA to scorn: charging him to be a false Prophet, 
A. V C. 710,  for that the Ideses of March were come: and yet no harm befell unto him; albeit he answered, That come indeed they were, but not yet past  
82 When they 
* Conspicati, o●… conspirati ●… the conspirators stood round about him.  saw once that he had taken his place, and was set, they stood round about him as service able attendants ready to do him honour: and then immediately 
* Who before had been his great friend & sided with him  CIMBER TULLUS▪ who had undertaken to begin first, stepped nearer unto him, as though he would have made some request. When CEASAR seemed to mislike and put him back, yea and by his gesture to post him of unto another time he caught hold of his gown at both shoulders: whereupon as he cried out, This is violence, 
* Altar Cassius or altar ●… Cassi●…s' one of the Cassi, rel altar, Casca.  CASSIUS came in 2. full a front & wounded him a little beneath the 
* Ingulum, or the channel bone.  throat. Than CAESAR catching CASSIUS by the arm thrust it through with his style or writing punches; and with that being about to leap 
* Out of his chair.  forward he was met with another wound and stayed. Now when he perceived himself beset on every side and assailed with drawn daggers he wrapped and covered his head with his gown: but withal let down the large 
* Which they were wont to cast over their shoulders. Senec●…de benefic●…. Or tuck up slack above the waist. Some rea●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  lap with his left hand to his legs beneath, hiding thereby the inferior part also of his body, that he might fall (d) more decently: and so, with 3. and 20. wounds he was stabbed: during which time he gave but one groan, without any word uttered, and that was at the first thrust; although some have written, that as M▪ BRUTUS came running upon him he said, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; I: (e) And thou my son▪ When all others fled sundry ways, there lay he a good while dead, until three of his own pages bestowed him in a licter: and so with one 
* Some expound this of the licter as if one corner thereof hung down, carried as it was by three.  arm hanging down, carried him home Neither in so many wounds, was there, as ANTISTIUS his Physician deemed, any one found mortal, but that which he received 
* Whereby it seemeth he had one given him in his neck before: which the Author hath omitted.  second, in his breast. The conspirators were minded to have dragged his Corpse, after he was thus slain, into the River Tiberis; confiscated his goods, and repealed all his acts: but for fear of M. ANTONIUS the Consul and LEPIDUS. Master of the Horsemen, they held their hands and gave over those courses.  
83 At the demand therefore of L. PISO whose daughter he married, his last will and Testament was opened and read in the house of ANTONIUS which will, upon the 
* 13. of September.  Ideses of September next before, he had made in his own house at Lavicium & committed to the keeping of the chief (a) vestal Virgin. Q Tuber●… w●…iteth, that from his first Consulship unto the beginning of the Civi●…l war, he was ever wont to writ down for his heir, Cn. POMPEIUS, and to read the said will unto his soldiers in their public assembly. But in this last Testament of his, he ordained three coheirs, the nephews all 
* So he was there great Vnk●…e.  of his sisters. To wit 
* Afterwards Augustus, son of A●…a julius Caesar's sister's daughter.  C. OCTAVIUS▪ of three fourth parts, L. PINARIUS, and Q. PEDIUS of on fourth part remaining. In the latter end and bottom of this Testamentary Instrument, he adopted also: C. OCTAVIUS into his house & name; and many of those that afterwards murdered him, he nominated for guardiers to his 
* As Post●…nimus 1. borne after his death.  son, if it fortuned he had any borne. Yea and DECIMUS BRUTUS to be one of his second heirs in remainder. He bequeathed in his legacies unto the 
* Of Rome.  people his hortyards about Tiberis to lie common; & three 
* 46 ●…. 10. d. obstarling.  hundred Sesterces to them by the Poll.  
84 The solemnity of his Burial being proclaimed, there was a pile of wood for his funeral fire reared in Mars field, near unto the Tomb of 
* His own daughter, wife to Pompey who died of childbirth, and by special privilege, was enter read in Mars field.  JULIA. Before the Rostra was placed a 
* Or Herfe.  chapel all guilt resembling the Temple of Venus Genetrix▪ and within it 
* Or B●…erre. Appion, a pole.  a Bedsteed of Ivory, richly spread with cloth of gold and purple, and at the head thereof a 
* Which was, That the magistrates and Senators should go before without their badges & robe●… of dignity: the knights and gentlemen follow in murning weed: then the soldi●…rss, carrying the heads or points of their weapons downward: last of all▪ the common people marshaled according to their Tribes.  Trop●…e's supporting the rob wherein he was slain. Now because it was thought, that those should not have day enough who came to his offerings and brought their oblations, commandment was given, that without observing the 
* or 〈◊〉▪ who wrote a Trage die bearing the same title:  strict order, every man might bring which way & by what street of the City he would, his gift into Mars field above said. During the Games and plays then exhibited there were chanted certain verses fitly applied as well to move pity as hatred withal of his death, and namely out of the Tragedy of Pacuvius, entitled, (a) The judgement of Armour, Men' Men' servasse, ut essent qui me perderent? Alas the while, that I these men should save: By bloody death, to bring me to my grave; As also another out of that of ACCIUS to the same sense. Instead of a laudatory oration, ANTONIUS the Consul pronounced by the public Crier, that Act of the Senate, wherein they decreed for him all honour, both divine and humane: likewise the solemn oath wherewith they all obliged themselves to defend the life and person of him and none but him: whereunto he added some few words of his own. The foresaid 
* Or 〈◊〉.  Bed, the Magistrates for the time being, and such as had borne office of State already, had 
* De●…erant.  conveyed into the forum before the ROSTRA; which when some intended to burn within the cell of JUPITER CAPITOLINUS, others in the 
* Where he was murdered.  Court of POMPEIUS: all of a sudden there were ij. fellows with swords girt to their sides: and carrying ij. javelins▪ who with light burning Tapers, set it on fire: and with that immediately the multitude that stood round about got dry sticks together and heaped them thereupon, with the Tribunal seats and other pues, 
* Or Benches.  of inferior Magistrates, & whatsoever beside was ready & (c) next at hand. After them, the Minstrels and stage players disrobed themselves of those vestments which out of the furniture of his Triumphs they had put on for the present use and occasion, rend the same in pieces and fling all into the flaming fire. The old legionary soldiers also did the like by their armour, wherein they bravely went to solemnize his funeral, Yea and most of the City Dames did no less by their jewels and Ornaments which they had about them: Their children's pendant brooches also and rich coats embroidered and bordered with purple. In this exceeding sorrow and public mourning, a number there were beside from foreign Nations: who every one after their Country manner, lamented round one after another, by companies in their turns: but above all other the 
* They affected Caesar (it should seem) in re●…ard o●… many benefits, and namely for bringing l'ompele to confusion who had forced their chief City.  jews. who also for many nights together frequented the place of his sepulture and where his body was burnt.  
The common people straight after his funeral obsequies went with burning 
85  firebrands and torches to the dwelling houses of BRUTUS and CASSIUS: From whence being hardly repelled, they meeting with HELVIUS CINNA by the way, and mistaking his name, as if he had been CORNELIUS CINNA (one who the the day before had made a bitter invective as touching CAESAR and whom they sought for) him they slew▪ set his head upon a spear, and so carried it about with them▪ After this they erected in the Forum a solid 
* Or Pillar.  Column almost 20. foot high▪ of Numidian Marble: with this title graven thereupon; PARENTI PATRIAE. To the father of his Country. At which pillar for a long time they used still to sacrifice, to make vows and prayers, to determine and end certain controversies interposing always their oath by the name of CAESAR.  
CAESAR left behind him in the minds of certain friends about him, a suspicion, 
86  that he was neither willing to have lived any longer, nor cared at all for life: because he stood not well to health, but was evermore crazy: & thereupon neglected as well all religious warnings from the Gods, as also what reports soever his friends presented unto him. There be that think, how trusting upon that last Act of the Senate, and there o'th' aforesaid, he discharged the Guard of Spaniards from about him, who armed with sword, gave attendance 
* Insectanti●…m.  upon his person. Others contrariwise are of opinion; that seeing as he did how he was forelaied on every side, and confessing, it were better once for all to undergo those imminent dangers, than always to stand in fear thereof, he was wont to say: It concerned not himself so much as it did the state, that he should live and be safe: As for him▪ he had gotten long since power and glory enough: marry the Commonwealth (if aught but well came to him) should not be at quiet, but incur the troubles of Civil war▪ the issue whereof would be far worse than ever it had been.  
This one thing verily, all men well near are agreed upon, That such a 
87  death befell unto him as himself in manner wished. For not only upon a time when he had read in 
* Cyripaedia, 8  XENOPHON, how CYRUS being at the point of death gave some order for his funeral, he setting light by so linger and slow a kind of death, had wished to die quickly and of a sudden; but also the very day before he was killed, in a certain discourse moved at supper in MARCUS LEPIDUS' house upon this point, What was the best end of a man's life? preferred that which was sudden and unlooked for.  
He died in the 
* In the 8, Septimane.  56. year of his age and was canonised among the 
88  Gods, not only by their voice who decreed such honour unto him, but also by the persuasion of the common people. For at those Games and plays which were the first that AUGUSTUS his heir exhibited for him thus 
* Consecrated.  deified, there shone a blazing star for seven days together, arising about the eleventh hour of the day; and believed it was to be the soul of CAESAR received up into heaven. For this cause also upon his Image there is a star set to the very Crown of his head. Thought good it was to dam up (b) the Court where in he was murdered: to name the Ideses of March (c) Parricidium, and that the Senate should never meet in Counsel upon that day.  
Of these murderers, there was not one in manner that either survived 
89  him above three years, or died of his natural death. All stood condemned▪ and by one mishap or other perished: some by shipwreck, others in battle▪ and 
* Cassi●…: as Plutarch reporteth, and 〈◊〉 according to Dion, and the ij. Casca's. A notable judgement of Almighty God upon the unnatural murderers of their Sovereign.  and some again, shortened their own days, with the very same dagger, wherewith they had wounded CAESAR.   

THE HISTORY OF Octavius Caesar Augustus,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
THat the principal name & lineage of the OCTAVII, dwelled in times passed at Velitrae, there be many evidences to show: For, both a street in the most frequented place of the said town long since carried the name OCTAVIUS, and also there was to be seen an Altar there consecrated 
* Or to Octavius: Octaviv Consecrata:  by one OCTAVIUS, who being General of the field in a war against the borderers, when he happened to be sacrificing to Mars▪ upon news brought that the enemy gave a sudden charge, caught the Innardss of the beast sacrificed half raw as they were, out of the 
* where they were a boiling or roasting.  fire; cut and offered them accordingly: & so entered into battle and returned with victory. There is beside, a public Act extant upon record, wherein decreed and provided it was, that every year after, the innards in like manner should be presented unto Mars, and the rest of the sacrifice remaining, carried back unto the Octavij.  

* Eagen inter Rom●…. o●…●…llect.  These Octavij, being by K. TARQVINIUS PRISCUS naturalised Romans' 
2  soon after translated and admitted by SERVIUS TULLUS, into the Senate among the patricians, & Nobles, in process of time ranged themselves with the commons, and with much ado at length, by the means of JULIUS of sacred Memrie returned to the Patrician degree again: The first of these that by the people's election bore any Magistracy, was HUNDRED RUFUS: who having been Questor begat Cn. and C. From them descended two families of the OCTAVII, and those for their estate of life far different. For Cn. and all the rest from him one after another, attained to places of highest honour but CAIUS and his posterity every one even unto the father of AUGUSTUS, (such was either their fortune or their will,) stayed in the order and degree of gentlemen, and rose no higher. The great Grand father of AAGUSTUS, in the second 
* Against An●…ball and the Carthaginians:  Punic war, served in quality of a Military 
* Colonel of 1000 footmen  Tribune, in Sicily, under AEMILIUS PA●…US Lord general. His father contenting himself with bearing office like another Burgess in his own Bourrough, being left wealthy by his father, grew to a good estate, and lived to be an old man, in much peace and tranquillity. But of these matters let others make report. AUGUSTUS himself writeth no more but thus. That the house from whence he came▪ was of Roman Gentlemen, wealthy and ancient withal, wherein the first that ever came to be Senator was his father. M. ANTONIUS hi●…teth him in the teeth with his great Grandfather: saying he was but a Libertine borne, and by occupation a 
* A seller of ropes: restionem, not Restionem with a Capital R as if it were a proper name.  roper, & come out of a Village of the Thurines: also that his Grandfather was no better than a very 
* Arg●…ntarium an exchanger of money for gain.  banquer. Neither have I found any more, as touching the Ancestors of AUGUSTUS by the Father's side:  
OCTAVIUS his father, from the very beginning of his age, was of great 
3  wealth and reputation; so that I cannot but marvel, that he also hath been reported by some a banquer or money changer: yea and one of the (a) dealers of money and servitors employed in CAMPUS MARTIUS, by those that stand for offices: For having been from his very cradle brought up in wealth highly and plentifully; he both attained unto honourable dignities with facility, and administered the same with credit and reputation. Presently upon his Pretourshippe, the province of Macedon fell unto his lot. And in his journey thither, the fugitives, to wit the relics of SPARTACUS and CATILINE'S forces, who then held the Thurine territory he defaited; having commission extraordinarily given unto him in the senate so to do: This province he governed with no less justice than fortitude. For having discomfited in a great battle the Bessi and the Thracians, he dealt so well with the Allies and confederates of that Kingdom: that there be certain letters of M. TULLIUS CICERO extant, wherein he exhorteth and admonisheth his brother QVINTUS, (who at the same time, little to his credit & good name, administered the proconsulship of Asia) for to imitate his neighbour OCTAVIUS, in doing well by the Allies, and winning their love thereby.  
As he departed out of Macedon before that he could profess himself to 
4  be a suitor for the Consulship, he died a sudden death▪ leaving these children behind him alive, namely two daughters OCTAVIA the elder, which he had by ANCHARIA: OCTAVIA the younger, and AUGUSTUS likewise, by ATIA. This ATIA was the daughter of M. ATIUS BALBUS, and JULIA the sister of C. CAESAR. BALBUS by his father's side was an ARICINE, a man that showed Senators Images and arms in his house: by his mother linked to MAGNUS POMPEIUS' in the nearest degree of consanguinity. And having borne the office of Praetorship he among the XX. Commissioners divided by virtue of the Law JULIA, the lands in the territory of CAPVA among the Commons. But M. ANTONIUS, despising the parentage and pedigree of AUGUSTUS by the mother side also, twitteth him and layeth in his dish, that his great Grandsire was an African borne saying on while, that he kept a shop of sweet oils, Ointments and perfumes; another while, that he was a baker in Aricia. CASSIUS verily of PARMA, in a certain Epistle: taxeth AVOUSTUS as being the 
* All this is spo ken allegorically of his base parentage.  Nephew not of a Baker only, but also of a banker, in these terms. Thou hast meal for thy mother. And then comes a banker of Nerulone, who out of a most painful back house in Aricia knedeth and mooldeth it with his hands sullied by telling & exchanging money. 
5   
AUGUSTUS' was borne, when M. TULLIUS CICERO and ANTONY were 
A. FIVE C. 691.  Consuls, the 
* 23. Of September.  ninth day before the Calendss of October, a little before the Sun rising, in the (a) palatine quarter of the City, at a place: called 
* Ox or Bull-heads.  CAPITA BU●…ULA: where now it hath a sacred Chapel, built and erected a little after he departed out of this world: For, as it is found in the records of the Senate, when C. LECTORIUS a young gentleman of the Patrician order, pleaded to have some easier punishment for the adultery, & alleged, over and beside his young years & parentage, this also in his plea▪ before the Senators, that he was the possessor and as it were, the warden & Sextaine of that ground or soil, which AUGUSTUS of happy memory touched (b) first, & requested that it might be given & granted unto the said AUGUSTUS as to his domestical and peculiar god: decreed it was that the same part of the house should be consecrated to that holy use. There is yet to be seen the place of his nourcery, within a suburban house belonging 
6  to his Ancestors, near unto Velitra: a very little Cabin, about the bigness of a Larder or Pantry: the neighbours are possessed with a certain conceit, as if he had been there also borne. To enter into this row me unless it be of necessity & with devout chastity, men make it scrupulous & are afraid: upon an old conceived opinion, as if unto as many as came thither rashly and inconsiderately, a certain horror and fearfulness were presented. And verily, this was soon after confirmed by this occasion: For when the new Land lord & possessor of that farm house, either by chance & at unwares, or else to try some experiment, went into it, there to take up his lodging, it happened that in the night within very few hours after, being driven out from thence by some sudden violence, (he knoweth not how,) he was found in manner half dead, together with bed and all, before the door,  
Being yet an infant, surnamed he was THURINUS, in memorial of the beginning 
7  of his Ancestors: or else because in the country about Thurij, when he was newly borne, his father OCTAVIUS fought a battle against the Fugitives. That he was surnamed THURINUS, myself am able to report by a god and sufficient evidence, as having gotten an old little counterfeit in brass representing him being a child: which had in iron letters and those almost worn out, this name engraven. This said sergeant, being given by me unto the 
* Hadrian the Emperor.  Prince, is now devoutely kept and worshipped among other his bed chamber Images. Moreover called he is oftentimes in taunting wise by M. ANTONIUS in his Epistles; THURINUS: and himself writeth unto him back again as touching that point, nothing but this▪ That he marvaileth why that former name of his should be objected unto him as a reproach. Afterwards, he assumed the surname of C. CAESAR▪ and after it of AUGUSTUS: the one by the last will of his great Uncle, by the mother side, the other by the virtue of MUNATIUS PLANCUS his sentence: For when some gave their opinion, that he aught to be styled ROMULUS, as if he also had been A Founder of the City, PLANCUS prevailed, that he should be called rather AUGUSTUS: not only for that it was a new Surname, but also greater and more honourable, because Religious and holy places, wherein also any thing is consecrated by bird flight, and feeding of them be called AUGUSTA, ab auctu. i. of growing, or else ab avium gestu gustuve: i Of birds gesture and feeding. Like as ENNIUS also teacheth writing in this manner.  
august Augurio postquam inclyta condita Roma est.  
After that Noble Rome was built by sacred flight of Birds.  
He was 4▪ years old when his father died: and in the xii. year of his age 
8  he praised in a public assembly, his Grandmother JULIA deceased. Four years after having put on his virile rob, he had (a) military (b) gifts bestowed upon him at the African triumph of CAESAR, albeit by reason of his young years he had not once served in the wars: Soon after, when his Uncle (CAESAR) was go into Spain against Cn. POMPEIUS children, he followed with in a while, (being as yet not well recovered out of a grievous sickness,) even through ways infested by enemies, with very few in his train to accompany him, and having suffered shipwreck beside: whereby he mightily won his uncles love, who quickly approved his towardly behaviour and disposition, over and above his diligence in travail▪ When CAESAR, after he had recovered Spain and brought it to his subjection, intended a voyage against the 
* otherwise called 〈◊〉,  Daci, and from thence against the Parthians, he being sent afore to Apollonia, become a Student there and followed his book. And so soon as he had certain intelligence that CEASAR was slain, and himself made his heir: standing in doubt and suspense a long time, whether he should implore the help of the Legions os no? at length he gave over that course verily, as too hasty & untimely, but when he was returned again to Rome, he entered upon his inheritance, not withstanding his mother made some doubt thereof & his father in law MARTIUS 
* His mother's husband.  PHILIPPUS a man of Consular degree much dissuaded him there fro. And from that time having levied & assembled his forces, he governed the common wealth first joint lie with (c M. ANTONIUS and M: LEPIDUS for the space almost of 12: years, and at the last for xliiij: years by himself alone:  
Having thus laid open the very sum as it were, of his life, I will go through 
9  the parts there of in particular: not by the times but by the several kinds thereof. to the end the same may be showed and known more distinctly: Five civil wars he made to wit, at Mutiny, Philippi, Perusium in Sicily, and at Actium. Of which the first & last were against M: ANTONIUS: the second against BRUTUS and CASSIUS the third against L. ANTONIUS brother to the Triumvir, the 4. against Sex. POMPEIUS, Cn. POMPEIUS his son. Of all these wars he took the occasion and quarrel from hence, namely, reputing and judging in his mind nothing more meet and convenient than the revenge of his uncles death and the maintenance of his acts and proceedings.  
Not sooner was he returned from Apollonia, but he purposed to set upon BRUTUS and CASSIUS at unwares: and (because upon foresight of danger they 
10  were fled secretly out of the way) to take the course of law, and in their absence 
A, V, C 710.  to indite them of murder. As for the Plays and games for CAESAR'S victory because they durst not exhibit them, whose lot and office it was so to do, himself set them forth. And to the end that he might go through all other matters also more resolutely; he professed himself to labour for the 
* Of the commons.  Tribuneship in the room of one who fortuned to die: albeit he was one of the Nobility, though not of the Senate. But seeing that M. ANTONIUS the Consul withstood his attempts, where as he hoped he would have been his principal friend in that suit: and vouchsafed not unto him so much as the assistance of his own public authority, or help procured from others in any thing, without he agreed and covenanted to yield unto him some exceeding consideration: he betook himself unto the protection of those Nobles & chief Senators unto whom he perceived that ANTONIUS was odious: in this regard especially, that 
* ●… Antonius.  he endeavoured all that he could by force of arms to expel DECIMUS BRUTUS besieged at Mutina, out of that province which by CEASAR was granted and by the Senate confirmed unto him. And thereupon by the advice and persuasion of some he set certain persons privily in hand to murder ANTONIUS; which perilous practice of his being detected and fearing still the like danger to himself, he waged the old soldiers with as beautiful a largesse as possibly he could, 
A. V C. 711.  for the defence as well of his own person as of the state. And being appointed to lead this army thus levied, in quality of propretour & together with HIRTIUS and PANSA, who had entered upon the Consulship▪ to aid D. BRUTUS, he made an end of this war committed unto him within three months, in two fought fields. In the former of which, ANTONY writeth that he fled, and without coat armour or horse appeared at length after two days and showed himself. But in the battle next following, well known it is, that he performed the part not only of a Captain but also of a soldier▪ and in the very heat and midst of the medley, by occasion that the Standard bearer of his own Legion was grievously hurt, he supported the Eagle with his own shoulders 
* As mass●…e & heavy as it was.  and so carried it a good while.  
During this war, when HIRTIUS had lost his life in the conflict, and 
11  PANSA soon after of his wound, it was bruited rifely abroad, that both of them were by his means slain: to the end that having defaited ANTONIUS, and the Commonwealth being bereift of both Consuls, he alone might seize upon the victorious armies. And verily the death of PANSA was so deeply suspected that GLYCO the Physician was committed to ward and durance, as if he had put poison into his wound. AQVILLIUS NIGER addeth moreover and saith, that the one of the Consuls, to wit, HIRTIUS, was in the very confused medley of the battle killed by AUGUSTUS himself.  
But so soon as he understood that ANTONY after his flight was entertained 
12  by M. LEPIDUS: that other Captains also and armies consented to take part with 
* Prop●…rtibus: of Pomperus and the common wealth. if you read pro petri●… i with the Nobility  the side▪ he forsook without all delays the cause of the Nobles and principal Senators: and for the better pretence of this change and alteration of his mind, craftily and unjustly alleged the words and deeds of certain of them▪ as if (a) some had given it out of him: That he was a boy, (b) Others, that he was to be 
* Et tollendum.  adorned, and * honoured: That neither himself nor the old beaten soldiers might be rewarded according to their deserts. And the better to approve his repentance of the former side and faction that he took: He fined the Nursines, in a great sum of money, and more than they were able to pay; For that upon the Monuments or Tomb of those Citizens that were slain in the battle at Mutina (which at their common charges was reared) they wrote this Title, That they died for the Liberty and Freedom of their City.  
Being entered into Society with ANTONY and LEPIDUS, he finished 
13  the Philippian war also, (although he was but weak and sickly,) and that 
A. V C 712.  with two battles▪ in the former being discamped and driven out of the field, hardly he escaped by flight and recovered the Regiment or wing of ANTONIUS. Neither used he moderately the success of his victory, but when he had sent the head of BRUTUS to Rome for to be bestowed under the Statue of CAESAR, he dealt cruelly with the Noblest and most honourable prisoners, and not without reproachful words: so far forth verily, that to one of them, making humble suit and prayer for his Sepulture, he answered, (by report) in this wise. That it would be anon, at the dispose of the f●…uleses of the Air: and when others, to wit, the (a) Father, and son together entreated for their lives; he commanded them either to cast lots or try by combat whether of them should have life granted▪ and so beheld them both as they died, whilst the father who offered himself to die was slain, and the son voluntarily take his death. Whereupon the rest, & amongst them M FAVONIUS that worthy follower of CATO, when they were brought forth with their irons and chains to execution, after they had in honourable terms saluted ANTONIUS by the name of 
* Sovereign commander  Emperor, openly reviled and let fly at him most foul and railing words. Having parted between them their charges & offices after this victory, when ANTONIUS undertook to settle the East in good order, and himself to bring the old Soldiers back into Italy, & to placethem there, in the lands & territories belonging to the free Towns and Burowghes, he kept himself in favour neither with the said old soldiers, nor the former possessors of those lands: whilst the one sort complained, that they were dizseized: and the other, that they were not well entreated according to their hope, for so good deserts.  
At which very time, he forced L. ANTONIUS (who confidently presuming 
14  upon the Consulship which he then bore, & his brother's power withal, went 
A. V C. 713.  about to make an insurrection and alteration in the state) to fly unto PERUSIA, and there for very hunger compelled him to yield▪ but yet not without great jeopardy of his own person, both before and after the war: for when at a certain solemn sight of stage plays; he had commanded an ordinary and common soldier who was set within the (a) 14. ranks, to be raised by an officer, & thereupon a rumour was carried and spread by his malicious ill willers and backbiters, as if presently after torture he had put the same soldier to death. There lacked very little, but that in the concourse and indignation of the militarre multitude, he had come to a mischief and been murdered. This only saved his life: that the man for a while miss, suddenly was to be seen again alive and safe without any harm done unto him. About the walls of Perusia, as he sacrificed, he had like to have been intercepted by a strong company of sword fencers that sallied out of the Town.  
After he had forced PERUSIA; he proceeded to the execution of very many, 
15  
A. V C. 714.  & ever as any went about either to crave pardon or to excuse themselves, with this on word he stopped their mouths, Die ye must. Some writ, that iij: hundred of both degrees (to wit Senators and Knights) chosen out of them who had yielded, were killed 
* Brained with an axe: and no●… beheaded  as sacrifices upon the 
* On which day 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was murdered.  Ideses of March, at the Altar built in the honour of JULIUS (CAESAR) of famous memory. There have been others who wrote, that of very purpose he took arms and made this war to the end that his close adversaries and those who rather for fear, then of good will held in, upon occasion given and opportunity by L. ANTONIUS there leader, might be detected: that having once vanquished them and confiscated their goods, the rewards promised unto the old soldiers he might the better perform.  
The war in SICILY he began betimes and with the first, but drew it out 
16  along time; as being often intermitted▪ one while, for the repairing and rigging of his fleet which by two shipwracks in tempest, (and that 
* When commonly it is c●…lme in those Seas.  in summer time) he had lost: another while▪ by occasion of peace made at the earnest cry of the people, for the provision of their victuales cut off and kept from them: and the famine thereby daily growing: until such time as having built new 
A. V C. 717.  ships, manurnised and set free xx. thousand slaves, and those put to the ore for to learn to row galleys, he made the Haven julius at Baiz by letting the sea into the Lakes, LUCRINUS and ALUERNUS. In which when he had trained and exercised his sea forces whole winters, he overcame POMPEIUS between 
* A port town in 〈◊〉,  Milae and 
* An harbour near Messanah. A. V C, 718.  Naulochus▪ at the very hour and instant time of which Naval battle, he was suddenly surprised with such a sound sleep, that his friends were feign to waken him and raise him out of bed for to give the signal. Whereupon occasion and matter was ministered (as I think) to 
* Marcus, the Triumvir.  ANTONIUS, for to cast this in his teeth, that he could not so much as with his eyes open see●… directly before him the battle set in ray, but lay like a senseless b●…ocke on his back, looking only into the 
* For God's help.  sky aloft: nor once arose and came in sight of his soldiers, before that M. AGRIPPA had put his enemies 12 ships to flight. Others blame and charge him both for a speech and deed also of his: as if he should cry out and say, That seeing his own regiment of ships were cast away by tempests, he would even against the will of NEPTUNE obtain victory. And verily the next day of the (a) Circensian Games, he took out of the solemn pomp there showed, the Image of the said God: Neither in any other war lightly was he in more and greater dangers For having transported one army into Sicily, when he sailed back again for to waft over the rest of his forces from the continent and firm 
* Of 〈◊〉.  land, he was at unwares overtaken and surpri●…ed by DEMOCHARES and APOLLOPHANES the lieutenants and Admiral's of POMPEIUS, but at the length with very much ado, he escaped with one only bark In like manner as he travailed by land unto (b) R●…egium near Locrse, kenning a far of 
* Sext.  POMPEY'S galleys sailing along the coasts, and weening them to he his own, he went down to the shore, and had like to have been caught and taken by them. And even then as he made shifted to fly and escape through by-ways and blind-lanes: a bondservant of AEMILIUS PAULUS a companion of his, taking it to the heart that his masters father PAULUS, was in times passed by him proscribed and outlawed, and embracing, as it were, the good occasion and opportunity of revenge now offered, gave the attempt to kill him. After the flight of 
* Sext.  POMPEIUS, when M. LEPIDUS one of his 
* In the Triumvirate.  Colleagues, whom he had called forth of Africa to his aid, bore 
A. V C. 718.  himself proud upon the confidence of xx. Legions, challenged a sovereignty over the 
* M. Antonius and 〈◊〉 Augustus.  rest, and that, with terror and menaces: he stripped him of all his army, and upon his humble submission and supplication, pardoned his life, but confined him for ever to Circeij. 
* Some Critics begin here a new Chapter.  The Society of M. ANTONIUS wavering always in doubtful tea●…meses and uncertain, and notwithstanding many and sundry reconciliations, not well knit and confirmed, he broke of quite in the end: and the better to prove and make good that he (c) had degenerated from the civil behaviour and modesty of a (Roman) Citizen, he caused the last will and testament of the said ANTONY, which he had left at (d) Rome, and therein nominated even the Children of CLEOPATRA among his heirs to be opened and read in a public assembly. Howbeit when he was judged by the State an enemy, he sent back unto him those of his nearest acquaintance and inward friends and among other C. SOSIUS, (e) and T 
* Cn. Domitius  DOMITIUS, being Consuls at that time still. The Bononians also, for that of old they were dependants of the Antoniuses and in there retinue and protection, he by a public Act 
A. V C. 722.  acquit and pardoned for not entering into a confederace with all Italy, (f) on his side. Not long after, he vanquished him in a Naval battle before (g) Actium, what time by reason that the fight continued until it was late 
A. V C. 723:  in the evening he was forced to lodge all night conqueror as he was, on ship board.  
When he had retired himself from Actium into the Island Samos for his 
17  winter harbour, being disquieted with the news of his soldiers mutiny demanding rewards and discharge from service; those I mean, whom after the victory achieved he had from out of the whole number sent before to Brindis, he went again into Italy: but in crossing the Seas thither; twice was he tossed and troubled with Tempests: first between the promontories or Capes of Pol●…ponensus and Actolia: again, about the Mountains or Cliffs Ceraunij. In both which places, part of his pinnaces were cast away and drowned: and with all, the very tackling of that ship wherein he embarked was rend and ●…orne a sunder: yea, and the rudder thereof quite broken. Neither stayed he at Brindis above 27, days, that is to say until he had settled his 
A. V C▪ 724  soldiers and contented them in their desires and requests: but fetching a compass about Asia, and Syria, sailed into Egypt where after he had laid siege unto ALEXANDRIA, whether ANTONY and CLEOPATRA were together fled▪ He soon become Mais. of that City. And as for ANTONY, who now (all to late) made means for conditions of peace he enforced to make himself away, and 
* Viditque mor●…: In some copies we read thus: 〈◊〉 mort●…am Cleopatram, 〈◊〉 And he saw SATURN'S dead: For he heard only of Antony's death and saw the sword wherewith he wounded himself.  saw him dead And to CLEOPATRA whom most gladly he would have saved alive for to beautify his triumph he set the (a) PSYLLI to suck out the venom & poison within her body: for that supposed it was she died with the sting of the Serpent (b) Aspis: This honour he did unto them both, namely to bury them in one sepulchre: and the Tomb by them begun, he commanded to be finished. Young ANTONY the elder of those twain whom he had by FULVIA, he caused to be violently haled from the Statue of JULIUS CAESAR of famous memory, unto which, after many prayers but all in vain; he was fled as to sanctuary, and so killed him. Likewise CAESARIO, when CLEOPATRA gave out openly that she had conceived by his 
* His great Uncle indeed but father by adoption:  father CAESAR, he fetched back again from the place whither he was fled, and put him to death. The rest of the Children of ANTONY and the Queen together, he both saved (not less than if they had been linked in near Alliance unto himself,) and also according to the state of every one of them, he maintained and cherished respectively.  
About the same time, when he beheld the Tomb together with the corpse of 
18  ALEXANDER the great, taken newly forth of the vault or secret Chapel where it was bestowed; he set upon it a coronet of gold: and strewing flowers thereupon worshipped it: And being asked the question, whither he would 
* Or 〈◊〉 i. the body's 〈◊〉 Tombs of the Ptolemoees, If you read 〈◊〉, it is meant of 〈◊〉.  look upon the PTOLOMES' also? he answered that he was desirous indeed to see a King but not the (a) dead. When he had reduced Egypt in the form of a province, to the end that he might make it more fruitful and fit to yield corn and victuals for the City of Rome, he skowred and cleansed by help of soldiers, all those ditches where into Nilus overfloweth, which by long time had been choked with mud. And that the memory of his Actiake victory might be more renowned among posterity, he built the City Nicopolis over against Actium, and ordained certain games and plays there, every 5. years: and having enlarged the old 
* Which stood upon the said promontary actium.  Temple of Apollo: and the place wherein he had encamped; he beautified with Naval spoils and then consecrated it to Neptune and Mars.  
After this, sundry tumults and the very beginnings of commotions and insurrections, 
19  many conspiracies also detected before they grew to any head, he suppressed: and those, some at one time and some at an other▪ Namely first one of LEPIDUS the younger: then, another of VARRO MURAENA, and FANNIUS CAPIO: soon after that, of M. 
* Or Egnatius.  GENATIUS: and so forward of PLAUTIUS RUFUS and L. PAULUS, his nieces husband: and besides all these, that of L. AUDASIUS accused of forgery, and sergeant seals; a man neither for years able nor body sound: Likewise of ASIMIUS EPICADUS descended from the Parthynes Nations a (a) 
* Begotten be tween a bond slave and a mongrel.  apparel: and last of all, of TELEPHUS, a base 
* Or Prompter of names, employed in telling of their names who came to salute and bid good morrow, and placing also of guests a●… the Table, and in no better service:  Nomenclator, servant to a woman: For free was not AVOUSTUS from the conspiracy and danger, not not of the most abject sort of people. As for AUDASIUS and EPICADUS, they had intended to carry away JULIA his daughter and AGRYPPA, his Nephew (out of those islands wherein they abode confined) unto the armies: and TELEPHUS purposed upon a deep conceit that the sovereignty of dominion was by the Destinies and will of God due unto him, even to lay upon him and the Senate violent hands. And more than that, one time there was taken near unto his bedchamber by night, a camp-slave belonging to the ILLYRIAN army, who had deceived the porters and gotten thither with a wood knife at his side, but whether he were out of his wits, or feigned himself mad, it was uncertain: for nothing could be wrung out of him by examination upon the rack and torture. 
20   
Foreign wars he made in his own person ij in all and no more: that is to 
A. V C. 721. 727.  say, the (a) Dalmatian, when he was yet a very youth: and the Cantabrian, after he had defaited ANTONY. In the Dalmatian war, he was wounded also: for in one battle he got a blow upon his right knee with a stone: and in an other, not his leg only, but also both his arms were hurt with the fall from a (b) 
* Or turret of wood.  bridge, The rest of his wars he managed by his Lieutenants: yet so as that in some of them namely the Pannonian and the German; he would either come between times, or else remain not far of: making his progress from the City of Rome, as far as to Ravenna, or Milan or to Aquileia.  
He subdued partly by his own conduct in proper person, and in part by 
21  his Lieutenants having commission immediately from him & directed by his auspicies Cantabria, Aquitaine, Pannonia and Dalmatia together with all Illyricum, Rhaetia likewise, the Vindelicis, the Salassians and the Nations inhabiting the Alps. He repressed also the Incursions of the Dukes, having slain three of their Generals with a great number of them beside. And the Germans he removed and set further of; even beyond the river Albis. Howbeit, of these the Suevians and the Sicambrians, because they yielded themselves, he brought over into Gaul, and placed them in the lands next unto Rhine. Other Nations being mal-content, he reduced unto his obedience. Neither made he war upon any people without just and necessary causes: and so far was he from desire of enlarging his Empire, or advancing his martial glory, that he compelled certain princes and potentates of the Barbarians, to take an oath in the Temple of Mars (a) the Revenger for to continued in their allegiance, & in the protection and peace which they sued for: yea and from some of them he assayed to exact a new kind of Hostages, even 
* V●…usuall in those days.  women, for that he perceived, that they neglected the pledges of the males. And yet he gave them liberty, as often as they would, to receive their hostages again. Neither proceeded he at any time against those, who either usually or treacherously above the rest took arms & rebelled, to any punishment more grievous than this, even to cell them as captives: with this condition, that they should not serve in any neighbour Country, nor be manumised and made free within the space of 
* Or 20▪ rather  30. years. By which fame of virtue and moderation that went of him, he induced and drew the very Indian's and Scythians, Nations known by report and here say only, to make suit of their own accord by Ambassadors, for amity of him and the people of Rome. The Parthians also, when as he laid claim unto Armenia, yielded soon unto him: and those military Ensigns which they had taken from M. CRASSUS & M. ANTONIUS, they delivered unto him again at his demand: and moreover, offered hostages unto him. And finally when there were many Competitors together at one time claiming a title to the Kingdom, they would not allow of any, but one by him elected.  
The temple of janus Quirinus, which from the foundation of the City before 
22  his days had once and twice been shut, he in a far shorter space of time (having peace both by sea and land) shut a third time. Twice he rod on horseback 
* Tertio. or ter●…. thrice.  (b) ovant into the City: once presently upon the Philippian war; and again, after the Sicilian. He kept three Triumphs riding in his chariot: to wit, the Dalmatian, the Arctic, and the Alexandrian▪ and these continued all for three days together.  
Of shameful foils and grievous overthrows, he received but two in all: 
23  and those in no place else but in Germany; namely when LOLLIUS and 
* Quintilius Varus.  VARUS were defaited. That of LOLLIUS, was a matter of dishonour more than loss and damage; but the other of VARUS, drew with it in manner utter destruction as wherein three Legions with their General; the Lieutenant; and 
A. V C. 738 762  (a) Auxiliaries, all were slain. Upon the news of this Infortunity▪ he proclaimed a set watch both day and night through the City of Rome; for fear of some tumult and uproar: and the commissions of Precedents and Deputies over Provinces, he renewed and enlarged their time of government: to the end, that the Allies of the people of Rome might be kept in a leageance by governors, such as were both skilful and also acquainted with them. He vowed also the Great (Roman) Games and Plays to the honour of JUPITER OPT. MAX. If 
* Si Resp. in meliorem statum vert ●…sset.  the Commonwealth turned to better State. This happened, during the time of the Cimbrian and 
* Which also was called Bellum sociale, wherein▪ the Associate nations in Italy rebelled: of which Rebellion the Authors were the Marsi.  Marsian war. For, therewith (by report) he was so troubled and astonished, that for certain months together he let the hair of beard and head grow still and wore it long, yea and other whiles would run his 
* Upon an opinion of the paynim▪ that if they did ●…njurie to their own bodies they should sooner pacify the Gods.  head against the doors, crying out, QUINTILLUS VARUS, Deliver up thy Legions again. And the very (b) day of this infortunate calamity he kept every year mournful, with sorrow and lamentation.  
24 In warfare & feats of arms, he both altered and also instituted many points: yea and some he reduced to the ancient manner. (a) Military discipline he exercised most severely. He permitted not so much as any of his Lieutenants, but with much ado and discontentment, to visit otherwhiles their wives; and never but in the (b) winter months. A Roman Knight, for cutting off the (c) thombs of two young men his sons, to avoid the military oath and war service, he set in open po●…t sale, himself (I say) and all his goods. Whom notwithstanding, because he saw the (d) Publicans about to buy, and bid very well for him, he appointed and delivered to his own Freed man; that being confined and sent away unto his living & lands in the Country, he might permit him to live as Free. The tenth Legion, for being stubborn and unwilling to obey, he dismissed all and whole with ignominy. Other legions likewise, requiring malapertly their discharge he cassed without allowance of rewards due for their service. Whole bands or cohorts, if any of them gave 
* The General's Pavilions.  ground and recoiled, he tithed, that is to say, executed every tenth man of them: and the rest, he allowed barley in steed of wheat to feed upon. Those centurions who forsook their Stations, he punished with death, even as well as the common soldiers of their bands: and for other kinds of Delinquency he put them to shame sundry ways, as commanding them to stand all the day long before the Praetorium sometimes in their single 
* Or wastcoates, without their Saga:  coats and ungirt; otherwhiles with ten 
* Or meeting poles, in token of Regradation or putting down to a lower place.  foot perches in their hands; or else carrying turfs of earth.  
After the civil wars, he called none of his soldiers either in any public speech, or by way of edict or proclamation, by the name of (a) Fellow soldiers, 
25  but plain Soldiers. Nay he would not suffer them otherwise to be termed so much as by his sons, or his wife's sons: thinking it was a more affected manner of Appellation than stood either with martial Law, or the (a) quietness of those times, or the majesty of himself and his house: (b) Libertines he employed in soldiery unless it were at Rome about skarfires by night, (not withstanding there was feared some tumult and uproar by occasion of great dearth and scarcity) but twice only: once in garizon for defence of those Colonies which bounded fast upon Illyricum; a second time for keeping the banks of the river of Rhine▪. And those, being as yet bond, imposed upon men and women of the wealthier sort for to set out, but without delay manumised, he kept with him to serve under one of the foremost 
* Sub primore vexillo or sub proprio vexillo pomell: under his own banner.  banners in the vanguard; neither intermingled with such as were Free borne, nor in the same manner armed. As for military gifts he gave unto his soldiers trappers collars and 
* Quicquid auro argentoque constaret: or rather, quanquam au r●…argentoque con st●…rent▪ i Albeit they were made of gold and silver.  whatsoever stood upon gold or silver, much sooner than (c) Vallar or Mural coronets which were more honourable. These he bestowed most sparily; and when he did, it was without suit made therefore: and many times upon the common (d) and base soldiers. He gave unto M. AGRIPPA after a navale victory in Cilicia a blue streamer. Those Captains only who had triumphed, albeit they were both companions with him in his expeditions, and also partakers of his victories, he thought not meet to be rewarded with any gifts at all: because they also had power to bestow the same upon whom they would. Moreover he deemed nothing less beseeming a perfect and accomplished Captain, than hast-making and rashness. And therefore, these mots and sentences were rife in his mouth. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉:  
As also, Sateros celeriter fieri, quicquid fiat satis bene.   
His saying was, That neither battle nor war was once to be under taken, unless there might be evidently seen more hope of gain than fear of damage: for such as sought after the smallest commodities▪ not with a little danger, he likened unto those, that angle or fish with a golden hook: for the loss whereof, if it happened to be knapped or broken off▪ no draft of fish whatsoever, was able to make amendss. 
26   
He managed magistracies and honourable places of government before due 
* By the laws Annuar. oe, or Anuales.  time; some of them also of a 
* As the Triumvirate:  new kind; and others in 
* As the Tribunes authority and Censureship.  perpetuity. The Consulship he usurped and entered upon in the twentieth (a) year of his age, presenting forcibly and in hostile manner his legions before the City, sending some of purpose to demand it, even in the name of the Army for him. What time verily, when the Senate made some doubt and stay of the matter, CORNELIUS a Centurion and the chief man of that message, casting 
* Or casting it behind him reiecto sagulo.  of his soldiers jacket and showing his sword's haft, stuck not to say thus openly in the Senate house, This here shall do the deed, if ye will not. His second Consulship he bore nine years after: the third, but one year between: the rest ensuing he continued one after an other unto the eleventh. Afterwards having refused many Consulships when they were offered unto him; his twelfth Consulship a greater while after, even 17 years, himself made suit for▪ so did he again, two years after it, for his thirteenth: to the end that being himself in place of the Sovereign and highest Magistrate, he might bring honourably into the Common Hall. C. and L. his adopted) 
* The natural sons of his daughter julia and ●…. A●…rippa.  sons; each of them to Commence and perform their first plead at their 
* The elder in his twelfth, the younger in his thirteenth Consulate  due time in virile gowns. The five middle Consulships between, to wit from the sixth to the eleventh he held the whole years through: the other, for the space of six, or nine, four, or three months: but the second, very few hours: for upon the very Calendss 
* The first of januarie or New years day.  of januarie, when he had sitten a while upon his curule chair of estate before the temple of jupiter Capitolinus; he resigned up the Office, and substituted another in his place. Neither entered he upon all his Consulships at Rome: but the fourth in Asia; the fifth, in the Island Samos; the eight and ninth at Tarracon.  
27 The Triumvirate for 
* That was the coloci & pretence of it.  settling of the Commonwealth, he administered for the space of ten years: Wherein verily, he stood against his colleagues proceed for a good while, That there might be no proscription▪ but when it was once on foot, he executed it more sharply than they both. For, whereas they were exorable and would be oftentimes entreated by favour and prayer, to respect the persons of many; he alone was very earnest, that none might be spared: among the rest, he proscribed C. TORANIUS also, his own Tutor and guardian, yea and the companion in the Office of Aedileship with his father OCTAVIUS. JUNIUS SATURNINUS writeth moreover, that after the proscription was ended, when M. LEPIDUS had in the Senate-house excused all that was past and given good hope of clemency for the time to come, because there had been execution enough done already: he on the contrary side professed openly, That he had determined no other end of the said proscription, but that he might have liberty still to proceed in all things as he would. Howbeit, in testimony of repentance for this rigour and obstinacy of his, he honoured afterward with the dignity of Knighthood 
* Or Vinius, for so was his Patron named.  T. JUNIUS PHILOPAEMEN, for that he was reputed to have in times past hid his own Patron, that was proscribed. In the same Triumvirate, he incurred many ways the ill will and heartburning of the people: for he commanded that PINARIUS a Gentleman of Rome, (what time as he himself made a public speech in an assembly whereunto he had admitted a multitude of Pagans, that is to say, such as were no soldiers, and espied him there to take notes of something that he delivered before the soldiers, supposing him to be over busy and a spy,) should be stabbed to death even in his sight: yea, and he terrified TEDIUS AFER, Consul elect, (because he had maliciously in some spiteful terms depraved something that he had done) with so great menaces, that in a melancholy he cast himself headlong and broke his own neck. Likewise, as Q. GALLIUS the praetor held under his rob a pair of duple writing tables, when he came of course to do his duty and salute him; he suspecting, that he had a (short) sword hidden underneath, and not daring straightways to search him farther, for fear something else than a sword should be found about him; within a little while after caused him to be haled out of the Tribunal seat of judgement, by the hands of certain Centurions of Soldiers, and put to torture like a bondslave; yea & seeing he would confess nothing, commanded him to be killed; having first with his own hands plucked his eyes out of his head. Howbeit AUGUSTUS writeth, that the said GALLIUS by pretending to parley secretly with him, laid wait for his life; whereupon he committed him to prison, and afterwards dismissed and enlarged him only to devil in Rome: and that in the end he perished either by shipwreck, or else by the hands of thieves who forlayed him. He received and held the Tribunate in perpetuity. Therein, once or 
A. V C. 731  twice, he chose and assumed unto him a colleague, for several 
* ●… The space of 5. years.  Lustra. He took upon him likewise the government of manners and Laws as a perpetual Censor: In full right whereof, although he had not the honourable title of Censureship, yet he held a survey and nombring of the people thrice: the first and third with a companion in office; the middle by himself alone.  
28 Twice he was in mind, to have resigned up his absolute government▪ First, immediately upon the suppressing of ANTHONY, mindful of that which oftentimes 
* The said Antony.  he had objected against him, namely, as if it had been long of 
* ●… Augustus.  him, that it was not resigned, and the Commonwealth brought to a free state again: and secondly, by reason that he was weary of a long and linger sickliness▪ what time he sent also for all the Magistrates 
* A●… Senatum▪ or, esenatu. i. out of the Senate.  and the Senate, home to his house; and delivered up an Account-booke or Register of the 
* Or of his acts & proceed in the government.  whole Empire. But considering better with himself, that were he once a private person, he could not live without danger; and withal, that it would greatly hazard the Common wealth, to be put into the hands and dispose of many; he continued in the holding thereof still. And whether the event ensuing, or his will herein were better, it is hard to say. Which will of his, as he pretended oftentimes when he sat in place, so he testified also by a certain edict in these words: OH that I might establish the Common wealth safe and sound in her own 
* Base or Piedstall.  proper seat, and thereof reap that fruit which I desire: even that I may be reported the Author of an excellent estate, and carry with me when I die this hope, that the ground work and the foundations of the Commonwealth which I shall lay, may continued and abide steadfast in their place. And verily what he wished, 
* As if he had been a God himself; according to the saving. S●…ns' 〈◊〉 fingit fortu●…am ●…ibi.  himself effected and brought to pass, having endeavoured and done his best every way, that no man might repent of this new estate. For the City being not adorned according to the majesty of such an Empire and Subject to the casualties of Deluges and fires, he beautified and set out so, as justly he made his boast, that where he found it built of brick, he left it all of marble. And for the safety therereof, he performed as much for future posterity as could be foreseen and provided for by man's wit and reason.  
29 Public works he built very many whereof the chief and principal was his Forum or stately Hall of justice, together with the temple of MARS the Revenger: The temple of APOLLO in Palatinus; The temple likewise of JUPITER the Thunderer, in the Capitol. The reason why he built the said Forum, was the multitude of men & their suits: which because, (a) ij. would not suffice, seemed to have need of a third also. And therefore with great speed erected it was for that public use, even before the temple of MARS was finished. And expressly provided it was by law, that in it public causes should be determined apart, and choosing of judges (or juries) by itself. The temple of Mars he had vowed unto him, in the Philippian war which he took in hand for the revenge of his father's death. He ordained therefore by an Act, that here the Senate should be consulted with, as touching wars & triumphs: that from hence those Pretours or Governors who were to go into their provinces should be honourably attended & brought onward on their way: and that hither they should bring the ensigns and ornaments of triumph, who returned with victory. The temple of Apollo he reared in that part of the Palatine house, which being smitten with lightning was by that God required, as the Soothsayets out of their learning had pronounced: hereto was adjoined a gallery, with a library of Latin and Greek books. In which temple, he was wont in his old age both to sit oftentimes in counsel with the Senate, and also to oversee & review the Decuries of the judges. He consecrated the temple unto JUPITER the Thunderer, upon occasion that he escaped a danger, what time as in his Cantabrian expedition, as he travailed by night, a flash of lightning glanced upon his licter, & struck his servant stone dead, that went with a light before. Some works also he made under other folks names, to wit his nephew, his wife and sister; as the Gallery and stately Palace of 
* His daughter's children by Agrippa.  LUCIUS and CAIUS: likewise the Gallery or Porches of LIVIA and OCTAVIA: the Theatre also of MARCELLUS. Moreover diverse other principal persons he oftentimes exhorted to adorn and beautify the City, every man according to his ability either by erecting new monuments, or else by repairing and furnishing the old. By which means many an Edifice was by many a man built: as namely the temple of Hercules and the 
Atrium libertatis A trium, quasi aithrion. A place where learned men were wont to meet and confer, as our Merchants do in the Royal Exchange. built not unlike unto it with arched walks on every side standing upon pillars: & as this cloi●…ure was called Peristylium, so, the open yard within, A tra●… or Subdi●…d.  Muses by MARCUS PHILIPPUS: the temple of Diana by L. CORNIFICIUS. The * Court of Liberty by ASINIUS POLLIO: A temple of Saturn by MUNATIUS PLANCUS: a Theatre by CORNELIUS BALEUS; and an (b) Amphitheatre by Statillus Taurus: but many and those very goodly monuments by M. AGRIPPA.  
30 The whole space of the City he divided into (a) wards and streets. He ordained, that as Magistrates or Aldermen yearly by lot should keep and govern the former: so their should be Masters or Constables elected out of the Commons of every street, to look unto the other. Against skarefires he devised night-watches and watchmen. To keep down Inundations and Deluges, he enlarged and cleansed the channel of the River Tiberis, which in times past was full of rammell and the ruins of houses, and so by that means narrow and choked. And that the Avenues on every side to the City might be more passable, he took in hand himself to repair the high way or Cawsie Flaminia, so far as to ARIMINNUM▪ and the rest he committed to sundry men who had triumphed, for to ●…ave; and the charges thereof to be befraied out of the money raised of spoils and sackage. The sacred Churches and Chapels decayed and ruinated by continuance of time, or consumed by fire he re-edified: and those together with the rest he adorned with most rich oblations; as who brought into the Cell, or Tabernacle of jupiter Capitolinus at one Donation, 16000 pound weight of gold, besides precious stones valued at 50 millions of Sesterces.  
But after that he entered now at length upon the High priesthood when 
31  
A. V C. 741.  LEPIDUS was once dead, which he never could find in his heart to take from him whiles he lived: what books soever of prophecies & destinies went commonly abroad in Greek and Latin, either without authors, or such as were not authentical and of credit, he caused to be called in from all places, to the number of 2000 & above: and when he had burnt them, he retained those only of Sibyls prophecies. And even of those also he made some special choice: and bestowed them close in two little Desks or coffers under the base & piedstoole of APOLLO PALATINUS. The years revolution reduced as it was into order by JULIUS of sacred memory, but afterwards through negligence troubled and confused, he brought again to the former calculation. In the dispose whereof, he called the month Sextilis (rather than September wherein he was borne▪) by his own name, because in it there befell unto him both his first Consulship & also notable victories. Of all the Religious & priests, but especially of the vestal virgins he augmented the number, the dignity and the commodities also. And whereas in the room of any vestal Nun deceased, there must another of necessity be chosen & také, he perceiving many to make suit that they might not put their daughters to the lottery; protested and bound it with an oath, that if any one of his own Nieces or daughters daughters were of competent age he would present her to the place. Diverse ancient ceremonies also which by little & little were disused and abolished, he restored again, as namely the (a) Augury of SALUS, the Flaminship of JUPITER, the sacred Lupercal, the (b) Saecular plays and the Compitalitij. At the lupercal Solemnities, he commanded that no beardless boys should run. Likewise, at the Secular plays, he forbade young folk of both sexes, to frequent any show exhibited by night; unless it were in the company of some ancient person of their kindred. The Tutelare Images of crosse-wayes called Lares Compitales he was the first that ordained to adorn twice in the year with flowers of the spring & summer seasons. The principal honour next unto the immortal gods, he performed to the memorial of those worthy Captains, who had raised the Roman onpire from a small thing to so high and glorious a state. And therefore both the works & monuments of every of them he repaired & made again, reserving their titles and inscriptions still; and all their Statues also in triumphant form and shape he dedicated in both the Porches or galleries of his Hall of justice. And in a public edict he professed thus much, That he devised it to this end, That both himself whil●…s he lived, and the Princes or Emperors his successors for the ages to come, might be called upon and urged by their subjects and Citizens to conform themselves as it were to their pattron and example. The Statue 
* Suppo suit: some read, superpofuit. iupon such an arched janus or Through-far●….  likewise of POMPEIUS, translated out of the Court wherein C. CAESAR was murdered, he placed over against the princely Palace of his Theatre under an Arch of marble in manner of a Through fare.  
Many most dangerous enormities and offensive abuses, which either had 
32  continued by custom and licentious liberty during the civil wars, or else crept in and began in the time of peace to the utter ruin of the Commonwealth, he reform. For a number of bold roisters & processed Robbers jetted openly with short swords & skeins by their sides, under colour of their own defence▪ Passengers & wayfaring men, as they travailed through the Country, were caught up (by them) as well Free borne as slaves without respect; & kept hard to work in the Prisons of landed men: many factious crews also, under the title of a New College had their meetings & joined in fellowship to the perpe trating of mischief whatsoever. Where upon, he disposed streng guards, and set watches in convenient places: he repressed those Robbers and Hackster's, he visited and surveyed the foresaid Prisons: and all Colleges or Guilds save only those of ancient foundation and by law erected, he dissolved and put down. The 
* In manner of B●…dewelss or houses of correction.  bills of old debts due to the Chamber of the City, he 
* Or obligations.  burned, as being the chief matter and occasion of malicious accusations. The public places & houses in the City, whereof the tenure & hold was doubtful, he adjudged unto those who were in present possession. The debts & actions commenced against such as had been troubled and sued a long time in the Law, by whose mournful habit & distressed estate their adversaries sought for nothing but pleasure and the fulfilling of their wills he annulled & denounced this condition withal, that if any one would needs bring them into new trouble again, he should be liable to the like danger of punishment or penalty as the molested party was. And to the end that no lewd 
Or cause.  Act might escape with impunity; nor 
* Exussit or excussi●…. i. canc●…led.  business in Court be shuffled over by delays, he added unto the 
* Law days, or pleading time:  Term time 30. (a) days over & above: which days the Honorari●… 
* Libetalia, Bacchanalia, Prassoria, or others in the honour of men living which might be well spared.  Games & plays took up (before.) To three Decuries of judges he added a fourth out of a lower & meaner degree, which went under the name of 
* For that they were valued at 200 Sellertia▪ where as the other were worth 400:  Ducenarij, and were to judge of smaller sums. As for those judges he enrolled & elected them into the Decuries after they were once 
* Or 20 rather for the ordinatie age was 25: years, at which they were eligible:  30 years of age: that is to say, five years sooner than they were wont. But seeing that most of them refused & were loath to execute this burdensome office of judging, he hardly granted that each Decurie should have their years 
* Quarto quoque anno: every 4, year.  vacation by turns; and that the law matters which were wont to be pleaded and tried, in the 
* Upon certain daves of those months, during which, there were Sports & Revels and the licentious▪ feast Saturnalia.  months of November & December should be let pass & omitted quite.  
33 Himself sat daily in judgement, yea and other while until it was dark night, lying if he had not his health, in a licter which was of purpose set before the tribunal seat, or else in his own house: and he ministered justice not only with exceeding severity, but also with as great lenity. For when upon a time there was one accused for a manifest parricidy, because he should not be sowed up in a leather (a) male or budget (a punishment that none suffered but such as had confessed the Fact) he examined (by report) upon interrogatives in this manner, Certes thou never murderedst thy father, didst thou? Again, when as a matter was handled before him as touching a forged will, & all the witnesses that set their hands & seals thereto, were attaint by the (b) Law Cornelia, he delivered unto the Commissioners who had the hearing & deciding together, of the cause, not only the two (ordinatie) tables of condemnation and acquittal, but a third also; whereby they might have their pardon, who were certainly known to have been seduced & brought to be witnesses as is before said, either by fraudulent practice or error & oversight. As for the appeals in Court, he yearly assigned those which were for the City-Suiters unto Pretours of the City; but if they were for Provincial persons unto certain men of the Consul's degree, such as he had ordained, in every province one, for to be in commission and to determine provincial affairs.  
34 The laws made before time he revised & corrected: some also he ordained & established anew: as namely (a) Sumptuaria, as touching expenses at the board: Of (b) Adulteries & 
* De p●…dicitia, or impudicitia  unnatural filthiness committed with the male kind: Of (c) indirect suit for offices. Of the (d) mutual marriages of Senators and Gentlemen with Commoners. This act last named, when he had amended and reform somewhat more precisely and with greater severity than the rest, he could not carry clearly and go through with, for the tumult of those that refused so to do, but that part of the penalties at length was quite taken away or else mitigated; an 
* Of living unmarried.  immunity also & toleration (of widowhood) granted for 
* After the decease of a former wife or husband.  3 years, & the rewards beside augmented. And notwithstanding all that, when the order of Gentlemen stood out stiffly & stoutly calling in open sight, & publicly for the repealing of the said Statute; he sent for GERMANICUS his children, and taking some of them himself, & bestowing the others in their father's arms, showed & presented them unto their view signifying as well by the gesture of his hand, as by countenance, That they should not be loathe nor think much, to imitate the example of that young Gentleman. Moreover perceiving that the force and vigour of that Law was dallied with, & avoided by the 
* V●…ripe age. i. under 12 years  immaturity of young espoused wives, as also by often 
* By means of divorses.  changing of marriages: he brought into a narrower compass the time of wedding and having such spaces, and also limited divorcements.  
The number of Senators growing still to a shameful & confused company 
35  (for there were not of them so few as a 1000, and some most unworthy, as who after CAESAR'S death were taken into the house for favour or bribes; whom the common people termed 
* Abortiu●…: Some read orcivos or orcinos, velut Orcoseu ●…rra natos ●…. obscure & base.  abortive, (as it were untimely births or born before their time): he reduced to the ancient 
* 300.  stint & honourable reputation: and that in two elections the former, at their own choice, will, & pleasure, whereby one man chooseth his fellow. The second, according to his own & AGRIPPAES' mind: at which time he is thought to have sitten as precedent, armed with a shirt of mail or privy coat under his gown, & a short sword or skein by his side; having a guard also standing about his chair of estate, to wit, ten of the stoutest & tallest men that were of Senators degree & all his friends: CORDUS CREMUTIUS writeth that there was not so much as admitted then into the Senate-house any Senator but singly one alone by himself, & not before his clotheses were well searched & felt for having any weapon under them. Some of them he brought to this modesty, as to excuse 
* For taking upon them that dignity.  themselves: and yet for such as thus made excuse he reserved still the liberty to wear a Senators (a) habit: the honour also to sit & behold the Games & plays in the 
* Among other Senators.  Orchestra; together with privilege to keep their place at the solemn public feasts. Now, to the end that being thus chosen & allowed (as is above said) they might with more religious reverence & less trouble execute the functions belonging to Senators: he ordained, That before any one sat him down in his chair, he should make devout supplication & sacrifice with frankincense & wine, at the 
* And that they should not need to come and salute him, but save that labour.  altar of that God, in whose temple they assembled for the time: and that ordinarily the Senate should not be holden oftener than twice in a month, to wit upon the (c) Calend, & (d) I●…es of the same: and that in the months 
* Haply, by ●…easo of u●…tage that was not ●…o be neglected.  September & October, none else should be bound to give attendance, save those that were drawn by lot: by whose number, Decrees might pass. Furthermore, he devised to institute for himself, & that by casting lots, a privy Counsel for 6 months: with whom he might treat before hand of businesses and affairs to be moved unto a frequent Senate-house fully assembled. As touching matter of greater importance put to question, he demanded the opinion of the Senators, not after the usual manner & in order, but as it pleased himself: to the end that every man should bend his mind so intentively thereto, as if he were to deliver his own advice, rather than give assent unto another.  
Other things there were beside, whereof he was the author and beginner: 
36  and among the rest: That the 
* Acta Senat●… and not Senatu●…onsulta: H●… meaneth Diurn●… acta ●…. the proceed that passed there every day of sitting.  Acts of the Senate should not be p●…blished nor appear upon record: Item that no magistrates after that they had left or given up their honourable places, should est 'zounds presently, be sent as governors into an●… provinces. That for proconsul's or precedents, their should be a certain rate in moni●… set down and allowed, For their sumpter-mules, for their tents and hales: which were wont really before time to be set out and allowed for them, at the public cost of the City. Item, that the charge of the cities Treasure should be translated from the Questours or treasurers of the City, unto those that had been pretours, or to the pretours for the time being: lastly that certain 
* Ten men either chosen out of the Centum virs by lot; or created of purpose. ●…  D●…cem virs should summon and assemble the (a) Centum viral●… court, and call the Centum virs to the spear, which they only were wont to do, that had borne the office of Questour ship.  
And to the end that more men might bear their part in administration of 
37  the common weal, he devised new offices: to wit, The overseeing of the public works, the surviying of the ways streets, and causeys, of the water courses or conduits, of the channel of Tiber, and distributing corn among the people. Also the provostship of the City: One 
* An office which 3: me●… jointly bore:  Triumvirate, for choosing Senators; an another for reviewing & visiting the troops or cornets of horsemen, so often as need required. The censors, whose creation was forlet and discontinued, after a long time between, he created again. The number of pretours he augmented. He required also and demanded, that so often as the Consulship was conferred upon him he might have for one; ij. colleagues or companions in office: but he could not obtain it; whilst all men with one voice cried out, That his majesty was abridged enough already, in that he bore not that honourable office by himself, but with another. Neither was he more sparing in honourably rewarding martial prows, as who 
38  gave order, that to 30. Captains and above, there should be granted by public decree full triumphs: and to a good many more triumphal (a) ornaments. Senators Children, to the end they might be sooner acquainted with the affairs of State, he permitted to put on even at the first their viril gown: to wear likewise the Senators rob powdered with broad headed purple studs; and to have their places in the Senate house. Also at their first entrance into warfare, he allowed them to be, not only 
* O●… men of Arms.  militarre Tribunes in the legions, but also captains 
Colonels of 1000 foremen.  over the 
* Transr●…ctianis.  horsemen in the wings. And, that none of them might be unexpert of the Campaffaires▪ he ordained for the most part over every wing or Cornet, ij such Senators (sons) to be provosts. The troops & companies of Roman Gentlemen, he often reviewed; & after a long space of time between, brought into use again the manner of their* muster o●… (b) riding solemnly on horse back, to show themselves Neither would he suffer any on of them during this solemnity, to be unhorsed & arrested by his adversary, that pretended any matter in law against him: a thing that was usually done▪ And to as many as were known to be aged or to have any defect or imperfection of body, he gave leave to sand their horses before, and to come on foot to answer when so ever they were cited. And soon after he did those this favour, to deliver uppe their (public) horses, who being above 45. years of age, were unwilling to keep them still.  
Having obtained also by the 
* A senatu or Senatoribus. ●…: out of the Senators degree  Senate. x. Coadiutours, he compelled every 
39  Gentleman (that served with the cities horse) to tender an account of his life. And of such as were blamable and could not approve their living; some he punished, others he noted with shame & ignominy: the most part of them with admonition, but after sundry sorts. The easiest & lightest kind of admoniti on, was the tendering unto them in open place & all men's sight, a pair of 
* wherein were written all their faults.  writing tables, to read unto themselves presently, in the place where they stood. Some also he put to rebuke & disgrace for taking up of money upon small interest for the use, and putting it forth again for greater gain and usury.  
At the Election of 
* Of ●…entlemens or of the Senators  Tribunes (of the Commons) if their wanted (a) Senators to 
40  stand for that office, he created them out of the degree of Roman Gentlemen: so as, 
Demarchia. Dion.  after they had born that magistracy, they might remain ranged in whether degree 
* parentibus: comprehending all ancestors.  they would themselves. Now, when as many of the Roman Gentlemen, having wasted & decayed their patrimony, & estate in the civil wars, durst not out of the 14. for most seats behold the public plays & games, for fear of the penalty by the (law ROSCIA & JULIA) called THEATRALIS▪ he pronounced openly & made it known, that such gentlemen were not liable thereto if either themselves or their 
* 400. Sestertia or 400000. Sestertij. ●…. 3125. ●…sterling  fathers before them, were ever at any time valued to the 
* Nonis cu●…sque Mensis.  worth of Roman Gentlemen: He made a review of the people of Rome, street by street: & to prevent that the common people should not be often called away from their affairs by occasion of the dole and distribution of corn, he purposed to give out thrice a year, tiquets or talies for to serve 4: months: But when the people were desirous of the old custom, he granted them again to receive the same upon the (b) Nones of every month: The ancient right and liberty also, in Elections & parliaments he brought in again: & having restrained the indirect suing for dignities by manifold penalties, upon the day of such elections he distributed out of his own purse among the (e) Fabians & Scaptians, who were of the same Tribes, wherein himself was incorporate; a thousand Sesterces a pecce, because they should not look for aught at any of their hands who stood for offices▪ Moreover supposing it a matter of great consequence to keep the people incorrupt & clear from all base mixture of foreign & servile blood; he both granted the freedom of the City of Rome most sparily, & also set a certain gage & limitation of manumising & enfranchising slaves▪ When TIBERIUS made request unto him by letters, in the behalf of a Graecian, his client to be free of Rome: he wrote back unto him, That he would not grant it unless he came personally himself and could persuade him, what just causes he had of his suit: And, what time as LIVIA entreated the like for a certain Frenchman, tributary to the Romans: he flatly denied the freedom of the City, but offered in am thereof immunity and remission of Tribute; avowing, that he would more easily abide that somewhat went from the public treasure and chamber of the City, than have the honour of the Roman City to be made vulgar, & common▪ Nor content, that he had by divers strait edicts & provisoes kept many slaves from all manner of freedom, but more a great deal fronful freedom in the best condition; as having precisely & with much curiosity put in caveats both for the number & also for the condition & respect otherwise of those that were to be made free: he added thus much moreover. That no slave, who had ever been bound and imprisoned, or examined by torture should obtain the freedom of the City, in any kind of enfranchisement what soever. The old manner of going and wearing apparel also, he endeavoured to bring into use again. And having seen upon a time assembled to hear a public speech, a number of Citizens clad all in black 
* By black ●…e meaneth cloak▪ or gowns o●… a sel●…e russet colour, for their gowns should be white and fair not●…ullied  cloaks or 
* By the trope Ironia meaning those that were in cloaks or soul gowns,  sullied gowns, taking great indignation thereat crying out with all. Behold, quoth he.  
Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam.  
The 
* the Ptolomae●…s  Romans', Lords of all the world, and long robbed Nation.  
He gave the Aediles in charge not to suffer any person from thence forward, to abide or stay, either in the Common place or the Cirque▪ but (d) in a gown, laying a side all cloaks or mantles thereupon.  
His liberality unto all degrees of Citizens he showed often times as occasions 
41  and opportunities were offered: for both by bringing into the City in the ALLEXANDRINE Triumph the treasures of the (Egyptian Kings he caused so great plenty of money, that usury fell, but the price of Lands and Lordships arose to averie high reckoning: and also afterwards, so often as out of the goods of condemned persons there was any surplusage of money remaining above their fines; he granted for a certain time the free loan and use thereof to as many as were able to put in security for the principal, by an obligation in duple the sum. The substance and wealth of Senators he augmented, and whereas the value thereof before amounted to the sums of 
* Duple the worth of Gentlemen.  800000. Sesterces▪ he taxed or sessed them at 1200000: and look who had not so much, he supplied and made it up to the full. He gave 
* Largesses:  Congiaries often times to the people but lightly they were of diverse sums, one while 400, another while 300. and some times 200▪ and fifty Sesterces: and he left not so much as boys under age, whereas they had not wont to receive such congiaries, unless they were above eleven years old: He measured out also to the people by the Poll, Corn in times of scarcity oftentimes at a very low price, and otherwhiles freely, without paying therefore: and as for the Tickets, of money, he dupled the sum in them contained,  
And that you may know, he was a prince more respective of thrift and 
42  holesomenes, than desirous of popularity, praise, & honour: when the people complained of the want & dearth of wine, he checked and snibbed them with this most severe speech, That his son in law AGRIPPA had taken order good enough that men should not be athirst, by conveying so many waters into the City Unto the same people demanding the congiary; which indeed was by him promised, he answered; That his credit was good, and he able to perform his word: but when they earnestly called for one which he had never promised, he hit them in the teeth by an edict or proclamation with their dishonesty, & impudency: assuring them, that give it he would not although he had intended it.  
And with no less gravity and resolution, when upon his proposing & publishing of a congiary, he found that many in the mean time were manumised and inserted into the number of Citizens, he rejected such, and said; they should not receive any, unto whom he had made no promise: and to all the rest he gave less than he promised: that the sum which he had appointed, might hold out and be sufficient. When upon a time, there was great barrenness and scarcity of corn, being put to an hard exigent and to seek a difficult remedy, in so much as he was driven to expel out of the City, all the sort of young slaves pampered and trimmed up for sale, as also whole schools & companies of Novice-fencers and sword players: all strangers and foreigners, except Physicians and schoolmasters: yea and some of the ordinary household servants: so soon as the market began to mend, and victuals grew plentiful, he writeth, That it took him in the head to abolish those public doles of Corn for ever: because upon the trust and confidence of them, tillage was clean laid down. Howbeit he continued not in that mind long, as being assured, that the same doles might be set up again one time or other by the ambitious humour (of Princes his successors.) And therefore after this he ordered the matter so indifferently, as that he had no less regard of the cities fermours of tillage, & other undertakers and purveyors of the public corn, than of the people and commons of the City.  
In number, variety, and magnificence of solemn shows exhibited unto the 
43  people he went beyond all men. He reporteth of himself that he set forth 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  plays and games in his own name four and twenty times: and for other magistrates who either were absent or not sufficient to bear the charges, three and twenty times divers times, he exhibited plays by every street, and those upon many stages, and acted by players skilful in all languages not in the Common forum only, nor in the ordinary amphitheatre, but also in the cirque. In the enclosure called Septa, he never represented any sports but the baiting and coursing of wild beasts and the shows of champions-sight; having built wooden scaffolds and seats for the nonce in Mars field. In like manner, he made the show of a Naval battle about the River Tiberis, having digged of purpose a spacious hollow pit within the ground, even there whereas now is to be seen the grove of the CAESARS. On which days he bestowed warders in divers places of the city, for fear it might be endangered by sturdy thieves and robbers, taking their vantage, that so few remained at home in their houses. In the Cirque he brought forth to do their devour. Charioteers, Run: ners, and killers of savage beasts: otherwhiles out of the noblest young gentlemen of all the City. As for the warlike Riding or Tournament called Tr●…ie, he exhibited it oftenest of all other, making choice of boys to perform it, as well bigger as smaller▪ supposing it a matter of antiquity▪ a decent and honourable manner beside, that the towardly disposition and proof of noble blood should thus be seen and known. In this solemnity and sport, he rewarded, C. NONIUS ASPRENAS 
* Or lamed.  weakened by a fall from his horse, with a wreath or chain of gold, and permitted both himself and also his posterity to bear the surname of TORQVATUS▪ But afterwards he gave over the representation of such pastimes, by occasion that ASINIUS POLLIO the Orator, made a grievous and invidious complaint in the Senate house, of the fall that AESERNINUS his nephew took, who likewise had thereby broken his leg. To the performance of his stage plays also and shows of sword fight, he employed some times even the Gentlemen and knights of Rome: but it was before he was inhibited by virtue of an Act of the Senate. For after it verily, he exhibited no more, save only a youth called L, IVIUS, borne of worshipful parentage, only for a show: that being a dwarf not two foot high, & weighing but 17. le. yet he had an exceeding great voice. One day of the sword fight that he set forth, he brought in for to behold the solemnity, even through the midst of the Show place, the Parthians hostages who then were newly sent (to Rome) and placed them in the second 
* His lightness was more to be noted than his short stature: For whereas the full height is 6: foot and the weight somewhat above 100: ●…: this 〈◊〉 of 2▪ foot ●…s under that 〈◊〉 portion the 〈◊〉:  rank or row o●… seats 
* 〈◊〉 se●… or behind at his back higher, and therefore 〈◊〉 of: or 〈◊〉 in a second seat from him of the one side, but in the same rank fo●… honour sake:  above himself: His manner was moreover, before the usual days of such spectacles and solemn sights, and at other times, if any strange and new thing were brought over unto him, and worthy to be known, to bring it abroad for to beseen upon extraordinary days, and in any place whatsoever. As for example, a Rh●…noceros within the impaled or railed enclosure called Septa▪ a Tiger upon the stage: and a Serpent 50: cubits long, within the Hall Comitium. It fortuned that during the great Circeian games which he had vowed before, he fell sick: whereby he lay in his litter and so devoutly attended upon the sacred chariots called Th●…nsae. Again, it happened at the beginning of those plays, which he set out when he dedicated the temple of Marcellus, that his curule chair become unjoincted, and thereby he fell upon his back: Also at the games of his nephews when the people their assembled were mightily troubled & astonished, for fear that the Theatre would fall: seeing that by no means he could hold them in, nor 'cause them to take heart again, he removed out of his own place, and sat him down in that part thereof which was most suspected: The most confuse and licentious manner of beholding such spectacles, he reform and brought into order; moved thereto, by the wrong done to a Senator, whom at Puteoli in a frequent assemble sitting at their right solemn Games, no man had received to him and vouchsafed a rowne.  
Hereupon when a decree of the Senate was passed, That so often as in any place 
44  there was aught exhibited publicly to be seen, the first rank or course of Scates should be kept clear and wholly for Senators: he forbade the Embassadou●… of free nations and confederates to sit at Rome within the Orchestra: because he had found, that even some of their libertines kind were sent in embassage. The soldiers he severed from the other people. To married men that were commoners, he assigned several rues by themselves. To Noble men's children under age his 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a rank of their own:  own quarter: and to their teachers and governors the next thereto. He made an Act also, that not one of the base Commons wearing black and sullied gowns should sit so near as the midst of the Theatre. As for women he would not allow them to behold so much, as the sword Fencers, (who customarily in the time past were to be seen of all indifferently) but from some higher 
* And by consequence farther of●….  fit above the rest, 
* Spectare con 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  sitting there by themselves. To the Vestal Nuns he granted a place a part from the rest within the Theatre, and the same just over against the Pretours Tribunal. Howbeit from the Solemnity of Champions show, he banished all the female sex: so far forth, as that during the 
* which himself exhibited being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: ●… the High priest:  Pontificial Games, he put of a couple of them who were called for to enter in to combat, until the morrow (b) morning. And made proclamation, that his will and pleasure was, That no woman should come into the Theatre before the. 
* Eleven of the clock, by which hour all that 〈◊〉 was passed.  fift hour of the day▪  
Himself beheld the Circeian Games, for the most part from the 
45  
* And not, ●… 〈◊〉. i. The bedlost where the sacred Images of the Gods were devoutly bestowed, which had been brought in their Thenses and carried thither, at these solemn games.  upper lofts and lodging of his friends and freedmen Sometime out of the Pulvinar, sitting there with his wife only and children. From these shows and sights he would be absent many hours together, and otherwhiles whole days: but first having craved leave of the people, & recommended those unto them, who should sit as presidents of those Games in his turn. But so often as he was at them, he did nothing else but intent the same: either to avoid the rumour and speech of men, whereby his father CAESAR (as he said himself) was commonly taxed, namely for that in beholding those solemnities he used between while to give his mind to read▪ letter's & petitions, yea and to writ back again: or else upon an earnest desire and delight he had, in seeing such pastimes, pleasure and contentment, wherein he never dissi●…nuled, but oftentimes frankly professed. And therefore he proposed and gave of his own at the games of prize and plays even of other men, Coronets and rewards. both many in number, and also of great worth: Neither was he present at any of these Greek games (a) and solemnities, but he honoured every one of the Actors and provers of Masteries therein according to their deserts. But most 
* Pugiles aunswerab●…e in Greece to the Roman Gla●….  affectionately of all other he loved to see the Champion 
* As if he had no delight in those games.  at fist fight: and the Latins especially; not those only who by lawful calling were 
* And 〈◊〉 had learned the skill and reate of 〈◊〉.  professed, & by order allowed (and even those he was wont to match with Greeks) but such also as out of the common sort of townsmen; fell together by the ears pell-mell in the narrow streets, and though they had no skill at all of fight, yet could lay on load, and offend their concurrents one way or other. In sum all those in general, who had any hand in those public games or set them forward any way, he deigned good rewards and had a special respect of them. The privileges of Champions he both maintained entire, and also amplified. As for sword fencers he would not suffer them to enter into the lists, unless they might be discharged of that profession, in case they become victors. The power to chastise Actors and players at all times and in every place (granted unto the Magistrates by ancient law) he took from them, save only during the plays and upon the stage. Howbeit he examined straightly nevertheless at all times either the matches or combats of Champions called (b) Xystici, or the fights of sword fencers. For the licentiousness of stage players he so repressed, that when he had for certain found out, That STEPHANIO▪ an actor of Roman plays had a man's wife waiting upon him shor●…e & rounded in manner of a boy, ●…e confined & sent him away as banished 
* B. beating with rods.  but well beaten first with rods through all the 
* Pompeij, 〈◊〉. Metell●… For so many there were in Augu stus days, be sides the Amphitheatre of Statilius Taurus A cunning Actor coun: terfaiting all parts.  three Theatres. And HYLAS the 
* Pretours and Aediles.  Pantomime at the complaint made of him by the praetor, he skourged openly in the Courtyard before his house: and excluded no man from the sight thereof: yea and he banished PYLADES out of the City of Rome and Italy, because he had pointed with his finger at a Spectator who hissed him out of the stage, and so made him to be known-  
Having in this manner ordered the City and administered the civil affairs therein, 
46  he made Italy populous and much frequented with (a) Colonies to the number of 28, brought thither and planted by him; yea he furnished the same with public works and revenues in many places. He equalled it also after a sort, and in some part with the very City of Rome in privileges and estimation: by devising a new kind of 
* Voices:  Suffrages which the decurions or elders of Colonies gave every one in their own Towneshippe, as touching Magistrates to be created in Rome, and sent under their hands, and seals to the City against the day of the solemn Elections. And to the end, there should not want in any place either honest and worshipful inhabitants, or issue of the multitude; look who made suit to serve as men of arms on horseback upon the public commendation of any towneship 
* 〈◊〉; 〈◊〉.  whatsoever, those he enrolled and advanced unto the degree of Gentlemen. But to as many of the Commoners as could by good evidence prove unto him as he visited the Countries and 
* And those were eleven,  Regions of Italy, that they had sons and daughters he distributed a thousand sesterces a piece, for every child they had.  
As for those Provinces, which were more mighty than other, and the government 
47  
A. V C. 726  where of by yearly Magistrates was neither easy nor safe; he undertook himself to (a) rule: the (b) rest he committed to Proconsul's by lot: And yet otherwhiles he made exchange of such Provinces: and of both sorts, he oftentimes visited many in person. Certain Cities, confederate and in league with Rome, howbeit by overmuch liberty running headlong to mischief and destruction, he deprived of their liberties. Others again, either deeply in debt he eased, or subverted by earthquake he re-edified, or able to allege their merits and good turns done to the people of Rome he endowed with the franchises of Latium; or else with freedom of Rome. There is not, I suppose, a Province, (except Africa only and Sardinia) but he went unto it. Into these Provinces after he had chased SEXTUS POMPEIUS thither, he prepared to sail out of Sicily and to cross the Seas: but continual storms and extreme tempests checked him: neither had he good occasion or sufficient cause afterwards to pass over unto them.  
48 All those kingdoms which he won by conquest and force of arms, unless some few, he either restored unto those Princes from whom he had taken them, or else made them over to other. KK. mere Aliens, Princes, his Associates he conjoined also together among themselves by mutual bonds of alliance, as being a most ready procurer and maintainer of affinity and amity of every one; neither had he other regard of them all in general than of the very natural members and parts of his own Empire. Moreover, he was wont to set Guardians and Governors over the said Princes, when they were either young and under age, or lunatic and not well in their wits; until such time as they were grown to ripe years, or began to come again to themselves. The children of very many of them, he both brought up and also trained and instructed together with his own.  
49 Out of his military forces, he distributed both Legions and Auxiliaries by Provinces. He placed one fleet at Misenum, and another at Ravenna, for the defences of the 
* Superi, called otherwise the Adriatich Sea: Venice gulf.  upper and 
* Inferi, otherwise. Tu●…ci, or 〈◊〉. i. the Tuskane Sea.  neither Seas. A certain number of Soldiers he selected for a guard, partly of the City, and in part of his own person, having discharged the regiment of the 
* People of Spain.  Calagurritanes; which he had retained about him, until he vanquished ANTONIUS▪ and likewise of the Germans which he had waged among the Squires of his body, unto the disastrous overthrow of VARUS: And yet he suffered not at any time, to remain within the City more than 3 cohorts, and those without their pavilions. The residue, his manner was to sand away to wintering places & summer harbours about the neighbour-townes. Moreover, all the soldiers that were in any place whatsoever, he tied to a certain prescript form and proportion of wages and rewards, setting down according to the degree and place of every one, both their times of warfare, and also the 
* Fees, pensions, land and living.  commodities they should receive after the term of their service expired & their lawful discharge, lest that by occasion of old age, or for want, they should after they were freed from warfare, be solicited to sedition and rebellion. And to the end, that for ever, and without any difficulty, there might be defrayed sufficient to maintain and reward them accordingly, he appointed a peculiar Treasuri●… for soldiers with new 
* Ducent●…fimis et quinquag●…simisr ●…um ven ●…lium ●…onis etiam damnatorum ●…. with the two hund●…eth penny, and the fiftieth penny of wares sold: with the goods also of condemned persons.  revenues devised for their mainta●…nance. And that with more speed and out of hand word might be brought, and notice taken what was doing in every province, he disposed along the road highways, within small distance one from another; first, certain young men as posts; and afterwards swift wagons to give intelligence. This he thought more commodious, and better to the purpose, that they who from a place brought him letters might be asked questions also, if the matters required aught.  
50 In charters, patents, writs, bills and letters he used for his seal, at the first, the image of (a) SPHINX: Soon after, that of ALEXANDER the great: and last of all, his own; engraven by the hand of 
* A cunning Lapida●…ie and graver in preticu, stones.  DIOSCURIDES: wherewith the Princes and Emperors his successors continued to sign their writings. To all his missives his manner was, to put precisely the very minutes of hours, not of day only but of night also, wherein it might be known, they were dated  
Of his clemency and civil (a) courtesy, there be many, and those right great 
51  proofs and experiments. Not to reckon up, how many and who they were of the adverse faction, that he vouchsafed pardon & life; yea, and suffered to hold still a principal place in the City: he was content and thought it sufficient, to punish JUNIUS NOVATUS and CASSIUS PATAVINUS, two commoners; the one with a fine of money and the other with a slight banishment: notwithstanding that JUNIUS NOVATUS in the name of young AGRIPPA had divulged a most biting and stinging letter, touching him, and CASSIUS' PATAVINUS at an open table and full feast▪ gave out in broad terms, That he wanted neither hearty wishes nor good will to stab him. Moreover in a certain judicial trial, when among other crimes this article was principally objected against AEMILIUS AELIANUS of Corduba, That he was wont to have 
* Male opinari▪ The san●…e in this Author, that Male dicere.  a bad conceit and to speak but basely of CAESAR, himself turned unto the accuser, and as if he had been sore offended, I would, quoth he, thou wert able to prove this unto me: In faith AELIANUS should well know that I also have a tongue: for I will not stick to say more by him. And farther than this he neither for the present nor afterwards inquired into the matter. Likewise, when TIBERIUS grieved and complained unto him of the same indignity in a letter, and that uncessantly and after a violent manner, thus he wrote back again: D●…e not m●… goo●…d TIBERIUS in this point follow and feed the humour of rour 
* Young imputin▪ his collar & cruelty to the heat of youth & hot blood: measuring Tiberius by himself.  age neither set it too near your heart, That there is any man who speaketh evil of me; For it is enough for us, if no man be able to do us harm  
52 Albeit, he witted well enough, that Temples were usually granted by decree even unto Proconsul's, yet in no Province accepted he of that honour, but jointly in the name and behalf of himself and of Rome. For in Rome verily, he forbore this honour most resolutely: yea, and those silver Statues which in times past had been set up for him, he melted every one. 
* With the money, for which they were sold.  Of which, he caused golden 
* Cortinas, otherwise called Tripodas, stancing upon 3. feet: From which Oracles were delivered.  Tables to be made, and those he dedicated to APOLLO PATAVINUS. When the people offered and instantly forced upon him the Dictatourship, he fell upon his knees, cast his gown from off his shoulder, bared his breast, and with detestation of the thing, besought them not to urge him farther.  
53 The name and title of 
* Dom n●…, or S●….  Lord (a) he always abhorred as a contumelious & reproachful term. When upon a time, as he beheld the plays, these words were pronounced out of a Comedy 
* Or Enter●…ude M●…mo. , OH good and gracious 
* Or Sr.  Lord: whereupon the whole assembly with great joy and applause accorded thereto, as if they had been spoken of him: immediately both with gesture of hand and show of countenance, he repressed such undecent flatteries: and the next day reproved them most sharply by an edict: neither would he ever after suffer himself to be called DOMINUS, not not of his own children and nephews either in earnest or board. And that which more is, such fair and g●…avering words he for bad them to use among themselves. Lightly, you should not have him departed forth of the City or any Town, nor enter into any place, but in the evening, or by night: For disquieting any person in doing him honour by way of dutiful attendance. In his Consulship he went commonly in the streets on foot▪ out of his Consulship oftentimes in a close 
* Ad●…ta: if adaperta the sense is contrary.  (b) chair or licter. In general Salutations and duties done unto him he admitted the very Commons, entertaining the suits and desires of all comers with so great humanity as that he rebuked one of them merrily, because in reaching unto him a supplication, he did it so timorously, as if he had reached a small piece 
* Stipem Quintilianus reddidi●… a●…em lib. 6, cap. de risu.  of coin to an Oliphant. On a Senate day, he never saluted his Nobles but in the (c) Curia: and those verily as they sat, every one by name without any 
* Or Nomin●…ator.  prompter: and at his departure out of the house, he used to bid them farewe●…l one by one as they were set, in the same manner. With many men he performed mutual offices yielding one kindness for another interchangeably. Neither gave he over frequenting their solemnities & 
* As birthdays, & Marriage Minds.  feasts until he was far stepped in years: and by this occasion, that once upon a day of 
* A 〈◊〉 making o●… 2 marriage.  Espousals he was in the press & throng of people sore crowded. GALLUS TERRINIUS a Senator, & none of his familiar acquaintance, howbeit fallen blind and purposing resolutely to pine (●…) himself to death, he visited in proper person, and by his consolatory and comfortable words persuaded him to live still.  
As he delivered a speech in the Senate one said unto him, I conceived you not: 
54  & another, I would gainsay you if any place were left for 
* As if Augustus by his absolute power had taken up ●…l.  me to speak▪ Diverse times when upon occasion of excessive altercation and brabbling among the Senators in debating matters, he was about to whip out of the Senate a pace in a great chafe, some of them would choke him with these words, Senators aught to have liberty to speak their minds concerning the Commonweal. ANTISTIUS LABEO at a certain Election of Senatonrs, when 
* C●…m vi●… virum, no●… Trium●….  one man chooseth another, made choice of M. LEPIDUS, who sometime was (AUGUSTUS) mortal enemy, and then in Exile. Now when he demanded of the said ANTISTIUS, If there were not others more worthy to be chosen? he returned this answer, That every man had his own liking and judgement by himself. Yet for all this▪ d●…d no man's free speech or froward self-will, turn him to displeasure or danger.  
Moreover, the defamatory libels of him cast abroad & dispersed in the Curia, 
55  he neither was affrighted at, nor took great care to refute; making not so much as search after the Authors. Only this he opened, That from thenceforth there should be inquisition made, and examination had of those that either in their own name or under other men's, did put forth libels, rhymes▪ or verses to the infamy of any person. Furthermore, to meet with the spiteful taunts and skurrile scoffs of some, wherewith he was provoked, he made an Edict against such. And yet, to the end that the Senate should pass no Act, for the Inhibition of their (a) licetious liberty in their 
* Wherein, the manner was to use broad jests, of any person. Casa●…bonus.  last wills & testaments, he interposed his negative voice.  
56 Whensoever he was present himself at the General Wardmotes for Election of Magistrates, he went with his own (a) Candidates round about to the Tribes, and humbly craved their 
* Or graces.  voices according to the usual custom. Himself also gave a voice in his 
* In Trib●…. or in Tribubus. ●…. among other Tribes.  own Tribe as one of the ordinary people. When he appeared as witness in judicial courts, he suffered himself right willingly to be examined upon interrogatives, & also to be impleaded against and confuted. His common 
* Than the other.  Hall of justice he made less of narrower 
* Called Fo●…un Augusti.  compass; as not daring to encroach upon the next houses & dispossess the owners. He never recommended his sons unto the people, but with this clause added thereto, If they shall deserve. When, being yet under age, and 
* Pr●…textaris adhuc.  in their purpled child's habit, all the people generally that sat in the Theatre rose up unto them, and the standers below clapped their hands, he took it very ill and complained grievously thereof. His minions & inward friends he would have to be great and mighty men in the City; yet so, as they should have no more liberty than other Citizens, but be subject to laws and judgements as well as the rest When ASPRENAS NONIUS (b), a man of near alliance & acquaintance with him was accused by CASSIUS SEVERUS, for practising poison, & pleaded for himself at the Bar, he asked counsel of the Senate, what they thought in duty he was to do? For I stand in doubt, quoth he, lest being here present as an advocate, I should acquit the prisoner 
* Or offender.  defendant and so hinder the course of law; again, if I be absent & fail him, lest I might be thought to forsake and prejudice my friend: Whereupon, by all their consents, he sat there in the 
* Within the Ba●…r, among the Advocates, as a well willer.  Pues certain hours, but spoke never a word nor afforded so much as a commendatory speech in the defendants behalf, as the manner of friends was to do in the trial of such cases. He pleaded the causes even of his very clients, and by name, of a certain 
* Or Targuatier, S●…tarie some take this for a proper name of some soldier of his.  shield-bearer, (c) whom in times past he had called forth to serve him in the wars: he spoke I say in his defence, when he was sued in an action of the case. Of all those that were thus in trouble, he delivered one & no more from making his appearance in Court: and him verily no otherwise, but by earnest prayers & entreating the Accuser before the judges: and him he persuaded at length to let fall his action. And CASTRITIUS it was▪ a man, by whose means he came to the knowledge of MURENAES' conspiracy.  
How much, and for what demerits of his, he was beloved, an easy matter it 
57  is to make an aestimate. The acts & decrees of the Senate concerning his honours I pass over, as which may be thought wrested from them either upon mere necessity or bashful modesty. The Gentlemen of Rome of their own accord and by an uniform consent celebrated his birth feast always for 2 days together. All States & Degrees of the City, yearly upon a solemn vow that they made, threw small pieces of brasse-coine into 
* Into the railed or empaled place named Septa▪ where sometime was that Lake.  CURTIUS' lake for the preservation of his life & health. Semblably, at the Calendss of januarie every year they offered a newyeeres-gift in the Capitol unto him, although he were absent. Out of which mass & gross sum he disbursed as much money, as where with he bought the most precious Images of the Gods, and dedicated them in diverse streets: as namely APOLLO 
* In the S●…omakers' s●…reet.  SANDALIARIUS, & JUPITER 
* In the Tragedians street.  TRAGAEDUS, and 
* Ali●…que. In restitution●… etc.  others besides. For the reedification of his house in 
* Mount Palatine.  Palatine consumed by fire, the old soldiers, The Decuries (of the judges) the Tribes, & many several persons by themselves of all sorts, willingly & according to each one's ability brought in their monies together. Howbeit, he did no more but slightly touch the heaps of such money as they lay, & took not away out of any one above one single 
* 7d. ob.  denier. As he returned out of any province, they accompanied him honourably, not only with good words & lucky 
* Faustis omi●…bus. or, nominatus. ●…. names.  wiseness, but also with songs set in musical measures. This also was duly observed, that how often so ever he entered Rome, no punishment that day was inflicted upon any person.  
58 The 
* Or addition A. V, C. 758  surname in his style of PAYER PATRIAE, they all presented unto him with exceeding great & unexpected accord. The Commons, first, by an Embassage which they sent unto Antium▪ then, because he accepted not thereof, at Rome as he entered the Theatre to be hold the plays, they tendered it a second time themselves in great frequency, dight with Laurel branches & Coronets. Soon after, the Senate did the like, not by way of decree nor acclamation, but by VALERIUS MESSALLA, who had commission from them all, to relate their minds in this manner. THAT, quoth he, which may be to the good and happiness of thee & thy house OH CAESAR AUGUSTUS (for in this wise we think, that we pray for perpetual felicity & 
* Felicit it●…m Re●…p. et lata h●…ic: pro, fel. citatem et l●…ta 〈◊〉.  prosperity to this Commonwealth.) THE SENATE according with the people of Rome, do jointly salute thee by the name of 
* Father of the Cour●…ey.  PATER PATRIAE. Unto whom, AUGUSTUS with tears standing in his eyes, made answer in these words, (For I have set the very same down, like as I did 
* Sicut Messella  those of Messala) Now that I have (mine honourable Lords) attained to the height of all my vows and wishes, what remaineth else for me to crave of the immortal Gods, but that I may carry with me this universal consent of yours unto my lives end?  
Unto ANTONIUS MUSA his Physician, by whose means he was recovered 
59  out of a dangerous disease, they erected a Statue, by a general contribution of brass, just by the image of AESCULAPIUS. Some 
* Patres 〈◊〉 good honest Citizens of Rome that were sui juris.  householders there were who in their last wills and testaments provided, That their heirs should lead beasts for sacrifice into the Capitol and pay their vows, with this title carried before them containing the reason of so doing, Because 
* ●… Their Fathers, the testatovis.  they had left AUGUSTUS living after them. Certain Cities of Italy began their year that very day, on which he first came to them. Most of the Provinces, over & above Temples & Altars 
* As if he had been ●… Demi-God. , ordained almost in every good Town, solemn Games & Plays every fifth year in his honour. 
60   
Kings his friends and Confederates both severally every one in his own kingdom built Cities calling them Caesareae, and jointly altogether intended, at their common charges fully to finish the temple of jupiter Olympicus at Athens which long time before was begun, & to dedicated it unto his Genius. And oftentimes, the said Princes leaving their realms, going in Roman gowns, without Diadems & regal Ornaments, in habit & manner of devoted Clients, performed their dutiful attendance unto him day by day: not at Rome only, but also when he visited and travailed over the provinces.  
For as much as I have showed already what his public carriage was in places 
61  of Command and Magistracies: in the managing also and administration of the Commonweal throughout the world both in war and peace: Now will I relate his more private and domestical life: as also what behaviour he 
A. V: C. 711: 745  showed and what fortune he had at home, and among his own, even from his youth unto his dying day. His mother he buried during the time of his first Consulship, and his sister OCTAVIA in the 54 year of his age. And as he had performed unto them both, whiles they lived, the offices of piety and love in the best manner: so when they were dead, he did them the greatest honours he possibly could.  
He had espoused, being a very youth, the daughter of P. SERVILIUS ISAURICUS: 
62  but upon his reconciliation unto ANTONY after their first discord at the earnest demand of both their soldiers, that they might be conjoined and united by some near affinity, he took to wife (ANTONIUS) daughter in law CLAUDIA, the natural daughter of Dame FULVIA by P. CLODIUS: a young damosel, scarce marriageable. And upon some displeasure, falling out with FULVIA his wife's mother, he put her away, as yet untouched and a virgin▪ Soon after, he wedded SCRIBONIA, the wife before of two husbands, both men of Consular dignity, and by one of them a mother. This wife also he divorced, not able to endure, as he writeth himself, her shrewd and perverse 
A: V C: 715:  conditions: and forthwith, took perforce from TIBERIUS NERO, LIVIA DRUSILLA his lawful wife & great with child. Her he loved entirely, her he liked only, and to the very end.  
Upon SCRIBONIA he begat JULIA By LIVIA he had no issue, although 
63  full feign he would. Conceive once she did by him; but she miscarried, and the Infant was borne before time. As for JULIA, he gave her in marriage first to MARCELLUS the son of his sister OCTAVIA, even when he was but newly crept out of his child's age. Afterwards, when MARCELLUS was departed this life, he bestowed her upon M. AGRIPPA, having by entreaty obtained of his sister, to yield up unto him her right and interest in her son 
* Her daughter's husband:  in law. For, at the same time AGRIPPA had to wife one of the 
* It seemeth the younger:  MARCELLAE (her daughters) and of her body begotten children. When this AGRIPPA was likewise dead, he cast about and sought for diverse matches a long time, even out of the ranks of Roman Gentlemen, and chose for her, his wife's son 
* Emperor after him.  TIBERIUS: whom he forced to put away a former wife then with child, and by whom he had been a father already. M. ANTONIUS writeth, that he had affianced the said JULIA first, to ANTONY his son: and afterwards to COTISO King of the Geteses: what time ANTONY himself required to have a 
* SATURN'S the Median K. of Armen●…a or else he meaneth 〈◊〉:  King's daughter likewise to wife.  
64 By AGRIPPA and JULIA he had 3 nephews, CAIUS, LUCIUS, and 
64  ARIPPA: nieces likewise twain, JULIA and AGRIPPINA. JULIA he bestowed in marriage upon LUCIUS PAULUS, the Censors son: and AGRIPPINA upon GERMANICUS, his 
* 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉▪ his wives nephew, and both true;  sisters (a) Nephew. As for CAIUS and LUCIUS' he adopted them for his own children at home in his house, having bought them of AGRIPPA their Father by the brazen coin 
* Per 〈◊〉, vel 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 ●…bram.  and (b) the balance. Whom being yet in their tender years, he employed in the charge of the common weal: and no sooner were they Consuls Elect, but he sent them abroad to the government of Provinces and conduct of armies. His daughter and ●…cess above named, he brought up and trained so, as that he acquainted them with housewiferie, and set them even to card, spin and make cloth: forbidding them streighly either to say or do aught but openly in the sight and hearing of all men, and that which might be recorded in their day 
* Of accomp●….  books. Certes, so far forth he prohibited and forewarned them the company of strangers, that he wrote upon a time unto L. 
* Or 〈◊〉.  TUCINIUS, a noble young gentleman and a personable, charging him that he passed the bounds of modesty, in that he came once to Baiae for to see and salute his daughter: his nephews, himself for the most part taught to read, to writ (c) & to swim, besides the rudiments & first introductions to other Sciences. But in nothing travailed he so much as in this, that they might imitate his handwriting▪ He never supped together with them, but they sat at the neither end of the Table: neither went he any journey, but he had them either going before in a Wagon, or else about him riding by his side. 
65   
But as jo●…ous and confident as he was in regard both of his issue, and also of the discipline of his house, fortune failed him in the proof of all. His daughter and niece either of them named JULIA 〈◊〉 with all kind of lewdness and dishonesty he sent out of the way as banished: 
* ij. of his Nephews.  CAIUS (a) and LUCIUS both, he lost in the space of 18. months, CAIUS died in Lycia, LUCIUS at Massilia. His third nephew AGRIPPA, together with his wife's son TIBERIUS (b) he adopted his sons in the Forum of Rome by an Act of 
* These Acts were called L●…geses Curiatae: made in a 〈◊〉 hament of all the Curiae, in number 30, into which, Romain●… divided the City. These laws Sext. Papyr 〈◊〉 collected into one Book, and called it was 〈◊〉 Papyrianum. 〈◊〉, others re●…d Sto●…idum, & H●…rridum. i●… Sott●…sh & rude.  all the Curiae. But of these twain within a small time he cast out of his favour, yea and confined aside unto 〈◊〉 AGRIPPA, for his base 
* Or that his daughter had been Phoebe  disposition and fell nature. Moreover he took much more patiently the death, than the reproachful misdemeavours of his children. For, at the infortunity of CAIUS and LUCIUS he was not extremely dismayed and cast down: marry, of his daughter & her lewd pranks, he gave notice in his absence to the Senate, and that in writing, which his (c) 〈◊〉 red openly before them: and for very shame he absented himself a long time and avoided the company of men: yea, and that which more is, once he was of mind to put her to death. And verily, when as, about the same time a freed woman of his named PHOEBE, one of them that were privy to her naughtiness, knit her own neck in a halter, & so ended her days, he gave it out, that he wished with all his heart he had been * Phoebe's father. Confined thus when she was, he debarred her wholly the use of wine, and all manner of delicate trimming and decking her body: neither would he permit any man, one or other, bond, or free to have access unto her without his privity and leave asked: nor unless he might be certified before, of what age, of what stature and colour he was, yea and what (a) marks and scars he carried about him. After 5. years end, he removed her out of the 
* and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, lib 1  Island into the Continent where she abode at more liberty somewhat, and not so straightly looked unto: For, to call her home again once for all, he could by no means be entreated: as who, many a time when the people of Rome besought him, earnestly and were very instant with him in her behalf, openly before a frequent assembly of them cursed such daughters and such wives: saying God bless ye all from the like. The infant that his niece JULIA bore after she was condemned, he forbade expressly to take knowledge of, & to give it the rearing. As touching his nephew AGRIP●…A seeing him to prove nothing more tractable, but rather brain sick every day more than other, he transported him (from Surrentum) into an Island and enclosed him there, beside with a guard of soldiers. He provided also by an Act of the Senate, that in the same place he should be kept forever. And so often, as there was any mention made either of him or his ij. 
* Daughter ●…: niece.  JULIE, he used to fetch a sigh and groan again, and with all to break out into this speech.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  

W●…uld God I never had wedded bride  
Or else without any child had died.   
Friendship with any person as he did not easily entertain, so he maintained & kept the same most constantly; not honouring only the virtues & deserts of every man 
66  according to their worth, but enduring also their vices & deliquences at lest wise if they exceeded not: for out of all that number of his dependents there will hardly be any found, during his friendship to have been plunged in adversity & thereby overthrown: except SALVIDIENUS RUFUS whom he had before advanced to the dignity of Consul; & CORNELIUS GALLUS promoted by him to the pro vostship of Egypt, raised both from the very dunghill. The one of these for pra ctising seditiously an alteration in the state: & the other for his unthankeful and 
A, V C, 714. 728,  mal●…tious mind, he forbade his house & all his provinces. But as for GALLUS, when as both by the menaces of his accusers, & also by the rigorous Acts of the Senate passed against him, he was driven to shorten his own life: AUGUSTUS commended verily their kind hearts to him for being so wroth & grieving so much in his behalf: howbeit for GALLUS sake he wept, & complained of his own hard fortune, in that he alone might not be angry, with his friends, within that measure as he would himself: all the rest of his favourites flourished in power & wealth to their lives end, as chief persons every one in their rank: notwithstanding some discontentment & mislikes came between. For otherwhiles, he found a want in M. AGRIPPA of patience, and in MAECENAS of Taciturnity & secrecy; when as the 
* M. Agrippa:  one upon a light suspicion of his cold love, 
* 〈◊〉: or 〈◊〉, as i●… Augustus, had looked sternly or strangely upon him.  & affection, with a jealousy beside, that MARCELLUS should be preferred before him left all & went to MITYLENAE: the 
* Mecaen●…s'.  other (b) unto his wife TERRNTIA revealed a secret, as touching the detection of MURENAES' conspiracy. Himself also required semblably mutual benevolence of his friends, as well dead as living. For although he was none of these that lie in the wind to mung and catch at Inheritances, as who could never abide to reap any commodity by the last will & testament of an unknown person; yet weighed he most strictly & precisely the 
* Final or last.  supreme judgements & testimonies of his friends concerning him, delivered at their deaths: as on who dissimuled neither his grief in case a man respected him slightly & without honourable terms; nor his joy, if he remembered him thankfully & with kindness. As touching either legacies or parts of heritage's, as also portions left unto him by any parents whatsoever, his manner was either out of hand to part with the same unto their children, or if they were in their minority, to restore all unto them with the increase, upon the day that they put on their virile gowns, or else whereon they married.  
A patron he was (to his freedmen) and a Maist. (to his bondservants) no less 
67  severe, than gracious & gentle▪ Many of his enfranchised men he highly honoured and employed especially: by name, LICINIUS ENCELADUS, with others. His servant COSMUS, who thought & spoke most hardly of him, he proceeded to chastise no farther, than with hanging a pair of fetters at his heels: As for Diomedes his Steward, who walking together with him, by occasion of a wild Boar running full upon them, for very fear put his Mayst, between himself and the Beast, he imputed unto him rather timidity, then to be any fault else: and although it were a matter of no small peril, yet because there was no prepensed malice, he turned all into a jest. Contrariwise, the self same man, forced to death PROCILLUS a freed man of his and whom he set geatest store by, because he was detested for abusing men's wives. 
* Or 〈◊〉.  GALLUS his 
* Clerk or s●…etary:  scribe, had received 500: deniers For making on privy unto a letter of his hands: but he caused his legs to be broken for his labour. The pedagogue and other servitors attendant upon CAIUS his son, who taking the vantage of his sickness and death bore themselves proudly and insolently in his 
* 〈◊〉.  province and therein committed many outrages, he caused to be thrown headlong into a River, with heavy weights about their necks. 
68   
In the Prime and flower of his youth he incurred sundry ways the infamous note of a vicious and wanton life. Sext. POMPEIUS railed upon him as an effeminate person. M. ANTONIUS laid to his charge, that he earned his uncles adoption, by suffering the filthy abuse of his body: Semblably, LUCIUS brother to the said MARCUS enveied against him, as if he had abandoned and prostituted his youth (deflowered and tasted first by CAESAR) unto A. HI●…TIUS also in Spain for 300000: sesterces: and that he was wont to singe his legs with read 
* A kind of 〈◊〉.  hot Walnutshels, to the end the hair might come up softer: The very people also in general one time on a day of their Solemn Stage plays, both construed to his reproach, and also with exceeding great applause verified of him a verse pronounced upon the Stage, as touching a priest of (Cybele) mother of the Gods playing upon a Timbrel;  
Vides (a) ne●… Cinaedus ●…rbem digito temperate.  
That he was a common adulterer his very friends did not deny: but they 
69  excuse him for sooth: saying, That he did it not upon filthy lust, but for good rea son and in policy: to the end he might more easily search out the plots & practices of his adversaries, by the means of women & wives, it skilled not whose. M. ANTONIUS objected against him besides his over hasty marriage 
* Whom he could not forbear, but many when she was, great with child.  with LIVIA, that he fetched a certain Noble dame, the wife of one who had been Consul, forth of a dining parlour, even before her husband's face, into his own bed chamber, and brought her thither back again to make an end of the banquet with her hair all ruffled, even while her ears were yet glowing read. also that he put away 
* His own wife.  SCRIBONIA, because she was too plain & round with him, upon grief she took, that a Concubine was so great & might do so much with him: as also that there were bargains and matches sought out for him by his friends, upon liking: who stuck not to view & peruse both wives, & young maidens of ripe years, all naked, as if TORAVIUS the bawd were a selling of them: Moreover he writeth thus much to himself, after a familiar sort, as yet being not fallen out flatly with him, nor a professed enemy: What hath changed and altered you? Is it because I lie with a Queen, she is my wife. And is this the the first time? Did I not so 9 years since? Alas good sir. you that would have me company with OCTAVIA my wife only tell me true▪ know you for your part none other women but DRUCI●… LA●… go to: so may you far well & have your health, as when you shall read this letter, you be not ready to deal carnally with 
* Tertia. 〈◊〉, Rufa●…as lovers u●…e to name their sweet hearts.  TERTULLA or TERENTILLA, or RUFILLA, or SALVIA TITISCENIA or with all of them. And think you it skilleth not, where and whom you lust after and meddle with?  
Moreover, much talk there was abroad, of a certain supper of his more 
70  secret, iwis then the rest, & which was commonly called * (a) Dodecatheos': At which, that their sat guests in habit of Gods & goddesses, & himself among them adorned instead of Apollo: not only the letters of ANTONY, who rehearsed most bitterly the names of every one do lay in his reproach, but also these verses without an author so vulgarly known and rife in every man's mouth:  

Cum primum istorum conduxit mensa Choragum,  
Sexque Deos vidit Mallia, sexque Deas:  
Impia dum Phoebi Caesar mendacia ludit;  
Dum nova Divorum caenat adulterium:  
Omnia se a terris tunc numina declinarunt.  
Fugit et auratos jupiter ipse thronos:   

When first the (b) table of these (guests) hired one the 
* Choragum, Choregon. or one to provide the furniture of the feasts.  dance to lead  
And (c) mallia six Goddesses and Gods as many saw;  
While Caesar Phoebus (d) conterfaites profanely, and in stead  
Of supper, new adultries (e) makes of Gods against all law;  
All the heavenly powers then, from the earth their eyes quite turned away,  
And jupiter (f) himself would not in gilt 
* Some take this to be the name of one of the 6. goddesses guests▪ or rather some dame that could skill in bringing such to either.  Shrines longer stay.   
The rumour of this supper was increased by the exceeding dearth & famine at that time in Rome: and the very next morrow, there was set up this cry & note within the City. That the Gôds had eaten up all the Corn: and that CAESAR was become 
* 〈◊〉, al●… beds or, T●…olos, S●…utcheonss in ●…tecture.  Apollo in deed, but yet Apollo the (a) torture: under which surname that God was worshipped in one place of the City. Furthermore, taxed he was for his greedy grasping after precious house furniture and costly Corinthian Vessels: as also for giving himself much to dices play. For, as in time of the proscription, there was written over his statue; Pater Argentarius, Ego Corinthiarius. 
* Not counterfeit as at the supper overnight.   

