THE SWEDISH INTELLIGENCER.  
The first part. WHEREIN, OUT OF THE TRVEST And choicest Informations, are the famous Actions of that warlike Prince Historically led along: from his Majesty's first entering into the EMPIRE, until his great Victory over the General TILLY, at the Battle of Leipsich.  
The times and places of every Action being so sufficiently observed and described; that the Reader may find both Truth and Reason in it.  
LONDON. Printed for Nath: Butter and Nicolas Bourne. 1632.   

¶ The Contents and Method of the whole.  

I. A Discourse upon the Diet of Ratisbone: which Diet, bred the Discontents of the Protestants; and enforced them to the Conclusions of Leipsich.  
II. The Diet of the Protestant Princes of Leipsich: and their Resolutions and Actions upon it: Historically led along, unto the day of their joining with the King of Sweden.  
III. A brief Chronicle of the King of Swedens', Actions, from his first landing in Germany, until his great Victory over Tilly.  
FOUR The Proceed of Monsieur Tilly, General of the Catholic League, by himself; from his first coming against the King, until his great defeat before Leipsich.    

¶ THE PREFACE TO THE READER.  
Judicious and favourable Reader. Out of our high respect unto that Caesar and Alexander of our times, that admirably victorious King of Sweden: we have here (and for thy pleasure too) adventured upon an Essay of his Story; which if liked, may encourage us to continue it. Not out of any confidence, that ours is a Chronicle worthy enough, for such heroic performances (a Polybius, or a Tacitus were little enough for that) but our intention chief is, to provoke some abler Pen, some better instructed Intelligencer, to do it: and if such a one control or mend us, we will not be angry. If you here demand, out of what Instructions we have furnished our Intelligencer; be pleased to know; that nothing is willingly feigned, or wilfully falsified. The errors that be in it, are errors of ignorance, all. Some part of it was received from the papers of an honourable personage; a Commander of prime credit and activity, with that victorious King. We have been made to understand much of these Actions, by discourse with another gallant Gentleman: and he also a great Commander in the Army. Some printed High Dutch books we have had. For some things we have had private writing, and from good hands too. In other things we have made use of Gallobelgicus: especially where he deals upon public Record, and where we thought the poor man durst speak freely: Some times, sure, he writes but by Commission; and is every where sparing in reporting the Emperor's losses. And yet in this, to take away all exception, we have followed him too; notwithstanding we by others found greater numbers and defeats, specified. Very good use have we made of the Weekly Currantoes too: which if a man of judgement reads, he shall for the most part find (especially of latter times) very true, and very punctual. Whosoever will be cunning in the Topography of Germany, and would understand these wars, let him not despise Currantoes. All this, lastly hath passed the allowance of a Gentleman (of the best judgement and intelligence for these matters) in the Kingdom.  
We have every where dealt candidely, not magnifying the King, nor derogating from his enemies: not left out, or put in, for favour or advantage. Our method is this: to handle every Story by itself, and then to bring all together at the day of Battle. Careful have we been, (yea no small pains have we taken;) to note the times and to describe the places of the most famous actions. We have examined the dates with diligence; and still had five Maps before us of the same place. The Imperial Diet of Ratisbone, which was well hoped would have mended all, leaving things fare more desperate on the Protestants party; necessitated a Resolution in the Princes of that Confession; rather to dye free, then to live slaves. Hence their Diet of Leipsich. And because these Leaguers were at first of an Union by themselves; we have briefly therefore, and upon the Buy, first handled their warlike preparations; until the day of their joining with the King. The same have we done with the King's Story: gone along with it from his Majesty's first landing. The Kings having of many Armies in the field at once, troubled us not a little at the first, to find with which of all these Armies the King in person should be: but we after a while perceived, that this most industrious Chieftain, was able to serve more Cures at once then one: and that he was so vigilant upon every occasion, that there were few great Actions which himself was not at one end of. Many a brave General he hath; The Lord Oxensterne, a Sweden borne, and Lord Chancellor of that Kingdom; General all this while of a particular Army in Prussia, to wait upon the Po●e, and his motions: The Lord Falkenburg, a German borne, and Lord Chamberlain of his Majesty's household; unfortunately slain in Magdenburg. The Lord Gustavus Horn a Finlander: and still General of a particular Army by himself: with whom the Lord marquis Hamilton is associated, The Lord Otho Todt, for brevity's sake called Otty-todt, or Todt, a Swede, General of his Majesty's Horse; Sir john Bannier, a German, and a brave Soldier, General of the Foot or Infantry: all these you find frequent and honourable mention of; and yet hath the King himself been at the most of the business. All particular actions it had been impossible for us to have touched upon; therefore have we endeavoured to relate the famousest: whether Sieges, battles, Marches, Encamp, or Remove: orderly leading all along unto the great day of battle. It would have perplexed our method to have mentioned every particular supply that the King hath had: those therefore we desire the Readers to imagine. For example: he landed but 11. Regiments or thousands of Foot at first: yet within a month was his Army full 20000. strong: which daily increased also.  
His numbers, indeed, were never great: he had but 5000. men, for the most part, and never above 7000. in all his late wars of Prussia against the Pole: and yet with them hath he fought several Battles, beaten out, or wearied out, two Imperial Armies; taken in the great and strong City of Elbing, with others: and obtained his purpose finally, upon his enemy; who was able at once to have come down with such a power of Horse upon him, as had been sufficient to have carried away himself and five such Armies. That which hath made his Majesty so victorious, (next to the assistance of Almighty God,) is his most exact observing of military Discipline; wherein with an admirable temper, he is both strict and sweet: the Majesty of a King in him, commanding more willing obedience from his Army, than the awful directions of a bare General alone, possibly could. Add to his strict Discipline, his many points of new invented Discipline, peculiar unto himself, too long here to describe. His justice, finally, and his mercy; his exemplary and his indefatigable industry: his affability, and his easiness of access: the goodness of his cause, and the common Liberty which his victories bring with them: have conquered more than his sword. What now shall hinder this brave and princely Warrior, to arrive unto that height of reputation which Gonsalvo did in the wars of Naples; whom the Historians of that age, worthily style, the great Captain? yea so great a Conqueror hath the King hitherto been, that I dare challenge the skilfullest Historian, to set (for all particulars) such another by him. God bless the King of Swedens' Majesty: and thoroughly enable him, to be the glorious Assertor of the German Liberty. Vale.  
If the Readers desire the continuance of our Relations: our Intelligencer shall be much the better furnished to give Content, if they please to send us in their own Intelligence.  
For that it seems impossible for us English to avoid that observation of Philip de Commines, That in all great actions, we are still harkening after Prophecies; which the taking of some things in this kind, hath even now verified: we will therefore feed the humour of the times a little, with a Prediction of a great Astronomer of our own Nation, upon that great Conjunction of Saturn and jupiter, july 18▪ 1623. And the second a Prophecy of the famous Paulus Grebnerus his Book, now in Trinity College in Cambridge.  
The Astronomers judgement is this. That the effect of that Conjunction would be felt in the North and Northeast parts of Europe in particular: and in general over all. That it would produce Famines, Plagues, Wars, etc. Places subject to this, he nameth Italy, France, Bohemia, Silesia, and Germany. Of Provinces he nameth Prussia, Brandenburg, Stiria, Hassia, and Saxony. Yea he descends to Cities: naming Rome, Prague, Magdenburg, Coblents betwixt Mentz and Cullen, Vlmes, Brunswick, Ausburg, etc. He says it is likely to go hard with the Roman Empire, Clergy, and jesuites. He speaks of a King of a true Religion that should do all this: and of much happiness that should succeed it. The whole Discourse will perchance shortly be imprinted.   

PROPHETIA IN LEONEM DOMUS SAXONIAE.  
DIV aspectavi & connivi ego huic actui, & fidem Domui Austriacae & Philippo synceram praestiti, ne in victissimum Regis Philippi Belgium jamdudum ad extraneos de veniret, quod mihi Hispania acceptum referre habet. I am vero diutiùs sopitum quiescere, & quasi micare in tenebris, mihi & filio meo Christiano intoleranda & irrecuperabilis jactura et damnum videtur. Ideo arcum intendo meum & jacula mitto, & sagittae meae ac tela fortunae filij mei Christiani etiam directè collimant metam & invadentes feriunt, ac disijciunt Burgundicum illum, ac Austriacum Leonem, unde meum, ac filij mei regnum ac dominatio, amplè dilatatur. Quod ego Haerésque meus faeliciter consummavimus.  

A Prophecy of Paulus Grebnerus, upon the Lion of the House of Saxony.  
I Have long looked on and winked at the business: and still have I kept my faith untainted unto the house of Austria and to Philip: that so the unconquered 
* The Low-Countries, and the Wallon Countries.  Belgium might not long ago have fall'n into the hands of Strangers: and thus much Spain owes me. But for me to lie still asleep, and to be hoodwinked as it were any longer: seems an intolerable and an irrecoverable loss and detriment unto myself and my son Christianus. Now therefore bend I my bow, and shoot abroad my darts: whereupon the arrows and darts of mine own fortune and Christianus my Son, do directly hit the mark, and smite those that invade me: yea they cast down that Burgundian and Austrian Lion: whereupon is the Kingdom and Dominion of myself and Son, very amply enlarged. Thus much have I and mine heir, most happily achieved.    


OF THE MEETING Given by the Emperor, unto cercertaine Electors of the Empire, at the Diet of Ratisbone, 1630.  
Acurately and truly described in a Letter, by one that very well understood how matters were there carried. Faithfully translated out of the Latin Printed Copy; with some Marginal Notes added, for clearing of the Story.  
The Letter.  
COncerning the passages of the Electoral Diet, truly my noble friend N: N: I had according to my promise, dispatched a more early advice unto you, but that upon my return to Ratisbone, there were more days spent in mutual visits and Entertainments of friends, than indeed I was willing withal: But having now gotten lose of this troublesome kind of Courtesy, and that the dispatch of my business, together with the retiredness of the place where I now reside, had afforded me some leisure, I would no longer delay the discharge of that obligation, in which I stood engaged unto you.  
Now after twelve years of most bloody wars, and almost utter desolation brought upon a goodly Country; very probable surely it was, that a peace would be desired on all hands, and that for the full concluding thereof, this very Diet had principally been Convoked. As for the Protestants, they verily had even unto this day undergone the hardest of all hardship, being still overlaid with most heavy impositions, and with the billettings of the Soldiers of the Catholic 
* The Catholic Princes of the Empire, who have entered into a League for the recovery of the Church lands, and for the rooting out of the Protestant Religion.  Leaguers: Yea the Catholics themselves, having had often trial of the insolences of the Imperial Soldiers, and of the chargeableness of the war; began now also mightily to distaste the Covetousness of their own partner, the Duke of Bavaria. Upon this discontentment was the Palatine of 
* The Duke of Newburgh, a younger house of the Palsgrave, & who put in for the Electorate: lately before, turned Papist.  Newburg reported, to have fallen off from the League: as for the Archbishop of Saltsburg, he (as having no share among the other Princes in what should be conquered or recovered by the war,) had for many years passed withdrawn his Contribution. The Bishop Elector of Triers also very earnestly complained of the damages received by the Spanish: namely, of the pillaging of his Country, and the plundering of his Subjects houses: yea, and the Bishop 
* Brother to the Duke of Bavaria.  Elector of Colein also gave off among the rest. In this one point notwithstanding, did the counsels and desires of the Protestant party differ from the Catholics; for that They out of a well meaning simplicity desired an utter forgetfulness of things passed, and a right down peace: whereas These, 'tis true, seemed to be contented to lay down Arms; but not except the Church goods withheld by the Protestants, might first be restored. Furthermore, that the Emperor was for his part hearty desirous both of the Peace, and this Diet; we are in courtesy bound to believe it. For when it was talked on in every man's mouth at Vienna, how that both the Peace and Agreement were but given out for a mere show, the Diet not really intended, and that the Emperor never meant to go to Ratisbone; He gave the Count of Schwarzenburg (Marshal of his house) a shrewd check, for that he had not already given order to the household, gotten the carriages together, made provision of Wagons and 
* For both Vienna and Ratisbone are situated upon the Danubie.  Shipping, and for that by his slackness and negligence, matter was ministered for the people diversely to descant upon: and credible it was, that Himself being a Prince of mild disposition, used to live in peace heretofore; did now begin to consider upon the variable changes of fortune, and after so many years of prosperously achieved wars, was at length desirous of ease and quietness. To be feared besides it was, lest that these continued wars, these immortal Impositions, these violences, injuries, and Ravages; would be believed to be commanded, for that they were not forbidden: and that when people saw no other help for it, they would seek a remedy even out of despair itself.  
But as for those whose minds were fully taken up with the opinion of Caesar's affecting to Rule all (people being very apt to imagine the worst) they mainly suspected His design in summoning this Diet, 
People's suspicions of Caesar● intentions.  not to proceed out of any care of the public, or his desire of an equal peace; but that He was partly constrained unto it by some pressing necessity of his own, and that he might lay such a groundwork for the house of Austria, as he might build upon hereafter. 
Their Arguments for their suspicion taken, from the opinion of the Courtiers.  And that because every thing now helped forward his business as he could desire. That whatsoever had any strength (to resist him) in the whole Empire, what through wars, tributes, and accusations, lay now a drawing on, upon an easy death as it were. That it was the part of a wiseman to follow his fortune, which had hitherto been always favourable unto Caesar. That a man must make his best use of what ever befalls him. That many things were to be brought about by putting to the venture, which were accounted difficult in the beginning. That by the aid of the Catholic Leaguers, the Protestant Princes first; and those being made a hand with, even the Catholics themselves, might very possibly be brought under the Dominion of the house of Austria. That the Conde D'Ognate of the house of Guevaras, the late Spanish Ambassador with the Emperor, (a man not ignorant of the designs then on foot) was wont to cast out a word now and then amongst his friends, How that the Gowns of the German Bishops were with the longest, and that their trains must therefore be clipped.  
Furthermore, suppose the Peace did never so much please, (the Emperor) yet the Diet, by which it was to be concluded, aught by all means to be avoided. For by this course, should Caesar's both words and actions come under censure; and the authority of Majesty be by that means much weakened: that this is the Condition of Ruling, that the Account be allowed upon no other Terms, then as given up to one man only.  
But whereas there was an Army already now on foot; the war not only begun, but fare advanced; Contributions imposed, diverse Princes deposed, and 
* They mean Walsteyn, whom the Emperor made Duk● of Meckleburg.  new men set up by the Court; every thing (to conclude) passed quite contrary to the Laws; the States of the Empire; yea the Electors themselves either unwitting of them, or unwilling with them; how could all these things be defended; yea which way could they possibly be excused? Furthermore, how ever Caesar might be earnestly inclined to a peace, yet must his power be necessarily kept up by force and strong hand. That both the Nobility & the Commons had been too highly exasperated, with a show of variety of injuries; yea, and that they would take Courage to revenge themselves, so soon as ever they should see Caesar disarm.  
These reasons, no doubt, had been throughly canvassed at Court, 
Reasons to persuade to the Diet.  and had a long time exercised both Caesar and his Courtiers with suspense; against all which, the necessity of going forward with the Diet prevailed notwithstanding: for, as for such spirits as having been throughly chafed, were eager upon the wars; they were to be pacified with the hopes of Peace, and the mending of the times: and against so many enemies, the French, the Sweden, and the Hollanders, coming all like a tempest at once upon them; the Princes of the Empire were to be brought about: and to be persuaded, That these being not the private enemies of the house of Austria alone, but the public adversaries of the Empire; were to be beaten off at the common charges, and with their united forces. Nor was Caesar ignorant, that very many there were, so fare forth Masters of themselves as fairly to obey, though not slavishly to serve, that argued among themselves upon the miseries of servitude; raked up the injuries received; and that aggravated all, by construing things to the worst sense: and, as for the defeating of the Imperialists 
* By the King of Sweden: against whom, Holsteyn first, and Arnheim next, had been sent.  in Prussia; the cutting them off in Holland; their incountrings with so much hardship in Italy; the taking in of St. Hertoghenbusck, and of Wesel; the falling of the King of Sweden into the 
* That is, into Prussia.  Empire; many, he well knew, did openly talk of all these things, as not much amiss. But another reason for this Diet there was, (nor was there any other cause that so nearly concerned Caesar's going to it) to settle (namely) the Empire in his own family, to show his Son unto the Princes, and to win the Electors unto him. Thus the Catholics, the Protestants, and the Emperor, for divers respects, and with equal desires, all sought the Peace. The Protestants desired such a one, as might promise a forgetfulness of matters passed, and security for all sides: the Catholics, they were earnest to have the Lands first of all restored unto the Churches, and the Churches unto the old Religion: as for Caesar, that He called a Peace, to have his Rebels kerbed, and all submitted to his disposing: which Peace notwithstanding did no way persuade the disbanding the Armies, nor the easing of the Impositions. And this was the state of the Empire, thus stood men's minds disposed, when as Caesar and the Electors met at the Diet of Ratisbone.  
Now were the heads of the Consultation proposed: 
The sum of the Emperor's Oration, in six Articles.  in the beginning whereof, Caesar in a long Oration pleaded for himself, That He might not be thought to be either the Causer of so cruel a war, or the hinderer of the Peace: imputing all the mischiefs that fell out upon the war, unto the Palsgrave, and his associates, Mansfeild, Brunswick, and the King of Denmark: That himself being the forwardest, there had been diverse Conferences concerning an Agreement; but through the stubbornness of the adverse party, all the Treaties had come to nothing; now at length therefore high time it was, seriously to bethink themselves of a good Peace; or if that could not at the best hand be obtained, then to devise upon the way of a joint league, both between themselves and with the Emperor, against the disturbers of this so necessary a Peace; be they natives of the Empire, or be they foreigners; and in as much as the Palsgrave Frederick, (the Causerboth of these wars and miseries) after those most equal Conditions propounded to him by the Elestors in their Diet at Mulhausen, is not to this day come in; nor hath ever since desisted from such Courses, as have been troublesome both unto his Country and common peace; but hath stirred up others heretofore, and the Hollanders of latter times, unto the destruction of his own Country: The Emperor's request therefore was, that the Electors would be pleased to pass an Act of Counsel, whereby the Palsgrane should continue a banished man without all hopes of returning, and that they would never vouchsafe to entertain either peace or amity with him. He furthermore declared, how that the Hollanders having long since shaken off all due reverence unto the Empire, had with a sacrilegious boldness of late, both besieged and taken in, certain of his good Cities and Dominions: now therefore it must be looked unto, that the Empire suffer no damage: and the remedies must now be consulted upon, how the boldness of these robbers might best be restrained; and how that which unjustly they had taken away, might be recovered. The fourth point to be considered upon, was the wars of Italy, and the French King: who now invaded the rights of the Empire, and made himself an Umpire of such matters, as belonged not unto his Cognizance; which is not to be endured, 
But the King of Sweden said otherwise in his Defence, which see afterwards.  saith the Emperor. As for the King of Sweden, there be no causes of enmity betwixt us: but if he will not condescend unto the Imperial Ambassador the Burgrave of Dhona, and the King of Denmark the Mediator of the Peace; then verily he is to be threatened with the power of the Roman Empire; and if he gave not over, than was his bold attempt to be chastised by force of Arms. Last of all, were the Princes advised to consult upon the means, of maintaining a standing Army, and of the restoring of Martial Discipline; and of the manner of laying, and of levying the Impositions.  
So soon as ever these Propositions were noised abroad, 
The People's construction of the Emperor's Oration.  they were variously descanted upon by divers: most men admiring, that whereas the first Proposition took care how to establish a good Peace; the five other Articles breathed out nothing but menaces of wars and Armies. That the Sovereignty of the house of Austria, and the base enduring of servitude by the other side, was the thing (forsooth) that must be called Peace. That all was now excused, by the rebellion of the Bohemians, the oversight of the Palsgrave, and the stubborn spirits of Mansfeild, and the rest. That those Arms which were at first taken up against enemies, were now turned against the Commonwealth: For, after the differences were compounded with the King of Denmark, there remained no enemy in the whole Empire; and yet the Army and the Impositions, were nevertheless commanded to be kept on foot. But now plainly was this driven at, that the private quarrels of the house of Austria, might be maintained by the power of the Roman Empire: which must thereby make another man's quarrel, her own interest. But as for 
* The King of Bohemia.  Frederick, the Hollanders, the 
* Now Duke of Mantua, whose Ancestors being of a younger house of Mantua, settled themselves in France; to whom for want of Issue, Mantua is now fall'n: the Investiture whereof being denied him by the Emperor, and the King of Spain set on; the French King appeared with an Army in favour of him.  Duke de Nivers, and for his sake the French King, and the King of Sweden; to conclude, they all profess themselves injuried by the Austrians, and to keep firm amity with the Empire. And suppose that Frederick had invaded the Crown of Bohemia unjustly, and had merited punishment in that regard; yet had his Electoral dignity been taken from him, and conferred upon the Duke of Bavaria; before ever the consent of the Princes of the Empire had been asked; the Electors gainsaying it: yea, the King of Spain himself, being utterly against it. People, moreover, were bold to Prophecy, That never should Peace return into the Empire, unless the Prince Palatine were first restored into all, or into a good part of his lost dignity and Dominions. For not he in his own person alone, and his so many Children, and their posterity, (which soever of them were so minded,) would sometime or other become the subject of more troubles; but the Austrians and Spaniard, with the Hollander; and the Protestants (who by putting the Prince Palatine out of the College of Electors, should always hereafter be too weak in number of voices) with the Catholics; would ever jar with a perpetuated heartburning. But were that Prince re-estated in his ancient place; then should that too great power of the Duke of Bavaria, the heartburning against the house of Austria, and the fears which the Protestants now stood in, be all taken away.  
And now that the Duke of Bavaria might neither be afraid, nor ashamed, to lay aside the Electorship, obtained by his valour and 
* Deserts to the Emperor, understand; and not to his Cousin the Prince Palatine.  deserts; they interposed this Counsel: to leave (namely) a part of the Palatinate, unto him and his heirs for ever; and, (which is said not to be without example) to have the Electorship go by turns between them, from one unto another; either by term of years, or lives. Moreover, as for the Hollanders, notwithstanding they had renounced their allegiance to the King of Spain; yet they fairly conserved the Majesty of the Empire; yea and that with their neighbouring Princes, (though Catholics) they did religiously maintain the Articles and Quarter of neutrality. True it is, that by the right of War they had made themselues Masters of certain places, which either the Spaniard before held; or they feared he would take in: whereas the Emperor on the contrary; not by them provoked by any injury, had without any Decree of the Empire to that purpose, all out of a private desire of his own for the assisting of the King his Cousin; sent the Count de Montecuculi, even into the very heart of 
* While the Prince of Orange lay before St. Hertoghenbosch.  Holland itself, with an Army. This was the cause of the revenge which they took afterward: nor did they more then enough in so doing, or committed any thing contrary to the Law of Arms. That for the Wars 
* About the Dukedom of Mantua; which the Spaniard perchance could ha● been willing to have seized for himself in the Emperor's name; who pretended the Dukedom to be a Fee or Forfeiture of the Empire.  of Italy, the Rights of the Empire, 'tis true, were pretended; but yet were they with the blood, and at the charges of the German Nation, maintained in behalf of the King of Spain. For as for the Duke de Nivers, he was ever ready to have sworn fealty, and done his homage to the Emperor: but indeed it no way stood with the Spaniards designs, to have a Prince so near a neighbour unto his Duchy of Milan, that were infected with a French spirit. Against the King of Sweden they affirmed, how that the Emperor in aid of his Cousin the King of Poland had sent a strong Army: and therefore ought not to take it ill, if by the same Law of Arms, that King should now assist his own Cousins the Dukes of Mecklenburg condemned, 
* By the Emperor, to lose their Estates: Whereupon, Walsteyn with his Army fell upon the Duchy of Mecklenburg, whom the Emperor having Created Duke of Freidlandt before, now made him Duke of Mecklenburg.  before they were heard: revenging withal, the private injuries offered unto himself. These and the like Discourses passed up and down.  

