THE SWEDISH DISCIPLINE, RELIGIOUS, civil, And MILITARY. THE FIRST PART, IN THE Forms of Prayer daily used by those of the Swedish Nation, in the Army. Together with two several Prayers, uttered upon several occasions by that pious King; which GOD immediately heard and granted him. The second Part, in the excellent Orders observed in the Army; whereof we here present you the Articles, by which the Soldiery is governed. The third Part, in the King's Commission for levying of a Regiment: his Order for drawing up of a private Company; of a Squadron; and of a Brigade: with his manner of Enquartering a private Regiment; and of an Army Royal: unto which is added the best manner of building and fortifying of a Town of War. All, in five several Figures expressed and explained. Last of all, Is the famous Battle of Leipsich, in two fair Figures also set forth: and now this second time more fully and particularly described. LONDON, Printed by john Dawson for Nath: Butter and Nich: Bourne. 1632. TO ALL gentlemans PRACTITIONERS AND Lovers of Arms, in all the Cities and Corporations of the Kingdom. GENTLEMEN; THat which I here present you with, is a Military Argument: the fitter for Military men therefore: whose Exercise and Delight, is in the fair practice of peaceable Arms. This is my best hope, that it may be favourably accepted, for that my Theme and my Patroness are so well suited. So should every thing be, about a Soldier. I do it not upon any vain thoughts or presumption, to teach you new ways: a many of you, and your Leaders especially, are so curious I know, & so skilful, at least, in the Theory of a Soldier, that you need not my Book for a Master in this kind. 'tis meant for your Recreation: to put you into Discourse now and then: and to testify withal, mine own private respects both to your Persons, and of your Practice; that's the purpose of it. And truly very fit it is, that some body in the general name, should encourage your Exercise with an acknowledgement, how much your Country is beholding unto you: what though you have not for your Country's cause as yet resisted unto blood? nor in the open field done duty against a foe? what though the fair Arms that you put on, be for ornament rather, than for defence? yet is your Military skill and dexterity at your Orders, Motions, Postures, and Handling of your Arms; as much (perchance) as many an old Leaguerers that hath. That our Age and Nation are so happy in a still and gentle peace; as neither do we stand in need of your valours; nor have you yourselves any great use of your own courages: blessed be the Lord of Hosts therefore, who hath not dealt so with any Nation. That here's no sword drawn in our Kingdom, but that of justice; and that of Honour sometimes, which is gladly stooped unto with a bended knee; we are to thank our royal Sovereign for, who is so studious of our quiet. And under the favour of the first sword; may we all be ever happily protected: and to the gracious stroke of the second sword, I could wish with all my heart, that all your shoulders that deserve it, were submitted. Valour & courage I assure myself you would all show; should but your Country require your service: and did she so, you should be among the first & the best men, that her safety must rely upon. That the Kingdom hath by this means, the more that are enabled to defend it; is partly owing unto your forwardness: and that there is a new Militia every year reered up, and a continual supply of a Military breed of Practitioners; is to be ascribed to your example. I know you much honour that miracle of Soldiers, the King of Sweden: & by that time you have read this; you will find more cause for it Here in the First part, shall you find him Religious; in the Second, Just: & in the Third, most Sufficien for an every way accomplished General: Devotion, justice, & a martial excellency, make up his Discipline. Farewell Gentlemen, and be pleased to accept of this, and of the good will and service, of the nameless Author. Ad Gustavum Adolphum, Regem Suecorum. O Quem te memorem, clarorum maxime Regum? Quaeuè feram meritis nomina digna tuis? Romulus auspiciis, forti probitate Camillus, Pelides animis, consilio Pylias: Impetu Alexander, praesenti pectore Caesar, Scipio militiâ es, Hannibal ingenio. Omnia seclorum superas miracula; quotquot Graecia post genitis, Roma vel ipsa dedit. Astraeam Marti solus, sanctumque feroci, Concilias; ferrum legibus, arma togae. Quod si grassantes pergis prohibere tyrannos, Pressáq, servili solvere colla jugo: Exemplo si parta novo sua cuique reponis, Et, repetens raptum, nil rapis inde tibi: Si populos, victor, trahis in tua jura volentes, Et domitos, auctâ reque Fideque, beas: Teutonis assertis merces tibi Thracia cedat, Lustratae Fidei Roma Minerval erit: Nascentem indigitet, pugnanti militet aether, Astra canant belli classica sacra tui: Pressorum vindex, inopum Tutela, piorum Angelus, ac reducis Signifer esto Dei. At vos, O sontes gladium sperate Tiranni, Quem socij vibrant, Christus, et hic Gedeon. The Same in English OH! whom may I thee style, most glorious King Or to thy worth what names can worship bring▪ A Romulus in conduct may'st thou be, Camillus in unconquered honesty. In courage thou art great Achilles' peer, In counsel Nestor's, far from Nestor's year: In th'on-set Alexander, one would deem thee, In constant valour, Caesar I esteem thee. In martial skill a Scipio thou art, An Hannibal in stratagem and art. All Wonders thou exceed'st of elder age, Which Greece, or Rome, hath left upon times stage. Mars with Astraea thou alone dost crown, Fury with Faith, Sword with Law, Arms with Gown. If thus the ravening Tyrants thou repress, And galled necks from slavish yoke release: If (justice strange!) thou part the rescued prey, To each his own, purloining nought away: Of foes if willing Subjects thou create, By conquest bettered in their Faith and State; Let Thracia be thy pay, for Almain freed, For Faith restored Rome, shall be thy meed: Let Heaven point at thy birth, serve in thy wars, And blaze thy holy Arms with newborn stars: Be thou the oppressed's Shield, the poors relief, The Saints good Angel, and Christ's Herald chief, Tremble ye guilty Tyrants to come on, Upon the Sword of Christ and Gideon. By Sa: Cr. THE CHRISTIAN PART OF THE KING OF SWEDENS' DISCIPLINE. The first Part. IT is not without a mystery, I suppose, that the old Israelites had an Armoury in their Temple: they would show us, That these two cannot well be parted. And truly, methinks, that a Temple in an Army, is none of the weakest pieces of fortification. How prevalent an Orator, the prayers of devout warriors have been with the Lord of Hosts; the conquests and examples of the same old Israelites, may abundantly inform us. How often hath victory (and that almost visibly too, I am sure, sensibly) come riding down upon the triumphant wings of devout prayer? The Tabernacle carried about by that most Christian Emperor Constantine, where ever his Camp went; and where, in stead of a Temple he celebrated his daily devotions: conquered more, perchance, for him, than ten of his heathen Legions. If Moses prays, whilst josuah fights, Exod. 17. Amalek must needs be dung down. This our most pious Conqueror now, that he might as nearly as might be, resemble that great Hebrew General, that first of the nine Worthies●nd ●nd that ever-glorious Constantine, that first of the Christian Emperors; hath not courage enough (it seems) to adventure himself into the field, till he first be impregnably fortified with this holy Spell, this whole armour of God. Upon the days of the Israelites March, when their Camp in the Wilderness removed, and the Ark of God with it; Moses had prayers then twice a day: at the Rising, namely, and at the Setting down of the Ark again, Num. 10. 35 had Israel a set form of prayer. And that this religious King, might not seem to fight the Lords Battles, without the Lords direction, he hath taken order to have it called for, by most solemn and frequent prayers; twice aday used throughout his whole Leaguer. And that not only when the Camp removes; but when it lies still too: not only before a battle, or a danger (as if he were at Sea) but even when no enemy is at hand; even than he prays too. And not only commands his Army twice a day; but himself, as I hear, uses to set apart many whole days, to his own pious privacy, and his closest devotions: upon which may no man then speak to him, because he than speaks with God. Behold here are two swords; Fight and Praying, and Praying & Fight: thus hath the King of Sweden learned to conquer. It is none of the unpolitikest parts of his Majesty's new Discipline, that I now present you with; which the exemplary piety of that religious Prince, hath taught me to put in the first place of his Discipline; seeing in the following Articles of his civil Discipline, himself gives the first place unto those Articles, which concern God and his service. To cross that Proverbial Verse therefore which says that Soldiers have neither Faith nor Religion in them, I will here afford you some of those Forms of his daily prayer, frequented in every Quarter of his Leaguer, as I find them in the Book called Arma Suecica, Pag 77. ¶ The Prayers. In time of our Necessities, and for the Christian Church. O Almighty and eternal Lord God, who delightest not in the death of a sinner, but wouldst rather that all should live and come to the knowledge of the truth: we humbly entreat thee by thy Christ, thine only Son, our Lord; that thou wouldst please to bestow thy grace upon all faithful Doctors and Teachers; to the intent they may purely and clearly deliver thy Word: and that all such as either hate it, or with false doctrine corrupt it, or by force persecute it; thy teachers may be able manfully to resist; and so enlighten them, that they may bring them to the knowledge of thyself. Grant, merciful Father, thy Holy Spirit unto all Christian and lawful Magistrates, that they may well and peaceably rule their own Subjects; and that under them we all leading a quiet and a blameless life; may with a true faith celebrate the riches of thy grace; and with a constant mind in all holiness and righteousness, as may be pleasing; serve thee the true God and Lord of Lords, through thy only beloved Son jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Another Prayer to the same purpose. Almighty and everlasting God, Creator of Heaven and Earth; we thy poor children, do from the bottom of our hearts in the name of thy beloved Son jesus Christ entreat thee: that by the power of thy Spirit thou wouldst be pleased to direct thine own Christian Church, with all the true servants of it: that with constancy they may cleave unto thy Word; so increasing in faith, hope, charity, and patience unto the end, that they may be saved. Vouchsafe thy divine grace also, unto all Christian Kings, Princes, and Governors; and especially the King our Sovereign Lord: and to all their Counselors and chief Officers; that they may so rule their Subjects, thy people, well and according to thy good pleasure; as that peace, good dealing, and righteousness, may be cherished; troubles, injustice, and all wickedness, may be banished, and quite taken out of the way. Look mercifully upon our enemies, and upon all those that persecute us: cause that both they and we, may seriously repent us of our sins: grant them and us and all the whole Christian world, such a mind to the love of peace, that we may serve thee, O holy God, in all piety and honesty. Comfort, moreover, all those that are afflicted, poor, sick, sorrowful, distressed captives, troubled in mind, those that suffer persecution or temptation; that they may bear the cross patiently, and obtain at last a happy issue out of all their troubles. Bless the fruits of the earth also unto us, for the necessary nourishment of our bodies; and preserve them from all danger and ill weather. And especially be thou present with us in this our expedition; pardon our sins, and mercifully turn away from us these punishments which we have deserved. Keep safe, moreover, our Lord the King from all dangers both of soul and body; preserve all his Captains & Commanders, higher and lower together with his whole Army, and our fellow-soldiers. Grant us, O Lord our God, unanimous and sincere minds, wise direction, happy proceedings, and our desired end, in all our actions and endeavours: So as may best make to the glory of thy holy Name, the quietness, peace, comfort, joy, and happiness, finally, both temporal and eternal; of ourselves, Country, and all these afflicted Christians, which profess the Orthodox and true faith. Show us some token for good, Psal. 86. 17. that they which hate us may see it and be ashamed: because thou Lord hast holpen us, and comforted us. These blessings that thou wouldst vouchsafe unto us, we thy poor children entreat thee humbly, by the death & passion of thy only Son jesus Christ, who liveth and reigneth with thee world without end. Amen. Another Prayer to the same purpose. OMnipotent and eternal God, Father of our Lord jesus Christ, Creator and preserver of all things: most humbly we entreat thee, together with thy beloved Son and holy Spirit, that thou wouldst be pleased to be favourable unto us; even for the merits of thy Son jesus Christ: whom in thy wonderful counsel thou hast given us to be a Sacrifice for our sins, and whom thou hast apppointed to be our Advocate and Mediator; that by Him thou mightest express thy justly conceived anger against the sins of the world; and thy mercies towards us. Sanctify Lord and guide us by thy Holy Spirit: gather, govern, and preserve thy Christian Church; give us thy grace, that according unto what thou hast in thy holy Word prescribed us, we may live holily and unblamedly in this present world. Preserve our Lord the King, The Queen of Swedens' name is Maria Eleonora; sister unto G●orge William, now marquis & Elector of Erandenburg. This young Lady their Daughter being the only child of the King of Sweden, now l●uing, is named Christina: who was by the States of Sweden in the Parliament of Stockholme, An. 1627. received for their Queen, in case the King should dye without other Issue. our sovereign Lady the Queen, their royal Daughter, and all the regal Family, unto the glory of thy Name, and the general comfort and protection of us all. Grant us a good government in the Commonwealth, and whatsoever else is necessary for our well-being; Peace, namely, a happy government, with a good and an honest neighbourhood. Bless, finally, our counsels & our enterprises: and that through jesus Christ our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee and the holy Spirit, one God true and coequal. Amen. Another Prayer to the same purpose. MOst merciful God, and heavenly Father: we give unto thee all thanks for those thy benefits, which until this day thou out of thy Fatherly goodness hast bestowed upon us. And first of all, for that thou hast redeemed us by thy Son, and hast in thy Word revealed him unto us, in whom thou offerest remission of sins, righteousness, and everlasting life, unto all men, that with a penitent heart and true faith embrace it. Preserve we beseech thee pure and uncorrupt, thine own holy Word & Sacraments, in these dangerous times, against all Pereticks and false Teachers. Especially against the Papists: who at this present with many bloody slaughters, and inhuman tyranny, do like ravening Wolves & roaring Lions, undeservedly scatter and devour thy poor Christian flock. Look down O Lord upon the miserable condition of thy people, refrain the insolency of their enemies, hinder thou their bloody purposes, that so they may perceive, that thou thyself fightest for thy holy Church; nor wilt give it for a prey unto them. Next, O Lord, pray we for all those Deputies of thine, to whom thou hast committed the government of the Commonwealth, and the sword of justice. For our own King first of all, whom thou in mercy hast set over us, to be our head and protector: Preserve his Majesty from all perils, as well secret as open: grant prosperity of success unto him: victory and deliverance against the enemies of his person and Kingdom. Defend him, Lord, with the strength of thy right hand in this present and dangerous expedition; which for the safety of his own Kingdom, and for the obtaining of a good Peace, he hath undertaken: and grant that the Wars being brought unto a happy end, both himself and his whole Army, may safely return again into their own Countries. Nor less earnestly do we recommend unto thee our Sovereign Lady the Queen's Majesty, with her royal Daughter: Bless Lord both him and her, and keep them both with thy Fatherly goodness and mercy. We recommend unto thee in like manner the Right Honourable the privy Counselors and chief Magistrates of his Kingdom: so govern and direct them all with thy Holy Spirit; that they may prefer thy glory before all; and with an honest and a good heart, study the prosperity both of King and Kingdom. Pray we also for his Majesty's Army, and Navy, and for all his Mettle mines, and all things else, which may be beneficial unto the Commonwealth, and commodious unto the Subject. Turn away, for thy Christ's sake, what ever may either destroy or endanger them: and give a blessing unto any thing, that may any ways advance the truth of our Religion, and our Country in general. Look favourably, O heavenly Father, upon all the Professors of the same true religion with us; who being sorely at this present oppressed by the Papists, suffer the loss both of their lives and fortunes: Secure them, Lord, that they may be delivered from these troubles. Keep us in health from the noisome pestilence, from sudden and unhappy death; from dearth, famine, scar-fires, mutinies, disagreements amongst ourselves, and from hail and tempest. Infuse into our heart's concord, faithfulness, and mutual charity. Comfort all those that are afflicted, sick, in prison or calamity. Succour and comfort all widows and fatherless, women with child, and that give suck. Be thou guide unto all those that travel either by land or by water: that they walking in thy right paths, and having prosperously dispatched their own business, may safely return at length unto their own families. Deliver us, Lord God, from all evil: and when our fatal hour of death shall come, mercifully receive us into thy Kingdom: translate our souls out of this vale of misery, into thy heavenly Paradise, where we may laud and praise thee for it, world without end, Amen. II. A Prayer for forgiveness of sins. O Lord God, heavenly Father, who delightest not in the death of a sinner, nor wouldst that he should perish, but that he should be converted and live: we humbly entreat of thee, mercifully to turn from us those punishments which our sins have deserved: and that thou wouldst be pleased in plentiful manner to bestow thy mercy upon us, through jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Another Prayer to the same purpose. O Well-beloved Lord jesus Christ, have mercy upon us miserable sinners, and look with the eyes of compassion upon us, as thou sometimes didst upon Mary Magdalene, that penitent sinner, when lying at thy feet, she from the bottom of her heart sincerely bewailed her own transgressions: and the Publican in the Temple when he smote upon his breast, and implored thy favour: and the Thief upon the Cross when he entreated and obtained thy pardon. Lord grant us to receive the same this day from thee: absolve thou us in Heaven, forgive us our sins, O God, thou author of all comfort. Cast us not away from thy presence; but cause us so to walk in thy fear, that in faith and love we may serve and please thee, through jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. III. For Peace and Concord. Give peace, in our time, O Lord: because there is no other that fighteth for us, but only thou O God. Give peace unto our King, and all other Princes: direct them rightly to govern the Commonwealth: and grant that under them we may live a quiet and a peaceable life, in all piety and honesty. Amen. Another. O Lord God heavenly Father, from whom all courage of mind, good counsaylt, and just works do proceed; give unto thy servants that peace which the world cannot give: that both our hearts may depend upon thy Commandments; and also that being safe under thy protection, we may pass our time in rest and quietness, through jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Another. O Almighty and eternal God, King of glory and Lord of Heaven and Earth; by whose Spirit all things are governed, and by whose beck and providence all things are directed: thou only art the God of peace, from whom all peace and concord do proceed: we humbly beseech thee to forgive us our sins, and to give us thy holy peace and true concord: that in thy fear we may serve thee, and for ever laud & praise thee: who together with the Son and Holy Ghost livest and reignest one true and eternal God. Amen. IV. For the King. Almighty God, heavenly Father, for jesus Christ thy beloved Son we beseech thee, favourably to look down upon our King: guide him with thy holy Spirit: keep him with a guard of thine Angels, against all dangers both of soul and body: keep him safely from all misfortunes: so bring it to pass, that by the expedition which he now makes, we may be delivered from our enemies; and that by his safe return, we being made joyful; may from thenceforth laud, honour, and praise thee, world without end. Amen. Another. THe King shall rejoice in thy strength, O Lord: Psal. 21. exceeding glad shall he be of thy salvation. Thou hast given him his heart's desire● and not denied him the request of his lips▪ For thou hast filled him with the best of thy blessings; and hast set a Crown of pure gold upon his head▪ He asked life of thee, and thou gavest him a long life, even for ever and ever▪ His honour is great in thy salvation glory and great worship hast thou laid upon him. For thou hast filled him with all kind o● blessings for ever; and thou shalt make him glad with the joy of thy countenance. Psal. 20. 1. Hear him Lord in the time of trouble, let thy Name set him in a safe place. Send him help from the Sanctuary, and strengthen him out of 〈◊〉 Remember also all his offerings; and accept his burnt Sacrifice. Grant him his hearts desire, and fulfil all his mind, Help Lord thine ●nointed, and hear him from thy Sanctuary, through jesus Christ▪ Amen. Another. GRant peace, O God, unto our King and all his Officers, well to govern the Commonwealth: that under them we may lead a Christian, a quiet, and a peaceable life, in all devotion, and in honesty, Amen. Another. O Eternal and merciful God, heavenly Father, that hast the hearts of all Kings in thy hands, and bowest them which way thou pleasest; so bring it to pass that by this troublesome war, the means of making a good agreement, and of establishing a sure peace, may be found out: all heartburning, offences, and dissension removed. Thou from whom all help in earth cometh, help us; that so we may live peaceably▪ and quietly in all devotion and honesty. We have, to confess the truth, plucked down all thy plagues, upon ourselves, by our sinfulness, faultiness, and transgressions. But rebuke us not in thine anger, neither chasten us in thy heavy displeasure. Correct us, to amend us, but not utterly to destroy us. Enlighten our eyes, that we sleep not in death. Return at length, and be gracious unto us: satisfy us with thy goodness, that we may rejoice & be glad all the days of our life▪ Comfort us according to the time thou hast afflicted us; and the years wherein we have suffered adversity. Remember not our former iniquities. Have mercy upon us, and that soon; for we are brought very low. Help us, O God our helper, for the honour of thy Name▪ Deliver us and forgive us our sins, for thy Names sake; because thou art the Lord, the highest above all the world: thou art long-suffering, of great goodness, and gracious: nor art thou prone unto anger and to vengeance; seeing to those that repent, thou hast promised remission of all their sins. So shall we thy people, and the sheep of thy pasture, give thee thanks for ever, and will speak of thy praise from generation to generation. Amen. V. Against all evil. O Lord God, heavenly Father, that despisest not the sighing of the miserable, nor the desire of such as be afflicted; mercifully hear our prayers which we make before thee in these our necessities: and grant that those evils which the Devil or man worketh against us, be brought to nought, and that by the providence of thy goodness, they may be dispersed: that we being hurt by no persecution, may give thee thanks in thy holy Church, and praise thee evermore for the same, through jesus Christ thy Son our Lord. Amen. Another Prayer. O Lord God heavenly Father, who well knowest, that by reason of our humane frailty we are not able of ourselves to subsist in so many dangers: grant such strength unto us both of soul and body, that whatsoever doth vex or trouble us by reason of our sins, we may by thine assistance be able to overcome, through jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Another. Almighty and eternal God, which out of thine own mere mercy hast called us miserable sinners unto the knowledge of thyself in jesus Christ; we from the bottom of our hearts entreat thee, to govern us by thy Holy Spirit, and to guard us by thy holy Angels; that neither the Devil, or naughty people, no nor the wickedness of our own sinful flesh, may thrust us headlong into security, or to the leading of a wicked life, to the offence of our brethren: but that being by thee delivered out of all their snares, we may have thee always before our eyes, love thee above all, and our neighbour as ourselves: profiting thereby in faith, charity, hope, and patience; until the coming of our blessed Saviour jesus Christ, to deliver us out of all these evils, with which we have a daily conflict here in this world; and to translate us unto joys celestial: To whom with thee and the Holy Ghost, be all honour and glory world without end. Amen. VI Against our enemies. O Lord jesus Christ, Son of the living God; thou only art the true Soldier and Captain, the Lord mighty in Battle: Behold, thine enemy's rage mightily, and those that hate thee rise up against us: they take subtle counsel together against thy people, and lay their heads together against thy secret ones. Go too, say they, let us cut them off that they be no more a people, & that the name of Israel may be blotted out. For we put not our trust in our own strength; for we know, that there is no King that can be saved by the multitude of an Host; Psal. 33. 