My father was a Banking-monie changer,  
And I am now a Corinth-Vessell-munger.   
Because it was thought he procured some to be put into the bill of those that were proscribed, even for the love of their Corinthian-Vesselles: so afterwards, during the Sicilian war, this epigram of him went currant abroad.  

Postquam bisclasse victus naves perdidit.  
Aliquando ut vincat, ludit assidue aleam.   

Since time he lost his ships at Sea in fight defaited twice;  
That win he may sometime, he plays continually at dice.   
Of these criminous imputations or malicious slanders (I wots not whether) 
71  the infamy of his unnatuall uncleanness he checked and confuted most easily by his chaste life both at the present and afterward. Semblably the invidious opinion of his excessive, and sumptuous furniture: considering, that when he had by force won ALEXANDRIA, he retained for himself out of all the king's household stuff and rich Implements, no more but on cup of the precious stone 
* Or Murrha. Th●… 〈◊〉  Myrrh●…▪ and soon after, all the brazen vessels which were of most use, he melted every one. Mary for fleshly lust otherwise and wantonness with women he went not clear, but was blotted therewith. For afterwards, also as the report goes; he gave himself overmuch to the deflowering of young maids whom his wife sought out for him from all places. As for the rumour that ran of his diceplaying he bashed no whit thereat▪ and he played simply without Art and openly for his disport, even when he was well stricken in years: and besides the month (a) December, upon other play days also, yea and work days too. Neither is there any doubt to be made thereof. For in a certain Epistle written with his own hand: I supped, quoth he, my Tiberius with the same men: there came moreover to bear us company these guests, VINICIUS, & SALVIUS the father. In 
* For Talorum lusus fuit 〈◊〉.  supper time we played 
* Or bones.  like old men, both yesterday and to day. For when the 
* Between dishes or courses of services.  dice were cast (b) look who threw the chance, Canis or Senion, for every die he staked and laid to the flooke a denier: which he took up and swooped all clean, whose luck it was to throw Venus. Again in another letter. We lived full merrily, my TIBERIUS, during the feast (c) Quinquatria: for, we played every day: we haunted I say and heat the dicing house. Your 
* Drusus 〈◊〉:  brother did his deed with many great shouts and outcries: Howbeit, in the end he lost not much: but after his great losses gathered uppe his crumbs prettily well by little and little beyond his hope and expectation. I for my part, lost 20000. Sesterces in mine own name: but it was when I had been over liberal in my gaming, as commonly my manner is. For, if I had called for those loosing-hands which I forgave my fellow gamesters, or kept but that which I gave clean away. I had won as good as 50000. clear. But I choose rather thus to do. ●…or my bounty exal●…eth me unto celestial glory. Unto his daughter thus he writeth, I have sent unto you 250. deniers: just so many as I had given to ●…y guests a piece, if they would have played together in supper time either at cockeall, or at even and odd. For the rest of his life, certain it is, that in every respect he was most continent, and without suspicion of any vice.  
He dwelled at first, hard by the Forum of Rome above the winding stairs 
72  ANULARIAE, in an house which had been CALVUS the Orators: Afterwards in the mount Palatium: howbeit in a mean habitation, belonging sometime to HORTENSIUS, and neither for spacious receipt nor stately setting out, and trim furniture, conspicuous: as wherein the galleries were but short, standing upon pillars made of (soft) Alban stone: and the Refection Rooms without any marble or beautiful pavements. For the space of 40. years and more, he kept on bedchamber winter and summer: and albeit he found by experience the City not very wholesome in the winter for his health, yet continually he wintered there: If he purposed at any time to do aught secretly, and without interruption: he had a special room alone by itself aloft which he called (a) Syracuse. 
* Or Techn●…phyon:  Hither would he withdraw himself orderly, or else make a step to some Country house near the City, of one of his Libertines. Was he sick at any time? Than he used to lie in MAECENAS his house. Of all his retiring places of pleasure, he frequented these especially, that stood along the Maritime tract, and the Isles of Campania; or else the towns near adjoining to the City of Rome, to wit, Lanuvium, Praeneste and Tibur: where also within the Porches of Hercules Temple, he sat very often to minister justice. Large palaces and full of curious works he misliked: And verily, those that were sumptuously built he razed down to the very ground: his own 
〈◊〉, ●…ting the winter sun ne.  as little as they were, he adorned and beautified not with trim statues and gay painted Tables, as with open 
* For shad●… in Summer:  walks, pleasant 
* 〈◊〉. as whales within pools, etc.  groves, and such things, as for their antiquity and rareness were notable: Of which sort were at Capri the huge members of monstrous * fishes and wild beasts: the bones that are said to be of the Giants, and the armour of the demi-gods and worthies in old time:  
How slenderly provided he was of household stuff and furniture otherwise 
73  appeareth by his dining pallets and tables yet remaining: the most part whereof be scarce answerable to the elegancy of a mere private person▪ Neither slept he by men's saying otherwise than upon a 
* Not raised uppe and swelling high with down.  low-bed, and the same but meanly spread and laid with Coverlets. He wore not lightly any apparel but of housewives cloth, made within house; by his wife, his sister, his daughter and neipces. His gowns were neither straight and scant, nor yet, wide and large. His Senators rob neither with overbroad studs of purple guarded, nor with narrow. His shoes underlaide somewhat with the highest, that he might seem taller than he was. As for the raiment which he used abroad, and his shoes, he had them at all times laid ready within his Bedchamber, against all sudden occurrents and unlooked for occasions whatsoever.  
He feasted daily: and never otherwise than at a set 
* Coena rect●…, or rect●…, absolutely, or diffe▪ rinse of sportula.  table: not without great 
74  respect and choice of degrees and persons. VALERIUS MESSALLA writeth, that he never entertained any of his libertines at supper except MEANUS, and him 
* Restored to his blood and created a gentle man, for he was Donatus 〈◊〉 annuli●… ut inter inge●…uos haberetur Dion.  naturalised first, even after the betraying of Sex: POMPEIUS fleet; Himself writeth, that he invited one, in whose farm he would make his abode, and who in times past had been a 
* Speculator, or a squire of his body.  Spy of his. He came to the board himself when he made a feast, sometimes very late, and otherwhiles left the same as soon: and then his guests would both fall to their suppers before he sat down,, and also continued sitting still after he was go. The suppers he made consisted ordinarily of three dishes 
* Tribus ferculis, not such as ours be: but framed in manner of Tropees, with devises that some meats might lie flat others hung thereupon.  of meat and when he would far most highly of 6: at the most; and as he entertained his guests in no exceeding sumptuous manner, so he welcomed them with all the kindness and courtesy that might be. For he would provoke them, if they either sat silent or spoke softly to the fellowship of discourse and talk: yea and interpose either 
* As minstrels musicans, Choristers etc.  Acroames and players or else 
* As fortune tellers, jugglers Baffors etc.  Trivial fellows out of 
* Aretalogos,  the Cirque, but most commonly these discoursing poor 
* Or fire forks,  threedbare Philosophers:  
75 Festival and solemn days he celebrated sometimes with unmeasurable expenses, otherwhiles with mirth and sport only: At the Saturnalia, and at other times when it pleased him, he used to sand abroad as his gifts, one-while apparel, gold and silver: otherwhile money of all stamps, even old pieces currant in the King's days, and strange coins; sometime nothing but hair clotheses, sponges, coal 
* Or snipper●…,  rakes, 
* A kind of Lott●…rie.  scissors and such like stuff, under obscure and doubtful titles symbolizing somewhat else; He was wont also to offer sale, by marting in the time of a banquet to his guests, of such things, as were in price most unequal, yea and to tender blind bargains unto them also of painted Tables, with the wrong side outward, and so by uncertain venturing upon their hap, either to frustrate and disappoint, or fully to satisfy the hope of the Chapmen: yet so, as the cheapninge of the thing should always pass through every board, and the loss or gain grow to them all as common,  
As touching diet (for I may not over pass so much as this) he was 
76  a man of very little meat, and feeding for the most part gross. 
* Or cheat,  second bread and small fishes: cheese made of cows milk and the same pressed 
* Much like Angelot's ma●… pressum, or mane pressum i Green cheese new made.  with the hand, & green figs especially of that kind which bear twice a year, his appetite served unto. His manner was to eat even just before supper, when and wheresoever his stomach called for food. His very words out of his own Epistles show no less, which are these: While we were in a 
* Or German, essedo. For they were used in both countries indifferently.  British Wagon, we tasted of bread and Dates. Again, As I returned 〈◊〉 in my Licter from the Palace, I eat an ounce weight of bread with a few hard coated Grapes. And once more, The very jew, my TIBERIUS, observeth not his Fast upon the (a) Sabbath so precisely, as I have this day: who in the baines, not before the first hour of the night was past, 
* Vuis dur ●…cinis, or, with hard kernels.  chewed two morsels of bread, even before I began to be anointed. Upon this 
* Or, did eat.  reckless neglect of diet, he used diverse times to take his supper alone, either before his other guests were set and fell to meat, or else after all was taken away, and they risen: whereas, at a full board he would not touch a bit.  
77 He was by nature also a very small drinker of wine. CORNELIUS NEPOS reporteth of him, that his usual manner was during the time he lay encamped before Mutina to drink at a supper not above thrice. Afterwards, whensoever he drank most liberally he passed not 
* Ex hac in observanti●…, vol, ex ●…ac observanti●…: upon this due observing of his, to eat when his stomach called for it, & not else.  six Sextants; or if he went beyond, he cast it up again. He delighted most in Rhetian wine; and seldom drank he in the 
* 6 measures, containing either 2. 〈◊〉 a piece, ●…r two cyathes. ●…. 3 ounces. In all, at the most not above a good pint, or a small wine quart, called Sextarius, 〈◊〉 of 18 ounces.  day time. In steed of drink he took a sop of bread soaked in cold water; or a piece of a cucumber, or a young lectuce head, or else some new gathered apple, 
* 〈◊〉, as we say, betwixt meals.  sharp and tart, standing much upon a winish liquor within it.  
78 After his noon repast he used to take his repose, and to sleep a while, in his clothes as he was, with his shoes (a) on, stretching (b) out his feet, and holding his hand before his eyes. After supper he retired himself into a little Closet (c) or Study. And there continued he by a candle far in the night, even until he had dispatched the rest of that days business, either all or the most part. From thence, he went directly to his bed: Where, he slept at the most not above seven hours: and those verily not together but so, as in that space of time he would awake three or four times: and if he could not recover his sleep thus broken and interrupted (as it happened otherwhiles); he would sand for some to read or 
* Ac●…dum, or aridum. i. dried, but yet of a winish taste.  tell tales; and by their means 
* Or, to bold him with talk.  catch a sleep again, and draw the same out often after day-break. Neither would he ever lie awake without one sitting by his bed's side. Much offended he was with want of sleep (or waking) early in a morning: and if he were to be awakened sooner than ordinary, either about some worldly affairs of his friends, or service of the Gods, because he would not prejudice thereby his own good or health; he used to stay in some of his familiar friends upper rooms and fit, next to the place where his occasions lay. And even so, many a time for want of sleep, both as he was carried through the streets, and also when his licter was set down, he would between while take a nap and make some stay.  
79 He was of an excellent presence and parsonage, and the same throughout all the degrees of his age most lovely and amiable; negligent though he were in all manner of pikednesse, for combing and trimming of his head so careless, as that he would use at once many Barbers, such as came next hand, it skilled not whom: and one while he clipped, another while he shaved his beard; and yet at the very same time, he either read, or else wrote somewhat. His visage and countenance, whether he spoke or held his peace, was so mild, so pleasant and lightsome, that one of the Nobles and Potentates of Gaul; confessed unto his Countrymen, he was thereby only stayed and reclaimed, that he did not approach near unto him, under colour of conference as he passed over the Alps, and so shove him down from a steep nag to break his neck, as his full intent was. He had a pair of clear and shining eyes: wherein also, (as he would have made men believe) was seated a kind of Divine vigour: and he joyed much, if a man looking wistly upon him held down his face, as it were against the brightness of the Sun. But in his old age he saw not very well with the left eye. His teeth grew thin in his head, and the same were small and ragged: The hair of his head was somewhat curled and turning downward; and withal of a light yellow colour. His eyebrows met together: his ears were of a mean bigness: his nose both in the 
* Toward his forehead.  upper part, bearing out round, and also beneath somewhat with 
* Ded●…ctiore, or as some expound it, sharp & thin, Lepton.  the longest. Of colour and complexion, he was between a brown 
* Inter aquilum candidumque, somewhat tanned and sunne-burnt, as Casan●…on seemeth to interpret it.  and fair white. His stature but snort: (and yet JULIUS MARATHUS his freedman writeth in the History of his life, that he was five foot (a) and nine inches high). But as low as the same was, the proportionable making and feature of his limbs hide it so, as it might not be perceived, unless he were compared with some taller person than himself standing by.  
80 His body, by report, was full of spots: having upon the breast and belly natural marks which he brought with him into the world; dispersed, for the manner, order, and number, like unto the stars of the celestial 
* Charlemagne his wain.  bear; as also certain hard rise of thick brawny skin, occasioned in diverse places by the ytching of his body, and the continual and forcible use of the 
* Much like a cury comb.  Strigil in the Baines: Which callosities resembled a ringworm (a). In his left hucklebone (b), thigh and leg, he was not very sound▪ in so much, as many times for grief thereof he halted on that side: but by a remedy that he had of Sand (c) and Reeds, he found ease and went upright again. Also, the forefinger of his right hand he perceived otherwhiles to be so weak, that 
* Destillationibus i●…cinore vitiato. What if we thus point and read? De●…, iocinore vitiato: to this sense. That he was much su●…iect to rheums by occasion that his liver was diseased, to wit, obstructed or stopped.  being benumbed and shrunk by a cramp upon some cold, he could hardly set it to any writing, with the help of an hoop and finger stall of horn. He complained also of the grief in his (d) bladder, but voiding at length little gravell-stones by urine, he was eased of that pain.  
81 All his life time he tasted of certain grievous and dangerous sicknesses, but especially after the subduing of CANTABRIA: what time, by reason of his liver diseased and corrupted by distillations, he was driven to some extremity: and thereby of necessity entered into a contrary (a) and desperate course of Physic: For, seeing that hot fomentations did him no good, forced he was by the direction and counsel of ANTONIUS MUSA his Physician, to be cured by cold. He had the experience also of some maladies which came (b) yearly and kept their course at a certain time. For about his (c) birthday, most commonly he was sickish and had a faintness upon him: likewise in the beginning of the (d) Spring, much troubled he was with the inflation of the midriff and 
* Under the short 〈◊〉.  hypochondrial parts: and whensoever the wind was southerly, with the murr and the pose. By occasion whereof, his body being so shaken and crazy, he could not well endure either cold or heat.  
82 In winter time clad he went against the cold with four coats, together with a good thick gown, and his Waistcoat or Petticoat body of woollen: well lapped also about the (a) thighs and legs. During Summer he lay with his bed chamber doors open, and oftentimes within a cloisture supported with pillars, having water (b) walming out of a spring, or running from a 〈◊〉 in a Conduit; or else some one to make (c) wind hard by him. He could not away so much as with the Winter sun shine: and therefore even at home he never walked up and down in the air without 
* Or Bondgrace.  a broad brimmed Hat upon his head. He travailed in a licter, and never lightly but in the night. The journeys that he made were soft and small: so as if he went from Rome but to Tibu●… (a) or Preneste, he would make two days of it. Can he reach to any place by sea: he chose rather to sail thither, than go by land. But as great infirmities as he was subject unto, he maintained and defended his body with as much care and regard of himself: but principally by seldom 
* In hot waters.  bathing (e): For, anointed he was very often and used to sweat before a light fire: and then upon it to be dowssed in water lukewarm, or else heated with long standing in the Sun. And so often as he was to use the Sea waters hot, or those of 
* Which naturally were hot standing upon a vein of 〈◊〉 stone.  Albul●… for the strengthening of his sinews, he contented himself with this: namely to sit in a wooden bathing Tub, which himself by a Spanish name called DURETA, and therein to shake up and down his hands and feet one after another, by turns.  
83 The exercises in (Mars) field of riding on horseback and bearing arms, he laid aside immediately after the civil wars, and took himself, first, to the little (a) tennis-ball, and the hand-ball blown with (b) wind. Soon after, he used only to be 
* Either o●… horse back, or in a charrlicter  carried and to walk, but so as that in the end of every walk he would take his run by jumps, lapped and wrapped within a light garment ca●…led 
* Two foot & a half square.  Sestertius (c) or a thin vail and sheet of linen. For his recreation and pastime, his manner was sometime to angle or fish with the hook, otherwhiles to play with cockall bones, or 
* These the Romans' called Veneres suas, their playferes and dear●… in a●… honest sense no●… such as the Greeks in 〈◊〉 unclean signification▪ named 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 baggages, Catamites  trundling round (e) pellets, or else with nuts even among little boys; whom he would lay for, and seek out from all parts, if they were of an amiable countenance and could * prattle prettily with a lovely grace, but principally those of the Moors and Syrians kind. As for Dwarves, crooked and misshaped Elves and all of that sort, he could not abide such, as being the very mockeries of nature's work, and of unlucky 〈◊〉.  
Eloquence, and other liberal professions he exercised from his very childhood right willingly, and therein took exceeding great pains. During the 
84  war at Mutina, notwithstanding that huge heap of affairs and occurrents, (by report) he read, he wrote, he declaimed every day. For afterwards, neither in the Senate-house, nor before the people, ne yet to his soldiers made he ever speech, but it was premeditate and composed before: albeit he wanted not the gift to speak of a sudden and ex tempore. Now, for fear lest his memory at any time should fail him, lest also he might spend too much time in learning by rote, he began to read and rehearse all out of his written copy. His very speeches also with folk by themselves, even with LIVIA his wife about any grave and serious matters were never but penned and put down in writing▪ out of which he would rehearse the same, that he might not speak otherwise ex ●…empore or less than was meet. His pronunciation and utterance was sweet, carrying with it a peculiar and proper sound of his own: and continually he used the help of a Phonascus to moderate his voice: but sometimes when his throat was 
* When he was hoarse, by ●…eason of rheum.  weakened, he delivered his orations to the people, by the mouth of a Crier.  
Many compositions he made in prose, of sundry arguments. Of which he 
85  would read some in a meeting of his familiars, as it were in an Auditory▪ as namely a Rejoinder, called Rescripta, unto BRUTUS', against 
* Vticensis.  CATO. Which volumes, when for the most part, he had rehearsed, being now well stricken in years and growing weary, he made over to TIBERIUS for to be read through. In like manner he wrote certain Exhortations unto Philosophy, and somewhat of his own life: which he declared in 
* XXX. Libris, or rather xiii. according to 〈◊〉, and all old Copies.  thirty books, even unto the Cantabrian war, and no farther. As for Poetry he dealt in it but superficially. One Treatise there is extant written by him in Hexametre verses, The argument whereof, is Sicily, and so it is entitled. There is another book also, as little as it, of Epigrams: which for the most part he studied upon and devised whiles he was in the Baines. For, having in a great and ardent heat begun a 
* Called Ajax.  Tragedy, when he saw his style would not frame thereto and speed no better, he defaced and wiped it quite out. And when some of his friends asked him, How Ajax did? he answered, that his Ajax was 
* Was wiped away or blotted out with a sponge: alluding to Ajax that fell upon his own sword: whereof Sophocles made a Tragedy entitled Ajax.  fallen upon a (a) Sponge.  
86 The Eloquence that he followed was of an Elegant & temperate kind: wherein he avoided unapt and unfit Sentences, as also the stinking savours, as himself saith, of dark and obscure words: but took especial care how to express his mind and meaning most plainly and evidently. For the better effecting whereof, and because he would not in any place trouble and stay reader or hearer, he stuck not either to put Prepositions unto Verbs, or to iterate Conjunctions very often: which being taken away breed some obscurity, although they yield a greater grace. As for those that affect (a) newmade words, such also as use old terms past date, he loathed and rejected alike, as faulty, both the sorts of them in a contrary kind. Those he shook up diverse times, but especially his friend MAECENAS, whose (b) Murobrecheis 
* Curled looks or feakes, glib and dropping again with sweat.  cincinnos for these were his terms he evermore curseth and taxeth, yea and by way of (c) imitation merrily scoffeth at. Neither spared he so much as TIBERIUS for hunting otherwhiles after old words out of use, and such be obscure and hardly understood. As for MARCUS ANTONIUS, he rateth him as if he were frantic, for writing that which men may rather wonder at, than under stand. And proceeding to mock his lewd and unconstant humour in choosing a kind of eloquence by himself, he added thus much moreover. And are you in doubt to imitate CIMB●…R (d) ANNIUS and VERANIUS FLACCUS, so that you might use the words which CRISPUS SALUSTIUS gathered out of 
* 〈◊〉, who wrote a book of Antiquities, so called.  CATO'S Origines? or rather transfer the rolling tongue of Asiatic Orators, full of vain words, and voided of pithy sentences into our language and manner of speech? And in a certain Epistle, praising the ready wit of AGRIPPINA 
* By his daughter julia, and M. Agrippa the mother of Cal●…gula.  his own niece, But you have need, quoth he, to endeavour that neither in writing nor in speaking, you be troublesome and odious.  
In his daily and ordinary talk certain phrases he had which he used very 
87  often and significantly: as the letters of his own hand writing do evidently show: In which, ever and anon, when he meant some that would never pay their debts. He said, They would pay ad 
* At the Greek Calendas at latter 〈◊〉 for the Greeks had no Ca lends, no more than the Lati●…es ●…as, i. rue moons to begin their months with. And yet the word seemeth to be derived of Kal●… in Greek.  Calendas Graecas. And when he exhorted men to bear patiently the present state what ever it was, Let us content ourselves, quoth he, with this 
* Read 〈◊〉. Saturnal. 2.  CATO. To express the speedy expedition of a thing done hastily. Quicker, would he say, than SPARAGES can be sodden. He putteth also continually for St●…ltus *, Baceolus 
* ●… A fool. : For 
* Vel 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉, vel ●…lus, a Blax, vel 〈◊〉.  Pullus, Pulleiace●…s: and for Ceritus, Vacerrosus; and in steed of Male se habere, Vapi●…e se habere: and for Languere, Betizare, which commonly we mean by Lachanizare 
* Or for 〈◊〉. i. Pul●…gium, Puleiace●…m. . Semblably, for, simus, sumus; and d●…mos, in the genetive case singular for 〈◊〉. And never used he these two words otherwise, that no man should think it was a fault rather than a custom. Thus much also have I observed, especially in his manuscripts, That he never cutteth a word in sunder: nor in the end of any 
* Or ●…sare.  rues transferreth the overplus of letters unto those next following, but presently putteth them down even there underneath, and encloseth them (within a compass line).  
88 Orthography, that is to say, the form & precise rule of writing set down by Grammarians, he did not so much observe: but seemeth to follow their opinion rather, who think, Men should writ according as they speak. For, whereas oftentimes he either exchangeth or leaveth clean out, not letters only but syllables also, that is a common error among men. Neither would I note thus much, but that it seemeth strange unto me, which some have written of him, namely, That he substituted another, in the place of a Consulare Lieutenant 
* Or ●…nes.  (as one altogether rude and unlearned) because he had marked in his hand-writing, ixi, for, ipsi. And look how often himself writeth darkly by way of ciphring, he putteth . b. for . a.. c. for . b. and so forth after the same manner, the letters next following in steed of the former: and for. x. a duple ●… a.  
Neither verily was he less in love with the study of Greek literature: For, 
89  even therein also he highly excelled, as having been brought up and taught under the professed Rhetorician Apollodorus of Pergamus. Whom being now very aged, himself as yet but young had forth of Rome with him to Apollonia. Afterwards, also when he was well furnished with variety of erudition and learning of (a) SPHAERUS; he entered into familiar acquaintance, with AREUS the Philosopher and his two sons, DRONYSIUS and NICANOR: yet so, as for all that he neither could speak readily, nor durst compose any 
* In Greek:  thing. For if occasion required aught, he drew it in Latin, and gave it unto another for to be translated into Greek. And, as he was not altogether unskilful in Poems, so he took delight even in the (b) old Comedy also, which he exhibited oftentimes to be acted in public solemnities. In reading over and perusing Authors of both Languages, he sought after nothing so much as wholesome precepts and examples, serving to public or private use: and those, when he had gathered out of them word for word, he sent either to his inward friends and domestical Servitors, or to the Commanders of armies and Governors of Provinces: or else for the most part to the Magistrates of the City, according as any of them needed admonition. Moreover, whole books he both read from one end to the other unto the Senate, and also published oftentimes to the people by proclamation: as namely, the Orations of Q. (c) METELLUS touching the propagation and multiplying of children: those likewise of RUTILIUS concerning the model 
* As well to cut of the expenses of sumptuous aed fices as to prevent danger by Skarefires.  and form of buildings: thereby the rather to persuade them, That he was not the first that looked into both these matters, but that their forefathers in old time had even then a care and regard thereof. The fine wits flourishing in his days he cherished by all means possible. Such as rehearsed before him their Compositions he gave audience unto, courteously and with patience: notonely verses and histories, but 
* Which were not so usually read and rehearsed in open audience.  orations also and dialogues. Marry, if anything were written of himself, unless it were done with serious gravity and by the best, he took offence thereat; and gave the Praetours in charge not to suffer his name to be made vulgar and stolen, in the trivial contentions (of Orators, Poets, etc.) when they were matched one with another.  
For Religious scrupulosity and Superstition, thus by hearsay he stood 
90  affected. Thunder and Lightning he was much afraid of: in so much as always and in every place, he carried about him for a preservative remedy a 
* Or of a sea calf, which as Pliny writeth checketh all lightnings:  Seals skin: yea, and whensoever he suspected there would be any extraordinary storm or tempest, he would retire himself into a close secret room under (a) ground, and vaulted above head: Which he did, because once in times past, he had been frighted with a flash of lightning, crossing him in his journey by night; as we have before related.  
As for dreams, neither his own, nor other men's of himself, he neglected. 
91  At the battle of PHILIPPIS. albeit he meant not to step out of his pavilion by reason of sickness, yet went he forth, warned so to do by the dream of his 
* Medici, Some read, am●…ci, ●. a friend:  Physician. And it fell out well for him: considering that after his Camp forced and won by the enemies, his licter was in that concourse of theirs stabbed through and all to rend and torn, as if he had remained there behind lying sick. Himself every spring was wont to see many visions most fearful, but the same proved vain illusions and to no purpose: at other times of the year he dreamt not so often, but yet to more effect. When as he ordinarily frequented the temple dedicated to JUPITER, the Thunderet in the Capitol, he dreamt that JUPITER CAPITOLINUS complained, How his worshippers were taken from him perforce: and That he answered, He had placed Thundering JUPITER hard by him, instead of a 
* Door keeper, & Or top.  Porter: whereupon soon after he adorned the 
* Or chime  Lantern of that Temple with a 
* To raise the porters.  Ring of bells, because such commonly do hang at men's 
* As beggars do.  Gates. By occasion of a vision by night, he begged (a) yearly upon a certain day money of the people, and held out his hand 
* Or pieces, worth, ob. cue q.  hollow to those that brought and offered unto him brazen * Dodkins or mites called Asses.  
Certain foretokens and ominous signs he observed as unfallible presages, 
92  to wit, if in a morning his shoes were put one wrong, and namely, the left for the right, he held it unlucky: Again, when he was to take any long journey by land or sea, if it chanced to mizzle of rain, he took that for a lucky sign betokening a speedy and prosperous return. But moved he was especially with uncouth and supernatural sights. There happened a date tree to spring forth between the very joincts of the stones before his door, which he removed and transplanted in the inward court of his domestical 
* Wherein they stood,  Gods; taking great care that it might get root and grow there. He joied so much that in the Island Capri, the boughs of a very old holmetree hanging and drooping now for age down to the ground, become fresh again at his coming thither, that he would needs make an exchange with the State of Naples, and in lief of that Island give them AENARIA. Certain days also he precisely observed: as for example: he would not take a journey any whither, the day after the (a) Nundinae: nor begin any serious matter upon the Nones of a month: Herein verily avoiding and eschewing naught ease, as he writeth unto TIBERIUS, but the unlucky 
* Dusphemian nominis:  ominousnesse of the name.  
Of foreign ceremonies and religions, as he entertained with all reverence 
93  those that were ancient, and whereof he conceived good reason: so he despised the rest. For having been instituted and professed (in the sacred mysteries of CERES) at Athens, when afterwards he sat judicially upon the Tribunal at Rome to here and determine a controversy as touching the privilege of CERES priests in Attica, and perceived that certain points of great secrecy were proposed there to be debated: he dismissed the assembly and multitude of people standing all about in the Court, and himself alone heard them pled the cause; But contrariwise, not only when he road in visitation all over Egypt, himself forbore to turn a little out of his way for to see (a) Apis, but also commended his nephew CAIUS, because in riding through jury, he did not so much as once 
* Or do his devotions:  make supplication in (b) Jerusalem.  
And seeing we have proceeded thus 
* In the historical reports of so great and worthy a prin●…  far, it would not be impertinent to annex hereto, what befell unto him before he was borne? What happened 
94  upon his very birth day? And what presently ensued thereupon? Whereby, that future greatness and perpetual felicity of his, might be hoped for and observed. At velitre, part of the (Town) wall in old time had been blasted by lightning: upon which occasion, answer was given by ORACLE, that a Citizen of that Town should one day be ruler of the world. The Velitrines, in confidence hereof, both then immediately, and afterwards also, many a time warred with the people of Rome, even well near to their own final ruin and destruction. At length (though late it was) by good proofs and evidences it appeared that the said strange accident, portended the mighty power of AVOUSTUS. JULIUS MARATHUS reporteth, that some six months before AUGUSTUS' Nativity, there happened at Rome a prodigy publicly known, whereby foreshowed and denounced it was, That nature was about to bring forth a King (a) over the people of Rome, at which the Senate being affrighted made an Act, That no man child that year borne should be reared and brought up. But they whose wives then, were great bellied (for every one was ready to draw the hope unto himself,) took order, That the said Act, of the Senate should not be brought into the City Chamber and there enrolled. I read in the books of ASCLEPIADES 
* or Mendesius bearing the name of the City Mendes in Egypt.  Mendes entitled Theologoumenon, 
* Of divine discourses.  How ATIA, being come at midnight to celebrated the solemn sacrifice and divine service of Apollo, whilst other dames slept, fell fast a sleep also; and suddenly a (b) serpent crept close unto her, and soon after went forth from her: She therewith being awakened purified herself, as she would have done upon her husband's company with her; and presently there arose to be seen upon her body a certain mark or speck representing the picture of a serpent, which never after could be gotten out: in so much as immediately thereupon she forbore the public baines for ever: Also, how in the x. month after, she was delivered of AUGUSTUS: & for this cause he was reputed to be the son of Apollo. The same ATIA, before she was brought to bed of him, dreamt that her entrails were heaved up to the stars, and there stretched forth & spread all over the compass of earth and heaven. His father OCTAVIUS likewise dreamt, that out of the womb of ATIA; there arose the shining beams of the Sun. The very day on which he was borne, what time as the conspiracy of CATILINE was debated in the Senate house, and OCTAVIUS by occasion of his wife's Childbirth came very late thither, well known it is and commonly spoken, that P. 
* The mother of Augustus.  NIGIDIUS understanding the cause of his stay, so soon as he learned the hour 
* famous ginger.  also when she was delivered, gave it out confidently, That there was borne the Sovereign Lord of the World. Afterwards, when OCTAVIUS leading an Army through the secret parts of Thracia, inquired in the Sacred grove of Liber pater (according to the rites and ceremonies of that Barbarous Religion,) concerning his son, the same answer he received from the Priests there; For, that when the wine was powered upon the Altars, there arose from thence so great a shining flame, as surmounted the 
* And thereby the Horoscope of his Nativity  Lantern of the Temple. and so ascended uppe to Heaven: and that in times past the like strange token happened to ALEXANDER the great, and to none but him, when he sacrificed upon the same Altars. Moreover, the night next following, he 
* Or Steeple.  presently thought he saw his son carrying a stately Majesty above the ordinary proportion of a mortal wight; with a 
* Octavius:  Thunder bolt and a Sceptre (in his hand) with the Triumphant Robes also of jupiter. Oped: Max. (upon his back) and a Radiant Coronet (on his head): over and beside 
* Which properly are attributed unto jupiter:  his Chariot dight with Laurel and drawn with 12: steeds exceeding white. While he was yet a very babe, (as C. DRUSUS hath left in writing extant,) being by his nurse laid in the evening within a Cradle in swaddling bands, beneath upon a low flower: the next morning he could no where be seen: and after long seeking was found at last, lying upon a 
* Augustus'  very high Turret just against the Sunne-rysinge. So soon as he began to speak, he commanded the Frogs to keep silence, that by the manor of his Grandsires by the City side, chanced to make a foul noise: and thereupon ever after, the Frogs in that place are not able to croak. About four miles from Rome, as ye 
* In the way App●….  go directly to Capua, it fell out, that suddenly an Eagle snatched a piece of bread out of his hand as he took his dinner within a pleasant grove: and when he had mounted up a very great height, came gently down of a sudden again and restored unto him the same: Q. CATULUS after the dedication of the Capitol dreamt two nights together: In the former. him thought, that jupiter Optimus Maximus: While many young boys, Noble men's sons, were playing about his Altar, severed one of them from the rest and bestowed in his bosom the public broad (c) Seal of the 
* Or Ci●…  State to carry in his hand. And the next night following he saw in another dream the same boy in the bosom of jupiter CAPITOLINUS: Whom when he commanded to be pulled from thence, prohibited he was by the admonition of the God, as if the same boy should be brought up for the defence and tuition of the Commonweal: Now the morrow after, chancing to meet with (young) AUGUSTUS, (whom erst he had not known before,) he beheld him wistly not without great admiration, and withal openly gave it out, That he was for all the world like unto that boy of whom he dreamt. Some tell the former dream of CATULUS otherwise: as if jupiter, (when as a number of those boys required of him a Tutor) pointed out one of them, unto whom they should refer all their desires: and so lightly touching his lips, & taking as it were an assay thereof with his fingers, brought that kiss back to his own mouth; M. CICERO having accompanied CAIUS CAESAR into the Capitol, happened to report unto his familiar friends the dream he had the night before: namely how a boy of an ingenious face and countenance, was let down from heaven by a golden Chain, and stood at the door of the Capitol, unto whom jupiter delivered a (d) whip: hereupon espying at unawares (little) AUGUTUS whom (as yet altogether unknown to most men) his Uncle CAESAR had sent for to the sacrifice, he avouched plainly, that this boy was very he, whose Image was represented unto him in a vision as he lay a sleep. When he was putting on his virile gown, it fortuned that his broad 
* Which Caesar had given him instead of ●…carecta.  studded Coat with purple; being unstitched in the seams of both shoulders, fell from about him down to his feet. There were who made this interpretation; That it betookened nothing else, but that the 
* Senators.  degree whereof that rob was a badge should one day be subjecteth unto him. JULIUS of sacred memory being about to choose a plot of ground: for to encamp in, about Munda, as he cut down a wood, chanced to light upon a date tree which he caused to be spared and reserved as the very presage of victory: from the root of it, there sprung immediately certain shoots which in few days grew so fast, that they not only equallized but over topped also and shadowed their stock: yea and * doves haunted the same, therein to nestle and breed. notwithstanding that kind of bird cannot of all others away with any hard leaves and rough branches. Upon this strange sight especially, CAESAR, by report was moved to suffer none other to succeed him in the Empire but his sister's 
* Doves or consecrated to Ve●… from whence the julij are descended. By them therefore & the date tree was infigured perpetual felicity to that name and familia.  Nephew. AUGUSTUS, during the time that he was retired to Apollonia, went up in the company of AGRIPPA, into the 
* Or school.  gallery of Theogenes the 
* Or ginger.  mathematician. Now, when AGRIPPA, (who enquired first what his own fortune should be) had great matters and those in manner incredible foretold unto him; AUGUSTUS 
* Aug●…stus.  himself concealed the time of his own nativity, and in no wise would utter the same; for fear and bashfulness, lest he should be found inferior to the other. But when, hardly after many exhortations and much a do, he had delivered the same, Theogenes leapt forth and worshipped him. AUGUSTUS then anon conceived so great a confidence in his fortunes, that he divulged his Horoscope and the ascendent of his Nativity: yea and also stamped a piece of silver coin, with the mark of the Celestial sign Capricornus, under which figure and Constellation he was borne.  
After CAESAR'S death, being returned from Apollonia, as he entered Rome 
95  City, suddenly when the sky was clear and wether very fair, a certain round coronet in form of a rain bow compassed the circle of the Sun, and therewith soon after, the monument of JULIA, CAESAR'S daughter was smitten with lightning. Moreover in his first (a) Consulship, whiles he attended to take his Augury, there were presented unto him, like as to Romulus, 12 
* Or vultures.  geirs: and as he sacrificed, the Livers of all the beasts than killed appeared in open view enfolded double, and turned inwardly from the neither fillet; And no man of skill conjectured otherwise, but that prosperity and greatness hereby was portended.  
Furthermore, the very events, also of all his wars he foresaw. What 
96  time as all the forces of the 
* Antony Lep●…dus, and Octa●…ius Augustus.  Tri●…mvirs were assembled together at Bo●…onia, an Eagle perching over his tent, all to beaten ij. Ravens that assailed and fell upon her of either side, and in the end struck them both down to the ground: which sight the whole army marked very well, and presaged thereby that one day, there would arise between the Colleagues of that Triumvirate such discord, and the like ensued thereof, as after followed. At Philippi there was a certain 
* And therefore by likelihood a wizard.  Thessalian, who made report of the future victory: alleging for his author CAESAR of famous memory, whose 
* Orspectre.  Image encountered him as he journeyed in a desert and by-way. About Perusia when he offered sacrifice & could not 
* ●… Obtain the favour of the Gods.  speed, but demanded (a) more beasts still to be killed: behold, the enemies made a sudden sally forth, caught up and carried away the whole provision of the Sacrifice. The Soothsayerss then agreed upon this point, Teat those perilous and adverse calamities which had been threatened and denounced to him that sacrificed should light all, and return upon their heads, who got the Innardss; And so it fell out in deed. The day before he fought the battle at Sea near Sicily, as he walked upon the shore, a fish leapt out of the sea and lay at his foots. At Acti●…m, as he was going down to fight the battle, there met him in the way an Ass with his driver, the man's name was (b) EUTYCHUS, and the beasts Nicon: After victory obtained, he set uppe the Images of them both in brass, within that Temple, into which he converted the very place where he encamped.  
His death also (whereof from hence forth I will writ) and his deification 
97  after death was known before by many signs most evident, when he had taken a review of the City; and was about the solemn 
* Called Lustr●…  purging thereof within Mars fiela before a frequent assembly of people: an Eagle there was that soared oftentimes round about him, and crossing at length from him unto a house thereby, settled upon the name of AGRIPPA, and just upon the first 
* A.  letter of that name; Which when he perceived, the vows which the manner was to be made until the next (a) Lustrum, he commanded his colleague TIBERIUS to nuncupate and pronounce. For, notwithstanding the Tables and (b) instruments containing them were now written and in readiness, yet denied he to undertake those vows which he should never pay. About the same time the first 
* C▪ in 〈◊〉.  letter of his own name, upon a flash and stroke of lightning went quite out of the Inscription that stood upon his statue: Answer was made by the soothsayers, that he was to live but just one hundred days after: which number that letter did betoken; And that it would come to pass that he should be Canonised and registered among the Gods, because AESAR, the residue of the name CAESAR, in the Tuskane Language signified God. Being about therefore to sand TI●…IUS away into Illyricum and to company him as far as Beneventum, when divers suitors, for one cause or other interrupted him, yea and detained him about hearing and determining matters judicially, he cried out aloud (which also within a while was reckoned 
For Ast●…ra was a water town with a river also of that name running by it  as a pr●…saging osse,) That were he once out of Rome, he would never after be there again what occasion soever might make him stay. And so being entered upon his journey he went forward as far as to Astura: and so presently from thence (contrary (c) to his usual manner,) with the benefit of a forewind & gentle gale * took water by night and sailed over.  
The cause of his sickness he caught by a flux of the belly. And for that 
98  time having coasted campany and made circuit about the islands next adjoining, he bestowed also four days within a retiring place of pleasure at Capre●…: where he gave his mind to all ease and courteous affability. It happened as he passed by the Bay of Puteoli, certain passengers and soldiers out of a ship (a) of ALEXANDRIA, which then was newly arrived, all clad in white, dight also with garlands, and burning frankincense, had heaped upon him all good & fortunate words, chanting his singular praises in these terms. That by him they lived, by him they sailed, by him they enjoyed their freedom, and all the riches they had. At which, he took great contentment and was cheered at the heart; Insomuch as thereupon he divided to every one of his train about him 40, (b) pieces of gold, but he required an oath again & assurance of each one, that they should not lay out that money otherwise than in buying the wares (c) & commodities of ALEXANDRIA. For certain days together that remained, among divers and sundry gifts, he distributed among them over and above, gowns and cloaks, with this condition, that Romans should use the Greekish habit and speak likewise Greeke; the Greeks' also wear Roman attire and use their language. He beheld also continually the youths exercising themselves (of whom their remained yet some store at Capri) according to the 
* of the greek who sometime inhabited those parts.  ancient custom. And even unto them he made a feast in his own sight, permitting them or rather exacting of them, their old liberty of sporting, of snatching appels and cates, and of sk●…mbling for such small gifts and favours as were sent or scattered abroad. In one word, he forbore no manner of mirth and pastime. The Isle (d) hard by Capri, he called Apragopolis, of the Idleness of such as out of his train retired themselves thither. But one of his beloved minions named (f) MASGA●…AS, he had wont merrily to call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as one would say, The fo●…der of that Island. The sepulchre of this MASGA●…AS (who died a year before) when he perceived one time out of his dining chamber to be frequented with a sort of people and many lights: he pronounced this verse a loud which he made ex tempore.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
●… see the Tomb of 
* The founder  KTISTES all on fire.  
And therewith turning to THRASYLLUS a companion of TIBERIU●… sitting over against him, and not woting what the matter was, he asked him of what Poets making he thought that verse to be? And when he stuck at the question and made no answer, he came out with an other to it.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Thou seest with lights MASGABAS honoured.  
Of this verse also he demanded whom he thought to be the maker? but when THRASYLLUS returned no other answer but this, That whosoever made them, right excellent they were; he laughed a good and made himself exceeding merry. Soon after he crossed over to Naples, albeit even then his guts were greatly enseebled & 
* Or if ye distinguish thus Morbo var●…ante tamen etc. yet by reason that his disease a●…terod, & himself was better some time than other,  the disease (g) grew variable: yet for all that, the (h) Quinquennal Gymnick games instituted in the honour of him, he beheld to the very end, and so together with TIBERIUS went to the place appointed. But in his return from thence, his disease increased more and more, so as at length he yielded to it, at Nola: where, having sent for TIBERIUS and called him back from his journey, he held him a great while in secret tal●…e; neither from that time framed he his mind to any greater affair.  
Upon his dying day, inquiring ever and anon, whether there was as yet 
99  any stir and tumult abroad as touching him? he called for a 
* A looking glass.  mirror, and commanded the hair of his head to be combed & trimmed▪ his chaws also ready for weakness to hung or fall, to be composed and set strait. Than having admitted his friends to come unto him, and asked of them whether, they thought he had acted well the Interlude of his life? he adjoined with all this final 
* Or chaps.  conclusion, for a Plaudite,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Now clap your hands and all with joy resounda shout.  
After this he dismissed them all, and whiles he questioned with some that were new come from the City, concerning the daughter of DRUSUS then sick▪ suddenly amidst the kisses of LIVIA, and in these words he gave up the ghost, Live minafull LIVIA of our wedlock, and so farewell. Thus died he an easy death and such as he had ever wisned to have, For lightly, so often as he heard of any body to have departed this life quickly & without all pangs, he prayed unto God, that he and his might have the like 
* As the manner is at the end of Co●…dieses to call for a Piaudite▪ he persisted therefore in the metaphor, and by this p●…audite, allego●…izeta t●…e end of this life, which he called before M●…mumrite.  E●…thanasia, for, that was the very word he was wont to use. One sign only and no more he showed of a mind 
* E●…thanasia.  disquieted and distracted, before he yielded up his vital breath: in that he suddenly started as in a fright and complained, That he was harried away by 40. tall and lusty young men. And even that also was rather a pregnant presage of his mind, than a raving fit and idle conceit of light brain. For so many soldiers they were indeed of the Pr●…torian band: who carried him forth (dead) into the street upon their shoulders.  
He died in that very bedchamber wherein his Father OCTAVIUS left his 
100  life before him, when POMPEIUS and APPULEIUS, having both their forename 
A. V C. 769.  SEXTUS, were Consuls: 
* The Ni●…eteenth of August.  Fourteen days before the Calendss of September, at the 
* About three of the clock after noon.  ninth hour of the day: being 76 years old wanting five and thirty days. His corpse was conveyed and borne by the Decurions 
* Aldermen, 〈◊〉 Senat●….  of the free burrowghes and Colonies from Nola to Bovillae by night, for the hot season of the year: whereas till the day time it was bestowed in the Hall of every town, or else in the greatest (a) temple thereof. From Bovillae the degree of Roman Gentlemen took charge of it, and brought it into the City of Rome, where they placed it within the Porc●… of his own house. The Senate both in setting out his Funerals, & also in honouring his memorials, proceeded so far in striving, who should show greater affection, That among many other compliments, some were of mind, That the pomp and solemn conu●…y of his obsequies, should pass forth at the Triumphal gate with the image of victory, which is in the Court julia going before: and the chief noblemen's chinldrens of both sexes singing a doleful and lamentable song, others opined, that upon the very day of this funeral, their (b) rings of gold should be laid away and others of ●…ron put on. Again, diverse gave advice, That his bones should be gathered 
* A thing aga●…st the old rece●…ued religion.  ap by the (c) priests of the most ●…ncient Societies. And one above the rest would have had the name of the month 
* Before him called 〈◊〉.  August to be shifted and transferred unto September; For that, AUGUSTUS was borne in this and died in the other. Another persuaded, That all the time from his very birth unto the dying day, 
The August age.  should be named 
* Or before.  S●…CULUM AUGUSTUM, and so recorded in the calendars and Chronicles. But, thought best it was, to keep a mean in the Honours done unto him. Whereupon, twice, and in two several places praised he was in a funeral Oration: once before the temple of JULIUS late deceased, of sacred memory, by TIBERIUS; and again 
* D●…o namet●… him 〈◊〉 Atticus: & saith, he was hired by L●…via for two millians of Sesterce●…, to swear that of Augustus, which Procul●… had sometime swora of Rem●…s.  at the (d) Rostra under the Veteres, by DRUSUS the son of TIBERIUS, and so upon Senators shoulders was he borne into Camp●…s' Marti●…s, and there committed to the fire & burnt. Neither wanted there a 
* Or true Portrait.  grave parsonage, one that had been Praetor, who affirmed & bound it with an oath, That he saw his very 
* Or shir●…ss, 〈◊〉 some would e●… pound ●…nicis.  image when he was burnt, ascending up to heaven. The chief Gentlemen of the Knight's order, in their single 
* In 〈◊〉.  wastcoates, ungirt & barefooted gathered up (e) his relics together, & bestowed them in a stately (f) monument 
* The third of Ap●…ill. : which piece of work himself had built between the street Flaminia & the bank of Tiberis in his sixth Consulship, & even then given the Groves growing about it & the walks adjoining to be common for the use of the people of Rome for ever.  
101 His last will & testament made by him when L. PLANCUS and C. S●…LIUS were Consuls, the third day before the 
* For default of the other if they died.  Nones of April, a year and four months before he died, and the same in two books written partly with his own hand, and in part with the hands of POLIRUS and HILARIUS his freed men, the vestal virgins (a) who had the keeping thereof upon trust brought forth; together with three other rolls or volumes sealed alike. All which Instruments were opened and read in the Senate. He ordained for his 6 heirs; In the first place, TIBERIUS of the one half and a (b) sixt part: and LIVIA of a (c) third: whom also he appointed to bear his own (a) name. In a second rank, he appointed DRUSUS the son of TIBERIUS to inherit one third part: and GERMANICUS with his three male children, the other parts remaining. In 
* If the second heirs failed,  a third degree, he nominated of his own kinsfolk, Allies & friends, very many. He bequeathed as a legacy to the (e) people of Rome 
* Some read qua aringent●…es tricies quinquies: and then it is three millions and a half more.  400000 Sesterces an hundred times told. To the Soldiers of the 
* Or Praetorium band.  guard a thousand Sesterces a piece. Among the Cohorts of the City Soldiers 500, & to those of the legionary cohorts 300 a piece. Which sum of money he commanded to be paid presently: For he had so much in store at all times (put up in bags and coffers) lying by him. Sundry parcels gave he beside by legacy parole. And of some thereof he deferred the 
* Produx t●…quaedam ad vicena Sestertia. So ●…orrentius expoundeth it.  payment, if the same were above 20000 Sesterces. For paying of which he set a years day at the farthest: alleging for his excuse his mean estate; and protesting, that by this account there would not come to his heirs hands, above 150 
* Of Sesterc●…s.  millions: albeit within the compass of 20 years immediately going before, he had received by the wills and testaments of his friends 
* Quater decies millies, four thousand millions.  4000 millions. All which mass of treasure, together with two patrimonies by his 
* Octarius and julius Caesar.  two fathers and other inheritances, he had spent well-near every whit upon the Commonweal. The two JULIE, to wit, his daughter & 
* His daughter's daughter.  niece, (if 
* If they died.  aught happened unto them), he forbade expressly to be interred in his own Mausoleum. Of those three Rolls or Instruments above named, in the first he comprised his own directions as touching his funeral: The second contained a Register or Index, of those Acts which he had achieved: and his pleasure was, that the same should be engraven in brazen 
* A●…is tabulis, other writers say, Pillars.  tables, and erected before his Mausoleum. In the third he represented a breviary and abstract of the whole Empire: to wit, How many Soldiers were enrolled and in pay, in any place whatsoever? as also, How much money was in the common Treasury of the City and in his own coffers? Lastly, what the arrierages were of such revenues and tributes as were due to the state and unpaid: Whereto he annexed also a Schedule, containing the names of Freed men and bond, his receivers, at whose hands the reckoning might be exacted.   

THE HISTORY OF Tiberius Nero Caesar,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
THe Patrician family CLAUDIA (for, there was likewise 
1  another Plebeian of that name, neither in power nor dignity inferior) had the first beginning out of 
* Or Regil●….  Regillum a Town of the Sabines. From thence they came with a great retinue of vassals to Rome newly founded, there to devil: induced thereto by the counsel of T. TATIUS fellow in government of the kingdom with ROMULUS; or (which is the more received opinion) through the persuasion of (a) ATTA 
* Or Cla●…  CLAUDIUS, a principal person of that house, about the 6 year after the kings were expelled and so, by the Senators of Rome; ranged they were among the Patritij. Upon this, soon after, they received by virtue of a grant from the whole City, for their Clients & vassals, lands to occupy beyond the river Anio: and for themselves a 
* Locum. Some read lucum, not in the strict signification of a sacred Grove, but of a pleasant tuft of trees wherewith monuments were beautified: as you may gather by the Mausoleum of Augustus.  place of sepulture under the Capitol: and so forth, in process of time obtained 28 Consulates, five Dictatures, Censures seven, Triumphs six, and two Ovations. This family being distinguished by sundry forenames and surnames both, in a general consent rejected the fore-name of LUCIUS, after that two of their lineage bearing that name were convict, the one of robbery, the other of murder. Among surnames it assumed the addition of (b) NERO, which in the Sabine tongue signifieth Strong or stout.  
2 Many of these Claudij, as they deserved many ways passing well of the Commonwealth: so, in as many sorts they faulted and did amiss. But to relate the principal examples only in both kinds; APPIUS surnamed 
* ●… Blind. A. V C. 474 490 457  CAECUS was he, who dissuaded the entering into league and society with King PYRRHUS, as prejudicial unto the State: (a) CLAUDIUS' CAUDEX was the first man that passed over the narrow Seas with a fleet, and drove the Carthaginians out of Sicily: CLAUDIUS NERO surprised and defaited ASDRUBAL coming out of Spain with a very great and puissant army before he could join with his brother ANNIBAL. Contrariwise, 
* Or Appius Claudius.  CLAUDIUS APPIUS 
A. V C. 304  REGILLANUS being 
* . i. One of the t●…n Decemvirs.  Decemvir chosen to frame and pen the Romai●…e's Laws, went about by violence (for the satisfaction of his fleshly lust) to enthra●…l a virgin Freeborn: and thereby gave occasion to the Commons for to fall away and forsake the Nobles a second time. CLAUDIUS' DRUSUS having his own statue erected with a Diadem in a Town called (b) Forum Appij, attempted with the help of his favourites and dependents to hold all ●…talie in his own hands. CLAUDIUS' 
* . ●…. The Fair. A. V C. 505  PULCHER, when as in taking of his, (c) Auspicia before Sicily, the sacred pullets would not feed, caused them, in contempt of Religion, to be plunged into the Sea, That they might drink seeing they would not eat: and thereupon struck a battle at Sea: In which, being vanquished, and commanded by the Senate to nominate a Dictator, scorning, as it were, and making but a jest at the public danger & calamity of the State, named a (base) Sergeant of his own called 
* Or Ilycia.  GLYCIA. There stand likewise upon record, the examples of women, and those as diverse and contrary. For, two CLAUDIAE there were of the same house: both she 
* Plin: Nat. hifis: lib. 7. cap.▪ 35.  that drew forth the ship with the sacred images of the 
* Cybeie,  Idaean mother of the Gods sticking fast and grounded within the 
* Or Bar:  shelves of TIBERIS, having before made her prayer openly, That as she was a true and pure virgin, so the ship might follow her, and not otherwise▪ as also another, who after a strange and new manner being 
* C. F●…eius.  a 
A. V C: 580. For, unto this time that sex had not been endi●…ed and▪ t●…aint of treason. See Va●…er, Max. lib 8, c●…p. 1●… A. V C. 695  woman, was arraigned before the people of high treason, for that when her Coach wherein she road could hardly pass forward by reason of a thick throng and press of people, she had openly wished, That her brother PULCHER were alive again, and might lose a fleet the second time, to the end there might be by that meanesae less multitude at Rome. Moreover, very well known it is, that all the CLAUDII, excepting only that P. CLODIUS who for expelling CICERO out of Rome, suffered himself to be adopted by a * Commoner and one younger (a) also than himself, were always Optimates, the only maintainers or patrons of the dignity and power of the patricians: yea, and in opposition of the Commons so violent, stubborn and self-willed that not one of them, although he stood upon his trial for life and death before the people, could find in his heart so much as to change his (e) weed, or to crave any favour at their hands. Nay, some of them there were, who in a brawl and altercation, stuck not to beaten the very (f) Tribune of the Commons. Furthermore, a 
* Claudia. A. V C. 61●…  virgin vestal there was of that name, who when a brother of hers triumphed without a warrant from the people, mounted up with him into the chariot, & accompanied him even into the Capitol: to this end, that none of the Tribunes might lawfully 
* Of so reverend regard were these Nuns, that no magistrate might either attach or cross them.  oppose themselves and forbidden the Triumph.  
3 From this race and lineage TIBERIUS CAESAR deriveth his Genealogy, and that verily in the whole blood and of both sides: by his Father, from TIBERIUS NERO: by his mother from APPIUS PULCHER, who were both of them the sons of APPIUS CAECUS. Incorporate he was beside into the family of the LIVII, by reason that his Grandfather by the 
* Or mother's grandfather mater●…o are.  mother's side was adopted thereinto: Which family (Commoners though they were) flourished notwithstanding and was highly reputed; as being honoured and graced with eight Consulships, two Censureships, and three Triumphs: with a Dictatourship also and Mastership of the Horsemen: renowned likewise and ennobled for brave and notable men, (a) SALINATOR especially and the 
* Or rather Drusus, A. V C 550  DRUSI: As for SALINATOR, in his Censureship he noted and taxed all the Tribes every one and whole body of the people, for unconstant levity, for that having upon his former consulship condemned him and set a fine upon his head, yet afterwards they made him Consula a second time and Censor beside. DRUSUS, upon the kill of one DRAUSUS the General of his enemies in close combat and single fight, purchased unto himself and his posterity after him that surname. It is reported also that this DRUSUS being 
A. V C. 471  propretour, recovered and fetched again out of his province Ga●…le, that gold which in times past had been given unto the Senators when they besieged the Capitol: & that it was not CAMILLUS (as the voice goeth) that wrested the same perforce out of their hands. His 
* Or Nephew, abne●…os.  son in the 4. degree of descent, called 
A. V C: 433  for his singular employment against the Gracchis, Patron of the Senate, left behind him a son: whom in the like variance and debate▪ as he was busy in devising and putting in practice sundry plots, the adverse faction treacherously slew.  
4 But, the Father of this TIBERIUS CAESAR, being Treasurer unto C. 
* Dictator. A. V C. 707  
A. V C. 463  CAESAR, and Admiral of a fleet in the Alexandrine war performed very good service for the achieving of victory, whereupon he was both substituted Pontifex in steed o●… SCIPIO, and also sent with commission to plant Colonies in Gaul, among which were 
* Or Narbo. A. FIVE C. 710  Narbona and Arelate. Howbeit, after that CAESAR was slain, when as all men for fear of troubles and uproars decreed a final abolition 
* This is that amnestia which Cicero persuaded unto.  and oblivion of that fact (and all other quarrels thereupon depending) he proceeded farther and opened, That they should consult about the rewards of such Tyrant-killers. After this, having borne his Pretourship (in the 
A. V C. 713  end of which year there arose some discord between the Triumvirs) he retaining by him still the 
* To wit, his six lict●…rss or vergers with their Knitches of rods & axes sticking therein, Alexand. ab Alexandr●…  ensigns and ornaments of that office after the time fully expired, and following L. ANTONIUS the Consul and the Triumvirs brother, as far as to Perusi●…, when the rest yielded themselves, continued alone fast, and stuck to the faction (that siided against OCTAVIUS) and first escaped to Preneste, then to Naples: where when he had proclaimed (but in vain) 
* Servis ad pile●… vocatis: because the cap or bonnet was the badge-of freedom.  freedom for all bondslaves, he fled into Sicily. But taking it to the heart, that he was not immediately admitted to the presence of SEXTUS POMPEIUS, but debarred the use of his (a) Knitches of rods to be borne afore him, he crossed the Seas into Achaia, and went to M. ANTONIUS. With whom, by occasion that shortly after, an atonement and peace was made between all parties, he returned to Rome; and at the request of AUGUSTUS, yielded unto him his own wife LIVIA DRUSILLA, who both at that time was great with child, and also had already before brought him a son named TIBERIUS, in his own house. Not long after, he departed this life, and left his children surviving him, namely TIBERIUS NERO and DRUSUS NERO.  
5 Some have thought that this TIBERIUS (CAESAR) was borne at Fundae, grounding upon a light conjecture, because his mother's 
* Or his grandam by the mother's side.  Grandam was a Fundane borne; and for that soon after the image (a) of 
* F●…licitatis, or F●…cunditatis i fruitfulness.  Felicity, by virtue of an Act of the Senate was there publicly set up. But, as the most Authors and those of better credit do writ, borne he was at Rome in the Mount Palatium, the 
* The sixteenth of November. A. V C. 712  sixteenth day before the kalends of December, when M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS' was Consul the second time together with MUNATIUS PLANCUS, even after the war at Philippi: For so it stands upon record and in the public Registers. Yet there want not some who writ otherwise: partly that he was 
* Genitum.  borne a year before in the Consulship of HIRTIUS and PANSA, and partly the year next following, wherein SERVILIUS ISAURICUS and ANTONIUS were Consuls.  
6 His infancy and childhood both were exceeding 
* Lux●…riosam ●…. growing a pace to maturity.  forward (a) and the same full of toilsome travail and danger, by occasion that every where, he accompanied his Parents still, in their flights and escapes. And verily, twice he had like to have 
* Or discovered.  descried them with his wrawling at Naples, what time as a little before the forcible and sudden entry of the enemy, they made shifted secretly to get into a ship: namely once, when he was taken hastily from his nurses breast: and a second time out of his Mother's lap and arms, by those who as the necessity of the time required, did their best to ease the poor women of their burden and load. He was carried away with them likewise through Sicily and Achaia: yea, and being recommended to the Lacedæmonians (who were under the protection of the CLAUDII their patrons) for to take the charge of him in public, as he departed from thence by night, he was in danger of his life by reason of a light flaming fire, which suddenly from all parts arose out of a wood: and compassed all the company in his train so; as that some part of LIVIA'S apparel and the hair of her head was scorched and sienged therewith. The gifts bestowed upon him in Sicily by POMPEIA the sister of SEXTUS POMPEIUS, to wit, a little Cloak with a button or clasp to it: likewise studs and bosses of gold, continued and are yet showed to be seen at Bay. After his return into the City of Rome, being adopted by M. GALLIUS a Senator in his last will and testament, he accepted of the inheritance and entered upon it: but within a while forbore the name, because GALLIUS had sided with the adverse faction and taken part against AUGUSTUS. Being 9 years old he praised his father deceased openly from the Rostrae. Afterwards, as he grew to be a springal, he accompanied in the Actiacke triumph the Chariot of AUGUSTUS, riding upon the steed drawing without the 
* Or spir●…npole.  yoke on the left hand, when as MARCELLUS the son of OCTAVIA road upon the other on the right hand. He was precedent also at the Actiack Games and plays yea & the Trojan Tournament in the Circean solemnities, where he led the troop of the bigger boys.  
7. After he had put on his 
* at 17, years of age,  virile rob, his whole youth and all the time beside of the age next ensuing, even unto the beginning of his Empire, he passed for the most part in these affairs following. He exhibited one sword fight performed by fencers to the outrance, in memorial of his father: likewise another in the honourable remembrance of his Grandfather DRUSUS: and those at sundry times and in divers places: the former in the 
* Or great market place.  Forum, of Rome: the second in the Amphitheatre: having brought again into the Lists, even those that were freed before time and discharged from that profession: whom he now hired and bound to fight, with the sum of one hundred thousand sesterces. He did set forth stage plays also, but whiles himself was absent: all with great magnificence, and also at the charges of his 
* Liria,  mother and 
* Augustus:  father in Law. 
* Whom Tacitus calleth 〈◊〉 after the surname of her father,  AGRIPPINA the daughter also of M. AGRIPPA, and niece to POMPONIUS ATTICUS a Gentleman of Rome, him I mean, unto whom CICERO wrote his Epistles, he took to wife. And when he had begotten of her a son named DRUSUS, albeit she fitted him well enough and was beside 
A. V C. 744.  with Child again, enforced he was to put her away; and forthwith to wed JULIA the daughter of AUGUSTUS: not without much grief and heart break: considering that he both desired still the company of AGRIPPINA and also misliked the conditions and demeanour of JULIA, as whom he perceived to have had a mind and fancy unto him whiles she was the wife of a former husband. Which verily was thought also abroad. But as he grieved, that after the divorce he had driven away AGRIPPINA, so when he chanced but once (as she met him) to see her, he followed her still with his eyes so bend, so swelling, 
* Ready as it were to run out of his head.  and staring, that straight order was given, and a watch set, she should never after come in his way nor within his sight. With JULIA he lived at the first in great concord and mutual love: but afterwards he began to 
* Or disagree.  estrange himself, and (that which was the more grief) he proceeded to part beds and to lie from her continually, namely, after that the pledge of love, their son beegotten between them, was untimely taken away: who being borne at Aquileia died a very infant. His own brother 
* Who died when he was Consuls A. V C. 735.  DRUSUS he lost in Germany, whose body he conveyed throughout to Rome going before it all the way on foot.  
In his first rudiments and beginnings of civil offices, he pleaded at the 
8  bar in defence of Archelans; of the Trallians and Thessalians: all of them in sundry causes whiles AUGUSTUS sat in judgement to here their trial: In the behalf also of the La●…dicenes, Thyaterenes and Chians, who had suffered great loss by Earthquake, and humbly sought for relief, he entreated the Senate. As for FANNIUS CAEPIO. who together with VARRO MURAENA had conspired against AUGUSTUS, he arraigned of high treason before the judges, and caused him to he condemned: And amid these affairs, he 
* Whilst he was Questour, and but 19 years old.  executed a duple charge and function: to wit, the purveyance of Corn and Victuals, whereof there happened to be scarcity: and the skouringe or riddance of the workhouse 
* F●…stulorum Such as bride well and houses of correction:  prisons▪ the Lords and Masters whereof were become odious, as if they had caught uppe and held to work not only wayfaring persons, but those also who for fear of taking a military oath and to be enrolled, were driven to shroud themselves in such corners and starting holes.  
His first service in the wars was in the expedition of Cantabria, what 
9  time he had the place of a 
* Colonel of a thousand footmen. A, V, C. 728,  Tribune Military. Afterwards, having the 
A. V: C: 728,  conduct of an army into the East parts, he restored the kingdom of ARMENIA unto TIGRANES, and from the Tribunal seat did put the Diadem upon his head. He recovered also those military ensigns which the Parthians had taken from M. CRASSUS. After this he governed as Regent that part of Gaul beyond the Alps, called Comata: which was full of troubles, partly by the incursions of barbarous nations, and in part through the intestine discord of Princes and Nobles of the Country. Than, warred he upon the Rhetians and Vindelici, and so forward upon the Pannonians and Germans (whom he vanquished all). In the Rhaetian and Vindelicke wars, he subdued the Nations inhabiting the Alps: in the Pannonian, he conquered the Breuci and Dalmatians. In the German war he brought over into Gaul 40000▪ that yielded unto him, and placed them near unto the Rhine bank, where they had there habitations assigned. For, which Acts, he entered the City of Rome both Ovant (riding on horseback) and also Triumphant mounted upon a Chariot: being the 
* Primus, some ●…ad prius, i. an●… rationem, before he had ridden oh 〈◊〉 or triumphed: A, V, C, 737, 738, 7●…2, 747.  first (as some think) that was honoured with Triumphant ornaments, a new kind of honour and never granted to any man before: To bear Magistracy he both began betimes, and also ran through them all in manner joynctly without intermission, namely his Quaesture; Praeture and Consulate. After some space between he become Consul a second time, yea and also received the Tribunitian Authority for five years together:  
In this confluence of so many prosperous successes, in the strength also of 
10  his years and perfect health, he had a full purpose, suddenly to retire himself and remove out of the way as far as he could. Whether it were for the weariness he had of his wife, whom neither he durst plainly 
A V C 748.  charge or put away, nor was able to endure any longer, or to the end that by avo●…ding contempt (a) incident to daily and continual residence, he might maintain and increase his authority by absenting himself, if at any time the State stood in need of him, it is uncertain. Some are of opinion, that considering AUGUSTUS his children were now well grown, he of his own accord yielded up unto them the place and possession as it were, of the second 
* In administration of the common weal:  degree, which himself had usurped and held a long time; following herein the example of M. AGRIPPA, who having preferred M. MARCEILUS, to be employed in public affairs, departed unto MITYLENAE; lest by his presence he might seem to 
* To darken their light  hinder them or deprave their proceed. Which cause even himself, but afterwards, alleged: Marry, for the present, pretending the satiety that he had of honourable places, and rest from his travails, he made suit for licence to departed: neither gave he any ear to his own mother humbly beseeching him to stay; nor to his father in law, who complained also that he should be forsaken thereby and left desolate in the Senate. Moreover; when they were instant still to hold him back, he abstained from all kind of meat four days together. At length having obtained leave to be go, he left his wife and son behind him at Rome, and forthwith went down to Ostia: giving not so much as one word again to any that accompanied him thither, and kissing very few of them at the parting.  
As he sailed from Ostia along the coast of campany, upon news that he 
11  heard of AUGUSTUS' weakness, he stayed a while and went not forward: but when a rumour began to be spread of him, (as if he lingered there, waiting some opportunity of greater hopes,) he made no more ado, but even against wind and wether sailed through & passed over to Rhodes: having taken a delight to the pleasant and healthful situation of that Island, ever since he arrived there in his return from Armenia. Contenting himself here, with a mean and small habitation, with a ferme house likewise by the City side not much larger nor of greater receipt, he purposed to lead a very civil and private life: walking otherwhile in the 
* Or public place of exercises.  Gymnase without 
* He was then Tribune of the Commons and Consul the second time.  lictor or other officer, performing acts and duties in manner one for another with the Greeks' conversing there. It happened upon a time, when he disposed of the businesses which he would dispatch one day, that he gave it out before hand, He was desirous to visit all the 
* oegroes, some read ●…gross, as if he minded to walk the field●….  sick in the City. These words of his were mistaken by those next about him. Whereupon; all the lazars and diseased persons were by commandment brought into a public porch or gallery and placed there in order according to the sundry sorts of their maladies. At which unexpected sight, being much troubled and perplexed, he witted not for a good while what to do? howbeit he went round about from one to another, excusing himself for this that was done even to the meanest, poorest and basest of them all This only thing and nothing else beside was noted, wherein he seemed to exercise the power of his Tribunes authority. Being daily and continually conversant about the Schools and Auditories of professors, by occasion that there arose a great brawl among the 
* 〈◊〉.  Sophister's opposite in arguing cases and declaiming one against other, there chanced to be one who perceiving him coming between and inclining to favorize one part above the other; railed bitterly at him. With drawing himself therefore by little and little, and re●…yring home to his house, he came forth suddenly again and appeared with his Lictours: where he cited by the voice of his crier to appear judicially before his Tribunal, that foul mouthed railing fellow, and so commanded him to be had away to prison. After this, he had certain intelligence given him that JULIA his wife was convict and condemned for her incontinency and adulteries; also that in his name (by a warrant directed from AUGUSTUS) she had a bill of divorce sent unto her. And albeit, he was glad of these tidings, yet he thought it his part, as much as lay in him, by many letters to reconcile the father unto his daughter: yea and how ever she had deserved badly at his hands, yet to suffer her for to have whatsoever he had at any time given unto her in free gift. Now, after he had passed through the time of his Tribunes authority, and 
A. V C. 752  confessed at last, that by this retiring of his out of the way he sought to avoid naught else but the suspicion of jealousy and emulation with CAIUS and LUCIUS: he made suit, That seeing he was now secured in this behalf, and they strengthened enough and able with ease to manage and maintain the second place in government, he might be permitted to return and see his friends and acquaintance again, whose presence he miss and longed after. But he could not obtain so much: nay, admonished he was and warned before hand, to lay a side all regard of his friends and kinsfolk, whom he was so willing to leave and abandon before.  
He abode therefore still at Rhodes, even against his will: and hardly by the 
12  means and intercession of his own mother wrought thus much, that for to cover his ignominy and shame, he might be absent under this pretence, as if he were AUGUSTUS his Lieutenant. And then verily, lived he not only private to himself, but also exposed to danger, and in great fear of some hard measure: lying close and hidden in the uplandish and inward parts of the Island: and avoiding the offices of them that made sail by those coasts, who had frequented him continually: For as much as no man went into any province that way, as Lord General or 
* As Prator, propr●…tor, proconsul, etc.:  Magistrate, but he struck a side and turned to Rhodes. Besides, other causes there were of greater fear and trouble presented unto him. For when as he crossed the seas to Samos for to visit CAIUS, 
* The son of his wife julia by Agrippa,  his wife's son, precedent of the East parts, he perceived him to be more estranged than before time through the slanders and criminous imputations which M. LOLLIUS companion and governor to the said CAIUS had put into his head. He was drawn also into suspicion by certain CENTURIONS, whom his favour had advanced, & who at the day limited in their passport were returned to the camp, That he had delivered unto many 
* Or of his friends.  (of them) MANDATES of an ambiguous & duple construction, such as might seem to sound the minds of every one and solicit them to rebellion. Of which suspicion being certified by AUGUSTUS, he never rested to call for, and require to have some one of any degree and order what soever, to observe all his deeds and words.  
He neglected also his wont exercises of horse and armour: yea and having 
13  laid by the 
* The gown.  habit of his native Country, he betook himself to a cloak and 
* Pantofles or cork shoes after the greekish fashion.  slippers. In such a state & condition as this, continued he almost two years throughout, more despised and hateful every day than other: insomuch as the Meniansians overthrew his Images and statues and upon a time, at a certain feast, where familiar friends were met together (by occasion that mention was made of him,) there was one stood up who promised CAIUS, That in case he did but command and say the word, he would immediately sail to Rhodes and fetch unto him the head of that exiled person: For so was he commonly called. And chief upon this which was now no bore fear, but plain peril, enforced he was by most earnest prayers not only of his own but also of his mother, to require and seek for to return which he obtained at length with the help somewhat of good fortune. AUGUSTUS' had fully set down with himself to resolve upon nothing as touching that point, but with the will & good liking of his elder 
* C●…s', his nepphew or daughters son.  son: now was he, as it happened at that time much offended and displeased with M. LOLLIUS, but to his 
* His mother's husband.  father in law (TIBERIUS) well affected, and easy to be by him entreated. By the permission therefore and good leave of CAIUS called home he was; but with this condition. That he should not meddle one jote in the affairs of State:  
Thus in the 8. year after his departure, returned he full of great hopes and 
14  
A. V C. 755.  nothing doubtful of future fortunes, which he had conceived as well by strange sights, as also by predictions and prophecies even from his very birth. For LIVIA whiles she went with child of him, among many and sundry experiments which she made, and signs that she observed (and all to know whether she should bring forth a man child or no?) took closely an egg from under an hen that was sitting, and kept it warm sometime in her own, otherwhiles in her women's hands by turns one after another, so long, until there was hatched a cock-chicken with a notable comb upon the head. And when he was but a very babe, SCRIEONIUS the ginger gave out and warranted great matters of him, and namely, That he should one day reign as Monarch, but yet without the royal 
* i●… The Diaderne.  Ensigns. For as yet, ye must wot, the sovereign power of the CAESARS was unknown. Also, as he entered into his first expedition, and led an army into Syria, through Macedon. it chanced that the consecrated Altars of the victorious 
* Under julics Caesar or Augustus.  Legions in time passed at Philippi shone out 
* Sabitis ignibus or Subductis●…gs nibus. 1. When the fire was taken from them  suddenly of themselves all on a light fire. And soon after, when in his journey toward Illyricum he went to the Oracle of Geryon near unto Milan, and drew forth his lot, whereby he was advised that for counsel and resolution in such particulars as he required after, he should throw golden 
* Or Cockals. ta●…os.  dies (a) into the fountain Aponus, it fell out so that the dies thus cast by him showed the 
* Venus or Cou●…, which is the best chance.  greatest number: And even at this very day these dies are seen under the water. Some few days likewise before he was sent for home, an Eagle, (never seen afore time at Rhodes) perched upon the very top and ridge of his house: and the very day before he had intelligence given him of his return, as he was changing his apparel, his shirt was seen on fire. THRASYLLUS (b) also the ginger, whom for his great profession of wisdom & cunning he had taken into his house to bear him company, he made then most trial of; namely, when upon kenning a 
* which brought the messenger of his return.  ship a far of, he affirmed. That joyful news was coming, whereas at the very same instant as they walked together TIBERIUS was fully purposed to have turned him headlong down into the sea, as being a false prophet, (for that things fell out untowardly and contrary to his former predictions) & one besides; who chanced for the most part to be privy unto him of all his secrets.  
15 Being returned to Rome, and having brought his son DEUSUS solemnly into the 
* There to commense & show the first proof of pleading at Bar.  Forum, he removed immediately out of Carinae and the house 
* Which was in the street Carina.  of POMPEIUS unto 
* Or E●…quilia an other ste●…e in Rome.  Esquilia, and the Hort-yards of MAEC●…NAS: where he gave himself wholly to quietness performing private duties only and not meddling at all in public offices. After that CAIUS and LUCIUS were dead with in the compass of 
* Ofs: years rather: by V●…leiut and Dio. and as himself hath written in Augustus.  3. years, he together with their brother M. AGRIPPA was adopted by AUGUSTUS, but compelled first himself to adopt GERMANICUS his brother's son. Neither did he aught afterwards as an 
* On●… that was sui juris.  householder, nor retained one jot of that right which he had foregone by his adoption. For, he gave no donations, he manumised no person: nor yet made benefit of any 
* Falling unto him by the Testaments of his friend.  inheritance or legacies otherwise then in the nature of 
* A stock given & granted unto one by him under whose tuition he is, be he father or master. A. V C. 757.  Peculium: and so he did put them down in his book of receipts. But from that time forward was there nothing pretermitted for the augmentation of his state and Majesty: and much more after that AGRIPPA once was in disfavour and sent away: whereby the world took knowledge for certain, that the hope of succession rested only in him.  
16. Now was the Tribunitian Authority conferred a second time upon him, and that for the term of 5. years; the honourable charge and commission likewise, for to pacify the State of Germany was assigned unto him: and the Parthian Ambassadors, after they had declared their message at Rome unto AUGUSTUS, were commanded to repair unto him also 
* Germany  into his province: But upon the news that ILLYRICUM revolted, he removed from 
* Out of Germany. A. V C. 760.  thence to the charge of a new war, which, being of all foreign wars the most dangerous since those with the Carthaginians, he managed with the power of 15: Legions, & equal forces of Auxiliaries, for the space of 3. years in great extremity of all things, but especially in exceeding scarcity of Corne. And notwithstanding that he was oftentimes revoked from this service, yet persisted he unto the end fearing lest the enemy so near a neighbour and so puissant with all, should make head and come upon them, if they first did quit the place and retire. And verily, passing well paid and rewarded was he for this perseverance of his; as having thereby fully subdued and brought under his subjection all ILLIRYCUM. as far as reacheth and spreadeth between Italy, the kingdom of Noricum, Thracia, and Macedon: between the river Danubius also and the gulf of the Adriatic sea. 
A. V C. 762.   
Which glorious exploit of his was yet more amplified and increased by the 
17  opportunity of an occurrent that fell between. For, about the very same time QVINTILIUS VARUS together with 3. Legions was overthrown and defaited in Germany: and no man made any doubt, but that the Germans following the train of this their victory, would have joined with PANNONIA in case ILLYRICUM had not been subdued before. For these his noble Acts, a triumph with many great honours was decreed for him: Some also delivered their sentence, that he should be surnamed PANNONICUS; others would have had the addition of Invincible: and some again of PIUS, in his Style; But as touching any such surname, AUGUSTUS interposed his negative voice, promising and undertaking in his behalf, that he should rest contented with 
* i. Augustus.  that, which he was to assume after his death: As for the Triumph, himself did put it of unto a further day, by occasion that the whole 
* Of Rome  state, sorrowed for the overthrow and loss above said of VARUS: Nevertheless, he entered the City in his rich Praetexta or embroidered purple rob, with a chaplet of laurel upon his head: and so mounted up to the Tribunal erected for him in the (a) Septa, whiles the Senate stood to give attendance: and there, together with AUGUSTUS, in the mids between the two Consuls he took his place and sat down. From whence, after he had saluted the people, he was honourably conducted round about all the Temples.  
18 The next year following, being returned into Germany, when he perceived 
A. V C. 763.  that the Varian defeature aforesaid happened through the rashness and negligence of the General, he did nothing at all without the opinion of his Counsel of war. And whereas he had used also before, to stand upon his own bottom, and to rest in his selfe-iudgement alone; then, contrary to his manner he conferred with many as touching the menagement of the war: yea, and he showed more care and preciseness in every point than his wont was aforetime. Being about to pass over the Rhine, all his provision of victuals strictly reduced to a certain rate and stint, he would not sand over the water before he had considered (standing upon the very bank of the river) the load of every Wagon, that no carriages might be 
* Deponerentur, vel deportar ●…tur. i. transported and carried over.  discharged or unloaden, but such as were by him allowed and thought necessary. When he was once on the otherside of Rhine this course and order of life he held: Namely to sit upon a bore bank of turf, and so to eat his meat: to lie abroad all night, and take his rest oftentimes without tent: to deliver all directions for the day following, as also what sudden service or business was to be enjoined, by writing; with this caveat and admonition, That whereof any man doubted, he should repair unto him at all hours of the night, and seek for no other expositor but himself.  
Martial discipline he required most sharply, bringing again into ure and 
19  execution certain kinds of chastisements and ignominious disgraces which had been used in ancient times: in so much, as he branded with open shame the Lieutenant of a Legion, for sending a few Soldiers with his own freedman over the other side of the river a hunting. As for battles, albeit he did put as little as might be upon the hazard of Fortune and chance: yet entered he upon them with much more resolution, so often as whiles he watched or studied by a candle, the light suddenly fell down and went out, when nobody forced it: trusting confidently (as he said) upon this sign, which both he and all his Ancestors had tried and found to be infallible during all their warlike conducts and regiments. But howsoever he sped well and had good success in this Province, he escaped very fair that he had not been killed by a certain 
* A Rhuteni qu●…dam.  Rhutene (a), who being among those that were next about his person, and detected by his timorous gesture, was apprehended, and with torture forced to confess his prepensed designment.  
20 Being after two years returned out of Germany to Rome, he road in that 
A. V C. 76●….  triumph which he had differred, accompanied with his Lieutenants, for whom he had obtained (a) triumphal Ornaments. And ere he turned into the Capitol he alighted from his Chariot, and bowed himself to the knees of his 
* August●… Caesar.  Father, sitting then before him as Precedent. A Captain and Commander of PANNONIA named BATON, he rewarded first, with exceeding great Presents, and then removed him to Ravenna, in thankful requital for suffering him upon a time, when with his Army he was enclosed within the straits, to pass forward and escape. After this, he bestowed upon the people (of Rome) a solemn dinner, where they sat at a thousand tables▪ and gave beside to them three thousand Sesterces a piece for a congiary. He dedicated also the temple of Concord: likewise that of Pollux and Castor in his own name & his brothers, all out of the spoil won from the enemies.  
And not long after, when by virtue of an Act preferred by the Consuls, 
21  That he should administer the Provinces jointly with AUGUSTUS: and likewise 
A. V C. 766.  hold the general review and muster of the people, he had performed the same and finished it with a solemn purging called Lustrum, he took his journey into Illyricum. And being incontinently called back out of the very way, he came 
A. V C. 767.  and found AUGUSTUS dangerously sick, howbeit yet breathing and alive: with whom he continued in secret talk, one whole day. I wot well, it is commonly received and believed, that when TIBERIUS after private conference was go forth, these words of AUGUSTUS were over heard by the Chamberlains. Miserum populum Romanum qui sub tam lentis maxillis erit. Ounhappie people of Rome, that shall be under such a slow (a) pair of chaws. Neither am I ignorant of this also, that some have written and reported of AUGUSTUS, How openly and in plain terms without dissimuling, he disliked his churlish behaviour and harshness of manners so much, as diverse times being in pleasant discourse and merry talk, he would breake-of when TIBERIUS came in place: Howbeit, overcome by his wife's entreaty and earnest prayer he refused not to adopt him; or rather was induced so to do, upon an ambitious humour and conceit of his own, that leaving such a successor, himself might another day be more miss and wished for again. Yet cannot I be persuaded otherwise, but to think, that AUGUSTUS a right circumspect, considerate and prudent Prince did nothing, especially in so weighty a business, hand over head and without advice: but having duly weighed the vices and virtues of TIBERIUS, esteemed his virtues of more worth: and namely seeing that both he swore solemnly in a general assembly of the people, That he adopted him for the (b) good of the Commonweal▪ and also commendeth him in certain Epistles for a most expert and martial warrior, yea the only Defender and Protector of the people of Rome. Out of which, I have thought good to quote some places here and there for example. Farewell most sweet TIBERIUS, and God bless your conduct and proceeding, warring as you do for me and the Muses. Again, OH most pleasant, and (as I desire to be happy) right valiant man, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. thy friends.  and accomplished Captain, with all perfections, adieu. Also, Astouching the order and manner of your Sommer-campe, for mine own part verily, my TIBERIUS, I am of this mind, That considering so many difficulties and distresses: in regard also of so great sloth and cowardice of Soldiers, no man in the world could perform the service better than you have done. And even they of your train, who were with you do all confess, that this verse may be applied fitly unto you.  
(c) unus homo nobis vigilando restituit rem.  

One man alone by watchful sight  
Our tottering state hath set upright.   
And whether, quoth he, there fall out any occurrent to be considered upon with more care and diligence, or whether I be displeased and angry at any thing, I have a great miss, I assure you, of my TIBERIUS: and evermore that verse of HOMER cometh into my remembrance:  
(d)  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
* I●…iad. ●….   
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

While this man bears me company (so well he doth foresee)  
We may even out of flaming fire return, both I and he.   
When I hear say and read▪ that you are weakened and grown lean with uncessant and continual labour, God confounded me, if my body do not quake and tremble. I pray you therefore spare yourself: lest if it come to our ears, that you are sick, both I and your mother also die for sorrow, and the people of Rome beside, hazard the Empire. It makes no matter, whether Ibe in health or no? 
* Situ non valebis: or, si tu modo Valeb●…. So you cc●…tue well.  if you be not well; The Geds' I beseech, to preserve you for us and vouchsafe your health both now and ever, unless they hate the people of Rome to death.  
The death of AUGUSTUS he divulged not abroad, before that young AGRIPPA 
22  was slain. This AGRIPPA was killed by a military 
* Colonel●…  Tribune, set and appointed to guard him, so soon as he had read the writ 
* Or warrant. , whereby he was commanded to do the deed. This writ, whether AUGUSTUS left behind him when he died, thereby to take away all matter that might minister tumult after his death: or whether LIVIA in the name of AUGUSTUS indited it, and that with the privity of TIBERIUS, or without his knowledge, it resteth doubtful. Certain it is, that when the said Tribune brought him word, that the thing was dispatched which he had commanded, he made answer, That he gave no such commandment, and added moreover, That he should answer it before the Senate: Declining no doubt the envy and hard conceit of men for the present: for within a while after he buried the matter in silence.  
Having now assembled the Senate by virtue and authority (a) of his Tribuneship, 
23  and begun to make a 
* Which he had penned.  speech unto them by way of 
* For the death of Augustus.  Consolation: all on a sudden, as unable to master his grief, he fell into a fit of sighing and groaning. Yea he wished, That not only his voice, but his vital breath also might fail him▪ and therewith gave the book unto his son DRUSUS to read it out. After this, when the last will or testament of AUGUSTUS was brought in, and none of the witnesses admitted to come in place, but those only who were of Senators degree, the rest standing without the Curia & there acknowledging their hands and seals, he caused it to be read and pronounced by his freed man. The will began in this manner. For as much as sinister fortune hath bereft me of CAIUS and LUCIUS, my sons, I will that TIBERIUS CAESAR be mine heir, in the one moiety and a sixth part. By which very beginning, their suspicion 
* That is to say, in 8 parts of twelve, or 2 third parts  was augmented who thought thus, that seeing he forbore not after this sort to make his preface, he ordained TIBERIUS to be his successor upon necessity, rather than any judgement and discretion.  
Albeit he made no doubt to enter upon his imperial government immediately 
24  and to menage the same, and that by taking unto him a strong guard of Soldiers about his person, that is to say main force & the very form of absolute rule & dominion: yet notwithstanding, he refused it a long time: & putting on a most impudent & shameless mind, one while he seemed to rebuke his friends that encouraged him thereto, as those who knew not, what a monstrous and untamed beast an Empire was: and otherwhiles with ambiguous answers and crafty delays holding the Senate in suspense when they besought him to take it upon him, yea and humbly debased themselves before his knees▪ in so much as some of them having their patience moved therewith, could endure him no longer: and one among the rest in that tumult cried aloud, Let him either do it at once, or else give over quite: and another openly to his face upbraided him in these words, Whereas other men be slack in doing and performing that which they have promised, he was slack in promising that which he did and performed. In the end, as if forsooth he had been compelled, and complaining withal, that there was imposed upon his shoulders a miserable and burdensome servitude, he took the Empire upon him: and yet no otherwise, than giving hope, that one day he would resign it up. His very words are these, Until I come unto that time, wherein ye may think it meet to give some rest unto mine aged years.  
The cause of this holding of & delay that he made, was the fear of imminent 
25  dangers on every side, in so much as he would often say, He held a Wolf by the ears. For there was one of AGRIPPAES' slaves named CLEMENS, who had levied & gathered together no small power, for to revenge his masters death: and L. SCRIBONIUS LIBO, a noble man▪ secretly complotted sedition and rebellion: yea, and a twofold mutiny of the Soldiers arose, in Illyricum and in Germany. Both the armies called hard upon him for performance of many matters extraordinarily: but above all, that they might have equal pay with the (a) Praetorian soldiers. And as for the (b) Germanician soldiers, they verily refused him for their Prince and Sovereign, as not by them ordained: and with all their might and main urged GIRMANICUS, who then was their General to take upon him the government of the State, albeit he withstood & denied them stoutly, Fearing therefore the issue and danger of this occurrent most of all, he required for himself to have that part of the Commonweal in charge, which it should please the Senate to lay upon him: seeing that no man was sufficient to wield the whole, unless he had another or many assistants rather joined with him. He feigned himself also to be sickly, to the end that GERMANICUS might with the better will and more patience abide in expectance either of speedy succession after him, or at lest ways of fellowship in the Empire with him. Well, after he had appeased those mutinies, CLEMENS likewise by a fraudulent wile he over-raught, and brought to his devotion. As for LIBO, because he would not be thought at his entrance newly into the Empire for to proceed rigorously, two years after and not before he charged & reproved him before the Senate, contenting himself all that mean space to beware of him only, and to stand upon his guard. For, as the said LIBO was together with him among other Pontifies sacrificing, he took order, that in steed of the (iron) cleaver, there should be closely laid for him a chopping knife of Lead: And when the same LIBO requested upon a time to have secret talk and conference with him, he would not grant it, without his son DRUSUS might be by: and so long as he walked up & down with LIBO, he seemed to lean upon his hand; and so, held it sure enough all the while until their communication was ended.  
26 But being once delivered from this fear he carried himself at the beginning very orderly and after a civil sort, yea and somewhat 
* Paulo min●…s quam pri●…atum egit: or, little better than the port, etc.  under the port of a private person. Of very many dignities and those right honourable, which by public decree were presented unto him, he accepted but few, and those of the meanest kind. His birth-day-mind, falling out in the time of the Plebcian (a) games and plays exhibited in the Cirque, he hardly would suffer to be celebrated and honoured so much as with the addition extraordinarily of one chariot drawn with two Steeds. He forbade expressly, any temples Flamens or Priests to be ordained for him, yea and the erection of Statues and images in his honour, without his leave and permission▪ the which ran with this only clause and condition, That they should not be set up among the images of the Gods, but stand with other ornaments of the house. He prohibited also by his negative voice the solemn oath of observing and keeping his Acts inviolably: as also to call the month 
* Or November rather ●…or in at he was bo●…n, of his own name.  September, TIBERIUS; or 
* or September of his mothers.  October, LIVIUS. The forename also in his style of (b) IMPERATOR; the surname likewise of PATER PATRIAE; as also a (c) Civic Coronet at the fore gate or porch of his Palace he refused. Nay, the very name of AUGUSTUS, hereditary though it were, he would not put as an addition to any of his Epistles, but those only which he sent unto Kings and great Potentates. Neither bore he more than three Consulships: the first but a few days▪ the second three months; the third in his absence no longer than unto the 
* F●…on the Calerds or first day or january to the 15 of May.  Ideses of May.  
He derested flattery and obsequious compliments so much, as that he would admit no Senator to his Licter side either by way of dutiful attendance, 
27  or otherwise about any business whatsoever. When a certain 
* One who had been C●…nsuh. Tacitus saith, it was Quintns Haterius.  Consulare person was about to make satisfaction unto him, and humbly to entreat and crave pardon by a reverend touching of his knees, he started and fled from him so, as he fell therewith and 
* Whereby▪ the said QUEEN Haterius had like to have bee●…e killed by the guard.  lay along upon his back. Yea, and that which more is, if in any talk or continued speech there passed words of him smelling of flattery, he would not stick to interrupt the speaker, to check him, and presently to altar and correct such terms. One there was who called him DOMINUS, that is, 
* Or Lord.  S ●. but he gave him warning not to name him any more by way of con●…mely. Another chanced to say, His sacred businesses: and a third again, That he went into the Senate, auctore se. i by his warrant or authority. He caused them both to change those words, and for auctore to say Suasore, that is, by his advice and counsel: and in steed of Sacred, to put in, Laborious and painful.  
Moreover, against railing taunts, bad reports and rumours, as also slanderous libels, verses and songs cast out either of himself or those about him, 
28  he stood so firm and patiented, as that ever and anon he would give out, That in a free state, folk aught to have both tongue and thought free. And when upon a time the Senate called earnestly unto him, That such crimes, and the offenders themselves might be brought judicially into question; We have not quoth he, so much leisure as to entangle ourselves in many affairs. If ye open this window once, ye will suffer nothing else to be done: for under pretence here of ye shall have the quarrels of every man preferred unto 
* Ad vos. vel 〈◊〉 unto us  you. There is beside a passing civil 
* Such as might beseem one Citizen to speak of another, and not a Prince of his 〈◊〉.  apothegm of his extant which he uttered in the Senate. If so be quoth he, that he speak otherwise of me than well, I will endeavour to give an account of my a●…edeses and words, but in case he continued so still, I will hate him for it again.  
And these things were so much the more remarkable in him, for that in 
29  speaking to them 
* ●… The Senators.  either one by one severally, or to all at once in general, yea and in reverencing them, himself exceeded in a manner the measure of all humanity. When he dissented one day in opinion from Q. HATERIUS in the Senate: Pardonmee, I beseech you, quoth he, if I as a Senator shall speak aught over-frankly against you and then directing his speech unto the whole house. Both now, quoth he, and many times else, my Lords, this hath been my saying, That a good and gracious Prince, whom ye have invested in so great and so absolute a power, aught to serve the Senate and all the Citizens generally: often times also, yea and for the most part, every of them particularly. Neither repent I that I have so said, for I have ever found you, and do so still to be my good, my gracious and favourable Lords.  
Furthermore, he brought in a certain show of the common Liberty, by 
30  preserving entire for the Senate and Magistrates, both their ancient majesty and also their authority: neither was there any matter so small or so great, pertaining to public or private affairs, but proposed it was at the Counsel-table before the Senators: as namely, about Tributes, Customs and Revenues of the State: of Monopolies: of building and repairing any public works: of enrolling or discharging Soldiers: of setting down the number as well of Legions as of auxiliary forces: Finally, who should have their place of command and government continued by a new commission? or take the charge of extraordinary wars? as also what, in what form they thought it good to writ again, & to answer letters sent by Kings? A certain Captain over a 
* Or wing  cornet of horsemen, being accused for an outrage and for robbery, he compelled to make his answer before the 
* Whereas by course he should have had his ●…ali before the Lord General, or prince himself.  Senate. He never entered the Curia but alone. And being one time brought in sick within his litter, (a) he caused a●…l his train and company to voided.  
31 That some Decrees were enacted against his mind and sentence, he never once complained, nor found himself grieved. Notwithstanding he opined, that Magistrates appointed to any charge, aught not to be absent; to the end that by their presence they might the better intent their function and calling: yet one praetor elect, obtained the favour of a free 
* Liberam lega●…nem  (a) embassage. Again, when he advised in the 
* Or Trebians  Otriculunes behalf a grant, that they might bestow the money in paving a cawsie or highway, which was by legacy given to the building of a new Theatre: he could not prevail but that the will of the Testator should stand and be fulfilled. When it fortuned upon a time that an Act of the Senate should pass by going to a side, and himself went over to the other part where the fewer in number were, there was not one that followed him. Other matters also were handled and debated by the Magistrates and the ordinary course of law, and not otherwise: Wherein the Consuls▪ bore so great sway and authority, that certain Ambassadors out of Africa repaired unto them for dispatch, as complaining that they were put-of and delayed by CAESAR unto whom they had been sent. And no marvel: For evident it was, that himself also would arise up unto the said Consuls and give them the way.  
He rebuked Generals of Armies even such as had been Consuls for not 
32  writing unto the Senate of their war exploits: also for consulting with him and ask his advice as touching the grant of 
* As collars, Che●…es, spears, chaplets etc.  military gifts, as if it lay not in their own power to give and dispose all. He commended a praetor for bringing uppe again the ancient custom, in the entrance of his government, to make an honourable mention and rehearsal of his Anncestours before a frequent assembly of the people. The funeral obsequies of certain Noble personages, he accompanied with the common multitude to the very (a) fire. The like moderation he showed in meaner persons and matters both when he had called forth unto him the Magistrates of the Rhodians, for delivering unto him public letters from the State without the due (b) subscription, he gave them not so much as one hard word but only commanded them to subscribe and sent them away. DIOGENES the professed Grammarian, who was wont to 
* or read a lecture.  dispute and discourse at Rhodes every 
* once a week or every 7. day  Sabbath, had put him back and would not admit him into his school coming of purpose extraordinarily to hear him, but by his page posted him of until the 7. day. Now when the same DIOGENES stood waiting before his gate at Rome to do his duty and to salute him, he quit him no otherwise than thus, namely by warning him to repair thither again 7. years after: when the presidents and governors abroad gave him counsel to burden the provinces with heavy tributes and taxes he wrote back unto them. That it was the part of a good shepherd to shear his sheep and not to flay them: 
33   
By little and little he put himself forth and showed his princely majesty; how ever for a long time, in some variety, yet for the most part, rather mild and gracious than otherwise, and more inclined to the good of the common wealth: and at the first, thus far forth only interposed he his absolute power & inhibition, That nothing should be done 
* Beside the ●…le of law.  unjustly. Therefore he both repealed certain constitutions of the Senate, & also very often, when the Magistrates were sitting judicially upon the Bench, to decide matters, he would offer himself to join as it were in counsel and to be assistant with them, or else just over against them in the fore part (of the Tribunal.) And if the rumour went that any defendant were like by favour to escape clear; all on a sudden, he would be in place, and either on the (a) ground below, or else from the Tribunal seat of the L. chief justice, put the other judges and jury in mind of the laws, of their conscience and religion, and of the crime whereupon they sat. Also if any thing were amiss and faulty in the public ordinances and manners of the City, forlet by occasion of idleness or taken up through evil custom, he undertook to reform the same.  
He abridged and restrained the expenses of Stage plays and 
* Of sword-fencers.  games exhibited 
34  unto the people, by cutting short the wages paid to Actors upon the stage, and reducing the couples of sword fencers to a certain number. That Corinthian vessels & manufactures grew to an exceeding high rate, & that three barbels were sold for 30000. sesterces, he grievously complained, and gave his opinion, that there should be a gage set, and a mediocrity kept in household furniture: as also that the price of victuals in open market should be ordered yearly at the discretion of the Senate, with a charge given unto the Aediles for to inhibit victualling houses, taverns, and thus far forth, as they should not suffer any pastry-workes (a) to be set out to sale▪ And to the end, that by his own example also, he might put forward the public frugality, himself at his solemn and festival suppers caused oftentimes to be served up to the board, Viands dressed the day before and those half eaten already, saying. That the side of a wild Boar had in it all the same that the whole. He forbade expressly by an Edict, the usual and daily kisses commonly given and taken: likewise the intercourse of new years gifts sent to and fro: Namely, that it should not continued after the Calendss of januarie. He had wont to bestow for his part a new years gift four fold worth that which he received, and to give the same with his own hand: but being offended that a whole month together he was in his other affairs troubled with such as had not been with him, nor felt his liberality upon the very feast, he never gave any again after the said day.  
Wives of lewd and dishonest life, if there wanted accusers to call them publicly into question, his advice and sentence was, that their next kinsfolk 
35  should, 
* According to the manner and custom of their ancestors.  more maiorum agreed together in common, for to chastise and punish. He dispensed with a gentleman of Rome for his oath (who had sworn before, never to divorce his wife) and gave him leave to put her away being taken in adultery with her 
* That married her daughter.  son in law. Certain women infamous for whoredom and filthiness, began to profess before the Aediles bawdry: to the end, that having by this base trade and occupation lost the right privilege and dignity of matrons, they might delude the 
* ju●…iae etc. de Ad●…teryns.  laws (a) and avoid the penalties thereof. Semblably, out of the youth of both 
* As well Senators as gentlemen.  degrees, the leawdest spendthrifts of all other, because they would not be liable to an Act of the Senate in that behalf, for performing their parts in acting upon the stage, or their devoir 
* In swordfight at the sharp.  within the lists, wilfully underwent the ignominious note of 
* By committing so●…e lewd parts  infamy. But, as well them, as those light women aforesaid he banished all: that none ever after should by such delusion of the law seek evasion. He took from a 
* He deprived him from his Senators place.  Senator his rob, after he knew once, that just before the Calendss of (b) julie he removed out of his dwelling house into certain 
* With cut the City.  Hortyardes and gardens, to the end that when the said day was past, he might take his house again within the City at a lower rent. Another he deprived of his Questureship for that having (as it were) by lottery, chosen and married a wife the one day, he dismissed her on 
* ●…. The morrow: his levi ie was notable as well in making choice so slightly as in casting her of so quic●…ly, making but a game of marriage  another.  
36 All foreign ceremonies in Religion▪ the Egyptian also and the jewish rites he prohibited: compelling 
* Roman Citizens.  those who were given to that Superstition, for to burn all their religious vestments: the instruments likewise & furniture what soever thereto belonging. The serviceable youth of the jews, under colour of a military oath he sent into sundry provinces which were in a pestilent (a) and unwholesome air above others: the rest of that Nation or such as were addicted to the like religion, he banished out of Rome, upon pain of perpetual bondage if they obeyed not. He expelled also Astrologers▪ but upon their earnest entreaty and promise to give over the practice of that Art, he permitted them there to remain.  
37 Aspeciall care he had to keep the peace, and to preserve the state from outrages & robberies, as also from licentious mutinies & seditions. The set guards and garrisons of soldiers, he disposed thicker than the wont manner was, throughout all Italy. He ordained a standing 
* Near unto the walls thereof as 〈◊〉 writeth Li●…. 4. 〈◊〉▪ 5▪ Na●…. 〈◊〉  Camp at Rome, wherein the Praetorian Cohorts wandering up and down before that time & dispersed in divers Inns and ●…ostelriess, might be received. All Insurrections of the people he punished most sharply; he took likewise much pains to prevent such commotions. There happened upon some discord and variance to be a murder committed in the Theatre: But the principal heads of the faction, as also the actors themselves for whose sake the quarrel and fray began, he exiled: neither could he ever be brought for any prayer and entreaty of the people to revoke and restore them. When the Commons of Pollentia would not suffer the dead corpse of a certain principal Centurion to be carried with funeral obsequies out of their market place, before they had forcibly extorted out of his heirs hands a piece of money to the setting out of a game of Fencers with unrebated swords, he took one Cohort from Rome, and another out of K. 
* A petty king about the Alps.  COTIUS Kingdom, dissimuling the cause of this journey, and suddenly discovering their arms and weapons which they closlely carried, and giving alarm with sound of trumpets, all at once he put them into the Town with banner displayed at sundry gates and so cast into perpetual prison the greater part of the Commons and 
* Senators, o●… Aldermen.  Decurions. The privilege and custom of Sanctuaries, where ever they were, he abolished. The Cyzicenes who had committed some notorious outrage & violence upon Roman Citizens, he deprived generally of their freedom, which in the war against MITHRIDATES they had by their good service gotten. The rebellions of enemies he repressed: not undertaking therefore, any expedition afterwards himself, but by his lieutenant only: and not by them verily without lingering delays, and driven thereto of necessity. Kings that rebelliously took arms, or were suspected to break out, he kept down with threats rather and complaints, than otherwise by force and open hostility. Some of them, whom he had trained out of their own Realms unto him with fair words and large promises he never sent home again: as by name MARABODUUS the German, THRASYPOLIS a Thracian: and ARCHELAUS the Cappadocian, whose kingdom also he reduced into the form of a province.  
For two years together after he came unto the Empire, he never set foot 
38  once out of Rome gates. And the time ensuing, he absented not himself in no place unless it were in towns near adjoining, or as far as Antium when he travailed farthest: and that was very seldom and for a few days: albeit he promised and pronounced openly oftentimes that he would visit the provinces also and armies abroad: yea and every year almost he made preparation for a journey, taking up all the wanes and wagons that were to be gotten, and laying provision of Corn and victuals in all the good Burrougheses & Colonies by the way, yea and at the last suffered vows to be made for his going forth and return home: in so much as commonly by way of a jest and byword, he was called (a) CALLIPPID●…S, who in a Greek proverb is noted to be always running, and yet never gaineth ground one cubit forward.  
But being bereft of both his sons, of which 
* Adopted.  GERMANICUS died in 
39  Syria, and 
* Natural. A. V C. 779.  DEUSUS at Rome, he withdrew himself into Campania, as to a retiring place: and all men well near, were fully persuaded and spoke it as constantly, that he would never return but die soon after. Both which had like indeed to have come to pass. For, in truth he never came again to Rome: and within some few days, near unto Tarracina, in a certain part of his manor house (built especially for his own lodging) and called Spelunca, as he fat there at supper, a number of huge stones from above chanced to fall down: whereby many of his guests at the Table and servitors there waiting were crushed and squized to death; but he himself beyond all hope escaped,  
Having made his progress over Campania, when he had dedicated a Capitol at Capua, and the Temple of AUGUSTUS at Nola, which he pretended to 
40  have been the motive of his journey, he betook himself to Capri delighted especially with that Island because there was but one way of access unto it and the same by a small shore and landing place: as being otherwise enclosed round about, partly with craggy rocks & steep cliffs of an exceeding height; and in part with the deep sea. But soon after, when the people called him home, and uncessantly besought him to return, by occasion of an unhappy & heavy accident, whereby at Fi●…eny XX. 
* Strangers that conflowed thither to see the shows.  thousand folk and more, at a solemn fight of sword players perished by fall of an amphitheatre, he passed over into the main and firm land, permitting all men to come unto him: the rather, for that when he first set forth and went out of Rome, he had given straight commandment by an Edict that no man should trouble him, and all the way voided as many as were coming towards him.  
Being retired again into the said Isle, he cast aside all care verily of Common weal; so far forth as never after he did so much as repair and make up 
41  the broken decuries of horse men: He changed no military Tribunes nor Captains: no nor any precedents and Governors of Provinces. He held Spain and Syria both, for certain years, without Consulare Lieutenants: he neglected Armenia and suffered it to be overrun and possessed by the Parthians: Masia to be wasted and spoiled by the Dakes and Sarmatians, as also Gaul by the Germans, to the great shame and no less danger of the whole Empire.  
To proceed, having now gotten the liberty of this secret place, and being 
42  as one would say removed from the eyes of people: at length he poured forth and showed at once all those vices which with much a do for a long time he had cloaked and dissimuled. Of which I will particularise and make relation from the very beginning. In the Camp when he was but a new and untrained soldier, for his excessive greediness of wine bibbing, he was for (a) TIBERIUS named BIBERIUS, for CLAUDIUS, CALDIUS▪ for NERO, MERO: After being Emperor, even at the very time when he was busy in reforming the public manners and misdemeanour (of the City) he spent with POMPONIUS FLACCUS and L. PISO one whole night and two days in 
* In eating and drinking:  gluttony and drunkenness, unto the former of these twain he presently gave the government of the province Syria: upon the other he conferred the Provostship of Rome, professing even in all his letters and writings; That they were most pleasant companions and friends at all assays. To 
* Or Sos●…ius Gal●…s.  SEX: CLAUDIUS a Senex fomicatour and prodigal dingthrift, who had in times past been by AUGUSTUS put to ignominy and shame, yea and by himself some few days before rebuked before the Senate, he sent word, that he would take a supper with him: upon this condition, that he altered nothing, nor left aught out of his ordinary and customed manner: and namely, that wenches all naked should serve at the Table. He preferred one to be a competitor for the Questorship, who was a most base and obscure person, before others that were right noble gentlemen: only for carousing and drinking up at a banquet, a whole (b) Amphor of wine when he 
* Or rendered it unto him.  drank unto him. Unto AS●…LLIUS SABINUS he gave 200000. Sesterces for a diologue of his making, in which he brought in a combat or disputation, between the Mushroom, the (c) Ficedula the Oyster and the (d) Thrush. To conclude, he instituted a new office, forsooth, 
* For the devifing of new pleasures. etc.  a voluptatibus, wherein he placed PRISCUS a gentleman of Rome, and one who had been Censor.  
But during the time of his private abode in Capri, he devised a room 
43  with seats and benches in it, even a place of purpose for his secret wanton lusts. To furnish it there were sought out and gathered from all parts, a number of youngs drabs and stolen Catamites, sorted together▪ such also as invented monstrous kinds of libidinous filthiness, whom he termed Spintriae: who being in three ranks or rues linked together should abuse and pollute one another's body before his face: that by the very sight of them he might stir up his own cold courage and fainting lust. He had bed chambers beside, in many places, which he adorned with tables and petty puppets: representing in the one sort, most lascivious pictures, and in the other as wanton shapes and figures. He stored them likewise with the books of Elephantis: that none might be to seek for a pattern of the semblable form and fashion, in that beastly business performed in every kind. He devised in the woods also and groves here and there, certain places for lechery and venereous Acts: wherein he had within caves and hollow rocks youths of both sexes standing at receipt ready prostitute, in habit of Paniskes and Nymphs; In so much as now men in open place, abusing the vulgar name of the Island, termed him usually, 
* or 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉.  Caprineus. 
44   
He incurred yet the infamy of greater and more shameful filthiness, such as may not well be named or heard, and much less believed: to wit, that he should train up and teach fine boys the tenderest and daintiest that might be had (whom he called his little fishes) to converse and play between his thighs as he was swimming, and prettily with tongue and teeth seem to make unto his secret parts, and there to nibble: Whom likewise, as babes of good growth and strength▪ howbeit as yet not weaned, he should set unto his privy member as unto the nipple of a breast, to suck. And verily, both by nature and for his years, more prove he was and given to lust in this 
* 〈◊〉.  kind. Therefore, whereas a certain painted table of PARRASIUS making, (in which ATALANTA yieldeth her mouth unto MELEAGER in that beastliness) was given unto him as a legacy: upon condition, that if he were offended with the argument or matter represented therein, he might in am thereof receive a millian of Sesterces, he not only preferred the said picture before such a sum of money, but also dedicated it in his own bedchamber. It is reported beside, that being at sacrifice upon a time, he casting a fancy to the beautiful and well favoured face of a youth and servitor as he carried before him the 
* Or incense pa●….  Censer, could not contain, but immediately and before the compliments of sacrifice were well and fully performed, even there and then, take him a side out of the place and so abuse his body: and together with him a brother of his, the minstrel▪ yea and soon after, for that they twitted and upbraided one another for this abominable act, he broke their legs both.  
Moreover, in what sort he was wont to offer abuse unto the very heads of 
45  women, and those nobly borne and of good reputation, appeared most evidently by the woeful end of one dame named MALLONIA. For when she was by force brought unto his bed, and most resolutely; to die for it, refused to suffer any more, than naturally a woman was to suffer: he suborned certain promoters falshly to accuse her: and evermore as she pleaded in her own defence asked her still, whether she repent not yet of her Obstinacy? which he followed so long, until at length she left the Court, made haste home to her house, and there ran herself through with a 
* Or dagger.  sword: after she had openly and aloud reproached the shag haired and rammish old churl with his filthy & beastly mouth. Whereupon in a by-enterlude called, Atellanicum Exodium, this infamous and shameful Note, received with exceeding great accord, was rife and currant abroad in every man's mouth, That the old bucke-goat was licking the 
* Or shape, as the kind i●… of such beasts to do.  nature of the does (or females.)  
Being a very niggard of his purse, and one that would part with nothing, he 
46  never maintained those of his train in all his journeys and expeditions with any wages or set 
* In money.  salaries, but found their meat and victuals only: yet must I needs say, that once out of his father in laws Indulgence and bounty, he bestowed upon them a piece of liberality: when having ranged them according to the worthiness of every one into three ranks, he dealt among those of the first 600000. sesterces: of the second 400000: of the third 200000: And the same called he the 
* Or rank.  company, not of his friends but 
* Some read Graeco●…um. i. of Greeks' by way of contempt  Gratorun. i. of his thankful favourites.  
All the whiles he was Emperor, neither built he any stately works: (For 
47  the very temple of 
* At Rome▪  AUGUSTUS, and the reedification of POMPEIUS Theatre which only and none else he had undertaken, after so many years he left unfinished) nor exhibited so much as one solemn show unto the people: and at those which were by any other set out, he was very seldom present; and all for fear lest some thing should be demanded at his hands: & namely after that he was compelled once to manumise the Comedian 
* An Actor in a Comedy,  Actius. Having relieved the want and poverty of some Senators, because he would not help more of them, he denied to secure any other than those, who alleged before the Senate good and just causes of their necessities. By which deed of his; he frighted the most part upon a modesty and bashfulness in them: & among the rest, one ORTALUS, the nephew of Q. HORTENSIUS the professed Orator, who being of a very mean estate had begotten four children, by the means 
* He had married a young wife upon hope of maintenance by virtue of the laws Papia Po●…pas, and Inl●…a.  and persuasion of AUGUSTUS.  
48 As touching his public munificence, he never showed it but twice: once, when he purposed and published a free loan for 3. years of an hundred millians of Sesterces: & again, when unto certain Land lords of fair houses and tenements, which situate upon mount Caelius, were consumed with fire, he restored the full price and worth of them. One of these Bones he was forced to grant, by reason that the people in great want of money called earnestly for his help: what time as by virtue of an Act of Senate he had ordained, That Usurers should lay out two (third) parts of their 
* Or patrimoni●…  Stock in lands, tenements and appurtenances immovable▪ the Debtors likewise make present payment of two parts of their debts; and yet the thing 
* That thereby their money might come abroad.  was not done and dispatched accordingly: The other, for to mitigate the greevousnesse of those 
* . i▪ d●…biss paid.  heavy times. Howbeit this (latest) beneficence of his he so highly prized, that he commanded the name of Mount Calius to be changed and called AUGUSTUS. The Legacies given by AUGUSTUS in his last will unto the Soldiers being once 
* For than it was that XX thousand were killed at Fideney by the fall of a Theatre.  published, he never after bestowed any Largesse upon them: saving that among those of the 
* Publicaia.  Praetorium he dealt one thousand Deniers a piece; in & to the Legions in Syria certain gifts for that they alone among all their Ensigns in the field honoured no 
* Or Guard.  image at all of SEJANUS. Moreover, he made very seldom any 
* As of their General  discharges of old Soldiers: as expecting upon age their death, and by death gaping for some gain and vantage. Neither succoured he the very Provinces with his bountiful hand, except it were Asia, by occasion that certain Cities 
* With allowance of lands, fees or yearly P●…nfionss for their service.  therein were by earthquake overthrown.  
49 Afterwards, and in process of time he gave his mind wholly even to rapine and plain pillage. It is for certain known, That CN. LENTULUS the 
* In number 1●… Plin. lib. 2, cap. ●…4. Euseb: Ch●…nic: 13.  Augur, a man of exceeding great wealth, for very fear & anguish of mind was by him driven to a loathing and wearinesie of his own life▪ and at his death to make no other heir but himself: That dame LEPIDA likewise, a right noble Lady was condemned by him, to gratify 
* Her husband  QUIRINUS, one that had been Consul, but passing (a) rich and 
* And therefore he hoped to b●… his heir:  childless withal: who having before time put her away being his wedded wife, twenty years after called her judicially into question, and laid to her charge, that long ago she had bought and provided poison for to take away his life. Besides, as well known it is, that certain Princes and Potentates of Gaul, Spain, Syria and Greece, forfeited their estates upon so slight a slander and impudent imputation, that against some of them naught else was objected but this, That they had part of their substance and wealth 
* more than by law they might  lying in money: yea and that many Cities and private persons lost their ancient immunities and privileges, as also their right in mines and metals, Tolls and customs: and finally that VONONES a King of the Parthians who being driven out of his kingdom by his own subjects, retired himself with an huge mass of Treasure into Antiochia, under the protection, as it were, of the people of Rome, was perfidiously stripped out of all and killed.  
The hatred that he bore to his kinsfolk and near Allies, he bewrayed, 
50  first in his brother DRUSUS by disclosing a letter of his: wherein he dealt with him about compelling AUGUSTUS to restore the common Liberty: afterwards, in others also. As for his wife JULIA, so far was he from showing any courtesy or kindness unto her when she stood confined (which had been the lest matter of a thousand) that whereas by an Ordinance of her fathers, she was shut up within one Town, he gave strait order that she should not step out of doors, and enjoy the Society of people and worldly commerce: nay, he proceeded so far, as to bereave her of that little stock and housholde-stuffe which her Father allowed her: yea, and defrauded her of the yearly Pension and exhibition for her maintenance: and all, forsooth, under a colour of common right and law; because AUGUSTUS in his last will and testament had not expressly provided in this behalf. Being notable well to endure his mother LIVIA, as challenging to herself equal part with him in power and authority, he avoided both to keep ordinary and daily company, and also to entertain long speech or secret conference with her; because he might not be thought ruled and directed by her counsels; which otherwhiles notwithstanding he was wont both to stand in need of, and also to use. Semblably, he took to the very heart the passing of this Act in the Senate, That in his style as he had the title, son of AUGUSTUS, so this addition should run withal son of LIVIA. And therefore it was, that he would not suffer her to be named 
* Mother of her Country.  PARENS PATRIAE, nor to receive any remarkable honour in open place and by public decree. Oftentimes also he admonished her to forbear intermeddling in greater affairs, and such as were not meet for women; especially after he perceived once, that when the Temple of Vesta was on fire, she also came thither in person among others, & there encouraged the people and soldiers both, to do their best and help all what they could, as her manner was to do in her husband's days.  
By these degrees he proceeded even to secret rancour & malice against her, 
51  but chief upon this occasion, as men report. She had been very earnest with him many a time to unroll one in the (a) Decuries of the judges who was made free Denizen & Citizen of Rome▪ but he denied flatly to choose and admit the party, unless it were upon this only condition, That she would suffer a clause to be written & annexed to the Instrument 
* Quorum nomin●…, or such like.  or Roll, in these words, This grant was by my mother wrung and wrested from me. Whereat she highly displeased and offended, brought forth out of her Closet & Cabinet certain old letters of AUGUSTUS (written) unto her, as touching his perverse, bitter and intolerable manners; and those she openly read. He again took the matter so grievously, that she had both kept those writings so long by her, and also cast them in his dish so spitefully, that some think this was the greatest cause of his departure from the City. And verily, for the space of three years complete, during which time he was absent and his mother living, he saw her but once: and that was no more than one day, and very few hours of the same. And afterwards as little mind he had to be by her lying sick: and when she was dead, suffering her corpse by staying so long above ground (whiles men hoped still of his coming) to corrupt at length and putrefy: after she was interred, he forbade that she should be canonised and registered in the Catalogue of Saints: pretending as if she herself had given that order. Her will he annulled, all her friends and familiars, even those unto whom upon her deathbed she had committed the charge of her Funerals, within a short time he persecuted and plagued, yea and one of them, to wit, a worshipful Gentleman of Rome, he condemned to the 
* Or wheel & bucke●… Aniliam: S●…me read, in Ant ●…iam, or Anticyran●… ●… an Island: or else Lacunam, a dungeon in the common prison.  pump.  
52 Of his two sons, he loved neither DRUSUS that was by nature, nor GERMANICUS by adoption, as a father should do; as taking offence at the vices of the 
* Of Drusus.  one. For DRUSUS was of an effeminate mind; given to a lose and idle life. Therefore was not TIBERIUS so nearly touched and grieved for him being dead; but presently after his funeral, returned to his ordinary and accustomed business prohibiting vacation 
* 〈◊〉, as the m●…ner was in any mournful time.  of justice to continued any longer. Moreover, when the Iliensian Ambassadors came somewhat with the latest to comfort him; he, (as if now by this time the memory of his sorrow had been clean worn out,) scoffed at them and made this answer, That he likewise was sorry in their behalf for the less they had of HECTOR, so noble and brave a Citizen. As for GERMANICUS, he depraved and disgraced him so, as that not only he did extenuate and diminish all his worthy exploits as mere vain and needless, but also blamed his most glorious victories, as dangerous and hurtful to the Commonwealth. Also, for that without his advice, he went unto Alexandria, (by occasion of an extreme and sudden famine) he complained of him in the Senate: yea, and it is verily believed, he was the cause of his death, and used the means of CN. PISO, Lieutenant of Syria; who soon after being accused of this crime, would (as some think) have uttered abroad those directions and warrants that he had so to do: but that SEJANUS secretly withstood it. For which, TIBERIUS was oftentimes and in many places much 
* Ni Sejanus secret●… obstar●…t●… ●… or, Nisi easec, eta chstare●…t i▪ but that they were in secret delivered, and therefore could not be proved.  blamed, and in the night season commonly called upon with this cry and note, Red Germanicum. i. Give us GERMANICUS again. The suspicion whereof himself afterwards confirmed and made good, by afflicting in cruel manner the wife also and children of the said GERMANICUS.  
53 Furthermore, his daughter 
* Increpitum: others read inscriptum i This inscription was in many places set upon his Statues.  in law AGRIPPINA, for complaining overboldly of him after the death of her husband, he took by the hand, and recited unto her a (a) Greeke verse to this effect, If thou hast not sovereign Rule and Dominion, 
* Germanicus his adopted sons wife, & daugh●…e to Agrip●… and julia.  quoth he, Thinkest thou pretty daughter that thou art wronged? and so vouchsafed her no speech at all after. Also, because upon a time, when she durst not at supper taste of those appels which he had reached unto her, he forbore to invite her any more; pretending, that she charged him with the crime of attempting her with poison: when as in deed, it was of purpose plotted & packed aforehand, both that himself should by the offering of such fruit tempt her, and she again beware most present and assured death. At the last, having untruly accused her, as if she minded to fly one while to the Statue of AUGUSTUS, and another while to the Armies, he confined and sent her away to the Isle Pandataria; and as she railed at him, he by the hands of a Centurion with whipping and lashing her over the face struck out one of her eyes. Again, when as she was fully determined to pine herself to death: he caused her mouth perforce to be opened, and meat to be crammed into her throat: Yea, and after that by continuance in this mind she consumed quite away and died in the end, he inveighed against her in most odious and reproachful terms: having opined first in the Senate, that her birthday also should be reckoned among the dismal and unlucky days. Furthermore, he expected thanks, as for an high favour done unto her, in that he strangled her not before with accord, and so fling her to the 
* Scale.  (b) Gemoniae, and in regard of such a singular clemency as this, he suffered a Decree to pass, That thanks should be given unto him, and a Present of Gold consecrated unto JUPITER CAPITOLINUS.  
Whereas by GERMANICUS he had three nephews, NERO, DRUSUS & 
5●…  CAIUS; by DRUSUS one, to wit TIBERIUS, when he was left destitute and fatherless by the death of his children, the two eldest sons of GERMANICUS, namely NERO and DRUSUS, he recommended to the LL. of the Senate; and celebrated the day of both their Commencements with giving a 
* Or Largesse.  congiary to the people▪ But no sooner understood he, that upon New-yeeres-day there had been public vows made by the City for their life also and preservation, but he gave the Senate to understand, That such honours aught not to be conferred upon any persons, but those that were experienced and far stepped in years, Thereby, having discovered the inward character and canker of his heart, from that day forward he exposed them to the slanders and imputations of all men: When also, by sundry subtle devises he had wrought so, that they might be both provoked to give railing taunts, and also being so provoked come to mischief and destruction; he accused them in his letters, heaped most bitterly upon them heinous reproaches, caused them to be judged enemies to the State, and so hungerstarved them to death; NERO, within the Isle Pontia, and DRUSUS at the very foot and bottom of Palatium. Men think that NERO was driven to 
* To famish his own self wilfully.  work his own death, what time as the 
* Or executio●…er.  Hangman, as sent by a warrant from the Senate, presented unto him halters 
* To strangle him, and drag him to the Scalae Gemoniae.  and hooks. As for DRUSUS, kept he was from all food and sustenance: in so much as he gave the attempt to eat the very flocks that stuffed the 
* Or bed.  mattress whereupon he lay: And the 
* Bones and ashes which was done by him of spite.  relics of them both, were so dispersed and scattered abroad, that hardly they could be ever gathered together.  
55 Over and above his old friends and familiars, he had demanded twenty out of the number of the best and principal Citizens, as Counsellors and Assistants unto him in public affairs. Of all these, he could hardly show twain or three at the most alive: the rest, some for one cause and some for another he brought to confusion and killed▪ among whom (with the calamity and overthrow of many more) was AELIUS SEJANUS, whom he had to the highest place of authority advanced, not so much for any good will, as to be his instrument and right hand, by whose ministery and fraudulent practices he might circumvent the children of GERMANICUS, and so establish as heir apparent in succession of the Empire the Nephew he had by DRUSUS, as his natural son.  
Not milder was he one jot unto the Greek Professors and Artists, living 
56  and conversing daily with him, and in whom he took most contentment. One of them named ZENO, as he reasoned and discoursed very * exactly of a question he asked, What harsh Dialect 
* Or curiously.  that was, wherein he spoke? and when he answered, It was the Doric▪ he confined him for his labour into Cynaria, supposing that he twitted and reproached him for his old vacation and absence from Rome because the Rhodians spoke Doric. Semblably, whereas his manner was out of his own daily readings, to propound certain questions as he sat at supper: having intelligence, That SELEUCUS the Grammarian inquired diligently of his Ministers and Servitors, what Authors at any time he had in hand, and so came prepared to assoil the said questions, first he forbade him his house and ordinary Society, afterwards he forced him even to death.  
His cruel, close and unpliable nature was not hidden no not in his very 
57  childhood▪ the which THEODORUS GADARAEUS his teacher in Rhetoric, seemed both at first to foresee most wisely, and also to express and resemble as fitly, when by way of chiding and rebuke he called him ever and anon Pelon Haimati Pephuramenon;. i. 
* Or mire.  clay soaked 
* Day so tempered becometh very strong, tough and stiff.  in blood. But the same broke out & appeared somewhat more, when he become Emperor, at the very beginning: what time as yet he lay for to win the love and favour of men, with a pretence of civil moderation A certain 
* A scoffing jester.  Buffoon there was, who as a Funeral passed by, had willed the party whose body was carried forth, to report unto AUGUSTUS, That his Legacies were not yet paid and delivered, which he 
* E●…ato mortu●…, or c●…are mortu●…, i. with a loud voice called upon the dead man, etc.  had left for the Commons of Rome. Him, he caused to be haled and brought unto his presence, to receive also the debt which was due: and then commanded him to be led to execution, and so to relate the truth unto his father (AUGUSTUS). Not long after as he threatened to sand unto prison one POMPEIUS a Roman Knight, for stoutly denying some thing, he assured him, That of a POMPEIUS he would make him a POMPEIANUS, glancing by this bitter and biting taunt, both at the man's name & also at the old infortunity of 
* ●… The Pompe●…ani, that took part with Pompeius against julius Caesar  that side.  
58 About the same time, when the praetor came to know of him, whether his pleasure was to hold the judicial Assizes, as touching the case of 
* ●… High treason.  Majesty, or no? he made answer, That the Laws must have their course and be put in execution: and in very truth he executed them with extreme rigour. There was one who from the Statue of AUGUSTUS had taken away the head, for to set the same upon the Statue of another. The matter was debated in the Senate: and because some doubt arose, Who did the deed? inquisition was made by torture. The party delinquent being condemned; this kind of Calumniation by little and little proceeded so far, that such points as these also were made capital crimes: Namely, to have beaten a slave, about the 
* Fled thither for refuge as unto a Sanctuary, or otherwise how so ever.  image of AUGUSTUS. Item, if a man had shifted his (a) apparel & put on other clotheses (about the said Image). Item to have brought into any privy or brothelhouse 
* Either of Tiberius or Augustus. Read Seneca de beneficijs lib 3 cap. 26  his image imprinted either in money or ring. Lastly, to have impaired any word or deed of his, in the lest credit and reputation that might be. To conclude, it cost one his life, for suffering in his own Colony, honours to be decreed unto him, upon the same day, that they had in times past been decreed for AUGUSTUS.  
Many parts beside under the colour of gravity and reformation, but rather 
59  in deed following the course of his own nature; he used to play, so cruelly and with such rigour, that some there were, who in verses both upbraided by way of reproach the calamities present, and also gave warning of the future miseries, in this manner.  