* The sum of the Princes Answer unto the Emperor's Propositions.  But the Electors in a grave and a solemn Answer, insisted upon the miseries of the present times, the outrages committed in the Wars, and the excessiveness of the Impositions; laying all the fault upon the author of all these, the new Duke of Mecklenburg, General of the Emperor's great Army; through his sides, thus girding even at the Emperor himself; seeing, that unto him He had given so large a Commission (and that without the consent of the Princes of the Empire) as never before him any had: That there had an infinite Army been gathered; to no use, unless to the destruction of their Country: that war had been commenced against such, as it had never been denounced: That the Impositions, which by the Law of the Empire it had been fit to have assessed by the joint consent of the Princes; had at the pleasure of the said Duke been imposed, and most rigorously exacted. They at the same time also affirmed, how that the Elector of Brandenburg alone in these few years past, (besides those inestimable damages, which usually accompany the Wars, and the unruly Soldiers,) had been fain to contribute (and that under the name of a Tribute) to the value of twenty Millions of 
* A florence, is about two shillings English.  florence.  
At which time these several complaints were also given up: The Duke of Pomerland complained himself for ten Millions drawn out of his Principality of Stetin alone; and that in one only year, besides an unnecessary rabble of Hangs-by, Drabblers, and the Scullery of the Army; there had been one and thirty thousand foot, and seven thousand five hundred and forty horse, billeted up n Pomerland. William, Landtgrave of Hessen, for his tribute of some certain years, seven Millions; the Duke of Wirtemberg, monthly contributed an hundred and twenty thousand Florins. The City and State of Norimberg, twenty thousand a month: others likewise complained, of some more, some less, that had been raked from them. They highly accused thereupon the prodigal luxury of the said Duke, his Colonel's & Captain's, for their flaunting of it in such rich  and householdstuff, of gold and silver; and the incredible high keeping and trappings of their horses.  
At the same time there was a little Book shown up and down, wherein the ordinary provisions of 
* Walsteyns'.  his house, the offices of his Court, and the names of those that had principal charge about him, were contained; and all these with larger allowance (as it was said) then those of the Emperors own palace. Then was his so much envied house, built at prague out of the spoils of the Empire, and upon the ruins of an hundred houses, purposely plucked down for him, every wherespoken of.  
Nor could any of these things be denied. But those times (as the Emperor excused it) and the power the enemy was then grown unto, and, the victory, depending upon speedy pursuit alone (nothing being safer in Civil Wars, than expedition) could not away with that scrupulous order of the ancient Customs. Many a Dispute in writing hereupon passed too and again, on both sides: in all which, the Emperor pressed no new Proposition or request: but the Electors mainly urged the cashiering of the new 
* Walsteyn.  Duke and his Army; to have a Peace made with the French King, and the Princes of Italy; yea with the King of Sweden also; whose Fleet was not as yet arrived upon the Coasts of Pomerland. The 
* Mr. Russdorff by name.  Ambassador of Frederick the Palatine, they were very earnest to have admitted to Audience, unto whom now coming to the Diet in company of the King of great Britain's 
* Sir Robert Austruther.  Ambassador, they gave assurance for his safe coming and returning. With the Hollanders last of all, they all, (but especially the Bishop Elector of Colein, who lies nearest to the danger) desired peace upon any terms: a business of which moment, they all affirmed worthy to be referred unto a Diet of the whole Empire. Many things therefore the Electors by voices at length carried, which fell heavy upon the Emperor and his Courtiers.  
Unto Walensteyn therefore first of all, were there sent john Baptista Verdenberg, and Gerard Questenberg; Barons both of them, and both of them enriched by him with many a mighty gift; and both of them always believed to be at Court the great advancers of his Projects. But even therefore were they made choice of before any others, as the fittest men to persuade with him. The task which they undertook, seemed to be the difficultest of all the rest; it being believed that Walenstein being a man of a most haughty spirit, accustomed to a military command, one that had been Courted by the greatest Princes, and upheld by infinite riches; would never dully endure such an affront, nor by his good will ever stoop again unto a private life. 'Cause to fear moreover he had, lest they who never durst do it when he was a General, would yet require their own of him when he should become a private man. And the Duchy of Mecklenburg 
* They feared left he would use it, as the Devil did the Possessed; all to tear it, when he knew he what to leave it.  (they believed) likely hereby to be exposed to most certain danger. All men's minds now full of expectation what would be the event of that message; all men now afraid of new hurlyburlies; behold now (what every 
* People's guesses at the reason, of Walensteins' so easy quitting of his Army.  body much admired at) Walenstein immediately obeys the commandment of the Emperor. Some indeed surmised, that he being a fast servant to the Emperor, though a gallantly magnificent spirited person; yet being now become inexorable by the many faults committed by his Soldiers, he would never be wrought to it, either by gifts or threatenings; or by any other devises, such as vulgar spirits use to be troubled withal, did therefore in his own judgement account it his better course, to give way unto envy; being in possibility one day to see both times and men favourably disposed towards him, who turning with the times, might be changed to repentance. Others suspected him to be weighed down with great promises, and to have that way fallen off from the Emperor. There were some that said, that even by the skill of some in the Stars (wherein besides others he made use of Kepler, a great Master) and by the Chaldeans art, was fore-signified, his times and fates to be come, and that they gave him this Counsel. Others, to conclude, believed him to be forced unto it by necessity; and that by the cunning even of Caesar himself, he was fetched over, and quit that way of his great forces: and that his vain heart, out of a hope and desire of wars with France, and the glory of a new prey; was thus suddenly taken off from his mighty Army: and that he now remained at Memmingen a prisoner as it were. But what ever the matter was, a very great thing it is, and near unto a prodigy; first, that Caesar condescended unto the Electors; and secondly, that Walenstein so soon yielded unto the Emperor.  
Another thing there is which the Electors now obtained; namely, that those innumerable numbers should be lessened, and the greatest part of the Soldiers disbanded. Then, Caesar promised also, that there should be no wars made upon any, without the consent of the Princes. And that no Impositions should hereafter be laid, at the pleasure of the General of the Army, but in the Land-dayes of the several 
* The whole Empire is divided into ten Circles or Provinces: each of which (besides their ●●verall Princes,) hath a Precedent and 〈◊〉 Coun●●ll●rs to assist 〈◊〉 who call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Land-dayes to 〈◊〉 for the public. All the Princes of the same Circled, be of one League.  Circles, as they call them. Beyond all this, the desires both of Caesar, the Electors, and of the French Ambassador conspired in one consort, to make up a Peace so unwelcome and hated of the Spaniard: seeing that by it sure order was taken, first, for re-estating of the Duke de Nivers in the possession of Mantua and Montferat: secondly, that the (German) Troops should be recalled out of Italy: and lastly, that the passages of the mountains in the Grisons 
* The Valte●●●.  Country, should be laid open as before. None of which Laws verily are of that nature, that for the obtaining of them, there was any need to disturb the quiet of so many Nations, to expend such vast treasures, and to shed the blood of so many thousands.  
The Treaty with the English Ambassador, and the Prince Palatines Procurator, although it came to no head; yet thereby way was obtained for Prince Fredrick to find Grace: and that those parts of his Dominions which are in the Spaniards hands, are now to be quitted unto him: and he hath the liberty yet left him, to fulfil the Conditions offered him at Mulhausen. And thus, (which God turn to a good end,) do we owe unto Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, Goths, and Vandals, that we are not utterly despoiled of our Arms, nor too straight kerbed by the Electors; nor, finally, made the tenants of the Clergy.  
For when as in the heat of these contentions yet continuing, news was brought, both that the Baron of Dhona was come away from Dantzik without any hope of a Peace: and that the King of Sweden had already landed an Army in Pomerlandt; made himself Master of Stetin, and at the same time put the Imperialists to flight; Caesar, supposing that to be an occasion to be made use of; affirmed, that his despising of the Majesty of the German Empire ought to be revenged upon him; and that, that error was to be rectified by virtue, which they had run into 
* In the time spent in the Treaty of Peace; which had better been employed in sending an Army, to withstand his so near approaching.  by delaying. These Propositions of Caesar's were not a little helped forward by a private fear of the Catholics: which was, lest that not Gustavus alone, (a Prince but of small power) did thus stir up the massy weight of so great a war; but that there were more of the Protestants, who out of a hatred to the present estate of things, and a desire of innovation; and those, perchance, foreign Princes too, should be deeply in the plot with him. These (Catholic Princess) therefore, thus drawn unto it, not so much out of their love unto the Emperor, as out of their own fears, agreed to the wars, and aids against him.  
In the mean time (which thing was cunningly and closely conveyed, and whereof there had been no mention made, among any of the heads of the Consultation) was the design for the Election and Crowning of the King of the Romans mainly intended; and that by most cunning solicitations, and the earnestest of their devises. Egenberg, 
* The Emperor's Counsellor.  a man continually troubled with the Gout, for which he seldom used to come out of his bed; gave particular Visits unto the four Electors present, and unto the Ambassadors of the Duke of Saxony, and the marquis of Brandenburg, at their several lodgings: finely insinuating unto them, how that the Emperor now well in years, was even weary of pains taking, and was a man subject to many diseases beside: that his affection was very good towards the Commonwealth, which he was now able to do no greater service for, then to settle in it a good Successor. He put them in mind now and then, of the miseries of an Inter-regnum: intimated unto them, the high deservings of the house of Austria; wonderfully setting out the towardly hopefulness of King 
* The Emperor's Son, King of Hungarta; whom the Emperor would fain now have procured to have been chosen King of the Romans: which is as much as Heir apparent to the Empire.  Ferdinand.  
To the same purpose, (for that the Ambassadors of the two absent Electors excused themselves, as having no instructions or Commission to treat upon that point) were there Letters dispatched unto the Electors themselves; yea, the Electors good will was so little doubted of, that a certain Physician of the Emperor's Court, (and he none of the obscurest, as having a special vein in Poetry) in a set Poem which was printed at Norimberg, congratulated the Father, for the Crown set upon his son Ferdinand the third his head, none almost contradicting it. Unto which intimation (of Egenbergs) they all returned answer, magnificent enough for words, but empty for reality: highly thanking the Emperor for his Care of the Commonwealth; but that the Laws of the Empire forbade them, to condescend at this time unto his desires: 
Non nisi causa cognita.  seeing that by that Law, the Electors without particular knowledge of the Cause, could not appoint a Diet for the Creating of the King of the Romans: and that the full knowledge of the Cause contained many particulars, which require both time and serious consultation. Then, that Frankford was by the same Law, the place appointed for the Election. That it were wisely done to take away all matter of rumours; that people might have no cause to say, how all things in that Diet, were in the middle now of Caesar's Armies frighting them on every side, not passed by the free voices of the Electors, but by force and fear rather. Thus by a wise dilatory answer, were those requests turned off, which in right-downe terms, the Electors would not willingly have denied. But whither it were their Care of the public good, and to keep their own liberties; or that the ambitious counsel of the Duke of Bavaria stepped in between, I know not: but very certain it is, that great offence was taken at it, that King Ferdinand in his Caroche, in all meetings, and wheresoever; still ambitiously affected the upper hand; which was denied to belong unto him, whilst his Father was living. And the report was, that the Bishop Elector of Mentz, gave Stralendorff Vicechancellor of the Empire, a privy Item to that purpose.  
The Law of Sovereignty eagerly raged in the mean time; and divers of the Gentry of Franckenlandt, Schwabenland, and the Palatinate, were there accused to have borne Arms, under Mansfeild, 
* The marquis of Baden; Lieutenant of the Army of the Princes of the Union, for the keeping of the Palatinate, and the Protestant Countries. After the dissolving of the Union, in the year 1621. he the next year fought with his own forces about Sinsin, betwixt the Palatinate and Wirtemberg: where the good old man was defeated by Tilly and Don Cordova.  Durlack, and Brunswick, against the Emperor. Some affirmed them to be guilty: themselves said they only found themselves guilty, by suffering their punishment. The execution of this business, did the Emperor now commit unto Wolfgang Rudolph Ossa: (a man accounted rather great, then good; taken tother day out of the service of the Counts of Hanaw, into the number of the Court Flies or Instruments:) Commanding the goods of the condemned persons to be confiscated into his own Exchequer: the Electors and other Princes, earnestly protesting against the proceed; claiming, those Gentlemen to be within their Dominions: and that these Fees which Caesar now Confiscated into his own Coffers, the Gentlemen did hold of them, and of their Ancestors; and that all such Forfeitures and Atteinders were by the favour of former Emperors, and long Custom, due unto them. Caesar continued resolute notwithstanding; and dispatched away Ossa with a most ample Commission: than which action of Caesar's, none was generally taken in worse part. Because even bad Princes, though sometimes they punished such as were actually proved traitors, yet they always too narrowly searched not into every man, that was to himself guilty: that they hushed up many a fowl thing, by a wise dissimulation, rather than by bringing it to open punishments. That he that takes away one enemy, makes way for many. That he especially who hath any thoughts of Peacemaking in him, is not to take notice of every thing: for fear lest the whirlwinds after much ado being now scarce laid, should bluster out again into a vehementer tempest. That bodies weakened by a sickness, are not presently again to be tampered withal by Physic; but to be recovered with quiet. That scarcely can the actions of the best Princes be defended, much less theirs, which are always suspected of avarice: That upon these grounds, Cosimo de Medicis, (a most wise 
* Duke of Flo●●nce in Italy.  Prince,) always left the Estates of such as were attainted, unto their Children and next kindred. Finally, the business which of its own nature was grievous enough, would be made much heavier by the sharking of the Officers.  
But these Court-Harpyes forsooth, now after that under the pretence of treasons against the Emperor, and exercise of forbidden Religions; they had with their uncleanely talons, foully gryped Bohemia, Moravia, and both the Austria's, and wrung the Nobility and Gentry (whose case was rather to be pitied) out of their inheritances: their insatiable maws being not yet full crammed, they now whetted their Claws and infamous beaks again, to devour the wealth of the Empire. That their yawning gullets, were yet set wider upon the tenterhookes, by the easiness of the Emperor; in whose service (he being a Prince too much governed by his Officers) men might offend with less fear, and greater reward. One thing there was that added more matter to these speeches; a word (namely) that scaping from Werdenberg, was presently taken up by the people: how that the goods of the Gentry of Franckenlandt, were already granted away unto the Lords of the Emperor's privy Council; both for the payment of their Pensions now many years behind, and also for the reward of their pains and faithfulness, yet for all this, the names of the 
* I believe that these 3. having thus gotten estates, had also new titles given them by the Emperor; for the first of which they were hated, and for the last, scorned by the German Nation, that stand much upon their ancient Nobility. This Abbot of Cremsmunster, was preferred to the Bishopric of Vienna in August following.  Counts of Meggau and Trautmanstorff, and of the Abbot of Cremsmunster (which three personages, by what title I know not, had out of the Exchequer received some of the escheated goods) they much scorned and despised, as new and strange preferments: for a disposition there is bred in the bone of us mortals; with ill eyes to look asquint at other men's newly acquired happiness; and with an equal repining to measure other men's good, and our own injuries. But Caesar, shall I say, or these that bear all the sway at Court, remained resolute and peremptory in the matter: all loath to lose so plentiful a Fishing.  
You have long expected, my noble Friend, to hear what hath been moved, argued, and decreed in this Diet, concerning the restitution of the Church goods. That shall I briefly tell you of. It stood not with the Emperor's honour, again to submit a case already decided by himself, and wherein he had by his Proclamation declared his pleasure, unto the Censure of others. Nor any whit of favour was there all this while showed unto the Duke of Wirtemberg, the marquis of Brandenburg, the Counts of Hohenloe and Waldeck, the Cities of Strasburg, and Norimberg: who by sentences every day passed against them, were commanded to quit the goods of the Church. And thus may it hereby sufficiently appear, how that that distinction of time agreed upon, and the Transaction of Passaw, hath not hitherto been observed, no not by Caesar himself; but that of the following time hath been observed: seeing, that the Credit of all proofs, though never so clear, hath been overthrown by cavils and by subtleties. Certain it is, that the Count of Furstemberg, Precedent 
* judicij Prases.  of the judgement, returned no other answer unto Caspar Vrban à Feiltsch, Chancellor to the marquis of Brandenburg, complaining of the  sentence decreed against the Counts of Hohenlo, than this vulgar Verse.  Front capillata est, posthac occasio calva. 
That, Occasion is to be taken by the foretop, because she is bald behind. Which same man in a familiar manner thus answered unto George Muller (whom you well know) and to myself: that seeing our Counts 
* The Masters of George Muller, and of the Author.  had confessed themselves, for the space of fourscore years and upwards, to have kept the possession of the Church Goods; it followed necessarily that they must with a good will leave them for as long time unto the Catholics: and that after that term, they might possibly return unto the Protestants again. These mocks were added, unto justice denied us.  
And yet about the latter end of the Diet, the Ambassadors of Franckenlandt, Schwaben, of the Saxon Princes also, and the Duke of Brunswick, and of certain Cities beside; delivered in writing the Form and the Decrees of that 
* Of Passaw as before: where (Anno 1553.) there had been a former Diet held; wherein the Protestant Princes had received some confirmation or consent from the Emperor, for their Appropriated church goods. Against which Transaction the Emperor had since taken them away, by sentences and Commissions against them.  Transaction, unto the Chancellor of the Bishop Elector of Mentz: and he on the other side, in another writing declared unto them, the Conditions unto which the Catholic Princes seemed to have consented. And to this pass the matter at last came, That for the further Compounding of all Differences, the time was appointed to be in February, and the place Frankford.  
The Catholic party treated 
* That the orders of Passaw might be kept, and the Protestant's not be too suddenly cast out of the Church Lands.  the business in good earnest: but whether the reason of it were, for that intelligence being even now given them by their Spies of certain secret levies of Soldiers, at that instant made by the Elector of Saxony and some others in Franckenlandt; and that they standing in fear thereupon of further troubles, were desirous to maintain the hope of a good agreement in the Protestants; I cannot easily determine: time will discover all. Of all which; as also how things now stand betwixt the Princes of the Catholic League: and of the Orders taken (for show rather, than for continuance) about the manner of paying the Soldiery; we shall at my coming into— land, more commodiously speak together. Farewell my noble Friend, N: N: and love me still.  
Your Observant, N. N.   