15. neither is any mighty man delivered by much strength. An horse is counted but a vain thing to save a man; neither shall be deliver any man by his great strength: but our trust is in thee, that art our refuge, and a Tower of defence against our enemies. Thou being our Captain, Psal. 18. 29. we shall discomfit an Host of men; and with the help of our God, we shall leap over the wall. Thou being our aid, we shall do famous exploits; thou art able to beat our enemies to dust: they compass us about; but in thy name we will destroy them: they come about us like Bees, & smoke against us like fire among thorns; but in thy Name we will destroy them. Thou overthrewest Pharaoh and his Host in the red Sea; thou constreynedst Senacherib to turn again into his own Country: thou overthrewest proud Haman; and threwest own the haughty Holofernes. So Lord deal with our enemies: do unto them as thou didst unto the Madianites, and as unto Sisera and jabin at the brook Kison. Make their Princes like Oreb and Zeb; and their Leaders like unto Zeba and Salmana. Let the mischief which they prepare for others, fall upon their own heads; and their wickedness upon their own pates. So shall we sing of thy power, and praise thy goodness betimes in the morning▪ For thou God art our Protector, & our refuge in all our necessities. Amen. A Prayer of King Asa, 2 Chron. 14. 11 etc. AS A cried unto the Lord his God, and said; Lord, it is nothing with thee, to help, whether with many, or with them that have no power. Help us O Lord our God, for we rest on thee, and in thy name w● go against this multitude. O Lord thou art our God, let not man prevail against us. A Prayer of judas Macchabaeus unto his Soldiers, 1 Macchab 4. 8▪ THen said judas to the men that were with him, Fear ye not their multitude, neither be ye afraid of their assault. Remember how our Fathers were delivered in the red Sea, when Pharaoh pursued them with an Army. Now therefore let us cry unto Heaven, if peradventure the Lord will have mercy upon us, and remember the Covenant of our Fathers, and destroy this Host before our face this day▪ That so all the Heathen may know, that there is one, who delivereth and saveth Israel. A Prayer of Luther for Soldiers, found in the 3. Tom of the Edition at jena, fol. 330. HEavenly Father, here am I by thy divine will in this external calling, under the Command of my General, first to serve thee, as is fitting; and then for thee to obey my Captain I give due thanks unto thy goodness and mercy, that thou hast called me unto this condition, and set me about that work, which I assuredly know to be no sin, but a right action, and a service acceptable unto thy will. And for that I have learned out of thy saving Word, that our own good works do not profit us for the meriting of salvation; and that no man is saved for that he is a Soldier, but for that he is a Christian; I will not therefore put my confidence in this work and service of mine: but what ever I do, I will do it with a good will, as to do thee a service: and I out of the bottom of my heart believe, that I am redeemed and saved, only by the innocent blood of thy beloved Son, my Lord jesus Christ, which according to thy will, he shed for me upon the Altar of the Cross. In this belief I resolve to stand, in this will I live and dye; for this do I now fight and take pains: O Lord God, heavenly Father, preserve and increase this faith in me, through thy Holy Spirit. Amen. Against the Plague, and other noisome Diseases. A Almighty God, Lord and Father of all grace and consolation, have mercy upon us, and upon thy Christian people. Consume us not in thy fury by this contagious pestilence: but as in the time of David thou commandest the destroying Angel to hold his hand, and give over killing: so cause, O most gracious Lord, this terrible rod of thine anger to cease from us, and not to destroy thine afflicted people. Strengthen us with the wholesome power of thy Word, that we may be healthy both in soul & body; that we may laud & praise thee here on earth for a time, and for ever in the Heavens. O Lord jesus Christ, secure us in this sickly time, for those bitter pains that for our sakes thou sometimes enduredst: make intercession for us with thy heavenly Father: defend us against the heavy wrath of God; forgive us our trespasses; give thine innocency unto us. Call to mind in this grievous plague-time, how much our Redemption cost thee, and suffer not that thy bloodshed for us, to be lost, or become in vain. O Holy Ghost, vouchsafe thou to descend sweetly into our languishing hearts▪ refresh thou and recreate our souls. And if it so fall out that this plague strike us also, then take thou the cure of our souls in that hour, in which we must depart out of this life: lay us in the most sweet bosom of Christ our Redeemer, that we may be there partakers of eternal joy and quietness. Fulfil all thy most sweet promises in us, which are in thy Word made unto us. Take from us all unbelief, doubting, and impatience: make us ever ready to obey the will of God, even thou, who with the Father and the Son, livest one God world without end. Amen. Of forgiveness of Sins: and of the Lords Supper. O Good Lord jesus Christ: I am no way able either in words or thought, sufficiently to make expression of thy great love, which thou hast declared towards me, at such time as thou receivedst me miserable sinner into grace, and hast made me to eat and drink of thy true body and blood, unto everlasting life. Accept in the mean time this sacrifice of Thanksgiving of my heart and mouth, which in this mortal body I am able to pay unto thee; until I come home unto thee, where I shall for ever praise thee. Give thy Holy Spirit unto me, who may teach me to know how much good thou hast already wrought in me: that so in faith, charity, hope, & patience, I may begin to lead a new life; unto thy praise, mine own amendment, and the good of my neighbour. Grant this for the merit of thy precious blood, and the redemption which thou thereby hast made. Amen. And these be some of those devout prayers, with which this most pious Prince teaches his Army, to call upon the Lord of Hosts and Victory. Now unto these good prayers, let all religious Readers that wish well unto this King; add this or the like, for a close unto the rest. The Lord hear thee in the time of trouble, and the name of the God of jacob defend thee; be unto thee a Shield, and Buckler, against thine enemies: arm thee with the sword of Gideon: and the Lord of Hosts go forth with thine Armies: that the Victories which God shall give thee, may bring freedom and justice unto the innocent and oppressed, enlargement to Religion, liberty to Germany: and the benefits of a sweet and a lasting peace unto all Christendom. This grant us for the Prince of Peace his sake, jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. ANd now that you may know that the King of Sweden doth not only enjoin others to pray, but that in his own person he practices these devotions by himself; I will here subjoin you two several prayers, conceived, no doubt, in his owns more private and premeditated consideration; and uttered in public, and extempore, as it seemed. The first was at his Majesty's first landing upon the coasts of Germany; where so soon as ever he out of his long boat set his foot upon the dry Land, he thus by prayer and thanksgiving, in God's Name took possession of the Country; himself whilst his men were landing, stepping a little aside, and before them all, upon his knees, uttering these words of devotion. O most great God, that commandest what ever thou pleasest both in heaven, and earth, and in the surging Seas: what thankfulness am I now bound to render unto thee, for that thou hast preserved me thus safely, in all this so perilous a voyage? Again and again do I from the very bottom of my heart and soul, give thanks unto thee: and here I humbly beseech thee, that seeing, as thou very well knowest, I have not undertaken this expedition for any private end of mine own, but only for thine honour's sake; and to be some comfort and assistance unto thine afflicted Church: so (if so be the time which thyself hast apppointed, be already come) thou wouldst now be pleased to favour and bless me hereafter also: and that, especially, thou wouldst send me a fair wind and a prosperous; that the Army yet left behind, which out of so many people and Nations I have gathered together; I may with joyful eyes shortly here behold, and with a happy beginning promote with them the glory of thy holy name. Amen. When his Counsellors and Commanders than next his person, saw their devout King thus on the bare ground upon his knees; and heard with what a fervency of spirit he uttered these devotions; an inward comfort and an holy joy they took at it, wrought more with them than their enemies could yet ever do; that is, even forced, and pressed tears out of their manly eyes. This his pious Majesty then perceiving, Forbear to weep, says he to them, but heartily conjoin your prayers with me: for the greater the army of prayers is, the greater and more assured shall the victory be. He that prays diligently, hath in part overthrown the enemy already, and already gotten the victory. Thus having said, he out of two hundred long boats lands his men, then on the shores side, and then sends them to his ships to fetch more: and God so heard him, and the wind so favoured him; that according to his former prayers, his whole Army very shortly, and very safely arrived. I will not here compare this prayer of this pious and victorious Prince, unto that of the great josuah; at whose request the Sun stood still, as the wind here did at his: but that you may see that God did indeed hear the prayers of this King too; I will now give you a more eminent example of it. The Papists, had one of theirs done it, would undoubtedly have cried out, A miracle: and well they might: for few such they have, but I will only think of it, as of a present and a visible blessing sent from that great God, to whom the winds and the Seas obeyed. And thus it was. The King a little after this, having a design upon Stetin; and his Army now ready upon the shore, and his boats ready upon the River to embark them; the wind, behold, was contrary, and so had been for some days before. This the King observing, turning a little aside, he before his Army with bended knees, and hands lift up to Heaven, uttered these words. O thou most just God full well thou knowest, that this enterprise I did not at first undertake, out of any rashness, or ambition, but for the glory of thy most holy Name, and the defence of the truth of thy Word: here, therefore, now call I upon thy Godhead, and most humbly do I beseech thee; that with the air of thy favour, and with a prosperous wind, thou wouldst vouchsafe to breath upon this my undertaking. Amen. No sooner was this prayer ended, but the wind suddenly, as a man might say, chopped about, and swelled the Swedish sails with so hard a gale, that the whole Fleet passing the Swing, or arm of the Oder, was in two hours' space run full six German miles (twenty of ours perchance if not more) and all on the sudden, when they were little looked for, came to an Anchor within an English mile of Stetin, to the great admiration of the beholders, and the greater defeat of the hopes and purposes of the Imperialists; who had a design within two days after, to have laid siege to the same Town, had not God thus miraculously prevented them. And thus much, though I now give you, out of a Latin Copy; yet, to confess the truth, did I in the writing of my former Book, find mentioned in one of the weekly Currantoes: how that the King's Fleet was by a strong and a sudden Northerly wind, strangely advanced through the Oder, even to the very walls of the City. But this I durst not then write, upon the bare credit of a common Coranto; nor durst I with this wind (though a strong one it were) adventure to stem the tide of popular opinion; which I found not only to run against, but (to use the language of the Sea) with a stiff currant strongly to be set against the credit of these weekly Currantoes. Which wariness of mine, made me indeed to leave out many notable particulars, which I since find reported, in the Book called Ar●● Suecica. God Almighty, that hath so graciously both heard and granted, these two prayers of this pious King; hear all the rest also: both those that himself makes, and what other good Christians make likewise for him. And those Englishmen that will not, I wish they would say Amen unto it. FINIS. THE SECOND PART of the Swedish Discipline: Containing those Orders, and Articles of War, which have been commanded by the King of Sweden, to be under their several Penalties observed in his Majesty's Camp, Garrisons, or elsewhere. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS By the Grace of God King of the Swedens' Goths and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland Duke of Esthonia and Carelia, and Lord of Ingria, etc. Whereas the exactness of Ancient Discipline and justice is now almost utterly forgotten: and in place thereof many strange and enormous abuses, crept in amongst our soldiers: We therefore taking the matter into our tender care and consideration; will by the assistance of Almighty God endeavour to do our uttermost, both for the reducing of the said form of Discipline, and the rooting out the same abuses, using to that purpose the way of gentleness and admonition unto some; and resolving to take the course and strictness of justice unto others That therefore our soldiers may the better be trained up to the right use and handling of their Arms, so as may best enable them for our service and defence of our native Country: and that every man in like manner, may the better eschew what may fall out to be inconvenient: We have once again overseen our former Articles of wars, calling our from thence these following Articles; which we have thought most fit and expedient, both for our service and their ordering. Straight willing or commanding ●ll our soldiers, both natives of our Kingdom aswell as Strangers, serving both on Horse and Foot; that from the time of their coming into our service, they do duly and obediently observe these following Articles: unto which, if any upon presumption do the contrary, he shall be Punished as here after followeth. 1 Sing therefore that all our welfare and prosperity, proceedeth from Almighty God; and that it is all men's duty to fear and serve him above all: We straight hereby charge all manner of Persons whatsoever, that they by no meaves use any kind of Idolatry, Witchcraft, or Enchanting of Arms, by Devil's enchantment any manner of way whatsoever. And if any herein be found faulty he shall be proceeded against according to God's law and the Swedens': And so much as the law in that case enjoineth, shallbe put in execution against them. And it is further provided, that such manner of Malefactors shall by no means be suffered to come in Company with any soldiers whatsoever. 2 If any shall blaspheme the name of God, either drunk or sober; and the thing be by 2. or 3. witnesses proved against him, he shall be put to death without all mercy. 3 If any shall presume to deride or scorn God's word or Sacraments, and be taken in the fault; they shall forthwith be convented before the Consistory or Commission Ecclesiastical, to be in presence of the Commissioners examined: by whom if he be found guilty and condemned; he shall lose his head without all mercy. But if the words by him so uttered, were spoken out of haste or unadvisedness; he shall for the first offence be put in Irons for 14. days: And give unto the next hospital one half Months pay. After which if he presume again, he shallbe shot to death. 4 He who in his anger shall swear by the name of God, and be taken therewith; whither it were done in hastiness or not, or otherwise in the executing of his office: he shall forfeit half a Months pay unto the poor. In like manner, if any be in time of Prayers found drinking, or at any other evil exercise, the shall give one half months pay unto the next Hospital, and at the next Preaching or Prayers that is, he shall be brought upon his knees in the midst of all the Congregation, there to crave pardon of Almighty God; and so continue the whole time of Divine service and Sermon. This shall the Minister see executed. 5 And to the end that God's word be by no means neglected, our will is, that public Prayers be every day said both morning and Evening throughout our whole leaguer. For which purpose, shall some token or warning be given by our General; and in his absence by our Marshal of the Field, or other chief officer. Which token or warning, shall be made by sound of trumpet, playing the tune of some Psalm: unto which the other trumpeters shall likewise answer in the tune of a Psalm: and so shall the Drummers of every Regiment. Then shall every Priest or Minister in our Army say Public Prayers in his own Quarter. 6 Whatsoever Minister shall neglect his time of Prayer (except by sickness or other lawful occasion he be hindered) he shall for every absence forfeit one half months pay unto the next Hospital. 7 Whatsoever soldier shall neglect the time of Prayers, & is therefore once, twice, or thrice admonished by his Captain, he shall lie in prison▪ 24. hours: except he had a lawful occasion to be absent. 8 If any Minister shallbe found drunken at such time as he should preach or re●de Prayers; he shall for the second offence be gravely advised by 〈◊〉 Consistory or Commission to forsake his sin; but if he be found drunken the third time, he shallbe put out of the Leaguer. 9 Every Holiday, or every Sunday at least, shallbe kept solemn with Preaching; to be holden in the fittest place for such a purpose. This also to be done twice every week if the time will permit. If there be any Holidays to come in the following week; the Minister shall after such Sermon or Prayers publicly bid them. Who so shall neglect the time apppointed, unless he have some lawful let or occasion; shallbe punished as aforesaid. 10 All Merchants and Sellers of Commodities whatsoever: so soon as they hear the token or call to be given shall immediately shut up their doors, and so keep them during the said time of Prayers and of Sermon. They that presume in that season to sell any thing; shall make forfeit of all things so sold: whereof the one half to go to the General, and the other half to the next Hospital. Over and above which, the offender shall for one whole day be put into prison. 11 All drink and feastings shall in the time of Prayers be given over, upon pain of punishment as is before mentioned in the 17. Article. If any soldier herein offend, he shall forfeit 3. Rustics to the poor: and if he be an officer, he shall forfeit what shallbe awarded. 12 For the explaining of this former Article: if there be none to complain of these abuses, then shall the Minister himself give notice thereof unto the Colonel or Captain: and if he shall suffer such abuses to go unpunished, then shall he give the General notice thereof, who shall do him right. 13 All Priests and Ministers that are to be in our Camp or Leaguer, shallbe appointed by the Bishop of the same Diocese or Land from whence the Soldiers come, whom he is to be among. No Colonel nor Captain shall take what Minister he shall think good, but shallbe content with whom the Bishop shall appoint him. 14 To the intent that all Church business, as well in the Field as otherwhere, may have an orderly proceeding; we ordain, that there be one Ecclesiastical Consistory or Commission in our Leaguer. The Precedent or chief person whereof shallbe our own Minister when we ourselves, are personally present in the field. In our absence, shall the chief Minister to our General, be the man. His fellow Commissioners or ordinary Assessors, shallbe the chief Ministers to every Regiment of Horse and Foot: unto whom we give full power and authority, to be judges in all Church affairs: according to the Law of God and the Holy Church. What shallbe by them decreed, shallbe of as great force and strength, as if it were determined in any other Consistory whatsoever. 15 No Captain shall have liberty to take in any Minister: without the consent of his Colonel, and of the Consistory: neither shall he again discharge any, but by permission of the Consistory; he having there first showed. that Minister not to be worthy of his charge. 16 If any Minister be found ill inclined unto Drunkenness or otherwise; then may his Colonel or Captain of Horse or Foot, complain of him in the Consistory: and if his fellow-Ministers find him guilty; then may they discharge him of his place. In such complaints, shall the whole Consistory and the Precedent, severely also reprehend him; that others of the same calling may thereby take example, be warned of such gross errors, and give good example unto others. 17 And now, in like manner, as all our soldiers have made Oath to be unto us true and obedient: so also shall they observe this following Article, hold up their hands, and swear as followeth. The Oath of all Under-officers of Horse or Foot. I. N. N. Do here promise and swear, that unto the High and mighty King Gustavus, as also unto the Crown of Sweden, I will be a true and a faithful servant and soldioru: every manner of way performing my best endeavour for his Majesty's service, and the profit of his Kingdom. To my power also shall I hinder all actions prejudicial unto his Crown: and if I have tidings of any thing likely to be prejudicial, I shall give his Majesty present notice thereof; or some one or other of his Council. Moreover I will do my best endeavour to observe all these his Majesty's Articles of wars. Also, I shall behave myself manfully in battle, skirmishes, and entryes of breaches, aswell by Water as by Land, in all times and places, when and where I shall be commanded. I shall also keep watch and ward, and do all other duties willingly, unto the best profit of his Majesty and his Kingdom; wheresoever I shall be commanded, either by Land, or Water. Also, I shall bear myself obediently towards my superior Officers, in all that they command me for his Majesty's service. In like manner, as I shall answer it before God and every honest man, I shall not fly from my Colours or Token whatsoever, that I am commanded to follow; so long as I am able to go after them: and I shall be willing to do this at all times; and by no mea●●● absent myself from them at any time. I shall lay down my 〈◊〉 ●nd goods for the advancing of his Majesty's service, 〈…〉 all miseries that can possibly fall out in the wars: 〈…〉 ●●●fully to the very last; so far forth as I am able, or that any true soldier ought to do. Furthermore, if hereafter I be put into any place of charged by his Majesty; I shall do my best endeavour fairly to discharge my duty therein: so as I ought to do according to my place. This Oath shall I well and truly keep, as the Lord of Heaven and Earth shall help my soul at the last judgement. 18 All at this time present, or hereafter to come into our service, shallbe bound to keep these following Articles: aswell in the Field, as in any Fort or Work whatsoever, where they shallbe commanded. 