Asper & immitis. Breviter vis omnia dicam?  
Dispeream, site matter amare potest.   

Harsh and unkind, (In brief wilt thou I should say all?) thou art:  
God me confounded, if mother thine can love thee in her heart.   

Non es eques; quare? non sunt tibi millia centum;  
Omnia siqu●…ras: et Rhodos exilium est.   

No Knight thou art; and why? for hundred thousands none;  
(Search all) thou hast in store: & now at Rhodes exiled dost won.   

Aurea mutasti Saturni saecula, CAESAR;  
Incolumi nam te, ferrea semper ●…runt.   

Of Saturn King thou changed hast that age resembling gold,  
For while thou, CAESAR, liv'st, the world of iron shall ever hold.   

Fastidit vinum quia iam sitit iste cruorem:  
Tam bibit hunc avide, quam bibit ante merum.   

Wine doth he loathe, because that now of blood he hath a thirst,  
He drinketh that as greedily, as wine he did at first.   

(a) Aspice falicem sibi non tibi, ROMULE SULLAM;  
Et MARIUM, si vis, aspice; sed reducem,  
Nec non ANTONI civilia bella moventis:  
Nec semel infectas, aspice caede manus.  
Et dic, Roma perit. Regnabit sanguine multo,  
Ad regnum quisquis venit ab exilio.   

See SULLA, happy for himself, OH ROMULUS not for thee:  
And MARIUS, in case thou wilt, but new returned, see;  
Likewise behold of ANTONY those hands in blood imbrued  
Not once, I mean of ANTONY, who civil wars renewed.  
The say, Rome goes to wrack. And he with bludshed much will reign  
Who to a Kingdomes-state is come, from banishment again.   
Which verses at first, he would have had to be taken and construed as made by them who were impatient of any Lordly rule and absolute dominion at Rome: and as if they had been framed and devised, not so much with any considerate judgement, as upon Stomach and Choler. And evermore his saying was, Oderint aum probent i Let them hate me, so long as they suffer my proceed to pass. But afterwards, even himself proved them to be very true and most certain.  
Within few days after he came to Capri, when a Fisherman, suddenly 
60  and unlooked for presented unto him (as he was in a secret place doing somewhat by himself) a 
* Being ●…kaly and having a couple of barbe●….  Barble of an extraordinary bigness, he caused his face to be rubbed all over with the same fish: as put in a fright, no doubt, for that from the back side of that Island, he had made means through the rough thickets and by-ways, to creep and get unto him where he was. And when the poor fellow amid this punishment seemed to rejoice yet, and said, It was happy that he had not offered unto him a lopstar also (which he had caught) of an huge greatness, he commanded that his face should be grated and mangled likewise with the said Lopstar. A Soldier, one of his own guard, for filching and stealing a Peacock out of an 
* Or garden.  Orchard he put to death. In a certain journey that he made, the Licter wherein he was carried chanced to be entangled and somewhat stayed with briers and brambles: Whereupon a Centurion of the foremost cohorts in the Vanguard, that had in charge to try and clear thee ways, he caused to be laid along upon the ground, and there he all to beaten him 
* With c●…dgelss: which punishment was c●…lled Fustuarium.  until he was well-near dead.  
61 Soon after, he broke out into all kinds of cruelty; as one who never wanted matter to work upon: persecuting the familiar friends and acquaintance of his own Mother first, then, of his Nephews and daughter in law, and at the last of SEJANUS: after whose death he grew to be most cruel. Whereby especially it appeared, that himself was not wont so much to be provoked and set on by SEJANUS: as 
* Quam 〈◊〉 quarent●… occassones submi●…strasse.  SEJANUS to serve his turn and feed his humour, seeking as he did all occasions: howsoever in a certain commentary which he composed summarily and briefly of his own life he durst writ thus much, That he executed SEJANUS, because he had found that he raged furiously against the children of GERMANICUS his son. Of whom to say a truth, the one himself murdered, after he had first suspected SEJANUS, and the other, not before he had killed him. To prosecute in particular all his bloody deeds would require a long time. It shall suffice therefore to rehearse in general the patterns as it were and examples of his cruelty. There passed not a day over his head, not not so much as any festival and (a) religious holieday, without execution and punishment of folk. Some suffered even upon newyear's day. Accused and condemned there were many together, with their children, and very wives. Strait commandment and warning was given, that the near kinsfolk of such persons as stood condemned to die, should not mourn and lament for them. Especially rewards were by decree appointed for their accusers; otherwhiles also for bore witnesses. No informer and promoter was discredited, but his presentment taken. And every crime and trespass went for Capital, and so was received: were it but the speaking of a few simple words▪ Objected it was against a Poet, that in a tragedy he had reviled and railed upon (b) 
* The soverai●… Captain and General of the Greeks' at Tr●…ye.  AGAMEMNON; as also it was laid to an 
* A. Cre●…tius Cordu●… read Seneca Consolat●…a Mar●…um. cap 22 * who s●…ew ●…ulims Caeser and were ●…ccoumpted Tyrannecton●…▪  Historians charge, for saying, (c) that * BRUTUS' and CASSIUS, were the last of all the Romans. Presently were the Authors and writers punished, and their writings called in and abolished: notwithstanding certain years before they had been recited even in the hearing of AUGUSTUS, with his good liking and approbation. Some committed to ward, were deprived not only of their Solace and comfort in studying, but also of the very use of talking with others. Of such as were cited peremptorily by writ and process to answer at the bar, some gave themselves (mortal) wounds at home in their houses (as sure to be condemned, only to avoid torments and ignominy) others in the open face and midst of the Court drank poison: and yet were they with their wounds bound up, and whiles they yet panted between alive and dead, haled away to prison. There was not one executed but he was thrown also into the jemoniae, and drawn with the drag. In one day were there (d) twenty so thrown and drawn: and among them boys and women. As for young girls and maidens of unripe years, because by ancient custom and tradition, unlawful it was to strangle Virgins. (e) First deflowered they were by the hangman and afterwards strangled. Were any willing of themselves to die? such were forced violently to live. For he thought simple death so light a punishment, that when he hard, how one of the prisoners, 
* Or 〈◊〉  CARNULIUS by name, had taken his death voluntarily before, he cried out in these words. CARNULIUS hath escaped my hands. Also in overseeing and perusing the prisoners in jail, when one of them besought to have his punishment with speed, he made him this answer: Nay marry, thou art not yet reconciled unto me, that I should show thee such favour. A certain 
* Who had ●…eere sometime consul, and therefore to be credited.  Consular writer hath inserted this in his Annals: That upon a time at a great feast (where himself also was present,) TIBERIUS being on a sudden asked, and that openly with a loud voice by a dwarf standing at the Table among 
* I●…ter Copre●…:  other Buffoons and jesters, Wherhfore PACONIUS being attaint of treason lived so long? For that instant verily chid the party for his saucy and malapert tongue: but after a few days wrote unto the Senate, to take order with all speed for the execution of PACONIUS.  
He increased and strained still more and more this cruelty, by occasion that 
62  he was galled and fretted at the news of his son DRUSUS his death: For, having been of opinion, that he died upon some sickness & intemperate life, so soon as he understood at length, that he was poisoned & so made away by the villainous practice of his wife 
* Daughter of Germanicus & Agry●…pina, and wife to the said Drusus.  LIVILLA and SEJANUS together, he spared not to torment and execute any one whomsoever; so bend and addicted whole days together to the inquisition and trial of this only matter, as that when word came unto him how an host of his an inhabitant of Rhodes (whom by familiar letters he had sent for to Rome) was come, he commanded him out of hand to be put to 
* among other examinates.  corture, as if he had been some near friend present at the foresaid examination: but afterwards, when his error was discovered, and seeing how he had mistaken, he caused him also to be killed. because he should not divulge and make known the 
* Done unto him.  former injury. The place is yet to be seen at Capri of his butcherly carriage: From which he caused condemned persons after long and exquisite torments to be fling headlong before his face into the sea: where were ready to receive them a number of mariners, who with their spirits, poles, and oars should beat and bat their carcases: to the end that none of them might have any breath or wind remaining in the body: He had devised moreover, among other kinds of torment, what time as men by deceitful means had their load with large drinking of strong wine, suddenly to knit fast and tie their privy members with (Lute) strings, that he might 'cause them to swell and be penned in most dolorous pains occasioned at once as well by the straight strings, as the suppression and stoppage of urine. And had it not been that both death prevented and 
* The ginger,  THRASYLLUS also enforced him of purpose, (as men say) to put of some designs in hope of longer life, he would have murdered a good many more (as it is fully believed) and not spared those very nephews of his that remained yet alive; considering he both had CAIUS in suspicion, and also cast of TIBERIUS, as conceived in adultery. And it soundeth to truth, that he was minded thus to do. For, ever and anon, he called PRIAMUS happy in that he overlived all his sons and daughters.  
But, how amid these pranks he lived not only odious and detested, but exceeding 
63  timorous also & exposed to the contumelious reproaches of the world, there be many evidences to show. That any soothsayerss should be sought unto and consulted with a part without witnesses by, he forbade: As for the Oracles near adjoining to the City of Rome, he attempted to subvert them all- But being terrified with the majesty of those 
* Fortanes or chaunce●…  answers which were delivered 
* In manner of a Lottery.  at Praeneste, he gave over: namely, when as he could not find them, (sealed up though they were and brought down to Rome) within the chest until the same was carried back again unto the 
* Of Fortune at Preneste.  Temple. And not daring to sand away & dismiss from him one 
* L▪ Ael●…us La●…ia and L. Arr●…ntius.  or two Consulare 
* Or Pre●…identss that had been Consuls.  L L. deputies, after he had offered provinces unto them, he detained them so long, until after certain years expired, he ordained others to succeed them: whiles the other remained present with him: whereas in the mean time, reserving still the title of the office: he assigned unto them many commissions and matters of charge: and they continually gave order for execution thereof, by the ministery of their Legates, Lieutenants and Coadjutours.  
His 
* Agrippina, his adopted son Ger●…icus wife & widow▪ or Liu●…lla before named, wife to Drusut his natural son.  daughter in law, and Nephews, after they were once condemned, he 
64  never removed from place to place otherwise than chained and in a close covered licter sowed up fast: setting his soldiers to prohibit all passengers that met with them, and wayfaring persons travailing by, once to look 
* Because they should not ask who was within  back thither, or to stay their pace and stand still.  
65 When SEJANUS went about seditiously to work alteration in the state: albeit he saw now that both his birth day was publicly solemnized, and also his Images of gold worshipped every where, he overthrew him (I must needs say) at length: but with much ado, by crafty sleights and guile, rather than by his princely authority and Imperial power. For first, to the end that he might dismiss the man in show of honour, he assumed him to be his Colleague in the fifth Consulship, which in his 
* For he remained still at Capri.  long absence he had taken upon him for that very purpose. Afterwards when he had deceived him with hope of 
* To be marched in marriage with on of his neipces.  Affinity and the Tribunes authority, he complained of the man (looking for no such matter) in a shameful and piteous Oration: beseeching the LL. of the Senate among other requests. To sand on of the Consuls to conduct him an aged and desolate man with some guard of soldier: into their sight. And yet nevertheless, distrusting himself and fearing an 
* Or Epistle rather written unto the Senat.  uproar, he had given commandment; that his nephew DRUSUS, whom still he kept in prison at Rome: should be set at liberty (if need did so require,) & ordained general captain. Yea & whiles his ships were ready rigged and prepared to what Legions soever he meant for to fly, he stood looking ever and anon from the highest cliff that was, toward the marks and signs, which he had appointed (lest messengers might stay too long) for to be reared a great way of: thereby to have intelligence, as any occurrent (good or bad) fell out. Nay, when the conspiracy of SEJANUS was now suppressed, he was never the more secure and resolute: but for the space of 9 months next ensuing he stirred not out of the 
* Or ●…erme house, in the Isse Capri.  village called jovis.  
Beside all this, divers and sundry reproachful taunts from all parts nettled 
66  and stung his troubled mind. For there was not a person condemned, that reviled him not in all sorts openly to his face, yea and discharged upon him opptobrious terms by libels laid for the nonce in the very 
* Where the Senators sat to behold the plaiet.  Orchestra, with which contumelies verily, affected he was after a most diverse and contrary manner: so that, one while he desired for very shame of the world, that all such abuses might be unknown and concealed: otherwhiles, he contemned the same, and of his own accord broached and divulged them abroad. Furthermore, rated he was & railed at in the letters also of ARTABANUS K. of the Parthians, who charged him with parricidies, murders, cowardice and luxurious roiot: who gave him counsel likewise with all speed possible, to satisfy with a voluntary death the hatred of his Citizens, conceived against him in the highest degree and most justly. At the last, being even weary of himself in the beginning of such an Epistle as this, he declared and confessed in manner the very sum of all his miseries. What shall I writ? my LL. of the Senate, or how shall I writ? Nay, what is it, at a word, that I shall not writ at this time? The Gods and Goddesses all plague and confounded me utterly at once, feeling as I do myself daily to perish.  
Some think, that he foreknew all this by the skill he had of 
* For he was wooderfully addicted to the study of Astrology and such curious Arts:  future events: 
67  that he foresaw also long before how great a calamity and infamy both, would one day betide him: And therefore it was▪ that he refused most obstinately to take upon him the Empire & the name of PATER PATRIAE, as also stood against the oath, to maintain his Acts: for fear lest within a while after, to his greater disgrace and shame he might be found inferior, and unworthy of such special honours, which verily may be gathered out of the speech he made as touching both those points, when he saith but thus. That he would be always like to himself, and never change his manners, so long as he continued in his sound wits. Howbeit, for example sake, provided it would be that the Senate bind not themselves to keep and ratify the Actions of any one, who by some chance might be altered. And again, Marry, if at any time, quoth he, ye shall make doubt of my loyal behaviour and devoted mind unto you (which before it ever happen, I wish my dying day to take me from this mind and opinion of yours, once conceived of me and afterwards changed) the bore title of PATER PATRIAE will add no honour unto me, but upbraid you either with inconsiderate rashness, for imposing that Surname upon me, or else with inconstancy, for your contrary judgements of me.  
Corpulent he was, big set and strong, of stature (a) above the ordinary, 
68  broad between the shoulders and large breasted: in all other parts also of the body (from the crown of his head) to the very sole of his foot, of equal making and congruent proportion. His left hand was more nimble & stronger than the right: and his joints so firm, that with his finger he was able to boar through a green and sound Apple: with a fillip also to break the head of a boy, yea of a good stripling and big youth. Of colour and complexion he was clear and white: wearing the hair of his head long behind, in so much as it covered his very neck: which was thought in him to be a fashion appropriate to his lineage and family. He had an ingenuous and well favoured 
* The Clandij.  face: wherein notwithstanding appeared many small (b) tumours or risinge▪ 
* For such prominent eyes are not commonly quick of sight.  and a pair of very great goggle eyes in his head, such as (whereat a man would marvel) could see even by night and in the dark: but that was only for a little while and when they opened first after sleep: for in the end they waxed dim again. His 
* Manner of going.  gate was with his (c) neck stiff and shooting 
* Or downward into his bosom:  forward: with a countenance bend and composed lightly to severity: for the most part he was silent: Seldom or never should you have him talk with those next about him: and if he did, his speech was exceeding slow, not without a certain wanton gesticulation and fimbling with his fingers. All which properties being odious and full of arrogancy, AUGUSTUS' both observed in him, & also went about to excuse & cloak for him before the Senate and people, assuring them, they were the defects and imperfections of nature, and not the vices of the mind. He lived most healthful. And verily all the time well near that he was Emperor not once in manner crazy: albeit from that he was thirty years old he (d) governed his health after his own order and direction, without any help or counsel at all of Physicians.  
As little respect as he had of the Gods, or had sense of any religion, (as 
69  one addicted to astrology and calculation of nativities, yea and fully persuaded, that all things were done and ruled by 
* The course of the stars.  fatal destiny) yet feared he thunder exceedingly: and were the air or wether any whit troubled, he ever carried a chaplet or wreath of laurel 
* Or upon his head in manner of a Coronet.  about his neck: because that kind of green 
* As Pliny reporteth lib, 2. & 15.  branch is never, as they say blasted with lightning.  
The liberal Sciences 
* as well grecke as Latin.  of both sorts he loved most affectionately, in the 
70  latin 
* Prose.  speech he followed CORVINUS MESSALLA; whom being an aged professor he had observed from his very youth: but with over much affectation and curiosity he marred all and darkened his style: so as he was thought to do somewhat better 
* Of a sudden.  ex tempore, than upon study and premeditation. He composed also a poem in lyric (a) verses, the title whereof is, a complaint of 
* One of August●…s' sons▪ yet some expound it of In●…tus Caesar Dictator.  D. CAESAR'S death. He made likewise Greek poems in imitation of EUPHORION, RHIANUS and PARTHENIUS: In which Poets being much delighted, their writings and Images he dedicated in the public Libraties among the ancient and principal authors. A number therefore of learned men strove a vie to put forth many pamphlets 
* de hijs. haply of their coing  of them, and to present him therewith. But above all he studied for the knowledge of 
* Wherein ma ny tales or fables are inferred  fabulous history, even unto mere fooleries, & matters ridiculous. For, the very Grammarians (which kind of professors as we have said, he affected especially) he would assay and appose commonly with these and such like questions: namely, Who was HECUBA'S mother? What name ACHILLES had among the 
* The daughters of King Lycomedes in the Isle Scyros where he feigned himself to be a maiden.  Virgins? What it was that the Mermaids were wont to sing? The very first day, (after the death of AUGUSTUS) that he entered into the Curia, as if he minded once for all to perform the duty of piety and religion: following the example of MINOS he sacrificed indeed, as the manner was with Frankin-cense and wine. but without 
* Audrogeus.  a minstrel, as the said MINOS sometime did at the death of his son.  
In the Greek tongue, howsoever he otherwise was ready enough and 
71  spoke it with facility, yet he used it not every where, but most of all forbore it in the Senate house: in so much verily, as when he came to name (a) MONOPOLIUM, he craved leave before hand. for that he was to use a strange and foreign word; yea & in a certain decree of the Senators, when this word (b) EMBLEMA was read, he gave his opinion, that the said word should be changed, and instead of that strange term some latin vocable sought out: and if such an one could not be found, then to utter and declare the thing, though it were in more words and by circumlocution. A certain Greek soldier also, being required for to depose and deliver his testimony, he forbade to make answer, (c) unless it were in Latin.  
All the time that he was retired and lived from the City of Rome, twice 
72  and no more he assayed to return thither once he came by water embarked in a 
* With three ranks of oars  galley, as far as to the hort-yards and gardens adjoining to the (a) Naumachia: but he had set guards along the banks of Tibre, for to voided & put back such as went forth to meet him. A second time, by the street or part way Appia, so far as the (b) 7. mile's end from Rome: but when he had only seen 
* Ad 〈◊〉 lapidem.  the walls a far of, without approaching nearer unto the City he returned. For what cause he did so 
* when he came by the River.  at first, it was not certainly known: afterwards, affrighted he was with this prodigious picture and strange sight. Among other delights he took great pleasure in a Serpent (c) Dragon, which, when according 
* when he journeyed by land.  to his usual manner, he would have fed with his own hand and found eaten by pismires, he was warned thereupon to beware the violence of a multitude. In his return therefore speedily into Campania he fell sick at Astura: but being eased a little of that malady he went forward as far as to Circeij: and because he would give no suspicion of sickness, he was not only present himself at the games exhibited by the garrison soldiers there, but also, when there was a wild bore put forth into the open shewplace for to be baited, he lanced darts at him from above, where he was: And presently therewith, by occasion of a convulsion in his side: and for that he had taken the cold air upon an exceeding heat, he fell back by (d) relapse into a more dangerous disease: How be it, he bore it out a pretty while: notwithstanding that after he was come down so far as to Misenum, he pretermitted nothing of his ordinary and daily manner, not not so much as his feasting and other pleasures: partly upon an intemperate humour of his own, and in part to dissimule and palliate his weakness. For, when CHARICLES his Physician, who by virtue of a passport was licenced to departed and be absent, went forth from the table and took hold of his hand to kiss it, he supposing that he had felt 
* Venas, for Arterias by the trope Cat●…chre sis, for they one lie beaten.  his pulse, desired him to stay & sit down again, and so drew out the supper longer. Neither, gave he over his usual custom, but even then standing in the midst of the banqueting room with a lictor 
* or upon whom he leaned.  by him he spoke to every one by name 
* Who waited upon him.  as they took their leave.  
73 Mean while, when he had read among the Acts passed in the Senate that certain prisoners were enlarged and dismissed, but not so much as once heard: concerning whom he had written very briefly and no otherwise than thus, that nominated they were by an appeacher: chafing and frowning hereat, as if he had been held in contempt, he fully purposed to go again into 
* Valer●… dicent●…s or as they sa luted him, after the Greek phrase Chairein Kai●…prattein. Ga●…dere & bene rem gerere: Ho●…at. All ●…aile and fair cheer you.  Capri, as one who lightly would attempt nothing, but where he was sure enough and without all danger. But being kept back, as well by tempest as the violence of his disease that grew still upon him he died soon after in a 
* With full intent as it should seem to be revenged of the Senate.  village bearing the name 
* Or manner house  (a) Luculliana, in the 78. year of his age three & twentieth of his Empire, and the 
* Of Lucu. lus, who either built it, or there dwelled.  seventeenth day before the Calendss of April: when Cn. ACERRONIUS PROCULUS and C. PORTIUS NIGER were Consuls. Some think that 
* 16. of march. A V C 790: Caligula, Emperor after him.  CAIUS had given him a poison of slow operation: which should by little and little consume him. Others are of opinion, that when he desired meat in the remission of an ague fit wherein he had swowned (
* Some leave out this clause. and read thus, as he desired meat etc. a pillow was etc.  it was denied him) and there with a 
* Or cushion.  pillow thrown upon his face to smudder him & stop his breath. Some again, that it was when coming soon to himself, he called for his Ring which was plucked from his finger whiles he fainted. SENECA writeth that perceiving himself drawing on 
* Intellecta defectione. Some expound this of the slinking away of his familiars and those that were about him,  and ready to die, he took of his Ring, as if he minded to give it unto some one, and so held it a pretty while▪ than afterwards did it upon his finger again: and so keeping down and gripping close his left 
* Upon which he ware the ring.  hand, lay still a long time without once stirring: but suddenly calling for his grooms and servitors, when none made answer, roseup, and not far from his pallet, his strength failing him, fell down dead.  
Upon the last Birth-dayes-feast of his that ever he saw, him thought as he 
74  lay a sleep, that Apollo Temenites (an Idol of exceeding bigness and most artificially wrought) which was newly brought from Saracose to be set up in the library of his new temple, assured him, That he could not possibly by him be dedicated. And some few days before his death, the watchtower that gave 
* Unto Sea m●… and passengers by night.  light at Capri by an earthquake fell down in the night: and at Misenum, the ashes remaining of the embers and coals broughtinto heat his refection parlour, being quenched quite and continuing cold a long time, suddenly broke forth into a lightfire, at the shutting in of the evening, and so shone out a great part of the night and gave not over.  
The people joyed so much at his death, that running up and down at the 
75  first tidings thereof, some cried out in this note, (Fling) 
* Tiberium in Tiberim. Into Tiberis with Tiberius.  TIBERIUS into Tiberis▪ others in their prayers besought the Mother Earth & the infernal Gods To vouchsafe him now dead no place, but among impious wretches: And a sort there were, who threatened his lifeless carcase the Drag and the Gemonia▪ as who, over and above the remembrance of his former cruelty in times past, were provoked to anger with a fresh outrage newly committed. For whereas by an Act of Senate it was provided, That the execution of condemned persons should be put off unto the tenth day after (sentence given), it happened so, that the day on which some of them were to suffer, fell out to be the very same, wherein news came of TIBERIUS death. These poor souls, notwithstanding they piteously called for man's help (because in the absence yet of CAIUS no man was known, who might (in such a case) be repaired unto and spoken with) the Gaolers, for that they would do nothing against the Constitution aforesaid strangled them and fling their bodies into the Gemonia. Hereupon, I say, the people's hatred against him increased, as if the Tyrant's cruelty remained still after his death. His corpses, so soon as it began to be removed from Misenum, notwithstanding the most part cried with one voice, To carry it rather to (a) Atella, & there to (b) halfe-burne it in the (c) Amphitheatre, yet was brought to Rome by the Soldiers and burnt in a public funeral fire.  
A twofold 
* He meaneth I suppose a counterpaire indented.  will he made two years before: the one written with his own 
76  hand: the other by his freed man: but both of them were of the same tenor: & signed he had them with the seals of most base persons. By virtue of which will and testament, he left coheirs and equal in portion CAIUS his nephew by GERMANICUS, and TIBERIUS by DRUSUS. These he substituted & appointed to succeed one another. He gave legacies also to many more, and among the rest unto the vestal Virgins, and to the Soldiers of all sorts in general: as also to the commons of Rome by the poll: yea and to the Masters of every Street by themselves severally.   

THE HISTORY OF Caius Caesar Caligula,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
GERMANICUS father of CAIUS CAESAR, son of DRUSUS 
Chap. 1 A, V C. 757 765  and 
* Daughter of Antoni●…s' the Tr●…umvir, by Octaria. Augustus sister.  ANTONIA, no sooner was adopted by his Uncle TIBERIUS, but forthwith he bore the office of Questureship five years before he might by the 
* Annari●….  Laws (a), and after it, the 
* 7 years after. A. V C 767 770 771  Consulate. And being sent into Germany to the Army, when upon news brought of AUGUSTUS death, the Legions all throughout stood out most stiffly & refused TIBERIUS for their Emperor, offering unto him the absolute government of the State (whether their constant resolution or kind affection herein were greater it is as hard to say) he stikled & repressed them, yea & soon after having subdued the enemy, triumphed. After this, being created Consul the second time, and (b) driven forth 
* From the said army, where with he was acquainted.  perforce, (before he entered into that honourable place) to compose the troubles and to quiet the State in the East parts: when he had 
* 〈◊〉: A. V C. 772.  deposed the King of Armenia, and brought Cappadocia into the form of a Province, in the 34 year of his age, he died of a long disease at Antiochia, not without suspicion of poison. For, besides the blackish and swear't spots which were to be seen all over his body, and the frothy slime that ran forth at his mouth; his heart also (after he was burnt,) they found among the bones all sound and not consumed: the nature whereof is thought to be such, that if it be infected with poison, it checks all fire and cannot possibly be burnt.  
But, as the opinion of the world went, his death contrived by the wicked 
2  plot of TIBERIUS, was effected by the ministery and help of CN. PISO: who about the same time being Precedent of Syria, and not dissimuling that he was to offend either father or 
* Tiberius himself, or Germanicus his adopted son.  son (as if there were no other remedy but needs he must so do) made no spare, but beyond all measure dealt with GERMANICUS (sick as he was) most rigorously, both in word and deed. For which, so soon as he was returned to Rome, he had like to have been pulled in pieces by the people: and by the Senate condemned he was to die.  
It is for certain known and confessed, that there were in GERMANICUS 
3  all good parts and gifts as well of body as mind: and those in such measure, as never to any man befell the like: to wit, for show full of passing beauty, favour and feature; with strength & valour answerable thereto & for wit excellently well seen in eloquence and learning of 
* Greek and Latin,  both kinds: The very attractive object, he was of singular 
* The good will and affection of men, counted ameng the gifts of fortune  benevolence, endowed with a wonderful grace and effectual desire to win men's favour and deserve their love. The only defect that he had in his making and parsonage, were his slender shanks: and yet the same also by little and little become replenished with continual riding on 
* For they used them 〈◊〉 and therefore the blood and humours would descend to the legs.  horseback after (a) his meat. Many a time wounded he his enemy in close fight hand to hand He pleaded causes of great importance, even as touching the 
* Triumphale●…, some read Triumphali●…, as if, he gave not over pleading when he had triumphed, or received triumphail Ornaments.  Decree of Triumph. And among other monuments of his studies he left behind him in Greek, Comaedies also. Both at home and abroad (b) civil he was, in so much as he would go to free and confederate Cities without any 
* Sergeants or officers.  Lictors. Where ever he knew any sepulchres of brave and worthy men to be, there his use was to offer unto their ghosts. Being purposed to enterre in one tomb the old relics and bones dispersed of those that were slain in that great overthrow with VARUS, he first gave the assay with his own hand to gather and carry them together into one place. Moreover, to his slanderers and backbiters (if he lighted upon them); of what quality so ever the persons were, or how great cause so ever they gave, so mild, so remiss and harmless he was: that notwithstanding PISO reversed and canciled his Decrees, plagued and persecuted a long time his dependents, yet could he not find in his heart to be angry with him, before he had for certain known, that he attempted his person with poisons and sorcerous execrations: and even then verily, he proceeded no farther against him, but, more maiorum to renounce all friendship with him, and to give his domestical friends in charge to be revenged, if aught happened to himself otherwise than well.  
Of these virtues he reaped most plentiful fruit; so liked and loved of his 
4  kinsfolk and friends, (for I let pass all other affinities and acquaintance of his) as that AUGUSTUS after he had continued a long time in suspense, whether he should ordain him for his Successor or no? recommended him at length unto TIBERIUS for to be adopted: so highly favoured of the Common people, as that many do report and writ; whensoever he came unto a place or departed from thence, diverse times by reason of the multitude flocking to meet him and to bear him company, he endangered his own life in the press. As he returned out of Germany, after the suppressing of seditious tumults and mutinies there, all the Praetorian cohorts every one went out to encounter him upon the way: albeit warning was given before hand by proclamation, That no more than twain of them should go forth. But as for the people of Rome, of all sexes, ages, and degrees, they ran out by heaps to meet him xx miles from Rome.  
howbeit, far greater, and more assured testimonies of men's judgement 
5  touching him appeared at, and after his death. The very day wherein he left this life, The 
* Or, the images of the Gods within the temples.  temples (a) were pelted with stones: the altars of the Gods cast down: the Domestical (b) Lares, by some fling out of doors into the street; yea, and new-born (c) babes of wedded parents thrown forth to be destroyed. And, that which more is, the report goeth, That the very Barbarians, notwithstanding they were at variance and civil war among themselves, yea and had taken arms against us, yet, as it were in some 
* Touching them all and every one privately.  domestical and common sorrow, agreed all to make truce and a cessation of arms for a time. Some of their Princes also and Potentates, to declare their extraordinary mourning and regret, did cut off their own beards and shaved their wife's heads: Yea, the very King (d) of Kings himself, gave over his exercise of hunting and dissolved the Society of his great Peers and Princes at his table: which among the Parthians is as much as a (e) 
* At Rome. ●…. a stay of all Courts and Pleas, in token of a publ●…ck sorrow.  Lawsteed.  
At Rome verily, when as the City upon the first rumour of his sickness, in 
6  amazedness and heavy cheer expected the messengers that came after; and all of a sudden in the evening the voice went currant, (although the Authors were unknown,) that now at length he was recovered: running there was every where from all parts with 
* Torches, Tapers, etc.  lights and sacrifices into the Capitol: yea the very doors of the temple were like to have been burst open, that nothing might 
* Which they had made, pro salute 〈◊〉, for the health and welfare of Germanicus.  stand in their way & hinder them, so desirous and earnestly bend with joy to pay their vows. In so much as TIBERIUS was awakened out of his sleep with the shouts and voices of the people rejoicing, and from every side with one accord resounding this Note,  

Salva Roma, salva Patria, salvus est Germanicus.  
Safe is Rome, safe is our Country, safe is GERMANICUS.   
Also, when now at the last it was known abroad that he was departed this life, the public sorrow by no comfortable words nor edicts & proclamations could be repressed, but continued still even all the festival days of (a) the month December. His glory and the miss of him thus deceased, was much augmented also, by the outrages of the times ensuing: whiles all men were of opinion (and not without good reason) That the fierceness of TIBERIUS which soon after broke forth, was held in and kept down by the reverend respect & fear that he had of him.  
He wedded AGRIPPINA, daughter to M. AGRIPPA and JULIA: by whom 
7  he had nine children: of which fair issue twain being yet Infants were taken away by untimely Death: one died when he was now waxed a jolly boy, passing full of lovely mirth and pretty talk; whose counterfeit in the habit of CUPID, 
* Augusta.  LIVIA dedicated in the Chapel of Venus Capitolina: and the same AUGUSTUS was wont to kiss while it stood in his bedchamber, so often as he entered into it. The rest survived their father: three of the female sex AGRIPPINA, DRUSILLA and LIVIA, borne all one after another in the space of three years: likewise as many male children, NERO, DRUSUS and CAIUS CAESAR: As for NERO and DRUSUS, the Senate upon imputations laid by TIBERIUS, judged them to be enemies untothe State.  
CAIUS CAESAR was borne the day next 
* The last of August. A. V C 765  preceding the Calendss of September, 
8  when his Father and C. PONTEIUS CAPITO were Consuls. The place of his Nativity, by the disagreement of writers, is left uncertain. CN. LENTULUS GAETULICUS writeth, that he was borne at Tibur▪ PLINIUS SECUNDUS, within the Country of the Treviri, in a town called 
* Or Ambiti●….  Ambiatinum, upon the very 
* The meeting of two rivers.  Confluents. For evidence and proof whereof he farther saith, That certain Altars are there to be seen carrying this Inscription, 
* Ob Agrippina puerperi●…m.  For the childbirth and delivery of AGRIPPINA. But these verses following, divulged soon after that he came to be Emperor, do plainly show, that borne he was in the very Camp, where the Legions wintered.  

In castris natus patrijs nutritus in armis,  
jam designati principis, omen erat.   

Born in the Camp, in Father's wars with soldiers reared was he;  
A sign, that then ordained he was an Emperor for to be.   
I myself do found among the Records, that Antium was the place of his birth. PLINY refelleth GETULICUS, as if he made a lie by way of flattery, because to the praise of a young and glorious Prince, he would fetch some argument & matter even out of a City consecrated to HERCULES: and was the bolder, as he saith to abuse the said Lie, for that, indeed, a year almost before, GERMANICUS had a son borne at Tibur, named likewise CAIUS CAESAR: of whose amiable childhood and untimely death we have spoken before. And as to PLINY himself, confuted he is by the Calculation of the times. For, they who have recorded the Acts of AUGUSTUS do all agreed, That GERMANICUS was sent into Germany after the time of his Consulship expired, when as CAIUS was already borne. Neither can the Inscription of the Altar one jot make good his opinion: considering that AGRIPPINA was delivered of daughters twice in that Country. And what childbirth so ever it was, without respect & difference of sex, called it is Puerperium: For that in old time folk used to name little girls also PUERAE, like as little boys PUELLI. There is beside, an Epistle of AUGUSTUS written, not many months before he died unto AGRIPPINA his Niece as touching this CAIUS, (for there was not now living any other Infant of the like name) in these words. I have no longer ago than yesterday taken order with TALARIUS and ASELLIUS, that with the leave of God they bring the boy CAIUS upon the 15 
* 18 of May.  day before the Calendss of june. I sand beside with him of mine own servants a Physician whom GERMANICUS (as I have written unto him) may if he will retain & keep with him still. Farewell my AGRIPPINA and endeavour to come well & in health to thy GERMANICUS. It appeareth I suppose sufficiently that CAIUS could not in that place be borne, unto which he was conveyed from Rome not before he was well-near two years old▪ And as for those verses, these self same evidences likewise discredit them: and the rather, because they have no Author. We are to follow therefore the only authority that remaineth, of the Records & public Instrument: seeing especially that CAIUS evermore preferred Antium before all other retiring places, and loved it no otherwise than his native soil: yea, and by report, was fully minded once (upon a tedious weariness that he had of Rome City), to transfer thither even the very seat and habitation of the Empire.  
He got his surname CALIGULA by occasion of a merry word taken up in 
9  the Camp, because he was brought up there in the habit of an ordinary (a) and common soldier among the rest. With whom, how much beside he was able to do in love and favour by means of his education & daily feeding with them, was most of all known; when after the death of AUGUSTUS, he only (no doubt) with 
* He was then but a child, about 3 or 4 years old.  his very sight & presence quieted them; what time they were in an uproar & at the very point of furious outrage. For they ceased not to mutiny, until they perceived that he was about to be sent out of the way for danger of the sedition, and appointed to the next City adjoining. Than and not before, turning to repentance, they stayed and held back his coach, and so by prayer averted the displeasure that was toward them.  
He accompanied his Father also in the Expedition into Syria: From whence 
10  being returned, first he abode in house with his Mother: and after that she was banished and sent away, he remained with his great Grandmother LIVIA AUGUSTA: whom deceased he praised in a funeral Oration at the Rostra, when he was as yet but a very youth in his Praetexta: and then removed he to his Grandmother ANTONIA. From her in the twentieth year of his age he was sent for to Capri by TIBERIUS, and upon one and the self same day, he did on his virile (a) gown and withal cut the first down of his beard, without any honourable solemnity, such as his brethren before him had at their Commencements. Hear, notwithstanding he was tempted by all the deceitful trains that they could device, who would have drawn and forced him to quarrels, yet gave he never any occasion, having razed out and quite forgotten the fall and calamity of his mother, brethren and near friends, as if nothing had befallen to any of them: passing over all those abuses which himself had endured with incredible dissimulation: so obsequious and double diligent beside, to his Grandfather and those about him, that of him it was said and not without good cause, 
* Passienus was the Author of this Apophthegm.  A better servant and a worse Mr. there never was.  
Howbeit, the cruel disposion and villainous nature of his own, he could not even then bridle and hold in▪ but both at all castigations and punishments 
11  of such as were delivered over to execution, most willing he was to be present: and also would haunt Taverns and Brothelhouses, men's wives also suspected for adultery, going about from place to place disguised under a (a) peruke of false hair, and in a side (woman's) garment: yea, and most studiously gave his mind to learn the artificial feat of dancing and singing upon the Stage. And verily TIBERIUS was well content to wink here at and suffer all, if haply thereby his fierce and savage nature might have been mollified and become tractable. Which the old man (as he was a Prince right prudent and one most quick of sent) had foreseen well enough long before: in so much as diverse times he gave out & said openly, That CAIUS lived to the destruction of him and them all: likewise, That he cherished and brought up a very 
* Commonly taken for a water snake.  Natrix, which is a kind of Serpent, for the people of Rome, and another (b). Phaethon to the whole world.  
Not long after, he took to wife JUNIA 
* For Claudiae: as Lirilla for Liria, after his ordinary manner, to name women 〈◊〉, by their Dimunitives  CLAUDILLA, the daughter of M. SILANUS a right noble gentleman. And then, being nominated to succeed 
12  AUGUR in the room of his brother DRUSUS, before his investure & installation therein, he was advanced to the sacerdotal dignity of a Pontifie; a notable testimony of his piety, and towardness, when as The royal line and imperial Court being desolate and destitute of all other 
* A Bishop.  helps; SEJANUS also suspected and soon after overthrown, he should thus by small degrees arise to the hope of succession in the Empire. Which hope, the rather to confirm, after his wife aforesaid JUNIA was dead in childbirth, he solicited unto filthy wantonness dame ENNIA the wife of NAEVIUS MACRO, than captain of the guard and Praetorian cohorts: having promised her marriage also, in case he ever attained to the Empire: and for assurance here of he bond it with an oath and a bill of his own hand. By her means being insinuated once into the inward acquaintance of 
* issue Male, except himself, and Tiberius a very child the so●…n of Drusus.  MACRO, he attempted, as some think, TIBERIUS with poison: and whiles he was yet living, but labouring for life, commanded his 
* Enniam, N●…ij Macron●…s.  ring to be plucked from his finger: but perceiving, that he gave some suspicion of holding 
* Signet.  it fast, he caused a pillow to be forced upon his mouth, and so with his own hands stifled and strangled him: yea, and when 
* Who wrought the fall of Sejanus.  his freedman made an outcry at this cruel and horrible act, he gave order immediately to crucify him. And verily this soundeth to truth, considering there be some Authors 
* Tiberius' freedman.  who writ, That himself afterwards professed, if not the murder done, yet at leastwise his intention, one day to do it. For, he made his boast continually, in reporting his own piety, That to revenge the death of his Mother and brethren, he entered with a dagger into TIBERIUS bedchamber whiles he lay asleep; 
* Rapier or spud.  and yet upon mere pity and commiseration bethought himself, fling away the weapon and so went back again. Neither dared TIBERIUS although he had an inkling and intelligence of his disguisement, make any in quisition at all of the matter or proceed to revenge.  
Thus having obtained the Empire he procured unto the people of Rome, or 
13  
A. V C. 790.  (as I may so say) to all mankind their heart's desire: being a prince of all that ever were, most wished for of the greatest part of provincial Nations & of the soldiers, because most of them had known him an infant: and generally of the whole commonalty of Rome; in remembrance of his father GERMANICUS, & upon compassion they took of that house in manner ruinated & extinct. As he removed therefore from Misenun, albeit he was clad in mourning weed & revere●…ly did attend the corpse of TIBERIUS, yet went he among the altars, (a) sacrifices and burning torches in a most thick throng & joyful train of such as met him on the way: who beside other lucky & fortunate names called him SIDUS. i. their star: Pullum. i. their chick, Pupum. i. their babe, and Alumnum. i. their nursling. 
14   
Not sooner was he entered into the city of Rome, but incontinently with consent of the senate & the multitude rushing into the Curia, after they had annulled the will of TIBERIUS, who in his testamennt had adjoined coheir unto him another of his Nephews 
* Tiberius' the son of Drujus:  under age, & as yet in his pretexta, permitted he was alone, to have the full & absolute power of all, & that with such an universal joy, that in three months space next ensuing & those not fully expired, there were by report above 160000. Beasts slain for sacrifice. After this, when as within some few days he passed over by the water but to the next islands of Campania, vows were made for his safe return: and no man there was who did let slip the lest occasion offered, to testify what pensive care he took, as touching his health and safety. But so soon as he was once fallen sick, they all kept watch by night about the Palace▪ neither wanted some, who vowed to fight armed to the very outrance for his life thus lying sick, yea and devoted 
* Offered to lay down their own lives.  their (a) very lives for him if he recovered, professing no less in written bills set uppe in public places. To this surpassing love of his own Citizens and Country men, was adjoined the notable favour also of foreign states. For, Artabanns King of the Parthians, professing always his hatred and contempt of TIBERIUS, sought of his own accord to him for amity: yea he came in person to a conference with one of his legates (or Lieutenants) that had been Consul, and passing over Euphrates, adored the 
* The main standards.  Aegle and other military ensigns of the Romans', as also the Images of the CAESARS.  
Himself also enkindled and set more on fire the affections of men by all 
15  manner of popularity. When he had with many a tear praised TIBERIUS in a funeral Oration before the body of the people, and performed the compliment of his obsequies most honourably, forthwith he hastened, to Pandataria and Pontiae, for to translate from thence the ashes of his mother & brother, and that in foul & tempestuous wether, to the end that his piety & kindness might the more be seen. And being come to their relics, very devoutly himself with his own hands bestowed them in several pitchers with no less show in pageant wise, having wafted them first to Ostia with a flag (or streamer) pitched in the poop or stern of a galley guided by two ranks of Oars and so forth to Rome up the Tiber, by the ministery of the most worshipful gentlemen of Rome: he conveyed them within two Fercules (or frames) devised for the purpose into the Mausoleum; even at noon day when people were assembled there in great frequency. In memorial likewise of them he ordained yearly dirges & sacrifices to be performed with religious devotion to their ghosts by the whole City. And more than that, he instituted for his mother solemn games within the Cirque; and a sacred Chariot withal wherein her Image to the full proportion of her body should be carried in the pomp. But in remembrance of his father he called the month September, GERMANICUS. These ceremonial duties done, by virtue of one sole Act of the Senate, he heaped upon his grandmother ANTONIA whatsoever honours LIVIA AUGUSTA had received in her whole time. His Uncle CLAUDIUS, a knight of Rome until that time and no better, he assumed unto him for his Colleague in the Consulship. His brother 
* His cousin germane for such are called brethren.  TIBERIUS be adopted the very day that he put on his Virile grown, and styled him Prince of the youth: As touching his sisters, he caused in all Oaths this clause to be annexed, 
* The form of oath, that any man took.  Neither shall I prize myself and children more dear, than I do CAIUS and his sisters. Item, he ordained that in moving and propounding of matters by the Consuls unto the Senators, they should begin in this form, Quod bonum, etc. i That which may be to the good and happy estate of CAIUS CAESAR and his sisters etc. In the semblable vein of popularity, he restored all those that had been condemned, confined and exiled, yea he freely dispensed with them, pardoning whatsoever crimes or impurations remained still behind 
* As we say, from the beginning of the world to this day.  from before time. All the books and registers pertaining to the causes of his mother and brethren, because no informer or witness should afterwards need to fear, he 
* C●…urectos'.  brought together into the Forum: where protesting before hand, and calling the Gods to record with a loud voice, that he had neither read aught nor meddled once therewith, he burned them. A certain pamphlet presented unto him concerning his life and safety, he received not, but stood upon this point. That he had done nothing wherefore he should be odious to any person: saying withal, That he had no ears open for informers and talebearers.  
16 The Spintriae, inventors of monstrous forms in perpetrating filthy lust, he expelled forth of Rome, being hardly & with much ado entreated not to drown them in the deep sea▪ The writings of TITUS LABIENUS, CORDUS CREMUTIUS and CASSIUS SEVERUS, which had been called in and abolished by diverse Acts of the Senate, he suffered to be sought out again, to be in men's hands extant, and usually to be read: seeing that it concerned him principally and stood him upon most, to have all actions and deeds delivered unto posterity▪ The breviary of the Empire, that by AUGUSTUS had been wont to be proposed openly, but was by TIBERIUS intermitted, he published: Unto the Magistrates he granted free jurisdiction, and that there might be no appealing to himself. The Gentry and knighthood of Rome he reviewed with severity and great preciseness: yet not without some moderation of his hand. He openly took from them their 
* Public horses of service.  horses, in whom was found any foul reproach or ignominy: as for those, who were culpable in smaller matters, he only passed over their names in reading the Roll. To the end, that the judges might be eased of their labour, unto the four former decuries he added a fifth. He gave the attempt likewise to bring up again the ancient manner of Elections, and to restore unto the people their free voices. The legacies due by the last will and testament of AUGUSTUS (although the same was abolished): as also of LIVIA AUGUSTA, which TIBERIUS had suppressed, 
* Some read Cent●…simam  he caused faithfully and without fraud to be tendered and fully paid. The exaction called (a) Ducentesima of all bargains and sales, he remitted throughout Italy. The losses that many a man had sustained by fire he supplied: & if to any princes he restored their kingdoms, he adjoined withal the fruit and profits also of their rents, customs and imposts growing to the Crown in the middle time between▪ as namely, unto ANTIOCHUS COMAGENUS who had been confiscate and fined in an hundred millians of Sesterces. And that he might the rather be reputed a favourer of all good examples, he gave unto a woman, (by condition a libertine) 
* Ostingenta sestertia. Some read Ostoginta: i 80000, and this cometh nearer to the truth.  800000 Sesterces, for that she being under most grievous and dolorous torments, concealed yet & would not to die for it, utter a wicked fact committed by her Patron. For which things, among other honours done unto him there was decreed for him a (b) shield of gold, which upon a certain day every year, the colleges of the Priests should bring into the Capitol, with the Senate accompanying them, and Noble men's children as well boys as girls, singing the praises of his virtues in musical verse tuned sweetly in meeter. Moreover, there passed a decree, that the day one which he began his Empire, should be called (c) Palilia, employing thereby, as it were a second foundation of the City.  
He bore four Consulships: the first, from the Calendss of julie for ij. months: 
17  the second from the Calendss of januarie, for 30 days: the third unto 
A. V C. 790. 791. 793. 794.  the Ideses of januarie: and the fourth unto the seventh 
* The seventh of januarie.  day before the said Ideses. Of all these, the ij. last he held jointly together. The third, he alone entered upon at 
* In France:  Lions: not, as some deem, upon pride or negligence: but because, being absent, he could not have knowledge that his Colleague died just against the very day of the Calendss. He gave a 
* Congiarium  largesse to the people twice, to wit, 300 sesterces to them a piece, and a most plenteous dinner he made as often unto the Senate and degree of gentlemen, as also to the wives and children of them both. In the latter dinner of the twain, he dealt over and above, among the men garments to be worn abroad: unto the women and children, 
* Fascias: Some expound these to be ribbons garters and gorgets.  guards welts, or laces, of purple and violet colour. And to the end, he might augment the public joy of the City with perpetuity also; he annexed unto the feast Saturnalia one day more, and named the same ●…nvenalis.  
He set forth games of Sword-fencers, partly in the amphitheatre of TAURUS, 
18  and partly within the Septa in Mars field, into the which he inserted and brought in, certain troops of African and Campane Champions to skirmish by companies. even the very best, selected out of both Countries. Neither was he always himself precedent at these solemnities and public shows, but otherwhiles enjoined the Magistrates or else his friends to take the charge of presidency. As for stage plays, he exhibited them continually in divers places and in sundry sorts: once also in the night season, burning lights throughout the City. He scattered likewise and fling (among the common people) missils, of many and sundry kinds to skamble for: and dealt man by man, paniers with viands therein. At which feasting, to a certain gentleman of 
* Mis●…ilia small gifts.  Rome who over against him plied his chawesfull merrily, and fed right heartily with a greedy stomach, he sent his own part: as also to a Senator for the same cause, his letters patents, wherein he declared him extraordinarily, Praetour. He represented beside, many Cirq-games, which held from morn to even: interposing one while, the baiting of 
* Or Leopards  Panthers; another while the Troie-justing and Tournament. But some especial sports there were above the rest, and then the Cirq-place was laid all over with 
* Read & green  vermilion and * Borax Mineral: Where none but of Senators degree ruled and drove the Chariots. Some also he put forth upon a sudden, namely when as he beheld from out of the house GELOTIANA, the preparation and furniture of the Cirque, some few from the (a) next 
* Manianis.  open galleries jettying out, called unto him for the same.  
Furthermore, he devised a new kind of sight, and such as never was heard 
19  of before: For, over the middle 
* An arm of the se●…  Space between Baiae and the huge piles or dams at Puteoli containing three miles and 600 paces well near, he made a bridge: having gotten together from all parts ships of burden, and placed them in a duple course at Anchor, with a bank of earth cast thereupon, direct and strait after the fashion of the high way Appia. Upon this bridge he passed to and fro for two days together: the first day mounted one a courser richly trapped, himself most brave and goodly to be seen with a chaplet of Oke-brances: armed with a battle axe, a light sargnet and a sword, clad also in a cloak of gold: the morrow after he appeared in the habit of a Chariotier, riding in a chariot drawn with two goodly steeds of an excellent race: carrying before him DARIUS a boy, one of the Parthian hostages with a train of the Praetorian soldiers marching after in battle ray: and accompanied with the Cohort of his minions in 
* Essodis, ●…elgick or French.  British wagons, Most men I wot well, are of opinion that CAIUS invented such a kind of bridge, in emulation of XERXES, who not without the wonder of the world, made a bridge, of planks over Hellesponte an arm of the Sea, somewhat narrower than this: others, that by a bruit blazed abroad of some huge and monstrous piece of work, he might terrify Germany and Britain, upon which countries he meant to make war. But I remember well that being a boy, I heard my Grandfather report and tell the cause of this work, as it was delivered by his own Courteours, who were more inward with him than the rest: namely, That THRASYLLUS the great ginger assured TIBERIUS when he was troubled in mind about his successor, and more inclined to his natural and lawful 
Tiberius, the son of Drus●…. Tiberius' the Emperor's son.  nephew indeed by lineal descent, That CAIUS should no more become Emperor than able torun●…e a course to and fro on horseback, through the gulf of Baiae.  
He set forth shows also even in foreign parts, to wit in Sicily at Saracose, 
20  the games called 
* Some read Hast●…ceses, as running at tilt.  Actiaci: Likewise at Lions in France, plays of a mixed nature and argument: as also a solemn contention for the prize in Eloquence both Greek and Latin. In which trial of masteries, the report goeth, that those who were foiled and overcome, conferred rewards upon the winners, yea and were forced to make compositions in their praise. But look who did worst, they were commanded to wipe out their own writings, either with a sponge or else with their tongues, unless they would choose rather to be chastized 
* Rhod●…s' Rhos●….  with ferulars or else to be ducked over head and ears in the next river.  
21 The buildings left half undone by TIBERIUS, namely, the Temple of AUGUSTUS, and the Theatre of POMPEIUS, he finished. He began moreover a conduct in the Tiburtine territory: and an Amphitheatre near unto the Enclosure called Septa: Of the two works, the 
* The Conduct  one was ended by his successor CLAUDIUS, the other was forlet and given over quite. The walls at Saracose by the injury of time decayed and fallen down were by him re-edified: and the temples of the gods there, repaired. He had fully purposed also to build a new the palace of Polycrates at Samos: to finish APOLLO'S temple called Didymeum at Miletum: as also to found and build a City upon the top of the Alps: but before all to dig through the Isthmus in Achaia: and thither had he sent already one of purpose, who had been a principal Captain of a Cohort in the Vanguard to take measure of the work.  
Thus far forth as of a Prince: now forward, relate we must as of a Monster. 
22  Having assumed into his Style many surnames, For called he was PIUS. i. kind. CASTRORUM filius. i. the son of the camp. Pater exercituum. i. Father of hosts, and Optimus Maximus CAESAR. i. the most gracious and mighty CAESAR, when he happened to hear certain 
* Usurping the Attributes of jupiter.  Kings (who were come unto the City for to do their duties and to salute him) contend as they sat with him at 
* Agri●… and 〈◊〉▪  supper, about the Nobility of their birth and parentage, he cried forth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 One Sovereign Lord, one King let there be. and there lacked not much but that presently he had taken the Diadem upon him and converted wholly the show of 
* Under Caesar's.  Empire, into the (b) form of a Kingdom. But being told that he was mounted already above the height and state both of 
* Principum, for the Roman Emperors were called Principes  Emperors and also of Kings, thereupon from that time forward he began to challenge unto himself a divine Majesty: and having given order and commission, that the images of the gods, which either for devout worship done unto them, or for curious workmanship seen upon them, excelled the rest, (among which was that of JUPITER OLIMPICUS) should be brought out of Greece unto Rome, that when their heads were taken of, he might set his 
* The portrait and proportion of his own  own in the place: he enlarged the 
* The Palace in that Mount. that stood in Forum Romanum.  Palatium and set out one part thereof as far as to the forum. Transfiguring likewise and turning the Temple of Castor and Poliux into a 
* To his Palace.  porch or entry, he stood many times in the middle between the said two gods, brethren, and so exhibited himself to be adored of all comers. And some there were who saluted him by the name of JUPITER LATIALIS. Moreover he ordained a Temple peculiarly appropriate to his own godhead as also priests and most exquisite 
* Sacrifices.  Osts. In his said Temple stood his own image all of gold, lively portrayed and expressing his full proportion: the which was daily clad with the like vesture as himself wore. The masterships of the priesthood by him instituted, the richest men that were, every time of vacancy purchased: such as made greatest suit and offered most therefore. The Osts or sacrifices aforesaid were these fowls (b) Phaenicopteri, Peacocks, (d) Tetraones, (e) Numidicae, (f) Meleagrides and (g) Pheasants, and those to be sorted by their kinds; and so every day killed. And verily, his usual manner was in the night to call unto the Moon when she was at full and shining bright out for to come and lie with him in his arms: but in the day time, he talked secretly and apart with JUPITER CAPITOLINUS: one while by whispering and rounding one another in the ear, otherwhiles speaking more loud and not without chiding: For he was heard in threatening wise to utter these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, I will remove and translate thee into the land of the Greeks: until such time as being entreated (according as he told the tale himself) and invited first by him for to cohabit, he made a bridge over the temple of AUGUSTUS of sacred memory and so joined the Palatium * 
From the Pala tium to the Capitol.  and Capitol together. And soon after, to the end that he might be nearer unto him he laid the foundation of a new house in the void base▪ court of the Capitol.  
He could in no wise abide to be either reputed or named the nephew of 
23  AGRIPPA by reason of his base and obscure parentage: yea and angry he would be, in case any man either in Oration or Verse inserted 
* Agrippa.  him among the images of the CAESARS. But he gave it out openly, that his 
* Agrippi●…a sup posed to be the daughter of M. Agrippa and julia.  own mother was begotten by incest which AUGUSTUS committed with his own daughter JULIA. And not content with this infamous imputation of AUGUSTUS, the Actiack and 
* Siculasq: not Singulasque  Sicilian victories by him achieved, he straightly forbade to be celebrated yearly with solemn holidays, as being unlucky and hurtful to the people of Rome. As for LIVIA AUGUSTA his great Grandmother, he called her ever and anon ULYSSES in a woman's habit: yea and in a certain Epistle unto the Senate he was so bold as to lay unto her, 
* i. Base●…es of birth.  Ignobility as descended from a Decurian 
* Aufidius Lingo, or L●…rco.  of FUNDI who was her Grandsire by the mother's side, whereas it is evident and certain by public records that AUFIDIUS 
* Or L●…rco.  LINGO bore honourable Offices in Rome When his Grandam 
* By the father side, to wit, the mother of Germani●….  ANTONIA requested secret conference with him, he denied her, unless MACRO captain of the Guard might come in between to hear their talk. And so, by such indignities and discontentments as these, he was the cause of her death and yet, as some think, he gave her poison withal. Neither when she was dead deigned he her any honour, but out of his dining chamber beheld her funeral fire as it was burning. His brother TIBERIUS he surprised suddenly at unwares, sending a Tribune (a) of Soldiers, who rushed in upon him and so slew him. Likewise 
* Whose daughter he had married.  SILANUS his Father in law he forced to death, even to cut his own throat with a Razor, picking quarrels to them both and finding these causes: to wit, that the 
* Silanus.  one followed him not when he took sea being very rough and much troubled, but stayed behind in hope to seize the Cite of Rome into his own hands, if aught happened but well unto him by occasion of tempests: 
* Tiberius.  the other smelled strongly of a Preservative or Antidote, as if he had taken the same to prevent his poisons. Whereas, in very truth SILANUS avoided thereby the unsufferable pain of being Sea-sick and the grievous trouble of sailing: and TIBERIUS for a continual cough that grew still upon him used a medicine. For, his Uncle 
* His Successor in the Empire.  CLAUDIUS he reserved for nothing else but to make him his laughingstock.  
24 With all his sisters, he used ordinarily to be nought: and at any great feast he placed evermore one or other of them by turns beneath himself, while his wife sat above. Of these sisters (as it is verily thought) he deflowered DRUSILLA being a virgin, when himself also was yet under age and a very boy: Yea, and one time above the rest he was found in bed with her and taken in the manner by his Grandmother ANTONIA; in whose house they were brought up both together. Afterwards also when she was bestowed in marriage upon LUCIUS' CASSIUS' LONGINUS, a man of Consulare degree, he took her from him and kept her openly, as if she had been his own lawful wife. Also when he lay sick, he ordained her to be both heir of all his goods and Successor also in the Empire. For the same sister deceased, he proclaimed a general cessation 
* To signify a solemn mourning:  of Law in all Courts. During which time, a capital crime it was for any man to have laughed, bathed, or supped together with parents, wife or children. And being impatient of this sorrow, when he was fled suddenly and by night out of the City, and had passed all over Campania, to Saracose he went; and so from thence returned speedily again with his beard and hair of head overgrown. Neither at any time ever after, in making a speech before the people or to his Soldiers concerning any matters were they never so weighty would he swear otherwise than by the 
* Per nomen, s●…e read Numen i▪ the godhead or divine power: For he equalled her with Ven●…s, and commanded that she should be worshipped as a Goddess; and as Dion writeth, named she was Panthea, and women were compelled to swear by her, as by jun●….  name of DRUSILLA. The rest of his sisters, (LIVIA and AGRIPPINA) he loved neither with so tender affection nor so good respect as whom he oftentimes prostituted & offered to be abused by his own stolen catamites. So much the more easily therefore condemned he them in the case of AEMILIUS LEPIDUS', as adulteresses and privy to his treasons and waite-layings addressed against his person. And he not only divulged the handwritings which were sought out by guile and adulteries, but also consecrated unto MARS REVENGER those three daggers prepared 
* By them, to wit Lepidus and his two sisters: or by him, for their death.  for his death, with a title over them, containing the cause of his so doing.  
25 As for his marriages, a man may hardly discern, whether he contracted, dissolved, or held them still with more dishonesty. LIVIA ORESTILLA, what time she was wedded unto C. PISO, himself, (being one who came in person to the Solemnisation of the marriage), commanded to be borough home unto him as his own wife: and having within few days cast her off, two years after he banished and sent her away; because in the middle time between, she was thought to have 
* Or sought again for the company etc. repetijsse.  had the company again of her former husband. Some report, that being an invited guest at the Nuptial supper, he charged PISO sitting over against him, in these terms, Sirrah, see you sit not too close unto my wife: and so, presently had her away with him from the table: and the next day published by Proclamation, That he had met with a marriage after the example of (a) ROMULUS and AUGUSTUS. As touching LOLLIA PAULINA married already to C. MEMMIUS, a man of Consular degree and ruler of Armies: upon mention made of her Grandmother as the most beautiful Lady in her time, he all of a sudden sent and called her home out of 
* Where she was with her husband aforesaid.  the Province: and taking her perforce from her husband, wedded her and shortly turned her away: forbidding her straightly for ever the use of any man's body whatsoever. CAESONIA, for no special beauty and favour of her own above others, nor yet because she was in the flower of her youth, (considering she had been the mother already of three daughters by another man): but only for that she was a most lascivious woman and of unsatiable lust he loved with more ardent affection and constancy: in so much as many a time he would show her to his Soldiers in her hair, clad in a Soldiers 
* Short cloak or horseman's coats chlamyde.  Cassock with a light Target and an helmet riding close unto him: but to his friends, 
* Like as Can●… King of Lydia, did to his friend Gyges.  stark naked also. When she brought him a 
* A daughter.  child, he vouchsafed her then, the name of his wife and not before; professing and making it known, that in one and the self same day, he was become both her husband and also father of the Infant of her body borne. This babe he named JUNIA DRUSILLA: whom he carried about with him through the temples of all the Goddesses; and bestowed at length in the lap of 
* Goddess of good arts and sciences. Virgil, operum 〈◊〉 ignara mi●….  MINERVA, recommending it to her for to be nourished, brought up and taught. Neither had he any surer sign and evidence to believe she was his own and of his natural seed conceived, than her curstness and shrewdness: and that quality had she even then at the first, in such measure; as that with her perilous fingers she would not stick to lay at the face and eyes of other small Children playing together with her.  
26 Vanity it were and mere folly, to adjoin hereunto, how he served his kinsfolk and friends, to wit PTOLEMAEUS K. JUBAES' son & his own cousin 
* Removed.  german (for he also was the Nephew of M. ANTONIUS by his daughter ●…NA (a): but especially MACRO himself yea and ENNIA likewise, who were his chief helpers & advanced him to the Empire. All of them, in right of their near affinity, and in consideration of their good deserts were highly rewarded, even with bloody death. Not more respective was he one whit of the Senate, nor dealt in gentler wise with them: Some, after they had borne the highest honours, he suffered to run by his 
* Essedum, 〈◊〉 caroche.  Wagon side in their gowns for certain miles together▪ and as he sat at supper, to stand waiting one while at the head, another while at the foot of the table, girt with a white linen towel about them. Others, whom he had secretly murdered, he continued never the less calling for, as if they were alive: giving it out most untruly some few days after, that they had wilfully made themselves away. The Consuls had forgot by chance to publish by proclamation his Birth day; For which, he deprived them of their magistracy: and so for three days space the Commonwealth was without the sovereign (b) authority. His own Questour, who happened to be nominated in a conspiracy against him, he caused to be scourged: and the clothes out of which he was stripped to be put under the Soldiers feet, that they might stand more steedily whiles they were whipping him. In semblable pride and violence he handled other States and degrees of Citizens. Being disquieted with the stir and noise that they kept, who by midnight took up their standings in the 
* Or show, place.  Cirque, which cost them nothing; he drove them all away with cudgels: in which tumult and hurl●…burly, there were twenty Knights of Rome and above, crowded and crushed to death; as many matrons and wives also; besides an infinite number of the common multitude. At the Stage Plays, being minded to sow discord, and minister occasion of quarrel between the Commons and Gentlemen of Rome: he gave his (c) Tallies forth sooner than ordinary: to the end that the 
* Or Tickets.  Equestria might be possessed aforehand even by the basest Commoners that came. At the swordfight, he other whiles commanded the Curtains to be folded up and drawn together, during the most parching heat of the sun: and forbade that any person should be let 
* Rooms and sea●…eses in the Theatre appointed for the Gentlemen.  forth: and then, removing and sending quite away the ordinary furniture of shows provided to make pastime, he put forth unto the people for to behold, poor wildbeasts and carian-leane, to be baited: the basest sword-fencers also and worn with age, to combat: yea, and appointed 
* Emitti, some read 〈◊〉, ●…. to be covered with Hat, veil, be net or Bongrace against the sun.  householders such as were of quality and well known, but yet noted for some special feebleness and imperfection of body to go under the (d) 
* i Citizens.  Pegmes and carry them. And diverse times he 
* Pegm●…tis, in the da●…ive case▪ or frames for Pageants.  brought a dearth and famine among the people, by shutting up the garners and Storehouses from them. 
* 〈◊〉.   
27 The cruelty of his nature he showed by these examples most of all. When cattle which were to feed wild beasts prepared for baiting, grew to be sold very dear, he appointed malefactors found guilty to be slaughtered for that purpose. And in taking the review of Goals and prisoners therein, as they were sorted according to their offences: he, without once looking upon the title & cause of their imprisonment, standing only within a gallery, commanded all in the mids, a calvum ad calvum (a) ●…. from one baldpate to another, to be led forth 
* Medios, ●… 〈◊〉 ad calrum.  to execution. He exacted of him the performance of a vow, who had promised to do his devoir in public swordfight for the recovery of his health: and him he beheld fight at sharp: neither dismissed he him before he was victor, and after many prayers. Another there was, who for the same cause had vowed to die. This man being not very forward to pay his vow, he caused to be dight with sacred herbs, and adorned with 
* Ribbons.  Infules, like a sacrifice; and so delivered him into the hands of boys: who calling hard upon him for the discharge o●… his vow, should course and drive him through the streets of the City, until he were thrown headlong down the steep 
* Of Tarqvinius, as some think.  Rampire. Many honest Citizens of good calling and estate, after he had first disfigured with marks of branding irons, he condemned to dig in mines, and to make highways, or to encounter with beasts: or kept them creeping with all four like brute beasts within a cage for the nonce: or else slit them through the mids with a saw. And those whom he thus served, were not all of them guilty of any grievous offences: but sufficient it was, if they had a base conceit and spoke but meanly of some show that he exhibited: or because they had never sworn stoutly by his 
* These 〈◊〉, are of a middle essence, be tween men & Gods, calle●… therefore. Me dioxumi▪ 〈◊〉 signifieth here, the Damon, Tutelar angel or spirit of the Prince: For the manner of the Romans' was in flattering wise, thus to swear, as also by the health the life, the honour of their Emperors.  Genius. Parents he forced to be present at the execution of their own children. And when one Father excused himself by reason of sickness, he sent a Licter for him: another of them immediately after the heavy spectacle of his son put to death, he invited to his own (c) board; made him great cheer, and by all manner of courtesy provoked him to iocondnesse and mirth. The Master of his sword-fights and beast baitings, he caused for certain days together to be beaten with (d) chains in his own sight: but killed him not quite, before himself could no longer abide the stench of his brain by this time putrefied. A Poet, the Author of Atellan●… Interludes, for a verse that he made implying a jest, which might be doubly taken, he burned at a stake in the very middle shewplace of the Amphitheatre. A Gentleman of Rome, whom he had cast before wild beasts, when he cried out, That he was innocent, he commanded to be brought back▪ and after he had cut out his tongue, sent him among them again, (to fight for his life or to be devoured).  
Having recalled one from exile which had been long banished, he demanded 
28  of him, what he was wont to do there? who made answer thus by way of flattery, I prayed quoth he, to the Gods always that TIBERIUS 
* Who had banished him  (as now it is come to posse) might perish, and you become Emperor. Hereupon CALIGULA weening that those whom he had banished prayed likewise for his death, sent about into the 
* Where they were wont to live banished.  islands, to kill them every one. Being desirous to have a Senator torn & mangled piecemeal, he suborned certain of purpose, who all on a sudden as he entered into the Curia, should call him enemy to the State, & so lay violent hands upon him: and when they had with their (a) writing irons all to pricked and stabbed him, deliver him over to the rest, for to be dismembered and cut in pieces accordingly. Neither was he satisfied, until he saw the man's limbs, joints and innards drawn along the streets, and piled all on an heap together before him.  
His deeds most horrible as they were, he augmented with as cruel words. 
29  His saying was, That he commended and approved in his own nature nothing more, than (to use his own term) adiatrepsian. i unmoveable rigour. When his Grandmother ANTONIA seemed to give him some admonition, he (as though it were not enough to disobey her), Go to dame, quoth he, remember I may do what I will against all persons whomsoever. Being minded to kill his own brother, whom for fear of poison he imagined to be fortified aforehand with 
* Or Counter. poisons.  Preservatives; What? quoth he, is there any Antidote against CAESAR? When he had banished his sisters, he threatened them in these terms, saying, That he had not (a) islands only at command but swords also. A certain Citizen of Pretours degree, desired oftentimes from the retiring place where he was at Anticyra, (b) (into which Isle he went for his health sake) to have his licence 
* By letters or friends that he made.  continued. But he gave order he should be killed outright: adding these words therewith, that Blo●…dletting was necessary for him, who in so long time had found no good by 
* Renewed.  HELLEBOR. 
* ●…. By 〈◊〉  Once every ten days, his manner was to subscribe and writ down a certain number out of the Goal to be executed, and said withal, That he cast up his reckonings, and cleared the book of accounts. When he had at one time condemned a sort of Frenchmen and Greeks' together, he made his boast That he had subdued 
* A Nation 〈◊〉, of French and Greeks'.  GALLOGRAECIA.  
He would not lightly permit any to suffer death, but after many strokes given 
30  and those very softly; with this rule and precept evermore, which now become rife and well known, 
* Ita feri, etc.  Strike so; as they may feel that they are dying. He executed on a time one whom he had not appointed to die, by error only and mistaking his name: But it makes no matter, quoth he, for even he also hath deserved death. This speech of the 
* Atreus. Of 〈◊〉  Tyrant out of a Tragedy, he often repeated Oderint dum metuant. i. Let them hate me so they fear me. Many a time he inveighed bitterly against all the Senators at once, as the dependents and adherents of SEJANUS, or the Informers against his mother and brethren; bringing forth those evidences which he had made semblance before were burnt▪ And therewith excused & justified the cruelty of TIBERIUS as necessary: seeing he could not otherwise choose but believe so many that made presentments unto him. The degree of Gentlemen he railed at continually, as devoted wholly to the Stage and shewplace. Being highly displeased upon a time with the multitude favouring as they did the contrary 
* For he favoured the green Livery.  faction to 
* Worthy and meet to be put to swordfight.  his, Woula God, quoth he, that the people of Rome had but one neck. And when TETRINIUS (a) LATRO was by them called for to fight at sharp, he said, That they also who called for him were 
* So named of a net that they used in fight to catch their adversary with: they handled also a weapon with three ti●…eses or pikes like a Trout-spea●…e. They were called Threcos.  TETRINII every one. It fortuned that five of these * RETIARII, fight in their single coats, and 
* Gr●…gatim dimicantes. for destruction of those that were called Monomachis, & implo●…ed in single sight.  together by companies, had without any combat yielded themselves as overcome to as many other Champions or Fencers called 
* Otherwise, Mormillones, These were armed, whereas the Retiarij, were lightly appointed, and Tunicati, ●…versing their ground nimbly, and seeming otherwhiles to fly whereupon the others took their name, Secuto●…es, as following them.  Secutores. Now when commandment was given (by the people) That they should be killed; one takes me up his Troutspeare again into his hand and slew all the other five who were thought the conquerors. This slaughter he both bewailed in an Edict as most cruel, and also cursed them that endured to see the sight.  
31 He was wont moreover to complain openly of the condition of his time wherein he lived, as not renowned by any public calamities: Whereas the reign of AUGUSTUS was memorable for the overthrow of VARUS: that of TIBERIUS ennobled by the fall of scaffolds in the Theatre at Fidenae. As for himself, like he was to be forgotten, (such was the prosperity in his days). And evermore he wished the carnage and execution of his armies. Famine, Pestilence, and Skarfires, or some opening chinks of the ground.  
32 Even whiles he was at his recreations and disports, whiles he set his mind upon gaming and feasting, the same cruelty practised he both in word & deed. Oftentimes as he sat at dinner or banqueted, were serious matters examined in his very sight by way of torture: and the Soldier that had the skill and dexterity to behead folk, then and there used to cut off the heads of any prisoners indifferently without respect. At Puteoli, when he dedicated the bridge, which as we noted before, was his own invention: after he had invited many unto him from the shore and strand, suddenly he turned them all headlong over the bridge into the water. And seeing some of them taking hold of the 
* For this bridge was made of barks.  helms for to save themselves, he shooved and thrust them off, with poles and oars into the sea. At a 
* A g●…eat dinner.  public feast in Rome, there chanced 
* waiting at the board.  a servant to pluck-off a thin 
* Or lease.  plate of silver from the 
* For tables in those days were laid & covered over with 〈◊〉 plates. Plin. lib, 33.  table: and for this, immediately he delivered him to the hangman for to be executed; namely to have his hands cut off, and hung about his neck just before his breast with a written Title carried before him declaring the cause of this his punishment; and so to be led round about all the companies as they sat at meat. One of these Fencers called 
* Or secutores, aforesaid.  MIRMILLONES, coming out of the Fence-school played at wooden wasters with him; and there took a fall for the nonce, and lay along at his feet: him he stabbed for his labour, with a short iron skein that he had: and withal, after the solemn manner of Victors, ran up and down with his garland of Date tree branches. There was a beast brought to the Altar ready to be killed for Sacrifice: he comes girt in habit of these 
* At sacrifice.  Beast slayers, and with the axe head that he lifted up on high, knocked down the Minister himself, who was addressed to cut the said beasts throat, and so dashed his brains out. At a plenteous feast where there was great cheer, he set up all at once an unmeasurable laughter: And when the Consuls who sat just by him asked gently and with fair language, Whereat he laughed so? At what else, quoth he, but this, That with one nod of my head, I can have both your throats cut immediately.  
33 Among diverse and sundry jests and merry conceits of his, as he stood once hard by the image of JUPITER, he demanded of APELLES an actor of Tragaedies, whether of the twain he thought to be the greater and more stately, JUPITER or himself? And whiles he made some stay ere he answered, he all to tare and mangled him with whipping cheer, praising ever and anon his voice crying unto him for mercy, as passing sweet and pleasant, even when he groaned also under his lashes. So often as he kissed the neck of wife or 
* Or Paramo●…r.  concubine, he would say withal, As fair and lovely a neck as this is, off it shall go if I do but speak the word. Moreover, he gave it forth many a time, That he would himself fetch out of his wife CAESONIA, though it mere with Lute-strings, what (a) was 
* By cramping and torturing her therewith  the reason that he loved her so entirely?  
34 Neither raged he with less envy and spiteful malice, than pride and cruelty, against persons, in manner, of all times and ages. The Statues of brave and worthy men brought by AUGUSTUS out of the Capitol Courtyard for the straightness of the place, into Marsfield, he overthrew and cast here and there in such sort, as they could not be set up again with the Titles and Inscriptions whole forbidding that ever after there should be any where Statue or Image erected unto any person living, without his advice asked and grant passed. He was of mind also to abolish HOMER'S verses: For why may not I, quoth he, do that which PLATO lawfully did? who banished 
* Being a 〈◊〉.  him out of the City that he framed and ordained. The writings likewise and images of VIRGIL and T. LIVIUS, he went within a little of removing out of all libraties. The 
* Virgil.  one of these he carped, as a man of no wit and very mean learning: the 
* Lirie.  other, for his verbosity and negligence in penning his History. Moreover, as touching Lawyers, (as if he meant to take away all use of their skill and knowledge) he cast out these words many times, That he would surely bring it to pass, They should be able to give none other answer nor council than according to reason and equity.  
He took from the noblest personages that were, the old arms and 
* Or Ensigns.  badges 
35  of their houses: Fron TORQUATUS the 
* Or Cheme.  collar: from CINCINNATUS the curled lock of hair: & from CN. 
* Who afterwards, married the daughter of Claudius the Imperour.  POMPEIUS, of an ancient stock descended, the surname of MAGNUS belonging to that lineage. As for King PTOLEMEUS, (of whom I made report before) when he had both sent for him out of his realm and also honourably entertained him he slew all of a sudden, for no other cause in the World but for that as he entered into the Theatre to see the shows and games there exhibited, he perceived him to have turned the eyes of all the people upon him, with the resplendent brightness of his purple cassock. All such as were fair, and carried a thick bush of hair grown long, so often as they came in his way, he disfigured by shaving their heads all behind. There was one ESIUS PROCULUS (whose father had been a principal captain of the foremost cohort) for his exceeding tall parsonage and lovely favour withal named (a) COLOSSEROS, Him he caused suddenly to be pulled down from the scaffold where he sat, and to be brought into the plain within the lists: where he matched him in fight with a sword-fenser of that sort which be called Threces, and afterwards with another, all 
* 〈◊〉, with shield and helmet.  armed. Now when he had given the 
* To the 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉▪  foil twice, & gotten the upper hand, he commanded him forthwith to be pinioned & bound fast, & being put into foul and overworn clotheses to be led round about the streets to be showed unto women, & so to have his throat cut in the end. To conclude there was none of so base & abject condition, nor of so mean estate, whose commodities & good parts he depraved not. Against the great Prelate styled by the name K. NEMORENSIS, because he had many years already enjoyed his sacerdotal dignity he suborned under hand a comcurrent and adversary mightier than himself. When as upon a certain day of public games, there was greater applause & more clapping of hands than ordinary at POPIUS the 
* To wit, sword fight.  fenser, manumising his slave for joy of the fortunate combat which he had made, he fling out of the Theatre in such haste, that treading 
* Essedari●…▪ o●… Champion that use to fight and play his prizes out of a British or French Chario●… called 〈◊〉▪  upon his own gown skir●… he came tumbling down the stairs with his head forward: chafing and fuming yea and crying cut That the people of Rome, Lord of all nations, yielded more honour, and that out of a most vain and frivolous occasion unto a sword-fenser, than to consecrated Princes, or to himself there in personal presence.  
Not regard had he of chastity and cleanness, either in himself or in others. 
36  M. LEPIDUS MNESTER the 
* A player counter feiting all parts, and kinds of gesture.  Pantomime, yea & certain hostages he kept and loved as the speech went, by way of reciprocal commerce in mutual impunity, Doing & suffering against kind, VALERIUS CATULLUS, ayong gentleman descended from a family of Consul's degree, complained & openly cried out, that he was unnaturally by him abused; and that his very sides were wearied, and tired out with his filthy company, Over and above the incests committed with his own sisters, and his love so notorious of PIRALLIS that common and prostitute strumpet, there was not lightly a dame or wife of any worship and reputation, that he forbore. And those for the most part would he invite together with their husbands to supper: and as they passed by at his feet, peruse and consider curiously; taking leisure thereto after the manner of those that cheapen and buy wares in ouvert market: yea and with his hand chocke them under the chin and make them to look up, if happily any of them in modesty and for bashfulness held down their faces. And then so often as he listed, out he goes from the refection room, and when he had called her unto him apart that liked him best, he would within a little after: (even whiles the tokens were yet fresh testifying their wanton work) return: and openly before all the company, either praise or dispraise her: reckoning up every good or bad part of body and action in that brutish business. To some of them, himself sent bills of divorsement in the name of their husband's absent and commanded the same to be set upon the file and stand in public record.  
In riotous and wasteful (a) expense, he outwent the wits and inventions of 
37  all the prodigal spend thrifts that ever were; as having devised a new found manner and use of baines, together with most strange and monstrous kinds of meats and meals: namely, to bathe with hot and cold 
* Or Oils  ointments: to drink off and quaff most precious and costly pearls dissolved in vinegar: to set upon the board at feasts loaves of bread and other viands to them before his guests, all of gold, saying commonly withal, That a man must either be frugal or else CAESAR. Moreover for certain days together, he fling and scattered among the common people from the Lovuer of the stately Hall JULIA, money in pieces of no mean value. He built moreover tall galiaces of cedar (b) timber, with poops and sternes beset with precious stones, carrying sails of sundry colours containing in them barns large galleries, walking places, and dining chambers of great receipt: with vines also and trees bearing apples and other fruit in as much variety: wherein he would sit feasting in the very day time among quires of musicians and melodious singers, and so sail along the costs of Campania. In building of stately Palaces and manor houses in the country he cast aside all rules and orders as one desirous to do nothing so much as that which was thought impossible to be done. And therefore he laid foundations of piles where the sea was most raging and deep withal, and hewed rocks of most hard flint & rag: plains also he raised even with mountains & by digging down hill tops leveled them equal with the plains: all with incredible celerity: as punishing those who wrought but slowly even with death. In sum, (and not to reckon up every thing in particular) That infinite wealth and mass of Treasure which TIBERIUS CAESAR left hehind him valued at 
* Vicies ac septies millies  2700. millians of Sesterces, he consumed to nothing, before one whole year was go about.  
Being exhausted therefore and grown exceeding bore, he turned his mind to 
38  rapine and polling by sundry and most nice points; of forged calumniation, of sales, of imposts and taxes. He affirmed plainly, that those held not by law and rightfully the freedom of Rome City, whose Ancestors had obtained the grant thereof in these terms, to them and their posterity: unless they were sons: For, by Posteri. i. Posterity quoth he, aught to be understood none beyond this degree of descent. And when the Letters-pattens and grants of JULIUS and AUGUSTUS, (late Emperors of sacred memory) were brought forth as evidences, he 
* Deflebat, or defl●…bat▪ i he rejected and despised.  bewailed the same as old, past date and of no validity. He charged those also with false valuation and 
* Perpera 〈◊〉 editi Census.  wrong certificate of their estates, unto whom there had accrued afterward (upon what cause soever) any increase of substance. The last wills and testaments of such as had been principal Centurions of the foremost Cohorts, as many I say, as from the beginning of TIBERIUS Empire, had left neither the said TIBERIUS, nor himself Heir, he canciled for their unthankfulness: of all the rest likewise, he held the wills as void, and of none effect: in case any person would come forth and say, that they purposed and intended, at their death to make CAESAR their Heir. Upon which fear that he put men in, being now both by unknown persons unto him, nominated Heir among their familiar friends, and also by parents among their children, he termed them all mockers and cousiners, for that after such nuncupative wills they continued still alive: and to many of them he sent certain 
* M●…cteas or Mattyas, such as Marchpanes  dainties empoisoned. Now such causes as these abovesaide he heard judicially debated: having before hand set down a certain rate and sum of money, for the raising whereof he sat judicially in Court: and when that sum was fully made up, then and not before he would arise. And (as he was one who in no wise could abide any little delay) he condemned upon a time by virtue of one definitive sentence above forty persons, liable to judgement for diverse and sundry crimes: making his boast withal unto his wife CAESONIA newly wakened out of her sleep What a deal he had done, while she take her noon repose. Having published an open port sale of the residue remaining of furniture provided to set out all shows and games, he caused the said parcels to be brought forth and sold: setting the prices thereof himself and enhaunsing the same to such a prick, that some men enforced to buy certain things at an extreme and exceeding rate (whereby they were empoverished and stripped of all their goods) cut their own veins and so bled to death. Well known it is that while APONIUS SATURNINUS took a nap and slept among the seats and stauls where these sales were held; CAIUS put the 
* Or Crier.  Bedell in mind not to let slip and overpass such an honourable person of Pretours degree as he was: considering quoth he, that with his head he had so often nodded and made 
* As it were, to buy th●…ss & that  signs unto him, and thus taking that occasion, he never rested raising the price whiles he sat and nodded still, until there were fastened upon the man, (ignorant God wot, altogether of any such matter) thirteen sword-fensers, at nine millians of Sesterces.  
In Gaul likewise, when he had sold the jewels, ornaments, and household-stuff 
39  of his 
* Livilla and Agrippina.  sisters by him condemned; their servants also and very children at excessive high prices: finding sweetness in the gain growing thereupon and thereby drawn on to proceed in that course, look what furniture belonged to the old imperial Court, he sent for it all from the City of Rome▪ For the carriage whereof, he took up even the passengers wagons that usually were hired, yea the very jades which served 
* In grinding Corn, and carrying brea●…  mills and backehouses: In so much, as many times there wanted bread in Rome: and a number of Termers, such as had matters depending in law, for that they could not make their appearance in Court at their days appointed, by absence lost their suits. For the selling of which furniture, there was no fraud, no guile, no deceitful allurement to be devised that he used not: one while checking each one for their avarice, and rating them because they were not ashamed to be richer than he: otherwhiles making semblance of repentance, in that he permitted persons to have the buying of such things as belonged to the Empire. Intelligence was given unto him, that a certain wealth and substantial man in that province, had paid 200000. sesterces unto his officers (who had the bidding of guests unto his own table) that by some subtle shift, himself might be foisted in among other guests: neither was he discontented that the honour of supping with him was prized so high. The morrow after therefore, as this provincial man was sitting at a public portsale, he sent one of purpose to tender and deliver unto him some frivolous trifle (I wots not what) at the price of 200000 sesterces: and withal to say unto him, That take a supper he should with CAESAR, as a guest invited by his own self.  
He levied and gathered new tributes and imposts, such as never were heard 
40  of before: at the first by the hands of Publicans; and afterward (by reason of the excessive gains that came in) by the Centurions and Tribunes of the Praetorian cohorts. For he omitted no kind of thing, no manner of person, but he imposed some tribute upon them. For all cates that were to be sold throughout the City, there was exacted a certain taxation & set payment, For actions for suits, for judgements wheresoever commensed or drawn in writing, the fortieth part of the whole sum in suit went to his share in the name of a tribute: not without a penalty, in case any one were convinced, to have either grown to composition or given the thing in question. The eighth part of the poor porters and carriers daies-wages: out of the gets also and take of common strumpets, as much as they earned by once lying with a man, was paid nomine tributi. Moreover to the chapter of the law, this branch was annexed that there should be liable to this tribute, not only the parties themselves that by trade of harlotry got their living, but even they likewise who kept houses of bawdry: As also that 
* Nec 〈◊〉 ●…t 〈◊〉 ob●…●…ssent. Some interpret this of wedded folk playing false & committing adulte●…ie.  wedded persons should pay for their use of marriage.  
After these and such like taxes were denounced by proclamation, but not yet 
41  published abroad in writing, when as through ignorance of the written law (a) many trespasses and transgressions were committed: at length, upon instant demand of the people, he proposed indeed the act, but written in very small letter and within as narrow a place, so that no man might exemplify the same or copy it out. And to the end that there might be no kind of spoil and pillage which he attempted not, he setup a stews and brothelhouse in the very Palace, with many rooms and chambers therein distinguished asunder, and furnished according to the dignity and worth of that place. In it there stood to prostitute themselves, married wives, youths and springals free borne. Than sent he all about to the frequented places as well markets as halls of resort, certain Nomenclatours, to invite and call thither by name, young men and old, for to fulfil and satisfy their lust. All comers at their entrance paid money (as it were) for usury and interest. Certain persons also were appointed to take note in open sight, of their names, as ofsuch as were good friends increasing the revenues of CAESAR. And not disdeining so much as the lucre and vantage arising out of hazard and dice play, he gained the more by cogging, lying, yea and forswearing (of gamesters). And upon a time, having put over to his next fellow gamester his own course, to cast the dice for him in his turn: out he goes into the court-yeard and foregate of the house: where, having espied two wealth gentlem●… of Rome passing by, he commanded them to be apprehended incontinently, and condemned in the confiscation of their goods: which done he returned in again, leaping for joy & making his vaunt, That he never had a luckier hand at dice.  
But when he had once a daughter borne, complaining then of his poverty 
42  and the heavy charges that lay upon him not only as Emperor, but also as a father, he gently took the voluntary contributions and benevolence of men toward the finding of the girl her food, as also for her Dowry another day. He declared also by an edict, that he would receive newyear's gifts: and so he stood the first 
* Or a Kalendis 〈◊〉 the first day, etc.  day of januarie, in the porch or entry of his house PALATINE, ready to take what pieces soever of money came, which the multitude of all sorts and degrees, with full hands and 
* Or laps of their clotheses  bosoms poured out before him. Finally, so far was he incensed with the desire of handling money, that oftentimes he would both walk barefooted up & down, yea & wallow also a good while with his whole body upon huge heaps of coined gold pieces, spread here and there in a most large and open place.  
In military matters and warlike affairs he never dealt but once: and that 
43  was not upon any intended purpose: but what time as he had made a progress to Mevania, for to see the sacred grove & river of Clitumnus; being put in mind to supply & make up the number of the Batavians whom he had about him for his guard, it took him in the head to make an expedition into Germany. Neither deferred he this disignement, but having levied from all parts a power consisting of legions and auxiliary forces; and taken musters most rigorously in every quarter, as also raised & gathered together victuals & provision of all sorts in that quantity, as never any other before him the like, he put himself on his journey. Wherein he marched, one while in such hurry and haste, as that the Praetorian cohorts were forced (against the manner and custom) to bestow their ensigns upon the sumpter beasts backs & so to follow after: otherwhiles, after such a slow and delicate manner, as that he would be carried in a litter upon eight men's shoulders, and exact of the common people inhabiting the neighbour cities adjoining, that the high ways might be swept & watered for the dust, against his coming.  
After that he was arrived once at the camp, to the end that he might show 
44  himself a sharp and severe Captain. Those Lieutenants who had brought aid with the latest, out of diverse and dissituate parts, he discharged with ignominy and shame. But in the review of his army the most part of the Centurions who had already served out their complete time, yea and some whose term within very few days would have been fully expired, he deprived of their places: to wit, the leading of the foremost bands, finding fault forsooth with the old age and feebleness of every one. As for the rest, after he had given them a rebuke for their avarice, he abridged the fees and avails due for their service performed; and brought that same down to the value of 6000. sesterces. And having achieved no greater exploit, than taken to his mercy, ADMINIUS the son of CINOBELLINUS King of the 
* Batavorum,. i. the Batavorians.  Britain's, who being by his father banished, was fled over sea with a small power and train about him, he sent magnificent and glorious letters to Rome, as if the whole Isle had been yielded into his hands: warning and willing the carriers ever and anon, to ride forward in their waggon directly into the market place and the Curia, and in no wise to deliver the said messives but in the Temple of MARS unto the Consuls, and that in a frequent assembly of the Senate.  
Soon after, when there failed matter of war, he commanded a few Germans of the 
* De Custodia, or that were prisoners and in ward  Corpse de guard, to be transported & hidden on the other side of 
45  Rhine, and that news should be reported unto him after dinner in most tumultuous manner, That the enemy was come: which done, he made what haste he could, and together with some of his friends and part of the Praetorian horsemen he entered the next wood: where after he had cut off the heads of trees and adorned their bodies in manner of Tropaees, he returned into the Camp by torchlight. As for those verily who followed him not in this service; he reproved and checked them for their timorousness and cowardice: But his companions and partners in this douty victory, he rewarded with a new kind and as strange a name of Coronets: which being garnished and set out with the express form of Sun, Moons, and Stars he called (a) Exploratorias. Again, when as certain hostages were had 
* By his means.  away perforce out of the Grammar school, and privily sent before, he suddenly left his supper, and with his men of arms pursued them as runaways, and being overtaken and caught again he brought them back as prisoners bound in chains; showing himself even in this interlude also, beyond all measure insolent and intemperate. Now after he was come back to supper, those who brought him word that the battles were rallied and come forward in safety, he exhorted to sit down to meat armed as they were in their Corselets: yea and advertised them out of that most vulgar Verse of VIRGIL. Durarent, Secundisque rebuise seruarent.. i.  