THE PROTESTANTS DIET OF LEIPSICH, February 8. 1631. And what followed upon it, until their joining with the King of Sweden.  
THe Imperial Diet thus ending November 3/23. left matters in fare worse estate than it found them: for that men perceived now their very hopes to be taken away, as their liberties and goods had been before. And the Protestant Princes finding themselves startled by four things especially, perceived it high time now for them to take the Alarm. The first of the four was this: that whereas the Duke of Saxony had in the time of the Diet written advice unto the Emperor, of the King of Swedens' approaching; the Emperor tells him again, how he hoped that himself (Saxony) and Brandenburg would well aid him, with money, munition, and other necessaries. By which answer, Saxony perceived a new bill of Charges coming upon the Protestants next those parts, where the King of Sweden was landed. The second was this: the round course taken by the Emperor for the recovering of the Church Lands: which neither the Elector of Saxony was able to stay by his Letters unto the Emperor; nor the Elector of Brandenburg and other Princes, with their presence at the Diet: but that even before their own faces, daily Commissions were sent out against them. A third was this: that rigid course (taken by advice of the jesuites) for Reformation of the Protestant Churches and Schools, and the forbidding of the liberty of the Augustane Confession. The fourth was, that Decree of the Emperors (published four days before the breaking up of the Diet, though hammered upon long before:) for the continuance of the Wars against the King of Sweden: whereas the way had been propounded and advised upon before, how to compound the matter, rather than how to continue the troubles. And that which aggravated the Decree for the wars being; not only that the Princes were to be at the charges of it, but that the levies were to be laid and collected, not by the consent of those who should pay them, but at the pleasure of the Imperial Commissaries: for the moderating of whose power, and repressing the numbers and insolences of the Soldiers, notwithstanding some slight promises were now made; yet how far they would be kept, was in their own pleasures. The Protestants by these arguments being not only made suspicious, but sensible too; that there were not too many good intentions in the Emperor towards them, their Estates or Religions: begin to enter into a Consultation for their own safety. The plot for it was laid thus. That whereas there had been a Conference betwixt them and the Catholics at the former Diet, concerning the Church Lands; the further treaty thereupon, was referred unto a Diet (procured by the Catholics) to be held at Frankford upon Main, in August following; the Duke of Saxony should write his Letters unto the Emperor, (which was seconded by the mediation of the Electors of Mentz and Bavaria, 
The Emperor grants the Diet. ) entreating liberty for the Protestants to hold a Diet by themselves, in some convenient place; that so by their united Counsels they might be provided, for an answer at the future Diet of Frankford.  
The Imperial assent being thus obtained; the Protestant Princes by their Letters and Ambassadors agree upon the Diet: the place to be Leipsich, and the time the 8. th' of February. That the several Princes and States therefore might know beforehand, what Instructions to give unto the Ambassadors they were to send; 
〈…〉  the Duke of Saxony in his Invitatory Letters to each of them, lays open the purpose of the intended Diet; fairly communicating the main propositions, both unto them, and to the Emperor. The contents whereof were; First, To consult how the Church might with a good Conscience be maintained in her ancient liberties and happy estate. Secondly, How to keep their due obedience to the Emperor, and yet preserve the ancient Constitutions and Peace of the Empire. Thirdly; How to maintain correspondency with the Catholic Princes. And fourthly, What to answer for themselves both in general and particular, as well concerning the maintenance of the reformed Religion, as to the Emperor's Edict concerning the Church-Lands, when they should come to meet at the Diet of Frankford.  
The Princes thus invited, and the time now come; upon the fourth of February 1631. the Elector of Saxony enters Lypsich in great state: and the Elector of Brandenburg a little after him. 
The Protestant party in the Empire.  Thither in person came these Protestant Princes also. Christianus (another) marquis of Brandenburg. john William, and Bernard, Dukes of Saxon Weymar. William, Landtgrave of Hessen, Frederick marquis of Baden. Augustus' Prince of Anhalt. Frederick Count of Solmes. john George, and Ernest Lodowick, Counts of Mansfeilt, and the (deposed) Dukes of Mecklenburg. These Princes sent their Ambassadors. The Duke of Deuxponts. john Ernestus another Duke of Saxony. Frederick Vlrick, Duke of Brunswick. The Duke of Lunenburg. The several Princes of the Circles of Schwaben and Franckenlandt. The Lady of the Abbey of Quedlinburg. The Bishop's Administrators of Mecklenburg and of Bremen. The Counts of Stolberg. The Barons of Reussen and Schonberg. These Towns and States send their Agents also. Norimberg, Strasburg, Frankford, Lubeck, Bremen, Brunswick, Hildesheim, Mullhuisen and Northhuisen. Duke Lodowick Frederick, Administrator of the Dukedom of Wirtenberg was newly dead; and Duke julius not yet settled: and therefore being not able to come himself, he sent the Vicechancelor of the Dukedom called Doctor Loester, and some other Counsellors, as Deputies for that Duchy. And these be the Protestant party in the Empire: some whereof being Lutherans, and some Calvinists; they first of all agree to have that distinction of names (which had caused so much schism and hatred heretofore) to be utterly taken away: making a general Decree, that both Professions should from thence forth be called by one name of Evangeliacalls. 
That is, Professors of the Gospel.   
No man was suffered to stay within the Town, whose business was not known: the streets ends were chained up and barricadoed; guards set at the several ports; and the keys of the gates every night brought into the Duke's chamber. And all this, was, to prevent Spies and surprisals. The Duke Elector of Saxony (on whose greatness and countenance, the Party and Action very much depended) makes a speech first of all, 
Saxonyes' Oration.  which had reference unto his former Letters of Invitation unto them: protesting withal, his own firmness and forwardness for the peace of the Empire, and the maintenance of the Religion; and that he would be ready to adventure, both life and goods in the Cause: so desiring every man freely to give his Counsel in such manner, as they might be able to render a fair account of it unto the Emperor. Unto this meeting, the King of Sweden also sends his Ambassador Doctor Chemnitius; who in his Master's name delivers them this assurance. That his Majesty's intentions were no other, then to restore the Empire to her ancient peace, the Princes to their liberties, and to defend the Church in her Religion: telling them moreover, how that the French King was newly entered into a League with him for five years to come. The Ambassador had both speedy Audience, and honourable entertainment. The Diet (to be brief) broke up upon Palme-Sunday the third of April following. The Conclusions agreed upon, themselves express in their Letters, in humble and complaining manner, enlarged in many sheets of Paper, sent by an express Currier unto the Emperor: in which their joint desires were thus signified.  

Their humble Remonstrance unto the Emperor.  Their Complaint and Remonstrance, I reduce into these Propositions.  
That the Golden Bull and Constitutions of the Empire, had of late been all abused. That the Emperor's late Edict for restitution of the Church Lands; and his endeavours to root out the Protestant Religion, were the main Causes of these late troubles. The first of these, breeding jealousies and discontents betwixt the Protestants and the Papists: and the second, tending to the utter ruin of the two Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg. Then they complain of injustice done unto particular Princes and Cities: some of which, were injuried by the violent taking away of their Church Lands: as the Dukes of Wirtenberg, and Brunswick, the Prince of Anhalt; the Counts Hohenloe, Stolberg, Lip, Valdecht, Verthimb, Erpach, etc. the Town of Ausburg, and others. Some hindered in the exercise of their Religion: as Augustus and Fredrick, Prince's Palatines, and younger brethren unto Wolfgang William, Palatine of Newburg now turned Papist. Others had their Estates confiscated: as the Lady 
* The mother and brother of the King of Bohemia: Lewis being Duke of Simmern.  Electresse Palatine, and her Son Lewis, Prince Palatine; the Dukes of Mecklenburg, etc. for whom the whole College of Electors had interceded in the late Diet, but not prevailed. Others complain of the violent altering of their Feods and Tenors of their Lands and Lordships; as the last before named Princes, and john Casimire Elector of Saxony; into whose Lands the Imperial Commissaries have with force and Arms intruded; changing the tenors of the tenants, and altering the Religion. Ernestus marquis and Elector of Brandenburg complains of the same wrongs offered unto his Pupils, the young Marquesses 
* Which are of the house of Brandenburg: their Lands lying by Nurenberg.  of Onspach. Vlme Duke of Brunswick complains, first of the ravages of his Lands done by Tilly: upon pretence of monies owing to the King of Denmark; and made over by the said King unto the Emperor: who employed Tilly thus to strain for them: Secondly, of the seizure of his Bishopric of Hildesheim: and thirdly, that the chief Town of his own residence Wolffenbuttle, had been forced to take an Imperial Garrison.  
Others complain, how they might not have the benefit of the Law; but were driven away by threatenings and discourtesies. The Electors and Princes complain of contempts and indignities offered unto their persons: some of them having been threatened the Bastonado by some of the Emperor's Soldiers. The Cities and Circles of the Empire complain, that undue and excessive Impositions and Taxes have been laid upon them: not by the consent of themselves, (as the Imperial Laws command) but at the pleasure of any of the Emperor's Commissaries. That under colour of protecting them, they have been forced to afford Quarter and maintenance, unto the Imperial Armies: who when they should indeed have defended them, most cowardly ran away. That when they would not endure the Soldier's insolences, they have been declared enemies of the Empire, and forbidden to defend themselves. That their Lands have been given to Soldiers, as if they had been Conquered. That they have been forced to contribute to imaginary companies of Soldiers, (perchance to four or five) as if they had been a complete band. That the Commissaries have assigned Quarters and passages unto the Soldiers, without ever ask leave of the Princes or Countries. That people have been tortured for their money, had their Cattles driven away, their houses fired, and all Commerce driven out of their Country. That the Soldiers neither observed martial discipline, nor moral honesty: neither keeping the Laws, nor fearing God. That virgins and women have been ravished, upon the high Altars. That if the weekly Contributions were not paid at the Commissaries absolute pleasure, the soldiers than spoiled the Country. The marquis of Brandenburg complains, that notwithstanding the King of Sweden had two parts of his Country (the old and the new Mark) yet was he forced to pay a full Contribution, for the whole Marquisate. That himself, by the Soldiers so long lying in his Country, was left so poor, that he was not able to entertain a Garrison for the defence of his own Palace: and was fain to abridge even the necessary provisions of his own Table and family. That the Soldiers enterteyned by the Protestants for their own defence, have been turned against them, to take away the Church Lands. That triple more Contributions have been raised against no enemy, than ever were when the Turk was in Germany. That when the Princes of the house of Saxony, as namely, Altemberg, Weymar, and Colburg, had excused themselves of disability to pay each of them 1454. Dollars a month, which the Commissary Ossa had required of them; then Tilly threatened to fetch 10000 Dollars a month out of them. That considering all this, they could perceive nothing else, but that the Emperor had intended their utter ruin: whereas he had dealt more gently with those of his own hereditary Dominions. That all this is most contrary unto the Oath of the Emperor, and unto the Laws of the Empire: and for such, hath been complained upon, by the several Electors and Princes; and by them protested against in the late Diet of Ratisbone. Wherefore they now humbly petition to be relieved; protesting otherwise, that they are no longer able to endure it: but shall be enforced to defend their persons, their Consciences, their Estates and Subjects. Resolving notwithstanding to continue their due loyalty and obedience unto the Emperor: humbly now desiring a fair and a gracious Answer from him. Lypsich, March 18. 1631.  

Their Conclusions published.  Their Conclusions were answerable unto their Propositions.  
1. That considering it was their sins which deserved these punishments; they command public prayers to be made unto Almighty God for the averting of these miseries.  
2. That means might be thought upon, and a friendly Treaty appointed with the Catholic Princes; for removing of all jealousies, and restoring of good terms and concord betwixt them, as for seventy years before it had been.  
3. That when the time and place for this Treaty were once appointed; the Protestants should there appear a little before, to prepare themselves what to say in it.  
4. And the fayrelier to dispose both Caesar and the Catholics unto their intentions; that their grievances should in humble manner be beforehand by Letter presented, both unto the Emperor, and the three Catholic Electors.  
5. That these grievances should in those Letters be pressed; to be contrary unto the Emperor's Oath, the Imperial Laws, the privileges of the Princes, the honour and safety of the Empire. That the wars would undo all, the insolences of Commissaries and Soldiers were so insufferable, as that it stood neither with their Consciences, their safeties, nor their honours, to suffer themselves and Subjects, to be any longer thus abused: and that they would hereupon desire the benefit of the Emperors so often promised protection.  
6. That seeing these greater and fuller Assemblies were both chargeable and tedious; they agreed that certain Deputies should as necessity required be in the names of all the rest appointed, both to treat and determine of what should seem convenient for the Common cause.  
7. They decree of levies of Soldiers (both of horse and foot) to be made in their several Dominions and Divisions: without crossing the Constitutions of the Empire, or offence of any; and only in their own defence.  
8. That whereas in a Diet of the Empire held 1555. it had been Decreed; how that neighbouring Princes should live neighbourly, and if any oppressed others, the rest should relieve them: this relief they now promise one another; desiring that if in these troublesome times, the levies and other carriages could not possibly be every way agreeable to the Constitutions of the Empire, that it might not be interpreted to be done of purpose.  
9 They decree the continuance of their loyalty and obedience unto his Imperial Majesty.  
10. They agree also upon the proportion of the Levies.  
Thus the Elector of Saxony engages himself to raise six. Regiments. Brandenburg three. The several Circles of Swaben, the Rhine, and Franckenlandt, three Regiments a piece: and the Circle of the Lower Saxony agreed to furnish monies for the raising and paying of one Regiment. Each Regiment of foot was to be 3000. strong: and of horse 1000 And thus the Diet being ended upon Palm Sunday with a Sermon; Saxony displays his Defensive Banner, beats up his Drums, gins his Levies: and so at their coming home, do the rest of the Princes.  
These Conclusions and Resolutions of the Protestants, were not a little boggled at, at Court; did not slightly displease the Emperor; and startle the Catholic Leaguers, with their Adherents. The Protestants hear of it on both ears: For this, are they both by words and writings, both threatened, and reviled: yea their new League and strength were by some Confidents, not a little scoffed and scorned at. But they that had been used to hard deeds before, were sufficiently hardened against fowl words now; they were not to be discouraged this way: they did their business, and let the others talk their talks. Things going thus on; it was by the middle of May every where perceived, How that these Leaguers of Leipsich, were now in very good earnest. For now upon the taking of Magdenburg, the Protestants strongly suspecting by the inhuman cruelty there used by the Imperialists; that it was not a heat of war alone, but that there was a Core of malice discovered in it: not an Imperial, but a Popish spite, unto that City above others; for having been one of the first that harboured Luther and his Religion: they begin to make it their own case, and that for their Religion's sake, all they were likely not to be much better used. Some therefore of the neighbour Princes (those namely of Saxony and Swaben) demand of the Cities of ulme's and Memmingen, etc. Scituate in Swaben by the River of Danubius, (which were of the Protestant League with them) to entertain for Garrisons some of these new levied Forces. Memmingen consents: but ulme being a greater City, relies upon her own strength. These things being done, Command is given by the Emperor unto Eggon Count of Furstenberg, (appointed General for the Circle of Swaben) to employ those 8000. (lately come out of Italy, after that the wars of Mantua were ended) together with some 8. or 10000 more, against those Towns aforesaid. Furstenberg presses so hard upon Memmingen; that about the beginning of june, he enforceth it to renounce the new League, and to purchase the Emperor's pardon, at the rate of 50000. Florins ready pay, and 25000. monthly Contribution. The Protestants League being now noised abroad, and another meeting at the latter end of May, at the same Leipsich intended; thither come the Ambassadors of England, Sweden, Saxony, and Brandenburg: There is the uniting of their forces with the King of Sweden propounded, but not concluded: only the passage of Wittenberg heretofore denied him by Saxony, is now yielded unto, to be open for his Army. Mr. Tilly about the same time, dispeedes a message unto Saxony with overtures of a peace; promising shortly to come himself with sufficient Commission to conclude it. This being suspected to be a plot, either to divert or stagger the resolution of the Duke, or a trick to gain time; and that Tillyes' Commission might perchance be in his scabbard; the message was not accepted: notwithstanding that Tilly did in mid june following, come in person indeed, and at Oldsleben had treaty with the Duke's Ambassadors.  
When this would not do, 
The Emperor's Proclamation against them.  and the Emperor by the Duke's second Letters (dated the day after the end of the late Diet) understanding the resolution of the Leaguers, which by their general levies he perceived them ready to maintain: And hearing withal, the King of Sweden to be victoriously already advanced, quite through Pomerland and Mecklenburg, into some places of Brandenburg: out-thunders He his Imperial Bann against the Leipsich Leaguers, dated at Vienna, May 14. peremptorily forbidding any place of the Empire, to grant either relief, passage, or place of quarter, muster, or rendezvous, unto any of their forces: commanding every man, to destroy, kill, and persecute them as enemies: and the easier to dehort the Leaguers, his Majesty offers to release them of their Oaths, taken in prejudice of him at Leipsich; and to grant pardon to as many as should come in: upon pain of death forbidding all their Subjects, either to contribute to their levies, or to serve under their Ensigns; but to turn both their monies and persons towards the advancement of his Imperial service; promising the freedom of Conscience and Estates to all that should thus obey him.  
Divers people are naturally afraid of thunder: some of the Leaguers therefore, (and especially the grave-headed Burghers in the richer Cities) began now to quake at the noise of this so hideous a Proclamation. Which fear of theirs, much cooled their bloods, made them the less zealous and warm in the resolution. But he that hath not courage enough to fight, hath wit enough commonly to excuse his cowardice: So fell it out here; divers of the backwardest palliating their own remissness, with the news they pretended to have heard, of the mammering of the chief man in the action, the Duke of Saxony. And this had like to have arrested the whole Design. Saxony hearing of all this, notwithstanding he was at the instant hard laid at by Hagen Muller the Emperor's Ambassador, to come over to his Master; yet (to prevent jealousy) would he not so much as once speak with him then at Torgau, but referred him for Audience over unto his privy Council.  
Hagen Mullers Prepositions were these four:  
1. To consult how the business about the Church Lands might best be compounded.  
2. How the inconveniences occasioned by the Wars, might be eased.  
3. That the agreement of Leipsich for standing upon their own defence, might be Canceled.  
4. That he would advise how a peace might honourably be concluded with the Swede; and that the Duke would mediate it. The answer of the Duke's Council is too long to insert: and to be brief, the Ambassador returns not well satisfied. Immediately hereupon, the Duke dispatches his Letters unto the several Leaguers: assuring them of his own Constancy; and inviting them with all speed, to hasten their preparations.  
These Letters of Saxony brought about the matter again; and he, to show that he meant to do more than writ Letters; lays sure guards upon his own Frontiers, some eight or ten thousand men: proceeding warily hitherto, and all upon the defensive. The Protestant Princes of Swaben, (which lie along the Danubie, between the Dukes of Wirtenburg and Bavaria) do hereupon assemble at Essingen; resolving to stick close to the Articles of Leipsich: reenforcing their levies thereupon. And now the fair City of Norenberg in the upper Palatinate, returns to her former resolution; notwithstanding the particular threatenings of the Emperor, to give the spoil of it unto their great neighbour, the Duke of Bavaria. The City of Strasburg arms also: and the City of ulme, encouraged by the new Administrator of Wirtenburg, Duke julius; refuses to give passage to the late troops, coming that way out of Italy: and send three hundred Musketeers to aid their neighbours of Memmingen against them.  
The Landgrave of Hessen (against whose Country, it was generally reported that Tilly would forthwith come; and that he was already for that purpose upon his March as fare as Saxony) bestirs himself all this while; levies men, and fortifies his Frontiers. Tilly sends, before he comes to him: and that these four Demands.  