19 For that no Government can stand firmly, unless it be first rightly grounded; and that the laws be rightly observed: We the King of Sweden do hereby make known unto all our soldiers and subjects, noble and others; that in our presence they presume not to do any unseemly thing: but that every one give Us our due honour, as we ought to receive. Who presumes to do the contrary, shallbe punished at our pleasure. 20 Next, shall our Officers and soldiers be obedient unto our General and Feild-Marshal, with other our Officers next under them, in whatsoever they shall command, belonging unto our service: Upon pain of punishment as followeth. 21 Whosoever behaves not himself obediently unto our great General or our Ambassador commanding in our absence's, as well as if we ourselves were there in person present; shallbe kept in Irons or in prison, until such time as he shallbe b●ought to his answer before a Council of war: where being found guilty; whether it were wilfully done, or not; he shall stand to the Order of the Court, to lay what punishment upon him they shall think convenient, according as the person and fact is. 22 And if any shall offer to discredit these great officers by word of mouth or otherwise and not be able by prooses to make it good, he shallbe put to death without mercy. 23 Whosoever offers to lift up any manner of Arms against them, whether he does them hurt or not, shallbe punished by death. 24 If any offers to strike them with his hand, whether he hit or miss, he shall lose his right hand. 25 If it so falls out, that our great General in any Feast, drinking, or otherwise, does offer injury to any Knight, Gentleman or other, which stands not with their honour to put up: then may they complain to the Commissioners for the Council of War; where he shall answer them, and be censured by them, according to the quality and importance of the fact. 26 As it is here spoken of our General; so also is it of all other our great officers; as Field-marshal, General of the Ordnance, General of the Horse, Sergeant Major General, Quartermaster General, and Muster Master: all which, if they commit any such offence, through Envy or other by-respect; they shall answer it before the Court of War, as is before mentioned. 27 As every officer and soldier, aught to be obedient unto our General and other Great officers; so shall they in the under-regiments be unto their Colonel Leiftenant-Colonell, Sergeant Major, and Quartermaister: upon pain of the said punishment aforementioned. 28 If any soldier or, officers serving either on Foot or on Horseback, shall offer any wrong or abuse unto his superior officer, either by word or deed; or shall refuse any duty commanded him, tending unto our service: he shallbe punished according to the importance of the fact. 29 If any Colonel, Leiftenant-Colonell, Sergeant Major, or Quarter Master, shall command any thing not belonging unto our service; he shall answer to the complaint before the Court. 30 In like manner, if any Inferior officer, either of Horse or Foot, shall for their own particular end, command any thing that is not right: they shall answer the complaint as is aforesaid. 31 If any Inferior officer either of Horse or Foot, does challenge anyommon soldier to be guilt●y of any dishonest action; the soldier finding himself guiltless, may lawfully call the said officer to make proof of his words before the Court, as his equal. 32 If any soldier either of Horse or Foot,, shall offer to strike his officer, that shall command him any duty for our service; he shall first lose his hand, and be then turned out of the Quarter. And if it be done in any Fort or beleaguered place, after the watch is set, he shall lose his life for it. 33 And if he does hurt to any of them, whither it be in the field, or not, he shall be shot to death. 34 If any such thing fall out within the compass of the Leaguer or the place of Garrison, in any of the soldiers lodgings where many of them meet together; the matter shallbe enquired into by the officers of the Regiment; that the beginner of the fray may be punished according to desert. 35 He, who in the presence of our General shall draw his sword, with purpose to do mischief with it; shall lose his hand for it. 36 He who shall in anger draw his sword while his Colours are flying, either in battle, or upon the march; shallbe shot to death. If it be done in any strength or fortified place, he shall lose his hand, and be turned out of the quarter. 37 He who shall once presume to draw his sword upon the place where any Court of justice is holden, while it is holden▪ shall lose his life for it. 38 He that draws his sword in any strength or Fort, to do mischief therewith, after the watch is set, shall lose his life for it. 39 No man shall hinder the Provost Martial General, his Lieutenant or servants, when they are to execute any thing that is for our service: who does the contrary shall lose his life for it. 40 Leave is given unto the Provost Martial General to apprehend all whatsoever that offends against these our Articles of war. All other offenders he may likewise apprehend, by his own Authority. 41 If the Provost Martial General shall apprehend any man by his own Authority; he may keep him either in prison or in Irons: but by no means do execution upon him after the Court of war is ended, without first giving the General notice thereof. 42 The Provost Marshals of every Regiment, have also the same privilege under their own Regiment & Company that the Provost Martial General hath in the Leaguer. 43 Every Sergeant Major commanding in the whole Leaguer what appertaineth to his office; shallbe obeyed by every man with his best endeavour. 44 Whatsoever is to be published or generally made known, shallbe proclaimed by sound of Drum and trumpet; that no man may pretend ignorance in it: they who after that shall be found disobedient, shallbe punished according to the quality of the fact. 45 No soldier shall think himself too good to work upon any piece of Fortification, or other place, where they shallbe commanded for our service; upon pain of punishment 46 Whosoever shall do his Majesty's business slightly or lazily; shall first ride the wooden Horse, and lie in prison after that with Bread and Water: according as the fact shallbe adjudged more or less heinous. 47 All Officers shall diligently see that the soldiers ply their work, when they are commanded so to do: he that neglects his duty therein, shallbe punished according to the discretion of the Court. 48 All soldiers ought duly to honour and obey their Officers; and especially, being by them commanded upon our service: but if at any time they can on the contrary discover, that they are commanded upon a service which is to our prejudice any manner of way: then shall that soldier not obey him, what charge soever he receives from him: but presently give notice of it. 49 No Colonel nor Captain shall command his soldiers to do any unlawful thing: which who so does, shallbe punished according to the discretion of the judges. Also, if any Colonel or Captain, or other Officer whatsoever, shall by rigour take any thing away from any common soldier, he shall answer for it before the Court. 50 No man shall go any other way in any Leaguer whatsoever, but the same common way laid out for every man, upon pain of punishment. 51 No man shall presume to make any Alarm in the Quarter, or to shoot off his Musket in the night time, upon pain of Death. 52 He that when warning is given for the setting of the watch by sound of Drum, Fife, or Trumpet, shall wilfully absent himself without some lawful excuse; shall be punished with the wooden Horse, and be put to Bread and Water, or other penance, as the matter is of importance. 53 He that is taken sleeper upon the watch, either in any strength, Trench, or the like; shall be shot to Death. 54 He that comes off his watch where he is commanded to keep his Guard; or drinks himself drunk upon his watch, or place of Sentinel, shallbe shot to Death. 55 He that at the sound of Drum or Trumpet, repairs not to his Colours; shallbe clapped in Irons. 56 When any march is to be made, every man that is sworn shall follow his Colours: who ever presumes without leave to stay behind, shall be punished. 57 And if it be upon mutiny that they do it, be they many, or be they few; they shall die for it. 58 Who ever runs from his Colours, be he native or foreigner; and does not defend them to the uttermost of his power, so long as they be in danger, shall suffer death for it. 59 Every man is to keep his own rank and fly upon the march, and not to put othres from their order, nor shall any Man cast himself behind or set himself upon any waggon or horseback: the offenders to be punished according to the time and place. 60 He that runs from his Colours in the field, shall die for it: and if any of his Comrades kill him in the mean time, he shall be free. 61 What ever Regiment shall first charge the Enemy, and retire afterward from them, before they come to dint of sword with them, shall answer it before our highest Marshal Court. 62 And if the thing be occasioned by any Officer; he shall be publicly disgraced for it, and then turned out of the Leaguer. 63 But if both Officers and Soldiers be found faulty alike; then shall the Officers be punished as aforesaid: If it be in the Soldiers alone, then shall every tenth man be hanged: The rest shall be condemned to carry all the filth out of the Leaguer, until such time as they perform some exploit, that is worthy to procure their pardon: after which time they shall be clear of the former disgrace. But if at the first, any man can by the testimony of ten men prove himself not guilty of the Cowardice, he shall go free. 64 When any occasion of service is, he that first runs away, if any man kill him, he shall be free. And if at that time he escape, and be apprehended afterward, he shall be proclaimed Traitor, and then put out of the quarter, after which whosoever killeth him, shall never be called to account for it. 65 If any occasion be to enter any Castle, Town, or 〈◊〉 by assault or breach, he who retires from the place before 〈◊〉 hath been at handy-blowes with the enemy and hath used 〈◊〉 sword, so far as it is possible for him to do service with it 〈◊〉 before he be by main strength beaten off by the enemy shallbe so punished as the Court shall censure him. 66 Whatsoever Ensign bearer shall fly out of any place of battery sconce or redoubt before he hath endured● assaults, & receives no relief; shall be punished as before▪ Whatsoever Regiment, troop or Company, is the beginner of any mutiny; shallbe punished as is aforementioned. The first Author to dye for it, and the next consenter; to be punished according to the discretion of the Court. 68 Whatsoever Regiment, Troop, or Company refuses to advance forward to charge the Enemy: but out of fear and cowardice stays behind their fellows, shallbe punished, as before. 69 If any Regiment, Troop, or Company, shall fly out of the Field or Battle; then shall they 3. several times, (●6. weeks being betwixt every time,) answer for it before the Court. And if there it can be proved that they have done ill, and have broken their Oath; they shallbe Proclaimed Traitors, and all their Goods shallbe confiscated; whither they be present to answer it before the Court or not. If they be absent, they shallbe allotted so many days as we shall appoint them, for liberty to come in to answer it before the Court: where if they clear themselves, well & good: if not, they shall have so many days to retire themselves: after which if they be apprehended, then shall they be punished according as the Court shall doom them. 70 Whatsoever Regiment, Troop, or Company, shall treat with the Enemy, or enter into any conditions with them whatsoever, (without our leave, or our Generals, or chief Commander in his absence) whatsoever officer shall do the same, shallbe put to death for it, and all his goods shallbe confiscated. Of the Soldiers every tenth man shallbe hanged; and the rest punished, as is aforesaid. 71 Whosoever presuming to do the same, & shallbe taken therewith; shallbe proceeded withal like those that fly out of the Field. Their Goods also shallbe confiscate. 72 If any that then were in company of such, can free themselues from being partakers in the crime, and can prove that they did their best to resist it, then shall they be rewarded by us, according as the matter is of importance. 73 They that give over any strength unto the Enemy, unless it be for extremity of hunger, or want of Ammunition: the Governor, with all the Officers shall dye for it; all the soldiers be lodged without the Quarter without any Colours; be made to carry out all the filth of the Leaguer: thus to continue, until some noble exploit by them performed, shall promerite pardon for their former cowardice. 74 Whatsoever soldiers shall compel any Governor to give up any strength, shall lose their life for it. Those, either Officers or soldiers that consent unto it, to be thus punished: the Officers to dye all: and of the soldiers every tenth man to be hanged. But herein their estate shallbe considered: if they already suffered famine, and want of necessaries for their life; and be withal out of hope to be relieved; and are so pressed by the enemy, that of necessity they must within a short time give up the Piece, endangering their lives thereby without all hope of relief: herein shall our General with his Council of War, either clear them, or condemn them, according to their merit. 75 If any numbers of soldiers shall without leave of their Captain assemble together, for the making of any convention, or taking of any Council amongst themselves, so many inferior Officers as be in company with them; shall suffer death for it; and the soldiers be so punished, as they that give up any strength. Also, at no time shall they have liberty to hold any meeting amongst themselves; neither shall any Captain permit it unto them: he that presumes to suffer them, shall answer it before our highest Court. 76 If any being brought in question amongst others, shall call for help of his own nation or of others; with intention rather to be revenged, then to defend himself, he shall suffer death for it; and they that come in to help him, shallbe punished like mutineers. 77 Whosoever gives aducie unto the Enemy any manner of way, shall dye for it. 78 Who ever upon any strength holds discourse with the Enemy, more or less, without our leave, our Generals, or the Governor of the place; shall dye for it. 79 If it be proved that they have given the Enemy any private Intelligence, by letters or otherwise, without leave, as aforesaid; shall dye for it. 80 And so shall they, that give any token, sign or Item unto the Enemy. 81 Every man shallbe contented with that Quarter that shallbe given him, either in the town or Leaguer: the contrary doer, to be reckoned for a mutinier. 82 Who ever flings away his Arms, either in the Field or other where; shallbe scourged through the Quarter; and then be lodged without it: be enforced to make the streets clean: until they redeem themselves by some worthy exploit doing. 83 He that sells or empawnes his Arms, or any kind of Ammunition whatsoever; or any hatchets, spades, shovels, pickaxes, or other the like necessary implements used in the Field; shallbe for the first and second time, beaten through the quarter: and for the third time punished, as for other theft. He also that buys or takes them upon pawn, be he soldier, or be he victualler: he shall first lose his money, and then be punished like him that sold them. 84 He that wilfully breaks any of his Arms, or implements aforesaid; shall again pay for the mending of them: and after that be punished with Bread and Water, or otherwise, according to the discretion of the Court. 85 He that after warning to the contrary, shall either buy or sell; shall first lose all the things so sold or bought; and then be punished for his disobedience, as is aforesaid. 86 No man that hath once been proclaimed Traitor, either at home or in the Field: or that hath been under the Hangman's hands; shall ever be endured again in any company. 87 No Duel or Combat shall be permitted to be fought, either in the Leaguer or place of strength. If any offers wrong to others, it shall be decided by the Officers of the Regiment. He that challenges the Field of another; shall answer it before the Marshal Court. If any Captain, Lieutenant, Ancient, or other inferior officer, shall either give leave or permission unto any under their command to enter combat, and doth not rather hinder them; shall be presently cashiered from their charges & serve afterward as a Reformado or Common Soldier. But if any harm be done, he shall answer it as deeply, as he that did it. 88 He that forces any Woman to abuse her; and the matter be proved, he shall dye for it. 89 No Whore shall be suffered in the Leaguer: but if any will have his own wife with him, he may. If any unmarried woman be found, he that keeps her may have leave lawfully to marry her; or else be forced to put her away. 90 No man shall presume to set fire on any Town or Village in our land: If any does, he shall be punished according to the importance of the matter, so as the judges shall sentence him. 91 No Soldier shall set fire upon any Town or Village in the enemy's land; without he be commanded by his Captain. Neither shall any Captain give any such command, unless he hath first received it from Us, or our General: who so does the contrary, he shall answer it in the General's counsel of War, according to the importance of the matter. And if it be proved to be prejudicial unto us, and advantageous for the enemy; he shall suffer death for it. 92 No soldier shall pillage any thing from our subjects upon any march, strength, leaguer, or otherwise howsomever, upon pain of death. 93 He that beats his Host or his household servants, the first and second time he shallbe put in Irons, and made to fast with bread and water, according as the wrong is that he hath done: if the harm be great he shall be punished thereafter, according to the discretion of the Court. 94 None shall presume to do wrong to any that bring necessaries into our Leaguer, Castle, or strength whatsoever, or to cast their goods down off their horses, and take away their horses perforce: which who so does, shall die for it. 95 They that pillage or steal either in our land or in the enemies, or from any of them that come to furnish our Leaguer or strength, without leave; shallbe punished as for other theft. 96 If it so pleases God that we beat the enemy, either in the field, or in his Leaguer, then shall every man follow the chase of the enemies, and no man give himself to fall upon the pillage, so long as it is possible to follow the Enemy, and until such time as he be assuredly beaten. Which done, then may their quarters befallen upon, every man taking what he findeth his own quarter. Neither shall any man fall to plunder one another's quarters, but rest himself contented with that which is assigned him. 97 If any man gives himself to fall upon the pillage, before leave be given him so to do, then may any of his Officers freely kill him. Moreover, if any misfortune ensue upon their greediness after the spoil, then shall all of them suffer death for it. And notwithstanding there comes no damage thereupon, yet shall they lie in Irons for one Month, living all that while upon bread and water: giving all the pillage so gotten, unto the next hospital. He that plunders another quarter, shall also have the same punishment. 98 When any Fort or place of strength is taken in, no man shall fall upon the spoil, before that all the places in which the enemy is there lodged, be also taken in, and that the soldiers and Burghers have laid down their Arms, and that the quarters be dealt out and assigned to every body. Who so does the contrary, shall be punished as before. 99 No man shall presume to pillage any Church or Hospital, although the strength be taken by assault, except he be first commanded; or that the soldiers and Burghers be fled thereinto and do harm from thence. Who does the contrary, shall be punished as aforesaid. 100 No man shall set fire upon any Church, Hospital, School, or Mill, or spoil them any way, except he be commanded. Neither shall any tyrannize over any Churchman, or aged people, Men or Women, Maids or Children, unless they first take Arms against them, under pain of punishment at the discretion of the judges. 101 If any soldier happens to get freeboot, in any Castle, City, Town, Fort, strength, or Leaguer; and moreover, whatsoever Ordnance, Munition for war, & victuals is found there, shall be left for Our use; the rest shall be the Soldiers: only the tenth part thereof, shall they give to the sick and maimed Soldiers in the hospitals. All prisoners shall first be presented unto Us; amongst which if there be any man of note, whom We desire to have unto Ourselves; we promise in lieu thereof, honestly to recompense the taker of him, according to the quality of the person. Other prisoners of inferior rank, may the takers keep unto themselves; whom by O●r leave or Our Generals, they may put to their ransom, and take it to themselves: but without leave they may not ransom them, upon pain of death. 102 If any be found drunken in the enemy's Leaguer, Castle or Town, before the enemy hath wholly yielded himself up to our mercy, and laid down his arms; whosoever shall kill the said drunken Soldier shall be free for it: always provided, that good proof be brought that he was drunken. And if that soldier escapes for that time with his life, and that it can appear that some damage or hindrance hath come unto Our Service, by his drunkenness; then wheresoever he be apprehended, he shall die for it. But if no hurt ensued thereof; yet shall he be put in Irons for the space of one month, living upon his pittance of bread and water. 103 All Our soldiers shall duly repair unto the general Musters, upon the day and hour appointed: nor shall any Colonel or Captain either of horse or foot, keep back his Soldiers from being mustered at the time when Our Muster Masters shall desire to view them: if any refuses, he shall be taken for a mutinier. 104 No Colonel nor Captain shall lend any of their soldiers one to another upon the muster-dayes, for the making up of their numbers complete: He that thus makes a false muster, shall answer it at a Martial Court; where being found guilty, he shallbe proclaimed Traitor: after which being put out of the Quarter, his Colours shall fly no more. 105 If any soldier hires out himself for money to run * Running the Gatelope is, when he that hath done the fault▪ is to run between the Regiment standing half on one side, &, half on the 〈◊〉, with Whips 〈…〉 their hands, to la●h and cudgel th● offender. which punishment many a shameless soldier, will be hired to undergo for drink or money. the Gatelope three, several times; he shall be beheaded. And if any Captain shall so permit or counsel his soldier to do the same; he shall be actually cashiered. 106 If any horseman borrows either Horse, Armer, Pistol, Saddle, Sword, or Harness to pass the Muster withal; so much as is borrowed shall be escheated; and himself after that turned out of the Leaguer: as likewise he shall, that lent it him. The one half of the Arms forfeited shall go unto the Captain, and the other half unto the Perforce. 107 If it can be proved that any Horseman hath wilfully spoiled his horse; he shall be made Traitor; lose his horse, and be turned out of the Quarter. 108 All Soldiers both of horse and foot, shall be taken on at a free muster, but not by any private Captain, neither shall their pay go on, before they be mustered by Our Muster-masters. 109 No Soldier either of horse or foot shall be cashiered by his Colonel, Captain, or other inferior officer▪ Nor shall they, who being taken on at a free Muster, have their men sworn to serve (if it please God) until the next muster; except it be upon afree muster: at which time, the Muster-masters and his Colonel, may freely give him his pass. 110 If any foreign soldier shall desire his pass in any town of garrison after the enemy be retired, he may have it: but by no means whilst there is any service to be done against the enemy. 111 If any soldier Our native Subject's desires to be discharged from the wars, he shall give notice thereof unto the Muster-masters; who, if they find him to be sick, or maimed, or that he hath served 20. years in our wars; or hath been ten several times before the enemy; and can bring good witness thereof; he shall be discharged. 112 If any Colonel or Captain either of Horse or Foot, does give any Pass otherwise then is before mentioned, he shall be punished as for other Felonies: and he who hath obtained the said Pass, shall lose three months pay; and be put in Prison for one month, upon bread and water. 