Still to endure in all assays  
And keep themselves for better days.   
Moreover, amid these affairs, he rebuked most sharply in a proclamation, the Senate and people both, in their absence: For that whiles CAESAR fought battles and was exposed to so many perils, they could so unseasonably celebrated feasts, haunt also the Cirque, The Theatres, and their retiring places of solace and pleasure.  
Last of all, as if he meant now to make a final dispatch for ever of the war 
46  having embattled his army upon the Ocean shore, planted his balists and other engines of Artillery in their several places, (and no man witted the while or could imagine what he went about) all at once he commanded them to gather fish-shels, and therewith to fill their headpieces and laps, terming them the spoils of the Ocean, due to the Capit●…l, and the Palatium. In token also and memorial of this brave victory, he raised an exceeding high turret, out of which as from a watch-towre, there might shine all night long lights and fires for the better direction of ships at sea in their course. And after he had pronounced publicly a donative to his Soldiers, even an hundred good Deniers a piece; as if thereby he had surmounted all former precedents of liberality, 
* As if with 3 l. 2 SAINT 6 pence, they had been made for ever.  Now go your ways, quoth he, with joy, Go your ways isaiah, enriched and wealth.  
47 Turning his mind after this to the care of his Triumph, he selected and set apart for the pomp (over and above the Captives and runagate Barbarians) the tallest men of Stature also that were to be found in Gaul: and every one that (as he said himself) was axiothriambentoes, that is, worthy to be seen in a Triumph, yea and some of the Nobles and principal persons of that Nation: Whom he compelled not only to colour the hair of their heads yellow like burnished gold, and to wear the same long: but also to learn the Germans language, and to bear barbarous names. He gave commandment also; that the Galleys with three ranks of Oars, wherein he had embarked and entered the Ocean, should be conveyed to Rome, a great part of the way by land. He wrote likewise unto his procurators and Officers, To provide the furniture of his triumph, with as little cost as might be: but yet the same in as ample manner as never before was the like, seeing they had both might and right to seize all men's goods into their hands.  
48 Before his departure out of that Province, he intended the execution of an horrible and abominable designment; even to put to sword those Legions, which long a go upon the decease of AUGUSTUS, had made a commotion: because, forsooth, they had beset both his father GERMANICUS their Captain, and himself also, than an Infant. And being hardly and with much ado reclaimed from such a rash and inconsiderate project, yet could he by no means be stayed: but stiffly persisted in a full mind and will to 
* 〈◊〉 To kill every tenth man of them:  tith them. When he had summoned them therefore to a public assembly, unarmed, and without their swords which they had put off and bestowed here and there, he environed them with his cavalry all armed. But seeing once, that many of them suspecting where-about he went, slipped away in sundry places for to resume their weapons if any violence were offered, himself abandoned the assembly and fled, taking his direct way immediately to the City of Rome; diverting all his bitterness and cruelty upon the Senate: Whom, (to avert from himself the odious rumours of so great and shameful villainies) he openly threatened; complaining among other matters that he was by them defrauded and put by his just and due triumph: whereas, himself but a little before, had intimated and denounced upon pain of death, that they should not make nor meddle in any matter about his honours.  
49 Being encountered therefore and met upon the way by Ambassadors from that most honourable 
* Of Senators  Order, entreating him to make speed: with a most loud voice, Come I will, quoth he, I will come, I say and this with me here, beating often upon the sword's 
* Or haft.  hilt which he ware by his side. He made it known also by an Edict, That he returned in deed, but it was to them alone who wished it, namely, The degree of Gentlemen and the common people. For himself would be no longer a Citizen or Prince to the Senate. He commanded moreover, That not one of the Senators should meet him. And thus, either omitting quite or putting of his triumph, he entered the City riding ovant, upon his very birthday: and within four months after came to his end, having attempted and done notable outrages and very great villainies, but plotting still and practising much greater. For he had purposed to remove his imperial Court to Antium, and afterwards to Alexandria: but having massacred first the most choice and chief persons of both 
* Or Alexandrea is Antiochea, in old Manuscripts.  degrees. And that no man may seem to doubt hereof, there were in his secret Cabinet found two books bearing diverse titles. The one had for the Inscription Gladius. i. the sword: the other, Pugio, that is to say, the dagger. They contained both of them the marks and names of such as were appointed to death. There was found beside, a big chest full of diverse and sundry poisons, which soon after being by CLAUDIUS drowned in the Seas, infected and poisoned the same, not without the deadly bane of fishes killed therewith, which the tide cast up to the next shores.  
50 Of Stature he was very tall, pale and wan-coloured: of body gross and without all good making: his neck and shanks exceeding slender: his eyes sunk in his head, and his temples hollow, his forehead broad, and the same furrowed and frowning: the hair of his head growing thin, and none at all about his crown: in all parts else hairy he was and shagged. It was therefore taken for an heinous and capital offence, either to look upon him as he passed by from an higher place, or once but to name a Goat upon any occasion whatsoever. His face and visage being naturally stern and grim, he made of purpose more crabbed and hideous: composing and dressing it at a looking-glass, all manner of ways to seem more terrible and to strike greater fear. He was neither healthful in body nor stood sound in mind; Being a child, much troubled with the falling sickness. In his youth, patiented of labour and travail: yet so, as that ever and anon upon a sudden fainting that came upon him, he was scarce able to go, to stand, to arise, to recover himself and to bear up his head. The infirmity of his mind, both himself perceived, and oftentimes also was minded to go aside (unto 
* An Isle, where grew the best Ellebor, a purgative meet ●…or lunatic & distracted persons.  Anticyra), there to purge his brain thoroughly. It is for certain thought, that poisoned he was with a Potion given unto him by his wife CAESONIA: Which in deed was a love 
* Or drink.  medicine, but such an one, as cracked his wits and enraged him. He was troubled most of all with 
* Insomnia  want of sleep; For, he slept not above three hours in a night: and in those verily he took no quiet repose, but fearful; and scared with strange illusions and fantastical imaginations: as who among the rest, dreamt upon a time that he saw the very form and resemblance of the sea talking with him. And hereupon for a great part of the night, what with tedious wakefulness and weariness of lying, one while sitting up in his bed, another while roaming and wandering too and fro in his Galleries (which were of an exceeding length) he was wont to call upon and look still for the daylight.  
51 I should not do amiss, if unto this minds sickness of his I attributed the vices which in one and the same 
* Or person  subject were of a most different nature: to wit, excessive confidence, and contrariwise, overmuch fearfulness. For, he that set so light by the Gods and despised them as he did, yet at the lest (a) thunder and lightning, used to wink close with both eyes, to enwrap also and cover his whole head: but if the same were greater and somewhat extraordinary, to start out of his bed, to creep and hide himself under the bedsteede. During his peregrination verily and travail through Sicily, after he had made but a scorn and mockery at the miracles and strange fights in many parts there, he fled suddenly by night from Messana, as affrighted with the smoke and rumbling noise of the top of Aetna. And he that against the Barbarians was so full of threats and menaces, when as beyond the river Rhine he road in a Germans Chariot between the Straitss, and the Army marched in thick squadrons together: by occasion only that one said, There would be no small trouble and hurly burly, in case the enemy from any place appeared in sight: forthwith he mounted on horseback and turned hastily to the bridges: but finding them full of Camp-slaves and carriages wherewith they were 
* Or guarded.  choked as one impatient of any delay, he was from hand to hand and over men's heads conveyed to the other side of the water. Soon after likewise, hearing of the revolt and rebellion of Germany, he provided to fly; and for the better means of flight, prepared and rigged ships: resting and staying himself upon his only comfort; That he should yet have Provinces beyond sea remaining for him, in case the Conquerors following the train of their victory, either seized the Hill tops of the Alpss (as sometimes the Cimbrians), or possessed themselves of the very City of Rome, as the Senones in times past did. Hereupon I verily believe that the murderers of him afterwards devised this shift, namely to hold up his Soldiers with a loud lie when they were in an uproar, and to bear them in hand that he laid violent hands on himself, affrighted at the fearful news of the field lost.  
52 As for his apparel, his shoes and other habit, he wore them neither after his own Country-guise, nor in a civil fashion, not nor so much as in manlike manner, nor yet always, I may tell you, sorting with the state and condition of a mortal wight. Being clad oftentimes in cloaks of needlework and embroidered with diverse colours, and the same set out with precious stones: in a coat also with long sleeves: and wearing bracelets withal, he would come abroad into the City. Sometime you should see him in his silks, and veiled all over in a lose mantle of fine 
* Lawn or Tiffame.  Sendal with a train: one while going in Greekish 
* Or Pantofle●…  slippers, or else in buskins: otherwhiles in a simple pair of broges or high shoes, such as common Soldiers employed in espial used. Now and then also was he seen shod with women's 
* Or 〈◊〉  pumps. But for the most part he showed himself abroad with a golden (a) beard carrying in his hand either a (b) thunderbolt or a three-tined (c) mace, or else a warder 
* With three grains like an ele spear;  or rod called (d) Caduceus (the ensigns all and ornaments of the Gods) yea and in the attire and array of VENUS. Now, for his triumphal robes and ensigns he used verily to wear and bear them continually, even before any warlike expedition: and sometime the cuirace withal of K. ALEXANDER the great, fetched out of his Sepulchre and monument.  
Of all the liberal Sciences, he gave his mind lest to deep literature and 
53  found learning: but most, to eloquence: 
* 〈◊〉 is facundus: or, ●… being very fair 〈◊〉. etc.  albeit he was (by nature) fair-spoken and of a ready tongue. Certes if it had been to plead and declaim against one, were he angered once, he had both words and sentences at will. His action, gesture and voice also served him well: in so much as for very heat and earnestness of speech, uneth was he able to stand his ground and keep still in one place, yet might he be heard nothlesse of them that stood a far off. When he was about to make an Oration, his manner was to threaten in these terms, Namely, That he would draw forth and let drive at his adversary the keen weapon and dart of his night-studie by candle light; contemning the milder and more piked kind of writing so far forth, as that he said of S●…NECA, a writer in those days most accepted, That his compositions which he made were plain exercises to be showed only: and was no better himself, than sand without lime. His wont was also, to answer by writing the Orations of those Orators who had pleaded well and with applause: to meditate and device as well accusations and defences of great persons and weighty matters in the Senate; and according as his style framed, either to over-charge and depress, or to ease and relieve every man with his sentence: having called thither by virtue of his Edicts, the degree also of Gentlemen to hear him speak.  
The Arts moreover and masteries of other kinds he practised right studiously, 
54  even those of most different nature. A professed 
* 〈◊〉.  Sword-fencer he was and a good Chariotier: A singer withal and a dancer. Fight he would even in earnest with weapons at sharp: and run a race with chariots in the open Cirque, which he built in many places. As for chanting and dancing, he was so hotly set thereupon, that he could not forbear so much as in the public theatres and Shew-places, but that he would both fall a singing 
* Or, 〈◊〉  with the Tragedian as he pronounced, and also counterfeit and openly imitate the gesture of the 
* Or Actou●….  player, as it were by way of praise or correction. And verily, for no other cause proclaimed he (as it is thought) a wake or Vigile all night long, that very day on which he was murdered, but that by taking the opportunity of the night's licentiousness, he might therewith begin to enter upon the Stage. And diverse times danced he by night: But once above the rest, having raised out of their beds three honourable persons that had been Consuls, and sent for them at the relief of the second watch into the Palace; whiles they were much afraid and doubted some extremity he caused them to be placed aloft upon a scaffold, and then suddenly with a great noise of hantbors and sound of shawlmes or Cymbals, out cometh he leaping forth with a pall and cassock reaching down to his ankles; and after he had danced out the measures to a song, vanished & went his way again. Now, this man so apt a scholar as he was to learn all other feats, had no skill at all in 
* A laudable exercise in Rome, as may appear before in Augustus.  swimming.  
55 Look, whom he took a love and liking unto, he favoured them all exceedingly and beyond all reason. MNESTER the famous 
* A Gesturer or dancer that counterfeited all parts.  PANTOMIME he affected so much, as that he bashed not to kiss him even in the open Theatre; and if any man whiles 
* The said Mnester.  he was dancing or acting a part, made never so little noise and interrupted him, he commanded the party to be pulled out of his place, and with his own hand scourged him. A Gentleman of Rome chanced to keep some stir whiles the said MNESTER was upon the Stage: unto him he sent word peremptorily by a Centurion to departed without delay, and go down to Ostia (there to take Sea) and so to carry unto King PTOLOMAEUS as far as into Mauritania his letters in writing tables, The tenor whereof was this, To this bearer, whom I have sent hither to you, see you do neither good nor harm. Certain Fencers called 
* Or Retiarij, as some think. Others take it to be a general name of all Sword-fencers.  THRACE'S he made Captains over those Germans that were of his Guard and Squires to his body. As for the 
* A faction or crew of fencers opposite to the Thrace's or Retiarij, whom in respect of the Thrace's, he favoured not.  Mirmillones, he deprived them of their armour. One of them named COLUMBUS, fortuned to foil his concurrent, howbeit he had gotten before some small hurt: He made no more ado but put poison into the wound, which thereupon he called COLUMBINUM. So much addicted and devoted was he, to the 
* Prafi●…ae factioni.  green faction of Chariotiers, that day by day he would take his suppers and make his abode, in their 
* Or lodging, ●… Of that green livery.  hostelry. Upon EUTYCHUS a 
* 〈◊〉, cuins equi causa, some interpret it otherwise thus. To Incitatus, for whose horse sake taking Incicatus to be the name of the Master, & not of the horse, because in the Poet martial, there is mention made of Incitatus a famous Chariot ricer & a mulitier. Yet L. Verus Antoninus erected an Image of gold for on horse that he had named Voluce●… whiles he lived: and a sepulchre when he was dead. And why might not this brair 〈◊〉 sick Prince be as absurd?  Chariot-driver, he bestowed in hospital gifts at a certain banquet, two millions of sesterces. To one of their Chariot-steedes named Incitatus, for whose sake (because he should not be disquieted), he was wont the day before the games Circenses, by his Soldiers to command the neighbours there adjoining to keep silence, besides a Stable all built of marble stone for him, and a manger made of Ivory: over and above his caparison also and harnois of purple, together with a brooch or pendant jewel of precious stones at his poictrell: he allowed an house and family of servants, yea and household-stuff to furnish the same: all to this end, that guests invited in his name might be more finely and gaily entertained. It is reported moreover that he meant to prefer him unto a Consulship.  
56 As he rioted thus and fared outrageously, many there were who wanted no heart & good will to assault his person. But after one or two conspiracies detected, when others for default of opportunity held-of and made stay, two at length complotted and imparted one unto the other their designment, yea and performed it; not without the privity of the mightiest freedmen about him, and the Captains of his Guard. The reason was, for that they also, being nominated (although untruly) as accessary to a certain conspiracy, perceived themselves suspected and odious unto him therefore. For, even immediately, by sequestering them a part into a secret place he brought upon them great hatred, protesting with his sword drawn, That die he would upon his own hand, if they also thought him worthy of death. Neither ceased he from that time forward to accuse one unto the other, and to set them all together by the ears. Now when these Conspirators were resolved and agreed to assail him during the Palatine (a) games, as he departed thence out of the Theatre at noontide, CASSIUS CHEREA Tribune of the Praetorian Cohort took upon him to play the first part in this Action: even he, whom being now far stepped in years 
* 〈◊〉,  CAIUS was wont to frump and flout in most opprobrious terms as a wanton and effeminate person: and one while, when he came unto him for a watchword, to give him PRIAPUS or VENUS; another while, if upon any occasion he rendered thanks, to reach out unto him his hand, not only fashioned but wagging also after an obscene and filthy manner.  
Many prodigious signs were seen, presaging his future death and murder. 
57  The image of JUPITER at Olympia, which his pleasure was to be disjointed and translated to Rome, did set up all on a sudden such a mighty laughter that the workmen about it, let their Engines and Vices slip and so ran all away. And straightways came there one in place whose name also was CASSIUS, that avouched, he had warning and commandment in a dream to sacrifice a Bull unto JUPITER. The (a) Capitol in Capua upon the Ideses of March was smitten with lightning. Likewise at Rome the Porter's lodge belonging to the Prince's Palace. And there wanted not some who gave their conjecture, that by the one Prodigy was portended danger to the Master of the house from his Guard and the Squires of his person; by the other some notable murder again, such as in times past had been committed upon (b) the same day. Also, SULLA the ginger, when CAIUS asked his counsel and opinion, as touching the Horoscope of his Nativity, told him plain, That most certain and inevitable death approached near at hand. Semblably the Oracle at Antium, gave him a caveat, to beware of CASSIUS. For which very cause, he had taken order and given express commandment, That CASSIUS LONGINUS Proconsul then in Asia, should be killed: not remembering that the foresaid CHAEREA had to name CASSIUS. The day before he lost his life, he dreamt that he stood in heaven close unto the throne of JUPITER: and that JUPITER spurned him with the great toe of his right foot, and therewith threw him down headlong to the earth. There went also for currant prodigies and fore tokens of his fall; even those occurrents that happened unto him that very day, a little before he was murdered. As himself sacrificed, bespreinct he was with the blood of the foul Phaenicopterus. And MNESTER the skilful Actor above named, represented that very 
* 〈◊〉.  Tragedy which whilom NEPTOLEMUS the Tragedian acted at the solemnity of those games, wherein PHILIP 
* The son of 〈◊〉.  King of the Macedonians was killed. And when as in the show or Interlude entitled (c) 
* Of some house represented upon the Stage.  LAUREOLUS, wherein the chief player making haste to get away out of the 
* Fit actors & expositors such an argument.  ruin, vomited blood, many more of the Actors in a second degree strove a vie to give some trial and experiment of the like cunning; the whole stage by that means flowed with blood. Prepared there was likewise against night another show, wherein the dark fables reported of Hell and the Infernal Spirits there, were to be exhibited and unfolded by Egyptians and Aethiopians.  
58 Upon the 
* 24. of jannarie. A. V C. 794.  ninth day before the Kalends of February, about one of the clock afternoon: Doubting with himself, whether he should rise to dinner or no? (for that his stomach was yet raw and weak upon a surfait of meat taken the day before), at last by the persuasion of his friends he went forth. Now, when as in the very 
* Or 〈◊〉.  cloisture through which he was to pass certain boys of noble birth sent for out of Asia (to sing Hymns, and to skirmish martially upon the Stage) were preparing themselves, he stood still and stayed there to view and encourage them. And but that the leader and chieftain of that crew, said, He was very cold, he would have returned and presently exhibited that show. But what befell after this, is reported two manner of ways. Some say, that as he spoke unto the said boys, CHAER●…A came behind his back, and with a drawing blow grievously wounded his neck with the edge of his sword, giving him these words before, Hoc age. i. Mind this: Whereupon, CORNELIUS SABINUS, another of the Conspirators, encountered him affront, and ran him through in the breast. Others writ, that SABINUS, after the multitude about him was voided by the Centurions (who were privy to the Conspiracy) called for a watchword, as the manner is of soldiers, and when CAIUS gave him the word, JUPITER, CHAEREA cried out aloud, Accipe ratum. i. Here take it sure: and with that, as he looked behind him, with one slash cut his chaw quite through: Also as he lay on the ground and drawing up his limbs together cried still, That he was yet alive, the rest of their complices with thirty wounds dispatched and made an end of him. For, this mot, repeat. i. Strike again, was the signal of them all. Some of them also thrust their swords through his privy members. At the very first noise and outcry, his licter-bearers came running to help, with their litter staves: Soon after, the Germane that were the squires of his body came in: & as they slew some of the murderers, so they killed certain Senators also that were mere innocent.  
He lived 29. years, and ruled the Empire three years 10. months and 8. 
59  days. His dead corpse was conveyed secretly into the Lamian hortyards, where being scorched only, or half burnt in a tumultuary and hasty funeral fire, covered it was with a few turfs of earth lightly cast over it; but afterwards, by his sisters now returned out of exile, taken up, burnt to ashes and interred. It is for certain known and reputed; that before this Compliment was performed, the keepers of those hortyards were troubled with the walking of spirits and ghosts: and in that very 
* Which he called a 〈◊〉 cloister, ●…fore.  house wherein he was murdered there passed not a night without some terror or fearful object, until the very house itself was consumed with fire. There died together with him, both his Wife CAESONIA, stabbed with a sword by a Centurion, and also a daughter of his, whose brains were dashed out against a wall. 
60   
What the condition and state was of those days, any man may gather, even by these particulars. For neither, when this massacre was divulged and made known abroad, men gave credit by and by thereto; but there went a suspicion, that CAIUS himself had feigned and given out a rumour of this murder, by that means to sound men's minds, and found, how they stood affected unto him: 〈◊〉 yet had those conspirators destined the Empire to any one. And the Senators in recovering their ancient freedom again accorded so, as that the consuls assembled them not at the first into the 
* A new Senat●… house in 〈◊〉 of Curia Hostilia.  Curia, because it bore the name 
* For ●…ow 〈◊〉 ●…ame of the 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 race become odious, as 〈◊〉 of the common weal.  JULIA, but into the Capitol: yea and some of them, when their turns came to speak, opined, That the memory of the CAESARS should be utterly abolished and razed out, giving advise to pull down their temples. Moreover, this hath been observed and noted especially, That the CAESARS, who had to their forename 
* And yet we●… read not so much of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 son, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  CAIUS, beginning at him first who was slai●…e in the troublesome days of CINNA, died all of them a violent death.   

THE HISTORY OF Tiberius Claudius Drusus Caesar,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
AS touching DRUSUS father to this CLAUDIUS' CAESAR, 
●… A, V, C. 714.  which DRUSUS was in times past forenamed DECIMUS and afterwards NERO; dame LIVIA wedded unto AUGUSTUS even when she was great with child, brought him into the world within three months after the said marriage & folk suspected, that begotten he was in adultery by his (supposed) ● father in law himself. Certes presently after his 
Augustus: and not by Tiberius Nero his mother's son.  birth, this verse w●…t rife in every man's mouth, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  

On persons great this fortune doth attend,  
That children they may have at three months end.   
This DRUSUS in the honourable place of questure and pretureship, being L. General of the R●…aetian, and so forth of the German war, was the first Roman Captain that sailed in the North Ocean: and on the farther side of 〈◊〉 cast those trenches of a strange and infinite work which yet at this day be called 
* Or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  DRUSINAE. Many a time he put the enemy to sword, and when he had driven him as far as to the inmost deserts, gave not over chase and pursuing, until there appeared unto him the likeness of a 
* Representing Germany.  Barbarian woman, more portly than a mortal wight, which in the latin tongue forbade him to follow the train of victory any farther. For which acts achieved, he enjoyed the honour of a 
* Called Ovation  petty Triumph, and had the Triumphal ornaments granted unto him. After his pretureship, he entered immediately upon the Consulate: and having enterprised a second expedition thither, fell sick and died in his summer camp, which thereupon took the name of 
* The wicked and mischievous camp.  CASTRA (a) SCELERATA. His corpse by the principal Citizens and Burgesses of the free burrows and colonies, by the decuries also and orders of the 
* Or Chancellors.  Scribes (who met them in the way and received it at their hands) was conveyed to Rome and buried in Mars-fielde. Howbeit the army reared in honour of him an honorary 
* Which the Greeks call Cenotathium. i. an empty tomb  tomb (or stately hearse) about the which every year afterwards upon a certain set day, the soldiers should run at tilt, keep jousting and tournament: the Cities likewise and States of Gaul, sacrifice and make public supplications to the gods. Moreover the Senate among many other honours, decreed for him a Triumphant arch of marble, with Tropaees thereto in the 
* Or port▪ way.  street Appia: as also the surname of GERMANICUS to him and his posterity for ever. Furthermore he is thought to have carried a mind no less glorious than civil & popular. For over and above the conquests gained of his enemies, he wa●… also from them 
* Which he took from their chief general●…  Royal spoils: & oftentimes to the uttermost hazard of his life coursed and chased the General of the Germane all over the field: neither dissembled he, but gave it out, that one day he would restore unto the Commonwealth their ancient state and liberty again. Whereupon, I suppose, some presume to writ, that AUGUSTUS had him in jealousy and suspicion: called him home out of his Province: and because he lingered and delayed his return, made him aw●…y by poison. Which verily put down I have, because I would not seem to pretermit such a matter, rather, than for that I think it either true or probable: considering that AUGUSTUS both loved him whiles he was alive so entirely, as that he always ordained him fellow-heire with his sons, (like as he openly professed upon a time in the Senate house) and also commended him after his death so highly, that in a solemn oration before the body of the people he prayed unto the gods. Tovouchsafe his own CAESAR'S to be like unto him: and to grant himself one day such an end as they had given him. And not contented with this that he had engraven upon his tomb an Epitaph in verse which he himself composed, he wrote also the history of his life in prose. By ANTONIA the younger, he become father verily of many children, but three only he left behind him at his death, namely, GERMANICUS, LIVILLA, and CLAUDIUS.  
This CLAUDIUS was borne at Lions, in the year when JULIUS 
2 A. V C. 744.  ANTONIUS and FABIUS AFRICANUS were Consuls, upon the Calendss of August, that very day on which the altar was first dedicated there unto AUGUSTUS: and named he was TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS: and a while after, when his elder brother was adopted into the family JULIA, he assumed into his style the surname of GERMANICUS. Being left an infant by his father, all the time in manner of his childhood and 
* Or growing age.  youth, piteously handled he was with sundry diseases, and those tough and such as stuck long by him: in so much as being dulled and enfeebled thereby both in mind and body, he was not thought in the very progress of riper age, sufficient and capable of any public office or private charge: yea and many a day after that he came to full years and had sued out his live●…ie, he was at the dispose of another, even under a pedagogue and governor; whom in a certain book himself complaineth of, terming him a barbarous fellow, and no better sometime than a 
* Olim superiumentarium, rather a master of mulitiers.  mul●…tier, set over him of purpose to chastise and punish him most cruelly for every light cause & occasion whatsoever. By reason of this his sickness, both at the sword-play which he and his brother jointly exhibited in memorial of their Father, he sat as precedent (not after the accustomed manner) leapt in a cloak; and also upon his commensement day, when he was to put on his virile gown, about midnight without any honourable attendance and solemn train, brought he was in a licter into the (a) Capitol.  
3 Howbeit, from his very childhood, he employed no mean study in the liberal sciences. And oftentimes gave good proof even in public place of his proceed in them all: yet could he never for all that reach to any degree of dignity, or yield better hope of himself for the time to come. His mother ANTONIA, was wont to call him Portentum hominis. i. The Monster and fantastical show of a man, as if he had not been finished but only begun by nature: and if she reproved any one for his foolishness she would say, He was more sottish than her Son CLAUDIUS. His Grandmother 
* Otherwise called Livia & ju●…ia the mother of Drusus.  AUGUSTA thought always most basely of him, as who used neither to speak unto him but very seldom, nor to admonish him, unless it were in some sharp and short writing, or else by messengers going between. His sister LIVILLA, when she heard that he should be one day Emperor, openly & with a loud 
* His Grand mother's brother by the mother's side.  voice detested and wished far from the people of Rome so hard and miserable a fortune.  
4 
* As well good as b●…d:  And no marvel: For to the end that it might be more certainly known what opinion his great Uncle AUGUSTUS had of him both 
* In honour of Mars Revenger.  ways, I have set down certain Articles and principal points gathered out of his own Epistles. I have quoth he, my good LIVIA talked and conferred with TI●…ERIUS as you charged me, about this point, namely, What is to be done to your Nephew TIBERIUS, at the solemnity of the 
* Suffic●…ent.  Martial Game? Now, we are both agreed that it must be determined and set down once for all what course we should take and follow with him: For, if he be 
* 〈◊〉 throughout & perfect.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and as I may so say 
* Or steps.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, what doubt need we to make but that he is to be trained and brought by the same opportunities of time and degrees by which his brother was▪ But if we perceive him 
* To be in paired or disabled and maimed, as well for the sufficiency of body as 〈◊〉 of mind  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; we must not minister matter to men, 
* Who are wont to make good game & 〈◊〉 at such things.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for to deride both him and us. For we shall ever found trouble and vexation enough, in case of every occasion of time presented unto us, we should deliberate, 
* If it be not resolved upon and set down aforehand by 〈◊〉  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, whether we think him able to menage honourable Offices in the State or no? Howbeit for the present (concerning such things whereof you'll ask mine advise) I mislike it not, that he have the charge of the Priest's dining chamber, during these Martial solemnities aforesaid, so that he will suffer himself to be adm●…nished and schooled by SILANUS son, a man allied unto him, that he do nothing, which may be 
* 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at.  noted, or derided. That he should behold the games Circenses from out of the 
* A 〈◊〉 the Games circenses, 〈◊〉 on the images of the gods are laid.  Puluinar, in no wise can ●… allow. For being exposed so, to the sight of men in the very forefront of the Theatre, he will be eyed and observed: Neither like we in any 〈◊〉, that he should go up the Alban mount, or abide at Rome During the Latin Holidays. For if he be able to accompany and follow his brother to that mountain, why is he not as well made Provost of the City the while? Thus, my LIVIA, you have our opinions delivered, as 
* In the absence of the Consuls atteding the sacrifice upon the Alban Hill.  who are fully resolved, that once for all somewhat must be put down as teuching the whole matter, lest we be evermore wavering between hope and fear. You may also if it please you impart unto our (niece) ANTONIA thus much of this our letter. Again, in another Epistle. As for young 
* Cla●…dius.  TIBERIUS, I for my part whiles you are absent, will daily i●…uite him to supper, that he may not sup alone with his Sulpitius 
* 〈◊〉  and Athenodirus. And I could wish with all my heart that, he would more sound and less 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 make choice of some special one, whose gesture habit & gang, he might, silly soul as he is, imitate  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
He comes far short (when he is matched) with men of deep understanding.  
But look, when his mind is not wandering out of the way, the generosity of his heart appeareth sufficiently. Likewise in a third letter. Your Nephew TIBEIUS my sweet LIVIA, If I do not wonder, that when he declamed that he could please and content me, I pray God I be dead. For how he that in his daily talk speaketh so 
* Darkly and confusedly.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 should be able when he declameth, to deliver his mind and what he hath to say 
* Clearly and plainly to be●… understood.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 I cannot see. Neither is there any doubt to be made, but that after all this, AUGUSTUS ordained and left him endued with no honourable office, save only the Sacerdotal dignity of Augurs: nay he nominated him not so much as his Heir, but in a third degree and descent, even among those that were well near Strangers: and that in a sixth part only of his substance: and by way of legacy bequeathed unto him not above 800000. sesterces.  
5TIBRRIUS his uncle conferred upon him when he sued for honourable dignities the Ornaments of Consuls. But when he instantly demanded still, not imaginary but true magistracies indeed, he wrote back unto him in his writing tables thus much only, That he had sent unto him 
* Every one worth 15, ●…. 7, ●… ob, or one ●…dred 〈◊〉  forty pieces of gold to spend at the feast Saturnalia, and to bestow in puppets and trifling gauds, at the same time. Than, and not before, casting aside all hope of preferment and real dignities, he betook himself to rest and quietness of life, lying close, one while within hortyardes of pleasure and in a manner house without the City: and lurking other while in a withdrawing place out of the way in Campania: And by his daily acquaintance and company keeping with most base and abject persons besides the old infamous note of sluggardie and foolishness he incurred an ill name for drunkenness and diceplay: notwithstanding, that all the while he thus led his life, he never wanted the public attendance and reverend regard of men seeking unto him.  
6 The order of Gentlemen elected him twice for their patron, in an embassage that was to be sent & delivered in their own behalf: once when the Consuls required to have the carriage of AUGUSTUS his corpse upon their own shoulders to Rome: 22. time when they were to congratulate with the same Consuls for the suppressing of Sejanus, Moreover, they were wont in shows, and in the Theatre, when he came in place, to arise up and lay off their mantles in respective 
* As we use to veil bonnet o●… do of our hats.  honour of him. The Senate also ordained, that to the ordinary number of the Priests or Guild brethren called AUGUSTALES, who were by lot chosen, he should be admitted extraordinarily: and soon after, That his house, which by misfortune of a skarefire he had lost, should at the City's charges be re●…dified; as also the privilege to deliver his mind and opinion in the Senate, among those who had been Consuls; which decree of theirs was reversed & annulled: whiles 
* The Emperor.  TIBERIUS alleged by way of excuse his imbecility, and promised to repair the foresaid loss out of his own private purse and liberality. Yet when he lay upon his deathbed, he both named him among his heirs in a third range, and in a third part of his estate, and also bequeathed him a legacy of two millions of Sesterces: yea recommended him beside by name unto the armies, to the Senate likewise & people of Rome in the rank of other his especial friends and kinsfolk.  
7 At length under 
* 〈◊〉.  CAIUS his brother's son, who at his first coming to the Empire sought by all manner of enticing allurements, to gain the good opinion of a bountiful and gracious prince, he began first to bear office of state, and continued Consul together with him for the space of two months: and it fortuned at his first entrance into the Forum with his knitches of rods, that an Eagle soaring thereby, settled upon his right shoulder. He was pricked also and allotted unto a second Consulship, against the 4. th' year following. Diverse times he sat as precedent of the solemn shows in CAIUS his turn: what time, the people with great applause 
* All hail or 〈◊〉.  cried Feliciter, partly to the 
* Caligula  emperors Uncle, and in part to GERMANICUS his brother.  
8 Yet lived he nevertheless subject to the contumelious reproaches of the World: For if at any time, he came somewhat with the latest and after the hour appointed to a supper, hardly & with much ado, was there any room made for to receive him, and not before he had go round about the tables where guests were set, for to find a place: Likewise, whensoever he took a nap, and fell a sleep after meat (which was an ordinary thing with him) the 
* A Copreis: See T●…berius Nero Caesar, cap. 61. vel a 〈◊〉 such as would play Bo●…peepe and bide themselves when they had done some unhappiness.  buffoons and jesters about him, made good sport, pelling him with olive and da●…e stones: other whiles also they would by way of merriment awaken him with the clap of a ferula or lash of some whip. They were wont likewise to glove his hands (as he lay snorting a sleep) with * his shoes, that as he suddenly awaked he might rub his face and eyes therewith.  
9 Neither verily could he avoid diverse dangerous troubles: First in his very Consulship: for, being behind hand and over slack in taking order with the workmen for the making and erecting of NERO and DRUSUS Statues, who were 
* For whiles they sat or leaned upon pallets at their meat they put off their shoes.  CAESAR'S brethren, he had like to have been removed and put out of that honourable office: afterwards, as either any stranger, or one of his own 
* 〈◊〉 Calig●…la.  house informed aught against him, he was continually and sundry manner of ways molested. But when as the Conspiracy of LEPIDUS & G●…TULICUS came to light, being sent among other Ambassadors to congratulate CAIUS in the name of the City, he was in jeopardy of his very life: whiles CAIUS chafed and fumed with great indignation, that his Uncle chief of all others was sent unto him, as it were to govern a child: In so much, as some have no●… stuck to report on writing, that he was turned also headlong into the river in his clothes and all as he came appareled. From which time forward, neve●… spoke he to any matter proposed in the Senate, but last of all those, that had been Consuls, as being in reproachful wise and to his disgrace asked his opinion after them all. There was received likewise against him the examination of a forged will, wherein himself also had been a witness and put-to his seal. Last of all, he was forced to disburse eight millions of Sesterces for a fine or Income at his entrance into a new Priesthood: by occ●…sion whereof, his estate being so much decayed, driven he was to those straits, that for his disability to keep credit and satisfy the debt due unto the Chamber of the City by an (a) Edict of the City Treasurers according to the law Praediatoria he 
* His lands and goods were forfeited and so were published in table as void●… and vacant,  hung up to be sold in vacuum.  
10 Having passed the greatest part of his time in running through these and such like troubles, at length in the fiftieth year of age, he attained to the Empire, and that by a strange and wonderful hap. Being among others excluded by the Conspirators that laid wait for CAIUS life, what time they voided all the Company about his person, under a colour as if he desired to be a part himself alone in some by-place, this CLAUDIUS had stepped a side and retired into a lodging or parlour called Hermeum: And not long after, being affrighted at the rumour of that murder slily crept forth and conveyed himself up into 
* A garret.  a Solar next adjoining, and there hid himself between the hangings that hung before the door. While he lurked close there, a common Soldier chancing to run too and fro that way, espied his feet, and by earnest inquiry and ask who he was? happened to take knowledge of him: who having drawn him forth of the place (when as for fear he fell down humbly at his 
A, V, C. 794  feet and took hold of his knees) saluted him by the name of Emperor. From thence he brought him immediately to his other fellow Soldiers, who as yet stood wavering and witted not what to do but far and fume. By them was he bestowed in a Licter▪ and for that his own servants were fled scattering here and there they also by turns one after another supported the said Licter upon their shoulders: and so was he brought into the (Praetorian) Camp, all sad and amazed for fear: pitied also by the multitude that met him on the way; as if some innocent had been haled to execution. Being received within the trench & rampire, lodged he was alnight among the souldiours-watch with less hope of his a good deal than confidence. For the Consuls together with the Senate and the cohorts of the citie-souldiers, seized the Forum & the Capitol, with a purpose to claim & recover the common liberty: and when himself was sent for, by a tribune of the commons into the Curia to sit in consultation & give his advise about those matters that were thought good to be propounded he made answer; That detained he was perf●…rce and by constraint. But the next morrow, when as the Senate grew more cold and slack in following and executing their foresaid projects, (by reason of their tedious trouble and discord who dissented in opinion)▪ whiles the multitude also standing round about, demanded by this time one Ruler & 
* 〈◊〉.  him by name, he called the Soldiers in 
* 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉. ●…. himself armed.  armour to an assembly, and suffered them to take their oath of allegiance, and swear to maintain his imperial dignity: therewith promised unto them 
* Queen na dena Sestert●…a. See 〈◊〉.  1500 Sesterces a piece: the first of all the CAESARS, that obliged unto him the Soldiers fealty by a fee and reward.  
Having once established his Empire, he thought nothing more dear and 
11  behoveful than to abolish the remembrance of those two days, wherein there was some doubtful question about the change and alteration of the State. Of all deeds and words therefore, which had passed during that time he made an Act there should be a general pardon and perpetual oblivion: which also he made good and performed accordingly. Only, some few Colonels and Centurions, out of that crew which conspired against CAIUS, he put to the sword: as well for example sake, as for that he had certain intelligence, they required to have him also murdered. Than presently turning and bending his mind to the duties of piety and kindness, he took up no form of oath, either with more devout religion or oftener, than by the name of AUGUSTUS. He gave order, that for his Grandmother LIVIA, there should by Decree be granted Divine honours; as also in the stately pomp of the Cirque Solemnities, a Chariot drawn with Elephants, like unto that of AUGUSTUS: Semblably, for the souls of his own parents departed, public Dirges and Funeral feasts: and more than so, particularly in the honour of his father Cirque-Plaies and games every year upon his birth day: and in memorial of his mother, a coach to be led and drawn along through the Cirque: and the surname of AUGUSTA, which by his Grandmother was refused. In remembrance of his 
* Germanicus.  brother (to celebrated whose memorial he omitted no occasion) he exhibited a Greek Comedy at the solemn Games held in Naples: Where by sentence of the Umpires and judges he received a coronet therefore. He suffered not so much as M. ANTONIUS to pass unhonoured, nor without a thankful mention and remembrance: protesting one time, and that by an Edict, That so much the more earnest he was, to have men celebrated the Birth day of his father DRUSUS, because upon the same day, his Grandfather ANTONIUS also was borne. The Marble Arch, decreed verily in times passed by the Senate to be erected for TIBERIUS 
* His Uncle  near unto the Theatre of POMPEIUS, but for let, he finished. And albeit he abrogated and repealed all the Acts of CAIUS, yet the day of his death, although it were the beginning of his Empire, he forbade to be registered among feasts in the Calendar.  
But in honouring himself he was sparie, and carried a civil modesty. The 
12  fore name of Emperor he forbore: excessive honours he refused: the 
* Or solemnity of nuptial contract.  Espousals of his own daughter, the birthday also of his Nephew her son, he passed over in silence, only celebrating it with some private ceremony and religious compliments within house. He restored no banished person, but by the authority and warrant of the Senate. That he might bring with him into the Curia, the captain of the Guard and 
* Colonels.  Tribunes of the Soldiers: Item, that those Acts might be ra●…ified and stand in force, which his procurators had set down in judging of causes, he obtained by entreaty. He made suit unto the Consuls for a licence, to hold Fairs and Markets, for his own private Manors and Lands. In Commissions and Examinations of causes held by the Magistrates, he would oftentimes be personally present and sit as one of the Commissioners. To the same Magistrates, when they exhibited any Plays or Games, himself also with the rest of the multitude would arise up, and both with 
* By appla●…se and acclamation.  hand and * voice do them honour. When the Tribunes of the Commons repaired unto him before the Front of his Tribunal, he excused himself unto them, for that by reason of strait room he could not give audience unto them otherwise than standing upon their feet. Therefore, within a small time he purchased so much love and favour, as that when news came (to Rome) that forlaied and slain he was in his journey to Ostia, the people in a great tumult and uproar, fell to banning and cursing both the Soldiers as Traitors, and the Senate also as Parricides: neither ceased they thus to force against them, until first one messenger, and then another, yea and soon after many more were produced by the Magistrates to the public ROSTRA, who assured them that he was alive and approached homeward.  
13 Yet continued he not for all this secured every way from the danger of secret practices and wait-laying▪ but assailed he was as well by private persons, 〈◊〉 ●…ole factions and conspiracies, yea and fore troubled in the end with civil 〈◊〉. For there was a man, one of the Commons, taken about midnight ●…eere unto his bedchamber with a dagger. Found there were likewise twain of the gentlemen's degree, in the open street with a staff having 
* Some call thi●… a jacobs' staff.  a blade in it, and a Hunter's woodknife waiting for him: the one to assault his person when he was go forth of the Theatre: the other as he sacrificed at the temple of M●…rs. Now there had conspired to make an insurrection and to altar the State, GALLUS ASINIUS and STATILIUS CORVINUS, the Nephews of POLLIO and MESSALLA the Orators, taking unto them for their Complices many of his own freedmen and servants. As for civil war, kindled it was and begun by FURIUS CAMILLUS SCRIBONIANUS, Lieutenant general of Dalmatia: but within five days quenched clean and suppressed; by reason that the Legions, which had changed their oath of allegiance, in remorse of conscience and touch of religion repent; after that upon signification given of a journey to their new General, neither the 
* Ominous & unlucky signe●….  Aeagles could be dight and trimmed, nor the military ensigns plucked up and removed.  
14 To his first Consulship he bore four more: of which, the two former jointly 
A: V: C: 794 795 800 804  and immediately one after another: the rest ensuing, with some time between, to wit, each one in the fourth year: and as for the third, he had no precedent for it in any other Prince, as being substituted in the void place of a Consul deceased. A precise justicer he was, ministering justice, both when he was Consul, and also being out of that Office, most painfully; even upon the solemn days instituted for him and his: yea, and otherwhiles upon the ancient festival days and such as were religious. He followed not always the prescript rule of laws, moderating either the rigour or the lenity of penalties, by equity & reason, according as he stood affected to a cause: for, both unto those he restored their actions & gave leave to commense them a new, who in the Court before private 
* Of private matters, as 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉.  judges had once lost their suits, by claiming more than was due: and also, such as were convict of some greater deceit and cozenage, he condemned to be cast unto wild beasts: exceeding therein the ordinary punishment by law appointed.  
15 Moreover, in the examination, trial, and deciding of controversies, he was wondrous variable: one while circumspect, wary, and of great insight: otherwhiles as rash and inconsiderate▪ now and then also foolish, vain, and like to one without all reason. When he reviewed upon a time the Decuries of judges, and put whom he thought good from their jurisdiction: one of them, who had answered to his name, and concealed the immunity and privilege that he had by the benefit of children, he discharged quite, as a man desirous 
* And therefore, ambitious.  to be a judge. Another of them being molested and called into question by his adversaries before him, as touching a matter between him and them, and pleading withal for himself, That it was a case to be tried not extraordinarily (by CAESAR) but by the common course of Law, and in an ordinary Court of deputed judges: he compelled immediately to handle & decide his own cause before him: as who in his proper business should give proof how indifferent a judge he would be hereafter in the matter of another. There was a woman that would not acknowledge her own son. Now, when by evidence unnd arguments alleged proet contra on both sides; the question rested in ei●…ss, a balance doubtful; he awarded, that she should be wedded to the young 
* The plaintiff himself.  man: any▪ so forced her to confess the truth and to take him for her child. Most ready he was to give judgement on their side, who made appearance in Court when their adversaries were absent: without any respect and consideration, whether a man slacked and stayed by his own default, or upon some necessity? One cried out upon a forger of writings, and required, That both his hands might be cut off. He made no more a do, but forthwith called instantly, to have the hangman sent for, with his chopping knife and butcher's block, to do the deed. There happened one to be called judicially to the bar, For that being a foreigner he bore himself as a Roman Citizen: and when the advocates of both sides grew to some little variance about this circumstance, namely, Whether the party Defendant aught to make his answer and pled his own cause in a gown 
* As a Citizen of Rome.  or a 
* As a 〈◊〉  cloak? he then, as if he would make exceeding show of pure and uncorrupt equity, commanded him to shifted and change his habit often in the place, according as he was either accused or defended. Moreover, sitting in judgement to decide a certain controversy, When he had heard what could be said, he pronounced sentence out of a written table, as it is verily thought; to this effect, That he judged on their side, who had alleged the truth. For which pranks he become base and contemptible, in so much as every where, and openly he was despised. One, to excuse a 
* Or deponent  witness, whom CAESAR 
* Claudius.  had called for out of a Province, alleged in his behalf, and said, He could not possibly come in time and be present, dissimuling the cause thereof a great while: at length, after many long demands, what the reason might be? Why, quoth he, the man is dead at PUTEOLI. Another when he gave him thanks, for suffering a person accused to have the benefit of a trial and to be defended, added moreover these words, And yet this is an usual and ordinary thing. Furthermore, I myself have heard old folk say, That these Lawyers and Barristers were wont to abuse his patience so much, that as he was going down from the 
* Or judgement seat.  Tribunal, they would not only call upon him to come back again, but also take hold of his gown lappet and skirt, yea and otherwhile catch him fast by the foot, and so hold him still with them. And that no man need to marvel 〈◊〉, there was one of these Greek Lawyers, who pleading before him happened in earnest altercation to let fall these words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i Thou art both old, and a fool beside. And verily it is for certain known, that a Gentleman of Rome, accused before him for his obscene filthiness and unnatural abuse of women, (although untruly) as having an inditement framed against him by his enemies that were mighty: when he saw common strumpets cited and their depositions heard against him, fling his writing steel and the books which he had in his hand, with great ubraiding of him also for his foolishness and cruelty, even at his very face, so as he rippled and hurt there with his cheek not a little.  
He bore also the Censureship: an office that a long time had been discontinued, 
16  
A, V, C, 800 801.  after PAULUS and PLANCUS the censors: but even this very place he held with an uneven hand and as variable a mind, as the event and success ensuing. In the review taken of Roman Gentlemen, he dismissed without shame and disgrace, a young man charged with many infamous villainies, howbeit one whom his own father testified upon his knowledge and trial to be right honest: saying withal, That he had a Censor of his own. To another youth, who was in a very bad name for spoiling of maidens, and adulteries committed with wives, he did no more but give warning, Either more sparily to spena himself in those young and tender years of his, or else more warily at leastwise, to go to work▪ adding thus much beside. For why know I, quoth he, what wench thou keepest? And when upon the entreaty of his familiar friends he had taken of the infamous note which was set upon the name of one, Well, quoth he, let the blot 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Some read exta●…, i, yet the blot remaineth: meaning the filthiness of the ●…act.  yet remain still to be seen. An honourable man and a principal parsonage of the Province Greece, howbeit ignorant in the Latin tongue, he not only razed out of the rank & roll of judges, but also deprived of his freedom in Rome, and made him a mere alien. Neither suffered he any man to tender an account of his life, otherwise than with his own mouth, as well as every one was able, and without a patron to speak for him. He noted many with disgrace, and some of them without their knowledge, as mistrusting no such thing▪ yea, and for a matter that had no precedent, namely, because without his privity and a passport obtained they went forth of Italy: one also among the rest, for that in the Province he accompanied a King in his train: alleging for example, That in his Ancestors days RABIRIUS POSTUMUS for following of K. PTOLOMAEUS into Alexandria to save & recover the money which he had lent him, was accused before the judges, of Treason to the State. Having assayed to put many more to rebuke with great imputation of the inquisitors negligence, but with greater shame of his own: look whomsoever he charged with single 
* For these matters would bear, action  life, with childless estate or poverty, those lightly he found guiltless; as who were able to prove themselves husbands, fathers, and wealth. Certes, one there was, who being accused to have laid violent hands upon himself, and wounded his own body with a sword, stripped himself naked, and showed the same whole and sound, without any harm in the world. Many other Acts he did of special note whiles he was Censor as namely these; He commanded a silver Chariot sumptuously wrought and set out to sale in the street Sigillaria, for to be bought and broken all to pieces openly. Item, in one day he published 20 Edicts or Proclamations▪ and ij among the rest: In the one whereof he gave the people warning, That when their Vineyards bore Grapes plentifully, they should 
* Or enhuile:  pitch their vessels very well within: in the other, he did them to understand, That there was nothing so good against the stinging of a Viper, as the juice of the Vghtree.  
One expedition and no more he undertook, and that was very small. When the Senate had by Decree allowed him Triumphal ornaments, he 
17  supposing that a bore title of honour was inferior to the majesty of a Prince and Emperor, willing also to enterprise some exploit, whereby he might win the due glory of a complete triumph, made choice before all other Provinces of Britain; attempted by none since JULIUS (CAESAR) of famous memory, and at that time in a tumultuous uproar, for that certain revolts and rebels fled from thence, were not rendered. As he sailed from Ostia thitherward, twice had he like to have been cast away and drowned, by reason of the strong blustering Southern wind Circius, near unto Ligaria, hard by the islands (a) Sto●…chades. Having therefore travailed by land, From Massiles as far as to the Cape 
* Where Calais standeth, or Bullo●…, as some think.  Gessoriacum, he crossed the seas from thence into Britain: and in very 
* 16. According to D●…. A: V: C: 797  few days, without battle or bloushed, part of the Island yielded to his devotion. So, in the sixth month after his first setting forth he returned to Rome, and triumphed with most sumptuous pomp therefore prepared. To the sight of which Solemnity, he suffered not only the Precedents and Governors of Provinces to have recourse into the City, but also certain banished persons. And among the enemy's Spoils, he set up a naval Coronet, and fastened it to the Finial of his house Palatine, hard by another civic guirland, in token and memorial of the Ocean by him sailed over and subdued. After his triumphant Chariot road MESSALINA his wife in a Coach: then followed those gallants also 
* Mounted likewise. , who in the same war had attained to triumphal ornaments: the rest went on foot and in their rich robes guarded with purple: only CRASSUS FRUGI mounted upon a brave Courser trimly trapped, and arrayed himself in a triumphant mantle of estate, for that now twice he had achieved that honour.  
18 He was at all times most careful and provident for the 
* When so ever you read in Suetonius (City) absolutely, understand the●…by Rome: Kat' exocheen: as one would say, The City of all Cities: A ordinary phrase in other Romainwriters: accord●…ng as Virgil hath fitly expressed in this verse. Eclog. 1. Vrbem quam dicunt, Roma●…, etc.  City, especially that the market might be well served with victuals: what time, the Aemilian Aedifices (or Tenements) were on fire and continued still burning, he remained two nights together in the place called Diribitorium: and when the multitude of Soldiers and household servants failed, he called together by means of the Magistrates, the Commons of the City out of all the streets and Parishes to come in and help, setting before him his chests full of money: exhorting them to do their best for the quenching of the fire: and ready for to pay presently every one a good reward according to the pains he took. Now, when corn and victuals were grown very scarce, (such was the continual unseasonable weather that brought barrenness) he was upon a time in the mids of the 
* Or Forum.  market place detained by the multitude and so assailed and pelled what with reviling taunts & what with pieces of broken bread, that hardly & with much ado he was able to escape, and no otherwise than by a postern gate, unto the Palace. Whereupon he devised all the means he possibly could to bring into the City provision of corn & victuals, even in the winter season. For, he not only proposed certain set gains to all cornemasters, that would venture for grain, undertaking himself to bear all the loss that should happen unto any of them by tempest: but ordained also great fees and avails for those that would build ships for such traffic and merchandise, according to the condition and quality of each one. Namely for every Roman Citizen exemption from the law PAPIA POPPAEA: For enfranchised latins, the freedom of Roman Citizens▪ and for women, the privilege and benefit of those that had 4. children, which constitutions stand in force and be observed at this day.  
20 Many works he finished, and those rather for greatness, huge; then for use, needful. But the chief and principal were these: The conduit of water begun by CAIUS. Item a 
* Or Got●….  scluse to let out and drain the lake Fucinus; and the 
* Or Pere.  haven at Ostia: although he knew well enough, that 
* The drawing of the lake Fici nus  the one (of the twain) AUGUSTUS had denied unto the Marsians who continvally entreated him about it: and the 
* Alterum. i. the Peer at Ostia. But because there is no m●…tion made in juliu Caesar's life of this Pere or haven, some read for Alterun in this place Cae terum and then the word Alterum before, is meant of the second work of these three, denied unto the Marfia●…s' etc. Caeterum●… ●…, but intended oftentimes in the designment of juli●…, etc.  other intended oftentimes in the desigment of JULIUS CAESAR of sacred memory, was for the difficulty thereof laid aside. The two cold & plenteous 
* Or heads  fountains of the water Claudia, of which the one beareth the name of CAERULEUS, the other of CURTIUS or ALBUDINUS, as also the 
* Novi 〈◊〉▪ some read 〈◊〉 opere, i, within new stonew●…ok  new river of A●…io he conveyed and brought to Rome all the way, within stonework: and then derived and divided the same into many and those right beautiful pools. He went in hand with the mere Ficinus in hope of gain as well as of glory: when some there were, who would have bound themselves in covenant and promise, to drain the said marish at their own private charges, in case the grounds being once made dry might be granted unto them in freehold. Now, for the length of three miles, partly by digging through the hill, and partly by hewing out the rock before him, he finished the channel at last with much ado and after eleven years labour: albeit thirty thousand men were at work continually about it and never rested between. The Pere at Ostia beforesaid he made, by drawing an arm of the sea about, on the left and right hand both: and with all, at the mouth and entrance thereof, where now the ground lay deep, raising an huge dam or pile against it. For the surer foundation of which pile, he drowned before hand that ship, wherein the great Obelisk had been transported out of Egypt: and when he had supported it with buttresses of many stones, he planted a lo●…t upon the same an exceeding high watch-towre to the pattern of that PHARUS at Alexandria, to the end that by the fires burning there, in the night season, vessels at sea might direct their course. 
* Or Cisterns   
21 He dealt often among the people great doles and Congiaries. Many shows and games likewise he exhibited, and those magnificent: not such only as were usual and in accustomed places: but those that were, both newly devised and also brought into ure again, whereas they had of ancient time been discontinued: yea and where no man else before him had ever set forth any. The games for the dedication of POMPEIUS' Theatre, which 
* For, the stage thereof was consumed w●…th fire  being half burned he had re-edified. he gave a signal to begin from out of his 
* Or feat of state.  Tribunal erected in the Orchestra: seeing that before time, when he had sacrificed and done his devotions in the houses above and came down from thence through the mids of the Theatre and assembly, not one would once arise and give applause, but sat still and kept silence. He set out also the 
* Which were solemniz●…d once in t●…e revolution of one hundr●…d years or one hu●…dred and ●… one as some writ,  Secular games and plays, as if they had been exhibited by AUGUSTUS over soon, and not reserved unto their full and due time: and yet himself in his own histories writeth;, That whereas the said solemnities had been intermitted, AUGUSTUS long after by a most exact calculation of the years reduced them into order again. By occasion whereof, The voice of the crier was then ridiculous and laughed at, when after the solemn manner he called the people, To behold those games and plays, which no man had once seen already, or should ever 
A, V, C, 800,  see again: Whereas there suruived yet many who had seen them before: yea and some of the actors, who in times past had been produced, were then likewise brought forth upon the stage. Oftentimes also he represented the Circensian games in the vatican, and otherwhiles after every 5. 
* Of Chariot 〈◊〉.  courses he brought in the baiting of wild beasts. But in the greatest Cirque of add which was beautified with barr-gates of marble stone and goals all guilded (whereas before time they had been made of soft sand-stone and wood,) he appointed proper and peculiar places for the Senators, who had wont before time to behold the same sports here and there. Beside the races for the prize of Chariots drawn with four steeds. He represented also the warlike Troy pastime, & the baiting of Leopards: which the troop of the Praetorian horse men slew, having for their leaders the Tribunes and the Captain himself. Moreover, he brought into the shewplace Thessalian men of arms, whose manner is to chase about the cirque, wild bulls; until they be tired: then to mount them, and by the horns to force them down to the ground. As for shows of sword-fensers, he exhibited them in many places, and after diverse and sundry sorts. One, that was kept every year within the Praetorian camp, without any b●…ting and sumptuons provision of furniture. As for that, which was ordin●… set out and formally with baiting and other preparations in mar field at●… Septa: in the same place likewise, another extraordinary one and of short continuance, which he began to call Sportula, because he proclaimed at first when he exhibited it, That he invited the people there to, as it were to a sudden supper and short pittance, such as men use to bid themselves unto. And in no kind of sport or gaming represented unto them, was he more civil, familiar and better disposed to pass the time away: in so much as putting forth his left hand, he together with the common sort, would both by word of mouth tell, and with his fingers also number the pieces of gold as he tendered them unto the winners; and many a time by way of exhortation and entreaty provoke the people to mirth; 
* Or, my masters Dominos.  ever and anon calling them Sirs: yea, and between whiles intermingling bald, and far fetched jests. As for example, when the people called for one (a) 
* The name of a fen●…er.  PALUMBUS to play his prizes, He promised to let them have him, if he were once caughs. This also was but a simple plain jest although to good purpose and in season delivered: when he had by a special indulgence, granted unto a Champion who fought out of a British chariot, (for whom his four children made earnest suit and entreaty) That he should be freed from that profession of swordfight; and that with the great favour and liking of all men, he sent presently an admonition in writing: wherein he advertised the people, How much they should endeavour to get children, seeing, as they did, in what good st●…ed they served, and how they procured grace even unto a very sword-fenser. He represented also in Mars field a warlike show of the winning and sacking of a town: Likewise the yielding of the Princes of Britain; where he sat himself as precedent in his rich Coat-armour. When he was about to let out the water of the 
* Or Lake  mere: Ficinus▪ he exhibited in it a naval fight before: And as they who were to fight this battle, cried out unto him, Ave Imperator, etc. i All hail OH Emperor; They salute thee and wish thy life who are ready to dye: and he again made answer▪ 
* This Ve●…be (Avete) signifieth here, farewell or ad●…eu. But the soldiers construed it in the better sense for their own turns, (as they had used it before in saluting him) All hail ye also  Avete vos. After which word given, as if he had pardoned them this skirmish, there was not one of them would fight: he, sitting a good while in doubt and suspense with himself, whether he should destroy them all with fire and sword? at length leapt forth of his throne, and running to and fro about the circuit of the said lake (not without foul faltering of his legs under him) partly with threats, and in part by way of exhortation constrained them to skirmish. At this brave show, the Sicilian and Rhodian fleets encountered either of them consisting of 
* Duod●…narum. Some read undevicenats i, 19 and out of Dio, quinquagen●… 〈◊〉, i, 50  twelve galleys ruled with three ranks of oars a piece. To give the signal of battle, there was a 
* Resembling Neptunes Trumpeter.  Triton of Silver arising out of the mids of the lake by a fabric artificially devised, to sound the trumpet and set them together.  
22 Certain points about religious Ceremonies, touching the st●…e likewise of civil and military affairs, as also concerning all degrees of persons both at home and abroad▪ he either reform, or after long disuse forgotten, brought into practice again, or else instituted and ordained new. In the election and admission of Priests throughout their several Colleges, he nominated not one but he took his oath first. He observed also precisely that so often as there was an Earthquake in the City, the praetor for the time being should call a public assembly, of the people and proclaim certain holidays: Semblably, that upon the prodigious sight of an unlucky 
* Whether it were an Owl, or the bird named Incendiaria. See Plin, lib, 10, cap, 13, & 12.  foul in the Capitol, there should be held a solemn procession and supplication: wherein himself personally in the right of High▪ priest; after warning given unto the people from the Rostra, did read & pronounce a form of prayers & they say after him. But from this congregation he sequestered & removed the base multitude of mechanical labourers and slaves.  
23 The handling of causes and judicial pleading in Courts, divided before time into certain months for winter and summer, he conjoined altogether. The jurisdiction as touching feofments upon trust which was wont year by year, and only within the City to be committed unto the magistrates, he ordained to hold by patent for ever: and betook the charge thereof unto the rulers and governors also of state in every province. That 
* That a Woman under 50, years of age, should not be wedded to a man that was threescore.  branch annexed to the law PAPIA (a) POPPAEA, which emplyeth thus much, That men threescore years of age are disabled for generation, he 
* Edicto abrogavit.  altered by an 
* Granting. that men threescore years old▪ might marry women under fifty.  edict. He ordained that unto 
* Wards under age.  Pupils, the Consuls should extraordinarily appoint Tutors and Guardians. That they also who by the head-Magistrates were forbidden to make abode within any provinces, should be debarred likewise from the City of Rome and Italy. Himself confined some after a strange fashion and without any precedent, inhibiting them to departed above three miles from the City. When he was to treat of any great affair in the Curia, his manner was to sit in the Tribunes pew just in the midst between the Consul's chairs. As for 
* Licences to be absent a time from Rome.  passports which the Consuls were wont to be sued unto for, he would have the Citizens to be beholden unto himself only therefore, and to crave the same at his hands.  
24 The badges and ornaments belonging unto the Consuls he granted unto the 
* Who received 200000 sesterces for salary or might despend so much by the place  Ducenarie procurators and Seneschals of Provinces. From as many as refused the honourable dignity of Senators; he took away also the worship of the gentlemen's degree. The right to wear the 
*, i, The Senators rob studded with purple.  Laticlave, (although he promised at first not to choose any one Senator who could not reckon 4. lineal descents from a Citizen of Rome,) he allowed also to a libertines son: but with this condition, If he were adopted before by a Gentleman of Rome. And fearing for all that, lest he should be blamed, he proved and showed, That even APPIUS CAECUS the chief auncitour and Auctor of his own race, being Censor, elected and admitted into the Senate the sons of Libertines: ignorant as he was, that in the days of the said APPIUS, and in the times long after ensuing, those were called Libertines, not only who themselves were manumised and enfranchised, but such also, as were free borne of their progeny. The College of Questours, instead of paving the streets and high ways he enjoined to exhibit a game or show of sword-fensers▪ and in the am of the Provinces, Ostia and 
* Cisalpina which thereupon was called Provincia Quaesto ria.  gaul which he took from them he restored the charge of the public Treasure in the temple of Saturn; which office in the mean space 
* Fron Augustu days.  between, the Pretours for the time being, or those verily who had been Pretours before had borne. Unto SILANUS espoused and betrothed unto his daughter, before he was undergrowen and 14. years of age he granted triumphal ornaments: but of elder persons to so many, as there is an Epistle extant written in the common name of the Legions wherein they make petition, That unto the Consul's Lieutenants there might be granted together with the conduct of the army, the said triumphal honours: to the end that they should pick quarrels and seek occasions of war, they cared not how nor what way? Moreover to A. PLANTIUS he gave by a decree the petty triumph Ovatio: and as he entered so into the City himself met him upon the way: and both when he went into the Capitol & 
* Lat●…st exit. i. ●…evus ei 〈◊〉, he gave him the right hand, and went on his left fide, 〈◊〉 Eutropium  returned also from thence again, gave him the better hand. Unto GABINIUS SECUNDUS, who had vanquished the Cauci a nation in Germany, he permitted and gave leave to assume the surname CAUCIUS in his style.  
25 The horsemen's service and their places he ordered so by degrees, as that after the charge of a cohort, he granted the leading of a wing: and after the command thereof, the Tribuneship or regiment of a Legion: he ordained their stipends also: and a kind of imaginary warfare called Supra-Numerum (which they that were absent might execute) and in name or title only. By virtue of a decree that passed even from the Nobles themselves, he prohibited all soldiers professed, to enter into any Senators houses for to do their duty and salute them. Those Libertines who bore themselves for Roman gentlemen he caused to forfeit their goods and bodies to the state. Such of them as were unthankeful and of whom their patrons complained, he deprived of freedom and made them bound again: Yea and denied unto their advocates for to hear any plea and to sit in judgement against their own freed men. When some Masters there were, that put forth their sick & diseased slaves into the Isle of Aesculapius, for to avoid the tedious trouble of their cures at home, he made an act and ordained, That all such slaves should be free and not return again into 
Otherwise called T●…berina.  the hands of their Masters, in case they ever recovered: and if any Master chose to kill them outright, rather than thus to put them forth, they should be guilty of murder. He gave warning by an edict, that no wayfaring men should travail through any town in Italy, but either on foot or (a) borne in a chair, or else carried in a licter. In Puteoli and in Oslia he placed several cohorts, to put by all mischances of skarefires. He forbade all persons by condition aliens and foreigners, to take upon them Roman names; those I mean only that distinguished houses and families. As many of them as usurped the freedom of Rome-Citie he beheaded in the 
* Without the ga●…e Esquilina.  Esquiline field. The two provinces Achaia and Macedonia, which TIBERIUS (the Emperor) had appropriated to 
* And his successors.  himself, he yielded up again into the hands and dispose of the Senate. The Lycians he deprived of their freedom, by occasion of the mortal discord and variance among them. To the Rhodians, who repent for their old trespasses he restored their liberty which they had lost. He forgave all tributes to the Ilienses for ever, as to the first founders and stocke-fathers' of the Roman Nation: And to that purpose he read an old letter in Greek written unto K. SELEUCUS by the Senate and people of ROME: wherein they, promised to entertain amity and league with him upon this condition, that he would grant unto the Ilienses, their natural kinsfolk, immunity from all taxes and tributes. 
* This some think is to be understood of Christians whom we found in the Ecclesiastical writers to be misnamed by the Ethnic Infides●…, Chr●…sti an●…, like as Christ himself Christ●…, in ●…korne.  The (b) Jews who by the instigation of one CHRESTUS were evermore tumultuous, he banished ROME. The Ambassadors of the GERMANS he permitted to sit in the (c) Orchestra (with the Senators) being moved so to do at their simplicity and confident boldness for that being brought into the (d) Popularia and perceiving PARTHIANS and ARMENIANS sitting among the Senators, they of their own accord had removed and passed to that quarter: giving out these words withal, that their valour and condition of estate was nothing inferior to the others, The religion of the Dr●…idae among the Frenchmen, practising horrible and detestable cruelty and which under AUGUSTUS, Roman Citizens only were forbidden to profess and use, he quite put down and abolished. Contrariwise, the sacred rites and holy Caeremonies (of CERES) called Eleusima, he attempted to transfer out of the Territory Attica to ROME. The Temple likewise of VENUS (e) Erycine in Sicily, which in continuance of time was decayed and fallen down, he caused to be repaured and built again at the common charges of the people of ROME: He made Covenants and league with foreign Kings, by the compliments of kill a 
* 〈◊〉.  sow in the Forum, and using withal the sentence or preface that the 
* Or F●…ciais. See Livy Lib. 1  Heralds in old time pronounced: But both these affairs and others besides, the whole Empire also in a manner or a great part thereof he managed not so much after his own mind, as by the direction and will of his Wives and children: being verily affected and framed for the most part so, as stood either with their profit or good pleasure.  
26 When he was a very youth, he had espoused two maidens, namely AEMILIA LEPIDA niece to AUGUSTUS once removed, likewise LIVIA MEDULLINA, surnamed also CAMILLA, a Lady descended from the ancient house of Camillus the dictator. The former of these twain, because her parents had offended AUGUSTUS he cast off remaining as yet a Virgin: the latter, he lost by occasion of sickness, upon that very day which was appointed for the marriage. After this, he wedded these wives, to wit, PLAUTIA 
* O●… Vrg●…lanilla.  HERCULANILLA, whose father had triumphed; and not long after, AELIA PAETINA, whose father had been Consul. Both these he divorced. PAETINA upon light offences and small displeasures: marry, HERCULANILLA he put away for her filthy lust and whorish life; as also for suspicion of a murder. After these he took to wife VALERIA MESSALINA, the daughter of BAREATUS 
A, V, C, 801 ●…  MESSALLA his cousin german: whom when he found once, over and beside the rest of her abominable vices & dishonesties, to have been 
* Whi●…es she was Empress & wife to Cla●…dius.  wedded to C. SILIUS, and that with a dourie assured unto her and signed among the 
* The handf●…sterss or makers of the marriage.  Auspexes, he put to death. And in a speech that he made openly before his Praetorian Soldiers, avowed that because his marriages proved so bad, he resolved to remain unmarried and live a single life: and if he did not continued so for ever, he would not refuse to be stabbed by their very hands. Neither could he endure, but forthwith treat upon conditions of marriage even with PAETINA, whom long before he had put away: yea and with LOLLIA PAULINA wife some time to C. CAESAR. But through the enticing allurements of AGRIPPINA, the 
* His own ●…cipce  daughter of GERMANICUS his own brother what by the means of kissing courtesies, what by the opportunities of other dalliances, being drawn into love and fancy with her, at the next Session of Senate he suborned certain of purpose to opine and give advise, To compel him for to make her his Wife; as being a matter of right great consequence, and which most of all concerned the State: That other men also might be dispensed with and licensed to contract the like 
* With their brothers or sister's daughters  marriages which until that time were reputed incestuous. And so, himself stayed hardly one day between, before he dispatched the wedding: but none were found that followed the precedent, except one libertine & another who had been a principal Centurion in the foremost Cohort, at whose marriage even himself in person together with AGRIPPINA was present to do him credit and honour.  
27 Children he begat of 3. wives. By HERCULANILLA he had DRUSUS and CLAUDIA: By PAETINA he was father of ANTONIA: and MESSALINA bore unto him OCTAVIA and a son, whom first he named GERMANICUS and afterwards BRITANNICUS. As for DRUSUS, he lost him at 
* Pompeijs impubere●… amisit.  Pompeij, before he was 14. years of age by occasion that he was choked with a pear which in play and pastime being tossed aloft into the air, fell just into his mouth as he gaped wide for it: unto whom also but few days before, he had affianced in marriage the daughter of SEJANUS: which maketh me more to marvel that some have written, he was treacherously killed by SEJANUS, His (supposed) daughter CLAUDIA, who in deed was conceived by his freed man BOTER, although she was borne before the fifth month after the divorce, 
A▪ V▪ C: 773  and began to be nourced and reared, yet he commanded to be laid at her mother's door and stark naked to be cast forth. ANTONIA his daughter, he gave in marriage to CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS: afterwards to FAUSTUS SULLA ij right noble young Gentlemen: & OCTAVIA he bestowed upon NERO 
* Emperor after him.  his wife's son, notwithstanding she had been promised, & betrothed before unto SILANUS. His son BRITANNICUS, whom MESSALINA bore 
A: V: C▪ 806  unto him the twentieth day after he came to the Empire & in his second Consulship, being yet a very babe he recommended continually both to the Soldiers in open assembly, dandling him in his own hands, and also to the common people at the solemnities of games and plays, holding him either in his bosom or just before him, whiles the multitude with great acclamations, all good words and fortunate osses seconded him. Of his sons in Law who matched 
A: FIVE▪ C: 103  with his daughters, he adopted NERO: POMPEIUS and SILANUS he not only cast off and rejected but murdered also.  
28 Of all his freed men he esteemed especially POSIDES the 
* Or gelded man:  Eunuch, unto whom also in his triumph over Britain, among martial men and valiant Soldiers, he gave a spear 
* H●…sta pura d●… navit▪ For his great valour forsooth:  without an iron head: and no less account made he of 
* Of this Faeli●… mention is made in the Acts of the Apostles:  FAELIX: whom first he ordained captain over the Cohorts & Cornets of Horsemen, yea and ruler of the Province jury; the husband (a) of three Queens. As also of HARPOCRAS, unto whom he granted a privilege to be carried in a Litter through the City of Rome, and to set out (b) Games and Plays in public: And besides these, he affected with much respect POLY●…IUS the guide and director to him in his Studies, who oftentimes would walk cheek by jowl between the two Consuls. But above all these, he held in greatest esteem, NARCISSUS his Secretary or enditer of Epistles, and PALLAS the Keeper of his books of accounts▪ whom by virtue of a Decree also which went from the Senate, he suffered willingly to be not only rewarded with rich Fees, but also to be adorned with the Honours of Questure and Pretureship: likewise to get, to pill and poll by hook and crook so much, as that when himself complained upon a time how little treasure he had in his Coffers, one made answer unto him not absurdly, That he might have store enough and plenty, in case his two 
* Narcissus and Palias.  freed men would admit him to share with them.  
29 To these (freed men) and to his wives as I said before, being wholly addicted and enthralled, he bore himself not as an absolute Prince, but as their (a) Minister and Servitor. According as it was behoveful and commodious to any of these, or stood with their affection and pleasure, he granted honourable dignities, conferred the conducts of Armies, and awarded impunities and punishments: yea, and for the most part, I assure you when himself was altogether ignorant and witted not what he did. And not to reckon up particularly, every small thing, to wit, his liberalities and gifts revoked, his judgements reversed, his Patents & Write concerning the grants of Offices either foisted in or plainly altered and changed by them: he slew his brother (a) APPIUS SILANUS: the ij JULIE, the one daughter of 
* Consocerum: so called for that their children married together: & such with us, name one another brethren  DRUSUS, and the other of 
* The son of Tiberius.  GERMANICUS upon bore imputation of a crime, without any ground: not allowing them so much as lawful trial and liberty to pled in their own defence: likewise CN. POMPEIUS, husband to his elder daughter, and LUCIUS SILANUS espoused to the other, (and all through their suggestions and informations). Of which, POMPEIUS was stabbed even 
* who is called also Livilla. A, V, C 802.  as he lay in bed with a beloved youth and Catamite of his: SILANUS was forced to resign up his Pretureship four days before the Kalends of januarie, and to 
* Tacitus writeth, that he killed himself upon that day.  lose his life in the beginning of the year on the very wedding day of CLAUDIUS and AGRIPPINA. To the execution of 35 Senators, and above an hundred Roman Gentlemen so easily was he induced, as that, when the Centurion brought word back, as touching the death of one who had been Consul, saying, That the deed was done which he had commanded, he flatly denied, that he gave any such warrant. Nevertheless the thing he allowed: whiles his freed men aforesaid standing by, avouched, That the Soldiers had done their devoir, in that they ran willingly of their own heads to revenge their Emperor. For, it would be thought incredible if I should relate, How even for the very marriage of MESSALINA with the Adulterer SILIUS: his own self sealed the Write for assurance of the Dowry, being persuaded and brought thereunto, as though the said wedding was but colourably, of purpose pretended to avert forsooth and translate the danger, that by certain prodigies were portended to hung over his own head.  
30 Right personable he was, and carried a presence not without authority and majesty, whether he stood or sat; but especially when he was laid and took his repose. For, of stature he was tall, and nathlesse his body not lank and slender. His countenance lively, his grey hairs beautiful, which become him well, with a good fat and round neck under them. Howbeit, both as he went his hams being feeble failed him: and also whiles he was doing aught, were it remissly or in earnest, many things disgraced him: to wit, undecent laughter and unseemly anger, by reason, that he would froth and slaver at the mouth, and had evermore his nose dropping: Besides, his tongue stutted and stammered: his head likewise at all times, but especially if he did any thing were it never so little used to shake and tremble very much.  
31 Concerning his bodily health, as before time he used to be grievously sick, so being once Emperor exceeding healthful he was and stood clear of all diseases save only the pain of the (a) stomach▪ in a fit whereof he said, he thought to have killed himself.  
32 He made feasts, and those very great and ordinarily; yea, and in most open and large places, such as for the most part would receive six hundred guests at one sitting. He feasted also even upon the Sluice of the Lake Fucinus: what time he had like to have been drowned, when as the water let out with a forcible violence reflowed back again. At every supper his manner was to have also his own children, who together with other noble men's children as well boys as girls, should after the old manner sit and feed at the table's 
* Or at a Settle at the table's end:  feet. One of his guests, who was thought to have closely stolen away a cup of gold the day before, he reinvited against the morrow: and then he let before him a stone 
* Or earthen pot.  pot to drink in. It is reported moreover, that he meant to set forth an Edict, wherein he would give folk leave to break wind downward and let it go (a) even with a crack at the very board; having certain intelligence, that there was one who for manners and modesty sake, by holding it in, endangered his own life.  
33 For appetite to meat and drink his stomach served him passing well always, and in every place. Sitting upon a time judicially in AUGUSTUS Hall of justice, to hear and determine causes, and scenting there the steime of a dinner, that was a dressing and serving up for the Priests (a) Salijs in the temple of 
* Revenger, Situate near to the Hall: for distinction of another Temple, bearing that name, in the Capitol mount.  Mars next adjoining, he forsook the Tribunal, went up to the said Priests, and there sat down with them to meat. Lightly you should never have him go out of any dining room. but with his belly strutting out, well whittled also and drenched with wine: so, as straightways, whiles he laid him down along upon his back and took a sleep gaping, there was a feather put ordinarily into his mouth wide open for to discharge his stomach. He took very short sleeps: for commonly before midnight he awaked: yet so, as otherwhiles he would catch a nap in the day time, as he sat to minister justice: and scarcely could be awakened by the Advocates at the bar, who of purpose raised their voices and pleaded the louder. He was excessively given to the wanton love of women. As for the preposterous abuse of malekind, he was altogether unacquainted therewith. He played at dices most earnestly (concerning the Art and skill whereof, he published also a little book) being wont to ply that game even whiles he was carried up and down, having his Caroche and Dice-bourd so fitted, as there might be no confusion nor shuffling at all in play.  
That cruel he was and given to bloodshed naturally, appeared in great and 
34  very small matters. As for tortures used in examinations, and the punishments that (a) PARRICIDES suffered, he exhibited and exacted the same to be done without delay, and openly in his own presence. Being desirous upon a time to be hold an execution performed after the ancient manner at Tibur, when as, (the malefactors standing bound already to a stake), there wanted the butcherly executioner to do the feat; he stayed there still in the place, and waited until evening, for one that was sent for out of Rome. At all Sword fights, whether they were set forth by himself, or by others, he commanded as many of the Champions as chanced only but to stumble and fall therewith, to have their throats cut: especially the Fencers called 
* The adverse faction to the 〈◊〉 whom he favoured  Retiarij; and why! because forsooth he would see their faces as they lay gasping and yielding up their breath. It fortuned, that a couple of these fight at sharp wounded and ●…illed one another: Thereupon he commanded little knives to be mad●… of both their blades, for his own proper use. He took such pleasure in those that 
* Which combats were usually in the morning:  fought (b) with wild beasts, as also in the sword fights ordinarily about noon, that he would by break of day go down to the Theatre for to behold the one: and at noon disinisse the people to their dinners, and sit it out himself to see the other: yea, and besides those that were appointed to such combats, upon any slight and sudden occasion set some to fight for their lives, even out of the number of Carpentars', Servitors, & such like employed about these games: if happily any of those artificial (c) motions that go by vices, or a pageant 
* Or Pegma  in frame, or some such fabric proved not well. He fetched in also one of his own 
* Prompters of names.  Nomenclatours even in his gown as he went 
* With wild beasts or otherwise.  to fight for his life.  
35 But it passed, how timorous and diffident he was. At his first coming to the Empire; (how ever as we said before, he bragged and stood upon his civil and familiar behaviour) he durst not for certain days go to any feast, dinner or supper, without Pensionars standing about him with their spears and javelins, and his Soldiers waiting at the table: neither visited he any sick person, unless the bedchamber where the party lay, were first searched; the beds, bolsters, pillows, Coverlets and other clothes were groped, felt, and thoroughly shaken before hand. All the time after, he appointed evermore certain searchers for them all, that came to salute him, sparing not one; and such searchers as were most cruel. For, long it was first, and that with much ado, ere he granted that women, young boys in their embroidered coats, and maidens, should not be handled and felt in this manner: that any man's Attendants likewise or Clerks might not have their Pensheathes and Penknifecases (a) taken from them. In a civil commotion, when CAMILLUS, (making no doubt but that without any war at all he might be terrified) willed him in a contumelious, menacing, and malapert letter, to resign up the Empire, and to lead a quiet life in private estate, he called his Nobles and chief personages about him, to counsel, and put to question, whether it were best to harken unto him or no?  
36 At the headless report and flying news of some treason that should be practised against him, he was so affrighted, that he went about to lay down his Imperial dignity. By occasion, that one (as I related before) was taken with a weapon upon him, about his person as he sacrificed, in all hast he sent out the Bedels' and called the Senate together; before whom, with tears and loud outcries he bewailed his own piteous case, as who no where could make account of any safety: and thereupon for a long time forbore to come abroad. His affectionate love also to MESSALINA, most servant though it were he renounced and cast clean from her, not so much for any indignity of the dishonourable wrongs she offered unto him, as upon very fear of danger; as fully persuaded that she practised to bring the Empire into SILIUS the Adulterers hands. At which time in a great fright he fled in shameful manner to the camp, ask and inquiring all the way nothing else, but whether the Empire remained still safe to his behoof?  
37 There arose no suspicion, there came forth no Author so light and vain, but gave him a bone to gnaw upon, and put no small toys in his head: whereby he was forced to beware and seek revenge. One of those, that had a matter depending in Court before him, taking him a side, when he came by way of salutation to do his duty, avowed unto him, that he dreamt, How he was killed by one. Than within a while after, the same party, (as if he had now taken knowledge who that one was that should murder him) pointed unto his own adversary, even as he tendered a supplication unto CLAUDIUS; and said, This is he. Whereupon immediately apprehended he was, and haled to execution. After the semblable manner by report, came APPIUS SILANUS to his death. For, when MESSALINA and NARCISSUS had conspired to work his overthrow and final destruction, they complotted thus, that NARCISSUS betimes in a morning before day light rushed like a man amazed and astonished into the bedchamber of his Patron (CLAUDIUS) relating unto him his dream, namely that APPIUS had laid violent hands upon him: and MESSALINA for her part, composing and framing herself as if she wondered greatly thereat, reported, How she likewise had seen already the same vision for certain nights together. And not long after this, word came, (as it was before agreed between them) that APPIUS was coming to rush in among them: 
* Narcissas.  who in deed had been bidden the day before to be present at the same instant. Whereupon, as if the said dream had now proved true and been plainly represented in effect, order was given for APPIUS, to be indited, arraigned, and to suffer death. Neither doubted CLAUDIUS the morrow after to report the whole story and the order thereof unto the Senate: and withal to give thanks unto his 
* 〈◊〉 atque Iracundi●…. The man's is of this Author throughout his story ●…o set those points down first in a word, whereon he meaneth to stand, & then in order to particularise ●…ly upon them. By which method of his, it ●…reth in this place, that he meaneth by Ira, the mom●…tanie passion of anger, which we call heat & choler, soon up & as soon down, quickly kindled and as quickly quenched: by Iracundia, the habit of 〈◊〉 wrath conti●…uing still until reve●…ge be had: which we call malice and rancour. How soever our modern Lexiographers have in their Dictionaries put down the contrary.  freed man, for being so vigilant and watchful in his very sleep for his sake.  
38 Being privy to himself of passionate (a) anger & bearing malice, he excused them both in an Edict, distinctly promising that the one of them verily should be but short and harmless, the other not unjust nor causeless. Having sharply rebuked the men of Ostia, because they had not sent boats & barges to meet him as he came upon the river Tiberis: and that in such odious terms as these, That he was now become base and abject in their eyes: all on a sudden, he par doned them upon their submission & readiness to make satisfaction. Some there were, whom in the very open street he thrust from him with his own hand, coming unto him somewhat out of season. Semblably he confined and banished the Court a Scribe who had been Questour: a Senator likewise that had born the Pretureship both of them without their cause heard and altogether guiltless: for that the 
* The Scribe  one pleading in Court as an Advocate against him when he was a private person, had carried himself not so modestly as he should: & the Senator in his Aedileship had amerced & fined certain tenants of his dwelling upon his lands, for selling boiled meats contrary to the law expressly forbidding so to do: and withal whipped his bailiff coming 
* To intercede for them.  between (to intercede for them). For which cause also, he took from the Aediles their authority to punish the disorder of those that kept Taverns and victualling houses. But as touching his own foolishness, he concealed it not, but gave it out & protested in certain short orations, That he counterfeited himself a fool for the nonce during CAIUS days: because otherwise he should not have escaped, nor attained to that (imperial) place which he aimed at and was now entered upon. Howbeit, he could not make the world believe so much, until there was a book put forth within a short time after, entitled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ●…. The resurrection (or Exa●…tation) of fools. The argument and matter whereof was, (b) That no man 〈◊〉.  
Among otherthinges, men wondered at him for his oblivion and unaduisednesse, 
39  or (that I may express the same in Greek) his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, . i. his gross oversight or forgetfulness, and inconsiderate blindness. When MESSALINA was (by his own commandment) killed, within a while, after he was set in his dining parlour he asked why his 
* Or Mistress of the house, Domina, Grace, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Lady came not? Many of those whom he had condemned to death, the very morrow immediately after, he commanded to have warning both to sit in counsel with him, and also to bear him company at Diceplay: yea, and by a messenger chid & checked them as drowsy and slothful for staying so long and making no better haste. Being minded to take AGRIPPINA to wife against all law of God and man, he ceased not in all his speech to call her, His 
* And in deed he was her Uncle.  daughter and nourceling: to give out also, That she was borne and brought up in his bosom. Having a purpose to admit NERO into the very name of his own house & family, as if he had not incurred blame enough already for adopting (him) his wife's son, having a natural 
* Brita●…icus:  son of his own who was now of ripe years, he eftsoones divulged, That never any one had been by adoption inserted or incorporate into the family of the CLAUDII.  
He showed oftentimes so great negligence & carelessness what he said or did, 
40  that he was thought not to know nor consider, either who made any speech, or among whom, or at what time, and in what place? When there was some question and debate about Butchers & Vintnars, he cried out in the Senate house, Ibeseech 
* Rogo'vos, o●… I demand of you:  you, my Masters who is able to live without a little piece or morsel of flesh? and withal described the 
* Or excessive number:  abundance of the old Taverns (a), from whence himself also in times past was wont to be served with wine. As touching a certain Questour, who was a Candidate of his and by him recommended: among other reasons why he favoured him, he alleged this, Because his Father, quoth he, had quickly and in due time given him lying sick, cold water to drink. Having in the Senate brought in a woman to depose, This, quoth he, was my mother's freed woman, and she that kept her ornaments, and used to de●…k and dress her: But she always took me for her Patron. This have I, quoth he, delivered of purpose, because there be some yet in mine house, who think me not to be her Patron. Moreover, sitting upon the Tribunal, when he was in a great chafe, & the men of Ostia requested at his hands (I wots not what) in the name of their town; he cried out aloud, That he knew nothing wherefore he should oblige them unto him: And if any man else, quoth he, I also am free and at mine own liberty. As for these words of his which now I will relate, they were rife in his mouth daily, yea every hour & minute thereof. What dost thou take (b) me for THEOGONIUS and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉? beside many such foolish terms, not beseeming private persons, much less a Prince, otherwise not uneloquent nor unlearned: nay, rather one eagerly given to his book, and a great Student in the liberal Sciences.  
In his youth, he attempted to writ an History, exhorted thereto by TITUS' 
41  LIVIUS; and having the help beside of SULPITIUS FLAVUS. And when he put the same first to the trial & judgement of men in a frequent auditory, hardly & with much a▪ do he read it through, being often in the while coldly heard, by an occasion that himself gave. For, when, (as he began his reading) there was set up a laughter, by reason that many of the seats broke with the weight of a certain corpulent and fatswad, he was not able to hold, not not after the ●…umult appeased, but eftsoons ever and anon call to mind that accident and fall afresh to unmeasurable laughing. During his Empire likewise, he both wrote much and also rehearsed the same continually by his reader. The beginning of his foresaid history he took from the time presently ensuing the murder of CAESARDICTATOR: but he passed over to the latter days: and began again at the civil pacification: perceiving that it was not left in his power and liberty to writ of the occurrents in those former times, as who was often checked both by his 
* Antonia the Triumvirs daughter.  mother and also by his 
* Octavia the wife of Antonia of Livia 〈◊〉 sta herself.  grandam. Of the former argument he left behind him two volumes, of the later, fortie-one. He compiled of his own life eight books: a report not so wisely and discreetly put down, as otherwise elegantly penned: Item, an Apology or defence of CICERO against the books of ASINIUS GALLUS: a piece of work full enough of learning. He devised moreover three (a) new characters or letters in the (Latin) Alphabet, and put them to the number of the old as most necessary. And having published whiles he was yet a private person, concerning the reason of those letters, one book: soon after being Emperor he easily effected that they should be brought into use also indifferently with the rest. And verily such manner of writing with those characters is now extant to be seen in many books of records in journels, and titles or inscriptions of works.  
42 With no less diligence studied he the Greek disciplines, professing as any occasion was offered, his affectionate love to that tongue, and the excellency thereof. When a certain Barbarian discoursed in Greek and Latin, see you be skilful, quoth he, in both our languages; And in recommending ACHAIA unto the LL. of the Senate, he said it was a province that he affected well and delighted in, for the commerce and society of studies common to him and them: and many a time he answered their ambassadors in the Senate, with a long and continued oration (in Greek). But upon the Tribunal he used very much verses also out of HOMER. CERTES whensoever he had taken revenge of enemy or traitor, he lightly gave unto the Tribune over the Sentinels and guard of his person, calling unto him after the usual manner for a watchword, none other but this  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  

Resist, revenge with main and might.  
When one provokes thee first to fight.   
To conclude, in the end he wrote Greek histories also, to wit twenty books entitled 
* Of 〈◊〉 affairs.  Tyrrhenicoon, and 8. entitled 
* Of Carthaginian matter●… Called Claudi●….  Carchedoniacoon. In regard of which histories, unto the ancient school at Alexandria he adjoined another bearing his own * name: and ordained it was, that every year in the on of them his books Tyrrhenicoon; and in the other his Carchedoniacoon upon certain days appointed therefore should (as it were in a frequent Auditory) be read whole and through by several single readers in their turns.  
43 Toward the end of his life, he showed certain signs and those evident enough, that he repent both his marriage with AGRIPPINA, and the adoption also of NERO. For by occasion that his freedmen made mention and gave their commendation of a judicial proceeding of his, wherein he had condemned the day before, a Woman in the case of adultery, he avouched That the destinies likewise had so ordained, that all his 
* Matrimoni●…. or Wives like as Co●…gia pre coningibus.  marriages should be unchaste howbeit not unpunished: And soon after, meeting his son BRITANNICUS and embracing him harder and more closely than his manner was, grow apace quoth he, and take account of me for all that I have done. Using withal these Greek words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
* Or rather, Ho TROSAS, KAI JASETAI, i He that wounded will also heal. I that have done thee wróg will make amendss.  i. Love enforced me. And when he had fully purposed to give him being as then very young & of tender years his (a) Virile rob, seeing that his stature and growth would bear and permit it, he uttered these words moreover, To the end that the people of Rome may yet at last, have a true and Natural CAESAR.  
44 And not long after this he wrote his will and signed it with the seals of all the (a) head-magistrates: whereupon before that he could proceed any further, prevented he was and cut short by AGRIPPINA. Whom they also who were 
* Conscij: Some read Conscientia quoque even his own conscience.  privy to her and of her council, yet nevertheless informers, accused besides all this of many crimes. And verily it is agreed upon generally by all, that killed he was by poison: but (a) where it should be, and who gave it, there is some difference. Some writ, that as he sat at a feast in the (Capitol) Castle with the priests, it was presented unto him by HALOTUS the Eunuch his taster: others report that it was at a meal in his own house by AGRIPPINA herself, who had offered unto him a mushroom empoisoned; knowing that he was most greedy of such meats. Of those accidents also which ensued hereupon, the report is variable. Some say, that straight upon the receipt of the poison he become speechless, & continuing all night in dolorous torments, died a little before day. Others affirm, that at first he fell a sleep: and afterwards, as the meat flowed and floated aloft vomited all up, and so was followed again with a rank 
* Toxico,  poison. But whether the same were put into a mess of thick gruel, (considering he was of necessity to be refreshed with food being emptied in his stomach) or conveyed up by a clistre, as if being oovercharged with fullness and surfeit, he might be eased also by this kind of egestion and purgation, it is uncertain.  
45 His death was kept secret until all things were set in order about his successor. And therefore, both vows were made for him as if he had lyen sick still and also comical Actors were brought in place colourably to solace and delight him, as having a longing desire after such sports. He deceased three days before the Ideses of October, when ASINIUS MARCELLUS and ACILIUS AVIOLA were Consuls: in the 64th year of his age, and 14th of his Empire. His funerals were performed with a solemn pomp and procession of the Magistrates: and canonised he was a Saint in Heaven: Which honour forlet and abolished by NERO he recovered afterwards by the means of VESPASIAN.  
46 Especial tokens there were presaging & prognosticating his death: to wit the rising of an 
* The 13th. of October.  hairy star which they call a Comet: Also the * monumen●… of his father DEUSUS was blasted with lightning: and for that in the same year most of the (a) Magistrates of all sorts were dead. But himself seemeth not either to have been ignorant that his end drew near, or to have diffimuled so much: which may be gathered by some good arguments and demonstrations. For both in the ordination of Consuls he appointed none of them to continued longer than the month wherein he died: and also in the Senate, the very last time that ever he sat there, after a long and earnest exhortation of his children to concord, he humbly recommended the age of them both to the LL. of that honourable house: and in his last judicial Session upon the Tribunal once or twice he pronounced openly, That come he was now to the end of his mortality: notwithstanding they that heard him, grieved to hear such an Osse, and prayed the gods to avert the same.   