1. 
Tillyes' quarrel to Hessen.  To pay the arrier of the contribution due unto the Emperor.  
2. To give sufficiently hostages or security for the future. Directly professing him either a friend or a foe, to the Emperor.  
3. Immediately to cashier his Army.  
4. To lay open his passages for the Emperor's forces: to receive Imperial Garrisons into cassel and Sichenheim; and to give quarter to five other Regiments.   
Hard terms all. Unto which the Landgrave returns though a Negative, yet a modest answer. This way not speeding; it seems the way of practice and of treachery was attempted: for the Landgrave presently upon this, discovers some correspondency enterteind by two or three of his own chief Lords with Tilly, for the delivering up his two chief Towns of cassel and Sichenheim; for which they are executed. Tilly after this in a rage sends three several troops into his Country: his own intended expedition against him being diverted by news of the King of Sweden.  
All this while (namely until the latter end of june) was there no assurance of the Protestant Princes purpose to unite with the King of Sweden: but they all stood upon terms of neutrality; kept their obedience unto the Emperor, standing only upon the Defensive; without once offering any Act of hostility, where they were not first provoked. Saxony had now 17000. foot, and 3000. horse, all in a readiness. Upon the same terms stands the marquis Elector of Brandenburg: who notwithstanding the near alliance betwixt the King of Sweden and himself, (the King having married the Sister of the said marquis:) yet that he seemed fare enough from uniting with him, appears by an action of his, which had like to have cost him dear. The Elector denies a request of the Kings for provision for his Army, (now in the Brandenburghers' Country) and especially for that the marquis now desired his Town of Spandau again, which upon some terms had at the first been lent unto the King. Which the King taking very unkindly, (diverse Circumstances perchance occurring) all of a sudden besieges the Electors Town of Berlin, 
Unkindness betwixt Sweden and Brandenburg. Of which see more in the Actions of the King of Sweden.  bending his Canon upon the very Palace; threatening to pillage it. The difference is at length appeased by the Electresse; together with the promise of 30000. Ryx Dollars a month, and to have the Town of Spandau (Custrine he also now again desired as before he had done, as some say) again consigned over unto him as before, as a Depositum of assurance, for preventing of such like unkindnesses in time to come. This done, the King about the middle of june, returns from his Camp unto Stetin; there to give Audience unto the Russian Ambassador, who brought him an offer from his Emperor, of a great power of money towards the maintenance of his Wars: requesting on the other side, some Commanders of the King to guide his Army against the Pole; for which Army he also desired passage through the King's Country.  
About the beginning of july, the Crabats, it seems, being the forerunners of those 18000. that had some while lain about ulme and Memmingen; pass over the Danuby into the Duke of Wirtenburgs' Country; where they plunder and spoil 11. Towns and Villages: whom, Duke julius, (newly chosen Administrator) meeting withal; what with his own forces, and what with three Companies of foot and two Cornets of horse now sent unto him from ulm, utterly defeats three troops of their horse. Thus fare this new Administrator did bravely. But the rest of the Emperor's Army under Furstenberg, (having now brought Memmingen under Contribution) passing the Danuby after their Crabats; first take in Reitling, an Imperial Town, Duke julius looking on: who no sooner perceives them to make towards his Army, now lying at Tubing; 
The Protestant party weakened, by the revolt of Wirtenburg.  but his heart presently fails him; and upon the second day of july being Friday, shamefully yields to the signing of these Articles, which Furstenberg presents unto him.  
1. To disclaim the Diet of Leipsich; to yield obedience unto the Emperor: and as Hostages thereof, to resign up his brother's widow and Children, into the Emperor's protection.  
2. To dismiss his Army: giving leave to those that would to serve the Emperor: the rest to swear, never to bear Arms against the Emperor.  
3. To give Billet and Provisions unto the Imperial Army.  
Tubing is hereupon yielded unto the Emperor: the fortune and example whereof, is followed by other Cities, both in that Dukedom, and throughout Swaben; & by ulme among the rest. The terror strikes one way, as fare as Heilbr●● in the same Duchy; within half a day's journey of the lower Palatinate; who thereupon dismiss their forces: and on the other side, the City of Norimberg quakes, in the upper Palatinate. In so much, as (in a manner) all Swaben and Franckenland, fall off from the League, and come under the Emperor's devotion.  

Hessen stands firm.  The Landtgrave of Hessen remains firm for all this: and Duke Bernard of Saxon-Weymar now peicing in with him; Hessen reyses a new Fort here Isenach: and some of Tillyes' Vantcurriers having now pressed upon him as fare as the River Warra, yea and assaulted his new Fort (though with some loss:) he withdraws his troops dispersed before upon his Frontiers; and forms a standing Camp betwixt cassel and Eschwegen. We are by this time come into the middle of july. About which season the Duke of Saxony (now much moved with the revolt of Wirtenburg & Schwaben; 
Saxony calls a Parliament. ) calls his Parliament together to Dresden: and propounds these seven Articles unto them.  

1. Whether he were best to send any body to appear for him, at the approaching Diet of Frankford?  
2. What to answer the Emperor, now pressing him to renounce the Conclusions of Leipsich?  
3. How to behave himself towards Tilly, who now began to use hostility towards those in Duringen?  
4. How to answer the Duke of Bavaria, demanding him to lay down Arms?  
5. How to pay, and where to quarter their own Soldiers.  
6. Whether they were best to join with a certain great Prince, 
They mean the King of Sweden, though they think not good to name him.  or not.  
7. What were best to be done, for the relieving of the Bishopric of Magdenburg?   
What their resolution was, appears by the success: for within ten days after this, (that is, upon August the second) the Duke with his Feild-Marshall Arnheym, Musters 13000. foot, and 5000. horse; provides his pioneers and Carriages; Commands all to be ready to March at an hour's warning; fortifies Leipsich; goes to visit his Frontiers; and to the Town of Torgaw especially: which being a frontier town, next unto the Emperor's Country of Lusatia; and situate also upon the River Elve; lay very fit therefore both to clear that Stream, and to hinder Tillyes further intrusions that way; who lay all along upon it, betwixt Magdenburg & Saxony. The Landtgrave of Hessen (again) about mid- August, 
Of Hessen again.  flies out upon his unfriendly neighbours, in the Bishopric of Hiersfelt: brings that under contribution; but meddles not with the Clergy, Tilly now writes unto the Landtgraves' people; complaining of their Master's purposes to join with the enemy. The Landtgrave goes on for all this; and Marches up into the Bishopric of Fulda. To oppose him, is Fugger first sent up with an Army, 
Fuggar and Altringer sent against him.  said to be some 16. or 18000. men: which for the service of the Catholic Leaguers, had been before times raised in the lower Saxony and the Palatinate. Within a while after whom, Altringer follows; with some two Regiments more: which had heretofore lain about Strasburg & Hagenaw. Some of Tillyes also lie upon him about the River Werra: and thus hath Hessen his hands full. Privately therefore goes he over unto the King of Swedens' Camp at Werben; Some overtures of uniting are (perchance) there made: and he returns home from the King, with three Regiments of horse, and one of foot; with an able Commander over them: all lent unto him for his assistance. Brandenburg, about August 22. sends Ambassadors unto Saxony: and Saxony about the same time, sends privately unto the King of Sweden. And now (perchance) were the overtures to the future union first agreed unto on the Duke's part: in which until then he not declared himself. And thus appears by a word of his, spoken about this time at Torgau, namely; That if he thought his own shirt knew his intention, he would tear it. Which reservedness of his notwithstanding, there appeared (ever since the late Parliament of Dresden) a good inclination and confidence in the Duke towards the King. So that notwithstanding his shirt knew nothing, yet this may we guess to have been the great secret: That if so be the Emperor would not come off, or did so fiercely press upon him to take in his Country: that then, if the King of Sweden by his joining with him were likely to prevail; he would rather side in with him, then suffer himself to be overrun by the Emperor. And that he carried a more private good affection unto the King, than he thought it convenient as yet to discover; appears by his desiring of some expert Commanders of the King, (and Colonel Teuffell by name) to lead his Army: But this did not the King at this present yield unto; because that had rather engaged the King unto him, then him unto the King. Surely it is, that Teuffell was not sent unto the Duke; he being one of those that were on the King's side, slain afterwards in the great Battle.  

Where the Battle was after fought.  About the twentieth of August, Saxony Musters his forces upon that fair plain or heath by Leipsich: namely, sixty Companies of foot; (ten Companies to every Regiment) and 1000 Musketeers for his own guards. Horse 4300. (of which 1000 to a Regiment) and 400. for his own guards: over and above all which, were 1400. Curiassers or men at Arms. These be the names of his chief Commanders. On Foot, Swalbach, General of the Artillery. Arnheim, Feild-Marshall. Hans-George of Solms, Glitzwick, Loser, Starschedel, Colonels. Of the Cavalry these. The Duke of Saxon Altenberg, General Bindtorp, Sergeant Major. Hoftkerk, Steinau, Colonels. Dove, Lieutenant General. All these troops being thus Mustered; they were presently furnished with 400. Wagons of Provision and Ammunition, and six pieces of Ordnance, out of the Duke's Magazine. While the Army stays thereabouts, there is first a Trumpet sent from Tillyes' Host, to demand passage of the Duke. He returning with no satisfying answer; Tilly sends these four Propositions unto him; to which he must have a sudden and a categorical Answer.  
1. Whether he would, like other Princes, yield up his forces to the Emperor; to beat Sweden out of the Country?  
2. And as a Subject furnish the Imperial Army with provisions?  
3. And renounce the Conclusions of Leipsich?  
4. And restore the Church Lands?  
To all which, the Duke about the beginning of September, returns not only a negative resolution; but aggravated it also with some Circumstances of unkindness offered him by the Emperor, in requital of his so many good services; bemoaning himself, of the untrustiness of the Catholic Princes: yea even before the Emperor's Ambassador then with him, he protests; that they should not find a Duke of Wirtenberg of him, he would not suffer himself to be led by the nose: but bade the Ambassador tell his Lord and spare not, that he would live and dye in defence of the Conclusions of Leipsich. This resolution in the Duke, was quickened (perchance) by the French Ambassador, then with him; so that having discovered himself thus fare against the Emperor, he sees no way but either to be undone by Tilly, or to join with Sweden. And now while the terms of uniting might be concluded with that King (to meet with whom, and the marquis of Brandenburg, himself the Tuesday following goes unto Wittenberg) the Duke thinks of keeping out of Tilly. Having gotten intelligence therefore, that the Count of Furstenberg (now joined with Tilly) was by him sent as a Vantcurryer unto Hall; and that he made provisions of Bridges: the Duke fearing, that his meaning was to pass over the Rivers of Sala and Mulda, and so to make for the City Torgau upon the Elve; which Town lying betwixt Leipsich and Wittenberg, had he once made himself Master of; he had quite cut off the King of Sweden, from ever coming into Saxony; and had gotten all the command of the Elve beside, Saxony therefore suspecting Furstenbergs intention; rises with his whole Army from about Leipsich, and makes with all speed towards Torgau: both to secure that, and there to meet with the King of Sweden also. By this time was the said King's Army drawn down as fare as Wirtemberg; himself is now at the Consultation of Torgau: Brandenburg was already joined with him: and nothing hindered Saxonyes' uniting too; but some terms partly of caution, and partly of honour; whether he were to yield the whole Command of his own Army unto the King, or not? Which the King absolutely desiring, and the Duke making some Objections against, the Union was the longer a concluding.  
Well! if Saxony will not join, Tillyes' haste (for he longs to be beaten) shall quicken his slowness. For no sooner doth Furstenberg perceive his design for Torgau defeated; but thitherward marches he. Tilly was now come up to him. With 3000. foot, and 1500. horse therefore, first he takes in Mursenburg, Tilly going towards Welsenfels, and other places about Leipsich: blocking up by this means, even the Town itself. And now there was no remedy; Saxony must join, or be lost: upon the 14. of September therefore he thoroughly condescends unto the King of Swedens' Propositions. And thus have we brought Saxony and Brandenburg into the King of Swedens' Army. Turn we back again unto that King, to show by what degrees and approaches, he gained thus fare into the Empire.   

The SWEDISH Intelligencer.  
RELATING THE PROCEED Of that PRINCE, from his first Landing in GERMANY 1630. until his great Victory over TILLY. HISTORICALLY DIGESTED. For the Readers better understanding of the King of Sweden, we have here given you his Majesty's Pedigree: which may serve in stead of an Introduction. THE PEDIGREE Of the High and Mighty Prince Gustavus Adolphus, by the Grace of God, King of Swedens', Goths, and Vandals, great Prince of Finland, Duke of Esthonia and Carelia, Lord of Ingria. 

Gustavus Ericus. 

Ericus,  
johannes. 

Sigismundus. 

Ladislaus.      
Carolus. 