113 No Colonel or Captain either of Horse or Foot, shall give leave to his soldiers to go home out of the Field, without leave of our General or Chief Commander: whoever does the contrary, shall lose 3. months pay, and answer it before the Court. 141 No Captain either of Horse or Foot, shall presume to go out of any leaguer or place of Strength to demand his Pay, without leave of the General or Governor: who so doth, shall be cashiered from his place, and be put out of the Quarter. 115 No Captain either of Horse or Foot, shall hold back any of his soldiers means from him; of which if any complain, the Captain shall answer it before the Court: where being found guilty, he shall be punished as for other felony. Also, if any mischance ensue thereupon; as that the soldiers mutiny, be sick, or endure hunger, or give up any Strength; then shall he answer for all these inconveniences that hereupon can or may ensue. 116 If any Captain lends money unto his soldiers, which he desires to be paid again; that must be done in presence of the Muster-masters; that Our service be no ways hindered or neglected. 117 If upon necessity the case sometimes so falls out in the leaguer, that Pay be not always made at the due time mentioned in the Commissions; yet shall every man in the mean time be willing to further Our service; seeing they have victuals sufficient for the present: and that they shall so soon as may be receive the rest of their means, as is mentioned in their Commission. 118 Very requisite it is, that good justice be holden amongst our Soldiers, as well as amongst other our subjects. 119 For the same reason was a King ordained by God, to be the sovereign judge in the Field, as well as at home. 120 Now therefore, in respect of many occasions which may fall out, his single judgement alone may be to weak to discern every particular circumstance; therefore it is requisite, that in the leaguer as well as other where, there be some Court of justice erected, for the deciding of all controversies: and to be careful in like manner, that Our Articles of wars be of all persons observed and obeyed, so far forth as is possible. 121 We ordain therefore, that there be 2. Courts in our leaguer, an Higher Court, and a Lower. 122 The Lower Court shall be among the Regiments both of Horse and Foot; whereof every Regiment shall have one among themselves. 123 In the Horse-Regiments, the Colonel shall be Precedent, and in his absence, the Captain of Our own Life-guards. With them are three Captanies to be joined, three Lieutenants, 3. Cornets, and 3. Quarter-masters: that so together with the Precedent, they may be to the number of 13. at the least. 124 In a Regiment of Foot, the Colonel also shall be Precedent; and his Leiftenant-Colonell in his absence. With them are 2. Captains to be joined, 2. Lieutenants, 2. Ancients, 4. Sergeants, and 2. Quarter-masters: that together with the Precedent, they may be 13. in number also. 125 In our Highest Marshal Court, shall Our General be Precedent: in his absence, Our Field Martial. When Our General is present, his Associates shall be, our Field-marshal first, next him. Our General of the Ordnance, Sergeant-Maior general, General of the Horse, Quartermaster general. Next to them shall sit Our Mustermasters, and all Our Colonels; and in their absence, their Leiftenant-Colonels. All these shall sit together, whenever there is any matter of greater importance in controversy. 126 Whensoever this Highest Court is to be holden, they shall observe this Order. Our great General as Precedent, shall sit alone at the head of the Table: on his right hand our Field-marshal; on his left hand the General of the Ordnance, On the right hand next, our Sergeant Mayor general; on the left hand again, the General of the Horse: and then the Quartermaster general on one hand, and the Muster-Maister general on the other. After them, shall every Colonel sit according to his place, as here follows. First, the Colonel of our Life. Regiment, or of the guards for our own person. Next, the Colonel for the Uplandish, the Colonel for the Westgoths, the Colonel for the Smollands, the Colonel of the Ostrogoths, the Colonel for the Dales and Northlands; After them, the Colonels for the Finlanders, and Carelians, according to their antiquity of service. If there happen to be any great men in the army of our own true subjects, that be of good understanding; they shall cause them to sit next these Officers aforesaid. After them shall sit all other Colonels of strange Nations, every one according to his antiquity of service. 127 All these judges both of our Higher and lower Courts, shall under the blue Skies thus swear before Almighty God, that they will inviolably keep this following Oath unto Vs. I N. N. do here promise before God upon his holy Gospel, that I both will and shall judge uprightly in all things according to the Law of God, of the Swedens', and these Articles of wars; so far forth as it pleases Almighty God to give me understanding. Neither will I for favour or for hatred, for goodwill, fear, ill will, anger, or any gift or bribe whatsoever, judge wrongfully: but judge him free, that aught to be free, and doom him guilty, that I find guilty; as the Lord of Heaven and Earth shall help my Soul and Body at the last day, I shall hold this Oath truly. 128 The judge ●f our highest Court, shall take this their Oath, in the first Leaguer where our Camp shall be pitched. Our General, and the rest appointed to sit with him, shall repair to the place where we shall appoint, before his Tent, or otherwhere: where an Officer appointed by us, shall first take his Oath, and then the others Oaths also. 129 When the Precedents of our lower Courts shall hear this foresaid Oath read before them, then shall they hold up their hands and swear to keep it. In like manner, so often as any Court is to be holden in any Regiment, the foresaid Oath shall be read before all them that sit in judgement with him: who shall also hold up their hands, and promise to keep the Oath aforesaid. 130 In our highest Court there shall be one sworn Secretary appointed, who shall make diligent Record of all the proceedings, that fall out, either in any pitched battle, skirmish, Leaguer, or any other piece of service whatsoever. He shall take the note, both of the day, place, and hour, with all other circumstances that shall happen. He shall also set his hand unto all sentences signed by our General. He shall also have two Clerks or Notaries under him, who shall engross all these passages, and keep a true Register of all erterprises, that our General with his Counsel of war, shall give order to have done: and likewise of what Lettets be either written or received. 131 In our highest Court there shall be one Vicepresident, who shall command the Sergeant at Arms, whose Office is to warn in all the judges of that Court, that they may there appear at the time and place appointed: and also to give the same notice, both unto the plaintiff and defendant. 132 In all lower Courts also there shall be one sworn Clerk, or Secretary, who shall likewise hold the sam● order, that is mentioned in our highest Court. 133 Our highest Court shall be careful also to hear and judge all criminal actions: and especially, cases of Conspiracy or Treason practised or plotted against us, either in word or deed. Secondly, If any gives out dishonourable speeches against our Majesty. Thirdly, or consulteth with the Enemy to betray our Leaguer, Castle, Town, Soldiers, Fleet, any way whatsoever. Fourthly, Also if any there be partakers of such Treachery, and reveal it not. Fiftly, or any that hath held correspondency and intelligence with the Enemy. Sixtly, If any hath a spite or malice against us or our Country. Seaventhly, if any speaks disgracefully, either of our person or endeavours. Eightly, if lastly intendeth treachery against our General, or his under-officers, or that speaketh disgracefully of them. 134 All questions in like manner happening betwixt Officers and their soldiers, if they suspect our lower Court to be partial any way, then may they appeal unto our higher Court, who shall decide the matter. 135 If a Gentleman or an Officer be summoned to appear before the lower Court, for any matter of importance that may touch his life, or honour, then shall the same be decided by our higher Court. 136 All Civil questions that be in controversy in our lower Court, if the debt or fine extends unto five hundred Dollars or above, if the parties complain of injustice, they may thence appeal unto the higher Court, if so be they can first prove the injustice. 137 All other occasions that may fall out, be they Civil or be they Criminal, shall first come before our lower Court, where they shall be heard: and what is there by good evidence proved shall be recorded. 138 Any Criminal action that is adjudged in our lower Court, we command that the sentence be presented unto our General. We will not have it presently put in execution, until he gives command for it in our absence. But Ourselves being in person there present, will first take notice of it, and dispose afterwards of it, as we shall think expedient. 139 In our higher Court, the General Perforce or his Lieutenant, shall be the plaintiff, who shall be bound to follow the complaint diligently: to the end he may the better inform our Counsellors, who are to do justice. If it be a matter against ourselves, then shall our own Advocate defend our action, before our Court. 140 The same power hath the Perforce of every Regiment, in our lower Court. Which Perforce shall be bound also to give notice of every breach of these Articles of war, that the infringer may be punished. 141 Whatsoever fine is by the foresaid judges determined, according to our Articles of war, and Escheated thereupon, shall be divided into three parts. Our own part of the fine, We freely bestow upon the several Captains either of Horse or Foot, which is forfeited by their Officers and soldiers: and the forfeitures of every Captain, we bestow upon their Colonel: and the forfeitures of all Colonels, we give unto our General. The other two parts, belonging either to the party to whom it is adjudged, or to the Court, those leave we undisposed: the point of Treason only being excepted. And this gift of ours unto our Officers, is to be understood to endure so long, as the Army be in the field, upon any strength or Work, and till they come home again: After which time, they shall come under the Law of the Land, like the other natural Inhabitants. 142 Whensoever our highest Court is to sit, it shall be two hours before proclaimed through the Leaguer, that there is such an Action criminal to be there tried, which is to be decided under the blue Skies. But if it be an Action Civil, then may the Court be holden within some Tent or other where. Then shall the Soldiers come together about the place where the Court is to be holden: no man presuming to come too near the Table where the judges are to sit. Then shall our General come foremost of all, and the other his Associates, two and two together; in which order, they all coming out of the General's Tent, shall set themselves down in the Court, in the order before appointed. The Secretary's place shall be at the lower end of the Table, where he shall take diligent notice in writing, of all things declared before the Court. Then shall the General Perforce begin to open his complaint before them, and the Contrary party shall have liberty to answer for himself; until the judges be thoroughly informed of the truth of all things. 143 If the Court be to be holden in any house or Tent, they shall observe the same order in following the General in their degrees: where they shall also sit as is afore mentioned. 144 The matter being thoroughly opened and considered upon, according to the importance of it; and our whole Court agreeing in one opinion: they shall command their Sentence concerning the same action to be publicly there read, in the hearing of all men: always reserving, his Majesty's further Will and Pleasure. 145 In our Lower Court, they shall also hold the same order; saving that the particular Court of every Regiment, shall be holden in their own Quarter. 146 In this lower Court, they shall always observe this order; namely, that the Precedent sit at the boards end alone; the Captains, Lieutenants and Ancients, upon either side: so many Inferior officers also upon each side; that so they may the better reason upon the matter among themselves. Last of all, shall the Clerk or Secretary sit at the lower end of the table: the one party standing upon one hand, and the other upon the other. 147 So soon as the sentence is given, the Precedent shall rise up, and all that sit with him. But doom being given by our General that one of the parties must lose his head, hand, or the like; then shall they Command the Perforce to take him away to prison. Which done, the Perforce shall send unto the Minister, to desire him to visit the party, and to give him the Communion. But if the doom be passed in any Lower Court, it shall be signified up unto the General in our absence: who shall either pardon the fact, or execute the sentence. 148 No superior officer, Colonel or Captain, either of Horse or foot, shall solicit for any man that is lawfully convicted by the Court; either for any Crime, or for not observing of these Articles of war: unless it be for his very near kinsman, for whom nature compels him to intercede. Otherwise, the solicitor shall be held as odious as the Delinquent, and cashiered from his charge. 149 Whosoever is minded to serve Us in these wars, shall be obliged to the keeping of these Articles. If any out of presumption, upon any Strength, in any Leaguer, in the Field, or upon any Work shall do the contrary; be he native, or be he Stranger, Gentleman or other: Process shall be made out against him for every time, so long as he serves Us in these wars, in the quality of a soldier. 150 These Articles of wars we have made and ordained, for the welfare of our native Country: and do command, that they be read every month publicly before every Regiment: to the end, that no man shall pretend ignorance. We further will and command all whatsoever officers, higher and lower, and all our common soldiers; and all other that come into our Leaguer among the Soldiers; that none presume to do the contrary hereof, upon pain of rebellion, and the incurring of our high displeasure. For the firmer confirmation whereof, we have hereunto set Our hand and Seal. Signed, gustavus ADOLPHUS. THese above written Articles, are the standing and general Orders and Polity, whereby his Majesty's Army is directed. They were in use, I perceive Anno 1621. when He went to conquer Riga in Leiffland: for I find them written in a journal book of that expedition, by a Scottish Gentleman then in that service: the copy whereof was communicated unto me, by the Right Honourable the Lord Reay: which I have since also compared with another Copy. To these, upon occasion hath his Majesty sometimes made addition of some others; as the last year, 1631. he did: when upon the unruliness of his soldiers in the New Mark of Brandonburg (of which his Majesty, as we told you in our former book, much complained) He caused these new Articles to be published, which I find in the book called Arma Suecica. 1 No Soldier shall abuse any Churches, Colleges, Schools, or Hospitals, or offer any kind of violence to Ecclesiastical persons nor any ways be troublesome with pitching or enquartering, upon them: or with exacting of contribution, from them. No soldier shall give disturbance or offence to any person excercising his sacred function, or ministry; upon pain of death. 2 Let the Billets and Lodging in every City, be assigned to the soldiers by the Burgo-marsters; and let no Commander presume to meddle with that office. No Commander or Common soldier shall either exact or receive of the Citizens, any thing besides what the King hath appointed to be received. 3 No Citizens nor Country Boors shall be bound to allow unto either soldier or officer, any thing but what is contained in the King's orders for Contributions & Enquartering▪ that is to say, nothing besides Houseroom, firewood, candles, vinegar and salt: which yet is so to be understood, that the inferior officers, as Sergeants and Corporals, and those under them, as also all common soldiers; shall make shift with the common fire and candle of the house where they lie, and do their business by them. 4 If so be, that Colonels and other Commanders have any servants or attendants, they shall not be maintained by the Citizens or Boors, but by their own masters. 5 No Commander shall take any house or lodging into his protection or at his own pletsure give a ticket of freedom; when such ticket is not expressly desired of him: nor shall he receive any bribe or present, to mend his own commons withal; under any colour or pretext whatsoever. If any man desire a personal safeguard; let him be contented with that which is apppointed in the King's orders. 6 To Commanders and Soldiers present, let the usual allowance be afforded by the Citizens: but let no care be taken for such as are away. 7 New levied soldiers are to have no allowance, before they ●e entertained at the Muster. 8 Nothing is to be allowed the soldiers in any house, but in the same where he is billeted: if they take any thing otherwhere by force, they are to make it good. 9 If either officers, soldiers, or Sutler's, be to travail through any Country; the people are not to furnish them with wagons, Post-horse, or victuals, but for their ready money, unless they bring a warrant, either from the King, or their General. 10 No Soldier is to forsake his Colours, and to put himself into entertainment under any other Colonel or Garrison, or to ramble about the Country, without he hath his Colonels pass, or his that is in his stead: who so does; it shall be lawful for the Boors or any other to apprehend him, and to send him prisoner to Stetin, or the next garrison of the Kings: where he shall be examined, and punished accordingly. 11 Whosoever have any lawful Passes, aught by no means to abuse the benefit of them; or practise any cheats under pretence of them. If any be found with any pilfery, or to have taken any man's cattle or goods: it shall be lawful for the Country people to lay hands upon them; and to bring them to Stetin or other the next garrison: special care being always had, that if the prisoner hath any letters of moment about him, they be speedily and safely delivered. 12 Our Curryers' or Posts though they have lawful Passes to travel withal; yet shall they not ride the Post-Horses which they hire, beyond the next stage; and if they shall take away any horse from one or other, to tire out with hard riding and beyond reason; they shall be bound to return that horse again▪ or to make satisfaction for him. The same order shall take place too, when any regiments or troops of ours, shall remove from one quarter to another (namely when they shall hire Postillons or baggage-wagons for the carriage of their valises Arms, or Ammunition.) 13 The houses of the Princes or nobility, which have no need to borrow our guard to defend them from the enemy, shall not be pressed with soldiers. 14 Moreover, under a great Penalty it is provided, that neither officers nor soldiers, shall make stay of, or arrest' the Princes Commissaries or Officers, or any Gentlemen, Councillors of state, Senators or Burghers of any Cities, or other Country people: nor shall give offence to them by any fact of violence. 15 Travellers or other Passengers going about their business into any garrisons or places of muster; shall by no means be stayed, injured, or have any contribution laid upon them. 16 Our Commanders shall defend the Country people and ploughmen that follow their husbandries, and shall suffer none to hinder them in it. 17 No Commander or Common soldier whatsoever, either in any town of garrison or Place of muster, shall exact any thing upon passengers; nor shall lay any Custom or Toll upon any merchandise imported or exported: nor shall any be a hindrance to the Lord of the Place, in receiving his due Customs or Toll-gathering; but a furtherance rather. 18 If any of our officers having power of command, shall give the word for any Remove or March to some other Quarter; those soldiers, either of horse or foot, that privily lurk behind their fellows, shall have no power to exact any part of the contributions formerly allotted for their maintenance in that place: but shall severally be punished rather, for their linger behind the Army. 19 Whatsoever is not contained in these Articles, and is repugnant to Military discipline; or whereby the miserable and innocent Country, may against all right and reason be burdened withal: whatsoever offence finally, shallbe committed against these Orders; that shall the several Commanders make good, or see severally punished; unless themselves will stand bound to give further satisfaction for it. 20 According to these Articles, let every man govern his business and actions and learn by them to take heed, of coming into the lurch or danger. Signed in our Leaguer Royal, Anno, 1632. Gustavus Adolphus. FINIS. THE THIRD PART, of the SWEDISH Discipline. The Form of a Commission given out by his Majesty of Sweden, for the levying of a Regiment. We GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, by the Grace of God, King of the Swedens', Goths, and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, Duke of Esthonia, and Carelia, Lord of Ingria; give notice by these Presents; That We have ordained and accepted Our specially beloved and trusty N. N. to be our Colonel of eight (English) Foot-Companies, in manner and form following. That is to say; that the said Colonel N. N. shall for Us and our behoof, levy eight Companies of good and able Foot-soldiers, each Company being reckoned 150. men by the Poll: together with the superior Officers and Regiment (1) Staff: and shall appoint & provide the Companies with experienced Officers and Soldiers in manner following; against such a day, of such a Month, in such a year; and shall deliver the same complete in our royal Camp, and where we than shall be. All and every one of which, as well the Colonel with his superior and inferior Officers, as also the Soldiers in general, shall be bound to perform unto Us the bond and oath of Fidelity, so long as we shall stand in need of their Military service: and shall suffer themselves to be mustered by our Commissaries, where, when, and as often as it shall please Us: and also, shall do and perform all such things, as may appertain to the profit and good of Us and of Our kingdom, & which our Articles of War shall requires and which shall become good and honest Officers and soldiers to perform. On the other side; We for the raising of the said 8. Companies, do allow and grant unto the said Colonel, in the name of Levy and pass Moneys, nine Imperial Dollars for every head. And to pay the Muster-month according to the Contents of the List, and thence following Monthly (reckoning 30. days to a Month,) to pay unto him and his Regiment, as certain pay and wages of their Military service, in good and currant Money, as followeth, viz. To the Colonel, 184 Ryxe Dollars. To the Lieutenant, Colonel 80. Ryxe Dollars. To the Sergeant Major, 61. Ryxe Dollars. To the chief Quartermaster, 30. Ryxe Dollars. To the two Preachers, each, 18. Ryxe Dollars. To the (2) Regiment Schults, 30. Ryxe Dollars. To the four Surgeons, each, 12. Ryxe Dollars. To the 4. Provost-marshals, each, 12. Ryxe Dollars. To the Clerk of the Regiment, 30. Ryxe Dollars. To the Clerk of the Counsel of war, 18. Ryxe Dollars. To the Gerichts' Webell, or Sergeant of the Court of War. 18. Ryxe Dollars. To the 2. Stock Knights, or Beadles, each, 3 Ryxe Dollars. To the Hangman, 7. Ryxe Dollars. Secondly to be given Monthly to every one of each Company. To the Captain, 61. Ryxe Dollars. To the Lieutenant, 30. Ryxe Dollars. To the Ancient, 30. Ryxe Dollars. To two Sergeants, each, 9 Ryxe Dollars. To the Fuhrer, (5) Furryer, (6) Muster Schriber, and the (7) Rust master, each, 7. Ryxe Dollars. To the Drummers and Pipers, each, 4. Ryxe Dollars. To six Corporals, each, 6. Ryxe Dollars. To fifteen (8) Rot Masters, each, 5. Ryxe Dollars. To 21. inferior Rot-Masters, each, 4. Ryxe Dollars. To each common-souldiour three & an half. Ryxe Dollars. To 4. (9) Muster boys, each, 3. Ryxe Dollars. To 14. (10.) Pass volants, each, 3. Ryxe Dollars. But if their service requires (11) Lehnung, we will give them as a certain Lehnung every Month, viz. To the Colonel, 69. Ryxe Dollars. To the Lieutenant Col. 32. Ryxe Dollars. To the Sergeant Major, 14. Ryxe Dollars. To the Chief Quartermaster, 11. Ryxe Dollars. To the two Preachers, each, 7. Ryxe Dollars. To the Regiment Schultz, 11. Ryxe Dollars. To the four Surgeons, each, 7. Ryxe Dollars. To the four Provosts, each, 7. Ryxe Dollars. To the Clerk of the Regiment, 11, Ryxe Dollars. To the Clerk of the Counsel of war. 7. Ryxe Dollars. The Gericht webell, 7. Ryxe Dollars. To the two Stock Knights, each, 1. & a half, Ryxe Dollars. To the hangman, 5, Ryxe Dollars. And to every one of each Company as followeth, To the Captain, 14. Ryxe Dollars. To the Lieutenant and Ancient, each, 11. Ryxe Dollars. To the two Sergeants, each 5. Ryxe Dollars. To the Fuhrer, Furrier, Clerk of the Band and Rust-master, each, 4. Ryxe Dollars. To three Drummers and Fifers, each, 2. Ryxe Dollars. To six Corporals, each, 3. Ryxe Dollars. To fifteen Rot-maisters, each, 2. Ryxe Dollars. To 21. inferior Rot-maisters, each, 1. ●/2 Ryxe Dollars. To four Muster Boys, each, 1, Ryxe Dollars. To fourteen Passe-volants, each, 1. Ryxe Dollars. Moreover, as for their Arms, Weapons, entertainment, and Discharge; We will at all times, rank and account the said Colonel and his Officers, equal with our old levied Dutch-Soldiers: and if in the continuance of their service, one or other of the said Regiment shall be fairly taken by the Enemy; or shall happen to be otherwise maimed or disabled; they shall, according to their several Conditions and carriages, be redeemed by ransom or exchange: and he that shall be so hurt, if he be minded to stay in our Lands; shall for his life-time be provided of needful sustenance: but if he be desirous to depart, we will graciously give our Pass unto him, and convenient money for his expenses. Lastly, when we shall no further desire their service, and shall graciously discharge them; we will fully and completely pay unto the said Colonel, his Officers and Soldiers, their full Arriers and reckonings; with the addition of half a Months pay, over and above. And if their discharge shall happen to be in Sweden, we shall cause them to be transported in our own Ships, into Dutch-land. All these Premises shall be performed upon Our Royal word, by virtue of this Capitulation. Signed with our hand and Signet, etc. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. The Military terms explained. (1) THe Regiment-Staffe, consists of such as are necessary people to the Regiment, notwithstanding their office be not to fight: of which the Quartermaster is the first, and the Hangman the last. (2) The Regiment-Schultz, be the Examiner's and Registers of Criminal matters, brought before the Marshal Court. (3) The Stock-knights, be the Provosts or Perforces servants, that knock the Irons on and off, and inflict other corporal punishments. (4) The Fuhrer, is an Assistant to the Ancient, that sometimes caries his Colours for him. (5) The Furryers', be under Quarter-masters. They march sometimes with a Halberd, or Partisan. (6) The Muster-Schreiber, is the Clerk of the Musters. (7) The Rust-masters, is the Captain of the Arms, that sees the soldiers keep and wear their Arms duly. (8) These 15. Rot-Masters, be Gentlemen of the Company, that have some oversight over the Rots. (9) (10) The Muster-boyes, be allowed for servants to the Captain and chief Officers: and so be the Passevolants. (11) Lehnung, is Lending, in the payment of the soldiers means, for which this is the King's order. Whereas so much is due to them at the month's end; the King deiuding the month into 13. equal parts; upon the first, eleventh, and one and twentieth day of the month, pays them a third part of their means beforehand as it were: which is called Lend. The King of Swedens' Order for a private Company. A Complete Company, aught to be 3. Corporalships of Musketeers; 4. Rots or Files make a Corporalship of Musketeers; But of Pikemen, 3. Rots make a full Corporalship. So that 12. Rots of Musk ettiers, and 9 Rots of Pikemen, that is 21. Rots in all, are a complete Band of men. Whereupon reckoning 6. men to every Rot or File (for so many, and no more, he marches deep) a Complete company ought to be 126. men, besides the Officers and Servants. And if the Company be but weak, there must then be but 2. Corporalships of Musketeers: and the remainder ought to be all Pikemen. The Order the King of Sweden useth, in drawing up a complete Battaglias: which is half a complete Regiment or Squadron, consisting of 504. Men. A Complete Battaglias, aught to be 12. Corporalships, that is 32. Rots of Pikemen: and 8. Corporalships, that is 32. Rots of Musketeers: which amounts in all to 408. men. So there remaineth still 4. Corporalships, that is, 16. Rots of Musketeers which continually march after the body, to be ready upon all occasions; either to guard the baggage, or for any other Command. Which number of 16. Rots, being added to the number of 408. men, makes 504. men: which is a Complete Squadron or half Regiment. The Figure of a Battaglias. ●EN's NEW WAY, FOR THE DRAWING UP A Musketeers. First practised, in these late Wars of Germany: Communicated by my Lord Re● The King of Swedens' manner of drawing up a Brigade of Pikes, and Musketeers, explained. LEt the Reader be first pleased to take notice, that the ranks of little A'es are several Corporall-ships of Musketeers, consisting of 4. Rots, each 6. deep, and the little P'es are three squadrons of Pikemen. Secondly, it is to be known: That although every single Regiment may for a shift, and upon some kind of service, stand for an entire Brigade: yet because the Regiments, usually consisting but of 1008. men, at the fullest of the list; are not in a set battle strong enough for a Brigade: therefore 2. Regiments commonly are taken in, to the making up of a strong and complete Brigade. This foreknown, the Letters and Arithmetical figures, either over or under the several bodies of Pikes and Musketeers, signify as followeth. A. The place of the Colonels in their place of Command before their own Regiments. So that A1. is the first, eldest, or Right-hand Colonel: A 2. the Lefthand Colonel. B. Shows the place of Command for the Lieutenant Colonels. C. The Sergeant-Majors place. D. The Quartermaster to the Regiment. E. The Captaine-Lieutenant, or Colonell-Captaine. F. The Lieutenant-Colonels, Lieutenant. G. The Sergeant-Majors Lieutenant. H1. H2. H3. H4. H5. The several Captains in their order of seniority, or eldership: of which there are but 5. besides the 3. great Officers of the Regiment; as Colonel; Lieutenant-Colonels, and Sergeant-Majors; who also have Companies in the Regiment, which are commanded by their Lieutenants: The Lieutenant to the Colonel, having by the courtesy of Arms, the title of Captain: whose place is above at E. L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 L 5 The place for the Lieutenants of every Company● according to the eldership of their Captains. T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 Sergeants of the several Bands, V. The Corporal of the Gentlemen, after their Colours. X. The Sergeants in the Rear of their Pikes. Y. The Furryor for the residue of the Ouertroupes. Z. The Captain of Arms, behind the Forlorn troop. R. The Ancients following their Captains. The former Figure concerning the manner of the Enquartering of every Regiment of Foot, in the King's Camp or Leaguer explained. ON the head of the Quarter, you at first sight discern 9 larger Squares; at either end of the Paper marked with the letter A. All which is called the Colonels or the Captain's ground, because there the Colonel lies, whereas you see the word Colonest written: and the Captains in their seniority, as you see their Huts or Cabins marked, each on the head of his own Company. The number over the Colonels Hutt, shows it to be 48. foot broad; that is twice as broad as any of the Captain's cabins, which you see marked with 24. At either end of this row of Squares, you see the number 30. marked: which shows how many foot long, each of these greater Huts is. Now whereas the King of Swedens' Discipline is, usually to have but 8. Companies to a Regiment, so many Huts you see on the top of the Quarter; 4. on each side of the Colonels. And the reason of the King of Swedens' having so few men in a Regiment, as 1008. and so few men in a Company, as 126. (those 1008. men being divided among 8. Captain's) is, that he may both have the more places of preferment, and the more Officers to command his few men. An advantage which other Generals have not: who admit 3000. perchance, into a Regiment, and 200. 250. or 300. into a Captainship. The Rows of lesser Squares, marked on each side of the paper with the letter B. are the Huts for the Soldiers to lie in. Between the Front of which, and the Colonel's ground, you see a long void space or distance; which is 20. foot wide, as you see it at each end marked. The use of it is, for the drawing up of the Companies, or of some of them, or for the meeting of Soldiers to speak with their Captains: and for fresher air. This space is marked with C. Right under the Colonels Hutt you see another void space, as wide as the Colonels Hutt is, and as long as all the Quarter for the Common soldiers is: marked with D. The use of it is, for the Officers of the Regiment, commonly called, the Officers of the Staff. Such be the Quartermasters of the Regiment, the 2. Regiment-Schults; the Preachers, Clerk Surgeons; Provost-marshals; Regiment-Weble, Stock-Knights, Drummer, Hangman, with others: as is to be seen in the King's Commission for the raising of a Regiment. Of the Quarters for the Common Soldiers, on either side of this long void space, these be the proportions. All the little Squares, be Huts or Cabins of wood. In the longer rows, marked with the letter M. on the first Hutt, are the Musquettiers lodged; and in the shorter rows, marked with P. be the Pikemen lodged; one row of Musquettiers, and one row of Pikes, make up one complete Band, or Company of 126. Men. In the Musketeers row, be 24. Huts; and in the Pikemens', but 18. The reason of which, see in the King of Swedens' Order for a private Company. Each of these Huts is 9 foot Square, that is, 3. yards every way: and whereas one row of Musquetiers, and one row of Picks, belong to one Company; these therefore are nearer set together then the rows of Pikes belonging to several Companies are; for the Pikes and Musquetiers of the same Company, are parted with a street, but 6. foot wide; whereas betwixt the Pikes of several companies is a street of 18. foot wide: and betwixt the Musquettiers of several Companies, a street of 12 foot wide. And so you see the several proportions marked. The length of the Row of Pikes, is but 162. foot; as you see it marked betwixt the 2. first Rows of their Huts: and the length of the Musquettiers Row, is 216. foot; as is marked in the Margin. Cast, now, the distances of Breadth, and they amount to 360. foot: and so broad is the whole Quarter. Below all this, in the Rear or lower end of the Quarter, you have avoid space of 14. foot of ground, running all the breadth of the Quarter: serving again for freedom of air, etc. This is marked with E. And last of all may you behold another allowance of ground, marked with the letter F. which is for the Marcketenters; that is, the Market-holders', Chapmen, Victuallers, and Sutler's of the Regiment. Add now, the distances of length together, they come to 300. foot: which is the length of the whole Quarter, the allowance of ground for one entire Regiment. But the chief point of the Discipline, is in the number & order of the placing of the Huts, & the men in them. Concerning the number, know, that there be 3. men lodged in every Hutt, aswell Pikes as Musketeers: so that in the 24. Huts of Musketeers of one Company, there be 72. men: and in the 18. Huts of Pikemen of one Company, there be but 54. men; which numbers added together, come to 126; which is a complete Band or Company, in the King's Discipline. These 72. Musketeers, again, be divided into 3. Corporalships: and the 54. Pikemen also into 3. Corporalships. Of Musketeers, 4. Rots or Files of marching men, go to one Corporalship: And of Pikemen, there go but 3. Rots or Files, to a Corporalship. So that 24. Musketeers, go to one Corporalship; and of Pikes 18. according to the number of either of their Cabins. Whereas again, the King's Discipline is, ever to march 6. deep, or in File: therefore in every 2. Huts, is there one Rot or File of men lodged, which presently know how to put themselves into order. Thus hath every Corporal of Musketeers, 8. Huts to look unto; and every Corporal of Pikes, 6. Cabins under him. This certainty and disposing of the numbers, serves much for the private Government. This order of lying, in the second place, does as much ●va●le for the resisting of the Enemy. Whereas you see two Rows of Pikes, and two Rows of Musketeers still together, with their Cabbindooers opening inward one towards another, this is the use of it. Suppose the Enemy (in the night time perchance) to be falling on upon the Leaguer or Quar●er, the Alarm being taken and given in thereupon, by those that have the outer Guards, a good distance before every Quarter: out step the two Rows of Pikes into the void ●●ace betwixt them: and presently marching out between the Captain's Huts right before them, they are instantly in ●aire order of battle. The Pikes gone, than the two next Rows of Musketeers joining together, march also out on both sides of their Pikes, where they are ready instantly to flank them. Thus one Squadron or half Regiment issuing out on one side of their Colonels Hutt, and the other half on the other, presently draw themselves up into two complete Battaglias: who still find their Colonel and Captain in the head of the Quarter (where their Huts are) ready to conduct them. Thus so soon as the Alarm is given in from the outter-Guards, the Soldiers shall be in fair Battaglias, every man before his own quarter, upon which the Enemy falls; before he can possibly (march he never so fast) come near to do any execution. If you desire to hear how in that huddle and darkness, they can possibly find their weapons: know that by the order of standing of them, every man can at first coming most readily clap his hand upon his own. To instance in the Pikes, for example. The place where they all stand together, is upon a thing like a pair of Gallows at the head of the Quarter, all alongst which they ●eane: So that after any service or exercise done abroad, he that lies in the Rear of the quarter by coming in first, sets down his Pike inmost; and he that comes in last, leaves his outmost, which when he again goes first out, he finds foremost, and when the last man comes, he finds his own left: every man still keeping the same order that was at first appointed: So that the Foreman, the Right-hand man, or the Bringer-up, is the same ever, and his weapon therefore, ever in the same place. Thus lie the King of Swedens' men: in battle-array when they are in bed: in battle-array when they rise up: and their Arms as ready as themselves; So that if the Alarm be time enough given in, how shall any enemy surprise them? The following Figure, for the laing of a Camp Royal, with the usual Fortifications, explained. THe former Figure concerning the enquartering of a particular Regiment being already explained, this in hand, shall need the less labour: seeing that every Regiment or Quarter, hath here the same ground & order, as is before described. Let it now suffice to tell you, what every Space and Fortification about the whole Camp means: and for the understanding of that, we desire you to look unto the Letters, that every of them is marked withal. A Signifies the Parad●-ing place: whither the Soldiers be in their courses daily called to be exercised, for the handling of their Arms. B The King's Majesties own Quarter, where himself lies. C The place for the Artillery, and the General of it. D The Common market place for the whole Army. E The Felt-Marshals Quarter. G The place by him for his Guards and Servants. H The General Major of the Army, his quarter. K The place for his Men and Guards. L The several Regiments, to be divided as in the former Figure. M Squadrons, or half Regiments. N The Streets betwixt the several Quarters: each 50. foot void. O The space between the Front of the Quarters, and the Trench of the Leaguer, being 200. foot wide: serving for the drawing up of the soldiers, & for the Alarm place. P The space between the two innermost lines of the Fortification is called the Parapett or Breast-worke. A Trench of earth it is, cast up for the fortifying of the Leaguer to keep the Enemy off from the quarters: being commonly five or six foot high, and some two Rood over, or in thickness. Q The Graft or wet-mo●e unto the Parapet, which you see full of little pricks: and is usually as broad as the Parapet. R And whereas you see both Mote and Parapet on each side of the Camp three times led about, making half Diamonds as it were; those be called halfe-Redoubts, or Ravelins, they are marked with R. S The straight line of Moat and Parapet betwixt any of these two, is called the Curtain, & is marked with S. T Rights against the sharp point of any of these half Redoubts, you see several passages through the innermost Parapet, which serve for passage to those that are to guard them, & are to fight in them: which passages, are perchance some 50. roods from one another. They are marked with T. V Outmost of all▪ betwixt the halfe-Redoubts, you see other like sharp and pointed works of Earth, with their Motes also about them: which properly be called Ravelins. They are 2. on each side of the Camp & each of them 20. Rood distant from one another, and are marked with V. W The faces or sides of them, be about 15. or 16. Rood long: & are so made, that a right line may on eytheriside or face be drawn to fall upon the point, where the halfe-Redoubts & the Curtains meet. The use of them, is to guard the 2. Avenues or Gates, which on either side of the Leaguer you see to be open for common passages, both through the Parapet & the Mote: over which, there must still lie little narrow bridges. These Avenues be marked with W. This is the ordinary Fortification of a Leaguer; besides which, there be Sconces and other works builded, according to necessity, & as the nature of the place requireth more or less. The Figure for the Fortification of a 〈…〉 Thus much is likewise further to be known. That the more Points these Outworks have, the stronger is the piece. This of ours, hath but 6. points: and one of 8. points, is stronger than this: one of ten, stronger than that: and one of 12. points, strongest of all: than which, no stronger figure can possibly be devised. If here you look for the Gates and Ports to the Town; know, that those are to be made through the Halfmoons; as you see it marked out in one of them with little Touches or strokes; directing your eye out of one work into another: which Gates are not to go out straight forward: but Winding and with Nooks, as the Works be: which shall both be easier to defend by men placed in every Corner: and shall keep the enemy from rushing directly forward upon the Town. FINIS. THE FAMOUS Victory of Leipsich, now with several particulars enlarged; and repeated from the beginning of the Union of the K of SWEDEN and the Duke of SAXONY: from whence all that have written of it, do begin it. The Reader is desired to look upon the two Maps of the Battle, for the better understanding of the story. OVI ad pauca respiciunt, de facili pronuntiant, said the wise Historian: They that consider but a few difficulties and objections, are still most ready to deliver their opinion. 'Tis so common to be observed, that it may almost be made the Character of a bad Scholar, to be most sudden and peremptory in determining of the Question. And truly the same Indictment lies against our overhasty State-Criticks, that at first dash think themselves wise enough to direct the actions of a Prince, or to control the Consulta'es of a Counsel-table. Let such be pleased to know, that the resolutions of a State, must like those of justice proceed gravely and slowly, and full of Majesty. Hasty Counsels, bring hasty ruins: rarely shall he that hath once erred in the wars, live to commit such another oversight. Seldom, again, is the Inside and Reason of State, turned outward towards our vulgar Discoursers. Princes know, that secrecy is the shell of business: the tenderness whereof must not by an overhasty or over-rough handling be rashed open, till the preciousness of the life within, by a kindly ●●●uritie discloses of itself. All this have I been bold to say, for that I the last year too often (me thoughts) both read and overheard, the Protestant Princes of Germany to have been blamed, by some such judgements as are before described. What does Saxony and Brandenburg all this while, that they join not with the King of Sweden? Others again (because they judge it fit) were as forward on the other side to report, that they were already joined: and that full 10. Months before ever themselves resolved upon joining. Plainly, the Princes of Germany (though they satisfied not these men's expectations) showed themselves neither fools nor cowards, in keeping the same distance both with the Emperor, and the King of Sweden, that they did. Nor hath it fallen out the worse for the King. An excuse of the German Protestants, for not joining sooner with the King of Sweden. No man knows, whither by their apparent making the King stronger, at the first, they should have more set forward his business; or have endangered the putting of him back, by bringing the united forces of the whole Empire at once upon him: whereas he being thus single and secondlesse, insensibly thrived in his design; before he was observed by the Emperor, to be more than a weak and a despised enemy. Perchance too, their Defensive League amongst themselves a musing of the Emperor; gained more time and advancement to the King of Sweden, then if they had openly at first sided in with him. Besides these private reasons therefore, which have not come so low as to men of my Form; these (me thinks) which my simpleness could allege for them, might very fairly excuse them. 1 Their Resolutions in the Diet of Leypsich were, sincerely to continue their loyalty & obedience towards their Lord the Emperor; till themselves should for not aiding him, be invaded by him. 2. It had been no wisdom much sooner to have joined with the King, till either he were strong enough to relieve them, or the Emperor so weak, as not to annoy them: neither of which they could yet discover. All the Summer time were the 3. Imperial Generals Furstenberg, Altringer, and Fugger, yet in their Countries: nor had the King as yet beaten his way through unto them: for that Tilly still kept in the wind of him, betwixt Pomeren and Saxony. 3. Had Saxony by declaring with the King, sooner provoked Tilly to fall upon him, (either before the taking of Magdenburg, or after) never had the Protestants been able to have assisted the King of Sweden. 4. If the main of their objection still lies against the Duke of Saxony, (the chief Engine indeed of all the motion:) they shall find him to have been the less too blame, if they consider how strongly he was by the other party laid at: so wrought he was by another fineness, that notwithstanding he had been earnestly enough solicited by the King, in time to provide for himself, by a seasonable declaring on his side; had been foretold, what would one day come of it: yet besides the difficulty that was in it, for him to discover the Toil he was already gotten into: it had seemed a discourtesy against all the civilities of Courtship, to have upon such terms, broken short off with the Emperor. Flattery and Protestation (the two Court-Iuglers in ordinary) had cast such a mist before the Duke's eyes, that it was not easy for him to discover how the Leger-demain was conveyed against him. The Emperor's Ambassador all this while resident with him, had much courted and smoothed him up, that his Highness' services and endearments to the Emperor, were too many ever to be forgotten. Flattered up beside he was with that glorious style, of being the Pillar of the Empire, and the Achilles of Germany. And as much plied with warm clothes by some of his own Council he was: who though his servants, were yet the Pensioners of the house of Austria. But for all this, could those of other Nations by broad daylight discern, that the Elector of Saxony was likely another day to find no other favour at the Emperor's hands, than what Ulysses, of old, requested of the Giant Polyphemus, to be the last man that should be eaten. This error and danger of his own, the Duke at length (by the light of his own Country now all on a flame about his ears.) came to have the sight of: which with a just indignation he in some high terms represented unto the Emperor's Ambassador, at his final dismissing him from his Court. Then could he discern, that the kiss which the Ambassador at parting offered to his hand, was but a judas kiss, and so was he bold to call it. Then did he remember also, how little either his own former intercessions, or those of other Protestant Princes, for a good peace, had hither to been respected by the Catholics: and that a many of them had all this while been of the Duke of Bavaria's opinion, who in the year 1620. suffered (and perchance with applause too) this following passage, (and that in public Oration then made before him, by way of Congratulation for the taking of Prague, and the Proscribing of the Prince Palatine,) to be put upon our most peaceable Solomon, our wellmeaning Nathaniel, King james; Intercesserat pro Palatino filio, idque Oratorum fuco, magnae Britanniae Rex: quos spernendos esse, optimo exemplo docuit serenitas vestra. For the Palatine his son had the King of great Britain interceded by some counterfeit pretences of his Ambassadors: which Ambassadors that they ought to be despised, your Highness hath taught by an excellent example. Thus much (Isay) did the Duke of Bavaria not only suffer to be audibly pronounced before him, but publicly to be imprinted also: as if they little cared who knew it, so be they had power to maintain it. The Duke of Saxony beginning now to be more apprehensive of all this, and perceiving at the same time the General Tilly to pinch upon him; to be already with fire and sword fallen into his Country: Sergeant Major General Altringer to be coming against him by the way of Duringen: and Diepenbach the Field-marshal, to be advancing out of Silesia; both intending to join with Tilly: away is the Lord Arnheym disploded towards his Majesty of Sweden; to make humble demand of his royal assistance. The King now prising his own power, and the Duke's need of it, at higher rates than himself when he had formerly made proffer of it, would have been content to have afforded it for: delivers these five demands unto Arnheym, to be carried to his Master. 