THE HISTORY OF Nero Claudius Caesar,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
OUT of the Domitian stock and name, there sprung two famous families, to wit, the calvini and the Aenobarbi: These Aenobarbi have for the first Author of their original, 
A, V, C, 536.  and surname likewise, L. DOMITIUS: whom, as he returned 
●… Castor and Pollux resembling two young men.  in times passed homeward out of the country, two young men twins, carrying with them a venerable presence and countenance more than ordinary, encountered, by report, and commanded to relate unto the Senate and People of Rome, news, of that victory whereof as yet they stood in doubt: and for the better assurance of their divine majesty struck his cheeks so, as that therewith they made the 
* 〈◊〉, i, Pilum, 〈◊〉  hair of black, 
* Or ruddy.  red, and like in colour to 
* Or Copper  brass. Which mark and badges continued also in his posterity; and most of them have such 
* Or ruddy.  read beards, Moreover, having borne seven Consulships, triumphed likewise and been Censors twice, & therewith been chosen into the rank of the Patritij, they remained 
A, V, C. 593 632 658 660 700 722 785 632 639 663  all in the same surname. Neither were they known by any other forenames than CNEUS & LUCIUS: & the same in variety worth the noting and observation: onewhile continuing either of the saydnames in three persons together: otherwhiles changing alternatively one after another in every descent. For, we have heard say, that the first, second and third of these Aenebarbi were forenamed LUCII: and again, the three next following them in order were CNEI. All the rest no otherwise then by turns one after another had their forenames, first LUCII and then CNEI. That many persons of this house descended should be known, I suppose it very pertinent and material: whereby it may the better appear, that NERO degenerated from the Virtues of his Ancestors so, as yet he carried away & resembled the vices of them all, as infused into him and inbred by nature.  
2 
* Atavus eius, his Grandfather 4, degrees of.  To fetch the beginning therefore, of this or discourse somewhat farther of his great Grandfather's Grandfather CN. DOMITIUS, being in his Tribunate much offended at the 
* High Priests.  Pontifies, for electing any other but himself into his father's place, transferred the right and power of subrogating priests in the room of those that were deceased, from their Colleges to the body of the 
A, V, C, 632  people. But in his Consulship having vanquished the Allobroges and the Arverni, he road through his 
* Gallia Narb●…nensis.  province mounted upon an Elephant, whiles the whole multitude of his soldiers attended upon him in a train after the manner 
A, V, C. 696  of a solemn triumph. This DOMITIUS it was, whom LICINIUS CRASSUS the orator in a certain declamation said, It was no mer●…aile he had a brazen beard whose face was made of Iron, and heart of lead. His son being praetor 
A, V, C. 700  was the man, who as 
* Iul, Caesar Dictator  CAESAR went out of his Consulship (which he was thought to have borne against the 
* Approbation of the gods  Auspicia and the laws) convented him before the Senate to be by them examined, tried and censured. Afterwards when he was Consul he attempted to fetch him back, Lord General as he was of an army, from his forces in Gaul: and being by the adverse 
* The Pompeians.  faction nominated his successor in that province, was in the beginning of the civil war taken prisoner before Corfininum: From whence being dismissed and set at liberty, after he had by his coming to the Massiltans' straightly beleaguered, much strengthened them, suddenly he forsook them: and in the end, at the battle of, Pharsalia lost his life; A man not very constant and resolute, but with all of a fell and savage nature. Being driven to utter despair, he was so much afraid of death, which for fear he had desired, that after a drawght of poison he repent the taking there of and cast it up again; yea and enfranchised his Physician, who wittingly and of purpose had so tempered it that it might do him no great harm. And what time as CN. POMPEIUS' put to question what should be done to those Neuters that stood indifferent and sticked to no part? He alone opined, That they were to be reckoned enemies & proceeded against accordingly  
3 He left behind him a son, worthy without question, to be preferred before all others of his name and li●…age. This man being among those that were privy to CAESAR'S death, and of that conspiracy, standing condemned (though guiltless) by the law 
* Which Q. Padius made against the mur derers of Caesar  Paedia, when he had betaken himself to CASSIUS and 
A, V, C. 720  BRUTUS' his near kinsfolk, after the end of them both, held still in his hand the fleet committed before time to his charge, yea and augmented the same: Neither yielded he it up to M. ANTONIUS before his own side was every where quite overthrown: which he then did of his own accord; and so, as that ANTONIUS took himself highly beholden unto him therefore. He only also of all those who by virtue of the like law stood condemned, being restored into his native country, went through the most honourable offices of state: Soon after likewise, when civil dissension was kindled again and renewed, being in quality of Lieutenant to the said ANTONY, what time the sovereign Empire was offered unto him by those who were ashamed of 
* The present state governed according to his will and pleasure.  CLEOPATRA, not daring to accept thereof nor yet to refuse it resolutely, by occasion of sudden sickness wherewith he was surprised, went and sided with AUGUSTUS, and within few days after departed this life: being himself also noted with some infamy: For, ANTONY gave it commonly forth, That for the love 
A, V, C, 723.  of one SERUILIA Nais whom he kept, he fled to AUGUSTUS side.  
4 From him came that DOMITIUS, who soon after had the name abroad to have been the 
* Dicis causa. i. by an imaginary bargain of sale to have bought them to the behoof & use of the heir  chapman of AUGUSTUS goods and substance left by his will and testament: a man no less renowned in his youth for good skill in ruling of Chariots & running with them a race, as afterwards for the triumphant ornaments achieved by the German war; but arrogant of spirit, wasteful in expense, and therewith cruel. When he was Aedile he forced L. PLANCUS that had been 
* Censorium, not Censorem.  Censor, to give him the way. Bearing the honourable offices of Preture and Consulate, he produced upon the stage to act a Comical and wanton Interlude, the gentlemen and dames of Rome. He exhibited baiting of wild beasts both in the cirque and also in every quarter of the City, yea and a show of swordfight: but with so great cruelty, that AUGUSTUS was compelled of necessity to restrain him by an edict, since that no secret warning nor admonition at his hands would prevail.  
5 Of ANTONIA the elder, he begat the father of NERO: an imp in all the parts of his life ungracious and detestable. For accompanying 
* Son of M. Agrippa and julia, adopted by 〈◊〉.  CAIUS CAESAR in his youth into the East-parts, where he killed a freedman of his own, because he refused to quaff as much as he was commanded, being discharged therefore out of the cohort of his friends, he led his life never a whit more mode stly: but both within a village standing upon the street Appia, suddenly put his horses to gallop, and not unwittingly road over a little child and trod him to death: and also at Rome in the midst of the Forum plucked a Roman gentleman's eye out of his head, for chiding him somewhat over boldly. So false and perfidious beside, that he defrauded not only the bankers and money changers of the prices of such commodities as they had bought up, but also when he was praetor put the runners with Chariots besides the prizes of their victories. For which pranks, reproved he was merrily even by his own sister (LEPIDA) and upon complaint made by the Masters of the four (a) factions he enacted, That from thenceforth ever after, the said prizes should be presently paid. Being accused likewise for 
* Morbo aqu●… inter cut is: that kind of drop●…y where in water runneth between the fell and the flesh all the body over, 〈◊〉 legm●…tias in Greek.  treason to the State and many adulteries, as also for incest committed with his sister LEPIDA a little before the decrease of TIBERIUS, yet escaped he the danger of Law by the alteration of the times, and died at Pyrgae of (b) the * Dropsy, when AGRIPPINA daughter ●…o GERMANICUS had brought him a son named NERO.  
6 This NERO was borne at Antium, nine months after that TIBERIUS departed this world, eighteen days before the Kalends of januarie, just as the Sun was newly risen, so as his beams 
* Or shone  light well near upon him before they could 
* Dio say 〈◊〉, he was compassed with the funne beams: and yet no sun appeared above the Horizon.  touch the earth. As touching his 
* Or 〈◊〉.  Horoscope, many men straightways gave many guesses and conjectures of fearful events. And even a very word that his father DOMITIUS spoke, was taken to be a presaging osse. For when his friends by way of gratulation wished him joy of his son new born: he said, That of himself and AGRIPPINA there could nothing come into the world but accursed, detestable and to the hurt of the weal public. Of the same future infortunity there appeared an evident sign upon his (a) naming day: For CAIUS CAESAR (CALIGULA) when his sister (AGRIPPINA) requested him to give the Infant what 
* Forename.  name he would, looking wistly upon CLAUDIUS his Uncle, (by whom afterwards being Emperor (the child) was adopted), said he gave him his name. Neither spoke he this in earnest, but merrily in board: and AGRIPPINA scorned and rejected it, for that as then, CLAUDIUS' went for a fool, and one of the laughing stocks of the Court. At three years of age he become fatherless: and being his father's heir but of one third part, yet could not he touch so much as that, full and whole, by reason of CAIUS his coheir who had seized upon and caught up beforehand all the goods▪ and for that his mother also was soon after confined and packed away, he being in manner destitute of all help and very needy, was fostered in his Aunt LEPIDAES' hous●… under two Paedagogues, a dancer and a Barber. But when CLAUDIUS was come once to the Empire, he not only recovered his 
* Father's goods  patrimony, but also was enriched by the inheritance of CRISPUS PASSIENUS his mother's husband, that fell unto him. And verily through the grace and power of his mother now called home again and restored to her estate, he flourisned & grew so great, that commonly it was bruited abroad, That MESSALINA the wife of CLAUDIUS sent some of purpose to take the opportunity of his noon sleep and so to 
* Her Son  smuddre and strangle him, as the only Concurrent of BRITANNICUS, and one that eclipsed the light of his glory. Now in the tale it went, beside▪ that the said parties took a fright at a Dragon issuing out of his pillow, whereupon they fled back and forsook the enterprise. Which fable arose upon this, That there was in deed found the 
* Or skin  slough of a serpent in his bed about the bo●…sterss. And yet, this slough he enclosed within a bracelet of gold (as his mother willed him) and wore it a good while after, upon his right arm: and at length, weary of any memorial and monument of his mothers fling it away: but in his extremity and despair of his estate sought for the same again, in vain.  
7 In his tender years, and whiles he was yet a boy of no full growth, he acted at the Circeian Games the warlike Troy fight most resolutely, with great favour and applause of the people. In the 
* Vndec●…mo: some read rather tertio et decimo, in the thirteenth:  eleventh year of his age adopted he was by CLAUDIUS & put to school unto ANNAEUS SENECA, even than a Senator, for to be trained up in good literature. The report goes, that SENECA, the next night following, dreamt as he lay in bed, That he was teaching 
* Caligula.  HUNDRED CAESAR: and shortly after NERO proved his dream true, bewraying the fell stomach and shrewd nature of the said Prince, by the first experiments that he could give thereof. For when his brother BRITANNICUS saluted him after he was once adopted, (as his wont manner was before) by the name of ANEOBARBUS, he went about to lay this imputation upon him before his Father, that he was some Changeling and no son of his as he was reputed. His Aunt LEPIDA likewise being in trouble, he deposed against, in the open face of the Court, thereby to gratify his mother her heavy friend, and who followed the suit hotly against her. Being honourably brought into the 
* Or Hall of justice  Forum, the day of his first plea and Commencement, he promised publicly for the people a congiary, and Donative for the Soldiers. Having proclaimed also a solemn 
* Or running at tilt.  justing, himself road before the Praetorian Soldiers bearing a shield in his own hand. After this, he solemnly gave thanks to his Father in the Senate. Before whom being then Consul, he made a Latin Oration in the behalf of the Bononians, and for the Rhodians and Inhabitants of Ilium, another in Greek. His first jurisdiction he began as (a) Provost of the City, during the celebration of the Latin holidays: What time the most famous Advocates and patrons in those days strove a vie, who could bring before him most 
* Or declarations.  accusations and 
* Drawn in large books:  longest; not (as the manner was) such as were ordinary and brief: the express commandment of CLAUDIUS forbidding the same, notwithstanding. Not long after, he took to wife OCTAVIA: and for the good health of CLAUDIUS, exhibited the Cirque Games and baiting of wild beasts.  
8 Being seventeen years old, so soon as it was known abroad that CLAUDIUS 
A. V, C▪ ●…07  was dead, he came forth to those (of the Praetorian Cohort) that kept watch and ward, between the sixth & the seventh 
* Between noon and one of the clock.  hour of the day: For by reason that the whole day beside was ominous and dismal, there was no time thereof thought more auspicate and convenient than it, to enter upon the Empire: and so before the Palace stairs being proclaimed and saluted Emperor, he was in a Licter brought to the 
* Praetorian.  Camp: and hastily from thence, after a short speech made unto the Soldiers, conveyed into the Curia. From whence he departed home in the evening▪ and of those exceeding and infinite honours which were heaped upon him, he refused only the Title in his style of Pater 
* Father of his Country.  Patriae, in regard of his young years.  
Beginning then with a glorious show of Piety and Kindness, at the Funerals 
9  of 
* The Emperor.  CLAUDIUS, which were most sumptuously performed, he praised him in an Oration and consecrated him a God. In the memorial of his own Father DOMITIUS, he did him right great honour. His mother he permitted to have the whole regiment of all matters as well public as private. The very first day also of his Empire, when the Tribune of the 
* Or corpse de guard.  Sentinels, asked of him a watchword, he gave unto him this Mot, Optima matter (my best mother) and afterwards many a time she accompanied him through the Streets, in his own Licter. He planted a Colony at Antium, enrolling therein the old Soldiers out of the Praetorian cohort, & joining with them (by translating their habitations) the richest Centurions who had been Leaders of the foremost bands: where also he made a 
* Or haven.  Pere, or most sumptuous piece of work.  
10 And to show a surer proof still of his towardness, after profession made to govern the Empire according to the prescript rule of AUGUSTUS, he omitted no occasion to show either bountifulness or clemency, not nor so much as to testify his gentleness and courtesy. Those tributes and taxes which were any thing heavy he either abolished quite or abated. The rewards due unto Informers as touching the Law Papia, he reduced to the fourth part only of the penalty. Having dealt among the people 
* Poppaea.  400 Sesterces for every poll: to as many Senators as were most nobly descended (howbeit decayed and weakened in their estates) he allowed yearly 
* 3 l. ●… SAINT▪ 6 d. starling, a Roman pound.  Salaries, & to some of them 
* Annuities  500000 Sesterces. Likewise for the Praetorian Cohorts he ordained an allowance of Corn monthly 
* Moore by a fourth part, than the State or worth of a Gentleman of Rome.  gratis. And whensoever he was put in mind to subscribe & set his hand to a warrant (as the manner is) for the execution of any person condemned to die, he would say, O, that I knew not one letter of the book. Many times he saluted all the Degrees of the City one after another, by rote & without 
* Without paying money.  book. When the Senate upon a time gave him thanks, he answered, (Do so) when I shall deserve. To his exercises in Mars field he admitted the Commons also, yea and declaimed often publicly before them. He rehearsed his own verses likewise, not only within house at home, but also in the Theatre: and that with so general a joy of as many as heard him; that for the said rehearsal, there was a solemn procession decreed: and some of his said verses written in golden letters were dedicated to JUPITER CAPITOLINUS.  
11 Many and sundry kinds of shows he set forth: to wit, the juvenal (a) sports, the Circeian Games, and the stage-plays: also a Sword fight. In the juvenal pastimes, he admitted old men even those of Consul's degree: aged women also and matrons to disport themselves. At the Circenses, he appointed places for the Gentlemen of Rome a part by themselves▪ where he put also to run a race for the prize chariots drawn with four Camels. In the Stage plays, (which being instituted for the eternising and perpetuity of his Empire he would have to be called Maximi), very many of both 
* Gentlemen and Senators.  degrees and sexes played their parts upon the Stage. A Roman Gentleman of very good note & especial mark, mounted upon an Elephant ran down a 
* Per Catadr●… mum, for there were Elephanti 〈◊〉, vide Galb ca●…. 6▪ ct Xiphilinum.  rope. There was brought upon the Stage to be acted the 
* Or Latin.  Roman Comedy of Afranius entitled Incendium: and granted it was unto the Actors therein to rifle all the goods and implements of the house as it burned, and to take the same as their own. Scattered also abroad there were for the people 
* Or gifts.  Missils, during the whole time of those Plays: to wit, a thousand birds every day of all kinds: Cates and viands manifold: Ticquets and Tallies for corn, apparel, gold, silver, precious stones, pearls, pictures upon tables: slaves, labouring garrons and beasts also tamed: last of all, ships, Isles, lands and possessions, according to their Tallies.  
These Games he beheld from the top of the 
* The fore●… stage.  Proscenium. At the Swordfight 
12  which he exhibited in the Amphitheatre built of Timber in one years space within the ward of Mars field he suffered not one man to be killed, not not so much as a guilty malefactor. Moreover, he brought into the Lists for to fight at sharp even 
* Quadringenoi, rather quadragenoi. i. 40 S●…ceniosque, rather Se●…genos. i: 60 according to 〈◊〉 Lipsi●…s.  400 Senators and 
* Or great fishes.  600 Gentlemen of Rome. Some of good wealth and reputation, out of the same degrees, he caused to come forth 
A. V, C, ●…10  into the Shewplace, for to kill wild beasts, and perform sundry services thereto belonging. He represented also a Naval fight upon salt water from the Sea, with a devise to have sea 
* Warlike.  beasts swimming therein. Semblably, certain Pyrrhic dances in armour, sorted out of the number of young Springals: And after their devoir done, he gave freely unto every one of them patents & grants to be enfranchised Citizens of Rome. 
* Or, among.  Between the arguments of these Pyrrhic dances, devised it was, that a Bull should leap (a) Pasiphae hidden within a frame of wood 
* To the likeness of that which was devised by Daedalus.  resembling an Heiffer, which was acted so lively, that many of the beholders believed verily it was so in deed. As for ICARUS, at the first attempt to fly, he fell presently down hard by 
* Of Nero.  his own (b) 
* Or pavilion.  Bedchamber so that he bespreint him with blood. For very seldom had he used to sit as Precedent at these Games: but his manner was, to behold them as he lay upon his 
* Or a pallet.  bed. First through little loop holes: but afterwards setting the whole gallery open from whence he looked. He was the first moreover that instituted at Rome, according to the Greek fashion, Quinquennall games of three kinds, to 
A▪ V, C, 813  wit, of Music and Poetry, of Gymnick masteries and of 
* Or Horse running.  Horsemanship: which Games he called Neronia. After he had dedicated the Baines, & a place therein for (c) Gymnick exercises, he allowed the oil that went thereto both for the Senate and also for the Gentlemen. He ordained Masters and Warden●… of all this Solemnity, especial persons of Consular degree, chosen by lot to sit as overseers in the 
* Where they were wont to fit as Precedents at other games and plays.  place of Pretours, and then came down himself into the 
* In Orchestram, Sen●…tumque aliter, p●… Orchestra ni●… scenam, by the Orchestra to the very stage.  Orchestra and the Senators quarter. And verily the victorious coronet for the Latin tongue, both in prose and verse, about which the best and most worshipful persons had contended, when it was granted unto him with their own consents he received: and the harp presented unto him by the judges he adored, and commanded that it should be carried to the Statue of AUGUSTUS. At the Gymnick Games which he exhibited in the Septa, during the solemn preparation of the great Sacrifice (d) Buthysia, he cut off the first beard that he had, which he bestowed within a golden box, adorned it with most precious pearls and then consecrated it in 
* To jupiter Capitolinus:  the Capitol. To the show of wrestlers and other Champions he called also the vestal (e) virgins, because at Olympia the priestresses likewise of Ceres, are allowed to see the Games there.  
13 I may by good reason, among other Shows by him exhibited, reckon also 
A, V, C. 819  the entrance into Rome City, of TIRIDATES: whom being King of Armenia he had solicited by large promises. Now, when he meant to show him unto the people upon a set day appointed by an Edict, and was driven to put it off, (the weather was so cloudy) he brought him forth before them to be seen 
●… Or Market place.  upon the best and most opportune day that he could find; having bestowed about the temples situate in the Forum, cohorts of Soldiers armed, and sitting himself upon his ivory curule chair of Estate before the Rostra in triumphal habit, among the military Ensigns, banners, guidons and streamers. And as the King came up toward him by the ascent of the steep pulpit, he admitted him first to his knees; and then raising up with his right hand kissed him: afterwards as he was making his prayer unto him, having taken off his Tiara, he did 
* Resembling a cap of maintenance, or as some think, a Turkish tuff●… or Turba●….  the diadem on. While one who had been praetor, pronounced unto the multitude the Suppliants words, as they were by an Interpretou●… delivered unto him. Being brought after this into the Theatre & making supplication again, he placed him on his right side next to himself. For which, he was with one accord saluted Emperor▪ and so bringing with him the Laurel branch into the Capitol, he shut both doors of double faced JANUS, temple, 
* Which he had laid off again as it should seem, like as when he was vanquished by Corbito, he laid down before the Image of Nero:  as if no relics of war remained behind.  
14 Four Consulships he bore: the first for two months: the second & last for 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 residuo bello.  three: the third for four. The middle twain he continued without any intermission: the rest he varied with a years space between. 
A▪ V, C▪ 808 810 811 813   
15 In his ordinary jurisdiction, he lightly gave no answer to the Proctors before the day following, & that was by writing. In extraordinary Commissions and trials this course he held, namely to decide every cause by itself one after another upon certain days of the Session; and to surcease quite the huddling up and debatements of matters one in the neck of another: So often as he went aside to consult, he did deliberate and ask advice of nothing either in common or openly: but reading secretly to himself the opinions written by every counsellor; what liked his own self, that pronounced he, as if many more thought well of the same. For a long time he admitted not the sons of Libertines into the Curia: and to those that were admitted by the Emperors his predecessors he denied all honourable Offices. If there sued for Magistracies more than could speed, or were places voided; to comfort their hearts again for delaying & making them to stay longer, he gave unto them the conduct of Legions. He granted for the most part all Consulships for six months term. And if one of the two Consuls happened to die 
* Somewhat before.  about the Kalends of januarie, he substituted none in his steed: as misliking altogether the old precedent of CANNIUS REBILUS, who was Consul but 
* Or rather, one piece of a day: See julius Caesar cap. 76  one day. Triumphal ornaments he gave even unto those that had borne Questours dignity only: yea & to some of the gentlemen's degree; and verily not always for any 
* Or upon occasion of war.  military service. His Orations 
* Which else where be called Epistles.  sent into the Senate concerning certain matters, he caused for the most part to be read and rehearsed by the Consuls, passing by the Questours 
* Unto whom properly it appertained.  Office.  
16 He devised a new form of the City buildings: and namely, that before the 
* A●…e's Insulas.  Aedifices standing by themselves, and other houses, likewise there should be 
* Fo●…egateses, or Gatehouses.  Porches. From the Solars whereof, all Skarefires might be put by and 
* Fron the front of such Aedifices.  and repelled▪ and those he 
* Or promised rather to build.  built at his own charges. He had an intention once to set out and enlarge the walls of Rome, even as far as to Ostia; and from thence by a Fosse to let the 
* To bring an an arm of it thither.  Sea into old Rome. Many matters under him were both severely punished and also restrained, yea and likewise newly ordained. Expenses 
* I●… costly and excessive fare at the table.  in his days had a gage and stint set upon them. The (●…) public suppers were brought down to small Collations. Forbidden it was that any thing 
* Ne quid coct●….  sodden, but only pulse, and 
* As Potherbe  words should be sold in Taverns and Cooks houses; where as before time, there was no manner of viands but it was set out to sale. The Christians, a kind of men given to a new, wicked and mischievous Superstition, were put to death with grievous torments. The sports of Chariotiers, wherein by an old and licentious custom they had been allowed to range up and down, to beguile folk, to pilfer and steal in merriment, were prohibited. The (b) factions of the 
* Cun●…ing Actors, playing all parts, and resembling all gestures.  Pantomimi together with the Actors themselves were banished and sent away.  
17 Against forgers of writings, than first came up this invention that no books or instruments should be signed unless they were bored and had a thread three times drawn through the holes. Provided it was, That in Wills the two 
* Or uppermost.  first 
* Or ce●…ed tables.  parts thereof should be showed as blanks, unto those that came to seal the same: having the testators name only written therein. Item, that no Clerk or Notary, who was to draw and writ another man's will, should put down any Legacy for himself. Item, that they who had suits depending in Court, should pay the certain, due fee set down by Law, for pleading of their causes: but for (a) the 
* Pues or seats, some expound this of the judges B●…nch, as if their sentences should not be bought & sold.  Benches nothing, considering the Chamber of the City allowed the same gratis and to be free: Item, that in the pleading & deciding of controversies all causes debated afore time before the Masters of the Exchequer or City Chamber should be removed unto the Common 
* Or Pleas.  Hall, to be tried before the Commissioners and Delegates called Recuperatores: Finally, that all appeals from the judges should be made unto the Senate.  
18 Having no will, no motion, nor hope at any time, to propagate and enlarge the Empire, he thought once to have withdrawn the forces even out of Britain: neither gave he over that intent of his, but only for very shame; lest he might be thought to deprave the glory of his Father (CLAUDIUS'). Only the realm of Pontus with the leave of POLEMON (a), as also the Kingdom of the Alps, by the death of King COTTIUS he reduced into the form of a Province.  
19 Two voyages and no more he undertook, the one to Alexandria, the other into Achaia. But his journey to Alexandria he gave over the very day of his setting forth▪ by occasion that he was disquieted at once, both with a religious scruple and also with some peril. For when he had go in procession about all the temples, & sitten down within the Chapel of Vesta, as he was rising up, first the 
* jag▪ welt or fringes.  hem or edge of his Gown stuck to the seat: and after this, arose so dark a mist before his eyes, that uneth he could see & look about him. In Achaia he attempted to dig through (a) Isthmus, and in a frequent assembly made a speech unto the Praetorian Soldiers; exhorting them to begin the work: and having given the signal by sound of trumpet, himself first broke up the ground with a 
* 〈◊〉▪ ligane, the same that D●…ella in Greek with a do●…en bit. This by some Writers, was of gold.  little spade: and when he had cast up the earth, carried it forth upon his own shoulders in a scuttle: He prepared also an expedition to the Caspian-gates: for which he enrolled a ●…newe Legion of Italian young Soldiers 
* Senum pedum, some read seni●… milli●…m 〈◊〉: 〈◊〉 of 6 thousand footmen.  six foot high. This Legion he called the Phalanx or Squadron of ALEXANDER the Great: These particulars premised, partly deserving no blame, and in part worthy even of no mean praise, have I collected together, that I might sever and distinguish them from his villainies and wicked acts, whereof from hence forward I will make report.  
20 Among other arts & sciences, being in his childhood trained up in the skill also of music: no sooner attained he to the Empire, but he sent for TERPNUS the harper, renowned in those days for his cunning above all other. Sitting by him as he played & sung, day by day after supper until it was far in the night, himself likewise by little and little began to practise and exercise the same: yea and not to let pass any means, that expert professors in that kind were wont to do, either for preserving or the bettering and fortifying of their voices: even to wear before him upon his breast a thin plate or sheet of lead: to purge by clystre & vomit: to abstain from apples and fruit, with all such meats as were hurtful to the voice: so long, until his proceed still drawing him on, (a small and 
* Or hoarse.  rusty voice though he had) he desired to come forth and show himself upon the open stage, having among his familiar companions this greek proverb evermore in his mouth, (a) That hidden music was naught worth. The first time that he mounted the stage was at Naples, where he gave not over singing, (albeit the Theatre was shaken & ready to fall by a sudden earthquake) before he had finished the song begun. In the same place he chanted often & many days together. Moreover, after some short time between taken to repair his voice (as one impatient of keeping within house) from the baines 
* At Naples.  there he passed directly to the Theatre: and having in the midst of the Orchestra before a frequent multitude of people feasted and banqueted, made promise in the Greek tongue, that if he had stippled a little and wet his whistle, he would ring out some note more fully and with a stronger breast. Now, being much delighted with the 
* i Ditties.  Alexandrines' praises in 
* Tuned and composed to the rules and measures of Music, in the praise of him, by the merchants of Alexandria See cap. 98, August.  pricked song, who newly in a second (b) voyage had with their fleet conflowed to Naples, he sent for more of them out of Alexandria. And never the later he chose from all parts youths of gentlemen's degree, and not so few as 5000 of the lustiest and strongest young men out of the commons, who being sorted into 
* Or crews.  factions should learn certain kind of shouts and applauses, which they termed (c) Bombos (a) Imbrices (e) and Testas: also that deft and trim boys, such as had the 
* Pinguissi●… co●….  (f) thickest bush of hair upon their heads, and were set out in most excellent apparel, and not without a ring on their left hands, should give their attendance upon him as he sung. The cheiftaines & leaders of these had for their stipend 
* Necsine 〈◊〉 laevis or, cleane-contrarie, a●… 〈◊〉 an●…lo leves, i. wearing no wang●… at all.  400000. sesterces.  
21 Esteeming so highly as he did of singing, he solemnized at Rome also again the foresaid games called Neroneum before the day and 
* A Knights living.  time by order appointed. And when all the people called upon him for his (a) celestial voice, he made answer. That he verily would do them that pleasure (being so willing and desirous as 
* Every fifth years.  they were to hear him): but it should be in his Hortyards. howbeit, when the corpse deguarde of the (Praetorian) soldiers which at that time kept watch and ward seconded the prayers of the common people, willingly he promised to fulfil their minds out of hand in the very place; and without any farther delay caused his own name to be written in the roll of other professed minstrels and fingers to the harp. Thus having put his lot into the pitcher with the rest, he entered the stage when his turn came: and withal the Captains of the Guard supporting his harp after them the 
* Or Colonels.  tribunes military, and close unto them his most inward friends and Minions. Now when he had taken up his standing, and ended his Proem, he gave public notice and pronounced by the voice of CLUVIUS RUFUS, (no meaner man than of Consul's degree) that he would sing and act the story of 
* Wife of Amph●…on King of Thebes who priding herself in her fair issewe●… sons and as many daughters durst compare with Latona, the mother of Apollo & Diana but she with her arrows killed them all, & turned her into a stone.  NIOBE: and so continued he well near unto the tenth 
* Four of the clock after noon.  hour of the day: which done he differred the Music Coronet due for the present victory, together with the residue of that gaming unto the next year following; and all because he might have occasion oftener to chant. But bethinking himself that the time was long, he ceased not to come ever and anon abroad to show his skill in open place. He stuck not also in 
* Of other magistrates, who in respect of the Prince are accounted private.  private shows and games to do his devoir, even among common Actors and Stage players: and namely, when one of the 
* Larcius, Lydus Xiphilin.  Pretours made offer of a milian of Sesterces. He sung moreover, disguised, Tragaedies of the worthies and gods: of noble Ladies likewise in old time and of goddesses, having their vizards framed & made to the likeness of his own face & of some woman whom he loved. Among the rest he chanced the tale of CANACE (b) travailing in chila-birth: of (c) Orestes who killed his own Mother: (d) of OEDIPUS that plucked out his own eyes, and of HERCULES (e) enraged. In the acting of which Tragedy, the report goes, that a 
* Or Masques.  novice placed to keep & guard the entry of the stage, seeing him dressed and bound with chains (as the argument 
* Or young untrained soul dyer's.  of the said Tragedy required) ran in a good to help him.  
22 Exceedingly given he was of a boy to delight in horsemanship, and with the love of charioting mightily inflamed: and very much would he be talking (forbidden though he were) of the Circeian games. And one time as he was making moan, and bewailing among his skoole-fellowes, the hard fortune of a chariot driver one of the greene-coate faction, 
* Or sore wounded & bruised with the wheels running over him. See, P●…in, ●…at, Hist, lib, 28 cap, 17  drawn and dragged by his steeds, being chidden therefore by his schoolmaster, he had a lie ready, and said that he spoke of 
* Who was likewise, Raptarus B●…gis as Virg●…l writeth.  HECTOR. But, as about his first entrance to the Empire, his custom was daily to play upon a chess-bourd with ivory 
* Or Chariots, to express those games Circe●…seses  horses drawing in chariots, so he used to resort also 
* Secrss●…, or by way of retiring and recreation.  from his retiring place of pleasure, to all the Circeian games even the very lest and meanest of them. First by stealth and privily: afterwards in open sight; so as no man made doubt, but at such a day he would be sure always there to be. Neither dissimuled he that he was willing to augment the number of the prizes. And therefore the show of Chariot running was drawn out in length and held until late in the evening, by occasion of many more courses than ordinary: so as now the Masters of every faction deigned not to bring forth their 
* Greges either agi●…atorum i. of chariot drivers: or equ●…rum quadrigarioris, i. of steeds both to one effect.  crews and companies unless they might run the 
* Which was their greater gain.  whole day through. Soon after himself also would needs make one and be seen oftentimes to play the Chariotier. And when he had tried what he could do, and performed, as it were, his first Acts in (private) hortyardes among very slaves and the base commons, he proceeded to show himself in the greatest Cirque in all Man's eyes, appointing one of his freedmen to put out a (white) towel for a signal, from the place where Magistrates are wont to do it. But not content with this, that he had given good proof of his progress in these feats at ROME, he goes, as I said before, into ACHAIA, moved especially upon this occasion. Those Cities and states where solemn gamings of music are usually held, had brought up a custom to send all the Coronets of harpe-players unto him. This he accepted so kindly, that he not only admitted at the very first to his presence the Ambassadors who brought the same, but also placed them among his familiar guests at the table. And being requested by some of them to sing at supper time; and highly praised with excessive applause, he came out with this speech That Grecians were the only skilful Hearers, and the men alone worthy of his studies. Neither made he any longer stay, but took his voyage: and no sooner was he passed over the sea to 
* A town in Corcyra.  Cassiope, but presently he began to sing at the altar there, of JUPITER CASIUS.  
23 After this, he went to all the games of prize, one after another▪ For even those that usually are celebrated at most remote and distant times he commanded to be reduced all into 
* Wherein he●… thither came  one year, and some of them also to be 
* Solemnized twice in the same year.  iterated. At Olympia likewise he caused, (contrary to the manner and custom of that place) a game of music to be held. And lest whiles he was busied about these matters, any thing might either call him away or detain him: when he was advertised by his freedman HELIUS, that the City affairs required his presence, he wrote back unto him in these words. Albeit your council to me at this present and your willing desire is, that I should return with all speed, yet aught you to advise me and wish rather, that I may return worthy myself, that is to say, NERO. All the while he was singing, Lawful it was not for any person to departed out of the Theatre, were the cause never so necessary. Whereupon reported it is, that some great bellied women falling into travail were delivered upon the very skaffolds: yea and many men beside, weary of tedious hearing and praising him, when the town gates were shut, either by stealth leapt down from the walls, or counterfeiting themselves dead were carried forth as corpses to be buried. But how timorously, with what thought and anguish of mind, with what emulation of his concurrents and fear of the Umpires, he strove for the Mastery; it is almost incredible. His manner was to deal with his adversaries, as if they had been but his aequals and of the same condition with him, in this sort: namely, to observe, watch and mark their behaviours; to lie in the wind for to catch advantage: to defame them under hand, other while to rail at them & given them hard terms as they came in his way: yea and to corrupt with 
* Thereby to make them telent and not to do their best.  bribes and gifts such as excelled in skill and cunning. As for the JUDGES and UMPIRES aforesaid, he would speak unto them in all reverence before he begun to sing, using these terms. That he had ●…one whatsoever was to be done: Howbeit, the issue and event was in the hand of For●…une: They therefore, as they were wisemen and learned aught to except and bar all chances and mishaps. Now upon their exhortations unto him for to behold and venturous, he would indeed go away from them better appaied, but yet for all that, not without pensive care and trouble of mind, finding fault also with the silence and bashful modesty of some as if the same argued their discontented heaviness and malicious repining, saying withal. That he had them in suspicion.  
24 During the time that he strove for to win any prize, so strictely obeyed he the laws of the game, that he never durst once spit and reach up phlegm: and the very sweat of his forehead he wiped away with his 
* Or slecue & not with any handkerchief  arm only. Moreover in the 
* Cha●…ting.  acting of a Tragedy, when he had quickly taken up his staff (a) again, which he happened to let fall, being much dismayed and in great fear, lest for that delinquency he should be put from the stage: by no means took he heart again, until an under actor or prompter standing by swore an oath that it was not espied and marked for the shouts and acclamations of the people beneath. Now, whensoever he won the victory, he used to pronounce himself victor. For which cause, he contended also in every place for the 
* Due to him that had the loudest voice.  Criers coronet. And to the end, there should remain extant no memorial or token of any other victors (c) in these sacred games beside himself, he commanded all their statues, and images to be overthrown, drawn with a drag and so slung into sinks and privies. Furthermore, he ran with chariots for the best game in many places, and at the Olympic solemnities with one that had a team of ten steeds, notwithstanding he reproved the very same in K. MITHRIDATES as appeared by certain verses of his own making. But being once shaken and hoist out of his Chariot and set therein again, how be it not able to hold out, he desisted and gave over, before he had run the race through. Yet was he crowned nevertheless. After this, at his departure from thence, he enfranchised the whole Province throughout: and withal, the judges of these Games he endowed with the freedom of Rome, and rewarded with great sums of money. Which benefits of his himself published with his own voice from the middle of the race, upon a day of the Isthmian games.  
25 Being returned out of Greece he entered Naples; mounted upon a Chariot drawn with white horses: For that, in the said City he had made profession first of his skill, in (music) and a part of the wall was cast down against his coming, (as the manner is of all victors in those sacred games). Semblably road he into ANTIUM, and from thence into ALBANUM and so forward into ROME. But he entered ROME in the very same Chariot, wherein sometime AUGUSTUS had road in triumph, clad in a 
* Or mantel.  purple cloak, and the same garnished with stars embroidered in gold: wearing upon his head the 
* Made of the wild Olive branches.  Olympic Coronet, and bearing in his right hand the 
* Of Laurel.  Pythisk: with a pomp and gallant show of the 
* Isthmian, of Pine & Neme an of smallach or persley.  rest before him, together with their titles and inscriptions testifying, where? and whom? in what kind of song or fabulous argment, he had won: not without a train also of (a) Applauders following his Chariot, after the manner of those that ride ovant in petty Triumph setting up a note, and crying with a loud voice, That they were AUGUSTIANS, and the soldiers of his triumph: From thence he road forward, and having thrown down the Arch of the greatest Cirque, he passed on through the Velabrum & market place, up to the Palatium and so to the temple of APOLLO. To do him honour all the way as he went, were beasts killed for sacrifice, and saffron eftsoons strewed along the streets. Birds were let fly, ribbons also and tabels yea and sweet banqueting junkets cast among. As for the sacred Coronets and guirlands aforesaid. He bestowed them in his own bedchamber round about his beds: likewise his own statues portrayed in the habit of an 
* Or Minstre●…  harper, and with that mark stamped he his money. And after all this, (so far was he from letting slack and remitting one joce his ardent study of his music profession) that for the presentation of his voice he would never make speech unto his soldiers, 
* ●…. Per Nun●… by messengers sent betweenet  but absent: or having 
* when himself was present,  another to pronounce his words for him; nor yet do aught in earnest or mirth without his 
* A moder●…tour of his voice.  Phonascus by, to put him in mind for to spare his pipes and hold his handkerchief to his mouth: and to many a man he either offered friendship, or denounced enmity, according as every one praised him more or less.  
26 His unruly wildness, unbridled lust, wasteful riotousness, avarice and cruelty, he practised verily at first, by leisure closely, as the tricks of youthful folly: yet so, as even then no man might doubt, that they were the inbred vices of nature, and not the errors of young age. Not sooner was it twilight & the evening shut in but presently he would catch up a cap (a) on his head, and so disguised, 
* Or hood.  go into taverns and victualling houses: walk the streets playing and sporting all the way, but yet not without shrewd turns and doing mischief. For he used to fall upon those that came late from supper and knock them sound: yea and (if they struggled with him and made resistance,) to wound and drown them in the sinks and town ditches to break into petty shops also, and rifle them: For he had set up in his house at home a 
* Or market.  (b) fair, there to receive the price of the booty which he had gotten, and was to be sold to who would give most and bid best therefore. But many a time at such brawls and skuffling aforesaid, he endangered his eyes, yea and his life too; being once beaten well near to death by a certain young (c) gentleman of Senators degree, whose wife he had misused with unclean handling. Whereupon, never after durst he go abroad into the streets at that hour of the night, without his military Tribunes following after him aloof and secretly. In the day time also, being carried close in 
* Or Licter.  a chair into the Theatre, he would be present in person, and from the upper 
* Or lost.  part of the 
* The forestage  Proscaenium both give a signal to the seditious factions of players (setting them together by the ears) and also behold them how they bickered. Now when they were come once to plain fight skirmishing with stones and fragments of broken seats, skaffolds, himself stuck not to fling apace 
* Or among.  at the people in so much as once he broke the pretours head.  
27 But as his vices grew by little and little to get head, he laid aside these wild tricks by way of sport and in secret: and without all care of concealing and dissimuling the matter, broke out openly to greater outrages. His moles (a) he drew out at length: eating and drinking from noon to midnight, dowssed and fomented oftentimes in cisterns of hot waters, and in summer season within baths altered and made cold with snow. His suppers he took diverse times abroad also in public place, to wit, in the 
* A broad place, wherein a Naval fight had somt●…ime been exhibited but then filled up, yet it carried the former name still.  Naumachia shut up and enclosed; or in Mars field; or else in the greatest cirque: where he was served and attended upon by all the common Queans of the City, and stinking (b) strumpets of the stews. So often as he went down the River Tiberis to OSTIA, or sailed a long the Baian 
* Or Bay.  creak, there were provided in diverse places of the strand and banks, booths to bait in, conspicuous brothel houses and taverns; where stood married dames after the manner of (e) hostesses and victualling wives calling unto him; some here, some there on both sides of the banks, entreating him to land and turn in to them. His manner was also to give warning unto his familiar friends, and bid himself to supper: and one of them it cost in sweet meats. 4. 
* Quadr●…gieses, HS.  (e) millians of sesterces: and another a good deal more in rose water (e) and odoriferous oils or perfumes of Roses from Syrtium.  
28 Over and beside the unnatural abusing of boys freeborn; and the keeping of men's wives as his concubines, he forced also and deflowered RUBRIA, a vestal Virgin. ACT a freed woman he went very near to have 
* Which had been a great disparagement  wedded as his lawful wife: suborning certain men who had been Consuls, to avouch and forswear. That she was of Royal blood descended. A boy there was named (a) SPORUS, whose Genitories he cut out, & assayed thereby to transform him into the nature of a woman. Him he caused to be brought unto him as a bride, with a dowry, in a fine (yellow) ve●…le, after the solemn manner of marriage: not without a frequent and goodly train attending upon him: Whom he maintained as his wife. Hereupon there goes abroad a pretty conceited jest of a pleasant fellow. That it might have been well and happy with the World, if his father DOMITIUS had wedded such a Wife. This SPORUS trimly set out with the jewels, decked with the ornaments of the Empresses, and carried in a licter, he accompanied all about the shire-townes of great resort and market burroughes of Greece: yea and afterwards at Rome, up and down the street Sigillaria, many a time sweetly kissing him by the way. For, that he had a lust to lie with his own mother, and was frighted from it by some depraving backefriendes of hers; for fear, lest the proud and insolent dame might by this kind of favour grow too mighty, no man ever made doubt: especially after that he entertained among his Concubines an harlot, most like in all points (by re-report) unto AGRIPPINA. It is affirmed moreover, that in times past, so often as he road in a licter together with his mother, he played the filthy wanton, and was bewrayed by the marks and spots appearing upon her vesture.  
29 As for his own body, CERTES, he forfeited the honour thereof, prostituting it to be abused so farforth, as having defiled in manner all the parts of it, at the last, he devised a kind (as it were) of sport and game: that being covered all over in a wild beasts skin, he should be let lose forth of a 
* Or grate.  cage and then give the assault upon the privities of men and women both as they stood tied fast to a stake: and when he had showed his rage to the full, be killed, forsooth by (a) DORIPHORUS his freed man, unto whom himself also was wedded 
I wish that both S●…tonius and D●…o had in this place and such like been altogether silent.  like as SPORUS unto him: insomuch as he counterfeited the noise and cries of maidens, when they be forced and suffer devirgination. I have heard of diverse, that he was fully persuaded, No man nor woman was honest, or in any part of their bodies pure and clean, but most of them dissim●…led their uncleanness and craftily hid it. As many therefore, as 
* Confessed of themselves and their own accord.  professed unto him their obsoene filthiness, he forgave all other faults and trespasses whatsoever.  
30 The fruit of richesses and use of money, he took to be nothing else but lavish expense: thinking them to be very base niggards and mechanical pinchpennies, that kept any account or reckoning what they spent and laid out: but such only passing rich and right Magnificoes, who misspent and wasted all. He praised and admired his uncle 
* Quadri●…▪ e●…is 〈◊〉. Take Sestertium here in the neuter gender: otherwise, it were but a mean venture ●…or such an one as Nero: as amounting not above 3 l, 2 S. 6 d. Where as now, it arise th' to 3125. L  CAIUS in no respect more, than for that he had lashed out and consumed in a short space an huge mass of wealth, left unto him by TIBERIUS: He kept therefore no mean, nor made any end of prodigal giving and making away all. He allowed unto (a) TIRIDATES a (thing almost incredible) 800000. Sesterces, day by day, for his expenses, and at his departure bestowed upon him not so little as one hundred millians. MENECRATES the harper, and SPICILLUS the swordsenset he enfeoffed in the live, patrimonies and houses of right noble personages, who had triumphed. CERCOPITHECUS, whom he had enriched with the lands and houses, (as well within the City as Country) of PANEROS the Usurer, he honoured like a Prince at his funerals; and interred with the charges well near of a royal sepulture. Not garments did he on his back twice: At hazard when he played, he ventured no less than 400000 sesterces at a cast, upon every point or prick of the chance. He fished with a golden 
* Auratorete. Orosius saith more expressly, retibus aureis  net (drawn and knit) with cords twisted of purple and crimson silk in grain. He never by report when he made any journey, had under a thousand caroches in his train; His mules were shod with silver. His mulitiers arrayed in fine (read) Canusme cloth: and attended he was with a multitude of 
* Horse men of Africa and Cappadocia.  Mazaces and Curreurs gaily set out with their bracelets and rich Phalers.  
31 In no one thing was he more wasteful and prodigal then in building. He made an house, that reached from the Palatium to the Esquiliae: which at the first he called his 
* As one would say, the passage from one hill to another.  Transitory: but when it had been consumed with fire and was reedefied he named his golden edifice. As touching the large compass and receipt, the rich furniture and setting out whereof, it may suffice 
●… Or foregate.  to relate thus much. The porch was of such an height as therein might stand upright the geantlike image representing his own person, an hundred and twenty foot high. So large was this house, as that it contained 
* Porticus triplices milliarias If a man expound it thus: Galleries with three rows of pillets, or as many isles, a thousand foot in length, it would be more consonant to the truth I suppose. And yet the proportion that followeth is very strange & answerable to the vul gar & received exposition.  three galleries of a mile a piece in length. Item a standing pool like unto a sea, and the same enclosed round about with buildings in form of Cities. It received moreover granings with cornefields, vineyards, pastures and woods to them stored with a multitude of diverse and sundry beasts both tame and wild of all sorts. In all other parts thereof, always laid over with gold, garnished with precious stones and 
* Mother of pearl  snels of pearl As for the parlours, framed they were with enbowed roufs; seeled with pannils of Ivory, devised to turn round & remove so as flowers might be scattered from thence: with a devise also of pipes & spouts to cast and sprinkle sweet oils from aloft. But of all these parlours & banqueting rooms, the principal and fairest was made round, to turn about continually both day and night, in manner of the 
* Or heaven  World. The banes within this house slowed with salt water derived from the sea, and with fresh from the rivers Albulae This edifice finished after such a fashion as this, when he 
* Made his first entire into it after a solemn and festival manner.  dedicated, thus far forth only he liked, as that he said, He now at length began to devil like a man. Furthermore, he began a 
* Pisc●…nam.  pool reaching from MISENUM to the 
* (Or lake)  Mere AVERNUS, covered all above head, enclosed and environed with 
* Or Walking places.  Cloistures: into which all the hot waters that were in the Baths of Baiae might be conveyed. Likewise he cast a 
* Or ditch.  fossae from the said AVERNUS, as far as to OSTIA, and the same navigable: that men forsooth might sail in ships, and yet not be upon the sea. This carried in length 160. miles, and bore that breadth, as galleys with 5. ranks of oars might pass to and fro thereupon. For the performing of these works, he had given commandment, that all prisoners wheresoever should be transported into Italy: and that no person attaint and convict of any wicked act, should be condemned otherwise, but to work thereat.  
To these outrageous expenses, beside the trust and confidence he had in the 
32  revenues of the Empire, put forward he was upon a certain unexpected hope also that he conceived, of finding a world of wealth: & that through intelligence given unto him by a gentleman of Rome, who assured him upon his knowledge, 
A, V, C, 818.  that the rich treasure & old store of silver and gold both, which Queen DIDO flying out of Tyros carried away with her, lay buried in Africa within most huge and vast caves under the ground, and might be gotten forth with some small labour of those that would go about it. But when this hope failed him and came to nothing, being now altogether destitute, & so far exhausted and bore of money, that of necessity even soldiers pay, and the fees due unto old servitors in the wars for their service must run on still and be differred; he bent his mind to promoting of false imputations, to pilling also & polling. First and foremost he brought up this order, that out of the goods of freedmen deceased in steed of the one half, three 4 th' parts should be exacted & gathered for him, of as many, I say as without public cause bore that name, which any of those families did, whereunto himself was allied. Afterwards, that their wills should be forfeit & confiscate, who were 
* Remembered him not in their wills and made him not an heir.  unthankeful to the Prince. Item, that Lawyers should not escape free & go clear away, who had drawn & written such wills: As also, that all deeds and words should be brought within the compass of treason: If there could be found but any promoter to give information. He called more over after a long time passed, for the rewards and Coronets due to victors, which ever at any times the Cities & States had presented or decreed unto him at the games of prize. And whereas he had prohibited the use of the 
* Or violet in grain.  Amethyst & purple colours, he suborned one of purpose under hand to cell upon 
* Or fair.  a market day some few ounces thereof, and thereupon made stay of all 
* Who had bought the said colours.  occupiers & chapmen whatsoever, & laid them fast. Furthermore, having espied once (as he was singing) a dame of Rome from the skaffolds in the Theatre, arrayed in purple forbidden by the 
* julia: which C●…sar Dictator m●…e, See in jul. C●…s'. cap. 43  law, himself pointed at her (as it is verily thought) & showed her to his 
* Proctors or factors.  procurators: & presently caused the woman to be haled from thence & turned out not only of her garments but also of all the goods she had. He assigned an office to no man, but he used these words withal. Thou knowest what I have need of. Also, Let us look to this, that no man may 
* Or possess.  have any thing. To conclude, he rob the TEMPLES of many gifts and oblations: The Images likewise therein made of gold or silver he melted into a mass: and among the rest, even those of the * Tutelar gods 
Apollo Nept une jupiter jun●…, Minerva.  (of ROME): which soon after GAL●…A restored & erected again in their places.  
33 As touching his Parricides and murders he began them first with CLAUDIUS: of whose death although he were not principal author, yet he was privy and accessary thereto. Neither dissimuled he so much, as who afterwards was wont by a greek 
* Or Proverb  byword, to praise muhrooms, (in which kind of meat CLAUDIUS had taken his bane), as the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alluding to the deification after his death.  food of the gods. CERTES, he abused him after he was dead in most spiteful and contumelious manner, both in word and deed, every way: taunting and twitting him, one while with his folly, another while with his cruelty. For, in scoffing wife he would say of him that he had left now (a) morari) any longer among mortal men, using the first syllable of the said word long. And many of his decrees and constitutions he annulled as the acts of a doltish and doting man. Finally, he neglected the 
* Bustu●…  place (b) of his funeral fire: suffering it to be 
* As the manner was for certain days before the ashes and relics were gathered up  empaled, but with sleight stuff and low rails of timber. As for BRITANNICUS, not so much for envy that he had a sweeter and pleasanter voice than himself, as for fear lest another day he should be more gracious than he among men, in remembrance of his Father, he attempted to make him away by poison▪ This poison, NERO had received at the hands of one LOCUSTA, a woman who appeached & brought to light diverse confectioners of poisons: and seeing it wrought later than he looked it should do, and proved not to his mind, by reason that it moved BRITANNICUS to the stool only and caused a lask; he sent for the said woman, and beat her with his own hands: laying hardly to her charge that in steed of a poison she had given him a remedy and wholesome medicine. Now when she alleged for her excuse that she gave him the less 
* In quantity.  dose, thereby to colour and cloak the odious fact, which would have bred much ange●… and hatred: why! then belike quoth he, I am afraid of the law 
* De Veneficiis.  JULIA. And so he forced her before his face in his own bedchamber to compound and seethe a poison that should be most quick and of present operation. And then having made trial thereof in a kid, after he saw once that the beast continued five hours before it died, he caused the same to be boiled again and many times more, and so he set it before a pig. And when the pig died presently upon the taking thereof, he commanded it should be brought into his refection chamber, and given unto BRITANNICUS as he sat at supper with him. Not sooner had he tasted it but he fell down dead. NERO readily made a lie and gave it out among the rest of his guests, that BRITANNICUS was surprised by a fit of the falling sickness, as his manner was to be. But the next morrow, in all hast he took order for his corpse to be carried forth to burial, with no better funerals than ordinary; and that, in an exceeding great storm of rain. Unto the said LOCUSTA, for her service done, he granted 
* For her former practice of poisoning, by which she stood condemned.  impunity: he endved her also with fair lands: yea and allowed her to have scholars for to be trained up under her in that feat.  
34 His own mother, for looking narrowly into him, & examining his words and deeds somewhat straightly; for seeming also to correct and reform the same, thus far forth only at the first he was grieved and offended with, as that eftsoones he made her odious to the world, pretending that he was about to resign up the Empire 
* As if she were the cause thereof  and departed to Rhodes. Soon after, he deprived her of all honour, dignity, and authority: and removing from about her the guard 
* Militum, e●… German●…rum, Hen diamond duo.  of German Soldiers that attended upon her person, he banished her out of the same house with him, and so forth out of the precincts of the Palace: Neither cared he what he did, so he might molest and trouble her: suborning some of purpose, both to disquiet her whiles she abode in Rome with suits and actions; and also when she was desirous of repose and ease in a retiring place out of the way, to coarse her with reproachful taunts and flouting scoffs as they passed that way either by land or sea. But being terrified with her threats and violent shrewdness, he determined to kill and dispatch her at once. Having attempted it with poison thrice, and perceiving that she was defended with Antidotes & preservatives; he provided a bedchamber for her, with so ticklish an arched roof over her head, as being easily unjoincted, the frame there of might fall in pieces in the night, and light upon her as she lay a sleep. When this design could not be kept close, but was revealed by some of the complices privy thereto; he devised a ship, so made, as that quickly it should cleave a sunder: that either by the wrack, or fall of the fore-deck aloft, she might come to a mischief and perish. And so, making a semblance of a Love-day and reconciliation, he sent for her by most sweet and kind Letters, training her unto Baiae, there to celebrated with him the solemnity of the 
* A feast in the honour of Minerra, beginning five days before the Ideses of March▪ i the 11 of March.  Quinquatrian. And having given order before hand to certain Masters of Galleys for to split the 
* Or Pinnace.  Foise wherein she was embarked, as if by chance they were run full upon her; he made it late ere he went to the feast, & sat long at it. Now when she was to return back again unto Bauli; in am of that vessel thus sha●… ken and cracked, he put unto her the other above said made with joints and vices, easy to fall in pieces: and so, with a cheerful countenance accompanied her (to 
* Or to the stairs.  the water side) and at the parting also kissed her paps. All the time after, he lay awake in great trouble & fear, waiting for the issue of these enterprises. But when he understood that all went cross, & that she was escaped to land by swimming; being altogether to seek what course to take; as L. AGERINUS, her freedman brought word with great joy, How she was escaped alive and safe; he conveyed privily a dagger close 
* Between his feet. Tacit.  by him; and as if he had been suborned & hired secretly (by her) to kill him, caused the said AGERINUS to be apprehended and bound with chains: and withal, his mother aforesaid, to be murdered: pretending, as if by voluntary death she had avoided the odious crime thus detected, and so made herself away. Worse matter yet than all this & more horrible, is reported beside, and that by Authors of good credit and who will stand to it: Namely, That he ran in all haste to view the dead body of his mother when she was killed: that he handled every part & member of it: found fault with some, commended others: and being thirsty in the mean 
* About midnight it was.  time, took a draft of drink. Howbeit, notwithstanding he was heartened by the joyous gratulation of Soldiers, Senate, & People, yet could he not either for the present or ever after, endure the worm and sting of conscience for this foul fact; but confess many a time, that haunted & harried he was with the apparition of his mother's ghost: tormented also with the scourges and burning torches of the Furies. Moreover, with a sacrifice made by direction of magicians, he assayed to raise' up her soul and spirit, and to entreat the same to forgive him. Verily as he travailed through Greece, at the sacred Eleusine ceremonies (from the institution and professing wherein all impious, (a) godless, & wicked persons are by the voice of a crier debarred) He durst not be present. To this patricidy of his mother, he adjoined also the murder of his 
* D●…mitia by his father's side.  aunt. For when upon a time he visited her lying sick of a 
* Ex d●…ritia alui, alias enim cibum ●…on transmutit, as Pl●…e writeth. 26. ●…b.  costive belly, and she a woman now well stepped in years in handling the tender down of his beard new budding forth, chanced, (as the manner is) by way of pleasing speech, to say, Might I but live to 
* As it she would say if I might see thee once a man grown etc. for he came to be Emperor before he was 18 year old.  take up this soft hair when it falls, I would be willing to dye; he turning to those that stood next unto him, in derision and scoffing manner said, Mary & even straight ways I will cut it of (for her sake), and so made no more ado but 
* You must suppose, he sent for the barber first etc.  gave order unto the Physician to ply the sick woman still with 
* As purging was the cu●…e, so it was the colourable means whereby she was killed.  stronger purgatives. For, even before she was through dead, he laid sure hold of her goods, and suppressed her last will that nothing might escape his clutches.  
35 Besides 
* The daughter of Claudius.  OCTAVIA, he married afterwards two wives▪ to wit, 
* Or Pompeia as some read  POPPAEA SABINA the daughter of 
* Titus O●…us.  TAURUS', one who had been Questor, & the wedded wife before of 
* Rufius Cr●…spus.  a roman Knight: then, STATILIA MESSALINA, 
* In the right line of descenr,  niece in the third degree removed of 
* Stal●…ius who i●… SATURN'S time built the great Amphit●…eatre in Rome, bearing his name A. V C, 8●…5  TAURUS', twice Consul, who had once triumphed. For to have & enjoy her, he murdered her husband ATTICUS VESTINUS then Consul, even during the time of that honourable Magistracy. Soon weary he was of OCTAVIA'S company & forsook her bed. And when some friends reproved him for▪ it he made answer, that the jewels & ornaments only of a wife aught to content her. Soon after, when he had assayed many times (but in vain) to strangle her, he put her away, pretending she was barren. But when the people misliked this divorce, and forbore not to rail upon him for it, he proceeded, even to confine & banish her quite. In the end he murdered her, under a colourable imputation of diverse adulteries, charged upon her so impudently and falsely; That all generally who were by torture examined upon the point, stood stoutly to the very last in denial, he suborned and brought in ANICETUS his own Pedagogue against her; who should slander himself with her & confess that by a wile he had abused her body. The twelfth day after the said divorcement of OCTAVIA, he espoused and married the aforesaid dame POPPAEA whom he loved entirely; and yet even her also he killed with a 
* Who had brought him up in his childhood,  kick of his heel, for that, being big with child and sickly withal, she had reviled him & given him shrewd words, for coming home so late one night, after his running with chariots. By her he had a daughter named CLAUDIA AUGUSTA, whom he buried when she was a very infant. There was no kind of affinity & consanguinity were it never so near, but it felt the weight of his deadly hand. ANTONIA, the daughter of CLAUDIUS, refusing after the death of POPPAEA to be his wife, he slew, under a pretence as if she went about to conspire against him and to altar 
A, V, C 8●…8  the state. Semblably, he killed all the rest, that were either allied unto him 
* Or s●…ne  or of his kindred. Among whom, A. PLANTIUS a young gentleman was one. Whose body, after he had by force filthily against kind abused before his death: Let my mother go now quoth he, & kiss my successors sweet lips: giving it out, That he was her well-beloved darling, and by her set on to hope & gape after the Empire. His son in law RUFINUS CRISPINUS, the son of 
* His wife by 〈◊〉 Cris●…s' a fo●…mer husband  POPPAEA being yet of tender years and a youth under age, because the report went of him, that in game he would play for 
* Ducatus or Capta●…nshipss.  Dukedoms and Empires, he gave order unto his own servants for to drown in the sea, whiles he was there fishing. TUSCUS his nurses son he confined and sent away; for that being his procurator in Egypt, he had bathed in those baines which were built against his coming. His Preceptor & Schoolmaster SENECA he compelled 
* To cut the master veins of arme●… and legs & so to bleed to death.  to dye: albeit he had sworn unto him very devoutely, (when he made suit many times for a licence to departed the Court, and yielded up therewith all his goods into his hands) That 
* Seneca,  he had no cause to suspect him: for he would rather lose his own life then do him any h●…rt. Unto BURRHUS 
* Eparchos Tun doruphoron.  captain (of the guard) he promised a medicine to heal his swollen 
* A squinancy.  throat, and sent him the rank poison Toxicum for it. His 
* Namely, Doriphorus & Pallas: Tacit.  freedmen, that were rich and old, whose favour, friendship & directions had stood him in good steed for procuring unto him in times past adoption, and afterwards the Imperial rule; he cut short every one by poison, partly put into their meats and partly mingled with their drinks.  
With no less cruelty raged he abroad even against strangers and mere 
36  foreigners. A blazing hairy star, commonly thought to portend death and destruction to the highest pours, began to arise, and had appeared many nights together. Being troubled therewith, and informed by BABILUS the ginger, that Kings were wont to expiate such prodigious signs with some notable massacre, and so divert the same from themselves, & turn all upon the heads of their Peers & Nobles, he thereupon projected the death of all the Noblest personages in the City. And verily, so much the rather, and, as it were, upon just cause, by reason of two conspiracies by him published & divulged abroad: of which, the former & the greater, bearing the name of 
* And his friend●… Pisoniana.  PISO, was plotted and detected at Rome: the latter going under the name of 
* And his adherents, Viniciana  VINICIUS at Beneventum. The conspirators had their trial, and pleaded bound with threefold chains: and as some of them confessed the action of their own accord, so 
* And, by name Sulpitius Asper.  others said moreover, That he was beholden unto them for it, because they could not possibly do a cure upon him by any other means, (distained as he was and dishonoured with all kind of wicked acts) but only by death. The children of the condemned were expelled the City, and then, dispatched with poison or hunger-starved. It is for certain known, that some of them with their paedagogues & booke-keepers took their bane all at one dinner together, others were restrained for seeking and earning their daily food.  
37 After this without all choice and respect, without all measure in his hand, he spared none: he put to death whomsoever it pleased him, and for what cause it skilled not. But not to make long relation of many, It was laid to SALUIDIENUS ORCITUS charge, that he had set and let three shops out of his house about the Forum, unto the Cities & States abroad for (their Ambassadors) for to make their abode & converse in. To CASSIUS' LONGINUS the lawyer (a man bereft of both his eyes) objected it was, that in the ancient pedigree of his own house and lineage, he had set up again the images of C. CASSIUS, one of them that murdered CAESAR. TO PAETAS THRASEAS, for having a stern & severe countenance like a Pedagogue, When these with other were appointed once to die, he allowed them no more than one hours respite to live after & because no further delay might come between, he put unto them Chyrurgians (in case they lingered and made no haste) to cure them out of hand, (for that was the term he used) meaning thereby, to cut their veins & let them bleed to death. It is verily thought also, that to a certain great (a) eater 
* Polypha●…o cuidam. or glutton  (an Egyptian born) that used to feed on raw flesh and whatsoever was given him, he had a great desire to cast men alive, for to be quartered cut in pieces & devoured by him. Being lifted and puffed up, with these as it were, so great 
* Or prosperity  successes, he said that no 
* Or none of the Emperors knew.  prince ever knew what he might do: and oftentimes he cast out many words betokening very significantly, that he would not spare the Senators remaining behind, but one day utterly raze that Order & degree out of the commonwealth, and permit the gentlemen of Rome & his freedmen (only to rule provinces & have the conduct of armies. CERTES, neither at his coming home nor going 
* In Achaia, near Corinth.  forth any whether, vouchsafed he to kiss any one of them, not nor so much as once to resalute them: and when with formal compliments he entered upon 
* Comprising therein the gentlemen's degree: not Senatui, populoque Rom. as the manner had been.  his work of digging through Isthmus, he wished and prayed aloud before a frequent audience, That the enterprise might speed well and turn to the weal of himself and the people of Rome, concealing and suppressing all mention of the Senate.  
38 But yet for all that, he spared not the people nor forbore the very walls and buildings of his country the City. When one in common talk upon a time chanced to say.  
(a) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  

When vital breath is fled from me,  
Let earth with fire imingled be.   
Nay rather quoth he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
While vital breath remains in me etc.  
And even so he did indeed: for being offended, as it were with the ill favoured fashion of the old houses; as also with the narrow, crooked & winding streets; he set the city of Rome on fire so apparently, that many Citizens of Consul's degree, taking his 
* Cubiculares i the grooms of his chamber.  chamberlains in the manner with matches, touchwood and hurds in their messages (within the City) would not once lay hand on them but let them alone: yea & certain garners and store houses about his golden Edifice (for that the plot of ground on which they were situate, his mind stood most unto), were by war-engins forcibly shaken, thrown down & fired, by reason they were built with stone walls. For 6. days & 7. nights together raged he in this wise making havoc of all, and driving the common-people to take up their 
* Or lodgings,  Inns & shroud themselves the while about the toumbs & monuments of the dead. During this time, beside an infinite number of (b) houses standing apart from others, the goodly aedifices & buildings of noble captains in old time, adorned still & beautified with the spoils of enemies, the stately temples also of the gods, vowed & dedicated by the ancient kings first, & afterwards in the 
* With the Carthaginians.  punic & french wars; burned all, on a light fire: & in one word, whatsoever remained from old time worth the seeing & memorable was consumed. This fire, beheld he daily out of Maecenas (c) high tour: and taking joy (as he said himself) at the beautiful flame that it made, chanted the winning and destruction of Troy, in that musicans habit wherein he was wont to sing upon the stage. And because he would not miss, but lay fast hold upon all the booty and pillage which possibly he, could come by, even from thence also, having promised free leave to cast forth dead carcases, and rid away the rammell of the ruins; look what relics remained of all their goods and substance unburnt, he permitted not one to go unto it. Finally, not only by receiving, but also by exacting Contributions from all parts, he beggared well near the provinces and consumed the wealth of private persons.  
To amend the matter well, unto these harms and reproachful dishonours 
39  (of the State) so great as they were arising from the Prince, there happened also some other calamities by chance and fortune: to wit, a pestilence continuing one autumn, whereby thirty (a) thousand burials were reckoned in the 
* As we say in the Church book.  record of 
* In whose tem ple were to be bought or hired, whatsoever pertained to funerals & burials. Varr●… Plutarch taketh her for Venus.  Libitina; an unfortunate loss in Britain, wherein two principal towns of great importance were sacked, with great slaughter beside of Roman Citizens and Allies: A shameful disgrace received in the East by reason that the Roman Legions in Armenia were put under the yoke as Slaves, and Syria was hardly and with much ado kept in terms of allegiance. But a wonder it was to see, and a thing especially to be noted, that amid all these infortunities he took nothing less to the heart, than the shrewd checks and reviling taunts of Men: and was to none more mild, than to such as had provoked him, either with hard speeches, or opprobrious verses. Many infamous libels & defamatory words, both in Greek and Latin, were publicly written, or otherwise cast and spread abroad against him, As for example these.  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

NERO, (c) ORESTES, (d) ALCMAEON, did shorten mother's life:  
NERO slew 
* To wit Agrippina.  his, when newly her he wedded as his wife.   

Quis neget Aeneae magna de stirpe Neronem?  
Sustulit hic matrem, sustulit ille patrem   

Who can deny, of great AENEA our NERO sprung to be  
That rid his mother of her life, as 
* Anchises.  Sire (e) from fire did he.   

Dum tendit eitharam noster, dum Cornu●…●…arthus,  
Noster erit Paean, ille Hecatebeletes.   


* Hexametre, & Pentametre.  While our NERO bendeth his harp while PARTHIAN his bow;  
Our prince shall be PAEAN. He (f) HECATEBELETES. 
* Philosopher.    

Roma domus fiet: Veios migrate Quirites 
* Or evils.   
Si non et Vet●…s occupet ist a domus. 
Which were very lasciviou●… & licentious.    

Rome will become a dwelling (g) house: To Veij flit a pace.  
Quirites, lest this house before ye come take up the place.   
But no search made he after the authors hereof, and some of them being by the Appeacher convented before the Senate, he would not suffer to sustain any grievous punishment. As he passed by in the open street, ISIDORUS the 
* Whose son he was by adoption, for some report, he took his poison in a cup of drink & not in a mu shrom.  CYNIC, had checked him aloud in these terms, That he used to chant the calamities of (h) NAUPLIUS very well, but disposed of his own goods as badly. And DATUS, a player of the 
* Who was thought to have perished in the sea and ind●…ede the hard'y esca●…ed drowning by swimming.  Atellane Comaedies in a certain Sonnet singing these words (i) hugiaine pater i Farewell father. i: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i Farewell there, had acted the same so significantly, as that he feigned the one drinking and the other swimming, to express thereby the end * of C. CLAUDIUS and AGRIPPINA: And in the last conclusion of all, with these words.  
(k) Orcus vobis ducit pedes Now PLUTO leadeth forth your feet. in plain gesture noted the Senate. The 
* D●…tus.  Actor & 
* 〈◊〉.  Philosopher NERO did no more unto, but banish them Rome and Italy: either for that he set light by all shame and infamy; or else lest in bewraying any grief, he might stir up and provoke pregnant wits to work upon him.  
Well, the world having endured such an Emperor as this, little less than 
40  14. years, at length fell away & forsook him clean. And first the French began, following as the ringleader of their insurrection JULIUS VINDEX, who that very time governed the 
* Of Caule.  Province, as Propretour. Foretold it had been long ago unto NERO by the Astrologers, That one day he should be left forlorn. Whereupon this saying was most rife in his mouth.  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
An Artizane of any kind  
In every land will living find;   
So that he might the better be excused and borne with all for studying & practising the art of minstrelsy and singing to the harp, as a skill delightful unto him now a Prince, and needful for him another day a private person. Yet some there were who promised unto him so forsaken, the government of the East parts: and others by special name the kingdom of Jerusalem: but most of them warranted him assuredly the restitution of his former estate. And being inclined rather to rest upon this hope, when he had lost Britain and Armenia, & recovered them both again: he thought himself discharged then and quit from the fatal calamities destined unto him. But sending one time to the Oracle of APOLLO at Delphi, and hearing this answer from thence (a) That he must beware of the year 73, as who would say, He was to dye in that year (of his own age) and not before; and divining no whit of GALBAHS' years; with so assured confidence he conceived in his heart not only long life but also a perpetual and singular felicity, that when he had lost by ship wrack things of exceeding price, he stuck not to say among his familiars. That the 
* As they did to Poly●…rateses that mighty Tyrant of Samos: but it was not long before his fall and destruction.  fishes would bring the same again unto him. At Naples advertised he was of the rebellion in Gaul. Which fell out to be the very same day of the year, on which he had killed his mother. But he took this news so patiently and carelessly, that he gave suspicion even of joy and contentment: as if occasion had been offered and presented thereby to make spoil (by the law of arms) of those most rich & wealth Provinces: and straight ways going forth into the 
* Public place of exercise.  Gymnase, he beheld with exceeding great earnestness and delight the wrestlers and champions striving for the prize. At supper time also, being interrupted with letters importing more tumults and troubles still: Thus far forth only he grew into choler and indignation, as that he threatened 
* Malum an Emphatical and significant word in this place: like as in Livy, lib. 4. Ma●…un militibus meis nisiquieverint. As if he had said, a mischief take these Rebels: or, mischief will come to them.  mischief to them who 
* Descissent, al. dedissent, as if mischief would fall upon the author's heads  had revolted. To conclude, for eight days together he never went about to writ back unto any man nor to give any charge or direction at all, but buried the matter quite in silence.  
At the last, thoroughly moved and nettled with the contumelious edicts 
41  of vindex coming so thick one in the neck of another, he exhorted the Senate, in a letter written unto them, to revenge him and the commonwealth: alleging for an excuse the 
* An inflammation or swelling in the throat.  squinsy whereof he was sick: and therefore could not himself be present in person. But nothing vexed him so much as this, That he was by him blamed for an unskilfull* musician, and because in steed of NERO, he called him 
* Which was the name of his family, and so had he been called before his adoption.  ANEOBARBUS. And verily as touching this name appropriate to his house and family; wherewith he was thus in contumelious manner twitted, he professed to resume the same, and to lay away the other that 
* Nero Claudius Drusus  came by adoption. All other reviling taunts and slanders he confuted as mere false, by no other, argument than this. That unskilfulness, forsooth, was objected unto him in that very art, which he had so plainly studied and brought to so good perfection: and therewith asked them eftsoons one by one, whether they had ever known a more excellent Musician than himself. But when messengers came still one after another, in great fear he returned to Rome. And having his heart lightened but a little in the way, with a vain and foolish pr●…sage by occasion that he espied and observed engraven upon a monument, a certain french soldier with a Roman knight overmatched in fight and trailed along by the hair (of the head): he at this sight leapt for joy and worshipped the heavens. Neither then verily, did he so much as consult in public with the Senate, or assemble the people: but only call forth home to his house some of the chief and principal persons among them. And having dispatched in great haste this consultation, the rest of that day he led them all about to his musical water instruments of a strange devise and fashion, not before known: and showing every one by itself unto them, discoursing also of the reason and difficult workmanship of each one, he promised even anon to bring them all forth into the open Theatre, 
* Which it seems he spoke ironically, if simply, he meaneth, in case Vindex interrupted not his sports and the public felicity.  If VINDEX would give him leave,  
42 After that he understood beside, how GALBA likewise & the provinces of Spain were revolted, he fell down at once: his heart was then daunted & clean done: and so he lay a good while speechless in a trance, and ready, as one would say, to go out of the world. And so soon as he came again to himself, he rend his clotheses, beat and knocked his head, saying plainly That he was utterly undone: yea and when his nurse came about him to comfort his poor heart, telling him, that the like accidents had befallen to other princes also before him, he answered again, That he above all the rest suffered miseries never heard of nor known before: Thus in his life time to forego and lose his Empire. Neither yet for all this struck he sail one whit in laying away or leaving out one jot of his ordinary riot and supine slothfulness. Nay when some little inkling was given of good news out of the provinces as he sat at a most sumptuous and plentiful supper; he pronounced even with express gesture like a player, certain ridiculous rhymes, and those set to lascivious and wanton measures, against the chieftains of rebellion: and what were those? even stolen stuff and commonly known already. Being also secretly conveyed into the Theatre he sent word unto a certain Player acting his part with great contentment of them that saw and heard him, That he did but abuse his 
* In that he played without a concurrent whereas himself but for his Businesses would have put him down,  occupations.  
43 Immediately upon the beginning of this fearful 
* c Ocasioned by the Commotions & revolts abroad  tumult, it is credibly thought that he intended many designs and those very cruel and horrible: yet such as agreed well enough with his natural humour: namely, to send under hand successors and murderers of all those that were Commanders of armies & regents of Provinces; as if they all had conspired and drawn in one and the self same line. Item, to massacre all banished persons where soever; and the frenchmen every one that were to be found in Rome: those because they should not band & combine with them that revolted: these, as complices with their own country men, and their abetters. Item to permit, the armies for to make spoil and havoc of the Provinces in Gaul. Item to poison all the Senate generally at some appointed feast. Last of all to fire Rome & let wild beasts lose among the people; that thereby there might be more ado and greater difficulty to save the City. But being scared from these designments, not so much upon any repentance, as despair of their accomplishment: and persuaded withal, that necessary it was to make a voyage and warlike expedition; the Consuls then in place he deprived of their government before the due time, and himself alone entered upon the Consulship in their rooms, as if forsooth, the destinies had so ordained, that Gaul could not be subdued but by a (sole) 
* As sometime On Pomp●…ius ma●…nus was, for the like exploit.  Consul. Having then taken into his hands the 
* The Consular authority.  knitches of rods, when after meat he withdrew himself aside out of his dining chamber, leaning upon the shoulders of his familiar friends, he protested, that so soon as ever he was come into the Province: he would show himself unarmed before the armies: and do nothing else but weep. and after he had once by that means reclaimed the authors of the Revolt and brought them to repentance, sing merrily, the day following, songs of triumph with them that rejoiced with him. Which songs quoth he aught with all speed even now to be composed for me.  
44 In the preparation of this warlike voyage, his special care was, to choose forth meet wagons for the carriage of his musical instruments; to cut & poll the concubines which he carried out with him like men: and to furnish them with battle axes and little bucklers after the Amazonian fashion. This done, he cited the Citie-tribes to take the military oath: and when no serviceable men would answer to their names, he enjoined all Masters to set forth a certain number of bond-seruants, neither admitted he out of the whole family & household of every man, but such only as were most approved, excepting not so much as their stewards or clerks and secretaries. He commanded likewise all degrees to allow and contribute toward this expedition part of their estate according as they were valued in the Censors book: and more than so, The tenants inhabiting private messages and great houses standing by themselves, to pay out of hand in yearly pension to his exchequer. He exacted also with great 
* Surliness.  skornefulnesse and extremity, good money rough and new coined, silver fine and full of rise: gold pure and read as fire. In so much, as most men openly refused the payment of all contributions: demanding in a general consent, that what monies soever promoters had received for their informations, should rather be required back again at their hands.  
45 By the dearth likewise of corn, look what hatred was conceived against the 
* i Cornemungers lucrantium  gainers, the same grew heavy upon him. For it fell out by chance that in this public famine word came of a 
* Or the fleet●… itself, navis proc●…asse as 〈◊〉 nave by the figure 〈◊〉.  Ship of (a) Alexandria, how it was arrived freight with a kind of dust for the wrestlers of NERO his court. Having thus stirred up & kindled the hatred of all the world against him, there was no contumelious despite but he sustained. To one statue of his, just behind the crown of the head, was set a* chariot with an Impreze in Greek to this effect Now (b) in truth, and not before is the combat. And again, Now or never hale and draw. To the neck of another, there was tied a leather 
* Al●…uding to his Chariot running.  bag, and there with this title, 
* A Satchel ascopera  What (d) could I do? But thou hast deserved a very 
* Ego quid potui.  leather (e) budge indeed. This writing also was fastened upon the 
* Pillars  Columns, Now 
Culeum  with his chanting he hath awakened the French. And by this time many there were who in the night season making semblance of chiding and brawling with 
* Gallos' et eum cantando excitasse.  their servants, called often for a VINDEX.  
46 Beside all this, he took affrights at the manife●…t 
* Presaging foretokens  portents as well new as old, of dreams, of (a) prodigies and of 
* Ominum.  Osses. For where as before time, he was never wont to dream, when he had murdered his mother once there appeared visions in his sleep, him thought he saw the helm of a ship wrested out of his hand as he steered it: and that by his wife OCTAVIA he was haled into a very narrow and blind place: one while that he was covered all over with a multitude of winged ants; another while, that the images of grave men descended of noble houses dedicated in POMPEIUS' Theatre, went round about him, and debarred him from going forward. Also, that his ambling gelding, wherein he took most delight, was in most parts transfigured into the form of an ape: But having his head only sound and entire, did set up a loud and shrill voice neighing. Out of the 
* The stately sepulchre of Augustus.  Mausoleum, when all the doors thereof flew of their own accord open, a voice was heard calling him by name. Upon the 
* First day.  Calendss of januarie, his domestical gods, garnished and adorned (as they wear), at the very time when the sacrifice was in preparing, fell all down. And as he was observing the signs by bird flight, SPORUS 
* All this happened upon the newyears day.  presented him with a ring for a new years gift: in the precious stones whereof, was engraven the ravishing and carrying away of PROSERPINA. At the solemn nuncupation of his vows, when as a great and frequent number of all degrees were already assembled together, the keys of the Capitol could hardly be found. What time as out of his invective oration against VINDEX these words were rehearsed in the Senate. That such wicked persons should suffer punishment, they all cried out with one voice. 〈◊〉 AUGUSTE. i. Thou shalt so do OH AUGUSTUS. This also had been observed, that the last Tragedy which he acted and sung in public place, was OEDIPUS the banished, and just as he pronounced this verse  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  

How can I choose but death desire,  
Thus bidden by wife by mother and Sire?   

* Decid●…sse or desisse i, stayed & gave over.  he fell down.  
47 In this meanwhile, when news came that all the other armies also rebelled, the letters delivered unto him, as he sat at dinner he tare in pieces, overthrew the table, and two cups (of Crystal) out of which he took the greatest pleasure to drink, and which he called Homericos, for certain verses of 
* See the anno tation upon this place.  (a) HOMER engraven and wrought upon them, he dashed against the paved flower. Than, after he had received a poison of LOCUSTA & put it up in a golden box, he went directly into the hortyards of the Seruitij: where, having sent before his most trusty freed-servants unto O●…TIA for to rig and prepare a fleet to sea, He sounded the Tribunes and Centurious of the guard, whether they ●…ould be are him company and fly with him, or no? But when some of them made it coy and kept some hasting: others in plain terms refused; and one also cried out aloud,  
Vsque 〈◊〉 (b) 〈◊〉 est?  

What! is it such a misery  
To leave this life and so to die?   
He cast about, and thought of many and sundry shifts? Whether he should go as an humble suppliant unto the Parthians, or to GALBA? or whether it were best for him, arrayed all in black to come abroad into the City, and there in open place before the ROSTRA, with all the rusull and piteous moan that he could possibly make, crave pardon for all that was passed? and unless he could turn the people's hearts unto 
* And to suffer him for to enjoy the Empire  mercy, make suit to have if it were but the (c) Deputyship of Egypt granted unto him. Certes, found there was afterwards in his Cabinet a Speech of his own penning, as touching this Argument. But men think he was scared from this enterprise, as fearing lest before he thither 
* To the 〈◊〉.  could come, he should be pulled in pieces. Thus, putting off all farther cogitation of this matter unto the next day, and 
* Or starting out of his sleep●….  awakened about midnight; when he understood that the guard of his Soldiers was retired and go, he leapt forth of his bed, and sent all about to his friends. But because no word was brought back from any of them, himself accompanied with a few about him went to every one of their lodgings: Where finding all doors shut, and no body to make him answer, he returned to his bed chamber. By which time, his Keepers also and Warders were slipped from thence: but they had stolen away first the hangings and furniture of his chamber, yea and set out of the way the box aforesaid with the poison. Than straightways he sought for SPICILLUS the 
* Mirmill●…nems  Sword fencer, or any other common hackster he cared not who, by whose hand he might receive his death's wound. But finding none. Well, quoth he, And have I neither a friend, nor a foe? And so he runs forth, as if he would have thrown himself headlong into Tiberis.  
48 But having reclaimed once again that violent mood, he desired some more secret retiring place, wherein he might lurk a while and recall his wits together. And when PHAON his freed man made offer unto him of a Farm house of his, that he had by the City side, about four miles off, between the highways Salari●… and ●…umentana, bore footed as he was and in his 
* Single waistcoat.  shirt he cast over it a cloak all sullied and which had lost the colour. And so covering his head, and holding an hand kercheife before his face, to horseback he went; having not above four persons in his company; of which* SPORUS made one. And being 
The rest were Phaon Epaph●… oaitus and Neo●….  by & by affrighted with an Earthquake & lightning that flashed against his face, he heard with all, an outcry & shout (from the Camp hard-by), of the Soldiers ossing all mischief at him & all good unto GALBA: Yea, & one of the passengers that he met, saying, These be they that pursue NERO, as also another ask, What news in Rome of NERO, Now by occasion that his horse under him scenting a dead carcase that was thrown out in the way, started and fling at on side, his face was discovered, and himself known of one MISSICIUS a Praetorian Soldier, who saluted him by his name. When they were come to the next Lane, turning out of the Road way, their horses they forsook and turned them up: and so among thic●…ss of shrubs, rough bushes and briars, with much a do through a narrow path within a reed plot, and not without 
* For fear either of pricking his feet, or of being heard to go.  clotheses spread under foot, he got at length as far as to the wall of the Country house above said over & against him. There, when the said PHAON persuaded him to bestow himself the mean while, within a pit, from whence sand had been cast forth, Nay, quoth he, I will never go quick 
* Or into my grave.  under ground: and so, after he had stayed a little (while there was a secret way a making to let him into the farm house), he laded up water with his own hand out of a ditch under him, minding to drink: and this, quoth he, is NERO'S 
* Or sodde●…:  decocted water. After this, because his cloak was torn among the bust●…eses and briars afore said, he rid it from the pricky sprigs that were run through 
* Pliny reporteth, lib 31, cap. 3. That Nero deu●…ed to 〈◊〉 water first, then within a glass to let it stand in ●…now, whereby it become exceeding cold: partly by the snow, & in part by the former decoction. A delicate d●…inke in the heat of Summer.  and stuck therein, and so creeping upon all four through a strait and narrow hole digged in the wall for him, received he was into the next back room: Where he laid him down on a pallet made of a simple scant mattress, and an old overworn cloak cast over it for a coverlet. Now when hunger came upon him, and thirst with all the second time, the brown and coarse bread verily which was offered unto him he refused; but of warm water he drank a pretty draft.  
49 When as each one called then instantly on every side upon him, to deliver himself with all speed from the reproachful contumelies and abuses, whereto he was hourly subject, he commanded a grave to be made before his face, and gave a measure therefore according to the just proportion of his body: and therewith, if any pieces of marble stone might be found about the house, to be laid in order: That water also and wood should be gotten together for his dead body to be washed anon therewith: weeping at every word he spoke, and inserting ever and anon this pitiful speech, Q●…alis 
* Meaning his singular skill in Music. for which pity it was he should ever die.  artifex Pereo! What an excellent Artisane am I? and yet now must I die. While some stay was made about these compliments, PHAONS' 
* Or else, what manner of artisan am I now become, thus to prepare mine own funeral.  Courier brought certain letters which he intercepted and snatched out of his hands. And reading therein that he had his Dome by the Senate, To be an Enemy to the State: That he was laid for all about to be punished, Moore maiorum. Moore maiorum! quoth he, what kind of punishment is that! and when he understood, it implied thus much, That the man so condemned, should be stripped all naked, his head 
* Or Footman  locked fast in a fork, and his body scourged with rods to death; he was so terrified therewith, That he caught up 
* Or rapiers.  two daggers which he had brought with him: and trying the points of them both how sharp they were, 
* Or set  he put them up again, making this excuse, That the fatal hour of his death was not yet come. And one while he exhorted SPORUS to begin for to ●…ament, weep 
* Acie: pro acumine mucrond●…o.  and wail: another while he entreated hard, That some one of them would kill himself first, and by his example help him to take his death. Sometime also he checked and blamed his own timorousness in these words. I live shamefully and in reproach, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i. It becomes not NERO; it becomes him not. In such cases as these he had need to be wise and sober: Go to man, pluck up thy heart and rouse thyself. Now by this time approached the Horsemen near at hand, who had a warrant and prec●…pt to bring him alive. Which when he perceived, after he had with trembling and quaking uttered this verse.  

* Homer Iliad. X spoken by Nestor  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The trampling noise of horses swift resoundeth in mine ears.  
He set a 
* Or rapier.  dagger to his throat, whiles EPAPHRODITUS his 
* Or his Master of requests.  Secretary lent him his hand to dispatch him. When he was yet but half dead, a Centurion broke in upon him, and putting his cloak upon the wound, made semblance as if he came to aid and secure him: Unto whom he answered nothing but this. Too late. And is this your loyalty and allegiance? In which very word he yielded up his breath, with his eyes staring out and set in his head, to the great fear and horror of all that were present. He had requested of the company which attended upon him, no one thing more earnestly than this. That no man might have his head severed from the body but that in any wise he might be burnt whole. And ICELUS a freed man of Galba, who not long before was delivered out of prison (into which he was 
* By Nero●…  cast at the beginning of the first 
* Occasioned by the rebelli●… In Gaul and S●…aine.  tumult) permitted 
* For he might do all in all with Galba. See Galb.  so much.  
50 His funerals were performed with the charges of 200000 Sesterces▪ His corpse was carried forth (to burial) enwrapped within white clothes of Tinsel, woven with gold wire between, the very same that he had worn upon the Calendss of januarie. His relics, ECLOGE and ALEXANDRA his two Nurses, together 
14  with ACT his Concubine bestowed within the monument belonging to the house of the DOMITII his Ancestors: Which is to be seen out of Mars field, situate upon the Knap of an hill within their Hortyards. In which Sepulchre his chest 
* Or Cophi●….  made of Porphyrite Marble, with an Altar (as it were) or table of white Marble of Luna standing upon it, was enclosed round about with a fence of Thasian Marble stone.  
51 He was for stature almost of 
* Within a little of fix foot.  complete height. His body full of specks and freckles, and foul of skin beside. The hair of his head somewhat yellow: His countenance and visage rather fair, than lovely and well favoured. His eyes grey and somewhat with the dimmest. His neck full and fat. His belly & paunch bearing out: with a pair of passing slender spindle shanks: but withal, he was very healthful. For, being as he was so untemperate and most royotously given, in 14 years space, he never fell sick but thrice: yet so, as he neither so: bore drinking of wine, nor any thing else that he used to do. About the trimming of his body and wearing of his clothes so nice, as it was shameful: in so much as he would always have the bush of his head laid and plaited by curls in degrees: but what time as he travailed in Achaia, he drew it backward also from the crown of his head 
* As you may see in the coins pictures of Otho the Emperor i. Statius calleth this suggestum com●…. ●…. lib. ●…, Syly.  and wore it long. For the most part, he ware a dainty and effeminate pied garment called Synthesis: and with a fine Lawn neck Kercheif bound about his 
* haply in imitation of Apollo (who was Intousus, and is called by Homer therefore 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) because there especially he professed Music, whereof Apollo is the Patron.  neck he went abroad in the Streets, ungirt, untrussed, and unshod.  
52 Of all the Liberal Sciences in manner, he had a taste when he was but a child. But from the Study of Philosophy his mother turned his mind; telling him, It was repugnant to one who another day was to be a Sovereign: and from the knowledge of ancient Orators, his Master SENECA withdrew him, because he would hold him the longer in admiration of himself. And therefore, being of his own accord readily inclined to Poetry, he made verses voluntarily and without pain. Neither did he (as some think) set forth other men's Poems as his own. There have come into mine hands writing tables and books containing verses very famous and well known abroad, written with his own hand: so as a man may easily see they were not copied out of other books, nor yet taken from the mouth of any other that indicted them, but plainly penned as a man would say, by one that studied for them, and as they came in his head, so put them down: so many blots and skraping out, so many dashes and interlinings were in them.  
Not small delight he had beside in painting; and most of all in forging and moolding 
53  counterfeits. But above all, he was ravished and lifted up with popularity & praise of men: desirous therefore to imitate & equal them, who by any means plea said the humours & contented the minds of the common people. There went an opinion and speech of him, that after he had gained the Coronets for his musical fears performed upon the stage, he would at the next five years revolution, go unto the Olympic games, and contend for the prize among the Champions there. For, he practised wrestling continually. Neither beheld he the Gymnicke games throughout all Greece otherwise, than sitting below within the 
* Or the listss  Stadium, as the manner of the judges and umpires of such masteries: and if any 
* Or couples matched.  pairs of them drew to far back out of the appointed place, to pluck them with his own hands into the middle again. He had intended moreover (since he was reputed to have equalled APOLLO in singing and matched the Sun in charioting) to imitate also the worthy acts of HERCULES. And men say, there was a Lion prepared, which he, all naked should either with his club brain, or else with straight clasping between his arms throttle and crush to death within the Amphitheatre, in the sight of all the people.  
54 Certainly, a little before his end he had openly made a vow, That in case he continued still in good and happy estate, represent he would likewise at the games, in his own person after victory obtained, an Organist and player upon water instruments, upon the flute also and hauthors, yea and a bagpiper, and on the last day (of the said games) an actor of Interludes: what time he would aaunce and gesture Turnus in Virgil. And some writ, that PARISH the actor was by him killed, as a concurrent that stood in his way and eclipsed his light.  
55 A desire he had, (foolish and inconsiderate though it were) of eternity and perpetual fame. And therefore, abolishing the old names of many things & places, he did upon them new, after his own. The month April also he called Neroneus. He meant moreover to have named Rome, 
* Nero's City.  Neropolis.  
All Religions wheresoever he had in contempt, unless it were that only of the 
56  
* Atergate or Astarte the ●…ame some think that juno  Syrian goddess. And yet soon after he despised her so far, that he polluted 
* Her image  her with urine▪ by occasion that he was wonderfully addicted to an other superstition, wherein alone he continued and persevered most constantly. For having received in free gift, a little puppet representing a young girl, at the hands of a mean commoner, and 
* or unknown to him.  obscure person, as a remedy, forsooth, or desensative against altreacheries and secret practices: and thereupon strait ways chancing to discover a conspiracy; he held it for the sovereign deity above all, & persisted honouring & worshipping it every day with 3 sacrifices. Nay he would have men believe, that he foreknew things to come by advertisement & warning given from her. Some few months before he lost his life, he took regard also of the Skill in prying into beasts entrails. Which he observed in deed, but never sped well therewith, nor gained thereby the favour of the Gods.  
He died in the two and thirtieth year of his age; that very day of the year, on 
57  which in times past he had murdered his wife OCTAVIA: & by his death brought 
A, V, C, 821  so great joy unto the people generally, that the Commons wore 
* Or Bo●…tss, to t●…stifie freedom recove●…ed.  Caps, and ran sporting up and down throughout the City. Yet there wanted not some, who a long time after decked his Tomb with gay flowers that the Spring and Summer do afford: and who, one while brought forth his Images clad in robes embroidered with purple guards before the Rostra: otherwhile published his Edicts, as if he had been yet living and would shortly return to the great mischief of his enemies. Moreover, VOLOGESUS King of the Parthians, when he senthiss Ambassadors unto the Senate for to treat about the renewing of league and Alliance with them, requested this also very earnestly, That the Memorial of NERO might be still solemnized. To conclude, when twenty years after his decease (whiles I myself 
* Namely, to Calph●… Aspernas. to be executed for a lying counter, seit.  was but a young man) one arose among them (no man knew from whence? nor of what condition?) who gave it out, That He was NERO, (so gracious was his name among the Parthians,) he was mightily upheld and maintained, yea and hardly delivered up again.   

THE HISTORY OF Servius Sulpitius Galba,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
THE 
* Or line:  Progeny of the CAESARS ended in NERO. Which, 
Chap 1  that it would so come to pass, appeared verily by many signs, but by two of all other most evident. As LIVIA in times passed immediately after her marriage with AUCUSTUS, went to see a Manor house and land of her own in the veientane territory, it fortuned that an Eagle soaring over her head let fall into her lap a white hen, holding in her bill a Laurel branch even as she had caught it up. And thinking it good to have both the foul kept, and the said branch set in the ground: behold there came of the one such a goodly brood of 
* Which proved white, as also the whole breed of them. Di●…:  chickens, that even at this day the very house aforesaid is called Aa Gallinas: and sprung of the other so fair a row of bay trees, that all the CAESARS when they were to ride in triumph gathered from thence their Laurel 
* And branches which they held in their hands. Plin.  guirlands. And as the manner was, that when any of them triumphed, they should prick down strait ways others in the same place: so it was observed likewise, that a little before the death of every one the tree by him planted, did mislike and die. In the last year therefore of NERO, not only the 
* 〈◊〉, saith the very same.  whole grove of bay trees withered to the very root, but all the hens there died every one. And anon after the Temple of the CAESARS being strucken with lightning, the heads with all of their Statues fell down all at once, and the Sceptre of AUGUSTUS was shaken out of his hands.  
After NERO succeeded GALBA, in no degree allied unto the house of the CAESARS: 
2  but without all question a right noble gentleman of a great and ancient 
A VC. 821  
* Or pengree  race: as who in the titles and Inscriptions over his own Statues wrote himself always the 
* Pronepot●…m  Nephew once removed of Q. CATULUS CAPITOLINUS: and being once Emperor did set up also in his 
* Or Court yard.  haul the Lineal process and race of his house, wherein he deriveth his descent from the father side, from JUPITER and by his mother from PASIPHAE, the wife of King MINOS.  
To prosecute the Images and laudatory testimonials belonging to the 
3  whole stock & lineage in general were a long piece of work: those only of his own family will I briefly touch. The first of all the SULPITII, why? and whereupon he bore the surname of GALBA? there is some doubtful question. Some think it came by occasion of a Town in Spain, which after it had been a long time in vain assaulted, he at length set on fire with burning brands besmeered all over with Galbanum: others, for that in a long sickness which he had, he used continually Galbeum, that is to say, a cure with remedies 
* A gum or 〈◊〉 juice yssuiug out of t●…e ●…oote (when it is wounded) of a plart called Ferula.  enwrapped within wool: some again because he seemed to be very fat, and such a one, the French doth name GALBA: or contrariwise, in regard that he was as slender, as are those creatures 
* Like unto those round r●…lss which women in s●…ead of fa●… thingales use nder their clotheses beneath the waist called in Latin Galbaei.  (or worms) which breed in the trees called Esculi, and be named Galbae. This family one SERVIUS GALBA who had been Consul, and in his time most eloquent, ennobled first, and made renowned, who by report, ruling the province of Spain as Praetour, having 
* Resembling maggots.  treacherously put to sword 
* Per●…dia according to M. Tullius in Bruto. Some expound it otherwise, namely for their treachery. Livins.  30000, LUSITANES', was the cause of the 
* Of Viriatus the Captain thereof.  Viriatine war. His Nephew being maliciously ben●… against JULIUS CAESAR (whose Lieutenant he had been in Gaul) for a repulse that he took in suing to be Consul, joined in the conspiracy with CASSIUS & BRUTUS: for which condemned he was by the law Paedia. Fron 
A V C. 610  this man descended immediately the Grandsire and father of this GALBA the Emperor. His Grandfather for his book and learning was more famous, then for any dignity in common weal that ever he attained unto. For, he arose no higher, than to the degree of a Praetour: but many histories he wrote, and those not sligh lie nor negligently composed. His father bore the honourable office of Consul: a man very low of stature and withal crowchbacked: and having but a mean gift in Oratory yet used he to pled causes industriously. Two wives he had, MUMMIA 
* 7000 As Val▪ eriu●… Ma●…. saith  ACHAICA the neipce of CATULUS, and once removed of LUCIUS MUMMIUS, 
A V C. 710.  who razed and destroyed Corinth: likewise LIVIA OCELLINA, an exceeding wealthy Lady & a beautiful. Of whom for his noble blood sake, it is thought he was (a) wooed: yea, & somewhat the more hotly, after that, (upon her importunate 
A V C. 775  suit) he stripped himself once▪ out of his clotheses in a secret place before her, and revealed the imperfection of his body, because he would not seem to deceive her, for want of knowledge. By ACHAICA, he had issue CAIUS and SERVIUS Of whom, CAIUS the elder, having wasted his estate and spent all, left the City of Rome, and was by TIBERIUS prohibited to put in his lot for to be chosen Proconsul, in his 
* when his time by cou●…se came  year: whereupon voluntarily he killed himself  
To come now unto SERVIUS GALBA the Emperor, borne he was when M. 
4  VALERIUS MESSALLA, and CN. LENTULUS were Consuls, the ninth day 
A. V, C, 751  before the Calendss of januarie, in a country house situate 
* 〈◊〉 or rather 2●… some read, Superposita●… ●…, upon  under a little hill near unto Terracina, on the left hand as men go to Fundie. Being adopted by his stepmother, he assumed the name of LIVIUS, and the surname 
* Livia Oceliina  OCELLA, changing his fore name with all. For, afterwards even unto the time of his Empire; he was forenamed LUCIUS in steed of SERVIUS. It is for certain known, 
● Or Ocellaris.  that AUGUSTUS (what time as little GALBA among other boys like himself saluted him,) took him by his pretty 
* As the manner was in kissing young children  cheek and said, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i And thou also my child shall have a taste one day of our sovereign rule. TIBERIUS likewise, when he had knowledge once that 
* Galba.  he should be Emperor, but not before old age, go to, quoth he, let him live a God's name, seeing it is nothing to us. Also as his Grandfather was sacrificing for the expiation of an 
* For some be fortunate and signify good.  adverse flash of lightning, (what time an Eagle caught out of his hands the innards of the beasts, carried them away, and bestowed them in an Oak 
* For some be fruitless.  bearing mast) answer was given unto him by the Soothsayerss out of their learning, that thereby was pottended and foreshowed unto his house, sovereign government: but it would be late first. Than he again, by way of Irrision, ye say very true indeed, That will ye, quoth be, when a mule shall bring forth a fool. Afterwards when this GALBA began to rebel and aspire unto the Empire, nothing heartened him in this design of his so much, as the foling of a mule. For when all men beside, abhorred this foul and monstrous prodigy, he alone took it to be most fortunate: calling to remembrance the foresaid sacrifice and the speech of his grandfather. When he had newly put on his virile gown, he dreamt that fortune spoke these words unto him, namely, how she stood before his door all weary, and unless she were let in the sooner she should become a prey unto whom soever she met. Not sooner awakened he, and opened his 
* Oor the outward Court. gate.  Port hall door, but he found hard by the 
* Or Doorefill.  entry, a brazen Image of the said goddess about a cubit long: which he carried away with him in his bosom to Tusculum where he was wont to summer, and having consecrated it in one part of his house there, worshipped the same from that time forward with monthly supplications, and a 
* Or wake  Vigil all night long once every year. And albeit he was not yet come to his middle and stayed age, yet retained he most constantly, this old manner of the City (which was now worn out of use, but that it continued still in his house and lineage) That his freedmen and bond servants should duly twice a day present themselves all together before him: and one by one in the morning salute him with a good morrow, and in the evening take their leave likewise with a farewell and also good night.  
Among the liberal Sciences he gave himself to the study of the (Civil) law. 
5  He entered also into the state of wedlock, but having buried his wife LEPIDA, and two sons that he had by her, he led always after a single life. Neither could he ever, by any offer or condition be persuaded to marriage again, not not of Dame 
● The father of Nero.  AGRIPPINA, who by the death of DOMITIUS become widow and had by all means solicited GALBA even whiles he was the husband of a wife, and not yet a single man, and in so much as at a great meeting of Ladies and Matrons, the mother of his wife LEPIDA shook her uppe roundly. yea and knocked her well for it with her own fists. He honoured & affected above all others LIVIA AUGUSTA the Empress, through whose grace and favour whiles she lived he become mighty, and by whose will and testament when she was dead, he had like to have been enriched. For whereas among others whom she remembered in her will, he had a special legacy to the value of 
* Quingentie●… HS. some read quinquagus rathe●…. ●…. 5, millians.  50 millians of Sesterces bequeathed unto him: because the said sum was set down in figures and cyphers and not written out at large, her heir TIBERIUS brought it down unto one 
* Ad quing 〈◊〉. sc. sestertia  half millian: and yet even that he never received. 
6   
Having entered upon the honourable offices of state before due time by law set 
A V C. ●…86  down; when he was Praetour, during the plays and games called 
* Either in honour of Flora the Goddess of Flowers, or else in thankful memorial of a famous Courtesan named Flora who made the people of Rome her heir & gave the City a great sum of money: out of the yeerel●… increase whereof were the charges defrayed that went to these licentious pla●…eses.  Floralia, he showed a new and strange kind of sight, to wi●… Elephants walking upon Ropes. After that, he governed the province Aquitaine almost one whole year. Soon after he bore the ordinary Consulship in his 
* Not substituted in the room of another deceased.  due time for the space of 6 months. And it fell out so, that as himself therein succeeded DOMITIUS the father of NERO, so SILVIUS the father of OTHO followed immediately after him: a very presage of the event ensuing: whereby he came to be Emperor just in the middle between the sons of them both. Being by 
* Cal●…gnla  CAIUS CAESAR substituted Lord general for GETULICUS, the very next day after he was come to the Legions, when as the soldiers at a solemn show which happened then to be exhibited, clapped their hands, he restrained them with this (a) Precept, That they should keep their hands 
* O●… under.  within their 
* Or Mandi●…ians.  Cl●…keses: Whereupon, this by word anon ran rife through the Campe.  

Disce miles militare,  
Galbaest, non Getulicus.   

Learn, soldiers, service 
* O●… 〈◊〉  Valorous:  
GALBA is here, & not (b) Getulicus   
With semblable severity, he inhibited all petitions for 
* Lice●…c st be absent from the Camp  placards and passports The old beaten soldiers as well as the new and untrained, he hardened still with continual work & labour: and having soon repressed the Barbarians who by their roads and incursions had now by this time broken in violently and set foot within Gaul, he quit himself so well and showed such good proof of his army unto CAIUS also then & there present in proper person as that among an infinite 
* Call gula  number of forces levied and assembled out of all provinces there were none went 
A, V, C, 794:  away with greater testimonies of proesse nor received larger rewards than he and his regiments. Himself above them all was most bravely be seen in this, that marching with his target before him he mashalled the gallants justing and running at tilt in the plain field▪ and for that he ran also by the emperors chariot side, for the space of twenty miles. When tidings came that 
* Caligula  CAIUS was murdered, 
A, V, C, 794  and many pricked him forward to take the opportunity then offered, he preferred quietness and rest. For which cause he stood in especial favour with CLAUDIUS, and was admitted into the rank of his inward friends; a man of that worth and reputation as that when he fell so dainely sick (although not very grievously) the day appointed for to set forth in the British expedition was differred. He governed Africa as Proconsul two years: being elected without lots drawing, for to settle and bring into order that Province far out of frame and disquieted as well with the civil mutinies, among the soldiers, as tumultuous commotions of the barbarous inhabitants. Which commission he discharged with great regard of severe discipline & execution of justice even in very small matters, A soldier of his there was, who during the expedition above said, in a great dearth and scarcity of Corn, was accused to have sold a residue remaining of his own allowance, to wit, a 
* Much about our peck.  Modious of wheat, 
* 3 l. 2. S. 6. d sterl:  for one hundred deniers▪ whereupon he gave strait commandment, that when the said soldier began once to want food, no man should be so hardy as to relieve him. And so for hunger he pined to death. As for his civil jurisdiction and ministering justice: when there grew some question and debate about the proprietary and right owner of a labouring beast, and sight evidences and presumptions on both sides were alleged: as simple witnesses also produced and therefore hard to divine and guess of the truth, he made 
* Coverrd all over the head.  this decree, That the beast should be led 
* As some horse or mule  hoodwinked unto the pool where it was wont to be watered: and when it was unhooded again, he awarded and pronounced the said beast to be his, unto whom of the own accord he returned directly after the had drunk.  
For his brave exploits achieved both in Africa then, and also in Germany 
8  afore time he received the honour of triumphal Ornaments and a triple Sacerdotal dignity; being admitted among the 
* Sacris faci●…n du, or Sybillinis libris i●…spiciundis i▪ to oversee sacrifices and divine service or to peruse the prophetical books of Sibylla. They were in number 15.  Quindecimvirs; into the guild and confraternity of the (a) Tity: and the College or society of the Priests (b) Augusta●…es. And from that time unto the midst well near of NERO'S Empire, he lived for the most part private in some retiring place out of the way: yet so as he never went forth any journey, (were it but for exercise by way of 
* Carrying in a light litter or chair.  Gestation) but he took forth with him in a waggon going hard by, to the value of a millian of Sesterces in gold until such time, as making his abode in a town called Fundi, the Regency of a province in Spain named Tarraconensis, was offered unto him. And it fortuned, that when he was newly arrived and entered into that province, as he sacrificed within a public temple, a boy among other Ministers holding the 
* Incense Pan  Cen ser, suddenly had all the hair of his head turned grey. Now there wanted not some who made this interpretation, That thereby was signified a change in the states; and that an old man should succeed a young, even himself in NERO'S steed. And not long after, there fell a 
* Or dint of lightning.  Thuntherbolt into a 
* L. cum. al. Locum i, a grove.  lake of Cantabria: and found there were immediately twelve axes: a doubtless tooken presaging Sovereign Rule.  
9 For 8 years space he governed that province variably and with an uneven hand. At the first, sharp he was, severe, violent, and in chasticing verily of trespasses beyond all measure extreme. For he caused a Banker, for unfaithful handling and exchange of money to lose both his hands, and to have them nailed fast unto his own shop board: A Guardian also he crucified, for poisoning his ward, whose heir he was in remainder. Now, as the party DELINQVENT called for the benefit of law, and avouched in his plea. That he 
* And therefore not to be crucied.  was a Roman Citizen; GALBA, as if he would allay his punishment with some 
* Solatio & honore, or comfortable honour. Hen diamond duo,  comfort and honour: commanded the cross already made to be changed, and another to be reared far higher than the ordinary: and the same laid over with a white colour. By little and little he grew to be slothful, careless and Idle because he would minister no matter unto NERO for to work upon: and for that (as himself was wont to say) No man was compelled to tender an acco●…mpt of his own Idleness. As he held the judicial Assizes at new Carthage, he had intelligence that 
* France  Gaul was in a tumult. 
* For, they be st●…ring spirits, that are looked into in a State.  And whiles the 
* Or Lieuten●…t  Ambassador of Aquitaine besought him earnestly to sand aid, the letters of VINDEX came in the very nick: exhorting him to frame and carry himself as the deliverer and protector of Mankind, even to take upon 
A, V, C. 〈◊〉  him to be their general Captain. He, making no longer stay upon the point, accepted the offer, partly for fear and in part upon hope. For he had both found out the warrants of NERO sent privily unto his Agents and procurators there, as touching his death▪ and also much confirmed and strengthened he was, as well by most lucky Auspexes and Osses, as by the prophesy of an honest Virgin: so much the rather, because the very same verses containing the prophesy, the priest of JUPITER at Clunia, had two hundred years past (by warning and direction given him in a dream) fetched out of an inward and secret vault of the Temple, delivered them likewise by a maiden which had the spirit of prophesy. The meaning and effect of which verses was, That one day there should arise out of Spain the sovereign Prince, and Lord of the whole world. 
10   
Therefore, when he had mounted the Tribunal, as if he intended then the 
* Enfraunckes sing.  manumising of slaves, and set before him in open sight very many pourtraicts and Images of such as had been condemned and killed by NERO: whiles their stood also in his presence a 
* Some noble man's son of Rome  boy of noble blood, whom he had sent for of purpose out of one of the Baleare islands hard by, where he was 
* By Nero.  exiled: he bewailed the state of those times. Whereupon being with one accord saluted 
* or L. General  Emperor, yet he professed himself to be the Lieutenant only of the Senate & people of Rome. After this, having proclaimed a Cessation of judicial pleas for the time; out of the Commons verily of that Province, he enrolled both Legions and Auxiliaries, over and above the old army, which contained on Legion, two cornets of horsemen, & three cohorts: but out of the better sort, to wit, the Nobility and Gentry; such I mean as for wisdom & age went before the rest, he ordained a body of a Senate: un to whom men should have recourse touching matters of greater importance, as need required He chose forth also young gentlemen, for the knight's degree, who conti nuing still the wearing of (gold) Rings should be called 
* As if they had served their full time, and were now called forth a●… gai●…e by way o●… bor our  Evocati, & kept watch and ward instead of (sworn) 
* Wh●… us●…ally were rings of iron.  Soldiers about his lodging and bedchamber. He sent out his Edicts also in every Province, counseling and persuading all and some to join with him in these designments: and (proportionally to the means that every one had) to help and promote the common cause. Much about the same time, in the fortification of a town which he had chosen to be the Capital seat of the war, a Ring was found of antic work, in the gem or stone whereof was engraven the express resemblance of (a) victory together with a (b) Trophy: And soon after, a ship of ALEXANDREA freight with armour, arrived 
* Dertosam appu lit: al. Decursa appul ●…, i hulled down the tide: cr●…as the wind did drive it  before Dertosa, without pilot, without mariner or passenger: that no man might make any doubt, but that this war was just, lawful, and undertaken with the favour and approbation of the Gods. But lo, suddenly and unlooked for, all in manner was dasnt and put out of frame. One of the two Cornets of horsemen above mentioned; as bethinking themselves and repenting that they had changed their military oath was at the point to fall away and forsake him as he approached the Camp, yea and hardly kept in their allegiance to him: Certain slaves also, whom (being prepared a forehand to do him a mischief) he had received as a present at the hands of a freed man of NERORS, miss but little of kill him, as he passed through a cross lane to the Baines for to bathe. And surely done the deed they had, but that as they exhorted and encouraged one another not to 
* Omitterent or, 〈◊〉 i to lose.  overslip the opportunity presented they were over heard: who being examined and asked, upon what occasion they spoke such words? were by torture forced to confess the truth.  
11 Besides these dangers so great, there fell out (to help the matter well) the death of VINDEX. wherewith being most of all amazed, and like to a man utterly forlorn, he went within a little of renouncing this world and foregoing his own life. But by occasion of messengers coming with news from the City in the very instant, no sooner understood he that NERO was slain, and all men in general had swum allegiance unto him, but he laid away the name of Lieutenant and took upon him the style of CAESAR. So, he put himself on his journey clad in his Coatearmour, with his dagger hanging down from about his neck just before his breast▪ neither took he to the use of a gown and long rob again, before they were surprised and suppressed, who made insurrections and rose up in arms against 
* Notwithstanding that upon the death of Nero, he was declared Emperor at Rome.  him: namely, at Rome NYMPHIDIUS SABINUS captain of the Praetorian guard: in Germany FONTEIUS CAPITO & in Africa CLODIUS MACER, ij: Lieutenants.  
12 There had a rumour been raised before of his cruelty and covetousness both: for punishing the Cities of Spain which were somewhat slack in coming to side with him, by saying very heavy tributes and taxes upon them: some of them also by dismanteling and rasing their walls: likewise for putting to death certain Precedents and procurators together with there wives and children: as also for melting a Coronet of gold weighing 15. pound: which the men of Tarracon from out of the old Temple of JUPITER had presented unto him: and commanding that the three ounces which wanted of the full weight should be exacted and made good. This report was both confirmed and also increased upon his first entrance into Rome. For when he would have compelled the servitors at Sea (whom 
* Either by waist in melting or by the crafty conveyance of the gold founder.  NERO had made of mariners and oaremen, full and lawful soldiers) to return again to their former state and condition: when they made refusal, and beside called malapertly for their Eagle and other military ensigns: he not only sent in, among them a troop of horsemen and so trod them under foot; but also executed with death every tenth man of them. Semblably, the Cohort of Germans which in times past had been by the CAESARS ordained for the guard of their persons, and by many good proofs were found most trusty, he dissolved: and without any avails and recompense for their service sent them home again into their Country: pretending that they stood better affected unto CN. DOLAEELLA (nee●… unto whose Horthyards and gardens they quartered) than to him. Moreover, these reports also (whether truly or falsely I wot not) went commonly of him by way of mockery. That when there was a more plentiful supper than usual served up before him, he gave a great groan thereat. His Steward verily in 
* Ordinaris Di●…pensatori or this one Ordinari●…s' his steward.  ordinary cast up his books and rendered unto him a breviary of all reckonings, and accounts. For his great care and serviceable diligence, he reached unto him a dish of 
* As of peasen or beans etc.  pulse. But when CAIUS the minstrel played upon the Hautbois the Hautbois and pleased him wondrous well, he bestowed liberally upon him 
* Or pence, 3 S. id, ob, English.  for his labour five good Deniers, and those he drew with his own hand out of his privy purse.  
At his first coming therefore, he was not so welcome. And that appeared at 
13  the next solemnity of public Shows. For when as in the Atellane Comaedies, some had begun a most vulgar Canticle with this verse,  
St: Venit Io Simus a villa, etc. 
* hushed or whist, an Interjection of silence.   


* See Tur●…h Advers: 5, cap, ●…  St: See; Our SIMUS that Country clown  
Is from his Farm now come to town.   
The Spectators all at once with one accord and voice, sung out the rest in manner of a respond: and repeating withal the said verse often, as the fore-burden of the Song, acted (and with gesture) noted him.  
14 Thus verily with far greater favour and authority obtained he the Empire than managed it when he was therein; notwithstanding, he gave many proofs of an excellent Prince: But nothing so acceptable were his good Acts, as those were odious and displeasant wherein he faulted and did amiss. Ruled he was according to the will and pleasure of three persons: whom dwelling as they did together and that within the Palatium, (ready evermore at his elbow and in his ear) men commonly called his Paedagogues. These were, TITUS' 
* Or Vini●….  JUNIUS, his Lieutenant in Spain; a man infinitely covetous: CORNELIUS LACO, who being of his Counsel and assistance was advanced by him to be captain of the guard; one for his arrogancy and 
* S●…cordia, or sottishness.  luskishness Intolerable: and a freed man of his, ICELUS; who but a little before, being honoured with the 
* Knighthood.  golden ring, and endowed with the surname MARTIANUS, looked now for to be the Provost and Captain of the Praetorian Gentlemen and Knights Degree. Unto these men, I say, playing their parts and committing outrages correspondent to their vices in 
* Summa aeq●… stris gradus, or summi equest●… ordinis.  diverse kinds, he yielded and wholly gave himself to be abused so much, as that scarcely he was like himself, but always variable: one while precise and near, otherwhiles as remiss and careless; more, iwis, than become a Prince elected, and a man of those 
* 73  years. Some honourable persons of 
* Gentlemen and Senators.  both degrees he condemned upon the lest suspicion, before their cause was heard. The Freedom of Rome City he seldom granted to any. The privilege and Immunity due to those who had three children, he gave to one or two at most with much ado: nor to them verily, but for a certain time limited and set down. The judges making suit for to have a sixth Decurie adjoined unto them, he not only denied flatly, but also this benefit of vacation granted unto them by CLAUDIUS. That they should not be called forth to sit in the Winter (a) season, and at the beginning of the year, he took from them.  
15 It was thought also, that he purposed to determine and limit the Offices belonging to Senators and Gentlemen, within the compass of two years: and not to bestow the same but upon such as were unwilling and refused to take them. The Liberalities and bountiful 
* Which amounted according to Tacitus into bis & vicies millies 2200 millians.  Donations of NERO, he took order by a Commission directed unto 
* Tacitus saith 30.  fifty Gentlemen of Rome, for to be revoked: yea, and the same to be exacted for his behoof, allowing out thereof not above the tenth part: with this strait condition moreover, That if Actors upon the Stage, o●… Wrestlers and Champions otherwise, had sold any such donation given unto them aforetime, the same should be taken from the Buyers, since that the parties who had sold the same had spent the money, and were not sufficient to repay it. Contrariwise, there was not any thing, but by the means of his followers, Favourites and freed men, he suffered either to be purchased for money, or granted freely for favour: as for example, Customs, ●…postss, Immunities, Punishments of the Innocent, and Impunity of Malefactors. Moreover, when as the people of Rome called upon him for justice, & namely to have HALOTUS and TIGELLINUS executed, the only men of all the bloodhounds and instruments of N●…RO that wrought most mischief, he saved them from danger: and beside, advanced HALOTUS to a most honourable Procuratorship: and in the behalf of TIGELLINUS rebuked the people by an Edict for their cruelty unto him.  
16 Having hereby given offence and 
* Propé universis ordi●…bus ●…nsis.  discontentment, to the States and Degrees in manner all, yet he incurred the displeasure and ill will most of the Soldiers. For, when his Provosts had promised and pronounced unto them, (what time they swore allegiance unto him), a greater Donative than usually had been given, he would not make good and ratify the same; but eftsoones gave it out, That his manner had ever been to choose and not buy his Soldiers. And as, upon that occasion verily he angered all his Soldiers wheresoever: so, the Pretorians and those of his guard he provoked moreover with fear, and nettled with offering them indignities; namely, by removing and displacing most of them one after another, as suspected persons, and the adherents of NYMPHIDIUS. But the forces of higher Germany grumbled and fumed most of all, for being defrauded of their rewards for service performed against the French and Vindex. They were the first therefore that durst break out into open disobedience: and upon the Newyeeres' day refused to take an oath and bind themselves in allegiance unto any other than the Senate of Rome. They intended also to dispatch forthwith an Embassy unto the Praetorian guard, with these advertisements and messages from them, Namely, That they were displeased with an Emperor made in Spain: and therefore themselves should elect one, whom all the Armies in General might allow and approve.  
17 Not sooner heard he this news, but supposing that he was become contemptible, not so much for his old age, as his childless estate; he presently out of the thick throng and middle multitude that came to salute him, caught hold of PISO FRUGI LICINIANUS, a noble young Gentleman and of excellent parts; one whom in times past he had made right great account of, and 
* Semper, or super●…, beside.  always in his will remembered as Inheritor to succeed in his goods and name: Him he now called Son, him he presented unto the Praetorian Camp; and there before a public assembly, adopted. But of the foresaid Donative not a word all this while, not not at that very time. Whereby he ministered unto M. SALVIUS OT●…O better occasion and readier means to accomplish his enterprises within six days after this Adoption.  
18 Many prodigious sights and those presented continually even from the very first beginning, had portended unto him such an end as ensued. When all the way as he journeyed, beasts were sacrificed to do him honour in every town on both sides, it chanced that a Bull astonished with the stroke of the Butcher's axe, broke the bond wherewith he stood tied and ran●… full upon his Chariot; and rising up with his (fore) feet, all to be spr●…inct and d●…enched it with blood. As he alight out of it, one of the guard and Pensioners about him, with the thrusting of the throng had like with his spear to have wounded him. As he entered also the City of Rome and so passed forward up to the P●…latium; he was welcomed with an Earthquake, and a certain noise resembling the lowing of a beast. But there followed after these, greater Prodigies still and more fearful. He had selected and laid by itself out of all his Treasure, a jewel set thick with pearl and precious stones, for to beautify and adorn his Goddess Fortune at Tusculum. This jewel (as if it had been worthy of a more stately and sacred place), all of a sudden he dedicated to VENUS in the Capitol, and the next night following he dreamt, that he saw Fortune making her moan and complaining, how she was defrauded of the gift intended and meant unto her: threatening withal, that she herself also would take away what she had given him. Now, being aff●…ighted with this vision, when in great hast he was go apace to Tusculum, and had by break of day sent certain before of purpose to provide an expiatory 
* To avert the harm prog●… nosticated thereby.  sacrifice for this dream, he found nothing there but warm embers upon the altar hearth, and an old man all in 
* Like a mo●…ner.  black sitting hard by, * holding in a dish of 
* Ominous tokens presagi●…g haply his b●…tle state.  glass, Frankincense, and in an earthen cup, wine. Observed also it was, that upon the Kalends of januarie while he sacrificed, his co●…onet cell from his head: As he took his Auspexes, the pullets flew away. And upon the Solemn day of the foresaid Adoption, when he should make a Speech unto the Soldiers, the 
* Or chair of Estate.  Camp-Throne stood not, (as the manner was) before his Tribunal; (such was the forgetfulness of his Ministers) and in the Senate, his Curule chair was placed wrong, with the back toward him.  
19 But before he was slain, as he sacrificed that morning, the Soothsayer oftentimes warned him to beware of danger: For murderers were not far off. And not long after he took knowledge that OTHO was possessed of the 
* Praeterian.  Campe. And when most of those about his person persuaded him still to make what speed he could and go forward thither (for why? by his authority and presence he might bear sway and prevail) he resolved to do no more but keep close within house: to stand upon his guard, and to fortify himself with the strength of his legionary Soldiers, in many and diverse places quartered. Howbeit, he put 
* 〈◊〉.  on a good linen (a) jack: although he seemed to acknowledge, that in small steed it would stand him, against so many sword-points. But being borne in hand & seduced with rumours which the Conspirators had of purpose spread abroad to train him out into the open street: whiles some few rashly affirmed, That all was dispatched; The rebels & seditious persons defaited: and the rest coming in great frequency with joy & gratulation, ready to do him all the obsequions service they could: He to meet them went forth; and that with so great confidence as that unto a Soldier who made his boast, He had slain OTHO, he answered, And by whose warrant? This advanced he as far as into the Marketplace. There, the Horsemen having commission and commandment to kill him: When they had voided the common people out of the way, and put their horses forward through the Streets, and espied him a●…arre off, stayed a while: but afterwards, setting spurtes to again, fell upon him and slew him outright, forsaken as he was of all his train and followers.  
20 There be that report, How at the first uproar, he cried aloud: What mean ye my fellow Soldiers? I am yours, and ye are mine: and withal promised (to pay) the Donative: But, many mo●…e have left in writing, that of himself he offered them his throat, and willed them (since they thought so good) to mind that only which they came for, even to strike and spare not. A strange and wonderful thing it was, that of those who were there present not one went about to help their Emperor: and all that were sent for, rejected the messenger, saving only a guidon of German Horsemen. These in regard of his fresh demerit (in that he had tenderly cherished and made much of them being sick and feeble) hastened to the rescue: Howbeit they came too late, by occasion, that being ignorant of the streets and places they took a wrong way and were hindered. Killed he was at the 
* The place. wheresomtime that lake was.  Lake Curtius, and there left lying even as he was; until such time as a common Soldier as he returned from foraging and providing of corn, threw down his load and cut his headoff. Now, because he could not catch hold of the hair of his head (so bald he was) he hide it in his lap: and anon thrust his thumb into his mouth and so brought it to OTHO: who gave it to the 
* Or water▪ bearers and wood purveiers for the Soldiers.  Scullions, Lackeys & * Varlets that follow the Campe. These sticking it upon a spear carried it, not without reproachful scorn all about the Camp setting up ever and anon this Note, 
* 〈◊〉, Cupid, etc.  GALBA, thou lovely CUPID take thy time, and make use of thy fresh and youthful years: Provoked they were, especially to such malapert frumps and flouts, because some days before there ran a rife report abroad, that unto one who commended that visage and person of his, as continuing still fresh, fair, and vigorous, he made this answer, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

I have yet still 
* Homer, Iliad. ●… Diomedes to Sthenelus.   
My strength at will.   
At their hands, a freed man of PATROBIUS NERONIANUS, bought the same for one hundred (a) pieces of gold and fling it into that very (b) place, where, before time his 
* Patrobius.  Patron by the commandment of GALBA, had been executed. At length (late though it was) his Steward ARGIUS buried both it and the trunk of his body within his own private Hortyards in the way Aurelia.  
21 Of full stature he was: his head bald: his eyes grey, and his nose hooked: his hands and feet by reason of the gout grown exceeding crooked; in so much as uneth he was able either to abide shoes on the one, or to turn over, or so much as hold his books with the other. There was an 
* Or bunch.  excrescence also of flesh in the right side of his body; and the same hung downward so much, as hardly it could be tied up with a 
* Or swathing band.  truss.  
22 A great feeder and meatman by report, he was. For in Winter time he used to eat before day light: and at supper to be served so plentifully, that the relics and reversion of the board being gathered together into heaps, he commanded to be carried round about and distributed among those that stood waiting at his feet. Given he was over much to the unnatural lust of Malekind: but such chose he (and none else) for his Darlings, as were stale-thick-skins and past growth. It was reported that in Spain when ICELUS one of his old Catamites brought him word of NERO'S end, he not only received him in open sight with most kind kisses, but entreated him without delay to be 
* Made smooth  plucked, and so led him at one side out of the way.  
23 He died in the 73 year of his age, and seventh month of his Empire. The Senate as soon as lawfully they might, had decreed for him a Statue standing upon a Column adorned 
* Rostr●…  with the Stems and beake-heads of ships, in that part of the Mercate-steed of Rome where he lost his life: But VESPASIAN repealed that Decree: as being thus conceited of him, That he had suborned and sent under hand out of Spain into jury, certain of purpose to murder him.   