Gustavus  
Adolphus.        
gustavus ERICUS, 
Brief notes upon this Pedigree.  first of that name and blood, was one of those six Hostages sent unto (that scarce to be paralleled Tyrant) Christiern King of Denmark, Anno 1518. Which Hostages he having gotten into his power, most perfidiously retained as his prisoners; carrying them away with him into Denmark. But Gustavus having found both favour and liberty one day to go a hunting; disguises himself, and escapes: after many dangers arriving in his own Country, Anno 1520. About which time the said King Christiern contrary unto his promise made unto the Swedes upon their submission, upon which he promised to remit all offences: beyond all examples of Christianity within four days after his Coronation, causes all the Nobility, Gentry, Bishops, Counsellors, and prime Citizens of the Kingdom of Sweden, to be either hanged or beheaded: the streets of Stockholme, where he was Crowned, to run with blood; the carcases to lie three days unburied, and then to be burned, etc. Amongst the number of the massacred, the Father of Gustavus was one. When Gustavus had once heard of this hideous news; he, having that winter time gathered some small company together, exciteth the Swedes to vindicate their Country's liberty. In the valorous success whereof, himself having been a chief Author, is in the year 1523. by consent of all the States of the Country, chosen King. He thus elected, refuseth to be Crowned: contenting himself only with the title of Governor. By authority of which dignity, Anno 1527. he summons a Parliament; where he propounds the Reformation of Religion: in which finding much opposition, and little hope; he surrenders the Kingdom unto the States again. The Land thus brought into a straight, humbly beseech Gustavus, once again to accept of the Kingdom. Thus was he Crowned Anno 1527. becoming the first Protestant King that ever was in the world. This same year was Rome taken by Charles Duke of Bourbon. This Gustavus from the time of his Coronation reigned 33. years.  
Ericus, the eldest son of Gustavus succeeded his Father. Anno 1560. who reigning eight years, dies without Issue.  
john, the second son of Gustavus succeeded his Brother, Anno 1568. Reigned 24. years. His only Issue was Sigismond; chosen in his Father's life time (viz. 1587.) King of Poland, and is yet living.  
Sigismond, King of Poland succeeded his Father john in the Kingdom of Sweden, Anno 1594. He took an Oath to maintain the privileges of the Kingdom, to admit no other Religion then that of the Augustane Confession; and to bring in no Strangers. Which Oath he palpably now violating; first, by going about to alter the Religion; then by endeavouring to enslave Sweden, by making it to be a Province of the Kingdom of Poland, Anno 1599 he was in a full assembly of the States of Sweden, rejected and deposed: and his Son Ladislaus (than an Infant) chosen in his place: But with this Condition, If within six months he were sent into Sweden, there to be brought up in the Protestant Religion.  
Ladislaus, Son of Sigismond, not being sent into Sweden according to the Condition of his Election, lost his title unto the Kingdom. And  
Charles Duke of Suderman, the third and youngest Son of Gustavus, & the deliverer of his Country from the oppression of the Polacks, was chosen King, in the year 1601.  
Gustavus Adolphus, the Son of Charles, succeeded his Father Anno 1612. being the present, and hitherto the successful Assertor of the German liberty.  
Here may it fairly be observed. 1. That all the posterity of Gustavus (which with himself are seven in number) were either Kings, or elected to a Kingdom, unto the third and fourth generation. The last whereof, and the seaventh in order, is the present Gustavus. 2. Observe. That Gustavus Ericus, the Grandfather of this Gustavus Adolphus, obtained a Kingdom by delivering his Country from the Tyranny of the Danes: Charles his Father, for delivering it from the Pole. In which heroical disposition of his Ancestors, Gustavus Adolphus now succeeds his Father and Grandfather, in undertaking this present war, for the asserting of Germany, from the pressures of the present Emperor. 3. Besides that this Prince is descended of a Family of Deliverers; there seems to be another Omen in his Style, as well as in his Pedigree: he writes himself King of the Goths and Vandals; which Nations have once heretofore been fatal unto the Empire.  
This brave Prince having in the year 16●9. had first a war with the Pole, and then a Peace; was by the complaints & invitations of the German Princes, the next year brought over into the Empire. You have before heard of the miseries of Germany: and yet had the Protestant Princes in their Diet of Leipsich been modest in their Remonstrance: they had not told you all. Stralesundt and Stetin, Mecklenburg and Pomerland, were so heavily oppressed, so sorely overlaid, that they had not breath enough left, to be heard sigh so fare as the Emperors Court. A sound (we know) is usually conveyed further along the water, than over-land: which may (perchance) be one of the reasons, why their complaints are sooner listened unto in Sweden, then at Vienna. These Maritime people therefore finding no relief ashore; are forced to fetch their succours, whence they usually did their Merchandise, out of the Baltic Sea. The King of Sweden is allied with Bogislaus Duke of Stetin; and with john Albert and his brother, Dukes of Mecklenburg: is confederate with Stralesundt and Pomerland, and therefore likeliest to be their Friend. His safety much depended upon theirs: had the Emperor been Master of those Ports and Seacoasts; he would neither have been so fair a Merchant to him; and might withal have proved a more dangerous and over-maisterly a neighbour. Again, this King now having a good Peace, had therefore the better leisure. His Army being not yet cashiered, the relief would not altogether be so chargeable. His experience in the wars being great, his fame (now after the beating of the Pole, and two Imperial Armies in Prussia,) more; he was also thought to be the ablest to deliver them. His Majesty therefore being by the pitiful and redoubled complaints of his Allies, his Confederates, his Neighbours, solicited over and over again to come in unto their rescue; that this bare invitation of his Friends might not be censured for a plot betwixt them, or not to be cause enough for his coming: lo, he is even pulled over by his enemy's provocations. But for the greater Authority with the Reader, we will give you the just Apology of that Prince: the pressing reasons for his moving with an Army into Germany, himself having caused to be Printed: the Arguments whereof, we here abbreviate into Propositions.  
His Majesty first protests; That he had not stirred at all; 
The King of Swedens' Apology & complaints.  no not though he had often been warned to look unto himself: nor would he take any notice of it, until some affront or main occasion of quarrel, had been actually offered by the Emperor. That having been by his oppressed neighbours and Confederates invited unto their relief, he for a long time rather expected the Emperor's goodness towards the Subjects of Germany, then desired to interest himself against him, with whom he so much desired the continuation of Amity. That the quarrel was first begun by the Emperor; who in the late wars of Prussia betwixt Sweden and Poland, had prohibited the King of Sweden to make any Levies of men, or provision of victuals or Ammunition in Germany, apparently granting the same liberty unto his enemy the King of Poland. That the Emperor himself had heretofore sent two several Armies under his own Ensigns into Prussia, in aid of the Pole his enemy: the first in the year 1627. under the Command of the Duke of Holsteyn; 
Walstein was said to have given Arnheim his Commission in these words: Arnheim, go take 10000 men; you must beat the King of Sweden out of Prussia: and if you cannot do it, tell him that Walstein will come.  and the second, sent 1630. was conducted by Arnheim, Martial of the Field unto Walstein. That his Currier riding Post with his packetts, hath been stayed; his Letters unto Bethlem Gabor opened, and false Copies published of them. That his Ambassadors have been slighted; not admitted to Audience; not vouchsafed answer; forbidden to stay in Germany. That upon his seeking of peace, by mediation of the King of Denmark, he obtained nothing but affronts and delays: and that writing to the College of Electors, then assembled at Lubeck, 1629. he found in their answers by their Letters, the main point of the business not once touched upon: and so no remedy that way neither. That the poor Town of Stralesundt (notwithstanding it had no way wronged the Emperor, and had received Assecurations and promises of protection from him) yet had it been blocked up by the Duke of 
* Walstein.  Freidlandt; and the Island of Rugen lying in the Sea right against it, taken by the said Freidlandt. That the Town and Island aforesaid, his Confederates, had often complained unto him of this injustice, and desired his peaceful mediation first, and his Armed assistance afterwards. That considering how things stood betwixt the Emperor and himself, it much concerned him not to suffer that Island and Town, to be possessed by his enemies: seeing they lie so commodiously for the command of the Baltic Sea; and so dangerously for infesting of the Coasts of Sweden, which be right against it. That the Emperor had actually molested those Coasts with shipping; which he had newly gotten from Dantzick and other Hanse Towns thereabouts: had hindered the Swedish trade, and merchandizing upon the Coasts of Germany: taken his Ships by reprisal at Sea; laid imbargoes upon them to arrest them in the Ports and Havens: and had purposed to make the Sound and Sea thereabouts, to be the seat of their piracies; to the utter undoing of the Swedish trade that way, and the great molestation of all Nations that traffic in those Seas. That in aiding of Stralesundt, he had done no more than the King of Denmark had done before him: who had lent them a garrison; which upon the agreement of Denmark with the Emperor, the Town had been enforced to discharge (the King upon some occasions being now become their enemy) and that not till then, had he taken the Town under his protection. That his own coming with an Army into the bounds of the Empire, was under public protestation of no hostility meant unto the Empire, or person of the Emperor. That his coming was principally to relieve that distressed Prince his Cousin and Confederate, the Duke of Stetin and Pomeren, miserably at that time, and so for three years had been, injuriously oppressed by the Emperor. That he was not only engaged by ancient Allyances and Confederacies, to aid the state of Pomerland thus distressed, spoilt, taken, and disarmed; but it concerned him also in point of State and good policy, not to suffer his enemy to be Master of those Coasts of the Baltic Sea; whence he might at pleasure infest Sweden, and at leisure and opportunity invade it. That his League with the said Duke, was Defensive only: and not for any offensive war against the Emperor. That in recovering of the I'll of Rugen, he had rather fairly turned out, then beaten out, the Imperialists. That the end of his coming, was no more than the relief of Stralesundt and Pomerlandt; and the securing of his own Dominions of Sweden: too near unto which he perceived the Emperor to be now encroaching, with no good intention. That if peace and safety might on those parts be assured, he would no further enter into the Empire.  
These Complaints, Aggrievances, and Provocations of the King of Sweden, were in fair and respectful manner, by Letters first presented unto the Emperor: and when that course brought no redress, then for justification of his proceed, and by way of Apology, were the Circumstances enlarged, and the whole Printed, for the world to judge upon: and that all indifferent Readers might there receive an Account of the Causes, which at length constrained him to move with an Army into Germany.  
These Reasons much satisfied the world, made the pretence of his coming fair. And that the enterprise of this great Champion of the German Liberty, might bring Credit with it, as well as Strength; both rumoured and feared every where in the Empire it was, that divers other potent Princes were with him interessed in the Action: and that there was a private Union made betwixt England, France, Russia, Sweden, Venice, and Holland, (all then at difference with the Princes of the house of Austria) and that He was the Head of the Union. The presumption for this suspicion was, that the Ambassadors of these Princes were observed lately to have been together in his Camp; and believed to have communicated both Counsels and Intelligence with him. How much redoubted his coming was, appears by the preparations made against him, in the places nearest unto his Landing. 
The Emperor's preparations against him.  The Towns of Pomerland and its neighbour Brandenburg, were full of Imperial Garrisons. In Mecklenburg was the new intruded Duke Walstein, and his forces. In Silesia were all those Bridges and passages upon the River Oder next unto Brandenburg, stopped up, mannd and fortified, about the beginning of june 1630. To make good the Bridge of Dessaw upon the Elve, (which was the passage towards Magdenburg:) are fourscore Companies of Horse and Foot sent down from Swartzenburg, Coburg, and other places. Into Pomerland are there more Forces sent out of Magdenburg. Torquato Conti was now appointed General of the Imperial Forces in Pomerland. He and Colonel Hatzfelt are very pressing with the Duke of Stetin, absolutely to deliver them up the passages of Gartz and Grippenhagen upon the Oder: which it seems that they wrung out of him. The King of Sweden, finally hath no Town to friend but the distressed Stralesundt only, where he might safely Land his Forces. Much for the King's advantage perchance it made, and the less resistance he found; 
The King's advantages.  that Walstein, who had heretofore domineered in those parts, and who had left those troops there which the King now found engarrisoned; was now out of the way; and that Torquato Conti, a man not beloved, then commanded in those parts. Walstein was about the time of the King's first coming either busied about his new Duchy of Mecklenburg, or else waiting at Memmengen by Regenspurg, to receive a new Commission to go General against the French: and upon the Princes of the Empires sore complaining against him, he was by the Emperor (as you have heard) quite discharged of his Army. Tilly was not yet come so high up, since the wars with Denmark. Of Pappenheim we hear not thereabouts, till October following. Plainly, the King of Swedens' great advantage it was, that he was too much slighted by the Emperor: who though he fortified places, yet did he not time enough employ any of his great Captains against him. And that the Emperor abused himself too much, in too much slighting the King; appears by his Answer unto the Duke of Saxonyes' Letters, in August giving him intelligence how fare the King was already advanced in Pomerland, Which was; how that himself was so well provided for him, that he was confident to scatter any power of the enemy. A despised enemy we have by experience seen to have made fowl work: and God mostly works by such despised means, that himself may therein be observed to be the Lord of Hosts. Further than this, we will neither Comment nor Devine.  
Before the Kings setting foot within the Empire, he in April sends forth his gracious Declaration of his intent to maintain Stralesundt, etc. Which the Emperor might well take for a Herald at Arms to proclaim his coming, and so prevent it; and not complain afterwards (as he did) that he stole in upon him. His Majesty having thus declared himself for Stralesundt, makes his first war for the freeing of that. A small Island there is in the Baltic Sea within some half league off Stralesundt, called Rugen. A ragged square plot it is, some seven Dutch leagues over. This Isle being a Principality of the Duke of Pomerlands; was (like other of his Lands) rather infested now, then guarded, by the Imperialists. That the King therefore might clear that I'll, and his own way both at once; and leave no enemy to trouble his Landing, or to come upon his back; he gives order before his own setting forth of Stockholme (the chief City of Sweden) to have that Island begun withal. 
The I'll of Rugen taken.  About mid- April therefore, did the people of Stralesundt, assisted with some 18. ships of Sweden (which had wintered in the Pilau, and other Ports thereby) prepare to fall upon that, and Hiddenzee another little Eyelet hard-by on the Northwest: both which being open places, were by the end of May well cleared of the Imperialists. One indifferent strong Sconce by Brandishagen upon Rugen there is, into which the Imperialists betook themselves; not so easy to be taken as the rest. These of Stralesundt therefore now newly strengthened from Sweden; upon the 17. th' of june following, with 3000. foot and four troop of horse, resolve to set upon the Fort. Marching up therefore from the old Ferry into the I'll, they in Battle array show themselves before the Fort: twelve great Shallops and two Galleys, well manned and furnished with shot, in the mean time besieging them by water. The Fort perceiving this, by a resolute Sally labour to hinder their Landing: but the Swedish discharging eight pieces of Ordnance from their Boats amongst them, quickly make them to retire. Landing being thus gained, and their batteries raised; they readily dismount the enemy's Canon, and put him from his Ordnance. The 18. day, the Swedish General demands up the Fort: their answer was, to defend it to the last drop of blood. The next morning, there was from Brandishagen (which lies over against the Fort) a boat of fresh water sent unto their relief. The Swedish Shallops give fire apace upon the Boat; in rescue of it, doth the Garrison sally out: a great smoke arising from their shooting in the skirmish, is by the wind carried full into the Fort; the Swedish apprehending the advantage, fall pell mel upon it, getting among the sallyers into the Fort, ere ever they were ware of it. 
The Fort of Brandishagen taken.  Thus was it taken without the loss of one man. The Swedish being Masters of the piece, put all to the sword whom the next day they found in Arms. Two hundred prisoners they took; six pieces of Ordnance; sixty barrels of Biscuit; much Beer and provisions.  
Whilst these things were there a doing, his Majesty is in his own Country busy about embarking his men. Some 12000. brought he out of Sweden with him, for so many were seen march: His Fleet was about some hundred and thirty Ships of all sorts. With these having been five weeks at Sea, (whereof a whole month in one place) he came to an Anchor near the Island of Rugen, which lies a mile distant from one of the mouths of the River Oder called Pennemundt. 
The King of Sweden lands.  Immediately hereupon, his Majesty gave order for the Landing of the Foot or Infantry: which was done in great Sloopes or flat bottomd Boats, provided for that purpose; whereof each one would well carry an hundred Soldiers, with two Feild-peices. His Majesty himself in person landed first, at that Dorp or Village in the I'll of usedome, called Pennemundt; being at that present waited upon by two Swedish Earls, that were brethren, Grave Neeles and Grave joachim by name. Next him were landed Colonel Lillie, Colonel Cag, and Colonel Hansson, all Swedish, with their Regiments. Next to them Landed the Lord Reay Colonel; together with Colonel Spence and Colonel Magdongall, with their three Scottish Regiments. Last of all landed the Lord Falkenberg, Lord Martial of his Majesty's household; together with Colonel Hall, and Colonel Derickson, with their three Regiments of High-Dutch-men. All these eleven foresaid Regiments, were landed and entrenched before daylight. Upon the second of july, after the Soldiers had a little reposed and refreshed themselves; his Majesty commanded the Canon, baggage, and victuals to be landed; and because the Army had been so long at Sea, he thought it expedient to rest them there for two days; in which space he landed his Cavalry or Horse also.  
This I'll of usedome where the King was new landed, 
The I'll of usedome taken.  is situate not fare from Stralesundt, and to the Southeast of it, towards Stetin: betwixt the Baltic Sea on the North, the mouth of the Oder (which from the River Pene disemboguing into it, is called Penemundt,) on the West; the great fresh Lake called the Frischhaff on the South, and the I'll of Wollin on the East. Upon the fourth of july, twelve troops of the King's Horse, together with three thousand Musketeers, went out upon a party; the King himself commanding them. They marched upwards three miles into the I'll of usedome; where they saw divers troops of the enemies, but all of them ran away. The 5. th' and 6. th' days were spent in hearing of Ambassadors, from the Dukes of Mecklenburg, Pomeren, and the Town of Stralesundt. On the 7. th' day, his Majesty leaving Colonel Kniphowsen, than Sergegeant Major General, with two Regiments of foot to defend the works at Penemundt; with the rest of the Army passing over the water on the West side of the I'll; marches up to the Town of Wolgast. Here had the enemy a strong Sconce on the waterside, directly against the Castle upon the I'll of usedome: which Sconce, his Majesty thought fittest to be first assaulted. As he marched towards this Castle, the Crabats falling out, begun the Skirmish with the King's Horse: who being presently seconded by the foot, constrained the Crabats to give ground with great loss. Those of them which were not killed in the fight, making great haste unto the River, by which they thought to swim over unto the Castle; were all miserably drowned. Those within the Sconce, thus perceiving their fellow's misfortune; in great haste retired into their boats: where being hardly charged by the King's men, the most of them were also drowned. Their confusion was so great; that three hundred of them then perished by the sword, or in the water. The whole night following, the Canon from the Castle played very hard upon the King's folk, but with little or no loss unto his Majesty. Upon the 8. th' of july, his Majesty leaving Sir john Bannier to keep the Sconce that was taken; marched from thence unto a Cloister called Pudegla; which was a strong passage upon the I'll of usedome. But the enemy, before the Kings coming, had spoilt and pillaged all that there was, and then ran away. Here the King lodged all night.  

The I'll of ●ellin taken.  Upon the 9. th' of july, the King marched to the Swing, on the East-side of the Island; where the other mouth of the Oder, disemboketh into the Baltic Sea. There found he a Sconce, strongly builded indeed, yet but weakly defended: the Garrison upon the first sight of the King's troops, abandoning the place, and shifting themselves over the River into the neighbour I'll of Wollin. This place, which the Oder, the Frischhaff, the Sea, and a little Fret of water, make into an Island; lies on the East-side of usedome: and here the King having found Boats, immediately follows the Imperialists. Here had the Duke of Saxonyes' Sister a Castle; which the enemy fleeing out of, miserably deface with fire. And now those that lately fled into the I'll, as also the rest that were there in several Garrisons before; did not only abandon their strong Sconces and Fortifications; but left, not their Canon only for haste, but their very Horses also; together with a great deal of their baggage; with two Leopards in a Cage; left there by the Duke of Freidlandt, who had thought to have presented them unto the Emperor.  
In these two Lands of usedome and Wollin, the King remained some twelve days; until he had made sufficient provision of Galleys and other Vessels, for the transporting of his Army through that great Frisch haff, and from thence up the River of Oder, unto Stetin: which was done the 26. of july. This Town of Stetin, is the Seat and Title of the Duke of Pomeren and Stetin: Scituate within Land it is, 
Stetin taken.  South of the Frisch haff, being the chief Town of the Country, and the only good Town of the Country in sole possession of the Duke, that was free from Imperial Garrisons. And now the King landing his men at a Castle within an English mile of the Town, about ten a clock in the forenoon, presently puts them into Battalia. Grave Neeles and the Lord of Reay commanding four hundred Musketeers, that day had the Vanguard; and were both commanded to march towards the North Port of the City, called the Mill-doore: the King in the mean time with three hundred Musketeers, making towards a Horn-worke, that was then a building, within a Musket-shot of the Duke's Palace. While this was a doing, all the Ladies and Gentlewomen, were in the windows, and upon the Leads, looking upon the King and his folks. All this while there appeared not any one man out of the Town, to make any defence: which the King now observing, at last sends a Trumpet towards the Ports, to demand entrance. This message made known unto the Duke, a Colonel, who had the Command of some 1200. Musketeers within the Town, is sent to parley with the King. His message was, an Assurance from the Duke his Master, that he had resolved to stand Neuter. His Majesty nothing contented with this message; sends the Colonel back again unto the Duke: commanding him to tell his Master from him; That he was not come into Germany for any private ends of his own: but sent for, by him especially, and other distressed Princes; that by the force of his Arms, they might be free from the yoke, which lay so heavy upon their necks: and therefore, great reason had the Duke to open his Ports, and to receive him into his Town. And this if the Duke refused to do; he bade the Messenger assure him, that he would enter it, by a breach made through his Castle: giving present order thereupon to have the Canon mounted. The Duke upon the receipt of this round message, advises with his Counsel a while: who having concluded what was on the sudden to be done, the Port is opened, and the draw bridge let down, and the Duke in his Coach issues out, waited upon by some Gentlemen on Horseback: addressing himself directly towards the King. Upon the meeting, much conference passes about surrendering of the Town; the King pressing; and the Duke excusing, altogether desirous to stand Neuter. Of this would not the King hear at any hand: making use of that (which in Dutch is a Proverbial saying,) They that are not with me, are against me. And now the King taking notice of the Ladies and Gentlewomen on the Leads and Windows; Cousin (says he to the Duke) if you mean to keep me out of the Town, you must set other manner of people to guard it, than these Ladies; for I'll assure you, they will never be able to hold out against any one company of my Soldiers. The Duke perceiving his Majesty, though pleasant, yet earnest; desires leave to go again into the Town. The King consents unto the motion: but sent order withal unto the Lord Reay, to guard the Duke's person thitherward: and that when the drawbridge was let down, and the Ports set open for the Duke's Coach; to enter the Town together with it; and if it were possible, to make good the Port. The Lord Rcay having enough of his instructions, so disposes his Musketeers (which were Scottish) that two hundred of them marched before the Coach; and must needs therefore enter before the Duke's Coach could: so that this piece of service was done, even as the King would have it. Thus the Lord Reay being entered within the outer Port, the Town Garrison retired from thence within the inner Port: and the Scots entering pellmell with them, that Port was also taken. By this did the King presently enter the Town, with his whole Army. The Duke seeing this, dismisses his own forces, which he had till then, there kept in Garrison: who thereupon took present oath and pay, for the King's service.  
The next morning, the King commands Sir john Bannier General of his Infantry, to take with him 600. Swedish Musketeers, under the command of Grave joachim, and 600. Scottish Musketeers, under the command of the Lord Reay; to make an assault upon the Town of Dam, lying a mile to the Southeast of Stetin. The Town had on that side but one approach unto it; and that was a narrow causey leading through the marish, upon which the Town stood. Those 12000. men now advanced almost as fare as a Sconce, which guarded the end of the Town; a Country-boore coming up to the Commanders, proffers them his service to lead them a secret way through the marish: by which means, they might more easily fall on, upon the other side of the Town. But the Burghers of the Town, (who it seems had intelligence with the King's forces) now sending unto them; desired them to have the patience but to stay until night, and then they promised to give them entrance by a private postern gate. This delay was cunningly projected by the Townsmen; and served them to very good purpose: for had the King's forces taken the Town by assault, then, by the Law of Arms, had the pillage of the whole Town been their own. Thus, (upon what reasons or fears I know not) the enemy's Garrison consisting of some two hundred and fifty Musketeers, and forty horse, forsook the Town that very evening; taking their way Eastward, towards the next Town of Stargard. With the Burghers of this Town of Stargard, the King having also intelligence; instantly sends thither also. But whether it was, that he thought not fit too fare to give trust unto those Burghers, and to adventure his own men upon their honesties; especially since the Garrison was thus lately reenforced: sure it is, that he employed none of his own men, but committed the charge unto that Colonel and his men, who had lain in Garrison in Stetin, before his Majesty's coming thither. This Colonel knowing the Country perfectly, came by night upon the Town: and having given advertisement unto these Burghers within, with whom he had correspondency; they secretly opening a Port unto him, give him present entrance. He thus got in, presently cuts in pieces the Corpse du guard, which had the Watch upon the Marketplace. This done, he without stay goes towards another Port, which had two strong Sconces before it; these he presently assaulted, killing three hundred and fifty Soldiers which he found within them. This act, had like to have lost him the town: for the rest of the town Garrison, (which were asleep in their beds when he at first entered,) now hearing the noise, start up, and betake themselves unto their Arms; shutting withal, the Port behind the King's Colonel, who was now busily employed, upon the execution within the Sconces. Very hard had it been for him to have entered the Town again, but that the Burghers at the same time taking Arms; by force opened another Port for him. The Garrison by this time having gathered into a head upon the Marketplace, now finding themselves too weak to resist so great forces; retire themselves into the Church-steeple: but now the Swedish turning the Canon which they had gotten in the two Sconces, against the steeple; the Garrison forthwith yield themselves, conditioning to go off with their lives and Arms saved.  
There were found in this Town of Stargard, 500 barrels of meal; much powder and shot, and some Ordnance. The King after fortifies the place, with five new Bulwarks, three half Moons, and such other Outworks. Whilst this was a doing, 
The I'll of Cammin taken.  Cammin another Eyelet and Bishops See, butting upon Wollin, is also taken. The rough method of war should have fallen upon the Town of Colbergen next: but this being too tough a piece, is let alone till afterwards.  
The City of Stetin being thus taken, and the King using the people royally, they begin to bethink themselves of the good alteration they began to feel, holding themselves happy, were but the King made their Protector. The overture of a League first, and the Articles afterward, were therefore now treated upon, concluded, and published, about the tenth of August. This League conquered him the whole Country. The King, in a Preface prefixed to the Articles, 
A League betwixt the King and Begislaus Duke of Stetin and Pomeren.  excuses the Duke; professing to have taken the Town against his will. The Duke also subjoins his own Apology; That he had been forced to this League. 1. For that having no aid from others. 2. He was too weak to have resisted the King. 3. And that his Subjects having been disarmed by their pretended Defenders the Imperialists. 4. Yea so impoverished, that they had not means sufficient left, barely to live upon; were thereby disabled to defend themselves. 5. So that having for three years together endured the hardest of oppressions; they were desirous rather to be freed, then further engaged, in a new war and dangers. 6. Especially having been so much discouraged to serve the Emperor, who never kept promise with them. 7. As for the Kings proceed, his courses taken to ease them, were just and Christian. 8. And seeing that very chary he was, to oppose the Emperor. 9 As purposing only to restrain the insolency of these new oppressors. 10. Therefore he thought this League to be his best course, both to recover his own estate, and to secure Swedens'. Seeing therefore the King had past his royal word, to be a friend and not a foe, unto all places which he should recover: he professes himself willinger to entrust his Country in the King's hands, then hazard the loss of all. Fourteen Articles the King and Duke then agree upon: of all which, these two chief concern our Story. 1. That this war was only for Defence of the wronged, and not to injure the Emperor. 2. That all places recovered by the King, should be restored unto the Duke. An Excuse beside these ten former Reasons, is by the Duke sent unto the Emperor: which with the rest of the Articles we leave to be read in the English Printed Book of them.  
Stetin being thus agreed with the King, willingly gives him 50000. Rixe Dollars, and the Country as many: The Merchant's also granting him a Subsidy of Tonnage and Poundage, of three and a half per Centum. The King takes care first, for the guarding of the City: to which end it is not only fortified with new and strange works, but with a standing Leaguer or Camp-royall also; 
A Camp form by Stetin.  form at the Towne-bridge, on the East bank of the Oder; over which the noble Gustavus Horn, Feild-Marshall to his Majesty, in his absence commands in chief. And here the Army being mustered and paid, is sent abroad upon the errand they came for: and that one place might not help another, he with several troops falls at once upon several pieces. To show what every troop every day did, were to write a Diary, not a Story; and to take away the pleasure of the reading. In a continued narration therefore, will we prosecute the Story of every City, and Action by itself, from the beginning to the end of it; and then go back again to another: 
The method of the Story.  taking each in his order of place, and time; that the Kings proceed may the more clearly be discerned.  
By this time are we come to the middle of August: and the King by the taking of Stargard, advanced as fare into the Country as right against Gartz and Grippenhagen; is desired by these of Stetin to besiege these two Towns; because the Garrisons that lay in them, used to ramble over all the Country, to spoil, and plunder, and fetch in Contribution. But the King perceiving those strong places would take up too much time, and he having a design to clear the Duchy of Mecklenburg, as well as Pomeren; turns his Army back again to these quarters: with a purpose in time to take the chief passages thither, before the enemy should prevent him, and put him thereby to more trouble; Passing therefore beyond Stetin and towards Stralesundt again, he sets him down before Wolgast; whose Port (as you heard) he had before taken. 
Wolgast besieged.  This is the chief City of the little Duchy of Wolgast in Pomeren: The Town he by fine force took in, wherein he found good store of provision, both of Corn and Ammunition. In the heat of the assault, the Garrison and chief Citizens retire themselves into the Citadel or Castle: This now the King asseiges. Torquati Conti the Emperor's General in those parts, lay with his Army at that time at Ancklam, a Town hard by Wolgast: he hoping to rescue the piece, comes with three Regiments towards the relief of it: but is well beaten for his labour; said to lose 12. Ensigns and 3. Cornets in the Skirmish. The Castle thus defeated of her succours, parleys: the conditions desired by the Garrison, were, To march out like Soldiers with full Arms, Colours flying, matches lighted, and their swords by their sides. The King will let them go out with no more than white staffs in their hands. Those terms refused, the King falls to mining: and with two boats well manned and furnished with Ordnance, he comes to the Oder-bridge, there landing and enquartering his men. Sends for the Duke of Stetin; he come, they make their approaches towards the walls; which he round besets from the Oder-bridge unto the mill-gate, raising Sconces and Batteries every where, where the ground was highest. Eight thousand Canon-shot are bestowed upon the walls. They parley again; and the King condescends: six hundred Soldiers thereupon in five Companies, all under the command of Colonel Sclecter, come forth: 
The Castle taken.  Three Companies of these five, presently take Oath and pay for the King's service: the rest march away. This was done in the end of August: about which time the Queen of Sweden being newly come over, the Castle is repaired and furnished for her Majesty's residence. In this Siege, the King lost an hundred and twenty men.  
Whilst the King besieges this Castle; 
Aucklam taken.  Torquati perceiving no good to be done upon him; and that the Queen of Sweden had newly brought over 8000. fresh men (as it was reported) with her, which might make the place too hot for him; rises with his Army from his Quarter at Ancklam, marching directly towards Gartz: about which the Imperialists by the King turned out of other places, and others newly sent into Pomerland, began now to assemble. There he forms a Camp; which continued till the Town was taken. He thus departing from Ancklam, leaves Eystat Governor in it: before which, so soon as the King presented his forces; the Citizens rise up for the King against the Garrison; and let the Swedens' into the Town. This was done while the King was yet at the siege of Wolgast.  
Ancklam thus obtained, the King purposing a design for a voyage into Mecklenburg, 
Stolp taken.  first causes the passage of Stolp to be taken. This Town is near unto Ancklam, some five Leagues to the West of Stetin, and towards the Sea: by which he had a full passage into Mecklenburg. After which he at several times also takes Trebbeses, Gripnitz, and Treptow, three other chief passages, as we shall tell when we speak of the King's expedition into Mecklenburg.  