1. The union betwixt the D. of Saxony and the King. That the Elector should consign over the Town of Wittenberg into his Majesty's hands; both for his passage and retreat. 2. That he should send his Son to remain for hostage in the King's Army. 3. That the Elector should presently advance 3. months means aforehand, for the payment of the King's Army. 4. That the Duke's false Counsellors should be delivered to the King, or be punished by himself according to their demerits. 5. That the Elector should engage his Faith and Honour to the King, ever to stand pressed to adventure both his life and fortunes, yea and his Electorate itself in defence of the Reformed Religion. To see how men's present necessities can prevail over the stiffness of their former resolutions. He that would at no hand treat with the King before, now sends him more satisfaction than he expected. This was the Duke's answer. 1. That not his Town of Wittenberg alone, but his whole Country was from thenceforth at his Majesty's devotion. 2. That he would not only send his Son, but himself in person would wait upon his Majesty's Army. 3. As for making the three months pay down upon the nail; that he professed himself at the instant not able to satisfy his Majesty in: but one months means he would presently make tender of; and security for the other two. 4. Were but those false Councillors once named unto him, he would himself see condign punishment inflicted upon them. 5. That he was not ready to expend his fortunes, and what ever else he had; but to engage his life for the Religion: promising from that time forth, to stick most closely unto the King. This answer being cheerfully, and with much assurance delivered by the Ambassador, the King saith, That he would try the Duke, whither he were in good earnest or not. Passing his Army therefore over the Bridge of Wittenberg, and leaving a Garrison of his own within the Town: to Dieben he goes to meet the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg; as in our other book we before told you. There was it in private consultation betwixt these three Princes deliberated; A consultation, wherein the King seems to dissuade the Battle. whither it were best presently to bid the enemy battle, or to make a longer war of it. The votes were a little divided at the first. The King (to try what mettle the Duke was made of) frames some reasons to draw the war out into length: against which the Duke makes use of these two Arguments. 1. Saxonies' Arguments for the Battle. That it concerned himself speedily to fight, that he might free as soon as might be, his Subjects and Dominions of the enemy. 2. That it also as much concerned the King too: for that the Country now half taken by the enemy, was not long able to maintain two such armies. That the Duke sourged to the battle, was not, I suppose, because his courage was more than the Kings; but because his necessities were more personal, and more pressing. If he sought not, all were lost; and if he were overthrown, all were out lost then: much more honourable besides it was, to dye for his Country, in the field, in a brave battle; then to live the Emperor's Bandit or Almsman for a while; and either to die without an Epitaph, or have that of a coward, branded, rather than engraven upon his Tombstone. This hanging off of the Kings, drew, no doubt, the Ties something the straighter, which he before had upon the Duke: engaged him (perchance) into some new promises, and privater obligations. Thus did the wise King finely suffer himself to be drawn into the hazard, chiefly upon the opportunity of the Duke: keeping to himself the inward contentment that he found, to see Saxony now so forward; and concealing the reason of war withal, The Battle agreed upon. which privately called upon him to hasten the encounter, as much as it did Tilly to defer it: whom these of his own side (now the battle is lost) condemn for fight. Well the Duke of Saxony that had been thus forward in the advice, would also be as forward in the enterprise: For I find him the first man in the field; which the King was willing to permit also: for besides that it was an honour to the Duke to be the forwardest in fight for his own Country, the King who (as the proverb is) knew well enough how to lead his men; though he drove not the Saxons before him, yet was he the surer of them by having them thus before him. Much about this time (as the report goes) did the General Tilly (out of the fatal bravary of a confident Soldier, and the inevitableness of his own destiny) invite his own overthrow, Tilly invites the King to fight with him. by a Trumpet sent unto the King, with a message to this purpose: That as he was a brave Cavalier, he should come and give him a Battle. This low term of Cavalier, the King's heroical spirit receiving with a just disdain, (as it is said) trampled upon the Letter, thus replying withal unto the Trumpet: What! doth your General think me worthy of no better a style then of a Cavalier? I am a King; and tell him I shall well find him out. Tilly upon receipt of this message, prepares his Army, as if to accept of a victory, rather than to fight much for it; and very welcome to his men, was the tidings of a pitched battle: so confident they were of their own strength (which they counted invincible) and so glad of the opportunity. What saith the Count of Pappenheym, (Field marshal unto Tilly,) when he saw the blood prodigiously dropping from the houses at Hall, where he than was; must we bleed? will the King of Sweden bear us? that's impossible. Proclamation hereupon is through every Quarter of the Leaguer made, that upon the hearing of certain warning pieces, every man should repair to his colours and to his order. Some of Tillyes' Council of war were of opinion, that having fortified their leaguer, it were best to expect the Swedens' falling on upon it, as they had done them at Swedes and Werben. But the most voices and courages prevailed, that it were more honour to meet the enemy in the field, whom perchance they might take unprovided. Upon the fatal 7. of September therefore being Wednesday; the General Tilly with full 44000. brave men, first advances from his Leaguer into the field. The place of the battle. The place, was a goodly fair plain field, (part whereof had been ploughed) about a mile from the Town of Leipsich. Part of Tillyes' Leaguer was near unto the common burying place without the City walls, usually in Germany called God's Acre Some have affirmed it to have been the very same place, where the Emperor Charles the 5th. did heretofore overthrow Maurice then Duke of Saxony. But this conjecture of theirs, seems to be contradicted by Sleidan; who assigns the place of that former victory to be, ad silvam Lochanam, the wood of Lochan: which they of the German Nation, affirm to be nearer unto Hall: 18. or 20. English miles from Leipsich. Upon this plain aforesaid, there is a rising ground, a little hill and a wood likewise towards the West: whereabouts (with a fatal Omen) the place of execution also is; as you may perceive described in the first Map. Here had Tilly (like a prudent General that was careful for all advantages) at first placed himself; the Hill, besides that it served him commodiosly to plant his Canon upon; was very easy withal for him to descend: but very troublesome on the other side, for the Swedes to climb up unto. The wood served him, both to hide his men in at first, and for a retreat afterwards for them, if they should be put unto it. The watch word for his Army was Sancta Maria; or as some High Dutch Relations say, Marry the Mother of God. The token to know one another by, was white strings, or ribbons, about their arms and in their helmets: as if they had been Diadems, and that that day would have made them all Kings. The union being thus made, and the battle concluded upon, betwixt the King's Majesty of Sweden, and their Highnesses the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg; the King having first over-viewed the Armies, upon Tuesday Sept. 6. commands a Bid-day, or day of more solemn prayers throughout every Quarter. The devotions ended; the Army in fair array moved that night from Dieben, (4. Dutch miles from Leipsich) till they came within 2. Dutch miles (some 6. or 8. English miles) of the enemy: where putting out good Guards and watches, they for that night rested. That same night had the King a strange dream, The King of Swedens' dream. (a divine one no doubt) thus. His Majesty thought in his sleep, that he had his enemy Tilly fast by the hair of the head, which for all his struggling, he would not let go, until Tilly seemed to bite him by the left side. This upon the success of the battle was thus interpreted. That the King should have the upper hand of his enemy; and that Tilly should defeat the Duke of Saxony, who had the left side and hand of the King in the day of battle. The next morning (being the fatal day Wednesday Sept. 7. (which the German Writers call diem Reginae) they before day light were upon their march again. The Armies in view one of another. Being come near to the Village called Scholcka, marked in the Map with the letters Ee: they might there descry the Enemy upon the advantage of the rising ground, which we before spoke of. Tilly was at first a little deceived by his skowtes and Espials: who upon the first discovering of the Saxon forces in the grey morning, had brought him too hasty word, that the Duke of Saxony was only then a coming. By 8. or 9 of the clock had the Imperialists a full view of both the Protestant Armies: and Tilly full well knowing of a troublesome passage they were to have through the bushes and dirt at the foresaid Town of Scholcka; thither sent he some lighter Troops to disturb them. Tilly sends to disturb their passage; and the stratagem used. These Vantcurriers, besides the skirmishing with which they entertained them; did by setting fire to certain trains of Gunpowder, purposely scattered on the ground, seek by the smoke thereof (which the wind at that time blew full into the Protestants faces) to blind and trouble their putting of themselves into order. But neither did this powder-plot take effect, neither force nor stratagems could at that time serve their turns; for in despite of both these, is the passage gained: which being once made, the Protestants immediately begin to marshal themselves into that order, which they had before agreed to fight in. Perceiving the Tillians therefore, to present themselves in a mighty large Front; and the wings of their battle to be extended full 2. English miles in length: they to prevent hembing in, (as not willing to accept the kindness of an Enemy, to be brooded under his goodly wings, he being a bird of another feather) divide themselves into two Armies. The Duke of Saxony takes his way towards the left hand, and the King towards the right. The Protestants divide into two Armies. The Duke stretched his left wing as long out, as Tilly had done his right; which was as far as the Town of jetzschlitz, in the Southern edge of the Map marked with Ff: the end of Tillyes' right wing being betwixt him and the Village of Schausen, here marked with Gg: His right wing he in like manner also stretched out quite over the high way, till it almost touched with the King's left wing. The King wheeling more about to the right hand, got the Village of Podelwitz at his back, here marked with the letter O. Still as the Armies advanced towards the Enemy, their Ordnance (the loud music of a battle) went playing on before them. The Duke's Ordnance, are in the Map marked with Hh: The Kings smaller field-peices with P: And his Demie-Canon with Q: which were commodiously planted before every Division. The Army of the Catholike-Leaguers having by a warning piece been drawn together, before the standing Camp near Leipsich; were after half an hours pause upon the place, fair and softly caused to advance into the open field. Passing therefore beyond the Villages of Lindenthal, (usually called Linckell) in the right-hand upper corner of the Map, marked with B: And little Wiederwitz marked with C: And great Wiederwitz marked with D: Tilly advances into the field. And Breitenfield marked with A: From which last Town some more light horse Troops being sent abroad for intelligence, the whole Army fairly followed to the little wood marked with E: and the Gallows marked with F: Here Tilly making a stand had word brought him, that both the King and Duke were already gotten over the dirty passage, and were in divided Armies, both upon their march towards him. Tilly hearing of this news; Now fellow Soldiers (says he) we must look for blows. Resolving therefore to keep the advantage of that higher ground to fight upon; he first of all in several places causes his Ordnance to be planted, which are here marked with G: disposing in the next place of the order of his battle. Making choice therefore of the old form of fight in great square Bodies, (of which the Map shows you the mighty Fronts only; so much, namely, as at the joining of the battels presented itself unto the Swedens' view:) he thus marshals his formidable forces. The whole Army he divides into three usual parts, the main Battle namely, and the two wings. The right wing was commended unto Eggon Count of Furstenberg, His order of battle. with those conquering Italian Troops; which since their coming out of Italy, had brought the Circles of Schwaben and Franconia under contribution. This right wing is marked with L: and by Furstenberg himself, stands the letter M: The left wing, consisting most of the German Nation, was commanded by the Count of Pappenheym; he whose memory is yet so dear unto those of Magdenburg. This wing is known by the letter H: and Pappenheyms' self by the letter I: Upon this wing was the flower of the Horse placed: because they were to confront the King of Sweden himself; with whom they supposed, would come the bravest Soldiers of the Army. The main Battle or middle-ward was led by the gallant Tilly himself; wherein were his old Walloons and Burgundians, and braver German Troops. These were the credit and strength of his foot-forces. You may know Tilly's own place, by the letter K: set over his head, near the high ways side, about the middle of the Map. And in this array stood this (by themselves supposed) Invincible Army, expressing a great deal of desire to be at it. The King of Sweden upon the first full view of the Imperial Army, (now within a league of him:) showing them unto his own men, rides from Regiment to Regiment, and from rank to rank, with a loud voice ask of his Soldiers; Come on, Comrades, will you fight to day for the name of jesus Christ! This question was by the whole Army presently answered with the Echo of this joyful acclamation, Vivat Gustavus Adolphus, vive, vive, vive. The King observing the brave resolution of his Soldiers, calls immediately a Trumpet unto him: to whom he openly delivering a Letter, aloud commanded him to carry it unto the General Tilly. The King sends a Letter unto Tilly. This Letter having been that morning written in the Field, had the King communicated the Contents of, unto his great Officers: which were; That he desired to see the General Tilly in the Field; and to that purpose he now attended for him. Tilly upon receipt of this Letter, Tillyes' answer. bade the Trumpet to assure the King his Master, that he for his part had never refused to fight with him; that he would now meet him half way: and that the King well knew where to find him. These two last passages concerning the King's speech unto his Army, and his Letter unto Tilly; are written by Chaimaries a French Captain, that day serving the King of Sweden. Now began the King to dispose of the array of his Army. Those 18. or 20000. men which he led along with him; he divides, like his enemy, into three parts: and each of these again into the Vanguard and the Arrierguard. The King's order of Battle. The Van or Forward of the Right wing, marked with the letter R, his Majesty's self commanded: whose place in the Battle you may perceive by the Letter S. Here were the bravest and best armed Horsemen: and these well lined with Musketeers, and guarded with some pieces of Ordnance also before them. The proportion of the Musketeers that lined the Horsemen, was about 100, to 8 troops of Horse, saith Chaimaries, one with another. The Rear or Hinder-ward of the same Right wing, marked with the Letter Z; was committed unto Sir john Bannier, General of the Foot: by whom stand the Letters A a. The left wing, marked with X, was led by the brave Gustavus Horn, Feild-Marshall unto his Majesty: whom you may find out by the Letter Y. The Arrierguard of the same wing was left unto Colonel Hall: whom you may see at the Letters D d. His troops were those three Horse-Regiments which you see under him; marked with the numbers 87, 88, 89. The Van of the main Battle or middle-ward, whose character is the Letter T, was committed unto the sober and valiant Gentleman, the Baron Dyvell: whose place is by the Letter V. This Van consisted of Foot altogether: which being divided into four Brigades of Pikes and Musketeers, were ordered by * So do several High-Dutch Relations name him: but whether rightly or no, I cannot learn. I rather think it should be Axel Oxenstiern. Acko, Oxenstiern, Erick Hand, and Winkell, all Colonels. Before this part, you see the Ordnance placed, and immediately behind it (for the greater strength) are there three Divisions of Scottish Musketeers placed; mingled among twice five troops of Horse, of the Kings own Guards. The Rear of the same main Battle known by the Letters B b: consisting of three Brigades of Foot, was committed unto the well tried Sir john Hepburne, (commonly called Hebron:) who fought in person in the middlemost of those three Brigades: and is to be found at the Letters C c. The Brigade on the right hand, was led by the young Count of Turn: and that on the left hand, by Colonel Vitzthimb, a brave Soldier. These three Brigades, (wherein some English and many Scots were) were accounted among the best and surest men of the Army: and called The Reserve of the Battle. Behind these, are two half Regiments of Horse, of five troops apeice; commanded by Colonel Schaffman, and Col. Cochtitsky. And this was the King's admirable order of Embatteling: which you shall much the better please yourself in the reading of; if you will take the pains but to look for every thing in the Map, as you go along. A new kind of Marshalling was this unto Tilly, which as much helped to beat him, as the valour of the men did, that fought in it. Every part of it, consisted of several Maniples and small Bodies of men: of which if any one were overthrown, there was nothing so much hurt done, as when one of Tillyes' greater Battaglions were broken: and they might much easier, (by reason of the nimbleness of their motion, and the small space of ground which they took up to move in) be supplied by one another. And if the thinness of the Files (as being never above six deep) were not able ('tis true) to bear off any great shock or impression; yet by bringing, by that means, more hands to fight at once, than the enemy's order possibly could do; they were able on the sudden to do the more execution. Upon the sight of it in the Map, you will r●●dily make this judgement: That one part so fences, so backs, so flanks one another: is so ready to second, to relieve one another: so apt, either to send out succours; or to receive into their hinder-wards or ranks, any of their former fellows that shall happen to be overlaid: that the whole Army looks like some impregnable City, with its Bastiles, its Towers, its Bulwarks, and several Retreats about it. So that well may the men be killed; but very hardly shall the whole order be routed. And of this we have experience in this Battle: where there was not (that I can find) any one Regiment put to flight, but Collenbaches Horse only. The less marvel than it is if God with us, and this order of Embatteling, invented by this new (but royal) Captain: gave so full an overthrow to the eldest & best General of the world. And yet hath the King more of these Forms of Battle invented by himself: every one to fit the enemy, the ground, and the occasion. The Duke of Saxonies' Army consisting of 14000. men, and no more, as I am since informed, (the two Regiments of the Count of Solmes, and the Baron Hoftkirck being sent * Towards Bohemia as I suppose: for I find them to be Governors of Prague afterwards. To which place they were thought fittest to be sent; as having been there in the former wars and in the Battle of Prague also: where they than served on the King of Bohemiaes' side. away:) was also divided into the Battle & the two wings. The Body or main Battle, was directed by his Highness the Duke himself: whose place you know by the Letters K k. Before him stand his great Ordnance; marked with H h. The right wing was led by the valiant Lord john George Arnheym; whose place you may see at the Letters M m. The left wing is to be known by the Letters I ay: but who commanded there, I find not expressed. Perchance it might be either Bindhauff, Sergeant Major General to the Duke; or Swalbach, that day General of the Ordnance: for these two were the greatest Officers of the Field, next unto Arnheym the Feltmarshall. The Duke of Saxonies' order. And this was the Saxons order: being the ancient and usual manner of Embatteling. What the several Numbers, Letters, and Arithmetical figures in both Maps mean; we shall anon tell you, after the description of the victory. The Watchword for both these Protestant Armies, was, GOT MIT VNS, God with us: and their Tokens, Green Branches in their hats or helmets; with which ere night their brows were crowned, as with victorious Laurels. Advancing in this equipage into the place of Battle; upon the said Plain, which Tilly had fayrey left for them: behold an Omen, which a Roman Augur would have esteemed for a most fortunate abodement. Upon that empty place of ground whereon the King was to fight, there sat a flock of birds (which had indeed been observed there some days before, by the Countrymen; and to have fought there too, with another flock, A lucky Omen to the King. then beat away by them) which birds being sprung by the King's Vantcurryers', taken their flight directly towards Tillyes' Army: and there fetching a circle about (and that also would the Romans have accounted for a happy presage) they turned again towards the King's Army: as who would say, we went to fetch you victory. & Another to the Duke of Saxony. The Duke of Saxony had another good encouragement to his Army also: a milk-white Dove, namely, hover very low, and almost sitting upon a Cornet or Horsemans' Ensign: which also setcht a circuit afterwards, about the Duke's Army. But the King had a better Augury on his side, than a flight of birds: His Motto or Watchword, God with us: and that which the Roman General sometimes preferred before the birds, Romano milite dignus, Ensis adest augur: his valour▪ namely, and his Sword. Being now ready to come unto the shock, The Battles join. Army to Army; some struggling there was at first for the wind: which then blowing from the West, was full in the Imperialists back, and the Protestants faces. This advantage the King being desirous