THE HISTORY OF Marcus Salvius Otho,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
THE Ancestors of OTHO had their beginning in a town●… 
Chap. 1  called Ferentinum; extract out of an ancient and honourable family, even from the Princes of Hetruria. His grandfather M. SALVIUS OTHO having for his Father a Gentleman of Rome, and for his mother a woman of base condition (and whether she was freeborn or no? it is uncertain) through the favour of LIVIA AUGUSTA, in whose house he had his rising and growth, was made a Senator, and exceeded not the degree of a praetor. His Father, L. OTHO by his mother's side of right noble blood descended, and thereby allied to many great kindreds, was so dear and in face so like unto TIBERIUS the Emperor, that most men believed verily, he was his own son. The Honourable Offices within the City: the Proconsulship of Asia, and other extraordinary places of Conduct and Command, he managed most severely. He adventured also in Illyricum to pro ceed so far, as to put certain soldiers to death, for that in the commotion of CAMILLUS upon a touch of conscience they had killed their 
* Or his. i. Ca●…,  Captains and provosts, as authors of the revolt and rebellion against CLAUDIUS, and verily this execution himself in person saw performed in the Camp (a) even before the Prin cipia: notwithstanding that he knew they were for that service advanced to higher places by CLAUDIUS. By which act of his as he grew in glory so he decreased in favour. And yet the same he soon recovered again, by detecting the perfidious plot of a Roman Knight, whom by the appeachment of his own servants he found to have attempted the death of CLAUDIUS. For, both the Senate endowed him with an honour most rare and seldom seen, to wit his own statue erected in the Palatium; and also CLAUDIUS when he ranged him among the patricians, and in most honourable terms praised him added these words withal, He is a man, than whom I would not wish I assure you to have better Children of mine own. Of ALBIA TERENTIA a right noble and gallant Lady he begat two sons, LUCIUS TITIANUS, and a younger forenamed MARCUS, and carrying the surname 
. i. Otho.  of his father: a daughter also he had by her, whom as yet not marriageable, he affianced unto DRUSUS the son of GERMANICUS.  
2 This OTHO the Emperor, was borne the 4 day before the Kalends of May, 
* 28 April.  when CAMILLUS ARRUNTIUS and DOMITIUS AENOBAREUS were Consuls. 
A, V, C, 785  From the very prime of his youth, he was roiotous, wild and wanton: in so much as his father swindged him well and sound for it: reported also to use night walking; and as he met any one either feeble or cupshorten or overcome with drink to catch hold of him, lay him upon a soldiers gaberdine, and so (b) to toss and hoist him up into the air. Afterwards, upon his father's death, a certain Libertine woman of the Court, a dame very gracious (because he would make the more benefit by following and courting her as his mistress) he pretended love unto: albeit an old trot she was in manner doting for age. By her means winding himself into the favour of NERO, he easily obtained the chief place among his minions and favourites (such was the congruence of their humours and dispositions) and as some writ by mutual abusing also of one another's body against kind. But so mighty he waxed and bore such a side, as that in consideration of a great piece of money agreed upon, he presumed to bring into the Senate house for to give 
* For pardon  thanks, a man of Consular degree, who stood condemned for extortion, even before he had fully obtained his 
* Restoring to h●…ss former state.  restitution.  
3 Being now, as he was, privy and party to all the counsels and secret designs of NERO: he to avert all manner of suspicion, that very day which NERO had appointed for the murdering of his mother, entertained them both at supper withmost exquisite, and the kindest welcome that might be. Semblably, Dame POPPAEA SABINA, being as yet but the paramour of NERO, whom he had newly taken from her 
* Rufus Crispus  husband, and committed in the mean 
* until he could put away Octavia  while unto himself upon trust for to keep, under a 
* So writeth P●…utarch But Tacitus differeth from this Narration.  colour of marriage he received: And not content herewith that he alienated her heart from NERO and used her body, he loved her so entirely, that he could not endure NERO himself to be his 
* Partner with him in love of that Mistress  Corrival. Certes, it is thought of a truth, that not only the messengers who were sent to fetch her, came again without her: but also that one time he kept NERO himself without doors standing there and cooling his heels, with threats also and prayers intermingled, demanding his 
* pledge or gage, to wit Poppaea.  pawn which he had left with him, but all in vain. Whereupon after the said marriage broken and dissolved, sent out of the way he was under a pretence of an Embassage into Portugal: Which course was thought sufficient for fear lest his proceeding to any sharper punishment might have told 
* How Nero had been excluded & shut out of doors etc.  tales abroad and marred all the play: howbeit as secretly conveyed as it was, out it came and was made known by this Distichon.  

Cur Otho mentito sit quaeritis exul honore?  
Vxoris Moechus coeper at esse suae.   

Exiled in show of Embassage was OTHO. Ask ye, why?  
With his own wife begun he had to act (a) adultery.   
Having been afore time in no higher place than Questour, yet governed he a province for the space of x years with singular 
* ij. Verses.  moderation and 
* Without rigour  abstinence.  
4 As occasion at length and opportunity of 
* Without pilling, pollmg & extort●…on.  revenge was offered, he was the first that combined with GALBA in his attempts. At which very instant himself also conceived hope of the Empite & great the same was, no doubt; considering the 
A. V, C. 821  condition and state of those times, but greater somewhat by reason of SELEUCUS 
* Of Nero.  the Astrologers words: who having long before warranted him that he should sur: vive NERO, was then of his own accord come unlooked for & promised again that shortly also he should be Emperor. Omitting therefore no kind of obsequious office & ambitious popularity even to the very meanest: look how often he invited the 
* Galba.  Emperor to supper, he would deal throughout the Cohort that then warded, to every man a piece of 
* 15, S. 7. D, ob, English,  gold: & no less careful was he to oblige unto him one way or other, the rest of the soldiers. And when one of them went to law with his neighbour about a parcel of ground in the skirts and confines of both their lands, he being chosen arbitrator, bought the whole land for the said soldier and enfeoffed him in it. So as now by this time there was scarce one, but both thought and said that he alone was worthy to succeed in the Empire.  
5 Moreover he had fed himself with hopes to have been adopted by GALBA & that looked he for daily: But after that PISO was preferred and himself disappointed of his hope, he turned to plain violence: pricked thereto, over and beside the discontentment of his mind, by occasion that he was so deeply indebted. For he stuck not to profess. He was not able to stand, unless he were Emperor: And it skilled not whether he were over thrown by his enemy in the field, or fell under his creditors hands at the Bar. Some few days before, he had fetched over one of CAESAR'S servants in a millene of Sesterces for the obtaining of a Stewardship: & with the help of this sum of money, enterprised he so great a project. At the first he committed the matter to 5. 
* Speculat oribus  soldiers employed in Espial: then to x. others whom they had brought forth with them, to wit every man twain. To each one of these he paid in hand. x thousand 
* 100, Aurei: every Aureus being 15, S. 7, D, ob.  sesterces, & promised 50000 more. By these were the rest solicited, & those not very many: as making no doubt but presuming confidently of this that a number beside would be ready in the very action to second it.  
6 He had minded once, presently after the adoption (of PISO) to seize their camp into his own hands, and so to set upon GALBA as he sat at supper in the Palace: but the respective regard he had of the Cohort, which then kept watch and ward, he checked this intent of his: for fear lest the same should incur the into lerable hatred of the world: considering, by the guard of that very Cohort, CAIUS had been slain before, and NERO perfidiouslie betrayed afterwards. Moreover, exception was taken against the middle time between, partly upon, a 
* Scrupulosity.  superstition that he had, and in part by direction from SELEUCUS. Well then, upon a 
* 15 lanu●…rij  day appointed, after warning given aforehand unto those that were privy to the conspiracy, for to attend him in the market place at the golden (a) Milliarium under the Temple of Saturn, he faluted GALBA in the morning, and (as the manner was) being received with a kiss, was present also as he sacrificed and heard the Soothsayerss pred●…ctionss. Which done, a freed man of his brought him word that the Architects were come (this was the watchword agreed upon between them) whereupon as if forsooth he were to look upon an house that was to be sold, he departed, got him quickly away through the back side of the Palace, and hied a pace toward the place appointed. Others say, that he feigned himself to have an ague, and willed those that stood next to him to make that excuse in case he were asked for. Than lying hidden within a woman's 
* Cre●…cse chair, wherein women use to be carried.  Licter, he hastened to the Camp: and for that the Licter bearers were tired and faint, he alighted on the ground and began to run a foot: but by occasion that his shoes latchet was slack, he stayed behind, until such time as without any further delay, he was taken up on men's shoulders, and by the ●…raine and Company there ptesent saluted Emperor; and so with lucky acclama 
A, V, C. 822.  tions among drawn swords, came as far as to the 
* A principal place within the Camp.  Principia whiles every one all the way he went adhaered unto him, as if they had been all privy and party in the conspiracy. There, after he had dispatched certain away to kill both GALBA and PISO, he to win the soldiers hearts by fair promises, protested before them all assembled together, That himself would have and hold no more, then just that which they would leave for him.  
7 This done, as the day drew toward evening he entered into the Senate: and briefly laying before them a reason of his proceeding, as if he had been carried away perforce out of the market place and compelled to take the Empire upon him (which he would administer according to the general will and pleasure of them all), to the palace he goeth. Now when as beside other sweet & plausible words delivered by such as did congratulate and flatter him, he was by the base common people called NERO, he gave no token at all that he refused it▪ nay rather as some have reported, ever in his patents, grants and missives which he first wrote unto certain precedents & governors of Provinces, he added unto his style the surname of NERO. This is certain, he both suffered his 
* Which either were of wax, or peincted  images and 
* Commonly of brass stone or such solid matter.  Statues to be erected again in their own places: & also restored his procurators & freed men to the same offices that they had enjoyed before. Neither, by his imperial prerogative and absolute power subscribed he any, thing, before a warrant for fifty 
* quingenties Hs or Sestertium  millians of Sesterces to the finishing of (NERO'S) golden house. It is said that the same night being affrighted in his sleep he groaned very sore, and was by his servitors that ran thick into the chamber found lying on the bore floor before his bed: also that he assayed by all kind of propitiatory sacrifices and peace offerings to appease the 
* Or Ghost.  spirit of GALBA, whom he had seen in his sleep, to thrust and drive him forth: Semblably, the morrow after as he was taking his 
* by observing the sacred Birds:  Auspexes, there arose a sudden tempest whereupon he caughta grievous fall, and oftentimes he mumbled this to himself.  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
For, how can (a) I (whose blast is short)  
With these long hautboys fitly sort?   
8 And verily about the same time, the forces and Armies in (a) Germany had sworn fealty and allegiance unto VITELLIUS, which when he understood, he propounded unto the Senate, That an Embassage might be sent thither, to 〈◊〉 them that there was an Emperor chosen already, and advice them with all to peace and con cord: yet, by enter course of messengers and letters between, he made offer unto VITELLI LIVES to partake equally with him in the Empire, and accept of a marriage with his daughter: But when there was no way but one and that by open war: seeing that now already the Captains and forces which VITELLIUS had sent before, approached he had good proof what loyal and faithful hearts, the praetorian soldiers carried towards him, even to the utter ruin and destruction well near of the most honourable degree of Senators. Now decreed it had 
* For Fabiu Valens and Aulus C●…cina were come with a power out of Germany into Italy.  been, that by the Sea servitors the 
* By Otho & the Senate.  armour should be conveyed over and sent back (to Ostia) by shipping. And as the said armour was in taking forth out of the armory in the Camp, at the shutting of the Evening, some (soldiers) suspecting treachery and treason; raised a tumult and gave an Alarm: wherewith suddenly all of 
* with which the 1●… th'. cohort sent for out of the Colony Ost●…a before to Rome should be armed.  them without any certain leader to conduct them, ran to the Palace, calling hard to have the 
* The Praetorian or guard Soldiers.  Senate massacred: and when they had repelled some of the Tribunes who assayed to repress their violence, and killed other of them, all imbrued in blood as they were, and asking still where the Emperor was? they rushed in as far as into his banqueting room, and never rested until they had seen him Than set he forward his expedition lustily: and began with more haste then good speed; without any care at all of religion and the will of God: as having only stirred and taken those sacred 
* who to the number of four score, with many Ladies w●…re at su●…per that night with Otho and by the soldiers suspected to have plotted his death.  shields (b) called Ancilia, and not bestowed them quietly again in their due place (a thing in old time held ominous and ever presaging ill luck): Besides, the very same day it was, upon which the priests and ministers of (Cybele) the mother of the Gods, begin to lament, weep and wail: to conclude, when all signs and tokens, were as cross as possibly they might be. For not only in the beast killed for sacrifice unto Father 
* Or Mars.  DIS, he found the Innardss propitious (whereas in such a sacrifice as that the contrary 
* Gall●….  
* The infernal God ●…o named guasi dires●…rich ●…rich as Pluto, of Plouto●…e's riches because all things arise out of the earth and fall into it again.  had been more acceptable) but also as his first setting out, stayed he was by the inundation, and swelling of the river Tiberis. At the twenty mile's end likewise, he found the high way choked and stopped up against him with the ruins of certain houses fallen down.  
9 With like inconsiderate rashness, albeit no man doubted but that in good policy, the war aught to have been protracted, because the enemy was distressed as well with famine, as the straight wherein he was penned, yet resolved he with all speed, to hazard the fortune of the field and to try it out by fight; as one, either impatient of longer thought and pensiveness hoping that before the coming of VITELLIUS most part of the business, might be dispatched, or else because he could not rule his soldiers calling so hotly upon him to give battle. Yet was not he present in that conflict but stayed behind at Bryxellum. And verily in three several, skirmishes, which were not great, to wit, upon the Alps, about ●…lacentia and at Castoris, 
* Tacitus calleth it Cassrorum, or rather Castorum of Castor and Pollu●….  (a place so called) he won the victory: but in the last battle of all, (which was the greatest) he lost the day, and was by a treacherous practice vanquished. namely, when upon hope of a parley pretended, as if the soldiers had been brought out of the Camp to treat of conditions of peace: suddenly and unlooked for, even as they 
* By the rame of Commilitones: in●…psa con●…. Some read in ipsa consu●…tatione, i as they were in consultation.  saluted one another, there was no remedy but fight it out they must. And strait ways in a melancholy, he conceived a resolution to make himself away (as many are of opinion and not without cause) rather for shame, that he would not be thought to persevere in the maintenance of his sovereign dominion with so great jeopardy of the State and loss of men, than upon any despair or distrust of his forces. For still there remained a puissant army whole and entire, which he had detained with him for trial of better fortune: and another power was coming out of Dalmatia, Pannonia and Maesia. Neither verily were they discomfited so much daunted and dejected, but that, for to be revenged of this disgrace and shameful foil, ready they were of themselves, and alone without help of others, to undergo, any hard adventure whatsoever.  
10 In this war served mine own father SVETONIUS LENIS, in quality of a Tribune of the thirteenth Legion, and by degree a Senator 
* Or Colonel,  of the second rank. He was wont afterwards very often to report that OTHO even when he lived a 
* Angusticlavius.  private person, detested all civil wars so far forth, that as one related at the table the end of CASSIUS and BRUTUS, he fell a quaking and trembliing there at. Also, that he never would have been GALBA'S concurrent, but that he confidently thought, the quarrel might have ended without war. Well then, upon a new accident incited he was to the contempt of this present life, even by the example of a common and ordinary soldier: who reporting this overthrow of the army, when he could of no man have credit, but was charged one while with the lie, another while for his fear and cowardice (as who was run away out of the bat tail) fell upon his own sword at OTHOES' feet. At which sight, he cried out aloud and said, That he would no more cast so brave men and of so good desert into danger. Having exhorted therefore his own brother, his brother's son & every one of his friends severally, to make what shift they could for themselves, after he had embraced & kissed them each one, he sent them all away: And retiring himself into a secret room, two letters he wrote full of consolation ●…nto his sister, as also to MESSALINA, 〈◊〉 widow, whom he had purposed to wed, recommending the relics of his body and his memorial. And look what Epistles soever he had in his custody, he burned them all, because they should breed no man any danger loss, or displeasure with the conqueror. And out of that store of teasure which he had about him, he dealt money to his domestical sewitours.  
11 Being now thus prepared and fully bend to die, perceiving by occasion of some hurly burly, which while he made delay, arose, that 
* i. The Senators.  those who began to slip away & departed, were (by his 〈◊〉) ●…ebuked as traitors & perforce detained. Let us quoth he, prolong our life yet this one night: Upon which words and no more, he charged that no violence should be offered to any; but suffering his bed chamber (door) to stand wide open until it was late in the 〈◊〉, he permitted all that would to have access unto him. After this, having allayed his thirst with a draft of cold water he caught up two 
* Or rapier  daggers, & when he had tried how sharp the points of them both were, and laid one of them under his 
* Or beds head  pillow; & so the doors being fast shut he took his rest and slept most sound. Wakening then at last about day light and not before, with one only thrust under his left pap he stabbed himself. And when at the first groan that he gave, his servants broke in, he one while concealing and another while discovering the wound, yielded up his vital breath, and 
* For fear his head should be severed from h●…ss bo ie etc.  quickly (according as he had given charge before) was brought to his funeral fire: in the year of his age 38. and the 95 day of his Empire.  
12 Unto so great a mind & generous courage of OTHO, neither was his perfon 
A, V, C, 822.  nor habit answerable: For he was by report of a mean and low stature: feeble feet he had beside, and as crooked shanks. As for his manner of attire, as fine and nice he was well near as any woman: his body plucked and made smooth: wearing by reason of thin hair a 
* Or sergeant cap of false hair.  perrucke, so fitted and fastened to his head, that no man there was, but would have taken it for his own. Nay his very face he was wont every day to shave and besineere all over with (a) soaked bread. Which devise he took to at first, when the down began to bud forth, because he would never have a beard. It is said moreover, that many a time he open lie celebrated the divine service and sacred rites of ISIS, in a religious vestiment of linen. Whereby, I would think it came to pass, that his death nothing at all consonant to his life was the more wondered at. Many of his soldiers who were present about him, when with plentiful tears they had kissed his hands and feet dead as he lay; and commended him with all for a most valiant man, and the only Emperor that ever was, presently in the place, and not far from his funeral fire, killed themselves. Many of them also, who were absent, hearing of the news of his end, for very grief of heart ran with their weapons one at another to death. Finally most men who in his life time cursed and detested him, now when he was dead highly praised him: so as it came to be a common and rise speech abroad. That GALBA was by him slain; not so much for that ●…e affected to be Sovereign Ruler as because he desared ●…orestore the Sat of the Republic, and recover the freedom that was lost.   

THE HISTORY OF Aulus Vitellius,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
AS touching the Original and beginning of the VITELLII, 
Chap. 1  some writ this, others that; and all as contrary as may be: reporting it partly to be ancient and noble; and in part now start up and obscure, yea and very base and beggarly. Which I would suppose to have happened by means of the flatterers and backbiters both, of VITELLIUS the Emperor: but that I see there is sometime variance and diversity about the very condition of that family. A little book there is extant of one (a) Q. EULOGIUS 
* Extat Q. E●…logij, etc.  his making, written unto Q. VITELLIUS, Questor to AUGUSTUS C●…SAR of sacred memory: wherein is contained thus much, That the Vitellij descended from FAUNUS K. of th●… Aborigines and Lady VITELLIA (who in many places was worshipped for a Goddess) reigned over all Latium: That the offspring remaining of them, removed out of the Sabines Country to Rome, and were taken into the rank of the Patritij: That many monuments giving testimonte of this race, continued a long time, to wit, the high 
* Or causey.  way VITELLIA reaching from 
* An hill on the other side of Tiberis, ad. oyning to Rome by a bridge.  janiculum to the sea: likewise a Colony of the same name, the defence and keeping whereof against the Aequiculi, they in times past required, with the strength only. and puissance of their own family: Moreover, that afterwards in the time of the Sam●…ites war, when a garrison was sent 
* B. the Romans':  into Apulia, some of the Vitellij remained behind at Nuceria: and their progeny many a year after returned to Rome and recovered their Senators degree.  
Contrariwise, more Authors there be, who have left upon record, that their 
2  Stockfather was a Libertine. CASSIUS' SEVERUS, and others as well as he, do writ That the same man was also a very 
* Sutorem veteramentarium.  Cobbler: whose son having gotten more by 
* Or proscribed and outlawed:  chaffering (a) at a price for the confiscate goods of men 
* Sectionibus & cognituris:  condemned, and by games arising of (a) undertaking men's suits, of a common naughty pack, the daughter of one ANTIOCHUS' a Baker, begat a son, who proved afterwards a Gentleman of Rome. This dissonance of opinions I leave indifferent for men to believe which they will. But, to the purpose; PUELIUS VITELLIUS borne in Nuceria, (whether he were of that ancient lineage, or descended from base parents and Grandfathers) a Roman Gentleman doubtless, and a procurator under AUGUSTUS of his affairs, left behind him four sons, men of quality all and right honourable persons; bearing also their Father's 
* Which as Onuphrius sa●…t. was 〈◊〉.  surname: and distinguished only by their forenames, AULUS, QUINTUS, PUBLIUS' and LUCIUS'. AULUS died even when he was Consul: which dignity he had entered 
A, V, C: 785  upon with DOMITIUS the Father of NERO CAESAR: a man very sumptuous otherwise in his house and much spoken of for his magnificent suppers. QUINTUS was displaced from his Senators estate, what time as by the motion and persuasion of TIBERIUS there passed an Act: That such Senators as were thought insufficient should be culled out and removed. PUBLIUS' a Companion and dependent of GERMANICUS, accused and convicted CN. PISO his 
* Of Germanicus C●…sar:  mortal enemy, and the man who murdered him: And after the honourable place of Praetour, being apprehended among the Complices of SEJANUS Conspiracy 
A, V, C. 773  and committed to the keeping of his 
* Aulus.  brother, with a penknife cut his own veins: and after that, not so much repenting that he sought his own death, as 
A, V, C, 788  overcome with the earnest entreaty of his friends about him, suffered his wounds to be bound up and cured: but in the same 
* Or 〈◊〉 of liberty and duresse.  imprisonment he died of sickness. LUCIUS', after his Consulship being 
* Or 〈◊〉  Provost of Syria with passing fine slights 
A V, C, 788  and cunning devices trained and enticed forth ART ABANUS King of the Parthians, 
A, V, C. 787 796 800 80●… 797  not only to parley with him, but also to worship and adore the Standard, of the Roman Legions. Soon after, together with CLAUDIUS' the Emperor, he bore two ordinary Consulates, one immediately upon another, and the Censureship also: likewise the charge of the whole Empire, whiles CLAUDIUS was absent in the expedition of Britain, he sustained: an harmless person; active and industrious: howbeit blemished with a very badname, for the love (b) he bore unto a Libertine woman: whose spittle mixed with honey he used as a 
* A Collution,  remedy (and that not closely and seldom but every day and openly) washing therewith 
* 〈◊〉.  his 
* Or salute after a devout manner.  pipes and throat. He was beside of a wonderful glavering nature and given to flatteries. He it was, that first by his example brought up the order to 
* Caligula.  adore CAIUS CAESAR as a God, what time as being returned out of Syria, he durst not come into his presence otherwise than with his head 
* Which be the reverer●…t gestures used in worshipping the Gods See, Plin, l●…b, 28. cap. 2.  covered, turning himself about, and then falling down prostrate before him at his feet. And because he would omit no artificial means to curry favour with CLAUDIUS, a Prince so (b) addicted to his wife & freed men, he made suit unto MESLALLINA, as if it had been for the greatest gift she could bestow upon him, to do him the grace that he might have the D'offing of her shoes: and the (c) right foot pump which he had drawn off, he carried in his bosom continually between his gown and inward clotheses, yea, and many times would kiss the same. The golden images also of NARCISSUS and PALLAS he reverently honoured among his domestical Gods. This was a word likewise of his, when he did congratulate CLAUDIUS at the exhibiting of the 
* So called, because they were solennized but once in an hundred, or an hundred & 1. veeres  Secular plays, Sep factas. i Many a time may you this do. He died of a (d) palsy, the very next day, after it took him: leaving behind him two sons, whom SEXTILIA his wife a woman for her virtue highly approved, and of no mean parentage descended, bore unto him. Them he saw both, Consuls, and that in one year, yea and the same throughout; for that the younger succeeded the elder for six months: When he was departed this life, the Senate 
A, V, C, 768  granted unto him the honour of a public funeral: a statue likewise before the Rostra with this Inscription, Pietatis immobilis erga principem. i. 
* 〈◊〉 (a man).  Of constant devotion and irremoveable piety to his Prince.  
3 AULUS VITELLIUS the son of LUCIUS, and Emperor, was borne the 
* 24 September  eighth day before the Calendss of October: or, as some will have it, the 
* 7th, Of September.  seventh day before the Ideses of September, when DRUSUS CAESAR and NORBANUS FLACCUS were Consuls. His 
* Or fortune by the Horoscope of his Nativity.  Nativity foretold by the Astrologers, his parents had in such horror; that his father endeavoured always what he could, that no Province whiles he lived should be committed unto him: and his mother what time he was both sent unto the Legions and saluted 
* Or Emperor  Lord General, straightways lamented as if then he had been undone for ever. His childhood & flower of youth he spent at Capri among the Strumpets and Catamites that TIBERIUS kept there: Himself noted always with the surname of 
* A deviser of new fashions & forms of filthy uncleanness  SPINTRIA, was thought also by suffering the abuse of his own body to have been the cause of his father's rising and advauncement.  
4 All the time also of his age ensuing stained as he was with all manner of reproachable villainies, so he carried a principal sway above others in the Court, grown into familiar acquaintance with CAIUS for his love to chariot running, and with CLAUDIUS' for his affection to diceplay: but in greater favour he was a good deal with NERO, both in the self same regards aforesaid, as also for this especial demerit, in that being precedent at the solemnity called Neroneum, when NERO was desirous to strive for the prize among the Harpers & Musicians, but yet durst not promise' so to do, (notwithstanding all the people called instantly upon him) and thereupon went out of the Theatre: he pretending that he was sent Ambassador unto him from the people persisting still in their earnest request, had called him back and so brought him in the end to be entreated.  
5 Through the favourable indulgence therefore of three Emperors, being advanced not only to right honourable offices of State, but also to as high Sacerdotal dignities, he managed after all these the Proconsulate of Africa, & executed the charge of surveying and supravising the public works: but with mind and reputation both, far unlike. For in his Province he demeaned himself for two years together with singular innocency and integrity; as who after his brother succeeded in his stead, stayed there still in quality of his Lieutenant. But in his office within the City, he was reported to have secretly stolen away, the oblations, gifts and ornaments of the Temples; to have embecilled and changed some of them; yea, and in am of gold and silver to have foisted in tin and Copper.  
6 He took to wife PETRONIA the daughter of one that had been Consul, by whom he had a son with one eye named PETRONIANUS, Himulco being by his 
* Deceased:  mother ordained her heir upon condition that he were freed once out of his father's power, he manumised in deed: but soon after (as it was thought) killed: having charged him beside with parricidie, and pretending withal, that the poison which was provided to work that mischief; he upon remorse of conscience had drunk himself. After this, bewedded GALERIA FUNDANA, whose father had been praetor: and of her body also begat children of both sexes: but the male child had such an impediment of stutting and stammering, that little better he was than dumb and tongueless.  
By GALBA, sent he was contrary to all expectation into the Low-countrieses 
7  of Germany: furthered as it is thought by the voice and favour of T. VINIUS a man in those days most mighty; and unto whom long before, he had been won by favourizing the 
* Venetae, which Galba likewise with them favoured.  faction (a) unto which they both were equally affected: but that GALBA professed plainly, that none were less to be feared than those who thou●…ht of nothing but their victuals only, and that his greedy appetite and hungry belly might be satisfied and filled with the plenteous store that the Province 
A, V, C. 821  did yield. So that evident it was to every man, that he chose him in contempt rather, than upon any special grace. This is for certain known, that when he was to go forth, he wanted provision for his journey by the way; and for the maintenance of his family was driven to those hard shifts and extremities, that muing up his wife and children (whom he left at Rome) in a little upper 
* For in such, tenants dwelled, whereas the Lord himself kept beneath.  lodging that he 
* took for rear.  rent: and let out his own dwelling house for the rest of the year: yea, and took from his mother's ear a pearl, which he laid to gauge: and all for to defray the charges of that voyage. As for a number verily of his Creditors, who waited for him as ready to stay his passage: and among them, the Sinuessanes and Formains, whose public imposts, tollage, and revenues he had intercepted and converted to his own use, he could not be rid of; but by terrifying them with an action of the case: serving one of them, and namely a Libertine (who very eagerly demanded a debt) with process upon an action of battery, as if he had stricken him with his heel; and would not withdraw the suit before he had extorted from him fifty thousand Sesterces. In his coming toward the Camp, the army maliciously bend against the Emperor, and ready to entertain any revolt and change of State, willingly and with open arms received him, as a gift of the Gods presented unto them from heaven above; the son of one thrice Consul; a man in the vigour and strength of his years; of a gentle disposition beside, and of a frank and prodigal heart. Which opinion and persuasion, being of old conceived and settled in men's heads, VITELLIUS had augmented by some fresh proofs lately given of himself: kissing all the way as he went along every mean common Soldier that he met: so courteous and affable above all measure, to the very mulitiers and wayfaring passengers, in every Inn and baiting place, that he would in a morning betimes ask them one by one, whether they had yet broken their fast? and show unto them even by his belching, that he had been at his breakfast already.  
8 Now when he was entered once into the Camp, no suit denied he to any man: nay, of his own accord he took off their marks of ignominy who stood in disgrace; dispensed with those that were obnoxious to the Laws for wearing poor and sullied garments; and forgave condemned persons their punishments. Whereupon, before one month was fully come and go, without all respect either of day or time, when the very evening was now shooting in, suddenly by the Soldiers called forth he was out of his bedchamber: and clad as he was in 
A, V, C. 822  his domestical and home apparel, saluted by the name of Imperator, and carried round about through the most frequented and populous 
* Vic●…s', or 〈◊〉 of Colonia Agrippina where all this was done, as some writ.  towns, holding in his hand the naked sword of JULIUS (Dictator) of famous memory: which being taken out of the temple of Mars, was at the first gratulation presented by one unto him. Neither returned he into the 
* The L. General's lodging.  Pretorium, before the dining room was on a light fire, by occasion of the chimney there, where it first caught. And then verily, when all beside were amazed and in great perplexity upon this adverse and ominous accident; Be of good cheer, quoth he, it hath shined fair upon us: and no other speech at all made he unto his Soldiers: After this, when the army also of the higher Province, consented now by this time with the other, (that armiel mean which had revolted before from GALBA & sided with the Senate): the surname of GERMANICUS generally offered unto him he gladly accepted; the addition of AUGUSTUS he put off; and the style of CAESAR he utterly for ever refused.  
9 And soon after, when news came unto him that GALBA was slain; having settled the State of Germany, he divided his forces thus; sending one part thereof 
* Under the conduct of Fabius Valens by the Alps and of Caecina, over the Apennine.  before, against OTHO; and minding ●…o lead the rest himself. Unto the army which was sent before, there happened a fortunate and lucky sign: For on the right hand, all on a sudden flew an Eagle toward them: and when she had fetched a compass round about the Standards and Ensigns, hovered softly before them as they marched on the way. Contrariwise, as himself removed and set forward, the Statues on horseback, erected in many places for him, all at once suddenly broke their legs and tumbled down: and the guirland of Laurel, which most devoutly he had done about (his head) fell from it into a running river. Within a while after, as he sat judicially upon the Tribunal to minister justice at 
* In France within the province Narbo●….  Vienna, a Cock first settled upon his shoulder, and anon perched upon his very head. Upon which prodigious sights, ensued an event correspondent thereto. For the Empire which by his Lieutenants was confirmed and established unto him, he by himself was not able to hold.  
10 Of the victory before BEBRIACUM and the death of OTHG, he heard whiles he was yet in Gaul: and without delay, whosoever belonged to the Praetorian Cohorts, he by virtue of one edict cassed and discharged all, for the most dangerous precedent and example that they had 
* In betraying Galba th●…ir Sovereign.  given, commanding them to yield up their armour into the 
* Or Tribunes.  Marshal's hands. As for those hundred & twenty, whose Supplications exhibited unto OTHO he had found, such I mean as claimed rewards for their good service in kill GALBA, he gave commandment they should be sought out and executed every one. A worthy beginning I assure you, and a magnificent: such as might give good hope of an excellent Prince, had he not managed all matters else, according to his own natural disposition and the course of his former life, rather than respecting the majesty of an Emperor. For no sooner put he himself in his journey, but he road through the midst of Cities in Triumphant wise: and passed along the great rivers in most delicate barges, garnished and adorned with Coronets of sundry sorts: Fating at his table most sumptuously and served with all manner of dainty Viands: observing no discipline either of household servitor or of Soldier: but turning the outrages, villainies and licentious pranks of them all to aiest: who, not content with their ordinary diet allowed and provided for them in every place where they came at the common charges of the State; look what slaves or Aliens it pleased them, they manumised and made free: but paid as many as withstood them with whipping cheer, blows, knocks, bloody wounds oftentimes yea, and otherwhiles with present death. When he came into the fields where the 
* Before Bebri●…, or Bretiracum.  battle was fought: and some of his train loathed and abhorred the putrefied corruption of the dead bodies, he stuck not to hearten and encourage them with this cursed speech: That an Enemy slain had a very good smell, but a Citizen far better. Howbeit to qualify and alloy the strong savour and sent that they cast, he poured down his throat before them all, exceeding great store of strong wine, and dealt the same plentifully about, 
* Some conclude the former p●… iode hear, and begin a new sentence thus Pars vanitate etc., with like vanity etc.  with as much vanity as insolent pride. When he beheld the Stone, under which OTHO lay interred, with an Inscription 
* M Othonis, Plu●…arch.  in his memorial: Worthy was he of such a monument, quoth he. And the very same dagger wherewith he had killed himself, he sent to COLEIN for to be dedicated unto MARS. Certes, upon the top of the Apennine Hill, he celebrated a sacrifice, with a 
* Or Mausolem  Vigil all night long.  
11 At length he entered the City with warlike sound of trumpet, in his coat▪ armour, and with a sword girt unto him, among 
* Or wake.  Ensigns, Banners and Flags: his followers and dependents clad in military cassocks, and the armour of all his fellow Soldiers discovered in open view. Thus neglecting more and more from time to time, all Law of God and man, upon the very disastrous day (a) Alliensis, he was installed in the Sacerdotal dignity of High Priest. He ordained, that the solemn assembly 
* Or among the Standards and other Ensigns inter sig●…a et Bexilla,  for Election of Magistrates should be held every tenth year; and himself be perpetual dictator. And to the end that no man might doubt what pattern he chose to follow for government of Commonweal, calling a freqvent number of the public Priests about him in the middle of Mars field, he sacrificed to the Spirit and ghost of NERO: and at a solemn feast openly put the Harper in mind singing as he did to his great contentment, for to say somewhat also of 
* Or Folk mote.  DOMITIUS (b): And as he began to chant NERO'S Canticles, he was the first that leapt for joy and clapped his hands withal. 
i. Nero.   
12 Having in this manner begun his Empire, a great part thereof he administered no otherwise, than according to the advice & pleasure of the basest Stage▪ players and chariotiers that could be found: but especially of ASIATICUS, a freed man of his own. This ASIATICUS when he was a very youth had in mutual filthiness with him abused his own body: and afterwards loathing that abominable sin, run his way Now, finding him once at Puteoli selling of a certain drink made of 
* Poscam, ●…ycraton.  water and Vinegar; first he laid him by the heels, and hung a pair of fetters at his feet: but forthwith 
* Statimq●… solv. t.  loosened him and entertained him as his darling again. After which a second time being offended with his contumacy & malapert 
* Ferocitatem or furacitatem●…. the every.  stubbornness▪ he sold him to one of these common fencers that went from market to market, and by occasion that he was upon a time put of to the last place in a sword fight for to play his prizes: at unwares he privily stole him away: and no 
* In manner of mount banks.  sooner was he go into his province but he manumised him. The first day of his Empire, as he sat at supper, he dubbed him knight of Rome: and gave him the golden Ring: notwithstanding that the very morning before, when all the soldiers entreated in his hehalfe, he detested so foul a blot to distain and discredit the worshipful degree of knighthood.  
13 But being given most of all to excessive belly cheer and cruelty; he divided repast into three meals every day at the lest, and sometime into four, to wit, Breakfast, Dinner, Supper and 
* After supper.  rere-bankets; able to bear them all very well, he used to (a) vomit so ordinarily. Now his manner was to sand word that he would break his fast with one (friend) dine with another, etc. and all in one day. And every one of these refections, when it stood them in lest, cost 
* 3125. ●…ling.  40000 Sesterces. But the most notorious and memorable supper above all other was that, which his brother mace for a welcome at his first coming (to Rome) at which by report were, served up to the Table before him two thousand several dishes of fish the most dainty & choicest that could be had, & seven thousand of foul. And yet, even this (as sumptuous as it was) himself surpassed at the dedication of that 
* Or charger.  platter, which for the huge capacity thereof he used to call the target of Minerva. and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i. the shield of the City's 
* Mineru●…  protectress. In this he huddled and blended together the livers of (b) 
* Scaroru●…,  Giltheads: the delicate brains of Pheasants & Peacocks: the tongues of the Birds Phoenicopterie: the tender small guts of Sealampries fet as far as from the Carpathian sea and the straits of Spain, by his 
* Per 〈◊〉 actrir 〈◊〉 Hen di●… d●….  Captains over Galleys. And, as a man that had not only a wide throat of his own to devour much, but also as greedy a stomach to feed both unseasonably and also grossly of what ever came next hand, he could not so much as at any sacrifice whensoever, or in any journey wheresoever forbear but among the altars snatch up by and by the flesh, the parched corn also and meal even from the very hearth, and eat the same: yea and at every victualling house by the way side, fall to viands piping hot, yet reeking and not cooled one jot; and not spare so much as meats dressed the day before and half eaten already.  
14 Being forward enough to put to death and punish any man, what cause soever was pretended; Noble men, his school fellows, and playfeeres in times past, (whom by all fair means & flattering allurements he had enticed & drawn to the society as it were of the Empire with him) by sundry sorts of fraud & treachery, he killed & one above the rest he made away with poison, which he reached unto him with his own hand in a draft of cold water, that he called for lying in a fit of an ague. As Usurers, 
* As our Scrivenars and Attorneys do, for other men.  takers of bonds and obligations, and publicans, who ever at any time had demanded of him either at Rome debt, or by the way as he travailed toll and custom, he hardly spared one. And one of them, whom even as he came to salute him and do his duty, he had delivered over to the executioner for to suffer death, he called straightways back again: and when all that were by praised him for his clemency, he commanded the said party to be killed before his face, saying with all, That he would feed his eyes. At the execution of another, he caused two of his sons to bear him company; for nothing in the world, but because they presumed to entreat for their father's life. There was beside a gentleman of Rome who being haled away to take his death, cried aloud unto him▪ sir I have made you my heir. Him he compelled to bring forth the writing tables containing his last will: and so soon as he read therein that a freed man of the testators was nominated fellow heir with him, he commanded both Master and man to be killed. Certain Commoners also, for this only that they had railed aloud upon the faction of the 
* Of Chariotrun●…erss: venetae factionis.  watchet livery, he slew: being thus conceited, that in daring so to do, they had him in contempt and hoped for a day. Yet was he to none more spitefully bend than to the wiseards and Astrologers. Was any of them presented and informed against? he made no more a do, but without hearing what he could say for himself, bereft him of his life. Net led he was and exasperated against them, for that after an edict of his, wherein he gave commandment that all judicial Astro logers should departed out of Rome and Italy before the first of October: presently, there was a writing or libel set up in open place to this effect, that the 
* i Astrologers  Chaldaeans made this Edict, as followeth, BONUM FACTUM etc. WE GIVE WARNING BY THESE PRESENTS, UNTO VITELLIUS GERMANICUS, THAT BY THE CALENDSS OF THE SAID OCTOBER, HE BE NOT 
* Or first day.  EXTANT IN ANY 
* Or to be se●…ne  PLACE WHERESOEVER. Suspected also he was to be consenting gun to his own mother's death, as if he had straightly forbidden that any food should be ministered unto her lying sick: induced thereto by one 
* Not in Rome and Italy. ●…ely, as before he denounced unto them  CATTA, a wise woman, (in whom he rested as in an Oracle.) That then and not before, he should sit sure in his Imperial Throne and continued very long, in case he overlived his 
* Or by a wise woman of that country where the people Catta inhabit. in Germany  mother. And others report, how his mother herself weary of the present state, and fearing what evil days were toward, obtained at her sons hand poison, and that without any great entreaty.  
15 In the eight month of his Empire, the armies of MAESIA 
* Moesiarum because there was the high & the low.  both the one and the other, as also at Pannonia revolted from him: likewise, of the forces beyond sea, those of jury and of Syria, and some of them swore allegiance unto VESPASIAN who was present among them. To retain therefore the love & favour of all other men he cared not what largesses he made both in public & private, beyond all measure. He mustered also and levied soldiers within the City, with this covenant and fair 
* Or offer.  condition, That all voluntaries should by virtue of his promise, have not only their discharge from service after victory, but also the avails & fees due unto old soldiers for serving out their full time, But afterwards, as the enemy came hotly upon him both by land and sea, on the one side he opposed his brother with the fleet and young untrained soldiers, together with a crew of sword fencers; on the other, what forces he had about Bebriacum and the Captains there: And in every place, being their discomfited in open field or privily betrayed, he capitulated & covenanted with FLAVIUS SABINUS brother of VESPASIAN, (to give up all) reserving his own life, & a 100 millians of sesterces. And forthwith upon the very stairs of the Palace professing openly before a frequent assembly of his soldiers; how willing he was to resign up that imperial dignity which he had received against his will, when they all gain said it, he put of the matter for that instant; and but one night between, even the next morning by break of day, he came down in poor and simple array to the Rostra; where, with many a tear, he recited the same words out of a little written skrow. Now, as the soldiers & people both, interrupted him a second time and exhorted him not to cast down his heart, promising also with their utmost endeavour, and striving a vie who should do best to assist him▪ he took courage again and plucked up his spirits: So that now 
* Nihil iam metuen●…, some read metuentes, to this sense, that he chased then fearing no such thing.  fearing nothing at all he came with a sudden power and violently chased SABINUS and the rest of the FLAVIANS into the Capitol: & there having set on fire the Temple of JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS vanquished & slew them: whiles himself beheld both the fight & the fire out of TIBERIUS his house, 
* The faction of Flavius Vespatianus.  sitting there at meat & making good cheer. Not long after repenting what he had done, and laying all the fault upon others, he called a public assembly: where he swore & compelled all the rest to take the same oath. That he and they would respect nothing in the world before the common peace. Than loosened he his 
* For ye must remember how much he was given to gormandize  dagger (a) from his side, and reached it first to the Consul, them upon his refusal to the other Magistrates; & anon to the Senators one after another. But when none of them all would receive it, he departed, as if he meant to bestow it in the Chapel of Concord. Now when some cried out 
* Pugionem or rapier a pungendo q●… a puncti●… potius quam caesim vulnerat.  unto him. That himself was Concord, he came back again, and protested, that he not only retained still the blade with him, but also accepted the surname of Concord.  
16 Hereupon he moved and advised the Senate, to sand Ambassadors together with the vestal virgins to crave peace, or else some longer time to Consult upon the point. The next morrow, as he stood expecting an answer, word was brought unto him by his espall, that the enemy approached. Immediately therefore shutting himself close within a 
* Or Licter.  bearing chair, accompanied with two persons only his 
* that made his dainty pastry works & sweet meats: meet groo ●…s to accompany such a glutton.  baker and his Cook, secretly he took his way to the Aventine (hill) and his father's house: minding from thence to make an escape into Campania. Soon after, upon a flying and headless rumour That peace was obtained, he suffered himself to be brought back to the Palace. Where, finding all places solitary and abandoned: seeing those also to slink from him and slip away who were with him, he did about him a 
* Or bandelier  girdle full of golden pieces of coin, and fled into the Porter's lodge, having first tied a ban▪ dog (a) at the door & set against it the bedstead 
* 15 Sbilling peec●…ss and better.  and bedding thereto. 
● Or the vaward   
17 By this time had the Avantcurriers of the (FLAVIANS) main army broken into the Palace: and meeting no body searched as the manner is, every blind corner. By them was he plucked out of his lurking hole: and when they asked who he was? (for they knew him not) and where, upon his knowledge VITELLIUS was? he shifted them of with a lie: After this being, once known, he entreated hard (as if he had somewhat to deliver concerning the life and safety of VESPASIAN) to be kept sure in the mean season, though it were in some prison: & desisted not until such time as having his hands pinioned fast at his back, an halter cast about his neck, and his apparel torn from his body, he was haled half naked into the 
* Or market place.  Forum. Among many scornful indignities offered un to him both in deed and word throughout the Spacious street 
* Sacr●… via, reach●…th from the palace to the Forum.  sacra via from one end to the other, whiles they drew his head backward by the bush of his hair (as condemned malefactors are wont to be served) and set a sword point under 
* As a gag.  his chin. And all to the end he might show his face and not hold it down: whiles some pelted him with dung and dirty mire, others called him with open mouth 
* Or firebrand bec●…use he burnt the Capi●…oll  Incendiary and 
* Or Platter Knight, for his gormandize & image platter aforesaid.  Patinarium and some of the common sorttwitted him also with faults and deformities of his body: (For, of stature he was beyond measure tall: a read face he had, occasioned for the most part by swilling in wine, and a grand fat paunch beside: he limped somewhat also by reason that one of his thighs was enfeebled with the rush of a chariot against it, what time he served CAIUS as his henxman at a Chariot running) and at the last upon the stairs GEMONIAE with 
* Caligula. A, V, C, 8●…2.  many a small stroke all to mangled he was and killed in the end: and so from thence drawn with a drag into the River Tiberis.  
18 Thus perished he with his brother and son together, in the 57 year of his age. Neither falsified he their conjecture who had foretold him, that by the prodi gious sign which befell unto him (as we have said) at Vienna, nothing else was portended, but that he should fall into the hands of some (a) Frenchman. For, dispatched he was by one ANTONIUS PRIMUS a captain of the adverse part: who being borne at Tolosa, was in his childhood surnamed 
* Or Bec●…o a beak in English, which may somewhat con firm the learned c●…niecture of him, who gues●…eth that b●…th our ancient nation and language were extract from G●…ule  BECCUS which in the French tongue signifieth a Cockes-bill.   

THE HISTORY OF Flavius Vespatianus Augustus,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
THe Empire standing thus a long time in doubtful terms, unsettled & wandering (as it were) by occasion of the rebellious 
* Galb●…, Otho, Vitellius.  broils & bloody slaughter of three princes; the Flavij at length took into their hands & established: a house I must needs say, of obscure descent and not able to show any pedigree and images of ancestors to commend their race; howbeit, such as the common weal had no cause to dislike and be ashamed of; although it be well known that Domitian abidd condign punishment for his avarice and cruelty. TITUS' FLAVIUS PETRONIANUS, a burgess of the free borough Reate, and a Centurion, siding in time of the civil war, with POMPEIUS (but whether he served voluntary or was called forth and priest, it is uncertain) fled 
* Or, after the battle, fled from him.  out of the battle in PHARSALIA and went home to his house. Where afterwards, having obtained his pardon and discharge from warfare, he become a bailiff under the Bankers and money changers to gather up their monies. This man's son surnamed SABINUS, nothing martial nor skilful in feats of arms (although some writ, that he had been a principal leader of the foremost Cohorts: and others that whilst he led certain companies, he was acquit from his military oath by 
* Such be called Causarij.  occasion of sickliness) came to be a 
* Public●…num, or Publicum both to the same effect.  Publican in Asia, and gathered the custom or impost (a) Quadragesima for the state. And there remained certain Images which the Cities in that province erected for him with this title and superscription, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i. For him that was a good and faithful 
* Or customer  Publican. After this he put forth money to usury among the Helvetians, where he ended his life, leaving behind him his wife POLLA V●…SPASIA, and two children which he had by her. The elder of which, named SA●…INUS, was advanced to the provostship of the City: the younger called VESPASIANUS, attained to the dignity Imperial: This dame POLLA, borne at Nursia and descended of worshipful parentage, was the daughter of VESPASIUS POLLIO, one that had been a 
* Or Colonel.  military Tribune thrice, and 
* Or camp master,  provost Marshal of the Camp beside: and sister to a man of Senators degree, and promoted to the dignity of Praetour. There is a place moreover even at this day six miles from Rome, (as men go to Spoletum from Nursia) upon the hill top, bearing the name of Vespasiae: where many monuments of the VESPASII are to be seen: a great evidence to prove the Nobleness and antiquity of that family. I cannot deny, that some have given out, how the father of that P●…TROIANUS came out of the 
* Beyond the river l'o in respect of Rome.  Transpadane region, and was an undertaker by the great, to hire those labourers and hines which were wont yearly to repair out of Vmbria into the Sabines Country for to till their grounds: how he planted himself and stayed in the Town Reate aforesaid, and there married a wife. But myself could never find (make what search I could) any sign or trace to lead me thereto.  
2 
* The Empe rour.  VESPASIAN was borne in the Sabines territory beyond Reate within a small village named Phalacrine, the fifteenth day before the 
* 17, th' Of November,  Calendss of December, in the evening, when Q. CAMERINUS and CAIUS POPPAEUS SABINUS were consuls: five years before that AUGUSTUS departed out of this world. His bringing up he had under TERTULLA his grandmother by the father's side, in the land and living that she had about Cosa. Whereupon, when he was Emperor he both frequented continually the place of his birth and breeding, the Capital house and manor remaining still as it had been in former times, nothing altered (because forsooth, his eyes should have no loss nor miss of that which they were wont to see there) and loved also the memorial of his grandmother so dearly, that on all solemn and festival, and high days, he continued ever drinking out of a silver pot that was hers and out of none other. After he had put on his 
* In 17 th' year of his age,  virile gown, he refused a long time the (a) Senators rob, although his brother had attained thereto: neither could he be forced to seek for it at last but by his own mother. She in the end wrought perforce so much from him, by way of reproachful taunts more than by fair entreaty or reverend authority: whiles, ever and anon, she called him in taunting wise, his brother's usher. He served as Tribune military in Thra cia: and in quality of Questor had the government of Crete and Cyrene, provinces by lot fallen unto him. When he sued to be Aedile, & afterwards praetor he hard lie attained to the former Offices (and not without some repulse) even in the sixth place: but presently at his first suit and with the foremost being chosen praetor, and upon displeasure taken, maliciously affected against the Senate; because he would by all manner of demerit win the favour of CAIUS the Emperor, he earnestly demanded extraordinary plays & games in honour of him for his victory in Germany. and gave opinion in the Senate house, that to augment the punishment of certain conspirators (against him), their dead bodies should be cast forth and left unburied. He gave him also solemn thanks before that right honourable degree, for vouchsafing him the honour to be a guest of his at a supper.  
Amid these occurrents, he espoused FLAVIA DOMITILLA, the freed woman 
3  of STATILIUS CAP●…LLA, a Roman gentleman of Sabraca, and an African borne, committed unto him sometime upon trust, and enfranchised in the freedom of Latium: but afterwards pronounced a gentlewoman born & naturalised a Citizen of Rome, in the Court of judges delegate, upon claim made by her father FLAVIUS LIBERALIS borne at Ferentinum, (a man that never rose higher than to be a 
* Of nota●…,  Scribe to a Questour) who vouched her freedom. By her he had issue, TITUS' DAMITIANUS, and DOMITILLA. His wife & daughter he overlived, and buried them whiles he was yet in State of a private person. After his foresaid wife's decease, he called home again to cohabit with him in his house CAENIS a freed-woman of ANTONIA, and her 
* Or Keeper of her books and accounts.  Secretary, whom he had fancied in former time: and her he kept when he was Emperor, instead of his true and lawful wife.  
Under the Emperor CLAUDIUS, by especial favour of NARCISSUS, 
4  sent he was into Germany as Lieutenant of a legion: from thence being removed into Britain, he fought thirty battles with the enemy: Two most mighty nations, and above twenty towns, together with the Isle of Wight lying next to the said Britain, he subdued, under the conduct partly of A. PLAUTIUS' Lieutenant to the consul, and in part of CLAUDIUS himself, for which worthy 
A, V C. 804.  acts he received triumphal ornaments, and in short space two sacerdotal dignities with a consulship besides which he bore the two last months of the year. For the middle time between, even until he was Proconsul, he led a private life in a retiring place out of the way, for fear of AGRIPPINA, who as yet bore a great stroke with her 
* NERO.  son, and hated to the heart all the friends of NARCISSUS, although deceased. After this, having the province of Africa allotted unto him, he governed the same with singular integrity, & not without much honour & reputation: but that in a seditious commotion at Adrumetum, there were 
* Or Tu●…eps.  Rape- (a) roots fling at his head. Certain it is, that from thence he returned nothing richer than he was; as who not able to keep credit, but grown almost bankrupt, was driven to mortgage all his houses and lands unto his brother: and of necessity, for the maintenance of his estate and dignity, went so low as to make gains by huckster's 
* Mang●…ices qu●…stus. Which extendeth also to slaves & old wares or thripperie.  trade pampering * beasts for better sale. Whereupon he was commonly named MULIO i. Mulitier. It is said also that convicted he was for extorting from a young man 200 thousand sesterces, in consideration that by his means he had obtained a Senator's dignity even against his own father's will, For which he had a sore rebuke. While he travailed through Achaia in the train and inward company of NERO, he incurred his heavy displeasure in the highest degree, for that whiles he was chanting, either he made many starts away out of the place, or else slept, if he stayed there still. And being forbidden not only to converse in the same lodging with him, but also to salute him publicly with others, he withdrew himself aside into a small city, and which stood out of the way: until such time, as lying close there and fearing the worst, the government of a 
* 〈◊〉.  province with the command of an army was offered unto him. There had been spread throughout all the East parts an opinion of old, and the same settled in men's heads and constantly believed, That by the appointment of the destinies about such a time there should come out of JURY those, who were to be Lords of the whole World: which being a prophesy (as afterwards the event showed) foretelling of the Roman Emperor, the 
* Who then looked for their Messiah & do so still.  jews drawing to themselves, rebelled: and having slain the 
* Or governor, Sabinus.  Precedent there, put to flight also the 
* Gallus.  Lieutenant general of Syria (a man of consular degree) coming in to aid; and took from him the 
* i. The main standard.  Eagle. To repress this insurrection, because there was need of a greater army and a valiant Captain, yet such an one, as to whom a matter of so great consequence might safely be committed; himself was chosen above all others, as a man of approved valour and industry; howbeit no way to be feared for the meanness of his birth, lineage and name. Having therefore under his hand an addition to the former power, of two 
* Roman.  legions, eight 
* these cornets and cohorts seem to be Auxiliaries  cornets of horse and ten cohorts (of foot): taking also unto him among other Lieutenants, his elder 
* Titus.  son, no sooner arrived he in that province, but the other 
* Or Provinces rather in the East part  states likewise next adjoining, he brought into admiration of him, for reforming immediately at his first coming the discipline of the camp, and giving the charge in one or two battles with such resolution, as that in the assault of a castle, he caught a rap with a stone upon his knee, and received in his targuete some shot of arrows.  
5 After NERO and GALEA, whiles OTHO and VITELLIUS strove for sovereignty, he had good hope of the Empire, conceived long before, by these presaging tokens (which I will now relate) within a country ferme by the City side, belonging to the Flavijs, there stood an old Oak consecrated unto MARS, which at 3. childbirths of VESPASIA suddenly did put forth every time a several bough from the stock: undoubted signs foreshowing the destiny & fortune of each one. The first was small and slender, which quickly withered (and therefore the girl at that time borne lived not one year to an end): the second grew very stiff and long withal, which pretended great felicity: but the third, came to the bigness of a tree. Whereupon SABINUS the father (of VESPASIAN) being confirmed beside by the answer of a 
* One of these that pry into beasts bowels  Soothsayer, brought word back (by report) unto his own 
* SATURN'S the Grandmother of Vespasian.  Mother, that she had a Nephew borne who should be 
* Emperor.  CAESAR: Whereat, she did nothing else but set up a laughter, marveling that her son should have a cracked brain and fall a doting now, since that his Mother had her wits still whole and sound: Soon after, when CAIUS CAESAR, offended and angry with him, for that being Aedile he had not been careful about sweeping and cleansing the streets, had commanded he should be all bedaubed with mire that the Soldiers gathered up and threw into the lap of his embroidered rob, some were ready to make this interpretation thereof, that the common weal trodden one day under foot and forlorn by some civil troubles, should fall into his protection and as it were into his boso●…e. As he was at his dinner upon a time, a strange dog brought into his dining room a man's hand and laid it under the board. Again, as he sat another time at supper, an Ox having been at plough and shaken of his yoke, rushed into the parlour where he was at meat: and when he had driven the waiters and servitors out, as if all on a sudden he had been weary, laid him down along at his feet where he sat, and gently put his neck under him. A Cypress tree likewise in his grandfathers land without any force of tempest plucked up by the root and laid along, the very next day following rose up again greener and stronger than before. But in ACHAIA he dreamt, That he and his, should begin to prospero so soon as NERO had a tooth drawn out of his head. Now it fortuned, that the morrow following, a Chirurgeon that came forth into the court-yeard showed unto him a tooth of NERO'S newly drawn. In jury, when he consulted with the Oracle of the good (a) CARMELUS, the answer which was given, assured him in these terms, That whatsoever he thought upon and cast in his mind (were it never so great) it should so come to pass: And one of the Noble men of that Country taken captive, named 
* Who wrote the jewish history.  JOSEPHUS, when he was cast into prison, avouched and said unto him most constantly, that he should shortly be set at liberty even by him, but he should be Emperor first. There were moreover significant tokens presaging no less reported unto him out of the very City of Rome: and namely, that NERO in his latter days, a little before his death, was warned in a dream to take the sacred Chariot of JUPITER Optimus Maximus forth of the Chapel where it stood, into VESPASIANS house, and so from 
* Ind in Circum  thence into the Cirque. Also, not long after, as GALBA held the solemn election for 
* Vespasians.  his second Consulship, the statue of JULIUS, late CAESAR of famous memory, turned of itself into the (b) East. And at the field fought before Bebriacum, ere the battles joined, two Aegle had a conflict and bickered together in all their sights: and when the one of them was foiled and overcome, a third came at the very instant from the sun rising and chased the Victress away.  
6 Yet for all this attempted he no enterprise (notwithstanding his friends & soldiers were most priest and forward yea and urgent upon him) before that he was solicited by the unexpected favour, of some, who as it fell out were both unknown to him and also absent. Two thousand drawn out of the three legions of the Maesian army and sent to aid OTHO, when they were upon the way marching (albeit news came unto them that he was vanquished and had laid violent hands upon himself,) held on their journey nevertheless as far as to Aquileia; as giving small credit to that rumour: where after they had by vantage of opportunities offered, and uncontrolled liberty, committed all manner of robberies and outrageous villainies, fearing lest if they returned back again, they should answer for their misdemeanours, and abide condign punishment therefore; laid their heads together, and consulted about the choosing and creating of an EMPEROR. For, worse they took not themselves nor inferior, either to the army in SPAIN that had set up GALBA: or to the Praetorian bands, which had made OTHO: or to the Germanician forces who had elected VITELLIUS, Emperors. Having purposed therefore and nominated of the Consular Lieutenants as many, as they could in any place think upon: when they misliked all the rest, taking exceptions against one for this cause and another for that: While some again of that third Legion, which a little before the death of NERO had been translated out of SYRIA into MESIA, highly praised and extolled VESPASIAN; they all accorded thereto, and without delay, wrote his name upon their flags and banners. And verily, for that time this project was smuddred, the companies for a while reclaimed, and all brought into good order. But when the said fact was once divulged: TIBERIUS ALEXANDER 
* Or Governor.  Provost of EGYPT was the first that forced the Legions to swear allegiance unto VE●…PASIAN, upon the 
* The first day.  kalends of JULY, which ever after was celebrated for the first day and beginning of his Empire. After them, the army in jury took the same oath before VESPASIAN himself, the 
* The 11 of july  fifth day before the Ideses of julie. These enterprises were very much farthered, by the copy of a letter that went commonly through men's hands (true or false I wot not) of OTHO now deceased, to VESPASIAN, charging and willing him now at the last cast, of all love to revenge his death, and wishing him withal, to relieve the distressed state of the Commonwealth: by a rumour also spread abroad, That VITELLIUS upon his victory meant fully to make an exchange of the legions winter harbours: namely, to remove those that wintered in Germany into the 
* No marvel then, if the armies there inclined to Vespasi●…n.  East Provinces, as to a more secure service and easier warfare. Moreover, among the Governors of Provinces, LUCINIUS MUCIANUS, and of the Kings, Vologesus of Parthia, had promised; the 
* Mucianus.  one (laying down all grudge and enmity which unto that time he openly 
* Unto Vespasian  professed upon a humour of emulation) the Syrian army: and the 
* K. Vologesus.  other forty thousand archers.  
7 VESPASIAN therefore having undertaken a civil war, and sent before him his Captains and forces into Italy, pas●…ed over in the mean time to ALEXANDRIA, for to be possessed of the frontier straits and AU●…NUESES of Egypt. Hear when he had voided all company from him and was entered alone into the Temple of Serapis, after he had, upon much propitious favour of that god obtained, devoutly at length turned himself about; him thought he saw (a) BASILIDES one who was known to have had access unto no man, and long since for the infirmity of his sinews, scarce able to set one foot before another, and withal to be absent a 
* The Palsy.  great way of, to present unto him Vervain & sacred herbs guirlands also and loaves of bread, 
* 80 Miles, hap pily, the same whom Tacitus reporteth to have been the Priest of Ca●…ne lu●….  (as the manner is in that place. And hereupon immediately letters came unto him, emporting thus much, that the forces of VITELLIUS were discomfited before CREMONA: reporting beside, that himself was killed at ROME. The only thing that he wanted; (being as one would say, a Prince unlooked for, and as yet new come to the Empire) was Countenance, authority, and a kind as it were of royal majesty. But even that also came on a pace (by this occasion) It fortuned that a certain mean commoner stark blind; another likewise with a feeble and lame leg, came both together unto him as he sat upon the tribunal, craving that help and remedy for their infirmities which had been s●…ewed unto them by SERAPIS in their dreams: namely, Tha●… 
* Vespasian.  he should restore the one to his sight, if he did but spit into his eyes: and strengthen the others leg, if he vouchsafed only to touch it with his heel. Now when as he could hardly believe, that the thing any way would find success and speed accordingly, and therefore durst not so much as put it to the venture: at the last through the persuasion of friends, openly before the whole assembly, he assayed both means, neither miss he of the effect. About the same time, at Tegea in Arcadia, by the Instinct and motion of Prophets, there were digged out of the ground in a consecrated place, manufactures and vessels of antic work: and among the same an Image, resembling for all the World VESPASIAN.  
8 Thus qualified as he was and graced with so great fame, he returned to 
A, V, C, 823 824 825 827 828 829 830 832  ROME: and after his triumph over the jews, he added eight Consulships more to that which of old he had borne. He took upon him also the Censureship: and all the time of his Empire esteemed nothing more dear, than first to establish and afterwards to adorn the Common weal, brought almost to utter decay, and at the point to fall down. The soldiers, some presuming boldly of their victories, others in grief for their shameful 
* In taking part against him.  disgrace were grown to all manner of licentiousness and audacity. The Provinces likewise and free states, yea and some kingdoms, fell to discord & seditious tumults among themselves. And therefore of the Vitellians he both cassed and also chastised very many. As for the partners with him in victory: so far was he from allowing them any extraordinary indulgence, that their very due and lawful rewards he paid not but slackely. And because he would not let slip any occasion of reforming military discipline, when a certain gallant youth smelling hot of sweet balms and perfumes came unto him, to give thanks for an 
* Or charge.  Office obtained at his hands; after a strange countenance showing his dislike of him, he gave him also in words, a most bitter and grievous check, saying, I would rather thou hadst stunk of garlic, and so revoked his letters patents for the grant. As touching the mariners and sea servitors, such of them as are wont to pass to and fro on foot, by 
* Per vices, some read per vicos 〈◊〉 the towns ●…nd villages  turns from Ostia and Puteoli to ROME; who were petitioners unto him that some certain allowance might be set down for to find them shoes: he thought it not sufficient to send them away without answer, but commanded that for ever after they should run up and down between 
* Barefoot.  unshod. And so, from that time they use to do. ACHAIA, LYCIA, RHODES; BIZANTIUM and SAMOS, 
* Whereas they had been free State●…,  first diffranchised: likewise, THRACIA CILICIA and COMAGENE, subject until that time to Kings he reduced all into the form of a province. Into Cappadocia, for the continual roads and incursions that the Barbarians made, he brought a pour beside, of Legions, and in lief of a Roman knight, he placed there for Ruler, a man who had been Consul. The City of ROME by reason of old skarefires and ruins was much blemished and disfigured. He permitted therefore any man to seize as his own all vacant plots of ground, and to build thereupon, in case the owners and Landlords were slack in that behalf. Himself took upon him the reedefying of the Capitol, and was the first man that did set his hand to the ridding of the rubbish and rammell, yea and upon his own neck carried some of it away: three thousand tables of brass also which were burnt with the said Temple, he undertook to make and set up again, having searched and sought aught from all places the pattrons and 
* For in them were engraven the public evidences and words▪ etc.  copies thereof. A most beautiful instrument and right ancient record of the whole Empire he compiled and finished; wherein were contained from the first beginning well near of the City, all acts of Senate, all deeds passed by the Communality as concerning Leagues Alliances and privileges granted to any whatsoever.  
9 He built also new works: the temple of peace, situate next unto the Forum: That likewise of CLAUDIUS late Emperor of sacred memory, seated upon the mount Caelius which verily had been begun by 
* Claudius' his wife.  AGRIPPINA, but almost from the very foundation destroyed by NERO. Item a most stately Amphitheatre in the heart of the City, 
* Vt destinasse compererat Augu stum, amplissimi●…  according as he understood, that AUGUSTUS intended such an one. The two 
* Of Senators and gentlemen  degrees wasted by sundry massacres and distained through the negligence of former times, he cleansed and supplied, by a review and visitation of Senate and gentry both: wherein he removed the unworthiest persons and took in the most honest that were to be found, either of Italians or provincial inhabitants. And to the end it might be known, that both the said degrees differed one from another not so much in liberty as in dignity; he pronounced in the case of a certain brawl between a Senator and a knight of Rome. That Senators might not be provoked first with foul language: marry to answer them with evil words again, was but Civility and a matter allowed.  
10 Suits in law depending one upon another were grown in every Court exceeding much: whiles the old Actions by the Interval of 
* The vacation during the Ci vil troubles:  jurisdiction, hung still undecided and new quarrels arose to increase them, occasioned by the tumultuous troubles of those times. He chose therefore certain commissioners by lot, some by whom the Gods taken and carried away perforce during the wars might be restored; and others, who extraordinarily should determine and judge between party and party in (a) 
* Which pertai●… 〈◊〉 to the Centumvirs Court▪ to wit, C●…vile causes between private persons, as probates of Testaments etc., Vide Cicer. 1, de Oratore.  Centumvirall cases; (which were so many, as that the 
* Plaintiffs & defendants.  parties themselves, as it was thought, could hardly by course of nature live to see an end of them) and reduce them all to as small a number as possibly might be.  
11 Wanton lust and wasteful expense, without restraint of any man had gotten a mighty head. He moved the Senate therefore to make a decree: That, what woman soever joined herself in 
* Si iunxiet, as Sabellicus expoundeth it: or, at large. carnally.  wedlock unto another man's bondservant, should be reputed a bondwoman. Item that it might not be lawful for Usurers to demand any debt of young men whiles they were under their father's tuition for money credited out unto them▪ I mean, not so much as after their decease. In all other matters, from the very first▪ beginning of his Empire unto the end, he was courteous enough and full of Clemency.  
12 His former mean estate and condition, he dissimuled not at any time▪ nay he would often of himself profess the same and make it known openly: Yea and when some went about to fetch the original of the Flavian Lineage, from as far as the founders of REATE, and the companion of HERCULES whose monument is to be seen in the way 
* By which salt was brought out of the Sabines country to Rome.  Salaria, he mocked and laughed them to scorn for their labours. And so far was he from desiring any 
* Extrinsecu●…:  outward ornaments in show of the World, that upon his trump day, being wearied with the slow march and tedious train of the pomp, he could not hold but say plainly, that he was well enough served and justly punished; who being an aged man had so foolishly longed for a triumph: as if forsooth it had of right been due unto his 
* who were but of mean calling.  forefathers, or ever hoped for 
* Being threescore of age, & therefore past the ambitious desire of such glory.  by himself. Neither accepted he so much, as the tribunes authority and addition, of Pater patriae in his style, but it was long first. For he had forlet altogether the custom of searching those that came in duty to salute him even whiles yet the Civil war continued.  
13 The 
* Libertatem which the Greeks call Parrhesian.  franke-speech of his friends: the figurative terms and quips of Lawyers pleading at the bar, and the unmannerly rudeness of Philosophers he took most mildly. 
* His friend.  LICINIUS MUCIANUS, a man notorious for preposterous wantonness but (presuming confidently of his 
* Whatsoever you are: noting him for that he was Pathicus.  good deserts) not so respective of him as reverend duty would, he could never find in his heart to gird and nip again but secretly: and thus far forth only as in complaining of him unto some good friend of them both to knit up all with these words for a conclusion, yet 
* For he was the chief hell per of him to the Empire.  am I a man. When 
* A Lawyer.  SALUIUS LIBERALIS, pleading in the defence of a rich client was so bold as to say. What is that to 
* Noting Vespasian, as it he had a longing eye after his wealth and therefore sought his condemnation.  CAESAR, if HIPPARCHUS be worth an hundred millians of Sesterces? himself also commended and thanked him for it. DEMETRIUS' the 
* A phi●…osopher  Cynic meeting him in the way after he was come 
* Post dominati onem alias damnat onem i▪ after he was condemned for Vespasian had banished all Philosophers out of Rome & confined this Demetrius to an Island Xiphilin.  to his Sovereign dignity, and not deigning once to rise up nor to salute him, but rather barking at him I wot not what, he thought it enough to call (a) Cur▪ dog.  
14 Displeasures to him done, and enmities, he never carried in mind nor revenged. The daughter of VITELLIUS his enemy he married into a most noble house: he gave unto her a rich dowry withal, and furniture accordingly. When as, by reason that he was forbidden the Court under NERO he stood in great fear, and was to seek what to do or whether to go? one of the gentlemen ushers, whose office it was to admit men into the presence, in thrusting him out, had bidden him abire 
* Or Morbovian according to which phrase we say, the foul ill take thee. The Greeks': Eyes Choracas. i▪ The Crows eat thee. The Latins in malan crucem i go hung  Morboniam, i. to be go in a mischief▪ When this fellow afterwards came to ask forgiveness, he proceeded no further in heat of anger but to words only, and to quite him with just as many and almost the very same. For, so far was he from working the overthrow and death of any person, upon any suspicion or fear conceived: that when his friends admonished him to beware of MAETIUS POMPOSIANUS, because it was generally believed that the Astrologors had by the horoscope of his nativity assured him to be Emperor another day, he advanced the same METIUS to the Consulship, presuming and promising in the man's behalf, that he would be one day mindful of this benefit and good turn of his.  
15 There is not lightly found an innocent person to have been punished, but when he was absent and not ware thereof: or at leastwise unwilling thereto and deceived. With helvidius PRISCUS who only had saluted him after his return out of SYRIA, by his private name, 
* Not Caesar nor Augustus nor Imperator  plain VESPASIAN: and being praetor in all his Edicts and Proclamations passed him over without any honour at all, or once naming him, he was not angry and displeased, before that he had, with his most insolent altercations made him in manner contemptible and little better than an ordinary person. Him also, notwithstanding he was first confined to a place and afterwards commanded to be killed, he would have given a great deal to have saved by all means possible: as who sent certain of purpose to call back the murderers: and saved his life he had, but that false word came back that he was dispatched already. Otherwise he never rejoiced in the death of any but rather when malefactors were justly punished and executed, he would weep and groan again.  
16 The only thing, for which he might worthily be blamed was covetousness. For, not content with this, To have revived the taxes & payments omitted by GALBA: to have laid unto them other new and heavy impositions: to have enhanced also the Tributes of the provinces, yea and of some d●…pled the same: he fell openly to negotiate and deal in certain trades, which, even for a private person were a shame to use: buying up and engrossing some commodities for this purpose only to put the same of, afterwards at an higher price. Neither made he it strange to cell either honourable places unto suitors for them▪ or absolutions and pardons, to men in trouble, whether they were innocent or guilty it skilled not. Furthermore, it is verily thought that of his procurators, if any were greedy and given to extortion more than other, his manner was to promote such for the nonce to higher offices: to the end, that when they were more enriched, he might soon after condemn them. And commonly it was said, that those he used as sponges, for that he did wet them well when they were dry, and press them hard when they were wet. Some writ that he was by nature most covetous; & that an old Neat heard upbraided him once therewith who being at his hands denied freedom without paying for it (which he humbly craved of him now invested in the Empire) cried out with a loud voice and said, The Wolf might change his hair, but not his qualities. Contrariwise there be again who are of opinion, that he was driven to spoil, to pill and poll of necessity, even for extreme want both in the common treasury and also in his own exchequer: whereof he gave some testimony in the beginning immediately of his Empire; professing that there was need of forty thousand Millenes to set the STATE upright again. Which also seemeth to sound more near unto the truth. Because the money by him ill gotten: He used and bestowed passing well. To all sorts of men he was most liberal. The (a) Estate and wealth of Senators he made up to the full. To decayed men that had been Consuls, he allowed for their maintenance 500 thousand Sesterces by the year. Very many Cities throughout the World by Earthquake or fire ruinated, he re-edified better than they were before.  
17 Fine wits and cunning Artisanes he set much store by, and cherished them above all others, He was the first, that out of his own coffers appointed for professed RHETORICIANS, as well in Latin as in Greek, an yearly Salary of an hundred thousand Sesterces a piece. Excellent POETS, as also 
* Artifices, for so Livy termeth Lud●…os et histriones i stage players.  Actors he 
* Or hired.  bought up. Semblably, upon the workman who had repaired and set up again, the Geantlike Image called COLOSSUS, he bestowed a notable 
* Or reward  congiary, and endued him with a great stipend beside: to an Engineer also, who promised to bring into the Capitol huge Columns with small charges, he gave for his devise only no mean reward; and released him his labour in performing that work, saying withal by way of preface, That he should suffer him to 
* To allow them wages for their painful labour in such works rather than to have the same done without them: and as we say, to keep poor people at work.  feed the poor commons▪  
18 At those plays during which the stage of MARCELLUS Theatre newly re-edified, was dedicated: he had brought into request and use again even the old 
* Ear delights as Players Mu sicians, etc.  (a) Acroames. To APOLLINARIS the Tragedian he gave four hundred thousand sesterces. TO TERPNUS and DIODORUS two harpers, two hundred thousand a piece: to some one hundred: and to whom he gave lest forty thousand, over and above a great number of golden Coronets. He feasted continually: and for the most part by making 
* Rectá: in opposition to▪ sportul●…  full suppers and those very plentiful: for why? His meaning was to help the Butchers and such as sold victuals. As he delivered forth gifts unto men at the Saturnalia, so he did to Women upon the (b) Kalends of MARCH. Yet verily for all this, could he not avoid the infamous name of his former avarice. The men of ALEXANDRIA termed him still CYBIOSASTES after the surname of one of their Kings, given to most base and beggarly gain. And even at his very funerals, FAVOR the Arch-counterfaict representing his person, and imitating (as the manner is) his deeds and words whiles he lived, when he asked the procurators openly, what the charges might be of his funeral and the pomp thereto belonging? Not sooner heard that it would arise to ten Millenes of Sesterces, but he cried, Give me one hundred thousand, and make no more ado but throw me into TIBER.  
19 Of a middle stature he was: well set: his limbs compact and strongly made: with a countenance as if he strained hard for a stool. Whereupon ●…ne▪ of these plaisants came out with a pretty conceit. For when VESPASIAN seemed to request the fellow for to break a jest upon him also, as well as upon others, that I will quoth he, If you had done your business once upon the siege. His health he had no man better: although for the preservation thereof he did no more, but rub his own chaws and other parts of the body to a certain just (a) number within the 
* A round place of exercise be longing to the baines▪ some would have it to be a tennis court.  Sphaeristerium: and withal, monthly interpose abstinence from all food one 
* Natural i 24 hours.  whole day.  
20 This course and order of life for the most part he held. While he was Emperor he waked always very early, and 
* Or arose be fore day▪ de nocte vigilabat Sextus Aurelius writeth of him that he watched all night, Pliny also saith Nocte uti solitum▪ ut dierum actus noctibus, et nocturnos diebus traijceret.  late in the night. Than, having read through all missives, and the Breviaries of every office: he admitted his friends: and whiles he what saluted, he both put on his own shoes, and also apparailled and made himself ready. After dispatch of all occurrent businesses, he took himself to (a) gestation, and so to rest: having one of his Concubines, lying by his side: of whom he had appointed a great number in steed of CAENIS deceased. From his 
* A secret, or retiring place  privy closet, he passed into his Baine and so to his refection room. Neither was he, by report, at any time fuller of humanity, or readier to do a pleasure. And such opportunities of time as these, his domestical servants waited for especially, to prefer their petitions in.  
21 At his suppers, and 
* Et semper alias Cum amicis, etc. Others read, et super aieas Communissimus i & whiles he played at hazard etc.  otherwise at all times with his friends being most pleasant and courteous, he dispatched many matters by way of mirth. For given exceedingly he was to skoffs, and those so skurrile and filthy, that he could not so much as forbear words of (b) ribaldry. And yet there be many right pleasant conceited jests of his extant. Among which this also goes for one. Being advertised by MENSTRIUS FLORUS, a man of Consul's degree, to pronounce 
* A word in latin that signifieth Carts or wa●…neses.  Plaustra, rather than Plostra, he saluted him the next morrow by the name of 
* And not Flo rus.  (c) FLAURUS. Having yielded at length to a certain woman enamoured of him, and ready as it were to dye for pure love, when she 
* Cum perducta etc. not perducta, in a quite contrary sense, as if he had given her so much.  was brought to his bed, and had given him forty thousand sesterces for lying with her, his Steward comes to put him in mind in what manner and form he would have this sum of money to be set down in his 
* Quadraginta Sestertia. alias quadringenta sestertia i 400 thousand.  book of accounts? marry thus quoth he, VESPASIANO adamato i Item given to (d) VESPASIAN beloved.  
22 He used Greek Verses also in good season and aptly applied: as namely of a certain fellow, tall and high of stature, but (a) shrewd and testy withal, in this manner, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and especially of CERYLUS, his freedman: upon whom, for that being exceeding 
* To wit, in the page of receipts  rich, yet to avoid a payment sometime to his Exchequer, he began to give it out that he was free borne, and so changed his name and called himself LACHES, VESPASIAN placed in these terms:  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,   

OH LACHES, LACHES, wert thou once dead in grave:  
Thy old name CERYLUS, again thou shalt have.   
Howbeit, most of all he affected a kind of dicacitie in his unseemly gain and filthy lucre: to the end, that by some skoffing cavil, he might put by and do away the envy of the thing, turning all to merry jests. A Minister and servitor about him, whom he loved dearly; made suit in the behalf of one as his brother, for a Stewardship. When he had put him off to a farther day, he called unto him the party himself, that made means for the thing: and having 
* Or received.  exacted so much money at his hands, as he had agreed for with the Mediator aforesaid, without more delay, he ordained him Steward. Soon after when the Servitor interposed himself, Go your ways quoth he, seek you another to be your brother: For, this fellow whom you think to be yours is become mine. Suspecting that his mulitier who drove his caroche alighted one time, as it were to shoe his Mules, thereby to win some advantage of time and delay, for one that had a matter in law and was coming unto him: he asked the Mulitier what might the shoeing of his mules 
* The parti●… that came to solicit his own cause.  cost? and so covenanted with him to have part of his gains. When his son TITUS' seemed to find fault with him for devising a kind of tribute, even out of urine: 
● For to receive the money.  the money that came unto his hand of the first payment, he put unto his sons nose: ask withal, whether he was offended with the smell, or not, and when he answered No: and yet quoth he, it cometh of Urine. Certain Ambassadors brought him word, that there was decreed for him at the common charges of the States a gean●…like image, that would cost no mean sum of money. He commanded them to rear the same immediately, showing therewith his hand 
* Meaning his hand.  hollow. Here is the base quoth he and 
* Monument or Sepulchre.  piedstall for it, ready. And not so much as in the fear & extreme peril of death forbore he skoffing. For when as among other prodigious signs the 
* The Mausoleum  Mausoleum of the CAESARS opened suddenly, and a blazing star appeared: The one 
* Whereas himself was not of that line.  of them he said, did concern JUNIA CALVINA a gentlewoman of 
* A blazing star  AUGUSTUS (CAESAR'S) raze: the other had reference to the King of the Parthians, who ware his hair 
* Whereupon is called Siella Crinita & Comets in Greek.  long. In the very first access also and fit of his disease, Me thinks quoth he, I am 
* Am a dying, & to grow to be a god.  a deifying.  
23 In his ninth Consulship, after he had been assailed in Campania with some light motions and grudge of his sickness, and thereupon returned forthwith to the City, he went from thence to Catiliae and the lands he had about Reate, where every year he was wont to summer, Hear, having (besides the malady still growing upon him) hurt also his guts and bowels with the use of 
* These waters of Catili●… as Plini●… writeth were exceeding cold.  cold (a) water, and yet nevertheless executed the functions of an Emperor, after his accustomed manner, in so much as lying upon his bed, he gave audience to Ambassadors: when all of a sudden he fell into a looseness of the belly, that he fainted and was ready to swoon therewith, An Emperor quoth he aught to dye standing. As he was arising therefore and straining still to 
* To avoid the order of the guts.  ease his body he died in their hands that helped to lift him up, the 8th 
A, V C. 832.  day 
* 24. june.  before the Calendss of july: when he had lived threescore years and nine, 
* Su●…erque mese●… ac d●…em 〈◊〉.  seven months and seven days over.  
24 All writers agreed in this, that so confident he was always of his own 
* Or nativity.  Horoscope and his children's, that after so many conspiracies continually plotted against him he durst warrant and assure the Senate that either his own Sons should succeed him or none. It is said moreover, that he dreamt upon a time, How he saw a pair of scales hanging in the midst of the porch and entry of his house palatine, with the beam thereof even balanced, so as in the one balance stood CLAUDIUS and NERO: in the other, himself and his sons. And it fell out so indeed: for they ruled the Empire of both sides so many years, and the like space of time just.   

THE HISTORY OF Titus Flavius Vespasianus Augustus,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
TITUS', surnamed as his Father was, VESPASIANUS, the 
1  lovely darling and delightful joy of Mankind (so fully was he, either endued with good nature and disposition, or enriched with skilful cunning, or else graced with fortune's favour; and that (which is hardest of all) in his Imperial State; considering that whiles he lived as a private person under the Emperor his Father, he could not avoid the very hatred and much less the reproof of the world.) This TITUS', I say, was borne the 
* 30 of December.  third day before the Calendss of januarie: in that year which was remarkable for the death of CAIUS the Emperor, near unto the (a) Septizonium, 
A, V, C. 794  within a poor ill favoured house, in a very little Chamber and dark withal: For it remaineth yet to be seen. His Education he had in the Court together with BRITANNICUS, trained up in the like Arts and Disciplines, under the same teachers. At which time verily, men say, that a 
* Metoposcop●….  (b) Fortune-teller, whom NARCISSUS the freed man of CLAUDIUS brought to see BRITANNICUS, after Inspection affirmed most constantl●…, that by no means 
* Britannicus.  He, but TITUS' who then stood hard by, should surely be Emperor. Now were these two so familiar, that (as it is verily thought) of the same cup of poison whereof BRITANNICUS drank and died, TITUS' also sitting near unto him, tasted: whereupon he fell into a grievous disease, that held him long and put him to great pain. In memorial of all which premises, he erected afterwards for 
* Britannicus.  him one Statue of gold in the Palatium; as also another of Ivory on horseback (which at the Circeian Games is even at this day carried before in the Solemn pomp) he dedicated, and accompanied accordingly.  
At the very first, even in his childhood, there shone forth in him, the gifts both 
2  of body and mind: and the same more and more still by degrees as he grew in years: A goodly presence and countenance, wherein was seated no less 
* Aucthor●…atis, which Tac●…tus cal●…eth maiesiat●…m.  majesty than favour and beauty: A special clean strength, albeit his stature was not tall: but his belly bore out somewhat with the most. A singular memory: and aptness to learn all the Arts, in manner, as well of war as of peace. Most skilful he was in handling his weapon, and withal a passing good horseman: For his Latin and Greek tongue, whether it were in making Orations or composing Poems, prompt and ready even to the performance thereof ex tempore. Neither was he un●…eene in Music as who could both sing and also play upon instruments sweetly and with knowledge▪ I have heard also many men say, That he was wont to writ with Ciphers and Characters most swiftly, striving by way of sport and mirth with his own Clerks, whether he or they could writ fastest? to express likewise and imitate what hand so ever he had seen: yea, and to profess many a time, that he would have made a notable forger and counterfaiter of writings.  
In quality of Tribune Militare, he served in the wars both in Germany and also 
3  in Britain, with exceeding commendation for his industry and no less report of 
* Temperate behaviour.  modesty, as appeareth by a number of his images and (a) titles to them annexed, throughout both Provinces. After this warfare of his, he pleaded causes in Court, which he did rather to win credit and 
* In undertaking causes of greatest ●…mportance  reputation, than to make it an ordinary 
* In entertaining all matters what●…oever.  practice. At which very time, he wedded ARRICIDIA, the daughter of TERTULLUS a Gentleman of Rome, but captain sometime of the P●…aetorian Bands: and in the room of her deceased, he took to wife MARTIA FLAVIA: and from her when she had borne unto him a daughter, he divorced himself. After this, upon his Questureship, being Colonel and Commander of a whole 
A V C. 820  Legion, he brought under his subjection 
* Near to t●…e Lake Genezar●…th.  TARICHEA and GAMALA two most puissant Cities of jury: Where, in a certain battle having lost his horse under him (by a deadly wound) within his flanks, he mounted another whose rider in fight against him had been slain and was fallen.  
Afterwards, when GALBA was possessed of the State, being sent to congratulate 
4  his advauncement: What way so ever he went, he turned all men's eyes upon 
A, V, C. 821.  him, as if he had been singled forth to be adopted. But so soon as he perceived all to be full of troubles again, he returned back out of his very journey, and visited the Oracle of VENUS 
* In Pap●… a city ●…ithin the Isle Cyprus.  PAPHIA: Where, whilst he asked counsel, about his passage at sea, he was confirmed withal in his hope of the Empire. Having attained thereto within short time, & being left behind to subdue jury thoroughly in the last assault of Jerusalem, he slew twelve enemies that defended t●…e wall, with just so many arrows shot: and won the City upon the very birthday 
* 12 〈◊〉 natores.  of his daughter, with so great joy and favourable applause of all his Soldiers: that in their gratulation they saluted him Emperor: and soon after, when he was to departed out of that Province, detained him: in humble manner, yea and ●…ft-soones in threatening wise instantly calling upon him, To stay, or else to take them all away together with him. Whereupon arose the first suspicion, That he revolted from his father, and had attempted to challenge the kingdom of the East parts for himself. Which surmise himself made the more, after that in his way to Alexandrea, as he consecrated at Memphis the Ox Apis, he wore a (a) Diadem: Which he did in deed according to the custom & rites of the ancient religion there. But there wanted not some, who construed it otherwise. Making haste therefore into Italy; after he was arrived first at Rhegium and from thence at Puteoli, embarked in a Merchant's ship of burden; to Rome he goes directly with all speed & most lightly appointed: and unto his father looking for nothing less, I am c●…me quoth he, father, I am come: checking thereby the rash and inconsiderate rumours raised of him.  
5 From that time forward he ceased not to carry himself as partner with his Father, yea and Protector also of the Empire: With him he triumphed: with him 
A, V, C, 824 825, 824  he jointly administered the Censureship: His Colleague he was in the Tribunes authority: his Companion likewise in seven Consulships. And having taken to 
A, V, C, 823 825. 827, 828 829, 830, 832  himself the charge well-near of all Offices, whiles he both indited letters and penned Edicts in his Father's name: yea, and read 
* Missives  Orations in Senate, and that in the Questours turn, he assumed also the Captainship of the Guard, an Office never to that time executed but by a Gentleman of Rome. In this place he demeaned himself nothing civilly, but proceeded with much violence: For ever as he had any in most jealousy and suspicion, he, by sending secretly and underhand certain of purpose, who in the theatres and Camp should require for to have them punished (as it were with his Father's consent) made no more a do but brought them all to their end. As for example, among these, he commanded AULUS CAECINA, a man of Consular Degree, and a guest by him invited to supper, when he was scarce go out of the Banqueting parlour to be stabbed. I must needs say, that driven he was to this violent proceeding upon an extremity of danger: considering that he had found out his hand-writing bearing evidence of a conspiracy that he plotted with the Soldiers. By which courses, as he provided well and sufficiently for his own security another day: so, for the present time he incurred very much displeasure and hatred of the world: In so much, as no man lightly, when so adverse a rumour was on foot, and that which more is, against the wills of all men, would have stepped to the Imperial throne.  
6 Beside his cruelty, suspected he was also for roiotous life: in that he continued banqueting until midnight with the most profuse and wasteful spendthrifts of his familiar minions: For wanton lust likewise, by reason of a sort of stolen Catamites & gelded Eunuches that he kept about him: and the affectionate love that he was noted to bear to 
* The sister as some think of Agrippa, & wise for a wh●…e of Polemon King of Lyci●…, others ●…ay▪ she was the wife first of Aristo●…ulus after wards of A●…ipater.  Queen BERENICE, unto whom also, as it was said he promised marriage. Suspicion there was moreover of his pilling & polling. For certain it was, that in the 
* 〈◊〉,  commissions & hearing of causes which his father held, he was wont to sell the decision of matters, and to make a gain thereby. After this, men both reputed and also reported him to be even another NERO. But this name that went of him proved good for him and turned to his greatest commendation: considering that no gross vice could be found in him, but contrariwise many excellent virtues. The feasts that he made were pleasant merriments, rather than lavish and sumptuous. He chose for his friends such, as in whom the Emperors also his successors reposed themselves, and whom they used especially as necessary members both for them and also for the Commonwealth. As for Queen BERENICE, he sent her quickly away from the City of Rome; but full loathe they were both of them to part a sunder. Certain of his minions and darlings whom he favoured and fancied most, albeit they were such artificial Dancers, that within a while after they carried the greatest praise and prize upon the stage, he forbore quite not only to huggle and embrace long together, but to behold so much as once in any public meeting and assembly. From no Citizen took he aught: and from aliens goods he abstained, if ever any did. Nay, he received not the very contributions granted and usually paid. And yet, being inferior to none of his predecessors in munificence, as having dedicated an 
* At which solemnity 5000 wild beasts were killed. A●… Eusebius Chronograph●…s and Eutropi●…s writ  Amphitheatre, and built the Baines hard-by, with (a) great 
* C●…liriter.  expedition, he exhibited a Spectacle of Sword-fencers, with all kinds of furniture thereto belonging in most plentiful manner. He represented also a naval fight in the old Naumachia; In which very place he brought forth likewise his sword-fencers to play their prizes: and in that one day he put out to be baited 5000 wild beasts of all sorts.  
7 Furthermore, being of his own nature most kind and gracious; whereas by a constitution and order that TIBERIUS began, all the CAESARS his Successors held not the Benefits granted by former Princes good and in force, unless they also themselves made new grants of the same again: he was the first, that by virtue of one sole edict, ratified and confirmed all that had passed before: neither suffered he any petition to be made unto him for them. In all other Suits and Requests, he ever more held most constantly men's minds at this pass, that he would sand none away without hope. And when his Domestical Ministers about his person, would seem to tell him, That he promised more than he was able to perform: What! quoth he, there aught no man to departed from the speech of a Prince, sad and discontented. Calling to mind one time as he sat at supper, That he had done nothing for any man that day, he uttered this memorable and praiseworthy apothegm, My friends, I have lost a day. The people especially in general he entreated in all occasions, with so great courtesy, that having proposed a solemn Swordfight, he made open profession, that he would set it forth, not to please himself but to content the beholders. And verily, even so he did: for, neither denied he aught to them that would call for it: and of his own accord, willed them to ask what their minds stood to. Moreover, showing plainly, that he stood well affected to the manner of the Thracian- 
* Who were opposite to the Mirmillones, y ● were armed after the french fashion.  swordfencers fight and their Armature, he would many times even with the rest of the people both in word and gesture (as a favourer of that kind) jest and make sport: yet so, as he kept still the majesty of an Emperor: and withal judged with equity indifferently. And because he would pretermit no point of popularity, sometime as he bathed in his own baines he admitted the Commons thither unto him. There fell out in his days certain mischances and heavy accidents: as, the burning of the mountain Vesaeu●…s in Campania: A Skarfire at Rome, which lasted three days and three nights; as also a 
* Wherein there died ten thousand a day, E●…seses.  pestilence, the like whereof had not lightly been known else where at any other time. In these calamities so many and so grievous, he showed not only a Princely care, but also a singular fatherly affection: sometime comforting (his people) by his Edicts; otherwhiles helping them so far forth as his power would extend. For repairing the losses in 
* By the burning of Ves●… which consumed many towns & much people.  Campania, he chose by lot certain Commissioners to look thereto▪ even out of the rank of those that had been Consuls. The goods of such as perished in the said mount, whose heirs could not be found, he awarded to the reedification of the ruinated Cities adjoining. And having made public protestation, that in the said skarefire of the City, there was no loss at all but to himself: Look what ornaments were in any of his own 
* In the Country, as Columns, statues painted tables▪ etc.  Palaces and royal houses, the same he appointed to the City buildings and the Temples: For which purpose he made diverse of Knight's degree Supravisors, to the end that every thing might be dispatched with greater expedition. To cure the sickness and mitigate the fury of those contagious Diseases, he used all help of god and man; having sought out what soever kinds of Sacrifices and remedies might be found: Among the adversities of those times, may be reckoned these Promoters and Informers, with such as under hand set them a work, occasioned all by old licentiousness and impunity. And those he commanded to be whipped and beaten with cudgels ordinarily in the open Market place: and last of all, when they had been brought in a Show through the Amphitheatre, partly to be sold in port-sale for slaves: and in part to be carried away into the roughest and bleakest islands that were. And because he would for ever restrain such, as at any time should dare to do the like: he made an Act among many others, prohibiting▪ One and the same matter to be sued by virtue of many Statutes and Laws enacted in that behalf; or to make inquisition as touching the estate of any man deceased, after the term of certain years limited.  
8 Having professed, that he took upon him the High-Priesthood in this regard, because he would keep his hands pure and innocent, he made good his word. For, after that time, never was he the principal Author of any man's death, nor privy and accessary thereto; (albeit he wanted not sometimes just cause of revenge) but swore devoutly, That he would rather die himself, than do●… others to death. Two noble men of the Patrician rank, convicted for affecting and aspiring to the Empire he proceeded against▪ no farther than to admonish them to desist and give over, saying, That Sovereign power was the gift of Destiny and Divine providence. If they were Petitioners for any thing else, he promised to give it unto them. And verily; out of hand, to the mother of the one▪ who was then far of (woeful and pensive woman as she was) he dispatched his own coursitours and footmen to carry word that her son was safe: As for themselves he not only invited them to a familiar and friendly supper that night: but also the next day following, at the sight of Sworde-fencers placing them of purpose near about his own person, the 
* As their armour, weapon●… etc.  Ornaments of the Champions that were to fight, presented unto him, he reached unto them for to (a) view and peruse. It is said moreover, that having knowledge of both their Horoscopes, he avouched that danger was toward them both and would light upon their heads one day, but from some other; as it fell out in deed. His own 
* Ascendants of their Nativity.  brother never ceasing to 
* Domitian.  lay wait for his life, but professedly in manner soliçiting the armies against him▪ plotting also and intending thereupon to fly and be go, he could never endure either to kill or to sequester and confine, not nor so much as to abridge of any honour: but, as he had always done from the first day of his imperial dignity, persevered to testify and declare, that Partner he was with him in the Sovereign government, and his heir apparent to succeed him: otherwhiles secretly with tears and prayers beseeching, That he would vouchsafe him yet at length, mutual love and affection  
9 Amid this blessed course of life, cut short he was and prevented by death, to the greater loss of mankind than of himself. After he had finished the solemn Shows and Games exhibited to the people, in the end and upshot whereof, he had shed tears abundantly: he went toward the Sabines territory somewhat more sad than usually he had been: by occasion, that as he sacrificed, the beast broke lose and got away: as also because in fair and clear weather (a) it had thundered. Hereupon, having gotten an ague at his first lodging and baiting place, when he was removing from thence in his Licter, it is said that putting by the Curtains of the window, he looked up to heaven, and complained very piteously, that his life should be taken from him who had not deserved to die: For there was no fact of his extant, of which he was to repent, save only one. Now what that one should be, neither uttered he himself at that instant, neither is any man able readily to guess thereat. Some think, he called to mind the overfamiliar acquaintance that he had with his brother's 
* Domitia  wife. But DOMITIA devoutly swore, That he never had such dealing with her: who no doubt would not have denied it, if there had been any folly at all between them: nay, she would rather have made her vaunt thereof: so ordinary a thing it was with her to glory in all naughtiness and shameful deeds.  
10 He departed (a) this world, in the very same Countryhouse wherein his father died before him: upon the 
* 13 of September.  Ideses of September, two years, two months & twenty days after that he succeeded his father, and in the two & fortieth year of his age. Which being once notified and known abroad, when all men throughout the 
A, V, C. 834  City mourned no less than in some domestical occasion of Sorrow and Lamentation: The Senate before they were summoned and called together by any Edict, ran to the Curia, finding as yet the doors fast locked: but when they were set open, they rendered unto him now dead so much thanks, and heaped upon him so great a measure of praises, as they never did before, at any time, whiles he was living and present among them.   