A Fast.  We are now come to September: upon the first Friday whereof the King commands a solemn Fast to be kept throughout his Army and Leaguer at Stetin. Upon that day the Imperialists being led by one 
* This Quint was set on, to have killed the King.  Quint, who had before run away from the King, fall upon the outer Guards of the King's Camp, and cuts them off; putting the whole Army into danger. But they taking the Alarm, fall out upon Quint, and beat him off with loss and shame enough. The next day also making a bravadoe again, some thirty more of them are taken prisoners by the Swedens'. The King a little after this, Musters and pays his Forces newly arrived to him out of Prussia, for which he a while stayed, without doing much: and now abroad are they again going, his Army being very much increased by these, and thirtiesix troops of horse newly entertained.  
Towards the middle of this September he sends abroad 3000. horse and 12000. foot to be doing, and to take in passages: sends also to view the strong places of Gartz and Grippenhagen: of which more when we come to those Seiges. But here let me insert an unheardof Cruelty of the Imperialists upon the Towns of Pasewalk and Vckermund, some few leagues West of Stetin: about mid- September, old style, the Imperial Garrison under the Command of the cruel Colonel G●●ze, having plundered and forsaken the Town, and carried the chief men away; on the 4. th' of September 2. troops of Swedish horse being 140. strong, enter the forsaken Town: fall with the Citizens to repair and fortify: 3000. Imperialists of the Army by Gartz hearing of this, 
The cruelty of the Imperialists at Pasewalk,  take it again from them Sept. 7th. and after most valiant resistance, beat, kill, and drive out the Swedish; fall to torturing of the Townsmen for their money, crying give us money or blood; ravish women and girls, even in the open streets, and Churchyards; yea women in Childbed: kill and abuse the men, fire the houses and the people in them: thrust straw into Cellars where Children are hidden, and then set fire to it: burn the Churches; massacre the Ministers, and then mask up and down the streets in their Copes & Surplices; and at length burn down the whole Town, laughing at it, how finely doth Pasewalk burn? Thus their rapes and ravages continue till the 11. th' or 12. th' of September: 
and at Vekermundt.  After which they go to Vckermundt, a Town hard by (from whence these 140. Swedish were thought to have come) this they fall upon and take: use as before; keep the gates shut, and so burn the people in the Town.  
To return to the King. About this time it seems had his Majesty taken the oppressions and complaints of the people of Magdenburg into his royal consideration; and therefore sends some forces by Sea thither, to join with the Duke of Saxon Lawenburg; which Swedish aids, Sept. 25. land at Dossou three leagues from Lubeck: of which more when we handle the whole Story of Magdenburg 
* Namely, where we speak of Tilly.  together. And about that time himself in person goes to Ribbenitz in Mecklenburg: where his Camp is pitched Sept. 28. of which more when we speak of Mecklenburg.  
About the same time of September, is the brave Lieutenant General Bauditzen sent to the siege of Colbergen; and the noble Feild-Marshall Gustavus Horn commands the standing Army at Stetin. Thus hath the King four Armies at once: and thus are they all employed. October 5th. certain Crabats making a brave before the trenches at Stetin, drive away the Cattles thereby feeding. In rescue of them, out sally 1000 Swedens': the Crabats fain a slight; the Swedes too rashly pursuing, 
The Swedes beaten by the Imperialists.  fall into an Ambush: there begins a fierce skirmish; in which the Swedes overlaid by numbers, lose some 300. brave men, two Captains of horse, and one Sergeant Major; the rest being glad to get off with their lives. The Swedes meditating revenge, fall out a while after upon the Imperialists Cattles by Grippenhagen and Gartz, driving away some 300. from both places, and come fairly with them to their quarter. Many the like feats of Arms were daily practised betwixt them.  
And now leaving the other Armies to their business in other places, 
Colbergen besieged.  we will turn to the siege of Colbergen: not because it was first taken, but first besieged: and because it is a piece of Story by itself, upon which no other depends; no other Town being in those quarters. This Town is situate on the Sea-coast, further from Stralesundt, and nearer unto Prussia, than the King had yet conquered. So strong a place, that Torquati and the rest, had made choice of it, there to lay up their pillage, and what treasure they had gotten in the wars. About the 4th. of September, was Colonel Kniphowsen sent by the King to try what he could do upon it. His troops being too weak, Bauditzen is sent with 4000 men, and 18. pieces of Ordnance. Upon him the Crabats and other Imperialists set amain: a hot skirmish there is, and much loss on both sides. Bauditzen thereupon receives two more Regiments from the King: so that now he is 5. Regiments of foot, and certain horse strong before the Town; The Gentlemen of the Country are also drawn into the action. The Garrison within is 11. Companies of foot but very weak ones.  

The famous Onslaught of Colbergen.  Torquati Conti not ignorant of this, hath a design about the beginning of November, for the relieving of the Town, and his own treasure in it; hoping either utterly to defeat Bauditzen and Kniphowsen, that now blocked it up, or at least to beat up a Quarter, and so to thrust some succours into it. Gustavus Horn, then in the Camp at Stetin, having notice of it, immediately calls a Council of War. The resolution is, first to send Bauditzen and Kniphowsen word of it: wishing them to stand upon their guard a while, assuring them by such a time to be with them. This done, they draw out half of every Regiment, to go along; every Colonel to command his own: all being Commanded men, such as had no Colours with them: and for defence of the Camp leaving the other half, with all the Lieutenant-Colonells, and Sir Arthur lesly to command all. Word also is sent unto the Swedish Garrisons of Griffenberg & Golnaw, (just in the way) to come and meet them. So that with these, and their fellows before Colbergen, they might make some 8000. foot & 4000 horse. The enemy was also some 9 or 10000 men; and those upon their march, at least a day or two before Gustavus Horn had notice of it: but they going the further way about, through the Marck, and so along behind Schiffelbien, (as fare from the Swedish Garrisons as they could, for fear of being discovered,) the Swedish were at Colbergen before them. There found they their own men in battle array, and no news of any Imperialists yet. Consulting what to do, they there resolved to stay in sight of the Town, to amaze and affray the enemy all that day; and then to take as many out of the Leaguer as might well be spared, and so to march away by night, to meet with the enemy. Gustavus Horn commanded the Foot, the Lord Reay led the valiant Scottishmen of his own Nation, and Bauditzen the horse. About midnight comes a Countrey-Boore unto them, with assurance that the enemy had then taken up their Quarter in two or three little Dorps, that were hard before them: else might they have marched by them, and so the enemy might have gone on, and defeated those before Colbergen first, and perchance those at Stetin afterwards. Here the Colonels consult what to do. All, but Kniphowsen, resolve to surprise them as they now lay scattered and divided in these Villages: but Kniphowsens advise was to stay till morning. His reasons were, first they knew not the strength and lodging of the enemy: so that if by any error they should be defeated, Colberg, and Stetin, and all were lost. Again, it was a very good piece of service, to have prevented the enemy in his design; and if they could not beat him, it were enough to turn him back again. And these reasons prevailed: so that the Army being hardmarcht, sat there down to refresh themselves. Whilst here they were, either the same Boor, or some other, goes and tells the Imperialists, that the Swedish were hard by them: so that by three a clock in the morning they might perceive the enemy's Dorps, all on a flame: for they rising to be gone homewards, had now set fire upon their Quarters. The Swedish perceiving this, fall generally to blame Kniphowsen; resolving instantly to pursue them. Coming to the forsaken Dorps, there knock they down some sixty men, that the enemy had left behind, and so follow on the rest. At break of day, they had sight of the retiring enemy, upon a fair Heath: whereupon the Swedish horse making more speed, by eight a clock were upon the necks of them. The enemy making Alt, turns faces about to them: whereupon the Swedish horse forbear to charge, till their own Foot should be come up to them: who now doubling their march, were hard at hand with them. Thus when the enemy makes a stand, so do the Swedish too; and when the enemy marches, the other lies beating upon their Rear. The Crabats (or Imperial horse) perceiving themselves likely to be overmatcht with numbers, play the Pultrons, and run away. The Foot go on in this fashion, till they came to a Dorp, or Village, called Faldinbruch, there was a passage at a water-mill; over whose bridge they were to go: and there one of the carriages of their Ordnance breaking, fowlly stopped up their passage. Here being crowded and disordered, the foremost began also to flee. And now fell there so sudden and so strange a mist, that a man could hardly discern two Pikes length before him. The enemy's Foot that could not get over the bridge, betook themselves into the marish by the River's side: standing there upon their own defence, with matches Cocked, and Muskets upon their Rests. The Swedish coming up to them, they demand Quarter: proffering to serve the King of Sweden, upon condition every Officer to be under the King, the same they were under the Emperor: otherwise, they would dye like brave men, and sell their lives as dear as they could. Quarter and Conditions are both granted them: so that there still a while they stood. But to see the luck of it; just in the mean time, returns Bauditzen: who having been pursuing the enemy's horse that fled, and now so utterly routed them, that scarce ten of them remained in a Company: and lost them in the mist withal: he seeing the enemy stand whole in a body together, and not knowing of the agreement; falls to charge them with his horse. They perceiving this, began to suspect treachery in it; that the Swedish horse should fall upon their Rear, and the Foot upon their Van; & so they should perish betwixt both. To prevent which, they putting themselves into two divisions, turn back to back; those next to Bauditzen, all at once giving fair fire upon him. That volley made a Fell of many a brave man. Bauditzen charges again, charges home, and through them: utterly breaks and defeats them. The other Swedish body of horse hearing the fight, and the missed not suffering them to discern the matter, imagined verily, that the enemy had been come back again: yea messenger comes upon messenger with the news, 
A strange cofusion & mistake among the Swedish.  Our men are utterly defeated. And when as some of the horse that had the Van of the Swedens' Foot, came towards them; they certainly believed them to be enemies, and their own men to be defeated: and thereupon give fire upon them. The other, think the Devil to be in it; and that their Foot had been defeated, and these to be enemies: and therefore fly back again to their fellows. Others also coming upon our Van, they fall to charge them: the other as fast letting fly at them again. Thus having no Colours with us, we knew not friends from foes, our enemies, from our fellows. In this miserable error, and mystical meddly we continue, until 4. a clock at night: when by finding some of our own to be slain, (whom we well knew) we began to find our mistake. The Emperor's whole forces, both foot and horse, were defeated: their Canon, all their baggage and four Cornets, taken from them. All our own horse, except Bauditzens own Regiment, ran away: as also the body of our Foot did, which were led by the young Grave of Thurne, and Colonel Wallenstein: only the Van of the Swedish Foot stood firm; Commanded by Baron Teuffell, the Lord Reay, and Sir john Haibron. So that both the Armies had run away in the mist; except Bauditzen and his Regiment of horse, and the Van of Foot aforesaid. These stayed after the fight, to bury their slain fellows. This pretty kind of battle happened upon the 11. th' of November, 1630. In which, what with those that were slain by the enemy, and what they had killed themselves; were 500 men lost. The rest, partly laughing at their own mistake, partly sorry for their fellows and Comrades; and partly glad to have defeated the enemy; they return homewards again: Bauditzen and Kniphowsen unto their siege; and the other unto their Leaguer.  
Presently after this, in the middle of the same November, were there 182. houses burnt within the City: the fault was laid upon the negligence of a servant: though others suspected it to be a villainy of the besieged: Sure it is, that there were Letters intercepted by the Swedish, which should have persuaded the Garrison, that seeing they could not be relieved, the best way were to fire the Town, and by a resolute sally to break through the enemy. This is like unto the Imperialists practices in other places: who at Gartz and Grippenhagen about the same time, made stay of all the Boats that came up the Oder, having a design to fire Stargard with them; by that means to have delivered Colbergen. The same they threatened unto Stetin also: which made those Towns stand upon their guard the surer. Towards the end of November, the Swedes cut off the fresh water that served the City. In the beginning of December, the besieged upon an advantage sallying out, surprise a Lieutenant, with some thirty of their enemies; and the Swedish within a while after, cut off a Convoy of 180 Wagons laden with Corn and other provisions, which was going into the City: an hundred of which they bring away; the rest which they had not time nor means to do, they set fire on. In February when the King was gone towards Mecklenburg, the Garrison making abroad, fetch in 500 head of Cattles one with another. Thus past there encounters too and again betwixt them, till the end of February. the 26. whereof, they now finding their provisions to fail within, & their hopes without; send to parley with the Swedish General, who acquaints the King with it. His Majesty condescends, 
Colbergen yielded up.  to let them come out with Colours flying, matches light, full Arms, bag and baggage, and two pieces of Ordnance. They were in all 1500. men; whereof 9 Companies of foot, and two of horse: all which were by the Swedish conveyed to Schiffelben: whence they were to march unto Landtsbergen. Thus that strong Town which had been three years in fortifying, (the Countrypeople for ten or twelve mile's compass, having been enforced to labour at it,) is now after five months siege upon the second of March (old style) taken in by the King: who found in it, 51. pieces of Ordnance of a greater boar, and 19 smaller Feild-peices: 224. barrels of powder, with proportionable Ammunition. The day after the yielding, a ship coming with men and victuals for their relief, not knowing of it, falls into the hands of the Swedens'.  
A report was also spread abroad in the Country, that before their giving up of the Town, they had digged mines, and laid gunpowder and burning matches by it; which after two or three days should take fire, and blow up the Town; which the Swedes in good time discovering, sent after them in all haste, to call them back to an account for their base treachery. But this we cannot affirm. True it is, that they were sent for back, and stayed at Friberg in the Newmarke: but this was by reason of Tillyes' cruelty, at his taking of New Brandenburg at this very time, where he put all to the sword.  
The day before Colberg was taken; 
A new league betwixt the Kings of France and Sweden.  was there a League concluded betwixt the Kings of France and Sweden: in these terms.  
1. That it be for the defence of either of their Friends respectively, for the securing of the Ocean and Baltic Seas, and the freedom of Commerce in them: as also for the restoring of the oppressed States and Princes of the Roman Empire: and that the Forts newly erected upon the Ports or Coasts of either Sea, or in 
* The Grisins Country.  Rhetia; be demolished; and all reduced to the estate they were in, before the German war.  
2. That because the Adverse party hath had no mind hitherto, to repair offered injuries; and hath rejected all intercessions; therefore is there no remedy, but to vindicate their safety by strong hand: for effecting whereof, the King of Sweden is at his own charges to maintain 30000. foot and 6000. horse in Germany. And the King of France to pay his yearly share in Rixe Dollars: whereof the one half, May 15 and the other, November 15. either at Paris or Amsterdam, as the King of Sweden shall think fit, who is to appoint his own Receivers.  
3. The levying of Soldiers or Mariners, the passages of shipping and ammunition, shall be in either of their Dominions free for either party, and be denied to the enemy. Offenders against military discipline, and such as run away from their Colours, to be left to their own Princes to be punished.  
4. If it pleases God to give the King of Sweden good success, he shall not deal otherwise in point of Religion to those places that he shall conquer, or have yielded up to him; then the Laws and Constitutions of the Empire appoint: and the Roman religion shall still be left free, where it is now practised.  
5. Into this League, may any other States or Princes, either within Germany or without, be admitted, that desire it: but let due care be had, that whosoever be so admitted, may neither privily nor openly, favour the adverse party, under their own name, or pretence of others; or offer wrong unto the foresaid Kings, or the common cause: but let each of them rather contribute unto this war so much as they are able, or concerns their interest: Which is to be determined upon by a particular Treaty.  
6. With the Duke of Bavaria and the Catholic Leaguers, in the Roman Empire, let terms of amity, or neutrality at least, be observed: if so be, they do the like again.  
7. And if by God's grace any occasion of Treaty offers itself; let it be by the common Counsels of the Leaguers: nor let any of these conclude a peace without the other.  
8. This League to endure for five years to come: that is, from the day of the date hereof, unto the first of March, old style, in the year 1636. to come. Within which term unless a secure peace may be obtained; upon a general Treaty of the Confederates, let this League be further again prorogued.  
It is moreover agreed; that because the last year this League had been begun to be treated upon, to continue for six years; and that the King of Sweden had in the mean time been at the sole charges of the war: therefore in regard of the year passed, the King of France upon the day of Signing these Articles, is to give him Bills of Exchange for 300000. pounds Turon, which amount unto 120000 Rixe Dollars; which sum is not to be reckoned in, unto the payments to be made in the next five years.  
Of this League the King of Sweden gives present notice unto the Protestant Princes now at the Diet of Leipsich; assuring them that his intentions were no other, but to defend and restore, the German Princes, and their Liberties, etc.  
All the back of Pomeren being thus cleared by the taking of Colberg, turn we back now again, to what was in the mean time done in other places. The King (who would see to the doing of all) leaving his Army in Mecklenburg, was now come back into Pomeren; 
The siege of Grippenhagen.  and now casts his eye upon Grippenhagen. This Town situate upon the North bank of the Oder some three Leagues from Stetin, is naturally a very strong place. A piece of much importance withal, by reason of the bridge which it hath over the Oder, by which there is easy passage either to offend or relieve, the Land of Marck on the East side, and Pomeren and Brandenburg on the West. In it lay an Imperial Garrison of some 3000. men: and Don Capua a Spaniard their Governor. In july 1630. therefore, the King taking some five Regiments of foot, and one of horse along with him, and sending his Ammunition up the Oder, goes to look upon the place, as those of Stetin had requested him. Being desirous one day to satisfy himself in viewing of a passage, with 24 horse only in his attendance; he falls into an Ambush of 60. horse: where valiantly defending himself a while; 
The King in danger.  he is very timely fetched off by four troops of his own horse, which came in upon the spur, so soon as they heard the Pistols go off. The place he finds not only hot, but heavy: not so easy to be carried: and especially for that the Imperial Army then lay at Gartz, some few miles above it on the other side of the Oder. Therefore gives he it over for that time. After his coming from Mecklenburg now, his Majesty December 23. (old style) with 12. Regiments of foot and 85. troops of horse, in person draws down toward the Town, about the Evening showing himself in battle array before it. The advantage of the ensuing night, he takes for the planting of his Ordnance; whereof he had brought 80. pieces along with him: of which, 32. being Demy-Canons, he mounts 10. of them upon the place of execution; 
The Towns of Germany have usually near without their walls a goodly pair of stone Gallows, upon a little hill, which is for a heading place; which is often tim●s low walled or fenced in.  Having given order the day before for prayers and Sermons throughout the Camp; on Christmas Eve by five a clock in the morning, he gins a most furious battery: 10. 15. or 20. pieces of Canon continually going off together. A fair and large breach being made, the Swedens' twice attempt to enter, and are twice most valiantly repulsed. But 2500. men (for no more are now left) being unable to hold out against 20000. the Town is at the third assault taken. The Governor received a shot in his thigh, whereof in prison at Stetin he afterwards died. With him is the Sergeant Major Antonio also taken: many chief Commanders, and 100 common Soldiers. 200. were flame; some fled; the rest flinging away their Arms, craved Quarter, and had it. The King had but six men slain out right, though many wounded: for which he took eight pieces of Ordnance in the Town.  