to recover, and the enemy as eager to keep, and both sides wheeling about for that purpose; not only the Horsemen had some Skirmishes together, but the Foot also came to push of Pike. In this heaving and shoving too and again, Some struggling for the wind. the King with some part of his right wing wheeling about from O towards A; that is, from the village of Podelwitz, towards Breitenfeild; edging still along to recover some point of the West: had with much ado gotten up the hill, something nearer towards the little wood, where part of Pappenheyms' men lay: who in striving to keep the wind, was forced to come under the command of the King's Ordnance. The Imperialists every where had very commodiously also planted some pieces of Canon upon the hills-side: which made it a desperate piece of service for the Swedes, directly in the enemy's faces, to ascend; yea, the higher ground itself was something troublesome to mount also: which they made the less haste to do, because they were not fully yet in order. The Fight was about twelve a clock begun with their great Ordnance. Tilly on his side gave fire to the first three pieces: which did little or no hurt unto the Swedens': The Fight begun with great Ordnance. and the King (as his manner is) put his Linstock to the two first pieces: which notwithstanding it was done at something a far distance, and therefore laughed at by the enemy, as if the Royal Cannonier durst have come no nearer: yet (as the Kings own Printed Relation says,) they undoubtedly hit their mark. Tilly from his Battle played hard upon the King, with three half Curtoes or half Canons especially: which were again answered with as much fury. The hideous roar of the Canon on both sides, made the very earth to tremble; and continuing for two hours together, made many a brave man to groan his last. The Imperialists shot divers artificial fireworks, and Granades also; whereof some being old, and their touch-holes rusty, did not break in the fail: so that having done no hurt, they were taken up whole afterwards. Tillyes' Ordnance (whereof he had some very great pieces) did most hurt upon the King's left wing, where Gustavus Horn commanded. The thunder of the Canon about two a clock gave quite over. At which time the Count of Pappenheym with the Horse of his left wing, gives the first charge upon the King's right wing. The Duke Adolphus of Holsteyn was the first that seconded the Horse, Pappenheym charges the King in the right wing. with his Regiment of Foot: who, whilst together with the Horse, he wheeled too hastily about to recover the whole advantage of the wind from the King, (one point whereof the King had with much ado gained:) both Horse and Foot were so far advanced before their fellows, that they were even parted from the rest of their left wing. These having too rashly engaged themselves by the ears with the King's Horse, found themselves so galled by the Musketeers, with which the King's Horse-troupes were lined, (which they there little looked for: by reason the Musketeers being our-commanded men could not at first be discerned, because they had no Colours with them) that they were quickly made to get them further off. Traversing thereupon their ground about to the left hand; and thrusting in betwixt the King's right wing, The D. of Holstein charges Bannier in the Rear of the right wing. and the main Battle; they there fell fowl upon the Rear of the King's right wing, where the General Bannier commanded. After them, the King immediately sent some able troops; which both utterly separated them from the rest of their fellows, and closed them in withal: so that betwixt them and Bannier; they were (as the Baron of Cronenberg writes) utterly cut in pieces. The Duke of Holsteyn receiving a shot in the knee, The Duke of Holstein taken prisoner. was at that instant taken prisoner: of which wound he within few days after, died at Eilenburg. The rest of Pappenheyms' Foot being thus deprived of the most of their Horse, and not succoured time enough by Tilly with his Battle; was with the less trouble afterward defeated by the King's Right wing. Pappenheyms' left wing defeated. Here was Pappenheyms' self wounded; made to forsake the Field, and to leave all his Ordnance behind him. The King in the beginning of the fight perceiving the enemy to charge very hardly upon his men; The King alights to pray. alighting (as Dan. Heinsius in his Panegyric affirms) from his horse; prays upon his bended knees unto God for the victory: imitating herein the godly Emperor Theodosius, who did as much in a day of Battle. The General Tilly perceiving it to go hard with his left wing, Tilly charges Gustavus Horn in the left wing. draws with his Battle from about the little Wood; and down the hill he comes. With him was the chief strength of the Foot; old Soldiers the most of them: though never so well beaten Soldiers, as that day they were. Sixteen brave Regiments there were of them; and those divided into four great Spanish Brigades; their Horsemen also, on both sides, proudly prancing upon their flanks. Right opposite unto him, was Gustavus Horn with his left wing: upon him therefore General Tilly instantly sets; upon him he twice or thrice charges with great bravery: which charges, Horn with as much resolution both endures & returns. Tilly at length finding himself shrewdly rubbed thereabouts with the lining of the Swedish Horse-troupes, and some smaller Drakes and Feild-peices withal: begins on the sudden to turn his whole order; so that leaving a part of his Battle of Foot, and the most of his Horse to hold Gustavus Horn play: he converts all his fury upon the Duke of Saxony. With Tilly and his Battle, Tilly and Furstenberg both together fall upon the Saxons, did the Count of Furstenberg at the same time piece in, with his left wing also: so that all the Duke of Saxonies' Army (excepting some few of Arnheyms in the Right wing, which stood next unto the Swedens' left wing:) were at once engaged. Two or three Charges the Saxons endured well enough; but the westerly Wind carrying the smoke & dust full into their eyes, and Tillyes weighty bodies of his Spanish Brigades, falling too heavily upon the new-levyed Saxons: and upon the Dukes own Guards especially (amongst which himself fought) that not able longer to endure the fury of the old Walloons, Germans, and Burgundians; they begin to give ground a little at the first: and to run quite away a little after. Furstenberg in like manner pressed so hard upon the Duke's left wing; that they presently followed the example of their Countrymen; and rout them. and distrusting their Arms, committed themselves as fast as could be unto their heels. Steynau a Saxon-Colonell of a Horse-Regiment, was with four Cornets there taken prisoner by Furstenberg, who at last when his keepers began to be overthrown, apprehending the presentness of the advantage broke loose, and assisted those of his own side. And here was the Lord Bindauff Sergeant-Major General unto the Duke of Saxony slain, before the Baron of Cronenbergs Regiment: as that Baron writeth. Thus the most of the Saxon Foot, and many of their Horse, were either slain, taken prisoners, or fled the Field: leaving all their fair Ordnance to the mercy of the enemy: who presently after, began to turn those Pieces upon the Swedens'. But as if it had not been shame enough, thus foully to have left the Field; they were no sooner out of the reach of the enemy, but they fell to pillage their own Wagons by the way: that so they might at least seem to be Conquerors; in carrying home the Spoils of the wars, though not of their enemies. The Imperialists now seeing the Saxons fleeing, News of the Victory carried to the Emperor. cry, Victoria, victoria, follow, fellow, follow: but the old Lad their General quickly countermanded that, saying, Let them go, we shall overtake them time enough: but let us beat the Swedes too, and then all Germany is our own. But so good was this news, that some Posts are presently dispeeded away towards the Emperor at Vienna, with the most welcome tidings of Victory: Some Cornets of the Saxons being there showed, and some scornful and disgraceful words among, being added against the Duke of Saxony. The most of the Saxons being thus routed; Arnheym (as 'tis said) still made good the place. With him, were the best of the Duke's Horse; and the best of them too, the Dukes own Horse-guards, that day commanded by Leiftenant-Colonell Tauben, a valiant Gentleman. Eight troops he had beside, of Duke William of Saxon-Altenburg: together with some of the Countrey-gentlemens', and of his own. The most of these (as I said) had Tilly slipped by, with a touch only upon them. Hereabouts fell there out a pretty encounter, worthy not to be overpassed. A single Combat. Thus▪ A gallant Imperial Cavalier perceiving a Saxon, Ritmaister or Captain of a troop of Horse, to behave himself bravely in the head of his troops; presently putting spurs unto his Horse and riding up unto him, bends his Pistol upon him; and engages him in a single combat. The Saxon would not give it off neither: but there their Horses being shot under them, too it on foot they go with sword and pistol. Both (to be brief) are there slain; and both, (as their destinies directed it) fell down dead together, one upon another: and Death, who having been at so many Duels, knowing himself now able enough to judge who had best done; gave the honour of it unto the Saxon-Champion, by laying him uppermost in the fall. And there still lay he upon his enemy; as if he meant to follow him into the next world, and to fight with him there too: and even the pangs of death fluttering their arms about, and their dying pulses punching one at another; made that seem like another combat. The loss of blood having also made their faces look pale; that colour of anger made a show, as if their unappeased spirits had been yet at it. While Tilly and Furstenberg were in action with the Saxons, those Horse which he (as hath been said) left in fight with Gustavus Horn; came not so victoriously off from the Swedes, as their General had done from the Saxons. This action, Gustavus Horn himself, thus writes of. All their Horse (saith he) fell upon my left wing; Gustavus Horn defeats those that charged him. who were soon dispersed and put to flight: and contrarily the Duke of Saxonies' Foot, almost left the Field. Whilst yet the enemy pursued the Saxons, our left wing charged into their flank, and upon their two troops of Reserve: and in this posture we fought a long time, and lost many of our Horse. But finally after I had sound charged the enemy's Battle with that Regiment of the Gothish Horse, which his Majesty sent me for assistance: together with the commanded Musketeers which had been placed by the King in the left wing: the enemy began to grow thin and to fall away; whereupon their Battle presently broke; being all put to flight, excepting four Regiments: who by reason of the smoke and dust were so shadowed from our sight, that they saved themselves. Thus far this conquering pen writeth. Those that Horn thus overthrew; were one or two perchance, of those four great Brigades belonging to Tillyes' main Battle. So that there yet remains the rest of them which were pieced in with Furstenbergs left wing; whom we are next to inquire after. The Earl of Furstenberg having sorely raked the Saxons, and charged quite through them; was with his own Regiment thus in the heat of blood and valour, quite parted from the rest of his own wing. Supposing therefore his day's work to be done with the Saxons, whom the rest of his men had put to flight: he with his own Regiment of foot, flies amain upon the Swedens' again. Furstenberg charges the Rear of the Swedens' left wing: It was the Rear of the left wing, which was then next before him, that he now chanced upon. There did Colonel Hall, a brave Gentleman Command. Hall having there a Regiment of twelve troops of his own Horse (whose place in the Map is at 88) Charges (says Chaimaries; Is defeated & wounded by Hall: who is slain himself also. that was one of his Captains in another Foot. Regiment that Hall had) into the Imperial Foot; and with not much labour, cut them all in pieces. And here, I suppose, it might be, that the Count of Furstenberg was wounded: whence being carried off sorely spoilt, he was reported to have been slain: but of that, we are otherwise since informed. Nor did Colonel Hall come off clearly with his victory; for by default of his breastplate (which was not of full proof) he was slain by a Musket-Bullet upon the place. It seems that Hall had followed Furstenberg, even unto the point of the left wing of the King's Army: because that Chaimaries presently subjoins, That his Colonel (Hall) was separated in this fight from the rest of the Army; excepting from the brave Cavalier Colonel Collenbach; with whom (saith he) I was. Now Collenbaches place in the Battle, the Map shows to be in the end of the left wing: where he hath five troops of Horse, at the number 57 and five more, at the number 59: So that Chaimaries place must needs be at the number 58: where he was one of those Foote-Captaines that led those 360. Musketeers of Hall's men, which at that time lined Collenbaches Horse, which were 800. in number: in which very place, Chaimaries sets himself, in a Map of the Battle drawn by his own hand; which came over with his Letter. This enquiry helps us to know, whereabouts the chief of the Encounter at that time was: wherein you may satisfy yourself, by looking into the Map. No sooner were Furstenbergs Foot defeated; but 7000. or 8000. of those Imperialists that had discomfited the Saxons; were discovered upon the place where the Saxons had been lately Marshaled. The dust and smoke were so great, that they were upon Collenbach ere he was aware: and yet as near him as they were, not being able to discern their Colours; he knew not whether they were friends or foes. The same doubt possesses the Imperialists also; who being so near Collenbach, never offered so much as to charge him: imagining, perchance, that he might be some of their own main Battle, which Gustavus Horn had thereabouts of late defeated. At last (says Chaimaries) my mind gave me that they were enemies; yea I told Collenbach that they were not our men. And by this time had the enemy discerned us too: whereupon turning two pieces of Ordnance upon us, which they had taken from the Duke of Saxony; they let fly amongst us. Just at this time came the King riding up unto us, crying to Collenbach, Charge, man, a God's name: whereupon his Majesties own self led us on against the enemy; saying, That he must finish the work that we had begun: Collenbach thereupon advancing, (and the King going away to look to other places) is presently encountered with ten Cornets of Horse, who at the first or second Charge, slew all his Officers and Cornets, that commanded before four of his troops upon the right hand of his Regiment: Col Collenbach slain by the Imperialists. yea the Colonel Collenbach himself was there shot dead upon the place; all his Horse of the four troops aforesaid, fleeing thereupon. The Imperialists who had the smoke in their eyes, discerned them not: but I (says Chaimaries) discerning the enemy, commanded all my Musketeers to give fire at once upon them. The same Imperialists routed by other of Collenbaches men. They thereupon wheeling about to the left hand, were entertained by the other four Cornets of Collenbachs' Regiment: who gave them so courageous a Charge, that they drove them even to the gates of Leipsich. Thus much writes Chaimaries of the actions of that part of the Battle, where himself served. The King of Sweden having (as hath been said) set on Collenbach; goes, (like a noble General, who thinks it his office to see to all) to visit his three Brigades of Reserve in the Rear of the main Battle; where the valiant Hebron commanded. Bringing therefore some 100 or more of the better sort of prisoners, which himself with the right wing had before taken▪ he for the encouragement of his men, makes a show of them; still crying * That is, lustily, valiantly. Allegrement as he road along: vive, cry the Soldiers. At which cheerfulness of his men the King very heartily laughing; led them on towards those 7. or 8000. of the enemy, before mentioned; not making a stand, until he came within half Musket of them. These were part of those men, who, as I said, had defeated the Duke of Saxony. Towards whom the King now riding very near; comes back unto his men with news, That he saw the Burgundian Cross. Sending therefore the Baron Dyvell unto Sir john Hebron to command him to fall on with his three Brigades of Reserve; himself hasts away to the nearest part of the main Battle, where Colonel Winckle with the Bl●w Regiment stood, to send him to aid Hebron also. Scarcely had this brave Baron Dyvell delivered the King's message; Baron Dyvell slain. but he was shot stark dead, when he was gone a little to the right hand, even before Hebron's eyes, and feet, as it were. Upon this command of the King, Sir john Hebron with the middlemost of the three Brigades, Sir john Hebron charges Tilly. and Colonel Vitzthimb with his other on the left hand; moved forward towards the enemy. But the young Count of Turn, who had the third and right hand Brigade (which was the furthest from the danger) he (as I am informed) stirred not. Whether he misunderstood the message, or what else should be the reason of it, I know not. Thus much only can I inform my Reader; that he is not son to the brave old Bohemian Count of Turn, nor like unto him. On the right hand of Sir john Hebron's Brigade, was the valorous Scottish Colonel Lumsdell: who with the Lord Reayes men, and his own, helped to make up Hebron's Brigade complete: the most of the other part of it (of Sir john's own Regiment) being of the German Nation. On the right hand of Lumsdell again, had the King caused Sir james Ramsey with his chosen or outcommaunded Musketeers, also to fall on. The first of Lumsdells' Musketeers, were led on by his Lieutenant Colonel Muschamp, our daring and valiant Countryman: who with much courtesy related this whole passage, thus unto me. First (saith he) giving fire unto three little Feild-peices that I had before me, I suffered not my Musketeers to give their volleys, till I came within pistol-shot of the enemy: at which time I gave order to the three first ranks to discharge at once; and after them the other three: which done, we fell pell mel into their ranks, knocking them down with the stock of the Musket, and our swords. The enemy, notwithstanding we were already within their ranks, gave us two or three Salvees with their Muskets: and at our first falling on, four gallant troops of Curiassiers advancing themselves before their own foot, and coming close up to the head of our Pikes; at one volley or two of their Pistols, shot all the Scottish Ancients dead upon the place; Divers Scottish Ancients slain at once. So that strange it was to see, how so many Colours fell at one instant into the field. And our men, I think, paid theirs as wel● home again. A brave Commander of theirs, all in scarlet and goldlace there was right before us; whom we might discern to lay on upon his own men's pates and shoulders; to cut and slash diverse of them with his sword, because they would not come on upon us. This Gentleman maintained the fight a full hour, and more, against us; but he being slain, we might perceive their Pikes and Colours to topple down, to tumble and fall cross one over another: Lieutenant Colonel Muschamp with the Scots of my Lord Reayes and Colonel Lumsdel men, defeats those that they were sent against. whereupon all his men beginning to flee, we had the pursuit of them, even until the night parted us. Few of the Imperial Officers and Commanders escaped either kill or spoiling; as one Captain Onion an Englishman (who had the leading that day of 1000 Musketeers on the Emperor's side,) affirmed. Onion himself was thrice shot the same day; taken and carried prisoner into Leipsich: where he afterwards related this unto Lieutenant Colonel Muschamp: to which Lieutenant-Colonels courtesy for my understanding of this part of the service of the day, (wherein himself was a principal Leader) the Readers are beholding. Sir john Hepburn, Sir james Ramsey, Colonel Vitzthimb, and Colonel Lumsdell with their foot; and the Bohemian Colonels Schaffman and Cochtitsky with their horse; all wheeling about in manner of an half moon, (as the second Map shows you,) so well at the same time plied their business; charged with so much bravery and resolution at first; and maintained the fight with so much courage and manhood to the last; that in this part also, though the Imperialists behaved themselves right valiantly; yet were they forced to yield unto the fortune of the day, as in other places of the field, their fellows had done before them. For at this time, the Lord Arnheym with his Saxon-horse fell so resolutely on upon their Rear, and the Scottish and German foot, upon their Van; and those other troops which the King sent in from the left wing and main Battle, upon their flank: that the remainder of Tillyes' great Spanish Brigades, and of Furstenbergs left wing, were gotten into a Toil, as it were; and so jumbled and jolled together, that wanting room to fight and order themselves to their best advantage in; Hebron defeats Tilly. they were miserably cut in pieces, put to as great a slaughter themselves, as they before had made among the Saxons. Nor was there a greater fell of men, any wherethat day made throughout the Army, nor any piece of the service, better on both sides maintained. And here (I suppose) was that famous stratagem put in practice by the Musketeers; who all on the sudden doubling of their ranks, making their Files then but three deep: and the first rank, falling upon their knees, the second stooping forward, and the third standing upright; and all giving fire together▪ they poured so much lead in at once amongst the enemies, that their ranks were much broken by it * This report made here at first by a Gentleman that was sent by the King of Sweden, unto our King's Majesty; I have since found to be confirmed in Dan: Heinsius his Panegyric written unto the King of Sweden: who says that the Foot that did this service, advanced themselves before their own Horse; who it seems charged presently in upon it, upon the enemy. Yea the King himself uses to exercise his Soldiers to these postures. . Arnheym on the other side, with his Saxon-horse, did much execution upon the enemy's foot: who had few or no Horse at this time and in this place left, to oppose against him. And here by all probability it was, that the General Tilly received his wounds: and was supposed (though unknown) to have been prisoner for a while unto the King's Army. But this I cannot affirm. Among other Commanders of the Imperialists that fought at this time, in this very place; these three I find particular mention of. The Earl of Schomberg, that day General of the Ordnance; the Baron of Cronenberg, and the Lord of Baumgarten: so that these surely, were none of the meanest troops, that were led by such honourable personages. Something also of what was here done by the Imperialists; we may learn by the said valiant Baron of Cronenbergs Letter. In four hours (saith Cronenberg) I charged the enemy four times with my Regiment: judge you whether we were not at hot service, in so much that I verily believed that I had defeated my enemy, and that the victory was ours: I not knowing that our left wing was so miserably defeated. And this mistake was by reason of the great smoke; for we could not possibly see above four paces before us. The enemy had possessed themselves of the place whereon our left wing was defeated: I than went up into the very face of them, even in that quarter where they brought many fresh Cornets of Horse, and some Regiments of foot to charge me. The whole Army doth know, yea and our General himself will witness it, that but for me, our General had been lost: whom I perceiving grievously hurt, Tilly wounded and thought to be prisoner. carried safely off in despite of all the enemies. There was a Duke of Saxony that day serving on the Emperor's side, who behaved himself like a Lion: who when all was lost, came with our General, and two or three Horsemen only in his company, into my Regiment, I being then in full battle. Thus much writes the Baron of himself, modestly: for from other hands we have also received it, how that when Rodolph Maximilian Duke of Saxon-Lawenburg, Tilly rescued, and carried out of the field. had by his valour and hardiness rescued and fetched off his General; that the valiant Cronenberg carried them both out of the field, in the midst of his own, now flying troops. Thus by knowing of Cronenbergs place; we find where the General Tilly at this time was: and that it was Sir john Hebron that overthrew him. For this valour and faithfulness to their