THE HISTORY OF Flavius Domitianus,  written by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. 
DOMITIAN was borne the 
* 24, Octobris.  ninth day before the Calendss of November what time his father was Consul Elect, and 
A, V, C, 104  to enter upon that honourable place the 
* januarie.  month ensuing; within the sixt region of Rome City, at the 
* A place so called like as be fo●…e, ad capi●… Butula and ad Gallmas  Pomegranate: and in that house which afterwards he converted into the temple of the FLAVIAN family. The flower of his tender years and the very prime of youth, he passed by report, in so great poverty & 
* For his impure life.  infamy withal, that he had not one piece of plate or vessel 〈◊〉 to be served with. And full well it is known, that CLODIUS POLLIO, a man of Pretours degree (against whom there is a Poem of NERO'S extant, entitled LUSCIO) kept by him a 
* Or Bil.  skro of his own hand writing, yea and other whiles brought the same forth to be seen, wherein he promised him the 
* Or abuse rather,  use of his body one night. Neither wanted some who constantly avouched, that DOMI TIAN was in that sort abused, even by NERVA who soon after, succeeded him. 
* Between Vitellius & his father Vespati an: and their factions.  In the Vitellian troubles he fled into the Capitol with his Vn●…le SABINUS, & part of the forces which were then present. But when the adverse faction broke in: and while the Temple was on fire; he lay close all night in the Sextaines' lodging and early in the morning disguised in the habit of a priest of Isis, and among the sacrificers belonging to that vain superstition, after he had passed over Tiberis accompanied with one only person, to the mother of a school fellow of his, he lurked there so secretly, that a be it the serehers traced him by his sooting yet could he not be found. At last after victory obtained he went forth and showed himself; & being generally saluted by the name 
* The Empe▪ rours son & heir apparent of the Empire.  of CAESAR; the honourable dignity of the Citi Praetour in the consular authority, he took upon him in name and title only: the jurisdiction whereof he made over to his next Colleague. But in all power of 
* As being a young Prince and a Caesar.  Lordly rule, he carried himself so licentiously & without controlment that he showed even then betimes, what a one he would prove hereafter. And not to handle every particular. having with unclean hands offered dishonour to many men's wives, he fled a way and married also DOMITIA LONGINA the wedded wife of AELIUS LONGINUS: and in one day gave and dealt above twenty offices, within the City and abroad in foreign provinces: in so much as VESPASIAN commonly said, That he marveled, why 〈◊〉 sent not one also to succeed in his place.  
2 He enterprised moreover a voyage into Gaul and Germany, Notwithstanding the same was needless, and his father's friends dissuaded him from it; only, because he would equalize his brother both in 
* Operibus. i deeds and exploits.  works and reputation. For these pranks of his rebuked he was: and to the end he might the rather be put in mind of his young years and private condition, he dwelled together with his father: in a licter he attended the (Curule) chair of father and brother, whensoever they went forth of doors: and being mounted upon a white Courser accompanied them both, in their triumph over jury. Of 6 Consulships he bore but one 
* Which began the first of January, in his own right. & not in the u●…cant room of others.  ordinary; and the same by occasion that his brother TITUS yielded unto him his own place and furthered him in his suit. Himself likewise made wonderful semblance of modesty. But above all, he seemed outwardly to affect Poetry, (a study which he was not so much unacquainted with before time, but he despised and rejected it as much afterwards) & recited his own verses even in public place. Yet never the less, when VOLOGESUS King of the Parthians required aid against the Alanes, and one of VESPASIANS two sons to be the General of those forces, he labou read with might and main, that himself before all others should be sent: and because the quarrel was 
* Peace concluded between the a, nations  dispatched already to his hand, he assayed by gifts and large promises to solicit other Kings of the East, to make the same request. When his father was dead, standing in doubtful terms with himself a long time, whether he should offer unto the soldiers a donative duple to that of his brother TITUS, he never stuck to give out and make his boast, That left he was to be partner with him in the Empire, but that his father's will was very much abused. Neither would he give over from that time forward both to-lay wait secretly for his brother, and also to practise openly against him, until such time as he gave commandment when he was stricken with grievous sickness, that he should be left for dead before the breath was out of his body: and after he was departed indeed, vouchsafing him no other honour but his 
* Canonization for a God.  consecration, he carped also at him many a time as well in glancing figurative speeches as in open Edicts.  
3 In the beginning of his Empire his manner was, to retire himself daily into a secret place for 
* Horarium or for a certain time of the day: some say three hours.  one hour, and there to do nothing else but to catch flies, and with the sharp point of a bodkin or writing steel prick them through: In so much, as when one inquired, whether any body were with CAESAR within? VIEIUS CRISPUS made answer not impertinently, not, not so much as a fly. After this, DOMITIA his own wife, who in his second Consulship had borne him a son, and whom two years after he had saluted as Empress, by the name of AUGUSTA, her I say, falling in fancy with PARISH the stage player and ready to die for his love, he put away: but within a small while after (as impatient of this breach and divorce) took her home, and married her again, as if the people had instantly called upon him so to do. In the administration of the Empire he behaved himself for a good while variablie, as one made of an equal mixture and temper of vices and virtues, until at length he turned his virtues also into vices: being, (so far as we may conjecture) over & above his natural inclination, for want covetous and greedy; for fear bloody and cruel.  
4 He exhibited ordinarily magnificent and sumptuous shows not only in the Amphitheatre, but in the Cirque also. In which, beside the usual running of Chariots, drawn as well with two steeds as four. He represented likewise two battles of horsemen and foot men both: and in the Amphitheatre a Naval fight. For, baitings of wild beasts, and sword fencers, he showed in the very night by cresset and torch lights; and he brought into the place not men only to fight, but women also to encounter wild beasts. Furthermore, at the games of swordfight set out by the Questours (which having in times past been discontinued and forlet, he brought into use again) he was always present in person, so as he gave the people leave to choose two pair of swordfencers out of his own school, and those he brought in, royally, & courth●…e appointed in the last place. And at all sights of sword players, there stood ever at his feet a little dwarf arrayed in scarlet with a small head that it was wonderful: with whom he used to talk and confer otherwhiles of serious matters. Certes, over heard he was, when he demanded him of what he knew? & what he thought, of the last dispose of the Provinces? and namely of ordaining METIUS RUFUS' Lieutenant general of Egypt? He exhibited naval battles performed in manner, by full fleets and complete navies: having digged out a great pit for a lake, and built a stone wall round about it, near unto Tiberis: and those he would behold in the greatest storms & showers 
* Circumstruct●…  that were. He set forth also the Secular plays and games making his computation from the year, not where in CLAUDIUS, but AUGUSTUS long before had made them. During these, upon the day of the Circentian solemnities, to the end there might be an hundred 
* Missus. every of which ordinarily confists of 7 races.  courses the sooner run, he abridged the races of every one, to wit, from 7. to 4. He ordained moreover, in the honour of JUPITER CAPITOLINUS, Quinquennall Games of three fold Masteries, music, horse-riding, & Gymnicke exercises: & in the same, rewarding victors with Coroners, more by a good many then now they be. Herein the concurrents strove also for the prize in Prose, both Greek & Latin: and beside single harpers, there were Sets of those also that played upon the harp, yea and consorts of such as sung thereto, in a choir. In the running place, Virgins also ran for the best games. At all these masteries and solemnities, he sat as precedent in his Pantofles, clad in a rob (a) 
* Or ●…lipperss.  of purple after the Greekish fashion, wearing on his head a golden Coronet; with the Image of JUPITER JUNO and MINERVA: having the priest of JUPITER and the College of the religious, called FLAVIALES, sitting by him in like habit; saving that in their Coronets there was his Image also. Semblably, he celebrated every year upon the Alban mount, the Quin quatria of MINERVA. In whose honour he had instituted a Society, out of which there should be chosen by lot, Masters and Wardens of that solemnity who were to exhibit peculiar and especial Beastbaitings and stage plays, yea and contentions for the prize, of Orators and Poets beside. He gave a 
* Congiarium  largesse to the people thrice: to wit, three hundred sesterces a piece: & at the 
* Xiphilin  show of the swordfight a most plenteous dinner. At the solemn 
* So, Called of the se●…en hills, whereupon the City stood.  Septimontiall sacrifice, he made a dole of Viands, allowing to the Senators and gentlemen fair large paniars: to the commons, final 
* Or Baskets.  mands with Cates in them: and was the first himself that fell to his meat. The next day after, he 
* Or Sent.  scattered among them, 
* Gifts o●… favours.  Missils of all sorts: and because the greater part thereof, fell to the ranks of the common people, he pronounced by word of mouth for every scaffold of Senators and gentlemen, 50. tickets or tallies.  
5 Many buildings, and those most stately, which had been consumed with fire, he re-edified: and among them the Capitol which had been 
* In Vespasian's days.  fired again: but all under the title of his own name, without any memorial of the former founders. Marry, he founded a new Temple in the Capitol to the honour of JUPITER CUSTOS: also the Forum, which is now called Neruae Forum: like wise the Temple of the FLAVIAN family: a show place for running and wrestling: another for Poets and Musicians to contend in, and a naumachy for ships to encounter. Of the stone that was about which, the greatest Cirque of all was afterwards built, by occasion that both sides thereof had been burnt down.  
6 Expeditions he made, some voluntary; some upon necessity. Of his own accord that against the Cattis: upon constraint one, against the Sarmatians; By occasion that one whole Legion together with their Lieutenant fell upon the sword: two against the Daci, the former, because OPIUS SABINUS a man of Consul's degree was defaited and slain; and the second, for that CORNELIUS FUSCUS, captain of the Praetorian bands (unto whom he had committed the whole conduct of that war) lost his life. Over the Cattis & Daci (after sundry fields fought with variety of fortune) he triumphed twice. For his victory of the Sarmatians, he presented only JUPITER CAPITOLINUS with his Laurel guirland. The civil war stirred up by LUCIUS ANTONIUS' governor of the higher Germany, he dispatched and ended 
* By N●…rbanus Appius who ●…lew the said 〈◊〉.  in his absence: and that by a wonderful good hap: when, as at the very hour of conflict, the Rhine swelling and overflowing suddenly stayed the Barbarians forces as they would have passed over to ANTONIUS. Of which victory he had intelligence by pre●…ageses, before the news by messengers came. For upon that very day when the battle was fought, an Eagle after a strange manner having overspread his statue at Rome and clasped it about with her wings, made a great flapping noise in token of much joy; and within a little after, the bruit was blown abroad so rife and common, of ANTONY'S death, that many avouched confidently, they had seen his head also brought home (to Rome,)  
7 Many new orders beside in matters of common use, he brought uppe. The dole of Viands given and distributed in little baskets in am of a public supper, he abolished: and reduced the ancient custom of complete and formal suppers: Unto the * 4 factions in former time, of several crews running with Chariots at 
Whereas contrariwise under Nero, tublu●… can●… ad ●…portu▪ tas reducta  Circean games, he added twain; to wit the golden and purple live●…y. Players & Actors of interludes he forbade the open stage: but within house verily, he granted free and lawful exercise of their Art He gave commandment that no males should be gelded: And of such Eunuches as remained in the hands of 
* White Blue Read green  Hucksters, he abated the price and brought it down to a meaner. By reason one time of an exceeding plentiful vintage, and as ●…uch scarcity of Corn, supposing that by the 
* Who ●…uelded pan pe●…ed and set them ●…ut to sale.  immoderate care employed upon Vineyards, tillage was neglected he made an Edict, That no man in all Italy should plant any new young Vineyards: and that in (a) foreign Provinces they should cut them all down reserving at the most but the one half. Howbeit, he continued not in the full execution of this Act: Some of the greatest offices he communicated indifferently between Libertines & soldiers. He prohibited, that there should be two 
* Geminari c●…ira the greater and the less as we read in Livy etc.  Camps of the (b) legions. Item that any man should lay up more than a thousand Sesterces about the (c) Camp-ensignes. For that L. ANTONIUS intending rebellion in the wintering harbour of two Legions, was thought to have taken heart and presumed more confidently upon the great sums of money there bestowed in stock. He added a fourth stipend also for soldiers, to wit, 3. 
* Every one about 15, s. 7 d. ob, sterling.  pieces of gold by the poll.  
8 In ministering justice precise he was & industrious. Many a time, even in the common place, sitting extraordinarily upon the Tribunal he reversed the definitive sentences of the Centumuirs, given for favour and obtained by flattery. He warned eft●…oones the commissioners and judges delegate, not to accommodate themselves & give ear unto persuasive and Rhetorical 
* Of such bond men, as against their Lorde●… & Masters Right claimed freedom & used therein the plea of Orators.  Assertions. The judges that were bribed and cor rupted with money he noted and disgraced every one, together with their Assessors upon the bench. He moved also and persuaded the Tribunes of the Commons to accuse judicially for extortion, and to force unto restitution, a base and corrupt 
* who by taking ●…oney exercised his office otherwise th●… be aught.  Aedile: yea and to call unto the Senate, for to have a jury ●…mpannelled upon him. Moreover, so careful was he to chastise as well the magistrates within Rome as the Rulers of Provinces abroad of their misdemeanours that never at any time they were either more temperate or just in their places. The most part of whom after his days, we ourselves have seen culpable, yea and brought into question for all manner of crimes. Having taken upon him the censuring and reformation of manners, he inhibited that licentious liberty taken up in Theatres, of beholding the plays and games pellmell one with another in the quarter and ranks appointed for gentlemen. diffamatory libels written & divulged, wherein men and women of good mark were touched and taxed, he abolished not with out shame and ignominy of the Authors. A man of Questours degree; because he took pleasure in Pu●…pet-like gesturing and dancing, he removed out of the Senate. From women of dishonest carriage, he took away the privilege and use of their Licters: he made them uncapable also of Legacies and inheritances. A gentleman of Rome he razed out of the Roll and Tables of judges, for receiving his wife again into Wedlock, whom he had before put away and sued in an action of adultery. Some of both degrees, as well Senators as Gentlemen, he condemned, by virtue of the law 
* Against the filthy sin of Paederastie or Sodomy.  Scarinia. The Incestuous whoredoms committed by vestal votaries; negligently passed over, by his father and brother both, he punished after sundry sorts: The former delinquents in that kind, with simple 
* As to lose their head  death: the later sort according to the ancient manner: (d) For, having given liberty unto the sisters 
* Surnamed so of a family in Rome.  OCELLATAE as also to VAROMILLA, for the choose their own deaths, and banished those who had deflowered them, he afterwards commanded, that CORNELIA 
* Or Maxima Sc. Vestali●…, i the chief of those Nuns, as Lady Pri●…resse or Abbatesse.  MAXIMILLA, who in times past had been acquit, and a long time after was called into question again and convicted, should be buried quick: and the parties who had committed incest with her, beaten with rods to death in the Comitium: except on alone a man of Praetours degree; unto whom whiles the matter remained yet doubtful, and because he had confessed and bewrayed himself (upon his examination by torture which was uncertain) he granted the favour of Exile. And that no religious service of the Gods should be contaminated and polluted without condign punishment, the monument or Tomb, which his freedman had built for a son of his with the stones appointed for the Temple of JUPITER CAPITOLINUS, he caused his soldiers to demolish: and the bones and relics therein he drowned in the Sea.  
9 At the first he abhorred all bloodshed and slaughter, so far forth, as that (while his father was yet absent) calling to rememoraunce this Verse of Virgil.  

Impia quam coesis●…ens est epulata iuvencis, 
2. Gecrgicorum, This hath relation to the last word (Ant,) in the verse pr●…cedent.   
E'er godless people made their feasts  
With Oxen slain, (poor harmless beasts.)   
He purposed fully to publish an Edict, Forbiddiuge to kill and sacrifice any Ox. Of 
* Cupiditatis quoque atque avarit●… By cove tousnesse he meaneth the greedy de●…re of other men's goods: by avarice, in this place the pinching expense of his own.  Covetousness also and avarice, he gave scarcely the lest suspicion; either at any time when he led a private life, or a good while after he was Emperor: but contrariwise rather, he showed great proofs oftentimes, not of abstinence only but also of liberality. And whensoever he had bestowed gifts most bountifully upon those that were about him, he laid upon them no charge before this nor with more earnestness, than to do nothing basely and beggarly. Moreover, one Legacy put down in the last Will of RUSCIUS CAEPIO who had provided therein. That his ●…eire should give yearly unto every one of the Senators, as they went into the Caria, a certain sum of money, he made void. All those likewise, whose suits had hung and depended in the Chamber of the City, from before five years last passed, he discharged and delivered from trouble. Neither suffered he them to be sued and molested again, but within the compass of one year and with this condition, that the accuser (unless he overthrew his 
* Plaintiff.  adversary by that time) should be banished for his labour. The Scribes and Notaries beelonging to the 
* Defendant.  Questours, who by an old custom, (but yet against the Law Clodia) used to negotiate and trade, he pardoned only for the time past. The 〈◊〉 ends and cantels of grounds, which after the division of lands by the 
* Old soldiers who had served out their full time.  Veteran Soldiers, remained here and there cut out, as it were, from the rest, he granted unto the old owner●… and Landlords as in the right of Prescription. The false information of matters whereof the penalty came to the Exchequer he repressed: and sharply punished such Informers. And this (by men's saying) was a speech of his, The Prince that chasteneth not Promoters, setteth them on to promote.  
10 But long continued he not in this ●…aine, either of clemency or of abstinence. And yet fell he somewhat sooner to cruelty than to cove●…ousnesse. A Scholar of the cunning player and sergeant Paris, being as yet of tender years, and at that time very sick, he murdered: for that, both in skill and also in countenance and feature of body he seemed to resemble his Master. Semblably dealt he with HERMOGENES of Tarsus, for certain figures 
* As Ironia and Anti. hrasis. etc. whereby he seemed to glance at him.  of Rhetoric interlaced in his History: and withal, crucified the Scrivenars and Writers that had copied it out. An (a) householder, for saying but these words, That the Phracian 
* Who was armed with a buckler  Fencer was (b) equal to the mirmillon; but inferior to the setter forth of the 
* of sword fight.  Game, he caused to be plucked down from the scaffold in the Theatre, into the plain beneath; and there to be cast before the greedy Mastiffs, with this title, I●…pie locu. t●…s Parm●…larius. i. The 
* The favourer of the armed fenser Thrax. above said.  Parmularius (c) hath blasphemed. Many Senators, and some of them which had been Con●…ulss, he killed. Among whom CIVICUS CEREALIS, in the very time when he was Proconsul in Asia; SALVIDIENUS ORFITUS and ACILIUS GLABRIO during their exile, he put to death; pretending 
Domitia longi●…a  that they practised Innovation in the State: all the rest every one foremost slight causes. As for example, AELIUS LAMIA, for certain suspicious jests (I must needs say) but such as were stolen and harmless: namely, because unto DOMITIAN when (after he had taken from him 
* Vocemsuam, or La●…ia, his voice as some expoundi●…,  his wife) he fell a praising of her 
* As if he had uttered these words: This is mere injury but I must say nothing.  voice. he said, I (d) hold my* peace, HELAS. As also, for that unto TITUS', moving him to a second marriage, he made answer, Me ka●…su Gam●…sai Theleis? What! (and if I should wed another) would not you also marry her? 
* Understand here, and in the other following (he slew or put to death)  SALVIUS COCCEIANUS, because he had celebrated the birthdays mind, of OTHO the Emperor, his * Vn●…le. * METIUS POMPCSIANUS, for that it was commonly said, He had the Horoscope in his Nativity of an Emperor; and carried about him the Map or Geographical description of the 
* For his father L. Salvius 〈◊〉 nus was Othoes' brother.  world in certain parchments; and withal, the Orations of Kings and brave Captains written out of TITUS' LIVIUS; for imposing likewise the names of MAGO 
* See V●…spatian. cap. 14,  and ANNIBAL upon some of his slaves. salustius LUCULLUS Lieutenant general of Britain, for suffering certain spears of a new fashion to be called 
* Or earth.  Luculleae. JUNIUS RUSTICUS, for publishing the praises of * PAETUS THRASEA and * HELVIDIUS PRISCUS; and calling them most holy and upright persons. By occasion of which criminous imputation (charged upon RUSTICUS) he packed away all Philosophers out of the City of Rome and Italy. He slew also HELVIDIUS the 
* Two most renowned warri ours of the Ca●…haginians, and mortal enemies of the Romans'.  son, for that in an Interlude (as it were), and by way of an Exo●…ium upon the Stage, he had under the persons of Paris and O●…none 
* O●… his own name:  acted the Divorce between 
* Who being persecuted by Nero cut his own master veins.  
* The son in law of Thrasea, even another Cato or Brutus and a man of most free speech in the behalf of the Common wealth.  
* For the father, Vespafian had slain before, Tractasset, i  
* handled, all, taxasset, i., taxed or reproved.  
* 〈◊〉,  him and his wife. FLAVIUS SARINUS, one of his cousin germans, because upon the Election day of the Consuls, the Crier chanced to mistake a little, and before the people to pronounce him (being Consul Elect) not Consul, but Emperor. And yet, after his victory in the 
* Of the Fl●… vians and Vitellians.  Civil war, ●…ee become much more cruel: For, many of the adverse part, even such as 
* 〈◊〉 late●…teses, per cens●…s inves●…gatos  lying ●…id a good while were found out by those that were privy unto them, he by devising a new kind of torture made to confess: namely by thrusting fire into the passage of their secret parts: Some also he dismembered by cutting off their hands. And this is for certain known: That two only and no more, of the most notorious among them, to wit, a Tribune of Senators degree, and a Centurion, were pardoned: Who the sooner to show that they were unguilty, had proved themselves to have been effeminate Catamites, and therefore could not possibly be of any reckoning, either with captain or Soldiers.  
11 Now, in this Cruelty of his he was not only excessive, but also subtle and crafty; coming upon men when they looked lest for it. A 
* Actor●…m summ●…s.  Controller of his own, the very day before he crucified him, he called into his bedchamber, and made him to sit down by him upon a pallet or bed's side: he dismissed him light-harted and merry: he deigned him also a favour and 
* A dish of meat, etc.:  remembrance from his own supper. Unto ARETINUS CLEMENS, a man of Consul's degree, one of his familiar minions and bloodhounds to fetch in Booties, when he purposed to condemn to death, he showed the same countenance, as before time, yea and more grace than ordinary: until at last, as he 
* Simul gestanti  went with him in the same Licter, by occasion that he espied the Informer against him, How sayest thou, quoth he, CLEMENS, shall we to morrow hear this most errant knave and varl●…t, what he can say? And because he would with greater contempt and disdain abuse men's patience, he never pronounced any heavy and bloody sentence, without some preamble and preface of Clemency: So that, there was not now, a surer sign of some horrible end and Conclusion, than a mild beginning and gentle exordium. Some that stood accused of Treason he had inducted into the 
* Senate house.  Curia; and when he had premised a Speech, That he would make trial that day, how dear he was unto the Senate, he soon effected thus much thereby, That the parties should have their judgement, to suffer 
* To have their necks fast locked in pillory, and so to be beaten with rod●…o death.  More maiorum: And then, himself, affrighted as it were with the rigorous cruelty of that punishment, would intercede, in these words (for, it shall not be impertinent to know the very same as he delivered them) Permit my good LL. this to be obtained of your gracious Piety (which I know I shall hardly obtain) that ye would do so much favour unto these persons condemned; as that they may choose, what death they will die: for, by this ye shall spare your own eyes, and all the world shall know, that I was present in the Senate.  
12 Having emptied his coffers with expenses of buildings and Games exhibited to the people, as also with that 
*. i. of 3. aurei.  Stipend paid unto the Soldiers, over and above the former; he assayed verily for easement of the charges belonging to the Camp, for to diminish the numbers and companies of Soldiers. But perceiving that hereby he was both in danger of the Barbarians, and also never the less to seek which way to be relieved from burdens: he made no reckoning at all, but to raise booties, to rob and spoil he cared not how? The goods of quick and dead both, were every where seized upon: who the Accusers were? or what the matter was? it skilled not. Sufficient it was, if any deed or word whatsoever, were objected against one, to make it high treason against the Prince. Inheritances, were they never so far off and belonging to the greatest strangers, were held confiscate and adjudged to the emperors Coffers, in case but one would come forth and depose. That he heard the party deceased say whiles he lived, That CAESAR (a) was his heir. But, above all others the (b) jews were most grievously plagued in the Exchequer. Unto which were presented as many of them as either professed in Rome to live as jews, or else dissimuling their Nation, had not paid the Tributes imposed upon them. I remember, that myself being a very youth was in place when an aged jew, fourscore and ten years old, was by the 
* Or Master of the Exch. quer.  procurator in a most frequent Assembly searched, whether he were circumcised or no? From his very youth nothing civil 
* But proud & scornful.  and sociable he was: bold of heart, audacious withal, and as well in words as deed beyond all measure excessive. Unto CAENIS his father's Concubine newly returned out of Istria, and offering to kiss his lips (as her manner was) he put forth his hand. Taking it heinously that his 
* Who married Titus his daughter julia.  brother's son in Law had attending about him his, Servitors also, clad in fair white, he cried out,  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
* An Hemistich●…um out of Homer Iliad 2. V●…isses words: as if he should say I like not ●…o ma●…y Casar●…   
There is no good Plurality  
In Lordship and in Sov'raigntie?   
13 But when he was mounted once to the Imperial Seat, he stuck not in the very Senate to make his boast, That he it was who had given unto his father and brother both, The Empire, and they had but delivered it up to him again. Also when after Divorsement he brought home and remarried his wife, he bashed not to give it out, that she was called to his 
* Pulvinar 〈◊〉 as if he had been a God▪ for, their Gods and Goddesses they bestowed in certain bed lofts called Pull vi●…aria.  sacred bed. Moreover, upon the day when he made a great 
* During y ● solemn Games exhibited unto them.  Dinner unto the people, he was well content and pleased to hear their acclamation throughout the Theatre in these words,  
Domino et Dominae, faeliciter.  
All happiness, to our Lord and Lady.  
Likewise at the Solemnity of Trying Masteries in the Palatium, when all the people besought him with great consent and one accord, to 
* To his Senators place:  restore PALFURIUS SURA (one in times passed degraded and thrust out of the Senate, but at that time crowned among the Orators for his Eloquence) he vouchsafed them no answer, but only by voice of the public crier Commanded them Silence. With semblable arrogancy, when as in the 
* Or behalf.  name of his procurators he indited any formal Letters, thus he began, Our Lord and God thus commandeth. Whereupon afterwards this order was taken up, that neither in the writing or speech of 
* Common talk  any man he should be otherwise called. Not Statues suffered he to be erected for him in 
* Ponderis certi. Sabelli●…us readeth centen●…, i, of an hundred pounds according to Stati●… Pop●…nius of Domitian●… statue Sylv 5, Da Capitoli●… aetern●… sedibus ●…rum.  the Capitol, but of gold and silver; and the same of a certain weight, just. As for two-fronted JANI and ARCHES with their four Steeds, together with the Ensigns and Badges of Triumph, he built them stately and so many in every quarter and Region of the City, as that in one of the said Arches there was this Mot in Greek written, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (a). i. It is enough. He took upon him seventeen Consulships, more than ever any man before him. Of which, those  

* Quo niteant sacri cente●… pondere vultus Caesari●…  seven in the middle, he bore continually one after another; and in manner all, in name and title only: but none of them beyond the 
* Not above 4 months.  Kalends of May; and most, to the 
* Not a fortnight full.  Ideses only of januarie. Now, after his two 
* Over the Cattis and D●…ci.  triumphs, having assumed into his style the Addition of GERMANICUS, he changed the Denomination of the months September & October; calling them after his own names GERMANICUS and DOMITIANUS: for that in the 
* September.  one he entered upon his Empire, and was borne in the 
* Oct●…ber.  other.  
In these courses that he took, being both terrible and odious also unto all 
14  men, surprised he was in the end, and murdered by his 
* Minions.  friends and freed men that were most inward with him; who together with his wife conspired his death. The last year and day of his life, the very hour also and what kind of death he should die, he had long time before suspected. For when he was but a youth, the Chaldaean Astrologers had foretold him all. His Father also one time at supper, when he saw him forbear to eat muhrooms, laughed him to scorn as ignorant of his own destiny, for that he did not fear the sword rather. And therefore being always timorous and strucken into his pensive dumps upon the lest suspicions presented, he was beyond all measure troubled and disquieted: In so much as it is credibly reported, that no other cause moved him more, to dispense with that Edict which he had proclaimed for the cutting down and destroying of Vineyards, than certain Pamphlets and Libels scattered abroad with these verses.  


* Alluding to the like verses of the Poet Even●…: which Ovide●…eemeth ●…eemeth to express. 1. Fasto●…um in Lacinthus. Road caper vitem, tamen h●…c cum fi●…bis ad arras. In tu●… quod spargi corn●…a possit, erit  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   

Eat me to root, yet fruit will I bear still and never miss,  
Enough to pour on CAESAR'S head whiles sacrificed he is.   
In the same fearfulness he refused a new honour and that which never was devised before, offered by the Senate unto him, (though otherwise most eager and greedy of all such things) whereby they decreed, That so often as he was Consul, the Gentlemen of Rome, as it fell by lot to their turns, should in their rich and gay coats and with militare Lances march before him among the Lictours and other Sergeants and Apparitours. When the time also of that danger drew near which he suspected, he become perplexed every day more than other: and therefore he garnished the walls of those galleries wherein he was wont to room himself and walk, with the stone Phengites; by the images rebounding from the brightness whereof he might see before his face whatsoever was done behind his back. The most part of prisoners and persons in duresse, he would not hear but being alone and in a secret place, taking hold first of their chains in his own hand. And because he would persuade his household servitors, that no man should be so hardy as to lay violent hand upon his own Patron to kill him, not though much good might ensue thereof; he condemned EPAPHRODITUS the Secretary of NERO, for that it was thought, his Lord & Master (after he was forlorn and forsaken of all) had his helping hand to dispatch him out of the world.  
To conclude, his uncles son (a) FLAVIUS CLEMENS (a man for his litherness 
15  and negligence most contemptible) whose sons being yet very little ones, he had openly ordained to be his Successors: and abolishing their former names, commanded the one to be called VESPASIAN and the other DOMITIAN, he killed suddenly, upon a slender & small suspicion, even when he was scarce out of his Consulship. By which deed of his most of all, he hastened his own end and destruction, For 8 months space together, so many lightnings were seen & reported unto him, that he cried out, Now let 
* jupiter or God.  him strike whom he will The Capitol was smitten and blasted therewith the Temple also of the F●…AVIAN Lineage: likewise his own house in the Palatium, and very bedchamber. Moreover, out of the base of his triumphal Statue, the 
* Or Pied stool.  Title being driven by force of a storm, fell down into the Sepulchre next adjoining. That tree which being laid along, had risen up again when VESPASIAN was yet a private person, ●…ell suddenly then a second time. The Image of fortune at 
* Or Inscr●…tion.  Preneste, which all the time of his Empire, when he recommended unto her the new year, was wont to give him an happy answer & 
* Where w●…s on Oracle.  always the same, now in this last year, delivered one mostwofull, and not without mention of blood. He dreamt, that (b) MINERVA, whom he worshipped superstitiously, departed out of her Chapel, and said, She could not protect him any longer, for that she was by JUPITER disarmed. But with no one thing was he so much disquieted, as with the answer of ASCLETARIO the ginger; & the accident that chanced unto him thereupon. This ASCLETARIO being informed against, and not denying that he had delivered what by his art and learning he foresaw, he questioned with and asked, what his own end should be? & when he made answer & affirmed, That his destiny was to be t●…rne in pieces with dogs, & that shortly after; he caused him presently to be killed but to reprove the rashness and uncertainty of his skill and profession, he commanded with all, that he should be buried with as great care as possibly might be. In the doing whereof accordingly, it fortuned that by a sudden tempest, the corpse being cast down out of the funeral fire, the dogs tare and rend piecemeal, when it was but half burnt and the same happened to be reported unto him among other 
* Fabulus narrations to make Princes merry  tales and news, of that day, as he sat at supper, by LATINUS the player and counterfeit jester, who as he passed by, chanced to see and mark so much.  
16 The day before his death, when he had given commandment that certain muhrooms set before him should be kept against the morrow, he added moreover, if I may have use of them & turning to those that were next him he said; The day following it would come to pass, that the Moon should imbrue herself with blood in the sign Aquarius, and some act be seen, whereof men should speak all the world over. But about midnight, so 
* He dream haply that jun●… us Ru●…ticus whom he had killed came upon him with a naked sword. X●…philin.  scared he was, that he started out of his bed. hereupon in the morning betimes he gave hearing unto the Soothsayer sent out of Germany, who being asked his opinion about the lightning, had foretold a change in the state: and him he condemned. And whiles he scratched very hard at a wert in his forehead which was festered and grown to be sore, seeing blood run out of it, would God quoth he, this were all. Than asked he what was a clocke●… and instead of the 
* 11 Ofy ● clock  5th. hour which he feared, word was brought for the nonce that it was the 6th. Being joyous hereupon that the danger was now past, and hastening to cherish his body and make much of himself, PARTHENIUS his principal Chamberlain turned him an other way; saying there was one come who brought tidings (I wots not what) of great consequence & of a matter in no wise to be deferred. Voiding therefore all persons from him, he retired into his bedchamber, and there was he murdered.  
17 As touching the manner how he was forlaide and of his death, thus much (in manner) hath been divulged. While the conspirators were in question with themselves and doubtful, when, and how, they should set upon him? that is to say, whether he bathed or sat at supper? STEPHEN the procurator of 
* Whom Eus●…bius reporteth to have been n●…ipce by the sister of Flavius Clement and a Christian, therefore confined to the Island Ponti●….  Domitilla, & at the same time in trouble for intercepting certain monies, offered his advice and helping hand, who having for certain days before bound up and enwrapped his left arm (as if it had been amiss) with wool and swaddling bands, thereby to avert from himself all suspicion, at the very hour interposed fraud and made a lie. For, professing that he would discover the conspiracy, and in that regard being admitted into the chamber, as DOMITIAN was reading of a bill which he preferred unto him, and therewith stood amazed, he stabbed him beneath in the very share near unto his privy parts. When he was thus wounded and began to struggle and resist; CLODIANUS a 
* Certain soul dyer's were so termed,  Co●…icularius, and MAXIMUS afreed man of Parthenius, and SATURIUS the Deane or Decurion of the Chamberlains with one out of his own swordfencers school, came in upon him, gave him seven wounds, and killed him out right. A youth and page of his, who stood by (as his wont manner was) because he had the charge of his bedchamber (a) LARES, and was present at this murder committed, made this report moreover, that DOMITIAN, at the very first wound given, immediately bade him reach the 
* Or rapier  dagger, that lay under his pillow, and to call in his ministers and servitors: but at the bed's head he found nothing at all thereof save the haft only: and as for the doors beside, they were all fast shut: Also, that DOMITIAN in this mean space, took hold of STEPHEN, bore him to the ground and wrestled with him a long time: That he one while assayed to wrist his sword out of his hands, another while (albeit 
* 17▪ th'. of September,  his fingers were hurt and mangled) to pluck out his eyes. Well, killed he was, the 14th day before the Kalends of October, in the 45th year of his age, and the 15th of his Empire. His dead body was carried forth upon the common bierre by the ordinary bearers: and PHYLLIS his nurse burned it in a funeral fire, within a country manor of his own near unto the City, situate upon the high way Latina. But the relics thereof she bestowed in the Temple of the FLAVIAN family, and blended the same with the ashes of JULIA the daughter of TITUS, whom she had reared and brought up.  
Of Stature he was tall, his countenance modest, and given much to (a) redness: his eyes full and great, but his sight very dim. Besides, fair he was and of come lie presence especially in his youth: well shaped all his body throughout, excepting his feet: the toes whereof were of the 
* Restrictiores drawn inward  shortest. In process of time, he become disfigured and blemished with baldness, with a fat grand-panch and slender shanks: & yet they grew to be so lean upon occasion of a long sickness. For his modesty & shame facednesse he so well perceived himself to be commended, that one time before the Senate he gave out these words, Hitherto certainly ye have liked well of my mind and of my countenance. With his bald head he was so much yrked, that he took it as a reproach unto himself, if any man else were either in board or good earnest twitted therewith: albeit in a certain little book, which he wrote unto a friend of his, concerning the nourishment & preservation of the hair of the head, he by way of consolation both to that friend and also to himself, inserted thus much.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

See'st thou not yet how big and tall  
How fair I am and comely with all?   
And yet quoth he, my 
* Homer Iliad 21. Lyc●…on the Son of Pri●…mus unto Achil les,  destiny and fortune will be to have the same defect of hair: & with a stout heart I endure, that the bush of my head waxeth old in my fresh 
* Eadem me manent some read (〈◊〉).  youth. And this would I have you to know, that nothing is more lovely, nothing more frail and transitory than beauty and favour.  
19 Being impatient of all labour and pains taking, he was not lightly seen to walk in the City. In any expedition and march of the army seldom rod he on horseback, but was carried in a 
* Upon men's shoulders.  lictour. No affection had he to bear arms or wield weopons▪ but delighted he was especially to shoot arrows. Many men have seen him oftentimes▪ during his retiring abode at Alba, to kill with shot an hundred wild beasts of sundry sorts at a time▪ & of very purpose to stick some of them in the head; so, as that with two shoots he would set his shafts in their fronts like a pair of ho●…eses. Sometimes he would drive his arrows point blank so just against the palm of a child's right hand, standing far of and holding it forth stretched open for a mark, as they should all directly pass through the void spaces between the fingers, and do him no harm at all.  
20 All liberal studies in the beginning of his Empire he neglected: albeit he took order to repair the Libraries consumed with fire, to his exceeding great charges: making search from all parts for the copies of books lost, and sending as far as to 
* In Egypt.  ALEXANDRIA, (a) to writ them out and correct them. But never gave he his mind to know histories; or to have any skill in verse, or to writ aught, though necessity so required. Except it were the commentaries and acts of TI●… RIUS CAESAR he never used to read any thing. For his Epistles, Orations and Edicts, he employed the wits of other men to draw and ●…rame them. Howbeit, his ordinary speech was not unelegant: and other whiles you should have him come forth even with mirable sentences and Apothegms. As for example; Would God quoth he, I were as fair and well favoured, as METIUS thinks himself to be: And seeing one's head 
* Of two colours  party coloured, with yellowish and white silver hairs intermingled: He said it was 
* A kind of delicate drink among the Romans,  snow and meed mixed together. His saying it was, that the condition of Princes was most ●…miserable, who could not be credited as touching a conspiracy plainly detected unless they were slain first.  
21 Whensoever his leisure served, he solaced himself with dices play, even upon the very work day, and in morning hours. He ba●…hed 
* De die.  by day time, and made his dinner so liberal to the ●…ull, that seldom sore his supper he took any thing, unless it were a 
* It took the name of one Matius who loved an hortyard well: like as Appian●… and Scapti●…na m●…la of Appius and Scaptius.  Matium Apple, and a small supping or potion out of a narrow mouthed and great bellied glass. He feasted often, & that very plentifully, but his feasts were short and after a snatching manner: Certes, he never sat past sun setting, nor admitted any rear banquets after supper. For, towards bedtime, he did nothing, but in a secret chamber walk by himself alone.  
22 To fleshly lust he was over much given. The ordinary use of VENUS, as it were a kind of exercise, he named Clinopale, as one would say, bed-wrestling. The report went, that himself used with pincers to depilate his concubines, and to swim among the commonest naughty packs, that were. His brother's 
* julia.  daughter offered first unto him in marriage whiles she was yet a maiden, when he had most resolutely refused, by reason he was entangled and overcome with the marriage of DOMITIA; not long after when she was bestowed upon another, of his own accord he solicited, and was nought with her▪ even verily whiles his brother TITUS yet lived. Afterwards when she was bereft of father and husband both, he loved her with most ardent affection, and 
* As his wedded wife.  that openly: in so much, as that he was the cause of her death, by forcing her to miscarry and cast away the untimely 
* Conceived, as some say, by her former husband: others, by Domitian in her widow▪ head: and here to accordeth luvena. Qu●… tot aborti●…is, etc. julia vul●…am Solueret, et patru●… similes effunderet offas.  fruit wherewith she went.  
23 That he was killed the people took it indifferently: but the soldiers, to the very heart: and forthwith went about to canonize him a God, and to call him 
* A Saint or of sacred memory.  DIVUS: ready enough also to revenge his death; but that they wanted heads to lead them. And ye●… 〈◊〉 while after they did it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 most instantly and 〈◊〉 giving ●…ver for 
* 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉.  the authors of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be executed. 〈◊〉, the Senate so much reioi●…, that being 〈◊〉 in great 〈◊〉 within the Curia, they could not ●…ule themselves, but 〈◊〉 ●…o re●… and 〈◊〉 him now dead with the most 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 kinds of (a) acclamations that they could device: com●…ding ladders to be 〈◊〉 in, his 
* Coats of ●…mess,  s●…cheonss & Images to be taken down 〈◊〉 their sight, and 〈◊〉 there in place to be thrown and dashed against the hard floo●…e: In the end that all titles wheresoever bearing his name should be razed and s●…aped out, and his memorial abolished quite for ever, Some few mo●…hss before 〈◊〉 was murdered, there was a Cro●…e in the Capitol 〈◊〉 these words plainly, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i All shall be well: And there wanted not one, who interpreted this strange P●…igie thus.  

Nuper T●…rpeio 〈◊〉 culmi●…e 〈◊〉  
EST ●…E NE non 〈◊〉 dicere, dixit ERIT.   

The Crow which lately sat on top of Tarpeie news to tell  
'tis well when as she could not ●…ay, said yet, it will be well.   
And reported it is that DOMITIAN himself dreamt, how he had a golden excrescence rising & bunching behind his neck: & knew for certain, that thereby was po●…ended and foresignified unto the common wealth, an happier state after him. And so it fell out, I assure you shortly after: such was the ab●…nent and moderate carriage of the (b) Emperors next ensuing.  
FINIS.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON C. julius Caesar Dictator.  
(a) LUCIUS CAESAR, he died suddenly at Pisae in Italy, as he 
1  put on his shoes in a morning, when he was new risen. Plin. Natur. Hist. Lib 7. c. 53  
(b) FLAMEN DIALIS. ●…. the great Priest of JUPITER. Three FLAMENS there were at Rome, by the first Institution. DIALIS of JUPITER, MARTIALIS of MARS, QVIRINALIS of ROMULUS; and these were the principal: unto whom (in process of time) ●…2. more were adjoined, attending all upon several Gods and Goddesses. Caroi. Sig de ant. jure Rom. lib. 1. cap 19  
(c) Vt repudi●…ret. In the civil Law, we observe a difference between Repudium and Divortium. Repudium, when the man rejecteth and casteth off the woman betrothed only unto him before marriage in this form, Condition●… tua non utor. And in this wise CAESAR and COSSUTIA parted before. Divortium, when he putteth her away after she is his wedded wife, with these solemn words: Restuas tibi habeto, or Res●…uastibi agito. Howbeit, in this place Repudiare is to be taken in this latter sense, for CORNELIA was his wife, and had borne him a daughter. Paul M●…destin Cajus.  
(d) I take it, that he meaneth such inheritances, as are not Testamentari●…, but Legitimae: 1. Which when one dieth intestate, fall unto the children, first and for default of them, to the Agnati and Gentiles i▪ to the next of kin, and to the name. These are called with us, the Right heirs at common Law. Vide car Sigon. de judi●…ijs. lib. cap. 4. De antiq●…. ci●…. Rom. lib. 1. cap. 7.  
(e) The principal of them was, CORNELIUS PHAGITAS, a Freed man of Silvius, unto whom CAESAR gave two talents, for to escape his hands. See cap. 74. and Plutarch●….  
(f) It belonged unto these Votaries and Nuns of VESTA, to go between parties offended, and make reconciliation. See more hereof Alex. ab Alexander. Genial. die. lib 5. cap. 12. 
2   
(a) YOUNG gentlemen of noble blood, the better to be trained up in martial feats, & the knowledge of any Province affairs, were wont to attend the LL. Deputies there, & to be entertained with them in the same pa●…ilion, as familiar companions. Cic. orat. pro C●…lio & Pl●…ncio.  
(b) Libertines were such properly, as of bondmen were manumised and made Free, although Sueto. elsewhere, to wit in Cl. C●…s'. nameth the children of such, Libertines; by which it appeareth that he co●…foundeth them with Ing●…nui. 1. Freeborne.  
(c) Clients have a relation to their Parrones▪ and as these were Patritij and Nobles, so the other were Commoners. And such a mutual and reciprocal enter course of duty was between them, that as the Patrons were ready to instru●…t in the knowledge of the laws, to defend and protect their Clients, who had put themselves into their patronage: so these were bound to attend their Patrons when they went abroad, into the city & returned home, to relieve them with their purse in the bestowing of their daughters etc. And lawful it was for neither of them to inform, to depose, to give their voices; or to fide with adversaries, one against another, without the note and guilt of treachery and perfidious prodition.  
(d) Made of oaken branches, or of Ilex, or Escul●…, bearing mast, in defect of the Oak: for saving the life of a citizen. Although Generals of the field were honoured therewith, in other respects.  
(a) WHO being Consul with Q. CATULLUS 
3  LUCTATIUS, went about to repeal and annul all the Acts of SULLA late deceased, and so kindled a new civil war. 
4   
(a) BY the death of LIPIDUS, whom his 〈◊〉 CATULLUS drove out of Italy into S●…dinia, where he died, as some writ, of a violent Rehume: or as others, with a deep thought that he took, upon intelligence that he had of his wife's adultery, in which melancholy he pined away Plutarch.  
(a) These Tribunes Military, call them Colonels 
5  over a thousand footmen, whereupon they took that name first, to wit, when the Romai●… Legion consisted of 3000. according to the three ancient Tribes, Rhamnium, Lucerum & Tatiensiu●…: or High Marshals, as BUD●…US would have them to be, considering the execution of their office in the camp, not much unlike to our Kn. Marshals in these days; Some by virtue of an Act or Law preferred by RUTILUS RUFUS, were chosen in the Army by the L General, & named RUTULI or RUFULI, others by the voices of the people in their public assemblies for Elections called Comitia, and for distinction sake, anmed Comitiati. And such a Tribune military was CAESAR in this place.  
(b) Rogatione Plotia. A bill preferred, and the same as a Law not yet enacted, was called Rogatio, (as one would say) Interrogatio: for that the people were demanded and asked their opinions in this form of words. Velitssné, jubeatisné Quirites etc. Is it your will and pleasure, ye citizens of Rome, that such a thing should pass, or no? And of him who proposed the same, it took the name.  
(a) BY the Latin Colonies, are meant here 
8  tho●…e beyond the PO, which being before endowed 〈◊〉, 1. with the freedom of Latium stood not therewith contented, unless they might be donati civitate. i. enjoy the Franchises and Freedom of Rome.  
(a) COMMITIUM, was one part of the Forum Roman●…, 
9  wherein stood the Rostr●…, and the people used to assemble for election of Magistrates, for making of Laws, and hearing of public Orations.  
(a) SULLA, in the time of his proscription and 
11  o●…tlawing of the adverse faction of C. MARIUS, ordained two talents for every one that killed any of the proscribed and brought him his head, not sparing Master or Father: but that the servant might kill his master and the son his Father; nay he made it death if they saved any such.  
(b) Of Cornelius Silvius.  
(a) T. LABIENUS. CICERO and HORTENSIUS pleaded for him.  
(b) For, to kill a Tribune of the Commons, who 
●…21  were Sacrosancti and 〈◊〉, would hear the Action Perduellionis. And that was laid to Rabirius a Senator his charge, although indeed he slew him not, but one Sc●…: marry, when he was killed, he caused his head, in most ludibrious manner to be carried about.  
Now was the crime Perduellionis, all one with treason against the Common wealth, or a principal person of State: or else Felony in some high degree.  
(c) The liberty of appealing unto the people, was granted by Tullus Hostilius the third king of the Romans', As appeareth by LIVIUS, in the case of Horatins, for kill his own sister▪  
(a) Q. Lutati●… Ca●…lus, and P. Serrilius Isa●…ricus. 
13   
(a) Caesar envying such an honour unto Catulus, as 
14  to re-edify and dedicated the Capitol consumed with fire, a piece of work that Silvius the dictator took in hand but finished not, and the only thing whereby his felicity was not complete, would have put him by it and conferred it upon another: and therefore put the matter in question, before the body of the people, there to be discussed and debated, whether it were their mind and; will that C●…lus should do it, or some other?  
(b) A Law is said to be promulged, after it is once proposed for to be considered upon, until it be fully enacted: during which time, reason●… were alleged for the convenience thereof, or otherwise; and free it was for any man who had a voice to impugn●… or allow it.  
(c) 〈◊〉 and Populares, were in the city of Rome opposite either against other, and are lively described by Cicer●… in his Oration, 〈◊〉 Sextio, in the ●… words. D●…o gener●… in h●…c civitate f●…mper suerunt corum, qui versari in rep. atque in ●…ase excellentius gerere studu●…runt. Quibus ex generibus, alteri Populares, alter, Optimates & haberi & esse volverunt. Qui ea quae faciebant, quaeque dicebant, multitudini ●…cunda esse volebant, Populares: qui autem ita se gerebant, ut sua censilia optimo cui●… prob●…entur; Optimates habebantur▪ Item. Qui●… ergo est Optimas? qui●… De numero si quaeris 〈◊〉, nequ●… enim a●…ter stare posse●…ss. Sunt principes consilij publici. Sunt qui corum sectim sequuntur.▪ Sunt 〈◊〉 Ordinum ●…omines quibus patet Curia, Sunt municipes Rusticiq▪ Rom●…▪ Sunt negotia gerentes▪ sunt etiam Liberti●…i Opt. mates Whereby it appeareth, that those were counted Optimates, not simply of noble birth, and of great wealth etc. But were they Patri●…ij, Equites, or 〈◊〉. If they stood for good things, or favoured those that so did; Nay, whether they were Burgesses of Free Burrougheses, yeomen of the Country following husbandry, Merchants and Tradesmen, or very Libertines, so they affected good causes, they were reckoned in the number of Optimates. On the other side, as many as aimed only at this, to please and content the multitude, were they never so well borne or otherwise qualified, they went in the rank of Populares; so that it seemeth, that Populares were the Forensis factio, that LIVY writeth of, and whom Q. FABIUS reduced all in to the four Tribus urban●…s; and Optimates, the Tribus rustic●…, wherein was 〈◊〉 po●…ulus, fauto●… & cultor bonorum. Thus much of the strict signification of this word Optimates. But for as much as commonly few of the Nobility and Gentry of Rome were Popular, and as few of the Commonalty favourers of the best things usually; by these Optimates, or the better sort, are meant the Patritij and Gentlemen.  
(d) Upon the Kalends of january ●…. the first day of the year, the Consuls entered their office, on which day attended they were obsequiously by those better sort of the citizens and their friends, waiting upon them, when they went up into the Capitol for to Sacrific●…, and home again. On this day likewise it appeareth, that CAESAR began his Pretorshipp.  
(e) This purple rob bordered, called Pr●…texta, was a Garment not proper to the praetors only, but to other Magistrates also. Embroidered it was or guarded about with purple. For PLNI●… writeth, that ●…entulus pinter Aedil●… 〈◊〉, wore in his rob, purple of a double die, called thereupon, Dibaph●…. And thereupon it was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And not only citie-Magistrates, but Priests and children of 〈◊〉 birth used the same. Setting a side the border of purple, it was otherwise while.  
(f) By Curia simply without any adiunction, is meant Curia Hostili●…, as witnesseth Alex. ab Alexandr●…●…. A stately place built by ●…. TULLIUS HOSTILIUS in the Forum Romanum, near unto the Rostra: where, as in the Parliament house assembled the Senators ordinarily to consult upon the affairs of State. For, other places there were, under the name of CURIA, wherein likewise the Senate met together, as CURIA POMPEII, in which CAESAR was murdered, Dr●… Augusti etc. but then they had their addition. I am not ignorant, that other CURIEA there were for the Pontifies and Priests. To say nothing how the people was divided into CURISA. id est, Parishes, and in every of them was a CURIA, and a superintendant or Curate called Curio.  
(g) Superior Magistrates, be the Consul's Pretours and Censors, the rest as Aediles, Questors, were accounted inferior. etc.  
(a) CRASSUS is named for one, who entered into 
18  a bond for him of 830. talents, what time CAESAR deeply indebted, said, his millies & q●…ingenties centena millia nullum sibi ad●…sse oportere, ut nilid haberet, id est, that 250. millions of sesterces would but set him clear with the world.  
(b) By the Laws, none might make suit for a triumph, but whiles they remained absent without the city, nor for a Consulship ●…cept they were present as private persons within the city. In these straits, CAESAR made choice to be Consul, and gave over his right to a triumph, for the victory obtained in Spain over the Calleci and Lusitanes. 
19   
(a) THE manner was at Rome, that they who sved for Magistracies should for the obtaining of the people's voices and suffrages make promise of certain sums of money to be distributed among them and such as were appointed to deal the said Largesse, they called Divisores. Now, for that the Election of Consuls passed by Comitia centuriata that is, by the assembly of the people, by their centuries or Hundred according as Ser●…. Tullus first ordained them, therefore was this money to be divided amongst them, as they gave their voices.  
(b) Provinces signify three things, the countries conquered or yielded, and the same governed by Roman Deputies: and this is the proper and primitive signification thereof. also the Region wherein any Roman General by commission from the state maketh war: and last of all, what public function or affairs soever is to be administered. In which sense it is here taken.  
(c) Either for the cutting down of trees for the best commodities: or else for a guard to be kept near unto them, to suppress the outrage committed by thieves, haunting the same and robbing and spoiling passengers.  
(d) To amend the ways and beaten paths, where, either wayfairing men or beasts should pass with more ●…ase. And verily these were base mats and requiring no great forces to be performed: and so by consequence, the Consuls employed therein could compass no great projects and therefore less to be feared.  
(e) This society bred the Civil war that after ensued, between CEASAR and POMPEIUS unto which the Poet Lucan alluded writing thus.  

T●… causa malorum  
Facta tribus dominis communis Roma. 
20    
(a) As well to avoid tedious canuassing and consultations as to provide for the history and memorial of every matter.  
(b) One of the Consuls only had the twelve Lictors going before him, with the rods and axes: to wit, each of them their months, by turns one after the other, Ne si ambo fasc●…s baberent duplicatus terror videretur. As LIVY writeth: An ordinance as ancient well near, as the first institution of Consuls.  
(c) ACCENSUS, an officer attendant upon Magistrate, so named ab acciend●…, id est, of givingsummons to any for appearance, or of calling any to the Magistrate.  
(d) Great indulgences, immunities and privileges were granted by the R●…aneses unto those that had j●… trium liberorum: but as APPIAN writeth more particularly to the explication of this place, there assembled 20000 together, craving maintenance and food every man, for three children and more that they had.  
(e) Publicans were they that either for a certain rent took to farm the public revenues of the City, whether it were corn, pasturage, customs, impostes, etc. or undertook by the gross to make provision for the state, or to build and repair any citie-workes. etc. 
2●…   
(a) THIS was not more maiorum, for then his sentence should have been demanded first, that by the Censors was elected Princeps Senatus. id est, Precedent of the Counsel: but extraordinarily, as appeareth by Aul. Gel. Noct. Attic. lib. 4. cap. 10. & lib. 14. cap. 7. 
2●…   
(a) FOR as LIVY testifieth lib. 38. The Romans triumphed oftener over the Gauls, than ever all the world beside.  
(b) Which VATINIUS a Tribune of the Commons proposed in the behalf of JULIUS CEA STAR, that for five years together, he should (without casting lots, and the Senate's decree), govern CISALPINE Gaul, together with Illyricum: contrary to the Law Sempronia, which provided that such Provincial Governors, or LL. Deputies, should yearly be chosen by the Senate. Carol. Sigon. lib. 2. cap. 1. de antiquo 〈◊〉 provinciarum.  
(c) CISALPINA GALLIA, is that, which lay between Italy and the Alps, divided into CISPADANA and TRANSPADANA, according to the site thereof, either on this side, or beyond the river PO: it carried the name likewise of TOGATA, either because it was much inhabited by the Romans, or for that unto this Province the Roman rob TOGA was granted, or el●… in regard that the said Province was more civil and peaceable, than the other called TRANSALPINA.  
(d) COMATA GALLIA, a part of GALLIA TRAHSALPINA, lying beyond the Alpe●…, from Italy toward Spain: so called for the long haite that they wore: and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 put for the whole TRANSALPINE Province, like as BRACHATA, one part of the said Province, so called of a certain kind of apparel, is taken for the whole and confounded with Comata.  
(e) This term, which they commonly use, who threaten such as they contemn, may be●… drawn to an obsceene and filthy sense, not here to be named: and albeit CEASAR hereby was galled to the quick, as privy to himself, of the passive abuse of his body with K. NICONEDES, yet in his answer thereto, he turned it to another signification.  
(f) Warlike women, so called (as some writ) of their paps which they did cut off and fear, thereby to be more expedite and nimble in fight, and to shoot at greater case. See Strabo, justin. Q. Curtius, Herodo●…us etc.  
(a) FOR, if his Questour or Treasurer had been 
23  condemned, it would have been a shrewd precedent for his conviction also in the same cause.  
(a) WHO stood in Election for the consulship: 
24  so called of the whited rob, which they put on▪ who sued for such Magistracies and places of Honour. For whereas the ordinary gown that Roman citizens daily ●…ore, was white of itself, against such a time they made it whiter with chalk: so that a difference there was between Toga a●…ba, and candida, whereupon they were called Candidat●…, as appeareth by Macrobius, and T. Livius, lib. 4 ab ur●…. condita  
(b) Supplication, was a solemn Honour done unto the Lord General of a Province upon some notable victory For the manner was, that LL. Governors, after they were by their Soldiers salute by the name of Emperor. 1 Sovereign commanders, should sand them Letters dight with Laurel unto the Senate, wherein they required both to be styled by the said name, and also to have solemn processions made by the people in the Temples, and thanksgiving unto the Gods for their good success, which solemnity, at the first continued but one day, as T. LIVIUS reporteth in the 304. year after the foundation of Rome: but process of time, it grew to 4▪ and 12. And at length, CEASAR obtained it for 15. yea and 20. days together, as PLUTARCH testifieth in his life, and himself in his own Commentaries, of the Gauls war.  
(a) Super HS. millies. This character HS. standeth 
●…6  for a Silver coin in Rome, which is the three half pence, farthing, cue, the 4. part of Denarius: & is called Sextertius quasi sesquitertius: as one would say, valuing two brazen Asses and the half of a third: so common a piece of money there, that Numus put absolutely alone, standeth for it and no other coin: so that Millies sestertium and millies nummum, are both one. Now if the Roman Denier be valued at seven d. ob. with us, and 100 Deniers arise to one pound starling: this sum here set down, that is to say, a Sesterne multiplied by the adverb Millies, amounteth by just account unto 25000. li. starling▪ And thereto for the overdeale or surplufage ducenties sestertium, which is one 5. part of the former sum, it maketh up ●…70000. li. sterling. A thing that may be thought incredible, but that we read that CEASAR himself said, he was 250. millions in debt when he went into Spain, and P. CLODIUS, whom MILO slew, dwelled in a house, the purchase whereof cost him almost 15. millions. No marvel therefore, if so many houses, which CAESAR must needs buy for the plot of ground aforesaid and in so populous a city, cost not so little as a hundred millions▪  
(a) THE dole given by a Prince or great man 
27  unto the people, was properly called a congiary, which word took name of the measure Congi●… among the Romans', consisting of 6. Sextarij, and is answerable to our gallon: by which Oil or wirie was given. Howbeit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, any such public munificence, in money or otherwise is so called: and in this place, by it are meant other gifts bestowed upon private persons.  
(a) IN some copies, we read, Quando nec 
28  plebisicito POMPEIUS postea abrogasset. To this sense. That CAESAR being absent, was not eligible by virtue of an Act made by POMPEIUS to that effect, considering he had not abrogated the same by any ordinance of the people, but only of his own authority corrected it after it stood upon record in the city chamber. 
30   
(a) THIS hath reference unto his violent dealing with his fellow Consul Bibulis. See before in the 20. chapter.  
(a) THE fourth finger next unto the little one 
33  honoured especially with a gold ring, for that there is an evident artery from the heart reaching unto it. GELLIUS. But PLINY allegeth another reason.  
(a) He would do any thing rather than his soldiers so well deserving at his hands, should not be satisfied: such a credit carried the ring upon a Romans' finger.  
(c) Which is the State and worth of a Roman knight or gentleman according to this verce of Horace Simo quadringintiss sex, septem millia desint, P●…ebseris etc., & amounteth to 3125. li. starling.  
(a) As if Petreius, Afranius, and Varro had no skill in martial feats. 
34   
(b) He meaneth C●…. Pompeius, for his military knowledge and warlike exploits surnamed Magnus. i. the Great▪ whose principal power was now overthrown at Ilerda in Spain.  
(a) LYCH●…UCHOS Gestantibus, bearing either 
37  young men that carried Links, Torches, and ●…esset lights: or else branches and candle sticks, resembling them, and holding the said lights: Some read, Lychnos gestantibus. 1. bearing lights: but to the same affect.  
(a) Super bina HS. i Sestertia: that is to say, 15 li. 
38  125. 6 d.  
(b) Quaterna Sestertia. 1. 31. li. 5 s.  
(c) VICENA quaterna millia. 187 li. 10 s. By which reck●…ing, he gave unto horsemen four times as much as to footmen. Look in the marginal note to the text, and you shall find this donative much more: which may seem incredible: but consider what provinces he spoiled, and what pillage he made, in regard whereof he was called of the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
(d) Denos modios, in round reckoning may go for ten pecks or hoops with us.  
(e) Totidem libras. 1. so many pynts, with the better  

Which being put together, make 100 Denarij or Drachemes, that is. one Mina, and amount in all to 3. li. 2 s. 6.  
(f) Trecenos nummos. 1. 46. s. 10 d. ob.  
(g) Centenos. i. 15 s. 7 d. ob.   
(h) Bina millia nummorum. 1. 15. lib. 12. s. 6 d.  
(i) Quingenos sestertios. i. 3. l. 18 s. 1 d. ob.  
(a) Regionatim urbe tota. Rome, as PLINY 
39  witnesseth, was divided into 14. regions, and every one of these had their several Stage Plays by themselves.  
(b) The Games Circenses, I take to be so called of the Greet Cirque or Shewplace, wherein they were performed: and not of sword, wherewith they were environed, as one would say, Circa enses. Indeed these games resembled the Olympic in Greece by ELIS, where the runners with chariots were he●…med in of the one side with the running river, and of the other with sword pitched pointwise, that they should hold on the race directly, and not swerve aside without danger. Herein were performed running with horses and chariots, justing, ult, and tournament: baiting and chase of wild beasts, etc.  
(c) Pyrrhica: Of some, thought to be the same that ENOPLIA, was a kind of Moriske dance, after a warlike manner in harnois, devised in Creta first by Pyrrhus. Plin. lib. 7. Nat. Hist. cap. 56. In which young gentlemen were trained to exercise all parts of the body by sundry gestures as well to avoid all venues and defend themselves, as to annoyed and 〈◊〉 the enemy.  
(d) This DECIMUS LABERIUS was a Poet also, that kind which wrote wanton Poems or jascivious Comedies called Mimi. For, howsoever in all Stage Plays, there is represented a lively imitation in gesture and voice of others, yet in these Mimi, these same are done after a more licentious manner and without all modestreverence, even in unseemly and filthy arguments: as OVID testifieth in these words, imitante, turpia Mimi. It seemeth therefore, that as well the Poems as the Authors and Actour●… be called Mimi  
(e) Orchestra, is here taken for the most commodious place in the Theatre, wherein the Senators and Nobles of Rome were allowed to sit and behold the Stage Plays, apart from the people. For so the Poet IWENAL understandeth it in these words, Similem que videbis Orchestram & populum.  
As torching this Orchestra and the Poet LABERIUS above named, SENECA in his second book of Controversies, and third controversy reporteth thus. JULIUS CAESAR at the solemnity of his Plays, brought LABERIUS forth to act upon the Stage: and when he had made him a gentleman, or Knight of Rome, willed him to take his place among them of that degree, but as he came toward them, they all sat so close and near o●…e another, that there was no row ●…e for him. Now by the way, you must understand that CICERO then in place, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 himself an ill name, for that he was no fa●…t and faithful friend, either to POMPEIUS, or to CEASAR, but a flatterer of them both. Again, CAESAR at that time had chosen many unto the range of Senators, partly to supply and make up their number, which during the late civil wars was much diminished, and in part to gratify those who had well deserved of him and the side CICERO therefore alluding to the extraordinary number of new Senators, sent unto LABERIUS as he passed by, this word merrily, Recepissem te nisi angustè sederent▪ i I would have taken you to me and give you a place, but that I▪ sit myself very straight. Than LABERIUS returned this pleasant answer back unto him, Atqui solebas duabus sellis sedere. i And yet you were wont to sit upon two stools, skoffing at him for his double dealing with POMPEIUS and CEASAR.  
(f) The Troy fight, was in warlike manner on horseback, brought by Aeneas into Italy. The manner whereof is described by Virgil Aeneid. 5.  
(g) These Goals called in Latin Met●…s, about which the horses and chariots ran, were in fashion broad beneath and sharp above, in manner of Pyramids, Steeples or cocks of hay, and for their matter, of wood first, or of ●…oft gritstone, but afterwards of marble and laid over with gold. Concerning this Cirque why CAESAR enlarged it and brought water round about it, Read PLINY 8. lib. cap. 7. and 36. lib cap. 15. Natural Hist.  
(h) To try masteries in footemanshippe, leaping, flinging the coit or hammer,, darting & wrestling: which Game was called Pentathlon, of those five kinds of exercises.  
(i) In minore Codeta, which was a place on the further side of TIBERIS so called of certain plots of young springs or shoots there growing which resemble horsetailes, Some read In more●… cocble●…, that is, narrow beneath and broad above, like to the shell of a periwinkle or such like fish. 
40   
(a) This day is called Bissextus, and falleth out to be the fift day before the end of Rebruarie, to wit, the sixt before the Calendss of March, by interposing whereof, we say twice Sext Calend Martij, of which day our leap year hath the name Bissextilis.  
(a) Which by the first institution were 300 and 
41  by occasion of the late troubles much impaired.  
(b) Patritios' allegit: For those that were Plebei generis, might be Senators: or else, as so ne expound it, he advanced diverse to the degree & rank of the Patritij.  
(c) Allured but Consuls, Praetors and Censors, were counted inferior Magistrates.  
(d) For the censors with the public Notaries ordinarily took this review, and that in Campus Martius, and Villa publica.  
(e) By reason of so great a number receiving corn from the State, the purveyance hereof stood the citiy yearly as Plutarch writeth in a thousand two hundred and fifty talents.  
(f) For they might discontinue out of Italy eleven years. Plutarch.  
(g) Such were called Conites, or quasi ex cohort●… Praetoria, as it were gentlemen of the privy chamber.  
(h) Nova●… ta●…larum. To w●…t, when the old●… bonds being canceled, and thereby former debts r●…mitted, new obligations were made.  
(i) Parricid●… i Parenticid●…, such as kill father, mother, brother, sisters and such like, near in blood▪ as also, any other man or woman wilfully, according to the Law of K. NUN, Si quis hominem liberum sc●…s ●…onti duit parricida est●….  
(a) 〈◊〉 convictos. Such governors as by way of extortion peeled and polled the Provinces 
●…  which they ruled: who after their time expired, were many times called judicially to their answers.  
(b) Many Laws there were called Sumptuaria●…nd ●…nd Ci●…ariae, to restrain the excess at the table, as namely ●…nia, Licinia, 〈◊〉, julia etc. Read. Aul. Gell. Noct. Att. lib. 2. c●…p. 24. Macro. Saturnal. lib. 3.  
(a) Of whom TERENTIANUS writeth thus, ●…ir doctissimus unde●…que Varr●….  
(b) Ist●… is a narrow strait or foreland by Corinth, 
●…  fue miles over, lying between the two ●…eass L●…mium and Aegeun, or as PLINY writeth. lib. 4. cap. 4. between the two Gulfs Corinthi●…s and 〈◊〉. The cutting through whereof, was attempted before by K. DEMETRIUS, and afterwards by C. CALIGULA and NERO, but without effect.  
(c) Which CRASSUS before him had not done; and therefore was overthrown. 
45   
(a) COMITIALI MOREO, so called, for that the assemblies of the people called Cemitia, were dissolved and broke up by occasion thereof, in case any one among them fell down of that disease, according as Q. SERENUS SEMO●…ICUS hath testified in these verses. cap. 57  

Est morbi species subiti, cui 〈◊〉 ab illo est,  
Quod fieri nobis suffragia justa recusant.  
S●…pe etenim membris ac●…i 〈◊〉 caduci●…,  
Concilium populi la●…es horrend●… 〈◊〉.   
As also for that, they who were subject thereto, fell into a fit thereof ordinarily at such assemblies, if they were crossed in their suits and businesses there, CORNELIUS CELSUS calleth it Mor●…um ma●…rem, i. a great sickness. It is named likewise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. the sacred disease, either because it affecteth the head, which is the most honourable place of the body and the ●…eate of the Soul, or in regard of the greatness thereof, which the Grecians expect by the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Also ●…pilepsia, for the sudden invasion of it. HERCULEUS MOR●…US, either for the strength of the malady, whereby a man is forced to fall, or because HERCULES was troubled therewith. PLINY nameth it, S. uticum, for the hurt that it doth unto the body: Others 〈◊〉, ●…or that upon it, men fall to the ground: it is called Moreover Lunati●…, of the Moon: because it keepeth time with the course of the Moon, or apprehendeth them that are borne in the change thereof, as the same SEREN●…S reporteth in these verses.  

Huc quoque 〈◊〉 dubiae pertempora 〈◊〉▪  
Conceptum talem, quem saepe ruina prof●…it.   
Lastly HIPPOCRATES nameth i●… 〈◊〉. i. puerilem morbum, for that children be subject thereto: whereupon some term it, Maier puerorum.  
(b) This manner of going so loosely girt, might signify a dissolute and 〈◊〉 wanton. Hereupon CICERO made cl oyce in the civil war to take part with POMPEIUS against CEASAR: And when one asked him how it came to pass, that in siding with POMPEIUS he was so much overseen, for that he had the worse, this answer he made Praeci●…ctura me decepit: i deceived I was by that lose guiding of his.  
(a) CAESAR derived his pedigree from JUNLUS 
49  the son of AENEAS whose m●…er was VENUS.  
(b) The grace which is in the Latin cannot be expressed well in English, because the word, Subegit carrieth a double sense, the one signifieth the conquering of a nation, and so it is taken in the former place, as it is applied to Gaul: the other, the wanton abuse of the body: in which acception it is to be understood in reference to CEASAR, abused by K. Nich●…edes. 
50   
(a) In the two fold sense likewise of these two words, Tertia and Deducta lieth the pleasant grace of this conceited speech.  
By the one, may be understood, that a third part of the price was deducted: by the other Cicero meant, That her daughter TERTIA. was brought by her to his bed. 
51   
(a) THIS Distichon, or ●…j verses, which his soldiers after their licentious manner in the Triumph chanted may thus be Englished.  

Look to your wives, ye citizens, a l●…cher bald we bring.  
In Gaul Adultery cost thee gold, heere'tis 〈◊〉 borrowing.   
For, as he borrowed of other men, so he lent or paid as much again, in that his own wife POMPEIA, as is thought, was kept by P. 
52  CLODIUS.  
(a) SUCH a vessel as this named here Thelameg●…s, and by Seneca 7. lib. ●…e Peneficijs ●…lata, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as witnesseth ATHENEUS had, which carried in length 
〈◊〉 d●…un.  half a furlong, in breadth. 30. cubits, and in height little less than 40.  
(b) Impudicitiae, I observe, that both in this Author and also in other approved writers, Impudicitia, is properly and peculiarly taken for that abominable uncleanness only, which is named Sodo●…e: Like as Pudicitiae, for the integrity of the body, and clearness from that detestable filthiness. And so, Pudic●…s and Impudicus are to be understood.  
(a) WHICH cometh to 23. pound, 8. shillings, 
54  9 pence, and is not much more than half the worth. According to Bude●…s it was 7. pound dim of Silver for one of Gold.  
(b) For it was esteemed a great honour to be called Allies and Associates, or styled Kings, by the people of Rome.  
(c) ANTICATONES. Whereas CICERO 
56  had written in the praise of CATO [VTICENSIS] he wrote two books against the said CATO, which he called Anticatones.  
(a) VENUS surnamed Genitrix i. Mother, CAESAR honoured, as the goddess from 
60  the which he was descended, by JUNLUS or ACANIUS her nephew.  
(b) The principal ensign or standard of the Roman Legion was an Eagle of Silver, reared upon a Spear top, the point whereof beneath was sharp, and fastened into the ground: and the same stood within a little shrine, not to be removed, but when the Army was on foot.  
(a) DION, lib. 42. and APPIAN. Civil. 2. report this otherwise: namely, that he forsook the said Coat armour (it clogged him so much) and so the Egyptians got it.  
(a) EVIATICO suo. Albeit riaticum properly 
6●…  signifieth the store and provision set by for a journey, yet here it is put for the wealth and substance of a soldier: like as in Horat. lib. 2. epist. 2.  
Luculli miles collecta u●…atica multis Aerum●…is, etc.  
In which sense, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 likewise in Greek is taken.  
(b) PLINY calleth it Lapsana. lib. 19 cap. 8. Natural. Histor. A kind of wild wort or coal.  
(c) To be tithed, i. every tenth man to suffer death. Appian.  
(d) Which ordinarily consisted of 550. footmen, and 66. horse, whereof ten went to a Legion. Some, I wots well had more, some fewer. But for this place it may suffice, that it was the tenth part of a Legion.  
(a) QVIRITES. i Roman Citizens. As 
70  freed now from their allegiance, which by their military oath they were bound unto.  
(a) WHICH was a great abuse offered, among 
71  the Barbarians, who set great store by their beards, and suffered them to grow very long.  
(a) THENSA or Tensa & ferculum a Chariot 
76  of Silver or Ivory with a frame in it sustaining the Images of the gods, which was drawn in most solemn and stately manner unto the Pulvinar.  
(b) Pulvinar. A bed lost, or place where certain rich beds were made for the said Images to be laid upon.  
(c) FLAMEN. A certain priest, bearing the name of that god, for whose service he was instituted. As Dialis of JUPITER, Martialis of MARS, Quirin●…lis of ROMULUS, etc. Cic. 2. Phil. saith that M. ANTONIUS, was Flamen to julius Caesar.  
(d) Luperci, were certain young m●…n, who at the Licentions feast, Lupercalia instituted to the honour of PAN LYCA●…US, otherwise called JUNUS, by ROMULUS and REMUS, ran up and down naked in the City of Rome. A new kind of these Luperci ordained CAESAR, of his own name called JULIANI. At this feast Lupercalia, M. ANTONIUS played the part of a Lupercu●…, at which solemmue, when CAESAR sat in a Throne of Gold, arrayed in a purple rob, the said M ANTONIUS attempted to do upon his head the royal Band, called a Diadem▪ Cicero.  
(e) Whereas, before it was called 〈◊〉, he named it julius.  
(f) This was Caninius Rebitus: of whose Consulship, there go diverse ●…estess, as namely these, whereof CICERO was the Author, a vigilant Consul we have had of CANINIUS, who in all his Consulship never slept wink. Also, a counsel we have had so severe and Censar-like, as that during his Consulship, no man dined, no man supped, no man so much as once slept. Likewise PI●…HALUS said of him▪ Heretofore we had Flamines Diales, and now we have Consul's Diales, playing upon the equivocation or double sense of the word Dialis, which being derived of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 jupiter signifieth his Flamen: but of Die. i. a day, betokeneth a day Consul or Flamen.  
(a) ACCORDING to LUCANA. Omnia 
77  Caesar era●…. Caesar was all in all.  
(b) Well known it is that SULLA was passing well learned both in Greek and Latin. But in that he resigned up the absolute power of his Dactatorship, which he took upon him, for an hundred and twenty years, that is to say, for ever. CAESAR said he was no Grammarian, quia nescivirit dictare, quod munus est Grammatici: alluding to the word ambiguus dictare i to indite, or give precepts as Grammarians do to their scholars, as also, to command absolutely, whereof it may seem that Dictator took the name▪  
(a) WHO were in number. 10.  
(b) Or, if I may for Pontius Aquila: spoken by 
78  way of a scornful Ironia.  
(a) PLEBEIO, and not Plebi, for the commons' 
79  could not endure that name, as may appear by CICERO'S words in his second Philippica or invective against M. ANTONIUS. Thou showest the Diadem. The people all over the common place gave a groan thereat. Thou wer●… about to set it upon his head, to the great grief and sorrow of the people, he rejected it, with as great joy and applause of theirs.  
(b) The name OPTIMUS, MAXIMUS, wherewith the ancients styled jupiter, signifieth most bountiful and most powerful: wherein it is observed that Bounty goeth before Power: because as M. TULLIUS writeth, it is better and more acceptable to do good u●…o all, then to have power over all.  
(c) In Egypt: A renowned City, built by King ALEXANDER the great: for the pleasant site much commended, and therefore might be affected by CAESAR: at which, there is no day almost through the year, but the Inhabitants behold the Sun shining clear upon them▪ And which AMMIANUS calleth Verticem omnium civitatum, i. The chief of Cities.  
(d) Ilium, a City where Tr●…y stood: The Citizens whereof, as STRABO writeth, CAESAR in memorial of his progenitots from thence descended, and namely, from JULUS or ASCANIUS the Son of AENEAS, had endowed with many franchises and immunities, and therefore it carried some likelihood, that he meant there to make his abode.  
(e) These Quindeeim-viri, or fifteen men, were instituted in the days of CORNELIUS SCYLLA with this addition Sacrorum: unto whose charge it appertained to see that Sacrifices and Divine service, that supplications, and processions, expiations, & ceremonial rites should be duly performed, as also to peruse the books and prophecies of SIBYLLA: At first they were but two, called 〈◊〉, afterwards x. under the name of Decemviri sacris faciendis. Alex ab Alex. lib. 3. Genial. dierum. cap. 16.  
(a) BONUM factum. A form of preface 
80  which in old time they use boni omnis causa, before their Edicts and decrees▪ etc. so commonly, as that these two Capital letters B. F. did betoken the same as ordinarily, as S. C. stand for Senatus consultum. It had the same use, as In nomine Dei with us.  
(b) Some take these Brachaes, whereof Brachata Gallia, a par●… of Transalipine, Gaul took name, For freeze rugs striped with sundry colours, which may resemble Irish mantles; but I suppose them to be a kind of course breeches, much like to the Irish trousses, but that they are more full.  
(c) By rising up unto him, and shouting or applauding as he passed along▪  
(d V●…inam viveres.  
(e)  

Brutus quia Reges ejecit consul primus factus est:  
Hic, quia consuls ejecit, Rex postrem●… factus est.   
(f) Certain bridges there were for the time made, upon which the Tribes passed when they gave their voices in Lampus Martius, at their solemn Leets and assemblies for Election of Magistrates.  
(a) Some take it to be the same that REGULUS, 
81  or TROCHILUS. Thought to be the Wren, and is likewise named King of Birds, in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, OMINOUS therefore unto CAESAR, seeking to be king.  
(b) This is diversely reported by authors the occasion of which variety ariseth upon the affinity of these names CASSIUS and CASCA. For as there were two CASSII at this action, so likewise were there two SERVILII brethren, both surnamed CASCA. By, ALTAR CASSIUS or CASCA therefore, you may understand one of the two brethren, or the second of them. For some writ, that the one CASCA gave him in the neck a wound, but not deadly, whereupon CAESAR caught hold of his dagger crying out, Scelerate CASCA quid agis? i. What meanest thou, OH wicked CASCA, and then CASCA called unto his brother for help, who came in, and gave him his deaths wound, in the breast under the channel bone, PLUTARCH.  
(c) Albeit, Graphium doth signify a writing punch, (or steel or wire), otherwise called Stylus, wherewith they wrote in hard matter, as wood, or bark, before the use of our parchment and paper, as also our pen made of a quill or other substance, as brass, etc. in which sense it is taken in that verse of OVID. 〈◊〉. lib. 1. Eleg. 11:  
Quid digitos opus est graphium l●…ssare tenendo?  
And probable it is that CAESAR sitting in counsel was not without such a writing instrument: yet both DOMINICUS MARIUS upon the foresaid verse, and PEROTTUS also the author of CORNUCOPIA, expounding this place of SVETONIUS, takes Graphium, pro pugiunculo, i. A little poniard, poinado, or pocket dagger. And haply therewith CAESAR wounded CASSIUS or CASCA (whether you will) being more ready at hand, hanging at his girdle, than the style or steel aforesaid, which by all likelihood was yet in the case or sheath, called Graphiarium, considering CAESAR was but new set. But I leave the exposition of this place, in medio.  
(d) VALERIUS MAX. under the title of VERECUNDIA, commendeth this maydenlike modesty of CAESAR, who notwithstanding that he was masakred with 23. wounds, for manhood sake forgot not to hide his nakedness, and to die in decent manner: but as EURIPIDE●… writeth of the virgin Lady Polixena.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Where, by the way it may be noted, that the Romans wore not trusses or breeches, as we do, to cover those inferior and secret parts.  
(e) This may have reference to that which is reported before, how in his youth, he loved SERVILIA, the mother of this BRUTUS: For his age falleth out to agreed fitly with that time: in so much as he was commonly thought to be a son of his. And yet this attribute Fili, may sort well with the familiarity that was between them.  
Some read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i And art thou one of them?  
(a) VIRGINI Vestali Maxim. That Nun or Vestal 
83  virgi●…, who in age and dignity excelled theres●… and was the Mysteries as ●… were, and governess of them, they called MAXIMA: much like unto the Lady Ab●…esse or Prioress in our days.  
(a) The 〈◊〉 whereof w●… the deciding of the contention between Ajax and ULYSSES, about ACHILLES Armour.  
(b) FOR some of these who took part with POMPEIUS, 
84  he had pardoned.  
(c) Quicquid 〈◊〉 ad 〈◊〉 ader●…. Others read, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: understanding thereby those gifts which they brought as offerings to his Ghost, and be called 〈◊〉.  
(a) Which is 〈◊〉 one of the Climacterich years, in which it falleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 7. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by 8 which two numbers, as CICERO hath observed. 6. the 〈◊〉▪ be complete. A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to SCIPIO AFRICANUS the younger to VIRGIL also and PLINY.  
(b) APPIAN writeth, that it was in a sudden uproar 
88  of the people burnt to the ground.  
(c) To signify, that upon that day, The father of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was killed▪   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Octavius Augustus Caesar.  
(a) INTER divisores, operasque Compestres. This was thought to be but a base occupation, namely, to give among the Tribes, such sums of money, as the Candidats, or those that stood in election for offices promised & pronounced for the buying of voices. The name also grew to be odious, howsoever PLAUTUS in A●…lul. calleth them Magistros Curiae. Likewise all such servitors as otherwise gave attendance in Campo Martio, and thereby g●…t a living, whom he termeth here op●…ras campest res, were but of mean reckoning.  
(a) Regione P●…tij. In old time Rome was divided into four principal regions or quarters. Suburrana, ●…quiline, Collina, & Palatina.  
(b) The manner in old time was, that the new borne babe should be set up on the bore ground to cry and call upon the Goddess Ops, who so gently had received it. And the Goddess forsooth, that helped to lift it up again, was called Levana. i. a Levando. Augustin. 〈◊〉.  
(a) THE Virile rob was the ordinary Roman gown, all white without purple, which they wore when they came to be passed. 16. years of age.  
(b) To wit, bracelets, chains and collars, Spear sta●…es without iron heads, trappingss, chaplets and guirlands, etc.  
(c) This was the Triumvirate, so much spoken of: during which, M. ANTONIUS, M. LEPIDUS & AUGUSTUS ruled jointly together.  
(a) MARCUS BRUTUS.  
(b) He meaneth CICERO, as appeareth by an Epistle of D. BRUTUS' unto CICERO in these words, Narrau●…t mihi etc. ipsum Caesarem. (Augustum) nihil san●… de te q●…stum nisi 〈◊〉 quod di●…ret, te dixisse ●…dum adolescen●…, ornandum, tollendum: se non commissu r●…m ut tolli possit In which words, as also in this place of TRANQVILLUS, there is an aequivocati●…n or doubtful sense in this Verb Tollendum: which in one signification, is in manner aequ●…val: ●…t with laudandum and ernandum; and betokeneth, to be advanced, extolled, or lifted up: and so is to be taken in good part: but in another, it is all one with tollendum de medio, or occidendum, id est, to be dispatched out of life: or killed. In which sense CICERO meant it, and AUGUSTUS took it, namely in ill part. Much like to this, you shall read in Nero, sustulit l●…c matrens, sustulit ille patrem. The grace lieth in the ambiguity of the Latin word tollendum, which cannot in English be so well delivered.  
(a) The Eg●…ijs, as APPIAN witnesseth.  
(a) Which by the Law JULIA THEATRALIS, and ROSCIA, were allowed for the knights or Gentlemen of Rome, whose estate was valued not under 400000. Sesterces. The laws abovesaid, were promulged by AUGUSTUS CAESAR, & L. ROSCIUS OTHO a Tribune of the Commons. And these 14. Seats named Equestria, were the next unto the stage after the Orcestra arising by degrees and stairs, as it were higher & higher, & so farther of. Above which in the upper and more remote scaffolds sat the common people, and thereupon they were called POPULARIA. Howbeit, for all the law Roscia, many Commoners of good wealth and credit, used to sit indifferently in the said 14. foremost seats, until the other Law JULIA was enacted, which distinguished the orders more precisely. Carol. Sigon. De Antiq. jur. Civ. Rom. lib. 2. cap. 19  
(a) When in stately Pomp, the sacred chariot Thensa, with the images of the Gods in it, was devoutly drawn according to the solemn manner.  
(b) A coast-towne of Italy affronting Sicily, from whence it is a very short cut over sea ●…so called by the Greeks', as if even there a breach was made by the sea, dividing Italy from Sicily which before time was a part of the continent or main land: And no marvel of that Name▪ since that M●…itine Region, wherein Locri stood, was in times past called Magna Gracia.  
(c) In that he put down in his will the children which he had by CLEOPATRA a stranger and Barbarian horn, which also were begotten in bastardy, as well as if they had been natural Romans and legitimate, he faulted in common civility, but much more, when he proceeded to call the sons that he had by her, Reges Regum. i. the King of Kings. As absurd also and immodest he showed himself, when having by her at one birth two twins, the male infant he surnamed Sol. i the Sun, and the Female, Lunà 1. the Moon.  
(d) In the custody of the Vestal Nuns, or Votaries, as JULUS C●…SAR had done before him: of such integrity and so good conscience they were thought to be, as things of greatest weight were committed unto them in trust.  
(e) This forename, TITUS cannot truly be given to any of the Domitij, if that be true which is written of them afterward in Domitius Nero. cap. 1.  
(f) But in the behalf of M. ANTONIUS, considering he was their Patron and Protector. For other foreign States and Cities usually were ●…hrouded under the favour of Gentlemen at Rome. In which regard, he laid not to their charge that they had not sided with himself, but rather taken part with their Patron ANTONII: considering that near bond wherewith such Protectors and Clients or Dependants were linked together: which DION●…SIUS supposeth to be almost as ancient as Rome itself, and almost equal to that of Allies, yea and kinsfolk in blood.  
(g) A Promontory or Cape in EPIRUS, shooting into the way Ambracium, in the view whereof the sumptuous Armada of 〈◊〉 and Cleopatra was defaited.  
(a) THESE Psylli are people in Africa supposed 
17  to have bodies of a singular virtue to kill Serpents, as also a special skill in sucking forth venom out of the wound made by their sting. Yet CORNELIUS CELSUS. lib. 5. cap. 27. is of opinion, that they have no principal gift or cunning in this feat above other men, but more boldness rather, confirmed by use and practise: For the venom of a serpent, saith he, hurteth not by being tasted, but as it is infused by a wound, which he proveth by those poisons that the French use especially in ●…siting. And therefore a very Snake or Adder itself, may be eaten safely, how ever the sting is deadly: and if whiles it lieth astonished or benumbed (the cast whereof these Mountebanks or jugglers have by means of certain medicines) one put his finger into the mouth thereof, and be not bitten or stung withal, there is no spittle or slimy humous there to do harm. So that whosoever else, by example of these Psylli shall suck a worem and inflicted by a Serpent, he shall do it safely, and cure beside, the party that is stung. Provided always, that he have no sore ●…r ulcer, in gums, palate, or any part of his limbs.  
(b) Some think this kind of Aspis which 〈◊〉 used, was P●…yas, 
〈◊〉.  others Hyp●…le; for that the sting brought drowsiness upon her: and Luc●… called it Aspida 〈◊〉. But 〈◊〉 is unto all the so●…eses to kill by sleep and stupefaction without pain, some sooner, some later: but all within the space of 6. hours: So that Hypnale may seem to be a general attribute to them all.  
(a) As if he counted those Ptol●…eeses dead, 
18  who left no memorable acts behind them. And Alexander, a King still, or worthy alone to be called King, whose memorial was yet so fresh and lively.  
(a) FOR that one of his parents was a Parthine, 
19  that is to say, a stranger of Illyircum, and the other a Roman.  
(a) WARS take the name of those that be 
20  vanquished. As, Gallicum bellum, Germanic●…, Dalmatuum, etc. in which Ga●…le, Germany, and Dalmati●… be subdued.  
(b) Some take this bridge to be a kind of Fabric or scaffold reared for the assault of the town Metulium, and not an ordinary bridge built over some river.  
(a) THIS temple, as appeareth afterwards, he 
21  had vowed in the Philippian war, which he undertook in revenge of his Father JULIUS CAESAR'S death, and therefore dedicated it unto MARS, Revenger.  
(a) THE Temple of JANUS QU●…US, o●… 
22  QVIRINI, because it was first founded by Romulus, N●…a Po●…pilius his successor ordained to be set open in time of war, and shuite when there was peace. Whereupon JANUS was termed under a twofold name, Patuci●… and Clausi●…s. Once it was shu●… in the said N●…a his reign; and a second time, afte●… the first Punic war ended, when M. At●…lius, and T. M●…lius, or M●…llius, were Consuls. At all time●… before and after it stood open, until AVOUSTUS CAESAR'S days. During whose Empire it was thrice shut. First, upon the defeature of ANTONIUS and CLEOPATRA before ACTIU●…▪ Secondly, after his victory in Spain over the Cantabri: Last of all, when all Nations (in manner) of the earth by occasion of his victories, grew to an universal peace. About which time our Saviour JESUS Christ, IMMANU●…L, that True Peace maker between God and ●…e, was borne. Thus OROSIUS reputeth, and readeth, ter, not tertio. Howbeit LIVY seemeth to acknowledge, but once, namely, upon the Actiack victory.  
(b) Ovation was a kind of petty triumph: wherein the captains victors road not in a Chariot, nor wore a Coronet of Laurel, but of the Myrtle. It took the name ab ovibus. i. Sheep Sacrificed, or rather all the voice, Ou●…, which the Soldier in their acclamations resounded.  
(a) THE Roman Army consisted of Legions, 
23  who were all Romans, and of Auxilia. i aids and those were of Allies and confederate notions.  
(b) This day, was Ante diem quart●… 〈◊〉. Sextil. 1. the second day of August. Which was also that very day of the month, wherein the Romans in times past suffered the desasterous overthrow at Canna.  
(a) BY which the people of Rome won their immortal 
24  fame, and conquered the whole world as Ci●…ro saith: Pro Mur●…na.  
(b) December, januarie, and February.  
(c) Thereby disabling them for being serviceable soldiers.  
(d) These Publicans, so called for that they fermed their City's revenues, as Customs, ●…olless, ●…mpostss, etc. were likewise Knights or Gentlemen of Rome, and by being so earnest to buy out one of their own sort, were thought to favour him, and minded presently to dismiss him at liberty: which was contrary to his intent.  
(a) FOR his Uncle and Predecessor JULIUS 
25  CAESAR, had taken up that familiar term of COMMILITONES, by occasion of so many troubles that followed him, and therefore was driven to speak his Soldiers fair.  
(b) Libertines were those who having been bond were made free or manumised: and these were not capable of Militia Romana, but in time of great extremity and desperate cases.  
(c) It seemeth by this, that these vallare and Murell coronets were made of some other matter than Silver and Gold. Yet Aul. Gell. lib. 5. cap. 6. writeth that both these, as also the Navale, were of gold. Now, the VALLARE or CASTRENSIS coronet, (for they were both one) resembled vall●… 1. the Rampire a palaisade about a Camp, made ex vallis. 1. stakes or pales sharpened at the head, wherewith the bank or mure was the better fortified▪ and he received it as an honourable reward, who first mounted the said palaisade, and entered the Camp of his enemies: The Murell, was fascioned like to the battlements of a wall, given likewise unto that soldier, who approached the enemy's wall first, scaled, and climbed over it into the City. As for these Phaler●…, albeit they be commonly taken for the ornaments or trappingss of horses, yet it appeareth that they be the ornaments of the men themselves: And as well they as TO●…QVESES were, Tralatitia militum dona. 1. Ordinary and common gifts bestowed upon good soldiers. See juvenal. satire. ult. Vt l●…ti phaleris omnes, & torquibus omnes.  
(d) Such as he called before MANIPULARES and GREGARIOS: although in other authors, Caligati stand for all manner of soldiers.  
(e) In Latin Festina lente: much to this sense in our English tongue. Not more haste then good speed: For, The soft fire makes sweet malt. This proverb the same AUGUSTUS expressed also in his coins, wherein he stamped together with lightning or a thunderbolt, the God TERMINUS, representing by the one, Celerity; and by the other, Strayednesse. Like as TITUS VESPASIANUS the Emperor joined an Anchor and a Dolphin together in his coin, to the same purpose.  
(f) A verse of EURIPIDES, in the Tragedy Phoeniss●…. 1. A wary Captain is better than a venturous.  
(g) It was the apothegm of CATO▪ Soon enough is that done, which is well done. 
26   
(a) BY the law A●…aria, that L. JULIUS, or VILLIUS rather promulged, required it was, that a Consul should not be under the age of 43. Yet for their worthiness and demerits, some attain to that dignity, under 30.  
(b) Like unto this was the speech of that Centurion, who being lent by JULIUS CAESAR Dictator, for to h●…e the time of his government and conduct of an Army in the province p●…oroged, standing before the door of the Senate house, and taking knowledge that it would not be granted, shook his sword hilt with his hand and said, Hic prorogabit. 1. This than shall prorogue it.  
(a) THREE such halls there were in Rome, 
29  wherein judicial courts were held, and causes pleaded. 1. Romanum, which was so much frequented with Lawyers and their Clients, that CATO CENSORIUS delivered his opinion, that it should be paved with Calthrops, to k●…epe-out that rabble which ha●…ted it. 2. Caesareum, That CESAR Dictator built, and adjoined thereto the Temple of VENUS Genitrix. 3. AUGUSTI▪ whereto was annexed by him one Temple of MARS Re●…enger. For, another he erected in the Capitol, after he had regained from the Parthians, the Roman Standards and military desoignes, which they won from CRASSUS.  
(b) An Aphitheater, and a Theatre, differs as ●…he full Moon from the half, or a complete round●…e from a semicircle.  
(a) PLINY writeth, that Rome was divided into 
30  soureteene Regions, or wards, and into more than a thousand streets.  
(a) Augurs were certain Priests employed about the observation of Birds, and from them out of their learning gave directions. In number at first they were but three belonging unto the three ancient tribes of Rome. In process of time there was a College or covent of them to the number of 24. namely, in the days of SULLA Dictator: So that I doubt not but among these were some appointed for this ministery either about the Goddess SALUS. 1. Health or safety, unto whom there was likewise a Temple built, or else in the name and behalf of the people, Captare Augurium salutis, which as DIO maketh report, was in this manner: That they should call unto God for safety, if he would permit: as if it were not lawful to crave it at the God's hands, unless they first granted it. And one day every year was chosen for this business, in which no Army did set forth to war: no man war against them, nor took weapon in hand to fight. A thing that could not be, during the late troubles and civil wars. No ●…erveile therefore, if this function being forelet, was now taken up again by AUGUSTUS, when by ●…ccasion of peace, he did shut the Temple of JANUS. And as this function was called Augurium, so I see no reason but the very Augurship or Sacerdotal dignity itself in this place might be named Augurium, in the same form, that presently after, the Flamenship or Priesthood belonging to JUPITER, is named Flaminium: And this I take to be the meaning of our Author.  
(b) Which were solemnized once in an hundred, 
31  or as some say, an hundred and ten years.  
(a) BY which addition, there were in the year 
32  230. Law-days or pleadeable.  
(a) MORE majorum ordained it was, that a Parricide, 
33  should first be beaten with rods, and then▪ sowed within a leather male or budge together with a dog, a coc●…e, a viper, and an Ape, and so thrown into the sea or some running water.  
(b) Whereof CORNELIUS SCYLLA was the Author entitled: de falsis, or Testamentaria.  
(a) MANY laws went under the title Sumptuariae, 
34  to repress the immoderate expense in apparel, and belly-cheer especially: as namely, Fa●…ia, Di●…ia Oppia▪ Cornelia, julia, as well Caesaris as Augusti, But in the time of TIBERIUS CAESAR, notwithstanding he did what he could to keep them in force, yet they were all abrogated.  
(b) Lex julia, Caesaris & Augusti, de Adulteriis & Pudiciti●…. For albeit the law 
Sca●…tiiia  Scatinia, provided against the later, to wit Paederestie, yet the penalty thereof by virtue of the said law was but Pec●…iaria, i a money matter. Whereas by julia it was Capitals, i worthy of death. And, that AUGUSTUS established and enforced this law against Incontinency, it may appear by this, That Sextus Aurelius reproved him: because being himself given to lasciviousness, yet he was a most severe and sharp chasticer of that vice: as also by that answer of a young man, whom he for committing adultery with his daughter julia smote with his own hands. Who thereupon cried out 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i. Thou hast made a law O CAESAR. Now as touching the foresaid law Scatinia, it was so called (as VALERIUS MAXIMUS writeth by occasion of one 
Scantinius  Scatinius a Tribune of the commons, who against kind had abused a son of MARCELLUS, and was therefore condemned accordingly.  
(c) De a●…bitu. Of which there were divets, namely Acilia Calpurnia, A●…fidia, Baebia Aemilia, Cornelia Fulvia, Maria, Pompeia, Paetilia, Tullia and julia, Caesaris & Augusti.  
(d) Lex papia poppaea, de maritandis ordinibus, whereof, there were many branches and chapters, not only respecting this conjunction of the Gentry and commons: but also concerning penalties to be laid upon those that neglected marriage, and rewards due to such as lived in wedlock and begat children, etc.  
(a) The badges that distinguished Senators from 
35  others, were their Robes purfled or embroidered or with broad studs of purple like nail heads, called thereupon Laticlavi, and shoes with ●…peakes resembling the horned tips or pointed ends of the moon, named therefore Calcei lunati, in token of their ancient Nobility, as some interpret it.  
(b) These solemn feasts at which Senators were allowed to be present, were Epulum ovic otherwise called Cana Dialis within the capitol: Likewise Cana Triumphalis Pontificialis, and Auguralis. i. the sumptuous suppers to the honour of JUPITER, at triumphs, given by the Pontifies and Augurs.  
(c) The first day of every month. The 13 of March, May, july, and October, the 15 of the rest.  
(a) A judicial court there was at Rome called 
37  Cent●…vir alia Hasta, for that it consisted of certain Commissioners or judges named Cent●…viri, i. The Hundred-men. Before whom were debated civil matters and causes between citizen and citizen, of no great importance. Choose these were out of eve●…le Tribe thr●…. And those were in all 35. which number doth arise to 105. but in round reckoning they went for an hundred.  
(a) What these or naments and badges were. T. 
38  LIVIUS reporteth in the 30 book of his Roman history: to wit, A crown of Gold, and a fair golden B●…ll: A curule, I vorie chair, with a staff likewise or sceptre of Ivory: A long rob embroidered of sundry colours, and a rich coat of Needl●… work●… representing the Date tree.  
(b) This solemn show or Riding of Roman Gentlemen, was upon the Ideses i. the 15 day of Quintilis alias july yearly: Instituted first by FABIUS RUTILIANUS in the honour of CASTOR and POLLUX, who appeared unto the Romans, at the battle near the Lake Regillus, what time they achieved a noble victory. They road from the Temple of Honour, as some writ, or as others, of Ma●… without the walls, through the Forum, and by the Temple of Castor, up into the Capital, dight with chaplets of Olive branches, as PLINY writeth lib. 15. Natur. Hist.  
(a) BY this it appeareth, that ordinarily he might 
4●…  not be a Tribune of the commons, who was not a Senator: For albeit this be a Plebeian Magistrate, yet might a commoner be a Senator.  
(b) Whereupon, SVIDAS thinketh, Annenas to take their name, quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. because corn was wont to be dealt among the people, upon the Nones of every month, namely, the seventh day of March, May, july and October, and the fifth of the rest: Whereas indeed Annon●… is derived ab a●…o, i. the year, quasi annalis alimonia. i. the years provision of food.  
(c) It seemeth that AUGUSTUS held of two Tribes: to wit, Scaptia, unto which the Octarij belonged, and wherein he was borne: and Fabia, by his adoption into the family of the julij.  
(d) For, howsoever the Roman habit was the Gown, yet permitted were they, upon necessity, namely to save the said gown in foul wether, or to defend themselves from cold, to cast over it a cloak in any frequented place of the City, as were the Forum, i The common pleading court, ward, or Market place, and the Circus, i The Show place.  
(a) FOR the ordinary Roman Gowns were 
44  white and fair kept.  
(b) Of these spectacles and games, some were Matutini, some Meridiani, and other Pomeridiani: according as they were exhibited, In the morning, at Noon, and afternoon.  
(a) These were called likewise sacred Games, as 
45  stage-plays, Gymnicke Exercises, and Masteries in Music, in NERO'S time.  
(b) They took that name of a spacious Gallery or walking place called Xystos, wherein they were wont to exercise in winter time.  
(a) COLONIES, were Townships in Italy and other Provinces planted with Roman Inhabitants. 
46  In which, Decuriones as one would say Aldermen, had the same authority as Senators in Rome.  
(a) HEREUPON, some Provinces were called 
47  Caesari●…, or Praesidiariae: namely which were ruled by the emperors sole appointment, and had strong Garrisons placed in them: others, Populi, and they were named 〈◊〉, Consulares, or Proconsul●…s, governed by Praetors, Consuls, or their Vice geren●…. 
50   
(a) There is a kind of Monkey or Marmoset in Aethi●…pia, going under the name of Sphinx, in PLINY The Poets also feign, that a certain monstruous beast so called, sometimes did haunt the City of Thebes and the Te●…torie about it: Which from a rock proposed ridales unto the passengers. This monster by their report, carried the resemblance of three creatures, to wit, a Fowl, A Lion, and a maiden, according to these verses of Ausoni●….  

Terruit Aoniam volucri●…, Leo, virgo, triformis  
Sphinx: volu●…ris penna, pedibus fera, front puella. 
Le●….    

A three-shaped Sphinx, Bird Lion-Maid, Aonian land did fright,  
In wing a foul, in feet a * beast, 
Lion  In face a virgin [bright].   
PLINY writeth in the last book of his Natural History. That AUGUSTUS used at the beginning to sign with this Sphinx engraven upon his Signet. And verily quoth he, in the casket of his mother's lewels two of these he fowd, so like, that one could not be discerned from the other. And as he was wont to wear the one wheresoever he went, so in his absence during the civil wars with A●…thonie, his friends that managed his affairs at Rome, sealed with the other, those missives and edicts which passed in his name. And from hence it came, that those who received any such letters or edicts containing matter of difficulty, were wont merrily to say, that the said Sphinx came ever with some hard riddle or other, which could not be a●…oiled Whereupon AUGUSTUS to avoid the obloquit that arose by his Sphinx gave over sealing therewith, and signed always after with the image of King ALEXANDER the Great, etc.  
(a) This humanity and affable courtesy termed by SVETON. CIVILITAS, was reproved in 
51  ALEXANDER the Emperor by his mother and wife both, as not beseeming the Majesty of a Prince▪ For they told him many times, that thereby he caused his Imperial power and dignive to be the more contemptible: Yea, but it is by that means quoth he both surer, and like also to last the longer Lamprid in Alexandro.  
(a) THIS name Dominus among the Romans, 
53  like as S●…r with us, was d●…uersly used. In the sense of imperious and Lordly command, as we sometime take [Lord] it was odious: as having a relation to SERWS a slave or villain. To moll●…fie therefore the ha●…shnesse of the word, they used to term householders or masters of families, patre●…familiass, in steed of Dominos, as also household servants familiare●…, and not seru●…ss. Otherwise they used it by way of flattery or fair speech▪ as appeareth in the chap. 21. of CLAUDIUS following. Hence it is, that lovers call their sweet hearts, Do●… i Mistresses. Also if a man speaketh unto one, whom he either knoweth not, or hath forgotten he saith, Do●…ine. i. Hear you Sir, according to that Epigram in martial.  
Cum te non nossem, Dominum Regemque 〈◊〉,  
All while that I you kenned not, I called you L▪ & King 
Or sir.   
Last of all, by way of scorn and derision. And so, the same Martial testifieth in this Distichon.  

Cum voco te dominum ●…litibi, Cinna, placere,  
Sepe etiam servum sic resalut●… meum.   

When I OH Cinna call you ●…ir joy not, I you address,  
For even my servant I salute often times no otherwise.   
In which manner we speak unto our servant, or any other in contempt, by this term firrha: to say nothing of sir knave. No marvel therefore, if AUGUSTUS could not abide this word Domin●… so doubtfully taken, and seldom in good sense.  
(b) If you read, [adoperta] i close and shut, it may have reference to this, That he took not state upon him, not sought the people's applause: which accordeth to his other behaviour reported before. If, [ad aperta] ●…▪ open, it showeth likewise his courteous carriage and affability: as who was ready to accept of petitions and requests: a thing right commendable in a Prince, as it is written of King ARTAXERXES surnamed MNEMON, how riding in a Caroche with his Queen, he commanded her to draw open the curtains thereof, That he might the better attend upon his subjects. And this agreeth as well with that which followeth of AUGUSTUS. And hereto I rather incline.  
(c) He looked not for their attendance at home in his own house, neither would he be thought to have conferred with any one privately, as touching the public affairs.  
(d) It is generally a received opinion, that within seven natural days such voluntary abstinence from food is not mortal, as PLINY writeth in his eleventh book, who reporteth also, that many have con●…nued tasting more than eleven days. Which I easily beeleeve. For, in mine own knowledge I may be bold to report, that a Bitch lived so long, and yet died not, nor miscarried the whelps within her. Some meloncholicke persons therefore, may within the Latitude of Health endure so long, yea and those likewise who are fraught topful with a balla●…se of cr●…d and cold humours, which may engender a quartain ague as well as melancholy doth. For, I doubt not, but in such chronicke diseases occasioned and maintained by gross matters, one may abide above eleven days without all manner of food. Yet AULUS GELLIUS saith, that beyond seven days wilful abstinence, a man is not able to live.  
(a) For, as Ulpian testifieth. l. 18. de Testa●…nt. 
55  A law there was, that whosoever to the infamy of any person published a Libel either in his own or another man's name, yea without name at all. If he be convict thereof, shall be Intestabilis. i. disabled both for making a will himself, and also for to be a witness unto another man's.  
(a) By these Candidates, ●…e meaneth either such 
56  as himself recommended unto the people for any office, as CAESAR his predecessor did before him, and those were called Caesaris Candidati, or else his especial friends whom he laboured for.  
(b) PLINY lib. 35. cap. 12. writeth, that Cassi●…s' his accuser charged him to have killed 130. guests, with one platter of poisoned meat.  
(c) Certain soldiers there were going under the name of Scutarii, as PAULUS DIACONUS witnesseth in his supplement upon SATURN'S writing that Valentinian of a Tribune or Colonel over these Scutari, become Emperor.  
(a) GERMANICUS was the son of Drusus, 
64  and Antonia the younger. Now, had Drusus for his mother, Livia the wife of Augustus and Antonia for hers, 〈◊〉 the sister of Augustus.  
(b) In all bargains of sale, and alienations, the solemn and ceremonial form at Rome was this, that five witnesses at the lest, Roman Citizens and of lawful age, with one other beside, of the same condition called Libripens, (because he held a pair of balances, etc.) the chapman or buyer should come with a piece of Brass coin in his hand, and say, (for example sake, if it were a bondslave to be bought and sold) these words, This man or woman, javouch by the law of the Romans to be mine, and bought I have him or her, for this piece of brass, and with this brazen balance, and therewith, sttiking the said balance give the brazen piece unto the other party that is the seller, By which imaginary kind of chasse▪ ring, things were alienated, & their property changed.  
(c) So ordinary it was to train up youth in swimming, 
reading and writing.  and in * Grammar, of which the one had relation to the exercise of the body, the other of the mind, that of such as had no bringing up at all, arose this proverb, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
(a) CAIUS was sent by AUGUSTUS with an army to suppress the troubles and insurrections in the East-parts: where he was stabbed treacherously, with a knife or short skeene, by one who presented unto him a supplication, of which wound he died afterwards. A. LUCIUS likewise he sent into Armenia, recommending him unto the Gods in these words, that they would vouchsafe him as well-beloved as Pompeius, as ●…alorous as King Alexander, and as fortunate as himself.  
(a) These he adopted, because they were out of the tuition of their father's deceased) in the common Hall or Forum, before the high priests, and with consent of the people, by virtue of the law Curiata, And this was properly called Adoption. Whereas, suff●…cient it was to adopt others above named with the assent of their fathers, by the formal bargain of sail called Mancipatro.  
(c) Certain questours there were named also Candidati Principis: whose Office it was to read such missives or letters in the Senate.  
(d) Happily, this he did to know thereby, whether she had been nought of her body with them or no? considering we learn out of natural Philosophy, that commonly children resemble their parents in complexion, favour, and marks. Howbeit, this julia is reported to have brought forth children, all like unto M. Aegri●…pa, her husband so long as he lived, notwithstanding she was known to be a common strumpet But beside her answer to that point, unto those who made a wonder at it, which ye may see in Ma●…rob. Saturnal. li●…. 2. cap. 5. read the pleasant and witty Epigram of Sir Thomas Moor, upon the like example.  
(e) Alluding to a place of Homer, Iliad. 3. wherein Hector curseth his brother Caris, and after some approbrious terms saith thus,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

Would God, thou ha●…'st of women ne'er be●…e borne:  
Or else had died thy wedding day befor●…e.   
Which verse, by inversion of words and using one of them in a contrary sense, AUGUSTUS transferred unto his own person. For it is to be noted, that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 here in Ho●…er hath a passive signification, & soundeth, as much, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i not borne, whereas AUGUSTUS taketh it in the active, for one that is childless, or * hath begotten no children. 
or is unable for 〈◊〉   
(f) These Cancers be certain tumours or swellings, hard & unequal of their nature which he called Scirrhes, and of an ugly, aspect, as arising from unnatural melancholy, breeding, as CORNELIUS CELSUS writeth, for the most part in the superior region of the body, about the face, nose, ears, lips, and women's breasts. Which our Author here and the Greek writers name Carcinomata, for the resemblance of the Crab-fish crooked cleys, which the black or swart veins all about them do represent, or because they be hardly or uneth removed, if they once take to a place, no more than the said fish when it settleth to a thing and claspeth it, Untoward to be healed, and commonly the worse for all the cure done unto them. These Cancers, if they become ulcers once are termed Wolves. In regard of which properties, aptly compared AUGUSTUS those ungracious Imps of his breed, unto them, as being foul Eyesores, disteining his honour, and by no discipline of his corrigible.  
(a) According to that sage precept of Selon, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
66  i. Be not hasty making any thy friends and the saying of Hecuba in Euripides,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

No friend, I say,  
Who loves not eye.   
Which two rules Properti●…s elegantly comprehendeth in one verse, Amare.  
Not cito desis●…o, nec temere i●…cipio  
Late ere I love, as long ere I leave.  
(b) AESOP gave this lesson, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i. Commit no secrets to a woman. And as for this M●…cenas, he was noted to be Vxorius, more than he should, and one, who (albeit his wife was a shrew and ready to go from him every day soon admitted atonements and reconciliations. Whereupon Seneca in his moral Epistles said, That having but one wife, yet he married a thousand times.  
(a) EVERY word almost in this verse carrieth a 
6●…  double construction without the understanding whereof, all the grac●… is lost. For, Cyn●…dus in one sense, betokeneth one of the Galli, Priests of the Gods Cybele named also, Ops Mater deum, and Tellus, even the very Earth. Which priests were gelded or disabled for generation, and took that name of the river Gallus, the water whereof drunken, caused men to be evirate and effeminate. Now, the manner of these priests in the divine service of the said goddess, was to beaten the Taber or tamper upon the Timbril, which is expressed here in these words, Orbem digito temperate. For that the Timbrill is round & circular, to signify the Globe of the earth symbolyze by Cybele. And in this sense, may the verse literally be interpreted: But, beside this signification, Cyn●…dus betokeneth a wanton Pathic or 〈◊〉, who suffereth himself against nature to be abused Orbis also is put, for the habitable world, and digito temperate, is as much to say, as He hath the world at a beck, or at his comma●…nd, as if the same were ruled by AUGUSTUS CAESAR, who was noted for that abominable filthiness. And in this latter sense did the people of Rome expound the said verse, and apply it unto him. 
70   
(a) OF twelve Gods and Goddesses together: Alluding to those six select Gods, & as many Goddesses whom antiquity in heathenness honoured above, the rest: whose names ENNIUS the Poet comprised in these two verses,  

I●…no, vefia, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,  
Mercurius 
jupiter.  jovis, Neptunus, Vnlcanus, Apollo.   
Answerable to which number he entertained six young women attired like Goddesses, & six boys (lataemites) in habit of Gods, as his guests at this Supper.  
(b) I doubt, the first verse of this Hexasticon is not perfect, for, I do not please myself in the translation of it.  
(c) Neither is it certain what this Mallia should be? Some read Manlia, as if it were the name of a chamber within the Lastell or Citadyll of the Capital, which this banqu●…ting place of his did counterfeit, and then we must admit the figure 〈◊〉. Others take Mallia to be the name of some woman, in ploied in the furnishing & setting out of such a supper  
(d) For AUGUSTUS' not only sat here among the rest in the person of Apollo, but also would sometimes be thought Phoebus, otherwhiles Phoebus his son.  
(e) For, it is not unknown what adulteries the Poets talk of, between jupiter and Arm●…nia etc. between Mars also and Venus.  
(f) No marvel, if jupiter Capitolinus, with other Gods and Goddesses, being before possessed of the Capital, abandoned their shrines and chapels, when they saw such in place.  
(g) Wherein Tormentors whips and scourges were to be fold: and there-upon he took that name of Torture (like as before he is surnamed Sandaliarius, and Trag●…dus) which, AUGUSTUS seemed now to verify in himself, whipping and plaguing the people with hunger, as he did.  
(a) IN which month the feast Saturnalia was 
71  kept, and much liberty tolerated of gaming, feasung and ●…eveling.  
(b) In this game called in Latin Lusus talorum, or Talarius, there is some resemblance of our dies, but that the Tali have but four faces or sides, and therefore yield four chances and no more. Of which the first is named Canis or Can●…cula, answering as some think to our Ace, and is the worst of all. The opposite unto it, they termed Venus or Cous, and is accounted the best, as which may stand for our 〈◊〉. The third bore the name of Chius, proportioned to Trey with us and the last S●…nio, and is as much as Quatre. For in these Tal●… or cockall bones threre is no chance of Deux or Cinque.  
(c) Quinquatrus or Quinquatria, were certain festival holidays held for five days together in the month March to the honour of Minerra. See Ovid d●… Fast. Var. Macro. Aul. Gell.  
(a) FOR pleasure therein he called it Syracus●…, 
72  comparing it to that beautiful City in Sicily, and because it served his turn for meditations and invetions, he gave it the name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
(a) Employed, as it should seem in his civil 
74  wars. Certain soldiers there were attending upon the Prince under the name of 〈◊〉, whole service he used, in spying and listening, In Greek such were named, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Also in doing execut●…on upon cond●…mned persons, and in sending of letters unto the Senate, as 〈◊〉 Torrentius hath observed very well in his Annotations upon CAIUS CALIGULA. 
66   
(a) Sabbatis jeiunium servat. If Sabbats be but for weeks, as the manner of the jews was to speak, according as the Publican saith in the Gospel after Saint Luke, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and as it appeareth in other places of the Evangelists, true it is, that SVETONIUS or AUGUSTUS reporteth of the jews, as also if by Sabbaths are meant other of their festival and solemn days. But if you take i●… for the seventh or last day of the week, it is altogether untrue, and to be imputed unto the 〈◊〉 and ignorance of SVETONIUS and the Romans, in the jewish rites and ceremonies. For seeing them religiously to keep the said seventh day or Sabbat holy, whereupon they were commonly called Sabbatarii, and observing withal their fasting, generally it was thought of strangers that they fasted upon the Sabbat. Also for their devout fasting against the feast of the Passover, called by themselves sometime the great Sabbat, as also by foreigners, as it appeareth by Horat us lib. 1. serm. sat. 9 in this piece of verse Hod●…e trices●…ma Sablata, etc. they imagined that the jews fasted every Sabbat. And in truth, reckon from September (at which month the jews in one computation begin their year) 30 weeks forward, you come unto their Cascha: According to which 〈◊〉 we Christians also do celebrated our feast of Easter. This only is the difference between us and them, for that they observe the Neomenia or new moo●…e at the spring Aequinex, and solemnize their passover in the next full moon, and we, the Lords day or Sunday after the said full.  
(a) It seemeth, he took but a light repast: not 
78  putting off his shoes, as the manner was, at full meals.  
(b) Some copies have, retectis pedibus, making (re) to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as if he meant, very well covered (contrary to the use of that word retegere, which otherwise signifieth, to uncover) like as rec●…ndere, i. to lay up very safe and sure. Others, retractis i with his feet somewhat drawn or pulled up to him: in the same sense as CORNELIUS CELSUS useth paulum reductis, qui fere jacentibus babitus est, as he saith, which is the ordinary form of lying, when as men be in health. Lastly, some read, re●…ectis i Let down or stretched out to the full 〈◊〉.  
(c) CASABONUS interpreteth, ●… Lecticulam lucubratoriam] a pallet or low bed made for the nonce, to rest and study upon.  
(a) BY whose report, he wanted not much of the full height of men, to wit, near six foot, according to Vegetius. 
79  Above which Stature the growth is somewhat giantlike. 
80   
(a) AD Impetiginis formam. The second kind whereof, as CORNELIUS CELSUS writeth, (for willingly do I often cite him as the Roman Galene, in explication of a Roman writer) Varias figuras habet i resembleth many and sunder forms. lib. 5. cap. 28.  
(b) This infirmity of his was a kind of gout, which the Greek writers call Isch●…as, and is commonly named Sciatica. As for the 〈◊〉 or palliative cure rather (for easement o●… pain) with sand: It may be meant either of some ●…omentationss with linen bags wherein was sand. For, Cornelius Caesar writeth, That 〈◊〉 seed, salt, and sand, or any of them put within a linen cloth, and so applied to the affected place, cure the said disease: or of walking in sand by the sea side, or elle of tumbling and wallowing therein: Which remedy Q. Serenus 〈◊〉 in this verse: Nec non & tepidis convoluere corpus arenis, etc. hath prescribed and experience verified.  
(●…) CATO in his Husbandry, and PLINY lib. 17. cap. ultimo, maketh mention of cu●…ing the Sciatica with a cleft of agree cane or reed, but there must be forsooth, a charm go with all, and so, it reposeth 〈◊〉 or bones out of joint. Indeed, both Di●…, and also 〈◊〉, attribute unto the rind or bark of Cane roots, and to their as●…es' 〈◊〉 desiccative virtue: Whereby, they are found good for such dislocation●…, and ●…o may cure the Articular disease likewise, called Sciatica, which differeth not much from a dislocation, of the hucklebone.  
(d) PLINY reporteth 3. cap. lib. 25. That the 〈◊〉 of the bladder, and especially the Strangury, i 〈◊〉 drop-meale, occasioned by gravel, (which I take here to be meant) is of all others most dolorous.  
(a) THIS accordeth to an observation of Cornelius 
81  Cels. Qui secundis aliquando frustra curatus est, contrariis aliquando restituitur. 1. The patiented whose cure devised by art, and according to the rule of Physic, sometime speedeth not well, recovereth otherwhile by a course of means quite contrary.  
(b) Which the Greeks' call periodical: As the quartan Ague and other 〈◊〉 fevers be so termed because their fits return upon certain da●…eses. The falling sickness likewise, keeping time with the moon, whereupon some name it Lunat. cousin. And gouts, which are most busy in the spring and the fall, etc.  
(c) Toward the end of September. An unequal season of the year, wherein commonly, the mor●…ingss and evenings be cold, and the Noon 〈◊〉 hot, whereby many diseases are occasioned. But as touching the Birthday here mentioned, Valerius Max and P●…inie report. That Anti●…ater S●…donius the Poet every year upon the day of his Nativity only felt the access of an Ague. Whereof he died in the end, after he had lived to a great age.  
(a) No marvel 〈◊〉 in cacochymical bodies, such as his was, the humours which lay still and quiet all Winter, began to spread and swell in the spring causing Distentions and Ventosities: especially in that place where they were gathered and laid up as it were in store, to do a mischief when the time came.  
(a) FAEMINALIEUS & tibialibus. In steed 
82  of our Breeches and Stockings, the Greeks and 〈◊〉, used ●…n those days certain lose clothes in manner of 〈◊〉 hands to cover and lap their 〈◊〉. And long it was, ●…re they took to any such, 〈◊〉 it were upon occasion of some disease. Witness 〈◊〉 PHILIP King of Macedonia who as PLUTA●…CH, when he sa●…e in Port sale of ●…ertaine slaves or captives, was admonished by one of them to let down his upmost garment for to hide his shame▪ JULIUS CAESAR 〈◊〉 himself, being deadly wounded, was careful to let fall the lap of his 
which usually was cast over the shoulder.  gown for to cover his privy parts when he should fall. In process of time they took to wearing the clothes aforesaid in am of 〈◊〉. 1. Breeches, which the French and other barbarous Nations used: but they did so in Winter only. For, otherwise they went ordinarily in those parts without t●…usseses: covering all as mannerly as they could with their lose upper garment, which upon a small occasion were ready to fly open.  
(b) Partly, to make a noise, and so to procure sleep, and in part to refresh and cool the Air.  
(c) As well to cool him as to drive away gnats, for want of curtains or a canopy, which thereof took the name in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Now the manner of this 〈◊〉 or making wind was for the better and daintier sort, with plumes of peacocks tails, much like to the 〈◊〉 of feather●… used in these days as well as in old time, but for the meaner, with beasts tails.  
(d) From Rome to Praeneste or T●…bur, is about one hundred Stadia if then, you reckon 125. paces to a Stadium, it cometh to 12. miles and an half. CATO CENSORIUS was of another mind, who said he Repent when soever he went to any place by water if he might, by land.  
(e) The abstinence whereof in some measure is good for those that have feeble joints, and be remembered otherwhiles with any gout, as AUGUSTUS was yet a thing that Physicians in old time could hardly bring their patients unto, so ordinary it was in those days to both.  
(f) Which, the wanton and delicate Ladies of Rome, as PLINY writeth, used of silver. 
83   
(a) AD pilam. Whereas there were diverse kinds of balls to play with, it seems, that he meaneth in this place that, which of all other was lest and hardest, as being stuffed with hair, whereupon it took the name: the same no doubt that our Tennis Ball is sent to and fro with the Racket. Named likewwise it was Trigonalis, of a Tennis court within the baines, three square walled: from which walls the ball did rebound. Of this ball, and the exercise thereof, GALEN wrote a Treatise.  
(b) Folliculum. By Folliculus is meant a kind of wind hand ball covered with leather: having within it a bladder puffed up with wind, the softest & lightest of all others, smitten, not with a racket as the other, not with the palm of the hand, as that which they called Paga●…ica, filled with wool, flocks or yarn, but driven with the dutched fist, whereupon it took the name PUGILLATORIA.  
(e) So TURNE●…US expoundeth it. But ISAACUS CASAVEONUS understandeth thereby, Segestrie or Segesirium, in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a light blanket or quilt.  
(d) By this, is meant a play, that children used, and not that game of hazard resembling dices, at which, he said before, they played 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
(●…) For aught that I can gather out of the sundry conjectures of expositors, these Ocellati made of silver or Iron, resemble the game of young Gentle women called of some Trol-Mad●…e: or else that pastime of boys named nin●… holes.  
(a) BESIDES the pretty allusion unto the fabulous 
85  history of AIA●…, TORRENTIUS hath observed in the word Spongia, a double signification: to wit, a sponge called Deletilis, which writers had at hand, either to wipe and wash out what misliked them, or to blur●…e and blot the same, according to these of the Poet AUSONIUS.  