The siege of Gartz.  At Gartz (before described) another strong Town, with a bridge also over the Oder, had the Imperial Army ever since their removing from Ancklam, laid. To dare Torquati Conti their General into the field; the King with some ten thousand foot and twenty-foure troops of horse, presents himself before his Trenches about mid- August 1630. He not disposed to come out, nor the King to assault him in his Quarters, returns home again. In his return he lights upon Walensteyns' Son, (the Emperor's great General) drawn in a Coach and six horses; guarded with an indifferent Convoy. Whom the King's horse forthwith charging, take 120. prisoners, and some 35. horses. The young Gentleman quitting his Coach, escapes away on horseback. The plague much raging in Summer time about the Army at Gartz, Torquats sends the diseased into other Quarters, enterteyning 2000 Crabats in their places. About mid- September there fell out a most bloody fight: 
The Imperialists beaten.  wherein those of Gartz were said to lose more than 1000 men; and yet I report but the third part. They about the same time, 
The Sweden beaten.  beat a Convoy of the Swedes also; and bring away 100 horses into their Campe. In the beginning of December, some are sent thence into Mecklenburg: at other times some others are sent to lie in Garrison in the Towns of the Land of Marck, beyond Grippenhagen. Others had been sent to the relief of Colbergen: some slain; and very many died of the plague. And thus had this Army been impaired. Grippenhagen therefore being now taken, and settled: within a day or two after Christmas day, the King sends his whole Army to the strong Sconce of Morewitz, which served for the guard of the bridge: fully believing, that rather than the Imperialists would lose so important a piece, they would bid him battle. But the Count of Schamberg (who now commanded the Army in stead of Torquato, that had lately given up his Charge) notwithstanding he were some 15000. strong; perceiving his Army to be ill disciplined, used rather to plunder, than fight; durst not hazard the encounter: but calling the Garrison out of the Town, he sets fire to the Ammunition, drowns such powder and Ordnance, as he could not draw away; 
Gartz forsa●●●● 〈◊〉 the Imperialists.  and so without one shot making, very confusedly marches ●ff; leaving the empty Town unto the King; himself with all speed hasting, to get through Custrine, into Landtsbergen, a very strong place in the way towards Silesia. The King follows him with as much speed, as the other fled, still beating upon his Rear. The Saxonish, Goatish, and Swertzenhallish Regiments he so utterly dispersed, that they were fain to leave their baggage behind them: They that name least, tell us of 300. Wagons with their burdens; besides 14. Ensigns. Colonel Sparre with some few Wagons of his own baggage, saved himself in Custrine: Some others got through into Landtsberg, and others recovered Frankford upon Oder: about which last place, they after rallied their forces together again. This was certainly a notable defeat; yea so notable, that had the King then had Custrine in his hands (which he had before desired of the Elector of Brandenburg) the enemy had gotten no passage over the Oder at all; either into Frankford or Landtsbergen: yea he had gotten them in fair Campagnia among his own garrisons, had still followed beating upon their Rear; yea being once in rout, either they could never have made head again, or if they had, he had instantly been upon the poles of them; and so have utterly defeated the Imperial Army. Then had Pomeren been quite cleared, Frankford & Landtsbergen taken at one blow. Silesia also had been left naked: yea and Tilly being not yet come up, Magdenburg had been saved, and all Mecklenburg besieged by the King's Armies. But all this failed, for want of Custrine.  
The King returning from the Chase, even while the fear and dread of his Arms, and the love of his justice, were upon all the Country: 
Coninxberg taken.  goes in person towards Coninxberg, a Town on the East-side of the Oder, not fare from Custrine. Here had he not much to do; for that the Townsmen voluntarily brought their keys, and laid them down at his Majesty's feet. Thence in person goes he towards Lubus, a Fort within a Dutch mile of Frankford, almost betwixt it and Custrine: and there he pitches his Camp about the 8. th' of january, 
Lockonitz, taken.  old style. About the same time goes Colonel lesly towards Lockonitz, a Castle in the very Frontiers of Pomeren, belonging unto Schulenburg, and kept by an hundred Imperialists: upon which place Sir Arthur lesly coming by night, so thunders with his Ordnance upon them, that having beaten down the gates, he falls to enter: killing some twenty of those that made resistance, and taking some 80. prisoners. The Castle was by the King freely given unto the Colonel, that thus took it in. At the self same time, falls Bauditzen upon the Garrison of Piritz, 
Piritz taken.  a Town betwixt Grippenhagen & Coninxberg: in which were some 1400. men: these he defeats, and so is that Town taken.  
But the chief design, was at the strongest place, 
A design upon Landtsberg defeated.  Landtsberg by name; whither Gustavus Horn was sent; the King hoping at this same one voyage, to have taken in that also. But this design was for that time put by, as we shall hereafter show, when we come to speak of that siege. Yet doth not Gustavus Horn lose all his labour: for hearing in his return, of five troops of Crabats, which used with strong parties to make sallies and cavalcadoes, and plundering voyages out upon the Country, from out of Himmelstadt (a town some League or two to the Northward:) some of these he cuts short; and others of their Nation in other places, about this Landtsberg.  
Thus having in eight days space (which is admirable) taken in so many Cities, defeated so many enemies; gotten many a great prisoner, and now cleared Pomeren and Marckland, even from Prussia side, all between the Rivers of Warta and Oder (except Landtsberg:) he calls his Army together again, sitting down with it at Coninxberg aforesaid, (whither he brought 70. pieces of Ordnance) where he stayed until he had increased it with some new levies, made for him in the New Marck; and had begun to raise some Sconces for the securing of the Country. Of these Sconces, one was hard by Custrine, and another nearer unto Silesia: for the guarding of which works, and the blocking up of Himmelstadt and Landtsberg withal, he at his going away, leaves 9000. men in Brandenburg-land. Whilst this is a doing, the King in person goes towards Custrine (the chief Town, and the strongest of all Brandenburg:) demanding to have that Town consigned over into his protection, that he might put a Garrison into it, and so keep the enemy from returning over the Oder. This request, notwithstanding it were by the Elector denied, (not daring to do it as yet, the Imperialists being not only in that Town, but in his whole Country beside, and the Governor Krachten dissuading it mainly) yet thus much courage the Elector after that took unto himself; that he presently set out a Proclamation against the sharking and stroygood Imperialists: commanding his Subjects, by strong hand to restrain their insolences; and to let none ramble up and down the Country, but such as had lawful Passes. Now had the King an Army of some 18. Regiments of Foot, and 86. Cornets of Horse: and now by mid- january was General Tilly come up to Frankford, 
Tillyes' coming.  there to secure and take on those troops, which the King had before scattered: which (as we said) began now to gather head again about this Frankford. Of his coming the King now hearing, sends Gustavus Horn with a reasonable Army towards the Frontiers of Silesia to stave off Tilly from coming down that way, unto any of the new conquered places: himself instantly marching into the Land of Mecklenburg. The whole story of which, and his Majesty's proceed in that Country; we will now present you with altogether; beginning with his former expedition thither.  
This Country of Mecklenburg lies Westward of Pomerland, along the coast betwixt Brandenburg and the Sea. Two Dukedoms it hath, Schwerin and Gustrow; lately possessed by two brothers, john Albert the elder brother, and Adolph Fredrick the younger: both the right heirs, and both styled Dukes of Mecklenburg. These Princes had the Emperor of late, very injuriously devested of their Estates, and given them unto Walensteyn his great General, with the Title of Duke of Mecklenburg. The disseized Dukes, complain unto th●ir Cousin the King of Sweden; their relief was another main cause of his coming in Germany. His Majesty therefore having made so victorious an entrance into Pomeren, and cleared all those parts upon the confines of Pomerland, (except Gripswald) next unto Mecklenburg: resolves upon an expedition thither in person. About August 6. 1630. he prepares his own way by taking the passage of Stolp, near Ancklam, some five leagues below Stetin towards the Sea, whereby he hath a full passage into Mecklenburg. 
The King's first expedition into Mecklenburg.  Towards the end of September, his Majesty makes stay of all great boats and ships upon the Oder, and the mouth of it: wherein having shipped some 12000 men and their Ammunition; he sails by Wolgast (taken some month before) and Stralesundt; 
He takes Bart, Damgarden, & Rubenitz.  passing unto Bart, a Town in Mecklenburg, standing upon an arm of the Sea, a little within the shore. That takes he in first. Then hasts he to Damgarden the next Town on the East side of that arm of the Sea: which Town & the Sconce to it, he presently takes in by assault: many of the Soldiers being fling out at the windows, and some others by mischance burnt. Three days after this, to Rubenitz he comes: a Town in the very bottom of that Indraught or arm of the Sea: and that he by force takes also. Mescord the Governor is taken prisoner, and his Lieutenant jers, slain with a Musket shot. Here pitches he his Camp; giving order for the fortifying of this, and Damgarden and Trubbesees, another late taken passage towards Pomeren. Being here settled; 
He summons the Country.  he first of all by a Proclamation dated from Rubenitz Sept. 28. summons the Gentry and people of the Country, to remember their oath once taken to their natural Princes: to forsake Walensteyns' title and service: to come armed into his Camp, or other his troops; to prosecute and kill all the Walsteyners': and to fight with him for the liberty of their Country. Those which do not, he threatens to pursue as traitors and enemies: those which did, to afford his royal protection unto. A second mandate he then sends to the Town of Rostock: of which more, when we come to speak of that City. Sir john Bannier, (his Majesty's Lieutenant for those parts) being about that time also upon the frontiers of Mecklenburg towards Pomeren; directs his Letters unto these borderers, to this purpose. That seeing the Imperialists thereabouts did nothing but pillage and plunder them of their Cattles and goods; and that the King his Master's intention was, only to defend them: therefore they should send their Corn and Cattle towards Rubenitz or Stralesundt. Which if they refused, the King would think those pillages wilfully endured by them to relieve his enemies, and that they meant to fall away from their own Princes: and must therefore take their goods where ever he found them, persecuting them as traitors and enemies.  
Whilst here at Rubenitz the King lies encamped, and his forces in the mean time busy about the Country: there arrives an Imperial Currier in his Camp. 
The Emperor's Letters unto him.  His Letters contained an admiration of the Emperors, why the King should come armed into the Empire: offering him a treaty of peace, if so be he would first lay down Arms. These seem written from Ratisbone. 
The King's answer.  To this he answers; That his Imperial Majesty would cease to wonder, if he pleased to remember the two Armies sent against him into Prussia; the wronging of his Friends; and the endangering of his own Sweden. As for the offer of peace, he desires pardon if he thinks it not sincerely meant; seeing it had been before scorned: and that now the Emperor while he spoke of peace, did still continue his Levies. As for laying down of Arms, he utterly refuses that; or to trust any more unto verbal promises: and for treaty of peace, he would be most glad to entertain it: which upon these terms he will agree unto; namely, That all Germany be so settled and re-estated, as it was before the beginning of these wars. This was written after the King's return to Stralesundt, the same month of October, in which it was received. The Emperor perceiving that words and papers would not beat Swedens' sword out of his hand, at the breaking up of the Diet of Ratisbone, in the beginning of November, sets out his Imperial mandate, for the continuing of the wars; and against the King of Sweden by name; procuring the Electors also to decree the same: and to agree to aid him in it. And by this time was the King come from Stralesundt again, unto his Army at Rubenitz; where he for a while held the head quarter of his Camp: the rest of the Army, being partly nearer advanced unto Rostock, and part employed with Bannier in other places. And now (it seems) some of his, 
* These, I suppose, were some of those forces, which the King had sent towards Magdenburg: & which had landed at Dassow, within a league or two of Lubeck, about Sept. 25.  having been as fare as Lubeck (one of the Hanse Towns upon the Frontiers of Mecklenburg and Holsatia) and there imprisoned and uncourteously used: the King writes his Letters unto the Town, to this purpose: That seeing such discourtesy had been offered, he could not but admonish them to forbear: as they would look for the like usage, where he had to do. And now had not the King an Army alone hereabouts, but a navy too upon those coasts; to confront the Imperial Navy gathered amongst the Hanse Towns thereabouts. For in the beginning of December, I find a Sea-fight betwixt Gabriel de Roy, the Emperors Admiral with 15. ships, and 9 Swedish men of war, near unto Wismar (another Hanse Town betwixt Rost●ck and Lubeck: 
A Sea-fight. ) in which the said Imperial Admiral ship was four times shot through, forced to save himself in Wismar, and to leave three of his Ships unto the Swedish.  
Turn we now unto Rostock This Hanse Town, 
The siege of Rostock.  situate in Mecklenburg ugon the River Warnow. West of Rubenitz; and some few miles from the Sea; had till now been freed from Imperial Garrisons: but upon the Kings coming to Bart, was surprised by this devise following. 
1000 Imperial horse get into it.  A thousand Imperial Horse send some before them to demand passage through the Town; pretending to go against the King of Sweden: being believed and admitted, they keep possession of the gates, let in their follows; break the locks off the posts, which fastened the chains drawn cross the streets: and so finally possess themselves of the Market place. This done, they compel the Citizens to bring all their Arms into the Statehouse, making them swear they had no more: then they billet themselves upon the Citizens, and keep such a racket, that the Townsmen dare hardly open their doors, for fear of being pillaged. The King at his coming to Rubenitz hearing of this Garrison, 
The King's Letters to those of Rostock.  writes thus unto the Townsmen. That seeing by his coming into the Country, there had been a door opened for their freedom; they should now remember the Oath sometimes taken to their Duke, cast out the Garrison, and restore their City to her ancient freedom. Which if they did, he would take it for an argument of their innocency; become their friend, and enlarge their City's privileges. If they neglected it, he must like enemies pursue them, both by Sea and Land.  
The Town either not willing, or perchance not able to do this, the King begins to make some approaches unto it; 
He blocks up the Town.  to block up the passages, to build Sconces and Redoubts: yea and causes his Fleet to hover up and down their coasts. This was in the beginning of October. These proceed the Walsteyners' in other Garrisons hearing of, send out a strong Convoy of 4000 men, to open the passages again, and to thrust some men and victuals into the City. 
●000. Imperialists defeated.  These the Swedish grappling withal, shrewdly defeated, and kill the most of them; utterly frustrating their design. In the beginning of November, he approaches within two English miles, or less, of the very City; still raising Sconces and Retrenchments against them. About the beginning of December, some seven Cornets of Imperial horse issue out of the Town on the clearer side, to go a bootehaling: these the Swedish having by their espyalls' notice of, 
& 7. Cornets of horse.  pursue. In the Skirmish, are 200. Imperialists slain upon the place: 280. taken prisoners; and some 400. horse brought away: scarcely 20. soundmen, recovering into the Town again: a pitiful boothaling for them. In this fight, a certain Swedish Colonel of Finland, for trial of his valour, did twice charge quite through the Imperial troops; in his return the second time, by main strength taking a Captain out of his saddle, and bringing him away under his arm. About the middle of january, is Hatzfeldt, Governor of the Town, in his own lodging murdered by one Warmier, a Lawyer. And in this state we leave the City still besieged by the King, though not with a great, yet with a well ordered Army: himself being (as we before told you) in person long before gone back, to see to other things in Pomeren.  
Thus continues Rostock blocked up both by Sea and Land, rather than besieged; until after the Reinstallment of their Lords the Dukes of Mecklenburg again, and the taking of Gripswald in Pomeren in mid- june following. After which time, the Swedish General Toodt being at good leisure, is commanded by the King to conjoin 10000 foot & horse, of those forces which had taken Gripswald, with 5000. of the two Dukes of Mecklenburg; and more strongly to pursue the siege of Rostock: and to begin to block up Wismar also. Again; the Queen of Sweden a little after this arriving with 8000. new men at Wolgast; 5000. more are sent into Mecklenburg; as speedily as might be, to rid out all the Imperialists. The Imperial Garrisons in Butzon and Gustrow hearing of the coming of these last 5000. conjoin their faces in one body, resolving to try their fortunes upon them, and to give them their welcome into the Country. But Doodt and Mecklenburg provided better for them: commanding all the horse they could spare, to convoy in their 5000. friends; and then together, to set upon their enemies. They did so; surprised, defeated, and slew the most of them: having the chase of them, even unto their own Frontiers: and had the Swedish had but 1000 Musketeers more with them, they had (as 'tis verily thought) at the same instant taken Rostock also. The Swedish Army being thus reinforced, and the enemies weakened; they become bold to divide their Armies upon it: Duke john of Mecklenburg with 8000. men continuing the siege of Rostock; and Doodt with Duke Adolph of Mecklenburg going to besiege Wismar, with the rest of the Army; which might be as many more. And thus I find them still both lying August 25. About the end of which month, Duke john so well plied his business, that he took the strong Fort or Blockhouse of Warnemund; so called of the River Warnow, which is the Haven to the Town of Rostock; the Fort standing on the West side, and near unto the neck of that River, which next unto the Sea is so narrow, that this Fort hath the command of all the Ships that come into it. This Fort taken, the Garrison presently took pay under the Duke. By mid- September, had the Duke made his approaches, 
●ermund causes all the mills to be burnt, the Shallops to be sunk in the Warnow, to keep out the Swedish Ships; makes his Crabats ride up and down the streets, to prevent the practices of the townsmen.  even under the very walls and Canon of the Town of Rostock: Tilly in vain attempting the relief of the City, either with men or victuals. Now was the Garrison in the Town wasted away to 1500. men: and the Citizens weary of a siege, and fearing to lose all, if the Town should be taken by assault: begin not only to wish well, but to speak well, in favour of the King, and their Lord the Duke. Thus much the new Governourm Fermund observing in them; begins to take notice of their carriages: and to put both the Duke and them, out of all hope of fair compounding upon treaty, or any yielding; he causes a fair Streamer to be hanged out upon the turrets of the Town: to show, that he would hold out as long as he had any thing that was red in him.  