General, was the Baron Cronenberg much honoured: and the Duke afterwards entrusted with the keeping of the key of Bavaria; the Town of Donawaert I mean: from whence the King of Sweden did of late days beat him. The King having set on Sir john Hebron upon Tilly; The King with his right wing, charges those in the Wood and returned by this time to his own Right wing; presently advances forward with that towards the wood upon the hill, which Tilly had before apppointed for the Retreat of his men: because that hereabouts some Regiments had all this while stayed, and others, that had been routed in other places, had hitherto resorted; here to r'allee and conjoin themselves together again. To conjoin themselves together I say: for whereas I find four of these Regiments now gotten about the Wood, to be those of Goys, Blanckhart, Chesui, Balderon and Diderichsteyn, (which last two made up one Regiment:) any man may by the numbers in the Map perceive, that these four were placed very far asunder in the beginning of the Battle: even as far as the numbers 8, 12, 15, and 19, are one from another. And this is an argument of the great confusion they had been put unto in the battle; as others likewise had been in the former fight, which Tilly's self had made: where Baumgartens Regiment which had been at first marshaled near the very end of the left wing, at the number 4; was now conjoined with Schomberg and Cronenberg, whose first place was in the further end of the right wing, at the numbers 26, and 27: and both these from the ends of both wings, conjoined with Tilly, in the middleward or mayn-battayle. But to the story. The King nowin person setting upon these new reunited forces, with such courage and success charges in upon them; that at the first onset cutting in pieces those troops that had the guard of the Ordnance, and then turning the Canon upon the residue: he had the slaughter of a great many of them; and the routing of as many more. Yet all fled not: for the Goiesish, Blanckhartish, Chesuish, and Balderonish Regiments, before mentioned; stood to their Arms bravely. Old Lads they were, and experienced Soldiers too; such as feared not an enemy with an iron face, and that cared not for a halfpenny chop in their own flesh. These, to their great praise (as the Kings own description of the Battle says) made good the wood for a long time against his Majesty, killed him a many of brave fellows. & overthrows them. Nor would they budge a foot; for notwithstanding they were now desperate and out of hope to be either seconded or fetched off, (all their Army being by this time overthrown, and they knwoing of it) yet did they fight it out almost to the last man: a few of them only (whom it had been pity to have killed) retrying themselves when no more could be done; under the benefit of a mixed Cloud, of smoke, and dust, and darkness. For by this time it was near upon seven a clock at night: by which hour the Imperial Army every where was altogether in disorder, flight, and confusion. Thus after five hours hard fight, The victory. the victory fell unto his Majesty of Sweden: whose Horsemen so long continued the chase; until the darkness made it dangerous to pursue the enemy any further. The Tillians fled every way; some to Leipsich; others to Eilenburg, and the Towns thereabouts; and others towards Hall: every man glad to hide his head any where. The joyful retreat being sounded thereupon, the King's Army, as Masters of the Field, kept their possession of it; though but by lying upon the bare ground, and under the blue Skies for that night. Conquerors, surely, had been worthy of a better harbourough; but the universal joy, suffered no man (but the wounded) to complain of the want of a featherbed. The next morning was the chase begun again; The Chase. when the over-taken enemies, wanting either Leaders, or Arms, or hearts; must suffer the Law of Arms to pass upon them: either to beg quarter, or endure the slaughter. And this was the end of that formidable Army of his Imperial Majesty, and of the Catholic Leaguers; which for eleven years together before the coming of the King of Sweden, had given the Law unto all Germany, had made the name of Tilly so renowned. All the ill-gotten wealth, and foregotten glory of it, was in poor five hours' space, (such is the fortune of the wars) now quite lost and confounded. This, I say, was the end of it. Nine or 10000 men, were left dead in the field and chase; many thousands sorely wounded; whereof some shortly after died, and others thereby utterly made unserviceable: Divers were taken prisoners; and 6000. forsaking the side, took oath and pay, for the King's service; not a few, beside, running quite away, and never more returning to their Colours. Thus of 44000. marching men, Tilly never came to Muster 16000 again: perchance not so many; yea perhaps not half so many of the self same men; at leastwise not half so many of the Foot; who could not so fast follow their fleeing General, towards the Weser. The King this morning marching towards Leipsich; there seized upon the enemies whole standing Camp. Here were found full 3000. Wagons, with all their baggage, tents, and pavilions: a great number of Cattle, Horses, Oxen, Sheep, Asses, Poultry, Bread, Wine, meat upon the Spits, with other necessary provisions: much costly stuff, with some gold and silver; both in vessel and ready money. There were many above 100 Ensigns and Cornets brought unto the King, with 14. great pieces of half Curtoes, or Demicanon; and 16. smaller feild-peices, of 8. or 10. pound ball: some whereof had the Arms of the Emperor upon them; others of the Duke of Bavaria, of Wallensteyn, the Palsgrave, the Elector of Brandenbnrg, the Duke of Brunswick, etc. And thus have we told you something of what was done in every part of the Battle. The four great Brigades of Foot in the Van of the King's main Battle, were thought too strong to be meddled withal; the Imperialists therefore never fell on there. Nor did any part of them, nor of their after-troupes, (those I mean, betwixt the Battle and the Reserves of it) once move: only the King commanded some troops to go and aid Hebron once. Nor did the Count of Thurne stir. Nor was the further end of Banniers people meddled withal; else the whole Army was in action. The King of Sweden lost but * Septing●ntorum. 700. men (as Gallobelgious reports) and the Duke of Saxony, 2000 The men of note slain on the King's side, Slain on the King's side On the Saxons. were the gallant Baron Dyvell, Hall, Collenbach, and Corville, all Colonels. Slain on the Duke of Saxonyes' part, Sergeant-Major-Generall * He was Feb. 29. following, very honourably buried at Torgau. Bindhauff, Colonel Starschedel: with divers other Officers and Captains, both of Horse and Foot. On Tillyes' side, these great personages slain; Adolphus, Duke of Holsteyn, Otho Frederick, Count of Schomberg, that day General of the Ordnance; Theodore Othmar of Erwitte, Sergeant-Major-Generall of the Army; the Lord Baumgarten, Baron of Grotte; together with Coloredo, Gallas, Wallensteyn, On Tillyes. Lobell, and Zabilli, all Colonels: with divers other Lieutenant-Colonells, Sergeant-Majors, Ritmaisters, and Captains; slain either upon the place, or dying within a few days after, or their wounds. Taken prisoners, the Generall-Adjutant Zinzindorff; the two Imperial Comissaries-Generall, Walmerde and Graff; with Coronino, Blackhart, Barcelli, Kratz, Hazelung, Alarm, Klinzi, and Winckleman, all Colonels: together with Bernard, that was Secretary and Treasurer unto Tilly; divers Captains, and some Jesuits; who (no doubt) came thither to bless the Army. And this was as complete a victory, The completnesse of the Victory. as possibly could be gotten. Not stolen by night; which Alexander scorned: but without stratagem, by fine force and true prowess, achieved in the broad daylight, betwixt twelve and seven in the afternoon. No advantage of place to give it away: it was upon a fair level, and in Campagnia. No casual advantage but was against the King: the wind, the wood, and the higher ground, all on the enemy's side. No advantage in numbers, or reputations of men, neither; Tillyes were the more, the older Soldiers; and their Army by themselves accounted Invincible. Nay, one disadvantage the King had, as great as possibly almost could be; which was, in sight, not only a wonderful encouragement to the enemy, but a most main weakening of the one half of his Majesty's Army, and an evident disheartening to the rest: for seeing 'tis the Eye that is first overcome in any battle, if the sight of the Saxons defeat would have discouraged the Swedens'; that had given a sore onset to the victory. So that all the advantages lay on the enemy's side; and the disadvantages on the Kings. But yet even thus can the Lord of Hosts give away the victory. Tillyes' manly heart, Tilly excused. 'tis said, could not refrain his tears, when he saw his brave old Soldiers thus going to ruin. The whole fault, he laid upon the Crabats & Imperial horse: who after a few hard charges, cowardly ran away, and never made head again. No General could have done more, than the valiant Tilly that day did; nor would any wise man (that were no more than truly valorous) have stood one minute longer upon the place, from whence the General Tilly ran away. But there is no Battle against the Lord; So that this old Conqueror, still used to see the backs of his enemies; is now glad to show them his own heels: and thus wounded as he was, to flee that night towards Hall, seven Dutch miles from the place of Battle. Hither did the Earls of Furstenberg, and Pappenheym, both sorely wounded, also come unto him: Tilly flees. where having dressed their wounds, the two Ea●les the next day fled away in a hackney Coach, hired at Hall, and Tilly by himself in a Horselitter: all taking their way towards Ascherleben and Halberstadt first; and thence onwards towards the River of Weser; where the Emperor had given him some Lands; and whereabouts he had formerly been, when he first advanced against the King of Sweden. Tilly had in the fight received two (some say, three) several wounds upon his body; besides a shrewd brush or counterbuff with the stock of a Musket given him by a common Soldier; which being aimed full at his head, notwithstanding that the old man bore off as well as he could with his feeble arm; yet so rudely for all that, did it light upon the side of his neck, shoulder, and arm, that the poor man complained more of that blow, than of any of his other wounds. Tilly again excused. The Soldier that reached it him, was immediately beaten down dead upon the place: that so mean a man might never live to glory, what he had done to the gallant General Tilly. Sure it is, that Tilly had his wounds dressed by the Towne-Barber of Hall: In the Book called Arma Succi●a, p. 163 'tis affirmed, That Peruse, Governor of Gripswald had his body hardened with such charms: and that the first bullet did not pierce him: yet the second paid him home. 'tis so familiar a practice, that Soldiers make no question of it. See, if you please, what we have before written in the description of this Battle, in our First part of the Intelligencer. and a report was raised upon it, that the fellow should have afterwards discovered unto the King, at his coming unto Hall, that Tillyes' body was as hard as the wall; that he was hard-shot, or shot-free; and that the Bullets had not pierced the flesh, but made bruises rather in it: and that to his horrible torture, he was fain to endure the cutting out of the bruised flesh, unto the very hard bone. Indeed thus much have I seen in a High-Dutch printed Relation, That Tillyes' wounds did not pierce the flesh. But this (in charity) had I rather ascribe unto his bruise, than unto the Pistoll-shots that he received: or rather, that the report was raised upon some misprision or misunderstanding of the Barber's words. Very loathe I am to leave so base an imputation upon so honourable a Commander; as to owe his life, all this while, unto a devilish enchantment: which is practised by none, but the reprobate rascality of the Army; such as the meanest common Soldier that respects his credit, but will scorn to keep company withal. A common practice, indeed, it is in Germany: which you see the King of Sweden hath upon pain of death forbidden, in the first of his Articles of War. Tilly after this, was said to speak of nothing but of Peace, and of making a good Peace, which is, indeed, far more happy than victory. The news of this overthrow being carried unto Rome, the Pope (as 'tis reported) aloud pronounced, Salva Roma, Salva est Eoclesia: Rome is safe, and the Church is safe. The man, perchance was afraid, that if the House of Austria should ever arrive at their expected Monarchy; they would put in practise that design of the Founder of their greatness, Charles 5. Emperor; which was, That when he beseigning Rome heard news that his General the Duke of Bourbon was slain before the walls of it; he by his * These letters were intercepted by the Pope and seut over hither unto Cardinal Woolsey. Letters apppointed Hugo a Moncado to go on with the siege, and to take the Pope prisoner: and I (saith the Emperor) will come down with the rest of the Army from Barcelona, and bring Friar Angelo with me: whom I will make Pope, and reduce the Pope into the order of another Archbishop. The Italians of Mantua, Montferat, and those places, hearing also of this Victory; openly protested that it was justly fallen upon the Emperor for their sakes: by whose Armies they had been so miserably handled the last year. The Protestants, every where, took it for the beginning of their hopes and comforts. The Popishly affected in all Countries, that honour the House of Austria more than they do the Pope; and that prefer Catholic, before Roman; they gave out brave words after it, saying, Let the King of Sweden do what he pleases this Winter time; but when Summer comes, he must be put to another Battle. The King of Sweden, his Army, and wellwishers; they gave God thanks for it. And thus was the news of this famous victory, by several people, severally entertained. Here followeth the Explication of the several Numbers and Arithmetical Figures, in the two Maps of the Battle of LEIPSICH. By which Figures, the numbers of every Regiment or Division, with the names and places of the Commanders in all the three Armies, may readily be found out; for the better understanding of the Story. IN the Army of the Count of Tilly, the number 1, signifies the Renconish Regiment, 2 the Merodish. 3 the new Saxish. 4 the Baumgartish. 5 the Piccolominish. 6 the Strotzish. 7 the Duke of Holsteins'. 8 the Chesuish. 9 the Gallafish. 10 that of Sas and Furstenberg. 11 Monte-Cuculies. 12 that of Balderon and Diederickstein. 13 of Tilly. 14 of Coronino. 15 the Goiesish. 16 of Coloredo. 17. of Erwitz. 18 the Duke of Savelli. 19 Blanckharts. 20 Pappenheyms. 21 Harecourts'. 22 the Grottish 23 the Italian. 24 Wanglers. 25 Bernsteyns. 26 schomberg's. 27 Cronenbergs. 28 the old Saxonish. 29 the Wingerskish. All these were Regiments. 30 some troops of Crabats commanded by Isolan. 31 some troops of Dragoniers, old exercised and well apppointed men. In his Majesty of Swedens' Army. 32, 33, eight troops of Finlandish Horse, commanded by Wunsches. 34 an hundred and eighty commanded Musketeers of General Banniers. 35, 36, 37, Twelve troops of General Tots Horse. 38 An hundred and fourscore commanded Musketeers of Gen. Bannier aforesaid. 39 eight troops of West-Gothish Horsemen, commanded by Soops. 40 An hundred and eighty Musketeers of Gen. Banniers. 41 eight troops of Smalandish Horse, of the Lord Stenbocks. 42 An hundred & fourscore Musketeers of Colonel Hall. 43 Four troops of East-Gothish Horse. 44 Four foot companies of Colonel Axel Lilies. 45 Four companies on foot of Axel Oxenstierns. 46 Four foote-companies of Hastfers. 47, 48, 49. Twelve companies on foot of his Majesties own Guards, commanded by the Baron Dyvel. 50 Four companies on foot of Erich Hands. 51 Four companies on foot of Col: Halls. 52 Four companies on foot of Hohendorffs. 53, 54, 55. Twelve companies on Foot of Col. Winckles. 56 Two troops of Horse of his Excellency the Lord Feild-Marshall Gustavus Horn. 57 Five troops of Horse of Collenbaches. 58 Three hundred and sixty Musketeers. 59 Five troops of Horse of Collenbaches. 60 Two hundred and eighty Musketeers of Axel Oxenstierns. 61 Three troops of Horse of Col. Baudissen. 62 Three hundred Musketeers of Erich Hands. 63 Three troops of Horse of Col. Baudissens. 64 Three hundred Musketeers of Erich Hands. 65 Three troops of Horse of Col. Baudissens. 66 Two hundred and threescore Musketeers of Hamiltons. 67 Five troops of Horse of his Majesties own Guards, commanded by Col. Vsler. 68 Four hundred Musketeers of Monroes'. 69 Five troops of Horse of Col. Vsler. 70. Three hundred and fifty Musketeers of Ramseys'. 71, 72, 73. Twelve troops of Horse of the Lord Colonel the Rhinegraves. 74 Four troops of Lifflandish Horsemen. 75 Four troops of Curlandish Horsemen. 76 Three troops of Horse of Col. Damitzens'. 77 Four troops of Horse of Colonel Sperreuters. 78 Four companies on Foot of Col. Wallensteyns'. 79 Four companies on foot of Col. Hall and the Count of Thurne. 80 Four companies on foot of Col. Damitzens'. 81 Four companies on foot of Col. Dargitzens'. 82 Four companies on foot of Colonel Hebron's. 83 Four companies on foot. 84 Four companies on foot of Colonel Michefals. 85 Four companies on foot of Col. Vitzthumbs. 86 Four companies on foot of Redwens. 87, 88 Twelve troops of Horse of Col. Hall. 89 Four troops of Horse of Col. Corvills. 90 Five troops of Horse of Col. Schaffmans'. 91 Five troops of horse of Col. Cochtitsky. In his Highness the Elector of Saxonyes' Army, 92, 93. Some troops of Horse of Colonel Steins. 94, 95. Eight troops of Horse of Sergeant-Major-Generall Bindhauffs. 96 Some troops of Horse of the Gentlemen of the Country. 97 His Excellencies the Lord Feild-Marshall Arnheyms' troops of horse-guards. 98, 99 Ten foot companies of the same Lords. 100, 101. Ten companies on foot of Col. Swalbach, General of the Ordnance. 102 Ten companies on foot of Col. Losers. 103 Six free companies on foot of the Dukes own Guards. 104, 105. Ten foot companies of Col. Glitzing. 106, 107. Ten companies on foot of Col. Starschedels'. 108. Some Horse-troupes of the Country gentlemen's. 109, 110. Eight troops of Horse of his Highness William Duke of Saxon-Altenberg. 111, 112, 113. The Duke of Saxonyes own Horse-Guards, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Tauben. And this is the List both of Horse and Foot, together with the Commanders of all three Armies. Tillyes are here set down in general, and by the Regiments only, so far forth as the Swedish Describer of these Maps could learn from the prisoners. As for the Kings, they (you see) are set down most exactly. Which will be worth the Readers pains to examine. A SOLEMN THANKSGIVING FOR THE VICTORY, Appointed in the Electorate of SAXONY. THat work is well gone through, which is begun with Prayer, and concluded with Thanksgiving; and so is this Swedish Discipline: which even herein resembles the rest of this Prince's actions. This glorious Victory being so admirably thus achieved; if not beyond the hopes of the Protestants, yet surely clean besides the fears or doubts of the Catholics: who besides the confidence they had in their own Forces, which they esteemed Invincible; had a General withal, who amongst the three Boasts he was wont to make, had this for one; That he never lost Battle. But now hath he lost both Game and Lurch too. Now hath he lost such a Battle, as Leipsich hath fully made amends for Prague; Saxony for Bohemia. And yet so far were our Protestant-Warriours from ascribing this unto their own strength or swords; that they decreed to have the Thanks for all, publicly returned unto that Lord of Hosts; whom the King in answer to his former Prayers, had now found so mighty in Battle. No sooner therefore were the Swedish Conquerors come together again from pursuing of the fleeing enemy; but they were summoned to a Bid-day, proclaimed throughout all the Saxon Dominions, for a public and solemn Thanksgiving unto GOD, for this so glorious a Victory. And that the Form of it might not be left to every new-fangled invention, but that the Devotion might be doubled by the Uniformity: the Ministers had this Form of Thanksgiving prescribed unto them, to be in all their Churches rehearsed out of the Pulpit. O Lord God, all-puissant and invincible; we here give thanks unto thee, for that by thine Anointed, the King of Sweden, and the Elector of Saxony; thou hast wrought so great salvation for thy people, and these Provinces: because thy mercy endureth for ever. Thou O Lord God of Sabbaoth, foughtest for thy people: 'tis thou that deliveredst us from our cruel enemies: because thy mercy endureth for ever. The enemy had threatened us, that he would ruin and lay waste all our Country with fire; massacre all the men with the sword; and lead our young men and maidens into Captivity. But thou, O God Almighty, hast withheld them; thou hast put them unto flight; thou hast defeated them with thine own Army: because thy mercy endureth for ever. Thou, Lord, hast revenged thy people, because thy mercy endureth for ever. From the very bottom of our hearts do we give thee thanks, O Lord, we tell forth all thy wonderful works: in thee do we rejoice, and praise thy Name, O thou most High, for that thou hast thus repulsed our enemies. They are fall'n and perished in thy sight: thou, Lord, hast pleaded our cause, and thou hast executed the judgement; that thou mightest manifest thyself to be a just judge: because thy mercy endureth for ever. Thou remembredst us, O faithful God, that we were sorely oppressed: because thy mercy endureth for ever. The waters had gone over our souls, but thou O Lord God, gavest us not over for a prey unto the teeth of the enemy: because thy mercy endureth for ever. Our soul is escaped, like a bird out of the snare of the fouler; the snare is broken, and we are delivered: because thy mercy endureth for ever. Furthermore, we here invoke, and from the very bottom of our hearts we beseech thee, O most merciful God; that with thy temporal and eternal blessing thou wouldst reward, that faithful agreement so duly performed between his Majesty the King of Sweden, and the Elector our Gracious Lord: be present in time to come with them, and with their Armies: let thy right hand potently assist them: grant a long life unto them both, that their years may endure for ever; that so they may sit upon the Throne for ever together before thee: afford thy goodness and faithfulness unto them, which may preserve them. Heap victories upon them, O merciful God; and rouse and lift up thyself against the fury of our enemies: refrain thou their malice; cause them to fall into the pit which they have digged for us. Be mindful of our blood, O Lord; throw down the wicked headlong into hell; suffer not men to have the dominion over us: manifest thy wonderful goodness, O thou preserver of them that trust in thee, against those that are enemies unto thy right hand. Keep us as the apple of thine eye: protect us under the shadow of thy wings: even against the wicked that destroy us, against our enemies that on every side lie in wait for us. Arise, O Lord, and scatter them yet more and more; deliver our lives from the wicked, which is a sword of thine. Turn, moreover, our enemies unto flight; scatter them like the dust, & put them away like the clay in the streets. Remember, Lord, that the Enemies (the Pope and his followers) do reproach thee; and that the foolish people speak ill of thy Name. Revenge now thine own honour, O Lord; why should thine and our enemies say, Where is now their God? Arise up, Lord, and overturn the Antichristian Papacy: and maintain, on the other side, thine own Word, which is the very joy of our hearts. We verily, O Lord of Sabbaoth, are called after thy Name; thou knowest that for thee alone we suffer persecution. Deliver us therefore out of the hand of the wicked; and free us from the power of Tyrants: and the more they oppose us, the vainer let their undertake be. Be with us, and stay still with us; that thou mayst help us and deliver us. Bless, O God of peace, this thy people: and grant thy peace especially, unto this whole Electorate of Saxony; thou hast promised, O God, that thou wilt give peace unto thy people. Let righteousness and peace kiss each other. Grant us a good peace: conceive thoughts of peace upon us: procure thou and preserve a sweet peace within our gates. And we on the other side will give due thanks unto thee for the same: we will laud and praise thee for it: in this world for a time, and in the next unto all eternity. Even thee, we say, who livest and reignest one, true, highly to be praised, and blessed GOD, from this time forth and for evermore, Amen, Amen. FINIS.