Aut ●…ctis parit●…r ●…erfibus obli●…at  
Futram lacticolor spongia sepiam.   
Whereupon Martialis saith of it, Vtilis h●…c quoties scripta novare voles. and also a sword. Which addeth the better grace unto the conceit, considering that Ajax fell upon his own sword. But in this latter sense, I have not yet found Spongia taken, in any approved author.  
(a) AUGUSTUS taxed MAECENAS for being 
86  Cacozelos, and found as much fault with TIRERIUS, because he was Antig●…arius.  
(b) By these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cincinnos AUGUSTUS noreth the affectate forced phrases, and curious inkhorn terms as it were, of MAECENAS, Cuius oratio, as SENECA reporteth of him Epist. 94. aeque soluta est, ●…c ipse discinctus. His manner of style might be compared to those hairs of his, curled with crisping pins & besmered with odoriferous oils, which CICERO calleth cap●…lleses calamistrates & delibutes. Neither do I think that AUGUSTUS rereprehendeth MARCENAS for using these words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cincinnos, because it is his own manner in writing to interlace Greek with Latin, & beside, Carozel●… is therein to be found. But his over curious terms and new devised phrases he so calleth, for that MAECENAS was wont in trimming and tricking up himself to be somewhat womanish.  
(c) AUGUSTUS in a certain Epistle unto Macenas by expressing his own nice and delicate phrases, after a sort derideth them, and dehorteth him thereto, in these words. Vale ●…el 〈◊〉 Medulli●… ebur ex Hetruria, laser Aretinum, adames supernas, Tiberinum Margaritum, Cilniorum smaragd, jaspi figulorum, Berylle P●…rcenne, carbunculum Italiae, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Maecharum. In which words, as in a mirror he might see himself.  
(d) As if he should say, Never a barrel better herring. There was neither of them better than other, as offending both ways. The Asiatic Orators were Cacogel●…, Ci●…ber Atticus and V●…ranius, Antiquaris. So that, it was mere folly & vanity to make any doubt, whether of them to imitate, being all stark nought.  
(a) This SPHAERUS was a deep Scholar & great 
89  Humanitian as we speak, and whom the Greeks' call Philologo●…. Under him AUGUSTUS become 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i skilful in history, Antiquities etc. like as, under A●…EUS he learned Philosophy.  
(b) The principal Authors whereof HORATIUS comprised in this verse.  
E●…polis atque Cratin●… Aristophanesque po●…ta.  
In this manner of Comedy the vices of men and women were represented and taxed upon the stage overboldly, and bravely to their discredit. For which it grew to be offensive, & was laid away a long time.  
(c) Who was Censor in his time, and persuaded in his orations that all men of what degree soever should be compelled to marry for procreation of children. 
90   
(●…) PLINY lib. 2. cap. 55. Nat. Hist. writeth, that it never ligh●…neth above five foot within the ground. Fearful persons therefore think such deep caves most safe. 
91   
(●…) BY this custom and gesture, as the Argument and circumstance of the place naturally importeth, he thought to entreat the goddess Ne●…isis for to spare him: N●…esis I say, whom the Hea●… en●…n agined to attend with an envicus eye, upon all excessive prospori●…ie. To avoid therefore adverse afterclaps, which this sp●…tefull goddess might bring upon him, unless they were pacified, AUGUSTUS thus debased himself superstitiously, and in some sort, seemed to abridge his own felici●…e. Much after the manner of POLYCRATES that rich tyrant who to be excused from this Nemesis, fl●…ng into the sea a lewel, with a precious stone of inestimable price. 
92   
(a) NUNDINAES among the Romans were those days in every month. Whereon they kept fairs and markets. It should seem therefore, that he held the day after them ominous and of unlucky presage, as we say in our proverb, A day after the fair, or else because he had sometime not sped very well, when as he did set out in his journey upon such a day.  
(b) No●…is, quasi, non is, which literal●…y osseth as much as, you go not. Much like to that in Pliny 15. lib. cap. 19 When M. Crassus was ready to embark in that infortunate expedition into Parthia where he was slain, a fellow cried certain figs to be sold with this note Cauneas, Canneas (for of that kind were those figs) which ossed thus much unto him, as if in short speech he had cried cave ne eas, cave ne eas, 
93  i. Take heed you go not this voyage.  
(a) AN Idol resembling an Ox, which the Egyptians worshipped as a God for Serapis.  
(b) He did this, as it should seem in policy, because he would not be thought addicted to the jewish sect. For otherwise it appeareth as well by hisgracious Indulgences granted unto them, as his own testimony in Edicts & commissions, wherein he giveth unto their God [the true & only God] the attribute of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and instituted for ever certain Holocausts, or whole burnt offerings, to wit, two lambs and one bull, to be offered unto that sovereign & most high Deity. 
94   
(a) SOME have expounded this of our Saviour Chest, King, not of Rome only, but also of all the world, who took our nature upon him, and was borne in the days of Augustus Caesar.  
(b) The like conception by a serpent is reported of Olympi●…s' the mother of king ALEXANDER the great, of POMPONIA likewise the mother of SCIPIO AFRICANUS.  
(c) This broad seal wherewith were signed letters Patents and other public Instruments, carried a stamp representing the City of Rome: and beingthus put into his bosom, prefigured that he one day should have the government of the state & commonweal.  
(d) Symbolizing thereby, that the Citizens of Rome, who before time mightnot lawfully be scourged were in danger to lose their liberty in that behalf.  
(a) Or, when he stood the first time for to be 
95  Consul. For, the manner was of the Candidats or Competitors of the Consulship, the night before the Election day to lie without the City abroad in the open air: and afterwards early in the morning to sit in a chair made of one entire piece within the precinct of a certain place therefore appointed (which thereupon was called Templum) and there, to wait and expect until some God presented unto them a good and fortunate sign.  
(a) CUM a●…geri bostias imperasset.] The manner 
96  was of the Pain●…s if they could not speed of their God's favour at the first sacrifice, to kill more beasts still, until they saw some tokens thereof: which in the Soothsayers learning was called Lit●…. Thus did PAULUS AENILIUS for 20 together, and obtained no warrant of happy success before he had slain the one and twentieth. Yet some writ, that Sacrifices are then said Augeri, when together with the beasts, there is use of Salsa ●…la, i. meat & salt. Which kind of Oftes be called Macta, quasi, magis auct●….  
(b) Significant names both, and osses of victory. EUTICHUS, importeth lucky or Fortunate: Nicon Victor or Conqueror.  
(a) This solemnity of purging the Army every five years was instituted by King SERVIUS TULLUS, 
97  and celebrated with the Sacrifice of a Swine, a Sheep and a Bull, named there upon Suo●…taurilia. Hereupon, the revolution of five years, they called Lustrum. This function or office belonged afterwards to Generals of the field: like as the Expiation and purging of the people unto the censors. And this manner of Lustrum is here meant. Carol. Sig●…. Asc●…n.  
(b) Write or Instruments signed, containing the said vows: whereby they bond themselves, as it were, by obligation to pay and perform the same. Oftentimes also they fastened them with wax unto the knees of those Gods or Idols unto whom they nuncupated those vows, according to that verse of I●…renal. satire. ●…  
Propter qu●… fas est genu●… incerare Deorum.  
(c) Praeter consuetudine●….] SVETONIU●… seemeth here to forget himself, writing that Augustus' contrary to his old wont embarked by night, having reported before, that it was his manner so to do. Torrentius would salve all, expounding it thus, that his hasty and long journey (for it was a good stretch from Astura to Beneventum) was contrary to his wont manner. But to speak, what I think, his journey now by night, was occasioned by a gale of wind that served well for Beneu●…ntum, and hath no reference at all to his accustomed travail. Some would read, (pro consuetudin●…) i after his usual manner, but they respect not the scope of our Author, whose purpose in this place is to put down certain particulars that were ominous and presaging his death. Among which, this may be reckoned for one, That he did a thing now, repugnant to his ordinary guise. A point, I wis, observed too much even now a days by those that are superstitiously given. Although, I am not ignorant, that of this observation, in sick fo●…ke, there may be a natural reason tendered out of Physic.  
(a) DE navi Alexandrina. By Navis he meaneth 
98  as I suppose, ●…assis (by the trope Synecdocie) i the whole fleet, like as by the same figere, ciassis signifieth a ship. For one vessel alone arrived nor into that haven of Pute●…li, fraught with merchandise, considering that the same is by other 〈◊〉 named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Co●…eatus. Yea, and by the figure 〈◊〉, Martial calleth is Niliacus 〈◊〉, which properly betokeneth the fleet when it is arrived. Neither is it like that Mariners and Passengers out of one ship only saluted AUGUSTUS in this wise.  
(b) Quadragenes 〈◊〉. Every such piece was worth fifteen shillings starling and better, answerable to our Spur Royals.  
(c) These commodities were thought to be Drugs and Spices of all sorts, webs or clotheses in Say, Books, Paper, Glasses of sundry fashions, teere of flax, hirds, or Tow, sindall or fine l●…nen, twisted yarn and thread of diverse colours, Babylonian and Egyptian cloth, well favoured bondslaves, and of good education, etc.  
(d) Vicinam capreiss insiclam.] Yet some read otherwise, Vicinam capreas insulam●… ●…. The Island Caprea near adjoining, as if AUGUSTUS had abode all this while in the skirt and coast of Campania, or in some other of the neighbour islands. But I incline rather to the former exposition.  
(e) The City of Ease and Idleness.  
(f) This MASGA●…AS, seemeth by his name to have been an African, whom AUGUSTUS had made Constable as it were of that place, and ruler over a Company, that he sent thither to devil, after he had purchased it of the Neapolitans. And for that AUGUSTUS had in mirth given him the name of Founder, he was so reputed, and his years mind after his death solemnized accordingly.  
(g) Morbo varia●…te. I take it, he meaneth that which C●…lsus calleth Alvum variam, and other Physicians Egestiones varias, namely when in a flux the excrements & humours be of diverscolours, an argument that nature is not able to concoct them being so irrigular, and therefore, sometimes a deadly figure. Or, it may be expounded thus, That other whiles he seemed to be better and on the mending hand, and thereupon more ven●…erous. Than read, Mor be variante tamen, etc.  
(h) Celebrated every five years after the Grecian manner, and called Gymnicke, because the mastenes therein, were performed by Champions for their better agility well near naked.  
(a) This was a special honour and indulgence 
100  granted by a singular privilege, for otherwise it was against the custom & laws of the Romans to bring a dead body into a sacred place, or into the City, for fear of polluting and profaning it.  
(b) The Senators and Gentlemen of Rome wore rings of Gold, the Commoners of Iron  
(c) The chief Colleges & Societies, at this time were counted four, that is to say. The Pontifies or chief Priests, the Augurs, the Septe●…-virs, or seven wardens called Ep●…lones, for that to them belonged the charge of providing the sacred feasts, the sumptuous suppers of the Pontifies, named Coe●…a adjiciales, as also the stately Tables, in the honour of jupiter and other Gods, and fourthly, of the Quind eci●…virss, sacris faci●…dis. i. Fifteen overseers of the Sacrifices. Afterwards adjoined there was to these a fifth, Augustalium Sodalium, erected by order from AUGUSTUS, and others in process of time by his precede●….  
(d) This Rostra was the public pulpit for Orations, standing in the common Market place, called Forum Romanu●…: so called for that it was beautified with the beake-heads of ships (named in Latin, Rostrae) which in a memorable fight at Sea, the Romans won from their enemies. Near unto which were certain shops called Veteres Tabern●…: and absolutely veteres, for distinction of others, known by the name of Novae. i. the new shops. Yet some are of opinion, that in this place our Author meaneth Rostra veteres. i. the old pulpit: to put a difference between it and another named Novae i the New.  
(e) You must think, That the dead body to be burnt in a funeral fire, was set therein so, as the ashes and bones thereof remained a part by themselves from the rest. Otherwise, the ashes of wood, the bones likewise of horses and other beasts sometimes burnt therewith, should have the honour due unto the said dead corpse. Some are of opinion that it was lapped in a linen sheet of the f●…axe called Asbeston, which would not be consumed with fire.  
(f) The sumptuons Tomb that Queen Artemis●…a built for her husband MANSOLUS King of Caria, and reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world, was called Mansoleum, after his name. Whereupon, at such costly and stately monuments are so named; and more particularly, that of AUGUSTUS. Of which you may read more. 5. Gergrasti Strebonis, for the better explanation of this place.  
(a) DEPOSITUM apud se.] Some read, apud 
101  se, se●… u●…gines vestiles, as if fix of these Vestail virgins had the custody thereof, or at lest wise brought the same forth, being committed to them all, and the seventh, named Maxima, the Pr●…oresse as it were, and governess of the rest, were left behind.  
(b) This hath a reference unto the As, or pound weight Roman consisteth of 12. ounces. which standeth for the base and rule of many other things: and namely here for the entire inheritance that AUGUSTUS disposed of by his last will and Testament. For, two third parts of 12. he gave unto TIBERIUS: and another third part unto LIVIA, which made up the whole.  
(c) That against the law 〈◊〉, which expressly provided, That no man should endow a woman in more than the fourth part of his goods. So that if a man died seized of one hundred thousand pounds, his wife might not enjoy the thirds, but only 25000 pounds and no more. Howbeit AUGUSTUS had a special Indulgence and dispensation for this Law.  
(d) Albeit TIBERIUS had been long before adopted his son, and thereby may be thought to have assumed the names of his civil father, into his style: yet this surname only of AUGUSTUS, would not he communicate with him, but left it as here ditarie after his decease; as appeareth in Tiberius. As for Livia, after Augustus his death she was commonly called julia Augusta: how ever some writers retain her old name Livia, and others again in Augustus his life name her julta: by the figure Prolepsis because she carried that name after he was dead.  
(e) In most copies of SVETONIUS you found this reading, Legavit populo Romano quadringentis, tribubustricies quinquies. In which words there may be thought a Tautology. For that the people of Rome and the Tribes (which were in number 135) be all one. Therefore, some learned men have thought good to leave out the later clause wholly, or at leastwise, the word Tribulus. Others again would have here two legacies to be implied, the one of four millens given generally in common to the whole body and people of Rome, the other of three millenes and one half, to be distributed among the Tribes in particular, or to the poorest persons in every Tribe according to the discretion of their Vicin●…agistri. And these, put a distinction between populus and plebs, which plebs is here understood under the name of Tribulus. But I leave it indifferent, although I am not ignorant, that sometimes Populus and tribus be confounded and put the one for the other, as also that tribus stand of the vulgar and meaner sort of the people only, expressly distinct from populus, Equites and Senatores, which the Poet termeth Sine nomine turbam: and T. LIVIUS not unaptly, Ignota captia. ●…  
(f) Which amounteth by the computaion of BUDAEUS to three thousand and five hundred Myrigdes.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Tiberius Nero Caesar:  
IT seemeth that in 
1  his own Native country, where the Inhabitants, before time were descended from the Greeks, he had to name Atta Clausus: and being once incorporate among the Romans, changed it, into APPIUS CLAUDIUS. Now, Atta●…avoreth ●…auoreth of the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is in going, not to set the sole of the foot firmly upon the ground, but rather lightly to tread as it were, on uptoe. Hereupon, as FESTUS no●…eth, they that have that imperfection in their fe●…re, whereby they can go no better, be called Attae. Which was the occasion, that one of the said house took that name first, and so his poster●…ie after him. Like as among the Romans, of another accident, arose the name Agryppa first. For that one was borne into the world with his fear forward. And these additions, whether they were forenames or surnames in the beginning, it ski●…leth not For surnames in continuance of time came to be forenames, and contrariwise.  
(b) If you have recourse unto the Original, NERO is as much as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Nervatus or Nervosus: that is to say, well compact of nerves and sinews: and such are strong.  
(a) SENECA reporteth in his book Debrevitate 
2  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, cap. 12. That this CLAUDIUS persuaded the Romans first, to go to ●…ea, and embark: Whereupon he was styled Caudex, which in our Latin is as much to say, as the framing, and joining together of many plants or ribs of timber, which is the very Periphrases of a Ba●…ke.  
(b) One if his predecessors who had a jurisdiction there, gave it that name, as having built likewise a Forum or Hall of justice there. whereupon the In●…tontss of it and the territour thereabout, owing service to that court, as Clients & dependents to that 〈◊〉 a●…forded this CLADIUS a meet place for him of Innovation and usurping unlawful dom●…ion.  
(c) Observing Ignes from Birds, by their feeding, flying or otherwise, that might give him warrant to go forward with the favour of the Gods, in his Enterprise.  
(d) Adoptions by order of Law, should follow the course of Nature, whereby the son, cannot be elder than the Father. The cause why he sought thus extraordinar●… to be adopted a commoner, ●…as that he might be chosen Tribune of the law.  
(e) The usual manner in Rome was, that those persons who were arrested for criminal causes, during all the time of their trouble and trial, should change their apparel, and instead of gowns which were fair and white, put on others sullied and foul, thereby to move merit and compassion of the people. Whereupon such, Rei were called Sordidati.  
(f) These Tribunes of the commons as may appear in T. LIVIUS were sacrosancti. i Vnviolable, and such as no violent hands might be laid upon.  
(a) So called, of Salinae, the salt pits or salt houses. 
3  For being Censor ●…e set an impost upon salt, and thereby augmented the revenues of the State, little to the benefit or contemment of the people.  
(a) FOR the manner was, that Governors of 
4  provinces, who (as they were) so would be counted also, more courteous than others, should unrequested allow some of their lectors unto all Roman Senators that repaired unto them, for to do them honour: Ci●…. ep. ad carnificium.  
(a) IN token of his nativity there which as they gave out, was borne to the good urbis & orbis. i. Of 
5  Rome and the whole world beside, for so, by way of flattery they magnified their Princes.  
(a) Some read, Luctuosam. i sorrowful, in regard of many hurts and dangers. 
6   
(b) When a chariot is drawn by a team of four steeds all in one rank or affront, as we may see them pourtraited upon diverse coins, it must needs be that the two middle a●…e joined or yoked as it were to the spi●…e pole running between them: and these be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The other two then are without, the one on the left, and the other on the right side, called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and in this place by our Author Funales, because they are guided and ruled by a cord or some reins or chain in am thereof. And say, that these quadrigij or four steeds draw two by two in files, one pay re before the other: those which be next unto the ●…hariot be aptly called I●…aleses, and those before them beyond the spire, Funa●…es, of which, TIBERIUS road upon one and MARCELLUS upon the other.  
(a) ACCORDING to the vulgar speech, 〈◊〉 
10  samiliarit as paerit contemptum.  
(a) THESE days were called Tali, because at 
14  first they used with such cockall bones named Tali to play: but afterwards they were made of Ivory, gold, etc. Among many sorts of sorceries and divinations, one there was by these bones or dies, and the wizards that professed their cunning in it, were termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
(b) For the greater light to this place, and better proof of Thrasillus skill, Di●…n reporteth, that when TA●…RIUS intended verily to throw him down headlong, he perceived him by his counterance to be much troubled and disquieted in mind, whereupon he demanded the cause thereof, and then Thrasyllus answered, that by speculation of the Stars he foresaw some present danger to himself, and so Tiberius durst not proceed to execute this intent of his.  
(a) SEPTA, was a place in Mars Field railed about at first like a sheep Pen: whereupon it was called 
17  Ovilia. But afterwards mounted with Marble stone, beautified also with stately galleries and walks, within which cloisture and precinct, the people oftentimes assembled about Election of Magistrates and other public affairs: yea and with wares which were there set out to be sold. As Alex ab Alexandro witnesseth.  
(a) Some read Bructers, of which name there is 
19  a nation, as well as of the Rhutaine in Gaul. Others, Rutero, as if he meant one of those horsemen or riders in Germany, which at this day be called R●…tterss. 
20   
(a) A long rob embroidered and garde●… with purple, a cassock branched with Date tres work, a rich mantel of sundry colours. A chaplet of Laurel, a staff & chair, both of Ivory, Liu. lib. 30.  
(a) BY this enigmatical speech, AUGUSTUS compareth the State of the people of Rome, unto the 
21  miserable case of one, whom some savage and cruel beast hath gotten between his teeth, not devouring and dispatching him at once, but there holdeth and cheweth him along while in exceeding pain: alluding to the secret malice, and dreaming nature withal of TIBERIUS.  
(b) It should seem that in adopting him, he used these very words, Hoc Reipub▪ causa faci●…. i. This do ●… for the commonwealths sake.  
(c) Alluding to this verse of E●…ius in the commendation of Qu. Fabius Max,  
unus homo nobis c●…ctando restituit rem.  

One man alone by sage delay  
Restored our state fallen to decay.   
(d) In the tenth book of his Iliads, where Diomedes in making choice of Ulysses, to exploit a pecce of service with him, giveth him this praise.  
(a) The Tribunes of the commons had power to call a Senate, but not whensoever they would, 
23  without a special Decree granted by the Nobles.  
(a) THE cohort or band of Soldiers which were of the Prince's Guard, were called Praetoriani, taking 
25  that name of Praetorium which signifieth the Lord General's Pavilion in the camp, his Royal Palace in Rome and else where. As also the Lord Deputies house of. Estate in any Province. Now those Soldiers that gave attendance and served in this place about the Prince or Governor, were entertained in better condition than the rest, because their wages was greater, and the time of their service shorter. For AUGUSTUS had set down their term twelve years, whereas the rest, before they could be discharged, were to serve sixteen:  
(b) It may be thought, that Germaniciani as well by the Grammatical Analogy of the letter, as also by some circumstance of this very place, import a reference unto Germanicus the son of Drusus diseased. Like as Vitellini, Flaviani. etc. But the learned observe, that as an Army lying encamped or in Garrison, in Germany, is properly in Latin called Germanicus, so the Soldiers of the said Army be fitly named Germaniciani.  
(a) These solemnities were exhibited about the 
26  midst of November, whereas the other, named Romans, were held in the beginning of September.  
(b) It is to be noted, that the name of Imperator in the Roman History is taken three ways: First, for him, who by commission or warrant from the State, hath the conducting of an Army, And in this sense, it hath relation to Soldiers. And is all one, with Lord General of the field, or a commander, etc. and the same that Praetor was in old time. Secondly, for a Victor or Conqueror, namely when such a General or chieftain hath bv natural precesse achieved many valiant exploits, & put to sword such a number of enemies, as the law setteth down. For then the soldiers were wont to salute him by the name of Imperator●…i. Conqueror. Lastly for a So veraigne Prince, King and Monarch. In the first acception, it is a mere Relative In the second a surname, In the third and last, the forename of all the Roman Emperors, to wit, from JULIUS, CAESAR forwardly Who although they wore not the Crown and Diadem, were nevertheless, absolute Princes, Sovereigns, Kings and monarchs. The want of this distinction may breed some troubl●… in the readers of the Romant History.  
(c) Made of Oak branches, or in default thereof, of some other tree bearing mast: which garland by the first institution, was given to that soldier, who in battle had rescued a Citizen of Rome and saved his life. And afterwards, it, together with the Laurel, beautified the gates of the CAESAR'S Palaces, although some of them were bloody Tyrants, & made no spare of their citizens and subjects lives.  
(a) THE manner was, if Prince or Senator were carried in his Litter, usually supported by eight bondservants, and thereupon called Octophor●…n, to have a company of Citizens in their gowns going before, and accompanying him by his side, as also certain servitors to carry his curule chairc o●… ivory behind.  
(a) THIS free embassage, called Libera legatio, 
30  was granted many times to such, as being desirous either to travel and see fortaine countries, or to fly, for avoiding of dangerous troubles at home: thereby to be better entertained abroad, and with the more honest colour, to conceal the occasion of their departure, & absence as if they were sent from the state, about the affairs only of Commonweal.  
(a) IT was not ordinary with the Emperors to accompany the corpses unto the fu 
31  nerall Fire: but only to vouchsafe their presence at the Funeral Oration in the Forum or common place. This therefore may be attributed unto TIBERIUS his civil humanity.  
(b) It appeareth by Dion, that they had omitted to subscribe the clause which went in this form, Vota facimus pro te, Imperator i We make our vows (and pray) for thee OH Emperor.  
(a) CAUSES were heard judicially, and justice 
32  ministered, either from a superior place as the Tribunal or beneath upon the even and plain ground, de plano, as the Lawyers speak, so that there were a Chair or seat for the judge to fit upon. And the said place of justice wheresoever, either pro tribunali, or de plano posita sella, is properly called Ius: as Carolus Sigonus hath observed. lib. 1. cap. 7. de judiciis. Whereupon cometh the usual phrase, In ius vocar●…. It seemeth therefore, that Tiberius would come into the Comitium or Hall of justice, and take his place, sometime within the Tribunal (for it was a spacious room) or else fit in his Curule chair of Ivory beneath, as a moderator, which is expressed here by the term de plano.  
(a) As Marchpanes, Tarts, Gingerbreed, Custards, 
34  Sugared Biscuit, and generally all manner of pastrie-conceits, wrought with honey or sugar. The work man is called Dulciarius, and the things, Ballaria Mellita, or Pemmata. Toves not only needless, but hurtful also to the body, according to that in Aulus Gellius, lib. 13. cap 11. Noct-Attic. ex var●…. Bellaria ea maxim sunt millita quae mallita 〈◊〉 sunt: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 societas inside. i. such iunkers sort 
Or digestion.  not well with * Concoction. 
35   
(a) Divers Statutes there were sharply punishing the adultery of Matrons or married wives. An Act likewise passed in the Senate, that no Person of Knight's degree or above, should play upon the stage, perform sword fight, or combat with wild beasts for hire- Providing all to preserve the honour of wedlock entire, and to maintain the reputation of Knighthood and Nobility. Those shameless dames therefore, of whom Suetonius writeth in this place, either because they would be thought unworthy to be reckoned within the censure of Law, or as TACITUS writeth, deemed to have abidden punishment enough in making profession of so base a trade and life. These lewd persons likewise, and unreblameable unthrifts suffering themselves thus to appear noted with infamy, and that upon record, made account, both the one and the other not to be obnoxious or liable unto the statutes & acts aforesaid  
(b) The manner was at Rome, for Tenants to remove and flit out of one house into another, upon the first day of july, like as with us, at the feasts of Saint Michael and the Anunciation of the Virgin Marie: which are the ordinary rend days.  
(a) JOSEPHUS. lib. 18. Antiquit. judaic. writeth 
36  that Tiberius sent ●…000. of them into Sardinia, an Island in Summer time especially, very intemperate and unwholesome, as may appear by that pretty Epigram of Martialis, wherein he opposeth the healthy City Tibur, to the pestilent Isle Sardinia.  

Nullo fata loco possi●… excludere, cum ●…ors  
Venerit, in Medio tibure Sardinia est.   

No place exempt from fatal death, for when our time is come,  
Mid- Tibut, will Sardina be found of all and some.   
(a) THIS 〈◊〉, who gave occasion of this Byword, was a famous Stage-player, or one of these 
38  Mimi, counterfeiting other men's gestures, as Beraaldus supposeth. See Plutarch in Apophtheg La●…onic,  
(a) BIBERIUS, a bibendo i of drinking. Calius, a Calda, or Cali●…a. i hot. Mero of Merum. 
39  1. strong wine. An elegant Agnonuniation: whereby is showed, that he loved to drink wine ho●…e, which is right delicate, & goeth down more merrily  
(b) The Italicke Amphor containeth 48. 〈◊〉, every Sextarius 20 ounces Mensur●…leses, which is a wine pint and half of our measure with the better. By which reckoning he d●…ke at one meal a rundlet of ten wine gallons well near.  
(c) A Bird that feedeth upon grapes and figs especially, whereupon it took the name. In Autumn or the latter end of Summer it is so called: at other times Melanocoryphus, or Atricapilla, of the black cop, or hair-like feathers that it carrieth upon the head.  
(d) Of this Bird for the dainty flesh of it martial made this Epigram,  

Inter aves, turdus, si quis 〈◊〉 judic●… certet,  
Inter quadrupedes, groria prima Lep●….   

Of feathered fowls, if I may judge, the blackbird is the best,  
Among fourfooted beasts the Hair surpasseth all the rest.   
(e) To invet and device new pleasures.  
(a) ALLUDING partly to the Isle Caprea, and in part either to Capra in Latin, a goat, or to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 
43  Greek, a wild boar, and that member, Quo viri sumus.  
(a) Seneca reporteth thus, lib. 2. the oenefic. cap. 27. 
49  Quater millies sesterti●… suum vidit. i. He saw of his own, 400 millions of Sesterces.  
(b) Provided it was by an ancient law, and the same revived by JUL. CAESAR DICTATOR, that no person should in silver or gold possess above 60 sestertia, that is, Three score thousand sestertis. This also may have a relation to that order set down by him a little before, That named men and usurers should lay out two third parts of their stock in lands and houses, etc.  
(a) As we say, to make him justice of Quorum, etc. For the decuries of judges were they Quorum nomina, 
51  were written in the Commission Roll.  
(a) The Greek verse is read thus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
53  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. etc.  
(b) Scaliae Gemoniae. A place at Rome upon the Aventine hill, into which the dead bodies of malefactors were dragged and thrown with shame.  
(a) THEY speak the Greek language generally throughout all Greece, yet not after one manner. For in diverse parts were different kinds of Greek 
56  called Dialects, to wit, Attic, jonick, Acolick, etc. Like as with us in Great Britain a common English tongue goeth well near throughout the whole Island, albeit there is a diversity perceived between the Scottish or Northern English, and the Southern, between the Cornish and the Ken●…sh, etc.  
(a) In so doing the body must needs be bared & 
58  some shame discovered which being an Impiety before the sacred Images of the Gods, was made Treason also before the emperors Statue, unto whom divine honours were exhibited.  
(a) The last Hexastichon or 6 verses, seemeth to make one entire Epigram by itself. Every Disticl●… 
59  before, carrieth a several sense. And as for the first two, they seem to have a reference to the time, whiles he abode in Rhodes, before he was Sui juris.  
(a) At which times, both among the Greeks' and Romans also, the manner was to forbear Execution yea and to ease prisoners of their irons. 
61   
(b) As if under his person he had offered abuse unto the Emperor Tiberius.  
(c) He would say, The courage and generosities of the Romans died with them, seeing that none arose to recover their liberty oppressed and trodden under foot by this Tyta●…t T●…berius.  
(d) Rather, two hundred and twenty. For Tau●…us lib. 6. Anual. reporteth, that all the suspected complices of Sejanus were killed, jac●…it immensa strage●…, 〈◊〉 sexus, omnis 〈◊〉, etc.  
(e) The like hypocritical Religion was practised during the bloody prescription in the Triumvirate. A young Gentleman nobly borne, because he might not be killed lawfully, praetextatis i under age, and wearing still his embroidered garment praetexta, he commanded to put on his virile gown, and so he was murdered. Appian. Di●….  
(a) FOR wonderfully addicted he was to the study 
67  of Astrology, and such curious Arts.  
(a) THE full stature of men in Italy, was six foot 
68  wanting two inches, if men grew higher than six they were accounted exceeding tall, if to seven, (and to that height men may grow, as Varro, Gellius and Solinus do writ) they went for Giants. So that in Musters young men were chosen soldiers, five foot high and ten inches, which was called justa statura.  
(b) Some read subiti, and not subtiles, to signify that such pimples continued not, but arose and felt at times, much like to those that the Physicians call Hidroa, Sudamina, or papulus sudorum according to PLINY, proceeding of heat or swear, if the humours be sharp.  
(c) Such be termed in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And if we may believe the Physiognomy delivered by ARISTOTLE: they be by nature deceitful and wily, given to circumvent, entrap and supplant others.  
(d) CORNELIUS CELSUS, among other good rules and precepts of Health, writeth thus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qui & bene valet & suae spontis est, nullis obligare se legibus debet, ac ne ●…dico neque alipta ●…gere, etc. But give he what directions he will, and let us say what we can to this point, that men and women may be Physicians to themselves, such is there misgovernment in diet and otherwise, that Physicians shall never want employment. And as touching thirty years, of age TACITUS addeth moreover & saith, That 
Tiberius.  he was wont to mock those and hold them to be fools, who after the said years had need of other men's instructions, to know what was good or hurtful for their bodies. Whereupon might arise our English proverb, A fool or a physiti●….  
(a) SUCH as were sung to the Harp. In which 
70  kind Pindarus excelled among the Greeks', and Horace among the Romans.  
(b) One of AVOUSIUS [adopted] sons. Yet some read JULIUS CAESAR.  
(a) A word usual with us in these days, for who 
71  knoweth not that Monopoly is, when one man engrosseth some commodity into his own hands, that none may cell the same but himself, or from him?  
(b) It signifieth in this place a piece of workmanship set upon a cup or other vessel of Gold or Silver to garnish the same, so fitted, as it may be put to, or taken away at our pleasure. The ancient Poets in Latin called such devises Insertas.  
(c) Contrary to AUGUSTUS CAESAR, whose manner was ever and anon in his speeches and writings to interlace Greek words and sentences.  
(a) A place near the river Tiberis, so called of a 
27  Navel fight exhibited sometime there, by julius Caesar Dictator, within a spacious pit receiving water for that purpose.  
(b) In the port high ways from Rome, the manner of the Romans, was at every miles end to pitch down a great stone, and according thereto were the miles reckoned, like as with us in some places there stand crosses of wood or stone to that end.  
(c) i. A creeping Dragon. Which implieth, that there be others winged, or at lest wise supposed to fly, in the common opinion of men. For the attribute, Serpens, signifieth Creeping. Now, because all of them use most so to do, the general name of Dragons, goeth under Serpents. And as for the word Dragon, it is given to the whole kind of their quick sight, coming of Draco, in Latin, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. of seeing.  
(d) Recidiva peior radice, say the Physicians. The relapse unto a former disease is more dangerous, than it was before.  
(e) It took the name of L. LUCULLUS, the Lord thereof.  
(a) A town in Campania where he took so great 
75  delight, and a place infamous for the licentious life of the inhabitants, whereupon grew the name of those lascivious and filthy Comedies, Atellan●…. Aplague I say smiting well to her beastly behaviour. As if he had been unworthy to be conveyed to Rome, the City which so long before he had abandoned.  
(b) As poor beggar bodies were wont to be served in haste, by the common bearers, and not fully burnt with leisure.  
(c) Where malefactors ordinarily were burnt.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Caius Caesar Caligula.  
(a) CALLED by some, annal 
1  or A●…nariae: of others, Comitiales. By which provided it was, In what years of a man's age, he was capable of Questure, Preture, Consulate, or any other like Office of State: as also, it was limited, within what time between, one might eftsoons bear the same Office again. Item, what the term of every Magistracy should be? etc. And albeit the ancient Romans had no such laws, but (as CORNELIUS SCIPIO at his petition of Aedileship made answer, when exception was taken against him for his young age) whomsoever the Quirites would charge to be a Magistrate, he had years enough on his back, yet afterwards, sundry Statutes were enacted in that behalf: although by virtue of special privileges, the same were not duly observed. By the chronology it appeareth, that he was but nineteen years old when he become Questor, like as TIBERIUS before him.  
(b) Which TIBERIUS envying his greatness, wrought, thereby to expose him unto greater dangers.  
(a) WELL might this unseasonable exercise puff 
3  up and fill his skin with crudities and foggy humours, but hurtful unto his health it was, and brought upon him diseases, and namely, that, called Cardiac●…, of which, some say, he died. Let them look to it therefore, who, because they would be fat, not only fall to bodily exercise out of time, even upon full stomachs, but also every morning eat in their beds and sleep upon it, yea and ordinarily take a nap at noon, so soon as their meat is out of their mouths.  
(a) By this Attribute, Civil, in our Author, ye must understand, Courtesy, Affability, and a part not exceeding that of private Citizens, without taking any state.  
(a) As if the Gods, whose Images were shrined 
5  within, were not to be honoured any longer as Gods, suffering so good a man as Germanicus was, to die. For, as in token of honour, the people used to adorn the Statues and Images of famous persons with flowers and green leaves, so, whom they did vilipend and despise, they were wont to cast stones at their Images and Statues.  
(b) The Tut●…larie Gods of the house which ordinarily stood within a closet, called thereupon Lararium.  
(c) For, to what end should they rear children any more? since Germanicus, grown to so good proof, sped no better, but was taken away by untimely death.  
(d) In this place, the circumstance showeth, that the King of Parthians is meant, how ever the Persian King and such mighty Mo●…cheses, having under their Dominion other petty Kings as Tributaries or Homagers, be so called: like as AGAMEMNON also in 〈◊〉.  
(a) Which, at Rome betokened a general mourning, occasioned upon some extraordinary calamity, or fear of public danger, even as with us, the shutting in of Shop-windows, etc.  
(a) ABOUT the mids of this month, began the 
●…  feast Saturnalia, celebrated with good cheer, with revels, dances, gaming and all kind of liber●…e.  
(a) For, common soldiers wore a certain studded shoe, named Caliga. 
9   
(a) WHICH was later than the ordinary time, by reason of Tiberius his linger. For, usually these 
10  compliments were performed at 17 years of age.  
(a) IN this habit and manner of attire, counterfeiting a woman, thereby to decline suspicion when he entered into other men's houses for to dishonour 
11  them and abuse their wives, whom our author termeth here Adulteria, pro adulteris, as else where, conjugi●…, pro conjugibus.  
(b) The fabulous History of Phaeth●… is well known, namely, how by misgovernment of the steeds which drew the Chariot of the Sun his Father, he set the whole world on fire: By Ph●…thon therefore is meant, a combustion (as it were) and general confusion of the Provinces, like as by the watersnake, the very bane and poison of the Roman State.  
(●…) To do him the greater honour, they entertain him upon the way (as the manner was), with Sacrifices, Torches, Tapers, and wax lights. 
13   
(a) An opinion there was deeply settled in men's heads, that the death of one man might be excused and redeemed, with the death of another. 
16   
(a) The two hundred penny.  
(b) His half image downward from the head to the waist, portrayed with a Shield or Scutcheon: & the same was commonly set out with the largest. Hereupon, M. TULLIUS CICERO, when he saw such a demie parsonage representing his brother QVINTUS in the province that he governed (& a very little man he was of stature) My brother, quoth he, in his half part, is greater than in the whole.  
(b) A festival holiday solemnized by herdmen, in the honour of Pales their Goddesses and Patroness. Upon which day, the foundation of Rome City was laid. This feast they kept, the 12. day before the Kalends of May, to wit, the 20 of April.  
(a) Menius, a riotous unthrift, when he had wasted 
●…8  his Patrimony and sold his Capital house in Rome, excepted in the sale, and reserved to himself and his heirs, one Column or Pillar, from which he projected and put forth into the street a jettie, and upon i●… built a gallery: out of which he might behold the sword-sencers in the market place, whereunto he had a fa●…e prospect from the said Pillar. Whereupon all such galleries or buildings jetting out in the street, be called Ma●…a. 
22   
(a) THE end of one verse, and beginning of another, cited out or H●…r in the second of his Ilias. The Poet ascribeth them unto sage ●…lyssess, in this seize.  

One [Sovera●…gne] Lord,  
One King let there be.   
(b) By exchanging the ensigns and Ornaments of the Roman Sovereign or Emperor, with the Regal Diadem, purple rob and S●…epter.  
(c) Phoenico●…us is a water foul haunting lakes and fenaes, and the river Nilus, as H●…siodus writeth. The feathers be of colour read, or purple. Whereof it taketh the name: and the tongue is a most dainty and pleasant mo●…sell. So said Apitius, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 altis●… gurges. Of this Bird Martial made an Epigram.  

D●…●…ihi pe●…a ru●…ens ●…omen: sed li●…gua gulosu  
N●…stra sapit. Quid si g●…ula lingua fores.   

My name I take of wings so read, but unto glutton's ta●…t,  
My tongue right pleasing is: o, what, if it could prate as fast.   
(d) Some take them for Bistards: Birds decked, no doubt, with most beautiful feathers: as may appear by Tertullian against Martion, in these words: V●…a Tetraon●…s pennula, (taceo de pa●…o) sordid●…m artificem pronuntiabit tibi Creatorem?  
(e) They are thought to be Hens of Guinny.  
(f) By the description of Clit●…, they be our Turkeys.  
(g) The Pheasant called in old time Itis, (which was the son of Terens and Progne, transformed, as Poets feign, into this Bird) and afterwards Phasia●… or Phasiana [A●…is], took his nams' of Phasis a river and City in Colch●…s, according to this Epigram of Marshals,  

Argiva 〈◊〉 sum transp●…rtata Carina:  
A●…te mihi not●…●…il ●…isi Ph●…sis erat.   

In Argive ship transported first, I was to foreign land:  
Fore-time, naught else but Phasis town, I knew, or Phasis strand.   
(a) PHILO reporteth this far otherwise, and 
23  telleth a pitiful Narration: How, by commission from Cai●…, certain Colonels and Centurians came to young TIBERIUS, commanding him to kill himself: because, forsooth, unlawful it was for any other to murder a Prince of the Imperial blood. The youth, who had never seen any man killed, and by reason of his tender years was nothing at all experienced in the world, requested first of them, who were come thus to him, for to strike off his head, which he held out unto them: but seeing his request would not be heard, he desired them yet, to instruct him, in what part of his body he should stab himself for the speediest death? And so by instructions from them he was his own executioner.  
(a) ROMULUS ●…avished the Sabine virgins: 
25  and AUGUSTUS, by force took from TIBERIUS his wife LIVIA.  
(a) Selena, in Greek, signifieth the Moon. And 
26  well known it is, that as M. AN●…ONIUS the Tri●…vir called himself BACCHUS and OSI●…IS, so, CLEOPATRA his wife, took pleasure to be named Luna. i. the Moon, and Isis. Whereupon they gave to their son ALEXANDER be gotten between them, the name of the sun, and to their daughter CLEOPATRA the name of the Moon, or Selena, which is all one.  
The Consuls were reputed still (in outward show) Sovereign Magistrates, although indeed, that Caesar's carried all before them, and were absolute monarchs.  
(c) Some read, Tesseras deci●…a citius. i. Before the tenth hour, or four of the clock after noon, for so long continued the stageplays ordinarily. At which time, the Emperors were wont to bestow their Tickets or Talies' among the people, by virtue whereof they received such and such gifts.  
(d) There be learned Critics that expound this place far otherwise, reading Pegmares, in steed of Pegmatis, and understanding thereby such sword-fencers, whose good hap it had been to escape with life, the fall from those Frames or Pageants called Pegmata or Pegm●…, which with certain vices or Skrewes were set up, and let down, Upon which as on scaffolds, malefactors were brought forth, either to exhibit a show unto the people, fight one with another at sharp, to the outrance, or to make them sport, by falling down into a pit underneath, where either wild beasts were ready to devour, or fire to consume them. A device wrought by dissolving the joints of the said Pegmes under them. And in this sense they interpret the rest that followeth, concerning Patresfamilias', i good honest Citizens householders.  
(a) HE had espied in the multitude of those prisoners 
27  and malefactors, two with bald heads, distant far a sunder, and happily, as much as from the one end of the place unto the other: all those between, without respect of their cause, he commanded to be put to death indifferently.  
(b) An ordinary thing it was at Rome, to swear by the Genius, as also by the Fortune, the health etc. of their Emperors. And what a devout oath this was, per Geniuns. i. the Dam●…n, the spirit, or superintendant Angel of the Prince, which I take to be as much, as by his own good self, appeareth by Tertullian Apologet. cap. 28. Citius apud vos per omnes deos, quam per Geniuns principis peieratur.  
(c) Seneca lib. 2. de Ira. cap. 33. reporteth the like example of Castor a right worshipful Gentleman of Rome, whose son, the same CALIGULA, upon very envy that the young man was a proper and beautiful person, put to death in his father's sight, and then invited the old man to supper, provoked him to carouse and be merry, which the good father was feign to endure and make semblance of contentment, for fear, lest the Tyrant would have done as much by another son, whom he had living.  
(d) Catenis verberatum. Among other chastisements of the body, there is reckoned Vinculorum u●…rberatio, as Callistratus witnesseth, lib. 7: de poe●…is. The ignorance whereof, hath made some to read, in Catenis verberatnm. 1. bound in chains and then beaten, others, habenis, for catenis: as if he had been well lindged with leather thongs or halters ends, as slaves were wont to be served by the 〈◊〉.  
(a) ALBEIT, the proper use of these Graphia 
28  was to cut or engrave letters only, in tables of bark or soft wood: yet, because it was unlawful to wear weapons in the Senate house, some, of a mischievous mind, made those writing styles or Steeles so, as they might kill therewith, Enacted therefore it was, that no man should carry about him such writing instruments of iron or steel, but of bone only. And yet even these, as others also of reeds and quills, were made so keen and sharp, that they were able to give a mortal wound.  
(a) For the manner of the Roman Emperors was, upon displeasure, to sand men and women away 
29  into some desert Isles, and there to confine them.  
(b) Ellebor, that groweth in the Isles Anty cire, is of most effectual operation. The root is that, whereof is made our sneezing powder. It purgeth extremely by vomit. Thereupon ariseth the Proverb, Naviget Anticyram 1. Let him sail to Anticyra, applied to one that is melancholic in the highest degree, and little better than mad. See Pliny. Natural. Hist. lib. 35. cap. 5.  
(a) Some conjecture very well, that this Tetrinius 
38  was not surnamed LATRO, being the addition appropriate to the noble Family of Rome, of the Portii, but a notorious thief or robber, such as in Latin is called Latro. And of that sort commonly were they that performed before the people this bloody fight with unrebated swords, without foils. And no marvel, if he termed all the Citizens there assembled Tetrinios. i thieves, considering he wished before, that he could cut of all their heads at one blow  
(a) He suspected, that she had given him some love-drinks.  
(a) PRAETER aq●…um.] How this can stand 
33  with his pride or malice, which our author hath propounded to exemplify, I cannot see. In some copies 
34  we read, praeter cum. i. beside him, that is to say, otherwise than he would have them, or approve. And one Critic or judicious Lawyer, ●…anc. Hott●…man, as also Coracius, read, prater Eccum, as if he should say, All Lawyers shall give none other answer but this. Behold him, meaning the Emperor CAIUS, thereby referring the decision of all matters to his will and pleasure. Lastly, Torrentius concludeth the Period thus, Ne quid respondere possint. i. That they should give no answer at all. And for praeter aequum, etc. he putteth praeterea▪ i Moreover, for a beginning of the next chapter.  
(a) COLOSSEROS, seemeth to be a word compounded 
●…5  of Colossos' and Eros. The one importeth his tallness, resembling the stately and Giant like personages called Col●…, and the other, his lovely visage, representing Eros, even Love, or Cupid itself.  
(b) These fencers, called Threces or Thrace's, 
so think●… Sabelli▪ ●…s.  thought to be the same that Retiarii, were lightly appointed for armour, and put to desperate fight, as having all parts of their bodies exposed to danger, whereupon they were called also Tunicati, & were matched in opposition with the Mir●…illoneses, as this verse of Ansonius implie●…h,  
Quis mirmilloni * componitur? aequim●…nus Thrax. Whereas the other named Hophmachi, had for their 
〈◊〉, committitur  defence, head pieces and targuets. Senec. lib. 1. Epist. 7.  
(c) The priest, called Rex N●…rensis, of ●… place where Diana Ari●… was worshipped, within a temple beautified with a grove about it, by a barbarous custom of the Scythians, so long only held his place, until after one years revolution, some one stronger than himself, stepped unto him and overcame him in single fight, and so deposed him, like as, by the first institution, himself, foiling another in combat attained thereto.  
(a) Seneca writeth Consolat. ad Helu. That i●… was ordinary with him, to consume at one supper ten 
37  millions of sesterces, and who studied himself, and laid his head to others, how he might at one supper make an even hand with the revenues and tributes of all the provinces belonging to the state of R●…me.  
(b) Some read for [●…e Cedris] Deceres, after the form of Maneres, meaning by Dec●…reses a mighty ●…allie furnished with ten ranks of Oars, for such ●…e Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
(a) Dum inculta commissa fierent.] Which may be 
41  expounded otherwise thus, when as many things were forfeited and confiscate.  
(a) Taking the name from Exploratores, a military 
45  term, signifying the Avantcouriers and fore-riders, to discover the enemy, & to clear the coasts.  
(a) Yet Di●…n reporteth of him, that otherwhiles, 
51  when it thundered aloft, he would seem to do the like beneath with a thunder barrel, or such a kind of devise: when it lightened, to make flashes with fireworks: and if a thunderbolt fell, to discharge likewise some stone out of an engine.  
(a) Which ornaments belonged to jupiter and Aesculapi●…. 
52   
(b) Resembling thereby Neptune, for it Symbolizeth his po●…●…er waters in Sea River. Lakes.  
(c) The Ensign of Mercury, betokening his Eloquence.  
(a) So called, because they were exhibited in the Palatium. 
56  
57   
(a) Capitalium, although 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, it was the stately mount or Castle of Rome, yet it become a general name of all Citadels and strong Castles built for the defence of any City.  
(b) Meaning the murder of Caius julius Caesar Dictator.  
(c) Bearing the name of a notorious thief, or Captain rather of thieves, crucified for his deserts.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Tiberius Claudius Drusus Caesar.  
(a) LIKE as in Rome, the gate 
1  called Porta scelerata, and the Street Vi●… sceleratus upon semblable infortunate accidents. 
2   
(a) Whereas, by usual custom such were brought into the Forum or common hall.  
(a) BY virtue of this Act, himself, his lands 
9  and goods were proscribed and exposed to open sale, in a Table hung up by an Edict from the masters of the Exchequer or Citie-Chamber. And if within the time appointed, he came not in, to satisfy the debt, nor any chapman or surety to undertake it, he and his whole state, fell by escheat as forfeit and confiscate into the Prince's hands.  
(a) THESE islands are situate in the mouth of 
17  the River 
Rhosu●….  Rhodamus: and they be so called of the order in which they lie.  
(a) THE name of this Fencer Palamous, signifieth 
21  also in the Latin tongue a Stock-dove▪ which gave occasion unto him, to come out with this odd jest.  
(a) PROVIDED it was by the law Papia. That 
23  ●…o woman under fifty years of age should be married to a man threescor years old or upward: Item, That no man under three score years, or upward might wed a woman, fifty years old or above. Where, note: That these words [à Tiberio] as if he added the said Branch, seem to have been foisted in: considering that as it appeareth by TACITUS) the Emperor TIBERIUS went about to moderate the foresaid law, and not to make it more strict by annexing such a clause.  
(a) For fear of breaking up the pavements, if they road in coach, waggon, chariot, or on horseback. 
25   
(b) In diverse Greek and Latin writers, the names of jews and Christians were confounded: so as by jews they understood Christians.  
(c) Orchestra was that place in the forefront of the Theatre or Scaffolds, and nearest unto the Stage, wherein the Senators ordinarily sat, and sometime the Emperor himself.  
(d) Popularia, were seats within the scaffolds and Theatre, most remote from the Stage, wherein the common people were allowed to stand or sit. Between the said Orchestra and these Popularia were ranged the Knights or Gentlemen of Rome, and those ranks bore the name of Equestria.  
(e) So called, of the mountain Eryx in Sicily, where she was highly worshipped, and where she had a Temple.  
(a) As for Drusilla his wife, a jew borne, she had 
28  been married indeed before to king Azyzus, as josephus writeth: but as touching the other two Queens, whosoever they were, he was acquainted with them otherwise, and not in way of marriage, so far as I can find.  
(b) For every man might not so do, unless he had a Knight's estate, which was four hundred thousand Sextarij, or were free borne: Neither Libertines nor Mechanical persons living by base trades and occupations were allowed.  
(a) Other writers, as Philostratus and julianus, say 
29  moreover, That without his wife and freed men, he was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, much like to a player in a dumb show, and the bore Image of a King's Majesty, as Plutarch reporteth of Arridaus.  
(a) This disease, some Physician's name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
31  1. the heart-ach, or Cardiacam passionem, seated in the orifice of the stomach, which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The pain whereof, PLINY affirmeth to be most intolerable, next unto the passion of the strangury.  
(a) Flatum crepitumque ventris.] By Flatum, understand that riddance of wind downward, qui ●…ares ferit, non aures. Which in English cometh near 
32  unto the Latin word, Visio, for that the verb Visir●…, is the same, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. As CICERO in his Epistles hath well, but covertly observed, out of the word D●…visio, Wherein he noteth Quiddam Cacemphaton. Which place some interpreters, for ignorance of the said verb Visia, have expounded very absurdly.  
(a) So sumptuous were these feasts, that Pontificum 
33  Caena, and Saliares Epulae, grew into a proverb, to express exceeding great belly cheer, and most delicate fare.  
(a) Seneca. lib. 1. De ●…lementia writeth, That Clandius 
34  caused more Parricides to be sowed within a leather male, etc. in five years space, than had been ever before his days.  
(b) Whether they were hired thereto, or presuming of their own strength, voluntarily entered upon such a combat, or forced to undergo that dangerous fight, or else exposed unto their greedy jaws for to be worried and devoured by them.  
(c) This device called here Automatum, Horace by a Periphrasis, prettily expresseth thus, Nervisalienis mobile lignum.  
(a) For with their Grapbia, as hath been noted 
35  before, they might do a mischief.  
(a) Irae atque Iracundiae. Ira signifieth the hot 
38  and momentany passion of anger, soon inflamed and as soon quenched, and Iracundia seemeth to be taken here, for the continuance of the said anger, and an inveterate settled wrath▪ Howsoever our Dictionaries would teach us the contrary. The one may be called Gall or Choler, the other spleen or Melancholy.  
(b) Stultitiam ●…minem fingere.] or rather, Stultiti●… stultum ●…inem finger●…. i. That no fool counterfeits folly.  
(a) It was an inconsiderate speech of an Emperor, 
40  and foolishly let fall, in the Senate especially, tending much to his discredit and dishonour: as if he sent to the Tavern for his wine, by the pot or bottle, and had not his own cellarage stored therewith.  
(b) These words without all time or ●…eason were rife in his mouth, which unadvisedly he had taken up, and by use could not leave them.  
(a) Some think, that he devised not new letters 
41  in the Alphabet, but new forms▪ rather of the former: as namely to writ for the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ●…. the inverted character ●…, and for a diptho●…, a●….  
(a) For, by report of Dion and Xiphili●… his stature 
43  far exceeded the proportion of his years.  
(a) And yet by circumstances it may be collected, 
44  that he caught his bane and died in the Palatium at Rome.  
(a) These were, at it plainly appeareth, Questors, 
46  Aediles, Tribunes, Praetors, Censors and Consuls. Of all these, some one or other died, excepting Censors, as TACITUS writeth. 12. Annal.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Nero Claudius Caesar.  
(a) THESE four factions or 
5  crews that ran with Chariots for the prize, were distinguished by four colours of cloth, or liveries, & thereupon called by these names Alba. i White, Veneta, watchet or light blue, Prasina. i green, and Rosea. i. Rose coloured or read. Unto which were added by Domitian Aurata and Purpurea. i. Gold coloured or yellow, and purple. The former four Sidoni●… Apollinaris hath comprised in his Hendecasyllabes, thus,  

—— micant colores,  
Albus cum veneto, virens rubensque.   
Than shine these crews and make a gallant show  
In white, in blue, in green and roset hue.  
Proportionate they are unto the four seasons of the year: white, to the Autumn or end of Summer, Watchet to the winter, Green to the spring, and Read to summer, or as some would have it, to the four Elements.  
(b) Physicians have observed three kinds of dropsy. The first is Ascites, wherein the belly doth swell with much water gathered between the inner skin or rind of the belly, and the cawl which lappeth the guts, and some wind withal, so named of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek. i. A bottle, because in turning of the body to a side, the water is perceived to shog in the womb, like as liquor in a bottle half full, when it is shaken. The second, Tympanites, wherein the belly is hoven up with wind especially, and some water among. Whereby it will sound like a ta●…er or drnm, if one tamper upon it, and thereof it was so called. The third Leucop●…legmatias, ana sarca, Hyposarca, In Latin Inter us, or Aquae inter cutem, in the 
●…er Corne●… Celsus at ●…ibuteth this 〈◊〉 to all, 〈◊〉 kinds.  proper signification when the body all over is puffed up with water and wind running between the fell and the flesh. And thereof as should seem, died this Domitius.  
(a) To wit, the ninth day after he was borne, on 
6  which, they used to name their sons. And as this day was called Nominalia, so there was a goddess forsooth, precedent of this compliment and ceremonies, whom they named Nundina.  
(a) The manner was, during these solemnities in 
7  the Alban month, (where the chief magistrates were present) to leave for Provost of the City, some principal young Gentleman of the Nobility, before whom sitting judicially, causes of no great importance should be brought.  
(a) These youthful sports juvenalia, or juvenales ●…udi, were first instituted by this NERO, privately 
11  in houses or gardens, and orchards. Wherein, of all degrees, ages and sexes they danced and reveled.  
(a) The fabulous reports of Lady Pasiphae wife 
12  to King Minos, how she was enamoured of a Bull, as also of Icarus the son of Daedalus, who would needs attempt to fly in the air, be well enough known to them that are but meanly seen in Poetry.  
(b) juxca cubiculum eius decidit. By Cubicul●…m, he meaneth here, a royal seat raised on high wit●… in that quarter of the I heater called ●…rchestra, under a rich Tent or Canopy, where Emperors were wont to sit when they beheld (such solemnities. These Pavilions were called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in some sort resembling bed chambers.  
(c) So named because they that wrestled, ran, or otherwise exercised, were naked, like as the place itself of such exercises thereupon took the name Gymnasium.  
(a) Full and formal suppers, whereto men were 
1●…  invited, and at which the guests sat orderly marshaled according to their worth place, & were called caenae rectae, and after this manner in other Prince's days were their favourites feasted. In steed hereof came in Sportulae. ●…. allowances given unto them, either in money, or ca●…eses, in recompense of their ordinary salutations and attendance.  
(b) As there were sundry factions or crews favourizing this or that colour of the Charioteers, so were there likewise of Actors and players. whereupon many r●…otss, outrages Frays and ●…therss were committed.  
(a) It should seem, that for the pleading and trial 
17  of causes, such Trito●…nell seats, pues, benches & bars, were erected at first, for the present occasion, and taken down again by certain persons, who gathered therefore a rent of those that went to law.  
(a) divers Kings of P●…tus were named Pole●…oneses 
18  as of Egypt Ptole●… whereupon the realm Pontus, is by Vopiscus called Polemonius, like as the Alps Co●…tiae of Cottius.  
(a) Many had attempted this beside him: but all 
19  their cost and labour came to naught: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
(b) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
(a) In respect of a former fleet, that was wont to 
20  come before, and bring news of the second laden with merchandise and under sail. Therefore those ships were called na●…es Tabellariae. Se●…eca.  
(b) Bombos. resembling either the buzzing and humming noise of Bees, or the sound of trumpets.  
(c) Imbrices. much after the manner of that rattling, which a sudden shower makes upon the tiles of an house, or the sound that crest tiles or gutter tiles may make.  
(d) Testas, to express the crashing of potsherds or earthen pots, clattering one against another.  
(f) Insignes pinguissima co●…a. In which sense we read of pingnes t●…ga and Lacer●…. Yet some understand thereby 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ●…: whose looks and faix were so slick and glib with sweet oils, that they shone again.  
(a) For, so would he have it to be called. And Thraseas 
21  Patus was judicially convented, and deeply charged, because he had never offered sacrifice for that heavenly voice of his. Tacit.  
(b) who was with child by her own brother Macareus, whereupon her father A●…olus caused the child new borne to be cast before hungry dogs: and sent a sword to his daughter to kill herself with.  
(c) In revenge of his father Agamemnon's death, by her murdered, whereupon he fell into a furious kind of deep melancholy.  
(d) who unwitting killed his own father Laius, as ignorantly wedded his own mother jocasta.  
(e) By putting on a garment next his skin, envenomed with the poison of Nessus the Centaur, and so sent unto him as a token, from his wife Deia●…ira.  
[a] It may be thought, that he then acted Oedipus 
24  or Creon. or some other King, and therefore carried in his hand a regal staff or Sceptre: Yet some interpret this of a Laurel rod or branch, such as Actors held in their hands whiles they sung.  
(b) For, at Olimpia, were Games also of Criers, striving who could cry loudest, for the prize.  
(c) These were called Hiero●…icae, as one would say, sacred victories, to wit at the solemn games in Greece, Ne●…a, Pythia, Ist●…ia, and Olimpia.  
(a) Five thousadd were there of these Gallants, 
25  as Xiphilinus writeth, ready to applaud him when he chanted.  
(a) He meaneth either a peruke & cap of counterfeit 
26  hair, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dionis thereby disguising himself: the same that in Caligula he termeth Capillamentum, or else some hood covering his head all save the eyes. julius Capitolinus calleth it Cucullionem, wherewith the Emperor Verus played such parts by night, in imitation of Caligula and Nero.  
(b) Quintana, was a Gate or Street rather in the Roman Camp, wherein was usually kept, Forum rerum ●…tenfilium, in resemblance whereof, he termed a certain place in his house Quintana, in which he made sale of such wares and commodities, as he had gotten together by 〈◊〉 and robbing.  
(c) It appeareth by Tacitus, that this was julius Montanus, who, albeit he had not sitten in counsel as Senator, yet was Laticlavius, and wore the Senator's rob, Such Gentlemen were called juvenes secundi ordinis, in distinction of those of the Imperial blood, or otherwise near allied unto the Emperor.  
(a) The manner was in old time to employ the 
17  day in businesses, and therein to take no liberal meals, putting off the full refection, and cherishing of the body until night. Convivia de die, argued Intemperance, much more then, feasting from noon to midnight.  
(b) Ambubaiarum. These took their name (as most expositors have conjectured), Quod circa Ba●…as versarentur. Yet some learned men of later time fetch the same from this Syriac word 〈◊〉, as if such were Syrian women, who being otherwise naughty packs and callots, got their living also by playing upon certain instruments of music, which they brought with them out of their native country.  
(c) Copas imitantium. Although Copae, properly be such women as keep victualling houses, ready not only to entertain, but also to invite and call in guests, yet because these commonly are very bold and unshamefaced, this term goeth indifferently for strumpets and courtesans. For seldom shall a man see an impudent woman that is not withal incontinent, so inseparably is modesty joined with Chastity.  
(d) The corrupt text in this place, hath given occasion of much obscurity, and ministered matter enough for Critics to work upon, while some read Mellita, others Myrtitrichila. By which are meant certain sweat junkets, as dainty wafers, etc.  
(e) This may be thought incredible, That banqueting conceits at one sitting should cost so much, and the aspersion of rose or other odo●…ferous liquors arise to more. Where is to be noted the observation of some, who for, ab Syrt●…a rosaria, read aspersio rosaria, that is to say, the artificial besprinkling and aromatizing (as I may so say) of banqueting rooms, out of sponts and pipes, conveying odoriferous waters and oils, going under the name of Rosaria. Which spouts, if they were made of silver or gold, (as we read they were at the feast of others, when he gave Nero entertainment) might soon amount to that some. To say nothing of the costly compound distilled waters, or extracts and oils, themselves, drawn out of most precious simples and spices.  
(d) Him he called, as other Authors writ, Sabina 
28  and Poppaa, after the name of his wife deceased.  
(a) In other writers he is named Pythagoras, so 
92  that it should seem he carried two names.  
(a) A great Magician, whom he entertained thus 
30  royally, because he would have learned magic of him. See Pliny.  
(b) Whereas AUGUSTUS when he played at this game, ventured no more, than for every Talus, which were four in all, a single deaier. For it should seem that the game of Tals here mentioned, was Pleistoboleuda. i who could throw most with four T●…ali' whether the same were cockall bones in deed, or made of gold, silver or Ivory, with four sides, every one representing a chance, to wit, an Ace or unity and sile, a trey and quatre, opposite, one unto the other. For they wanted deux and cinque, which the Tessera Cubus, or Die carrying six faces, hath.  
(c) It is evident hereby, as also out of that verse of 〈◊〉.  
Vtlati phaleris omnes & totquibus omnes.  
That these Phalerae, were not Trappingss, and furniture belonging to horses, but some other ornaments, wherewith footmen and horsemen both were trimly decked.  
(a) IN this verb Morari, there is couched a double 
33  sense, which gives the grace unto this pleasant scoff. For, being a mere Latin word, and having the first syllable by nature short, it signifieth, to stay or to make long abode, and taking it thus, NERO might be thought to imply. thus much, that CLAUDIUS was now departed out of the company of mortal men, and ranged among the heavenly wights, but take the same word, as Nero spoke it, derived of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, which signifieth, A 
〈◊〉.  fool, and hath the first syllable long it importeth, that Cclaudius played the fool no longer here in the world among men. Read the little pamphlet of Se●…eca entitled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, if ye would see Claudius depainted in his colours, and in a fools coat: which he, as it may appear, composed of purpose to gratify Nero in that humour of his.  
(b) The Greeks' call this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And the Romans in honour of their Princes, were wont to compass the same all about with a wall of flint, or other durable stone, as marble.  
(a) It may be it was in the same form, that justinus 
34  Martyr citeth out of Orphens.  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Forts opponite profaniss   
Which Virgil in some sort hath expressed thus.  
Procul este prafani.  
And Claudian after him.  
Gressus remorete profani.  
(a) THE like example is reported by Vopiscus in Aurelianus, who took wonderful delight in a mighty 
37  * Eater, that in one day before his own table, 
〈◊〉.  devoured a wild 〈◊〉- bookful and whole, an hundred loaves of bread, a wether 〈◊〉, and a pig.  
(a) This 〈◊〉 verse as 〈◊〉 writeth, was rise also in Tiberius Coesars' month. 
38   
(b) Alben this word, jusula, beside the common signification of an Island, it taken for an house standing entire by itself, a part from other, yet in this Author I observe that it is put else where for other houses also and tenements let out to tenements by the owners and Landlord, who are called D●…mini jusularum. And even in this acception, it may well go in this place.  
(c) This tour Horace describeth. car●…. lib. 3. Od. 19 in these words.  
M●…lem propinquam nubibus arduis, etc.  
(a) WHICH number ariseth to ten thousand a month. A mortality nothing comparable to that 
39  which as Eusebius reporteth, reigned at Rome in the days of Vespasian, in which there died of the pestilence ten thousand a day, not to that in Constantinople, when many days, there were likewise ten thousand dead bodies called forth Procop. lib. 2. di bello persico.  
(b) Such a rumour in deed ran rife, but untruly. Tacitus.  
(c) Orestes to revenge his father Agamemnon's death wrought by Clytaemnestra his mother and Acgysthus the adulterer, murdered her.  
(d) Alcinaeon son of Amphiarius and Eriphyle, killed her, because she had contrived his father's death.  
(e) Aeneas carried his old father Anchises upon his shoulders out of the fire of Trey when it burned. Here is to be noted the duple sense of the verb [Sustulit] in one and the same Latin verse: For in the former place, it signifieth to Kill, or make away, as Nero did his mother, in the later, to take up and carry as Nero did his father. This yieldeth and elegant grace in Latin, and cannot so well be expressed in english.  
(f) Apollo, was surnamed 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, which signifieth to strike, or of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to case and alloy paint, as being a God, that both sendeth diseases, & also cureth them. But commonly the Romans' term him so. in this latter and better sense. He is styled likewise Hecatebeletes in Greek, which is as much, as shooting or wounding from afar. In these abstruse significations and obscure terms therefore this Epigram implieth thus much: That whiles now in the habit of Apollo playeth upon the harp, and would seem to be a mild and gracious Prince: the parthian King with bow and arrows representing Apollo likewise, endangered the Empire of Rome. and all, through the supine negligence of Nero given to his Music and other vanities excessuely.  
(g) This is meant by that huge house of SATURN'S building, and hath a reference to that desolate estate of Rome, when it was sacked and fired by the French, after the imfortunate battle of Allia, what time the Romans' were in consultation to abandon the City and depart to Veij., there to inhabte.  
(h) It seemeth that Nero in his Poem entitled Tr●…ca, had used to chant of Naupli●…s' the father of 〈◊〉, who abide many calamities himself, and in revenge of his sons death, wrought much mischief to others. The Cynic therefore, noteth Nero for his singing, as also for abusing his own good parts in perpetrating all wickedness, or else for misspending his treasure so dissolutely.  
(i) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Artemidor. lib. 1. cap. vlt.  
(k) By Orcus, or Pluto, taken for the God of Hell or the Grave, is understood death, in this place, ready to seize upon the Senators, whose overthrow Nero had intended. Now, well known it is, that the manner was then, among the Romans, as at this day with us, to carry forth their dead with the feet forward.  
It should seem, this answer was delivered in these words.  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Of sixtieth year (I do thee reed) 
40   
And thirteenth more, see thou take heed.   
Whereby Apollo (for his obliqne answers rightly of the Greeks termed Loxias) or the Devil himself, whether you will, playing with him in a twofold and ambiguous construction, (as his manner was) deluded him. For whiles he rested secure, dreaming still of the 73 year, which he supposed was meant of his own age, and which he was far short of, he fell into the hands of Galba, a man indeed of those years.  
Rome was wont to be served of corn from Alexand●… 
45  in Egypt, in the time of dearth especially, when 〈◊〉, otherwise reckoned Horreum populi Roman●…. ●…. the people of Rome's Garner,' was not able to furnish them. Now, when in steed of corn long expected, there arrived certain sail from thence fraught with dust and sand for the sports of his gallants: no marvel if all the discontentment and heart burning of the people conceived against Cornmongers and such as made gain by the scarcity of grain, redounded upon NERO and his Courtiers.  
(b) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The end of some Trimetre or Sen●…rie ja●…icke verse in a Tragedy.  
(c) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Now 'tis high time to drive or draw. In both which Emprese, by a most tart and bitter Sarcasmus, is taxed his excessive love of Charioting.  
(d) The speech of the people, or of his mother, who could not reclaim him.  
(e) As a Pa●…icide or Killer of Parents, etc. whose judgement was to be sowed quick within a leather budge, etc.  
(f) There is not only an 〈◊〉 in the word [Gallos'] signifying the French Nation, and the crowing cocks,, but an Amphibole also in the sentence: whereby it may be understood, either that NERO with his chanting, had awakened the French, who began now to revolt, as not able any longer to endure his songs: or that the French awakened him, to bestir himself and look better about him: as if they were the Cocks indeed, to raise him out of his drowsy security.  
(g) The ambiguity of this word [Vindex], implieth both a private chastiser of servants for their faults, and also C. JULIUS Vindex or a revenger of public injuries, and maintained of the common liberty. Who now had taken Arms against Nero.  
(a) AUSPICIA, albeit they properly do signify presaging tokens delivered by birds: yet the sequence and circumstance of this passage, lead us rather to some other uncouth prodigie●… and strange sights.  
(b) NERO was semblably distained, in another 
46  kind: as having murdered his Father * CLAUDIUS, his mother Agrippina, and his two wives Octaria 
Who adopted him.  and Popp●…a.  
(a) A caelatura carminu●… Homeri. Which if we 
47  strain a little, may be englished thus, for the workmanship and engraving upon them, out of Homer's verses. Alluding to that standing massy cup of Nestor's, described by Homer in the eleventh of his Ilidas.  
(b) An half verse out of Virgil. 12. Aeneid. The words of Turnus, unto his sister jutur●…a.  
(c) Although there were diverse Praefecturae in Egypt, called No●…i, as one would say, Shires or Divisions, as appeareth in Plini●…, 5. lib. cap. 9 Yet by this place is to be understood the presidency over all Egypt, which by the institution of Augustus, was ordinarily conferred upon some Gentlemen of Rome. By which, it appeareth, he would play at small game rather than sit out.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Marcus Salvius Otho.  
(a) NOT without the Rampyer and precinct 
1  of the Camp, where was the ordinary place of execution: not by the ministery of a Centurion, who by order was deputed, to see justice done: but in the very face and most frequented quarter of the Camp called Principia, not far from the Lord General's Pavilion, and where the Principal Captains quartered and lodged: Wherein also, the main Standard named the Eagle and other military ensigns of the bands and cohorts were kept: even in his own fight being General, whose manner was not to be present.  
(a) THIS rude and gross kind of sport was thereupon called Sagatio, not unlike to that pastime 
2  with us in some place called the canvasing, and else where, the vanning of dogs.  
(a) FOR, after that by commandment of NERO, he and POPPAEA, were in some sort put 
3  a sunder, he solicited her as being his own wedded wife to keep him company, which, in regard of her marriage with NERO, was held Adultery.  
(a) A Column erected in the upper end or head of the Forum Romanum: at which, all the principal 
6  high ways in Italy began, with directions therein engraven, to every gate of the City, leading unto the said highways.  
(a) SOME read, for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to no good sense at all. But the former, accordeth well with 
7  IWENAL. satire. 11. Who to the same effect saith: — Buccae Noscenda est mensuratua. and proverbially implieth thus much, that he was not able to menage the Empire.  
(a) Germaniciani e●…ercitus. Which served in 
8  Camp, or as Garrison Soldiers in Germany, whether they were Romans, Germans or any other 〈◊〉 from associate Nations, it skilled not.  
(b) The manner, that who soever enterprised a warre-voyage should enter into the Chapel of Mars, where hung his sacred Scutcheons or Shield called Ancilia, and first st●…te them, after that, shake the spear also of Mars, and say withal Mars, Vigila, i. Awake Mars. This had OTHO done, but according to the religious ceremony, not bestowed them quietly again in their places.  
(a) This bread was made of bean and Rice 
12  flower, of the finest wheat also, a very 〈◊〉 as the Physicians term it, or a Depilaiorie, to keep hair from growing, especially being wet and soaked in some juice or liquor appropriate therefore, as the blood of bats, frogs, or the Tunie fish, etc. To this effeminacy of OTHO, alludeth the Satirical Poet * IWENAL in this verse.  
Et 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 digitis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
Satyra.    

ANNOTATIONS UPON Aulus Uitellius.  
(a) THIS QVINTUS 
1  EULOGIUS, was the freed man of the said QVINTUS VITELLIUS  
(a) SOME read Sectionibus & Suturis: 
2  expounding it thus, as if his son had been not a cobbler, but a shoemaker indeed, occupied in cutting of new shoes and sowing them together.  
(b) These kind people, so double diligent about the feminine sex, be fitly called good womens-men: and doting overmuch upon their wives, Vxorii in Latin, as one would say Bridegrooms still. Such an one SENECA makes report he knew, who could not endure to be without his wife's company, one minute of an hour: and if upon necessity he went abroad into the town, yet would he take with him a stomacher of hers, and wear it ever next his heart, etc.  
(c) No doubt the same was garnished with Gold, rich stones and precious pearls. See Pli●…. lib. ●…9. cap. 35.  
(d) It may be gathered it was Hemiplegia, which we call the dead Palsy, taking the one side of the body, and most commonly ensuing upon an Apoplexy, if it were not the very Apoplexy itself, (which is none other but an universal palsy) considering the quick dispatch it made.  
(a) He meaneth the crew, o●… faction of chariotiers 
7  holding of the blue or watchet colour: which Vitellius and Galba both affected.  
(a) So called, of an infortunate ba●…taile fought 
11  that day near the river Allia: in which, the Romans were overthrown by the French: who following the train of their victory, advanced their ensigns to Rome, forced the City, and put it to the sack.  
(b) Some read De D●…minico. i. out of Dominicus, for so it may seem, was the book of NERO'S Canticles entitled, allnding to himself, who would be called Rerum Dominus. i. Lord of the world.  
(a) CORNELIUS CELSUS findeth no fault 
13  with Asclepi●…deses, who condemned vom●…ng, Offensus eorum consuet●…dine, qui qua●…ie ●…ciendo 〈◊〉 facultatem ●…liuntur. i. as utterly disliking their manner, who by daily casting up their gorge, seek to enable themselves for beastly gourdmandise. And to the same purpose he saith: Istud luxuria causa fieri ●…on op●…tere. 1. That this aught not to be put in use, for to maintain riotous excess. He admonisheth also, Ne quis qui valere & senes●…ere volet, hoc qu●…idianum faciat. That no man who desiret●… to live long and in health would make it a daily practice. But Seneca reproveth such very aptly in these words,  
Edunt ut vomant, vomunt ut edant.  
They eat, to vomit, and they vomit, to eat.  
(b) If Scarus were not the guilt head, a delicate ●…ish no doubt it was in those days, and better esteemed than the Acipeaser. i. the Sturgeon. It cheweth cud, and hath plain teeth to grinned withal, not indented like a comb or saw.  
(a) Veraculis or vericulis, or 〈◊〉: all to one 
14  sense, Such as will take upon them to tell fortu●…eses, etc. Women of this profession Ap●…leius termeth veratrices.  
(b) Bonum factum. The usual preface or preamble premised before Edicts and Proclamations, ●…oni ●…minis causa.  
(a) By this ceremony, he seemed to resign up his Empire. 
15   
(a) Making semblance thereby, that he was fled 
16  and go, for, the manner was, at the Porters lodge door, if no body were within, to tie up a ma●…tive dog, for to give warning abroad if any man came. And not far from the said lodge, such a dog, with a chain, was usually painted upon the wall, with these words, in great letters,  
CAVE, CAVE CANEM, i. BEWARE, BEWARE THE DOG.  
(a) He meaneth that Gallus Gallinaceu●…, or 
18  dunghill cock, that before had perched upon his head and shoulders, alluding to the Frnch, who are likewise named Galli.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Servius Sulpitius Galba.  
(a) THE like narration 
3  is reported of Hipparche and Crates the Theban, a Cynic Philosopher. 
6   
(a) Tessera datae. How ever this word [Tessera] in our Author hath other significations, to wit, of a watchword, a Signal, a Tally or Ticket, etc. Yet here verily, it seemeth to be put for a Precept or Commawdement, whether it were delivered by word of mouth unto those that stood next, or in writing, and so passed through the camp, it mattereth not.  
(b) It may appear, that Getulicus their former General, had allowed his Soldiers more liberty and pastime.  
(a) THESE were also called 〈◊〉, by Tacidus, 
●…  of Tatius King of the Sabines.  
(b) They took their name of AUGUSTUS: like as other orders afterwards, as Flaviani, etc. of the emperors following.  
(a) IN habit of a woman, and with wings, holding forth a garland in the right hand, and 〈◊〉 
10  in her left one Olive branch: as it to be seen in many antic coins.  
(b) A trunk of a tree, or post erected: upon which hung the Armour and apparel of enemies slain and despoiled.  
(a) During which time, were held the festival days of the Sat●…alia, New years tied and 
14  others.  
(a) THEY used in old time such cuirasses (in steed of breast plates) made of linen webs, folded 
19  eighteen times and more. For, so Nicetas Acominatas lib. 1. vers. Isaaci Angeli, writeth: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Which folds being thoroughly steeped and soaked in vinegar or Austere wine, with salt put thereto, and afterwards well driven and wrought together in manner of Felt, become so stiff, an and Armour of so good proof, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. as that it would check the dint of any dart or shot whatsoever.  
As touching the Soldier thus reproved by GALBA, it was JULIUS ATTICUS, as TACITUS writeth, one of those who went under the name of Spiculatores. i Billmen: or Speculatores rather, as some would have it, employed in Espial, executions, etc. as hath before been noted. Hear also in the clause, Dimota paga●… turba, is to be understood the multitude of the people and common sort, who were not Soldiers. For so Paga●… are taken, as in opposition to Milites.  
THESE Aurei among the Romans, were 
20  valued at one hundred Sestertii a piece, so as in round reckoning they may go for our old EDWARD Star-Reals, or fifteen shilling pieces. For, by exact computation, one of them ariseth to fifteen shillings, seven pence half penny, The fourth part just, of the Roman pound, (containing one hundred Deniers or Attic Drachmas) which maketh three pound, two shillings six pence starling.  
(b) This place where PATRORIUS was executed, and into which they fling their heads, who by commandment of the CAESARS were put to death, was called Sestertius. Plutarch.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Flavius Uespasianus Augustus.  
(a) THE fortieth part. 
1  Happily the fortieth penny of all bargains of sales that were unlawful.  
(a) Which had a 
2  border or broad guard about it, embroidered with purple studs like naile-heads, and therefore was called Latas clavus: and thereupon, Senators themselves, Laticlavij.  
(a) In lieu of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: For, in token of love and affection they should have heaped upon him 
4  gay flowers, green leaves and pleasant fruits.  
(b) This no doubt, had relation to the prophesy of the True Messiah, and Saviour, jesus Christ. The very words imply no less, according with these out of Holy Scripture. EX 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. read Ioseph. 6. book. cha. 31. of the destruction of jerusalem.  
(a) There is an hill of that name in judaea. And 
5  because answers had been given from thence, and nothing there was to be seen, neither Image of a God, nor Temple, but a bore Altar, & the reverence only of the place, both TACITUS and SVETONIUS by the name of CARMELUS, call that unknown God unto them, who reigneth for ever.  
(b) This sight, and the other following, betokened loveraigntie unto Vespasian, who warred then in the East countries, judaea and Syria.  
(a) This Basilides seemeth rather to have been 
7  some Priest, or principal man of note, and not Libertus, i. his sreed man, as some copies have. But who ever he was, to the setting forward of this dissignement of VESPASIAN, Nomen & omen erat,  
(a) Out of the 35 Tribes of Rome, were chosen certain judges or Commissioners, named Centumviris, 
10  to wit, out of every Tribe three, and albeit their number arose to an hundred & five, yet roundly they went for an hundred, and so were called. These I say, being ordained Selitibus judicandis, determined private and civil matters between man and man, de Testamentis, Stillicidijs, and such like of no great moment. They put forth or erected a spear in the place where they late in jurisdiction: whereupon their ocu●…t was named Hafla Centumviralis.  
(a) Alluoing to the name Cynicus. For these Philosophers took this denomination Cynics, either 
13  of their dogged and currish demand, or of a place wherethey taught and disputed, called Cynosarges.  
(a) Which in AUGUSTUS CAESAR'S time 
16  amounted to twelve hundred thousand S●…stteriij●…riple ●…riple to the worth of a Roman Knight. 
17   
(a) This Colossus, Zenedorus a famous workman, made before time for Nero. 
18   
(a) As namely, Pueros Symphoniac●…s etc. Chorisies with most sweet breasts and pleasant voices, etc.  
(b) For, then, had women their 〈◊〉. like as the men in December. Those festival holidays were called Matronalia, in memorial of Lady Hersilia and other noble Dames, who in old time upon that day, interposed themselves as Mediatrices, between the Romans and Sabines, ready to sttike a most bloody battle.  
(a) This is reprehended by Cornelius Celsus. lib. 2. 
19  cap. 14. in these words. Neque audie●…i sunt, qui numero finiunt, quoties aliquis perfri candus est: Illud enim ex 
20  viribus hominis colligendum est.  
(a) To be carried between men in a chair or 
21  seat called thereupon Sella gestatoria, or Lectica. Celsus reckoneth sundry sorts of this Gestation, to wit, Navi, Lectica, Scamno, Vehiculo.  
(a) For, it was an ordinary matter, in supper time, between the services and several dishes, to cast the Dice or cockall bones, by fits.  
(b) Praetextata verba, by the figure Antiphrasis, are put for such words as beseemed not either the mouth or the cares of Praetextati. i youths well borne, and of gentle blood descended: who, in truth, should be modest and maidenlike: and in like manner, praetextatimores, signify such behaviour.  
(c) Noting him for his ridiculous vanity: which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek doth signify.  
(d) Or, if ye read before, [perducta] it must so stand in the Page of expenses, to this sense, laid out, for, or to Vespasian, beloved as if he had given her a reward for loving him, whereas she should have given unto him.  
(a) Some read, in s●…ed of Improbius irato, improbi●…nato, 
22  that is to say, of no good making, but ill shaped to his height.  
(b) A piece of a verse in Homer Iliad. 7. spoken there of Ajax, advancing forwardly to fight with Hector, unto whom, or to whose long pike rather, he likeneth this gangrell.  
(c) Either of Fuller's, Walkers, and Dyer's, who gathered and occupied much thereof about their clotheses, or else, for the tubs that commonly stood in odd corners and noukes of the streets, to receive every man's water that he made as he went.  
(a) At the foresaid Cutiliae, which was a natural 
23  bath in the Sabines country, o'medicinable waters, howbeit exceeding cold. Plin. lib. 31. cap. 3.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Titus Flavius Uespasianus Augustus.  
(a) A Place in Rome so 
1  called of a building there, which stood upon seven courses of Columns or Pillars, arising all round and higher every one than other, in manner of so many circles or girdles.  
(b) He meaneth not a Physiognomer, who hath taken upon him by inspection of eyes, forehead, face, etc. to tell one's nature and disposition: such an one as ZOPTRUS was, who noted SOCRATES for to be by natural inclination a wanton lover of women: but a fortune teller, by looking on the forehead only. Such as in these days, by the art of Palmistry, for sooth, can assure folk, how long they shall live, and what not? If they do but see lines in the palms of their hands, or by feaxe in the forehead, will say, how many wives a man shall have? etc. As vain as those, who by counting the letters of the husband and the wife's name, will confidently pronounce, whether of them shall bury the other?  
(a) By titles in this place, and many others of SVETONIUS, are to be understood inscriptions, 
3  testifying for what considerations such Statues were erected. Such also were usually set up at public executions, to show the offences and causes why any suffered. A thing usual among the Romans, and in their government, in what Province so evet, as may appear by that which stood upon the Cross of our Saviour Christ.  
(a) THAT is to say a white band or ribbon: Such as the Royal Diadem at first 
4  was.  
(a) OF these Baines, with what speed and 
6  celerity they were finished, MARTIALIS writeth thus:  
Hic ●…bi miramur veloci●…●…unera, Ther●…as.  
(a) DOING them thus much credit in the 
8  eyes of the world, as to give the allowance and approbation, or otherwise, of the weapons wherewith they should fight. For, in this sense may Ornaments be taken: the rather, because some copies have Ferramenta. Or this place may be understood of other furniture, as well as ar●…eses, wherewith they should come appointed into the lists.  
(a) THIS hath been observed in all ages, to 
9  forerun the death of some Prince. Thus, before the end of julius Caesar, as Virgil writeth,  
Non alias lat●… c●…ciderunt pl●…ra 〈◊〉 Fulgura, etc.  
Horace likewise.  
— Per puri●… 〈◊〉 Egit equos u●…lueremque currum.  
Our own 
a little before the death of king Henry the sec●…d.  Chronicles also exemplify no less. To say nothing of the fresh resemblance of that, which happened with us three years since, in july.  
(a) SOME writ, and 〈◊〉 by 
10  name, that he was poisoned with eating of Sea-hares.   

ANNOTATIONS UPON Flavius Domitianus.  
(a) THIS was some Satirical 
1  Poem, of which IW●…NALIS writeth thus:  
— Improbior satyran scribente Cin●…do. ●…. Nerone  
(b) A vestment of white linen, after the manner of a Surplice: for such priests thereupon were name●… Li●…igeri.  
(a) TOGA Cr●…canica. Which is spoken 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
4  pro chlamyde. i. a cloak or lose cafsocke. For Toga was Romanorum.  
(a) PHILOSTRATUS allegeth another reason 
7  of this Edict, namely for that many seditious broils and commotions were occasioned by drunkenness.  
(b) Or rather, as Cas●…s expoundeth [geminari castra] that two le●…ionss should not encamp in one leaguer. For, the policy of war found the same always dangerous, in regard of mu●…nicss, that by occasion thereof might 〈◊〉 Soul●…ierss, as Di●… writeth, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i. Seeing their own numbers great, grow to be stout and malapert.  
(c) For, before time, it was thought good Policy, that soldiers should lay up a portion of their donative, about the Ensigns within the camp, and not spend all their stock, (which commonly they are given unto,) whereby they might be put in mind to fight more valiantly, and not to forsake their colours, so long as they had somewhat to save or lose.  
(a) NAMELY, to be buried quick under the 
8  ground, that is to say, to be let down into some grot or vault, and there to be sterved to death.  
(a) PATREM-PAMILIAS. i. A good honest 
10  Citizen of Rome, such as came to behold the Games.  
(b) Under these Tyrannical Emperors of Rome, that ●…avorized, some this faction of ●…encerss and Chariot-riders, others that, it was high Trea●…on and Impiety, for men to speak a word, not in open place only and in the Theatre, but also at home in their houses, even in table talk, in commendation of the adverse faction, by way of comparison. Martial inviting a friend to his board, and promising that no m●…rth and free speech at meat should turn him to any danger and displeasure, writeth thus unto him,  

De Prasin●… conviva meus venit●…que loquatur:  
Not sacient quenquam pocul●… nostra reum.   
Now, it is to be understood, that Domitius affected the fencers called Mirmillones, against the others named Thrace's or Threces, whom his brother TITUS favoured.  
(c) By Parmularius understand, him that speaks favourably in the behalf of those fencers, named Parmularii, of the little bucklers, wherewith they were armed: otherwise called Threces, (as one would say Thracians, whose armature they had) in opposition of others which were the Mirmillones, who were otherwise appointed after the French fashion, and therefore took the name otherwhiles of Gall●…, and so is that verse of Horace to be expounded. Thrax an Gallina Syro par? As touching blasphemic, no marvel, if these Tyrants taking upon them to be Gods here upon earth, held every word derogatory any ways unto their Majesty, high Treason and Impiety.  
(d) Domitian and other such monstruous Tyrants, as namely CALIGULA, envied all persons and things that were excellent. It behoved therefore La●…ia to be silent, and to dissimule what he thought, as well as he might: although, for grief of heart, happily, he could not choose but fetch a secret sigh to himself with a He●… i Helas.  
(a) I observe a double acception of this word 
12  CAESAR, in this History penned by SU●…TONIUS. First for a noble house in Rom●… whereof JULIUS CAESAR DICTATOR was descended. Whose line, either in blood or by adoption, were called Caesares. And in this sense it is truly said, that Progenies C●…sarum in N●…rone defecit. i. that the race of the 〈◊〉 was extinct in Ner●…. And in this sense the ●…eiress apparent of the Emperors in that line were named Caesar's. Secondly for all the Sovereign Emperors of Rome after julius Cesar. So Gal●…a and the rest, his successors were styled Cesares.  
(b) This exaction levied of the jews, which he calleth judaicum fiscum, was for the profession and exercise of the religion within Rome: who, as Xiphilinus witnesseth, were permitted before, by Vespas●…an his father to observe the ri●…eses and ceremonies of their own religion, paying an yearly Tribute, to wit, a Didr●…hme. i. two Roman ●…enierss, or fifteen pence with us. And so the Christians afterwards for a time had the same Indulgence.  
(a) IN some copies are inserted these words, 
15  Aream & Calvitium, to ●…osense, unless ye would have him thereby noted, ●…or his 〈◊〉 and fall of hay●…e, which some Physcians call Area.  
(b) This FLAVIUS CLEMENS, is thought to have been a Proselyte, and convert to the lewish 
●…r Christianity rather  Religion, by reason whereof, being somewhat mortified, and making conscience to do evil, he was reputed base minded, and as SVETONIUS saith, 〈◊〉 inertia. Imputations charged by Pagans upon Christians, and the true servants of God, for their quiet carriage and modest behaviour.  
(●…) Whose son, I would 〈◊〉 else, he would be thought, as who put one to 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 in his public prayers he had not made mention of him, as the son of Minerva, Philostratus. lib. 7.  
(a) Little Images, which Paini●…s devoutly kept 
17  and worshipped, (as the Tutelare Gods of their bedchamber) within a certain Closet called L●…rium.  
(a) IT may be thought by the circumstance of 
18  this place, that this Rub●…r vultus in Domitian, was a tincture of virtue and modesty. But there was nothing less in him, so that it was rather an hypocritical vizard and mask, under which was couched a most fell and cruel nature, as being by the judgement of Tacitus more sanguinary than Nero. For whereas Nero, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 spectavit, s●…b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 videri & aspi●…i, c●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pall●…ibus, suff●…eres sau●…ille 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉, quo se 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A 〈◊〉 read therefore is n●… always a sign of grace.  
(a) AT Alexandria in Egypt, was that famous 
20  Library of King Ptole●… Philadelph●…s and the other Ptol●…es his progeni●… and successors, con●…yning to the number well near of 700000 books. A●…l. 〈◊〉 N●…st. Attic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 17.  
(a) ACCLAMATIONS must be restrained hee●… to the worse sense, for all manner of Curses 
23  and Detestations, such as before were taken up by the people in this time, Tiber●… in Tiberim, and afterwards by the Senate, against 〈◊〉, that wicked Emperor, in these terms, Hosts patrie honores detra●…antur, paricida 〈◊〉, hostis deorum, carnife●… senatus unco trahetur, i●… spoli●…rio p●…natur, etc.  
(b) Nerva, Traianus, Hadrianus, etc. Of whom, Sextus Aurelius writeth thus. Quid Nerva prudenti●…s aut moderatius? Qui●… Tra●… divinius? Quid prastantius Hadriano?   

Faults escaped in the A●…tationss.  
PAge. 1 Column●…. 2, Line. 1. for Lucius r●…ad Caius. line. 32, For children, first razors, children first, c, b, l, 22, 27, for Catullus, ●…, Catulus, c, b. l 47. for whil●…. r. white. p. 3. c. a. l. 6, for nulum. r. 〈◊〉, l, 28. for them. r. their, l, 52. for, 25000, ●…, 781250, pomell, 55. for ●…70000, r, 937500, pomell, 13. for Me●…. r. 〈◊〉. p, 6. c. a. l. 16. for Ist●…us, r, Isthmus, l, 45, for expect, r, express●…. c, b, l, 15, for guiding, r. girding, pomell, 45, for Athenius. r, Athenius, p. 7, c. b, l, 12, for ju●…, r, 〈◊〉, l, 28, for consel, r. Consul. p. 6, l. 39, for Lucana▪ razors, Lucan, l, 45, for ever. r, for ever; pomell, 46, for ●…scivirit r, neicivit, for word ambig●…us, r, ●…biguous word, l, 57, for, showest, razors, showedst, l. 54. for Lampus, r Campus, c, b, l, 1, for, authors the, r, Authors. The, l, 45, for malakred. r, maskared, p. 9: c, a, l, 3, for Mysteries, razors, Mistress p ●…, c, a, l, 3, for Mrinin●…r, the Maritime, pomell, 39, for way, razors, Bay, l,. 6●… for a woremand. r, any wound, c, b, 50, for God and ve, r. God and 〈◊〉. l, 51, for. reputeth. r, reporteh, c, a, l, 26, for Mural, razors, mural c, b, l, 25. for desoyne●…, r, ensigns, l, 24. for, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, r, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, for SATURN'S 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, l, 43, for●…m broidered or embroidered with, l, 50. for ovis, r, jovis, l. 58, for Centu●…viralia, r, Centu●…viralia, c, b, l, 26, for Annenas, razors, Annonas, l, 43, for court, ward, r, Courtyard, p. c, b, l, 5, address●…. r, advice, p. 15. c. a. pomell, ●…▪ for. Scutari, r, Scutarii, l, 44, for Mancipatro, r, Mancipatio, p, 15. c, b, l, 30, for. hasti●… making, r, hasti●… in making pomell, 34. for eye, r, av, l, 49, for 〈◊〉, razors▪ Cunae lu●…, l, 50 for Gods, razors, Goddess●…. p. 16. c. ●…, l, ●…. 4. for Latami●…, r. Cata●…s, l, 21, for, Lastell, r castle, l, 23, for Prosopaea, r, Prosopopaea. l, 31, for Armaenia. r, Alcm●… c, b, l, 5. for SATURN'S 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, l. 10, for but, ●…. put, l, 13, for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. r, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, r. 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, l, 34. for Casch●…, r, Pascha lordship, 37, c, b, l, 37. for●…oth, r, bath, p, 18. c, a. l. 5. for, Iron, r. Ivori●…, l, 23, for Antignarius. r, Antiquari●…s. l, 36. for Caro●…lon, r. ●…o cacorelo●…, l. 52▪ for Ca●…geli, r. Caco●…li. l. 65. for bravely, r, plainly c. b. l 23. for. month. Whero●…, r, monech whereor, l. 50, for Chest, r. Christ. lordship, 20. 〈◊〉▪ pomell, 30. for Gergasti, r. geograph. for strebonis, r, ●…rabonis, l, 33, for Vestiles, razors, vestale●…▪ c. b. l. ●…▪ 〈◊〉 That. r. this was. l. 2●…. for quadringentis. r▪ quadaingenties, l. 27. for Tribulus r. Tribubus, l. 3●…, for stand of, r, stand for, l 45. for 〈◊〉. r. 〈◊〉▪ l. 27. for SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 or for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. r. 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. l. 53. for, Law r. commons, ●…. b. l. 20. Carnisicum r. cornificium l. 32. for SATURN'S 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. l. 37▪ for quadrig●…, ●…. quadrig●…. l. 45. For days r, dices, p, 22, c, a, l, 10 for 〈◊〉 r. 〈◊〉, c▪ b, l, 1. for Vitellini▪ r. vitelliani▪ p. 17. fo●…. ●…tura▪ 〈◊〉. r, martial prowess, lordship, 23. c, a. l, 38, for unreblameable r. unreclaimeble. c. b. l. 14, for grotia. r, gloria. l. 16. for hai●…. r. h●…re. l. 19 for SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. r▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. l. 29. for named. r. moneyed. l, 36. for SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. r. 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. 3●…. for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. scalae. p. 24 c. a. l. 8. for. pr●…scription r. ●…roscription. l. 1●…. for p●…extatus▪ r. praetextatus. l. 26, forfeit. r. fell, l, 28. for papu l●…s r. papulas p. 24▪ c. a. l. 48. for physician. r. physician. c. b. l. 32. for of th●…ir▪ r. for their. l. 44. for plagu●…, r. place, for s●…iting. r, suiting, for hi●…. r, his▪ p. 25, c, ●…▪ l. 17. for charge. r, choose, c. 100 l. 3●…. for part r. por●…▪ l. 48. for tutclarie, r, tutel●…t. p, 26. c. a. l. 1●…▪ for Hesiodus, r. Heliodo res c b. pomell, 13. for that Caesar. r, the caesers. p. 27, c. b. l, 30. for incul●…a▪ r. multa, ●…, 28, c, a, l▪ 21, for Palam●…us, r. palumbus, l, 28, for years or upward, r vocr●… might We l. c, b, l. 24, for same 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, r. same that 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, l, ●…8▪ for visia, r, visio, c. b l. 〈◊〉, for Asban●… month, r, A●…bane mount, lordship▪ 30, c. a. l. 15▪ for Tritonnel, r, Tribunal, l, 14: or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l: 4●…, for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 for Dioni●…▪ r▪ Dion●…▪ pomell: 52: for SATURN'S razors▪ rose-water 〈◊〉 5●…, for 〈◊〉▪ syrtio: pomell: 60: for others: razors: 〈◊〉: 13: c●…ael: ●…3▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bolinda: pomell: 32: for abode; and: r: abode: and: l: 36, for wight●…, but: razors: wight●…. Bu●…: l: 41 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: l: 52: for forts: r. Foxes: l: 9, for to tenements: ●…: totenants: pomell: 29: for Amp●…iarias: r: Amph●…raus: l: 48: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nero. l. 58: for N●…oeses, r: Nero's: lordship: 32: c: r: l: 9: for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, l: 12: or SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 2●…. for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 46, for SATURN'S 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b, l: 12: for Amphibol●…: r: Amphibolie. l: 20: for vindex or ●…. revindex ●… pomell: 21, for and 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 ●…ined: razors, and ●… 〈◊〉: ●…6: for SATURN'S 〈◊〉, ●…, 33: 〈◊〉: l: 20: for Taici. r: Tati●…: l. 27, for one, r. an: c▪ b: l: 〈◊〉: for A 〈◊〉 ●…▪ Acomi●…tus vers: r. R●…rum▪ p. 3●…. c, b l, 3. for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 au and, r. and an. l. ●…. for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉. l. 17. for SATURN'S 〈◊〉. r. 〈◊〉▪ l. 32. for Patrorius, r, Patrobius▪ lordship, 34, c. 6. l. ●…, for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 for m●…ner▪ 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, r, shields. p, 36. c, a, l. 42, for selitibus. r. stlitib●…. c. b. l. 3. for Zae●…e's ●…orus. r▪ 〈◊〉 ●…orus, l: 5, for chori●…teses▪ r. 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉, l, 35, for vespasian, beloved as, ●…▪ vespsian beloved: as. p, 37, c, a, l, 13. for Romane●… SATURN'S 〈◊〉. r. Ro●…aneses in, p, 38. c, a, ●…. 22, for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, r, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l, 4●… for 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, r, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SATURN'S 〈◊〉, lordship, 3●…. c, b, l, 5, for munibat▪ r. muniebat, l, 15, for in this time. r. in this 〈◊〉