Wismar besieged.  This Wismar is another of the Hanse Towns; and in the same Duchy of Mecklenburg also. Distant some seven or eight leagues to the West of Rostock: and almost so situate, but the haven much larger. Here did Duke Adolph and the General Toodt entrench themselves by land; the Swedish fleet waiting upon it by Sea, as it did upon Rostock also. Of this siege I can add, but this unto the former Sea-fight, That about the beginning of August the Swedish Shallops boldly going into the haven, brought away the Admiral and another Ship, bravely towing them both away with them.  

The Kings ●econd expedition into Mecklenburg.  Tilly about the 24. of january being now advanced as near the King as Frankford on the Oder: his Majesty fearing if he marched up into Mecklenburg, he might there make fowl work; leaves Gustavus Honne with the Army about Coninxberg; and writes his Letters unto those of the New Mark, on the East side of the Oder; to this purpose: That seeing he haddow cleared their whole Country from their oppressors the Imperialists; every man should a God's name return to his own house, 
His Letters to 〈◊〉 of the ●●w Mark.  trade, and husbandry: he professing to be their friend, and promising to be their protector. That which he desired of them was; such provisions for his Army left amongst them, as they could well spare, and the other wanted. Those that did not, he would take for his, and their Country's enemies. Upon which gracious Monitory, diverse returned again, without molestation falling unto their business. This done, the King calls off the most of his Army from the siege of Landtsberg, and his troops from other places; appointing their Rendezvous to be at Dam, the 28. of january, Stilo novo: and so Feb. 4. he again passes Stetin towards Mecklenburg: where with an Army of 16000 horse and foot, he unlooked for arrived. There he first of all takes in New Brandenburg, within 8. leagues of Stetin: 
Takes New Brandenburg.  Cononel Marezan the Governor taking composition, and marching with six Companies of foot, and three of horse, of Montecuculi his Regiment; and 120. of Colonel Putlars Regiment. There did the King leave Colonel Kniphowsen for his Governor. To this Town Feb. 6. he summons the people of the Country of Stargard: with whom he treats, concerning the maintaining of the forces left for their guard. The news of this being brought, to those of Treptow, 
Treptow the same day.  another good Town and a passage thereby; away run the Imperial Garrison: of which his Majesty having speedy notice, he the same day sends some troops thither, and takes it. Those of Dammin (a very strong Town) fearing to be taken unfurnished, with all speed send to Gripswald, ne'er Stralesundt, for more Ordnance: but neither this, nor their so strong fortifications will serve their turn. For Feb. 14. 
The strong Town of Dammin assaulted.  the King sets down to the siege; after a hideous battery, is the Castle first of all taken by assault, and the Garrison put to the sword; of whom there were seven Companies, as 'tis said; besides 150. others, that had newly joined with them. Finding the City too strong to take by assault; the 15. th' day, he thunders upon that again, beats down the works, and makes so vast a breach in the very hard walls; that the Governor, the Duke de Savelli, an Italian, finding the place not to be tenable against such thunder and resolutions; 
Taken.  parlyes and yields. Upon the surrender, he receives the King under the gate; and the King carries him back towards the Marketplace: Here the King sitting armed upon his horse, makes a speech unto the Townsmen; assuring them of all favour: and turning to the Duke, wills him to departed the Town, to salute the Emperor from him; and to tell him, That he was no enemy unto his person: and that his endeavour should only be, to restore the liberty of Religion, and of the Princes. Thus with six Ensigns flying, bag and baggage, and two pieces of Ordnance, the Duke marches out of the Town; leaving 36. pieces of brass Ordnance behind him; 60. barrels of powder, with victuals and Ammunition proportionable. The King lost about 200. men; himself (as some say) receiving a light shot. Letters were intercepted from the Generally Tilly, desiring the Governor to hold out but four days longer; at which time he should undoubtedly be relieved. Some say, that Savelli was afterwards questioned upon his life; for that being over-confident of his own strength, he had refused to take in some more forces that came to offer their service. This Town, much stronger than Rostock, is now by new fortifications doubly strengthened.  
Whilst the King himself is here busied; his Lieutenant Banier goes to Loczin (hard by Dammin) and takes in that. And Malchin another good Town is by a stratagem surprised also. Freidlandt is likewise so served; and all the other strong places, upon the Frontiers of Pomerland: and so is Westrow by the Seaside. Yea all the strongest places, to conclude, in that Duchy, except the four strong great Towns of Wismar, Rostock, Butrow, and Dammitz: which last, is an exceeding strong Town upon the River Elve. Thus betwixt july the first, and February the last, (that is in eight months space) hath he (which is scarce credible to report) taken full 80. Cities, Castles, and Sconces in Pomerland and in Mecklenburg.  

Tilly marches ●●to Mecklenburg.  By the end of February, hath Tilly heard of the Kings proceed in Mecklenburg: and from Frankford on the Oder, begins to set forward into that Duchy against him. The King now after the taking of Dammin, sets down with his Army betwixt it and Treptow: himself in person one of the last days of February, going through Pomerland, unto Berwalt near Coninxberg: where the first of March he concludes the League with France, as is aforesaid. Within a day or two, that is, March the third, was Colbergen taken, as hath been said. The next day, the King goes from Stetin towards New Angermund, on the same side of the Oder with Mecklenburg. By this time are some forces come to him out of Scotland: and there being no more need of any Garrisons in the I'll of Rugen, those he calls out. Thus draws he all that might well be spared out of all his other Garrisons of Pomerland, taking to him the 9000. which before were in Brandenburg, & those that lately besieged Colbergen: the States and Gentry of Pomerland, he now commands, at their own charge, to levy 10000 men for their own defence: which forces, should take oath to himself, the Duke, and States of Pomeren. And now hath he 13. Regiments newly come to him out of Prussia also. Thus makes he himself as strong against Tilly as possible may be; bringing his Army from Coninxbergen, over the Oder, and forming an Army of some 15000. men, betwixt this New Angermund & Frejenwald, at a little Dorp called Swedt. Hither he brings some 60. pieces of Ordnance: 
The Leaguer of Swedt.  hither also brings he his Ship-bridge from Stetin; which here he lays over the Oder; over which he hath a free passage, both towards Frankford, Landtsbergen, and Mecklenburg; and a Retreat too, if need were. This Leaguer he fortifies with all art & strength possible: that if General Tilly should adventure to fall on, he should come upon the pikes. Another Army he at the same time hath, (and that very strongly fortified also) betwixt Treptow and Demmin aforesaid: and some forces at the same time likewise, at the siege of Gripswald, a Town hard by: which might, upon occasion, easily conjoin themselves with the standing Army.  
At this present is Monsieur Tilly upon his march thitherward, with an Army of some 22000. men, and 26. pieces of Ordnance. From Frankford, comes he first to Rapine, passing in his march, not fare from the King's Leaguer: leaving it not above a league or two, upon his right hand. If some make doubt, why being so near he set not upon the King; the question is easily answered; for that the King's Camp was so strong, that he durst not. Secondly, Tillyes' design was, rather to have drawn the King out into the field, to a pitched battle (for so was it given out) then with so much hazard to assault him in his trenches. The more therefore to provoke the King, he falls upon some of his Garrisons, even midway betwixt the King's two Armies. Tilly therefore having some few days expected the King at Rapine; rises and marches forwards. And to tempt out the King's forces by the way, is Colonel Bernsteyn (a forward Gentleman and a valiant, but unfortunate, who was afterwards met withal) sent out with 500 horse, to make a Cavalcado upon Templin, (a town hard by) thinking there on the sudden to have surprised the Swedish Garrison. But their spies having given them timely notice of it, they in fair order expect these hot-spurred Imperialists. So that hard to it they fall; and many on both sides fall in the Encounter. But the worst plainly fell unto the Imperialists, who carried not home so many as they brought out; and yet they returned full as fast as ever they came.  
Tilly perceiving the King not to be tempted out, proceedeth forwards: 
Tilly takes Feldsberg.  setting himself down at the siege of Feldsberg; a Castle near unto New Brandenburg, now kept by the Swedish: 
&  which by assault he took in, putting all to the sword in it. Thence he goes to New Brandenburg, which he forthwith straight besieges, 
〈◊〉 Brandenburg.  and most fiercely assaults. There are his men sound knocked many a time, by the Swedens' sallies out of the Town, and by others from the Army by Dammin. Tilly thus enraged with the loss of his men, after a large breach in the walls made with his Ordnance; he March 9 resolves upon a general assault; by fine force breaking into the Town, he takes it; kills all that he finds in Arms: except the Governor, Colonel Kniphusen, his wife and daughter; four Captains, some Lieutenants, and Ancients, with about sixty common Soldiers: all which he sends prisoners into Stargard. News of this being brought into Friedland some four Leagues off, which was kept by one Regiment of foot and 17. troops of horse; away pack the Swedens', late in the night towards Ancklam. The King also hearing of Tillyes' hard dealing with his men, sends back to have those Imperialists sent after and stayed, which had newly yielded up Colbergen: and these he causes to be kept in durance at Friedberg.  
Tilly after this sends his Army towards Demmin: 
Tilly turns back again towards Magdenburg.  but finding no good to be done, either upon the Army or Town, and now perceiving that the King was not disposed to fight with him; and that his two Armies kept him from going further that way; bethinks himself, and turns back again towards Rapine: losing his Ordnance in the fens, as the report was. Hearing of the King's Ship-bridge in his return, he sends Coleredo with twenty troops of horse through Botsaw towards the Oder, to hinder the work if it might be: but they finding the bridge not only finished, but with a strong Sconce fortified also; are fain to turn back again. In the tail of them, follow 600. Swedish horse, pursuing them even unto Botsaw: where other of their fellows joining with them, they pass beyond Bernau unto Munchenberg: falling there on the sudden upon seven hundred Crabats; of which many they kill; an hundred they take, their Colonel hardly escaping into Frankford, was fain to leave all he had behind him. Tilly having thus left the Country; the King resolves upon the taking of Frankford: in his going whither, his Vantcurryers' surprise Zednick; kill three hundred Crabats; obtain three Cornets, and 460. horses, with a great booty beside.  
The King resolving now upon the siege of Frankford, 
The siege of Frankford upon the Oder.  upon our Lady day in March, begins to pass his Army over the Oder: upon the 27. he advances forwards in good order, with some 18000. men in his whole Army, besides those of Gustavus Horn, who were to go for Landtsbergen. Count Schomburg (who commanded in chief within the town) now suspecting the King's purpose; takes in 7000. more into the Garrison: whereof twelve troops of horse: and raises outworks in the destroyed Vineyards. The first of April, comes 
* Or Dupenbach.  Teuffenbach newly made Marshal, of the Imperial Army. He burns down one of the Suburbs of Lubus, to disappoint the enemy from lodging in it. The very same day, arrives the King at Lubus within a league of the Town. The next day, he entrenches in the Vineyards aforesaid; whereupon the view of the Town being taken, the batteries are raised. That evening, the Imperialists make a brave sally through the Gubens-gate: and with the loss of a Lieutenant and many men, are beaten into the Churchyard, by the gate aforesaid; and glad to get in at it. In this Skirmish were many lost on the King's side too, and Colonel Teuffell among the rest wounded in the arm. The next day being Palm Sunday, April the third, old style: the King keeps the solemnity of the day, with prayers and Sermons in his Camp. All this while had there not been one shot made against the City. Whereupon those of the Town thinking the King had not as yet brought many pieces with him, begin to revile the Swedes that had the guard next their works: What you Bacon-eaters, have you eaten up all your Leather-gunnes for hunger? Out of a Bulwark at the same time upon a pike, hung they a Goose; calling the King a wild Goose, lately come over the Sea. The King regards none of this, till both Sermon and dinner too was done. About two a clock, the Swedens' fall to work upon their Trench, raised the night before, close unto the Gubens-gate: and while the pioneers work, the Soldiers with pike and sword, beat the Imperialists out of an Outworke they thereby had, into the Town. That work being perfected; the King himself (than who there is scarce a better Gunner in the world) bends twelve pieces of Ordnance upon that gate: under favour of those pieces, clapping two Petards also unto it. Through the gate, partly thus beaten open, and partly blown up, do the Swedes towards Evening enter; others getting in by scaladoe: others enter pell mel with the Imperialists, that now forsook their stations: the King himself getting over the wall also by the old College, was every where encouraging his Soldiers. Now began a most bloody fight: the Swedes running into the danger, like flies into the Candle, as if they had been blind, and not seen it, when as there was nothing else to be seen. From a Turret near the place where the King entered, the Iwperialists shot amain: the Swedes threatened to cut all their throats if they gave not over: unto which, they now perceiving how the game went, quickly harkened. By this time, were all the Swedes entered by the Gubens-gate. Schawenberg, with valour enough, encourages his men to hinder it. Upon him, now comes Bauditzen with fresh troops of horse and foot, and beats him quite out of the place. 
Frankford taken.  Now was the Town won: now they begin to flee. Some of the chief officers of the Army, that had heretofore gotten great spoils (for in this Town were most of the old Servitors of the Emperor's side) being now afraid to lose, what they had so hardly before gotten; were careful in the heat of the medley, to send their Wagons towards Silesia, over the Oder bridge. Thus while the bridge was clustered with carriages, the fleeing people so thronged and wedged in one another, that many were stifled, and many thrust into the Oder: The Swedes also now in the backs of them, could not bestow either blow or shot, which did not some mischief. Schawenberg, Teuffenbach, and Monte Cuculi, with divers horsemen, escaped into Great Glogow in Silesia. Lieutenant General Hiberstein was slain: so were Heidu, Walstein, and jour; all Colonels; with fifty other Captains and Officers: and 1703. Soldiers at the least, dead upon the place: besides those that were drowned; and others found in Cellars, Chambers, and elsewhere, as many more perchance. Colonel Sparre a Sweden borne, (who had once before escaped the King (as you have heard) had the honour to be pulled by the hair of the head from off his horse, by the Kings own hand; being with seven other Lieutenant Colonels, and some seven hundred common Soldiers, sent prisoners into Stetin. Ensigns were there 23. (some say 41. and sure there could be little less) with 8. Cornets, presented unto the King. There were 300. Swedes slain, and 100 more hurt: whereof some mortally. The rest were so fierce upon the slaughter and pillage, that the King and Bauditzen had much ado with entreaties, threats and blows, to stave them off. To increase the misery of the Citizens, there fell a fire that night, which burned down 17. houses. Thus was the Imperialists Goose sauced, and thus roasted. Here found he very much riches, 100000. pound of powder, 18. great pieces of Ordnance, besides many lesser ones, and a very great quantity of Arms and Ammunition. Solemn thankes being given to GOD for this Victory; the King immediately dispatches 4000 horse towards Landtsbergen, 
The passages and siege of Landtsbergen.  whither Gustavus Horn (as you heard) was before gone: himself the 5. th' of April with more forces following after. This strong Town of Landtsbergen in the New Marck, situate upon the East side of the Oder, near unto Poland and Silesia too: lies upon the River Warta; which running out of Poland, falls into the Oder about Custrine. This Town lying so near the Pole, with whom he had his late wars; makes it of the more consequence unto the King. Feign therefore would he have surprised it at his first coming into Pomerland. Immediately after which, August 15. he sends 2000 horse to try their fortunes upon it. But they could do no good. In the beginning of December were some strong parties of horse looking that way: so that some Swedish over-confident of their valour and fortune, would needs set upon certain troops of Imperialists, which they heard were then abroad, betwixt that Town and Schiffelbein. 
The Swedes beaten.  Of which the other (2000 in number) having also notice; provide in very good order and resolution to entertain them. The Swedes are well beaten; 300. of them lost, and three Cornets: the rest glad to run away. In the beginning of january, when upon the taking of Gartz, the King had the pursuit of the fleeing Imperial Army; he thought at the same time to have surprised this Town also. Thither is Gustavus Horn then sent: and from thence by the valour of Count Cratz, Governor in the Town, is he for that time put. Horn returning hereupon, hath notice by the Country Boors, of some five troops of Crabats, which out of Himmelstadt, a Town some league or two to the Northward; used much to infest those places. To hinder them, and to block up the Town of Landtsbergen withal, 
Landtsbergen blocked up.  he leaves some 9000. men thereabouts. The King also himself more strongly blocks it up, when he sat down with his Army at Coninxbergen; and perchance had not Tilly then been about to come; he might then have had a purpose to have besieged it: but a sudden and a great frost happening withal in the end of january, the King rises, and passes into Mecklenburg. Yet still was the Town blocked up; and (to pass by other encounters) in the beginning of March, the Imperialists sallying out, are beaten in again all but two hundred; which were left behind, as prisoners. In mid- March, the King passes over the River Warta, ne'er unto it. Towards the end of March, he laying a bridge over the Oder at Swedt (where he held his strong Leaguer) he had from thence a fair passage both to that Town, and unto Frankford: unto which siege when as himself in person went; then was Gustavus Horn again sent towards this Landtsbergen, with twenty Cornets of horse, and foot proportionable: Banier then going as Lieutenant General, convoys the Ordnance and Ammunition. No sooner was Frankford taken; but the King the very next day, dispatches 4000 horse thitherward: himself the 5. th' of April likewise following. And now go they to it in good earnest: the King on one side of the River Warta, and Horn on the other. On the King's side was the Town naturally guarded, by a certain morasse or marish: over which, the King by the guidance of a Boor so suddenly passes, that he was before the Town, before the amazed Garrison looked for it. Within a while after, young Colonel Cratz, (son to the Governor) would needs sally out: but a musket-bullet stopped his retreat, for ever going to tell his Father. Upon the 15. th' of April (the King having fully finished his works) by three a clock in the morning, falls strongly upon their outworks, and takes them: and three hundred Soldiers in them, which were willing to serve under the King's Colours. The rest seeing all hope of relief to be cut off, 
Taken.  by the taking of Frankford: demand Conditions and have them. The next day therefore being Saturday by eight a clock in the morning, out they march with bag and baggage, and 4. field pieces; and as much powder, as would discharge them four times over. The Garrison was some 4500. in all; of which 25. companies of foot, and 12. troops of horse; whom the Swedes convoyed unto Great Glogow in Silesia. And that you may not wonder, why so strong a Garrison would so soon give up so strong a place; know this, that they had no more provisions but for one day more: which had the King but gotten intelligence of, he had had the glory by holding out that other day, to have had them all at his mercy: and to have given them their lives, which now they had upon bargain. About this siege first and last, the King of Sweden lost 600. men. Thus are all those parts of Pomeren and Marckland quite cleared; and all passages open into Silesia.  
At the same time therefore that he sent one Army against Landtsbergen; he dispatches the Rhynegrave and Bauditzen with other forces into Silesia; which is hard by Frankford. They fall upon Crossen; 
Crossen in Silesia taken.  the next great Town upon the Oder: which they presently take upon agreement: after which they fetch in Contribution out of the Country as fare as Sagan and Great Glogow also. This put the Imperialists in such fear, that with all speed (namely, about the end of April) the Emperor sends his Ambassadors to the States of Silesia: unto whom (now met at Breslaw, the chief City of Silesia) are these grating Propositions offered.  

The Emperor demands a terrible Excise of Silesia.  1. That for every Ox pastured betwixt the Rivers Oder and Baber, the Country people should pay the Emperor three Cretzers' a week, and for those beyond, two Cretzers'. And for every 25. sheep, as much.  

two Pfennings make 1. Creitzer 4 Creitzers 1 Baizen 5 Raizen are about an English shilling. 21. Grosh make a Ryxe Dollar.  2. For every bushel of Corn ground in Silesia, a Toll to be paid to the Emperor.  
3. Out of every hundred Rixe Dollars lent upon Usury, the Emperor to have one Florence.  
4. Out of every pound of flesh two Pfennings.  
5. Out of every ton of Beer, twelve Grosh to be paid. And this Excise to continue for two years.  
The Emperor is now enforced to lay Contributions upon his own native Subjects and Tenants of Gratz and thereabouts: whom (as the Princes of Leipsich said) he had hitherto spared. And now he victuals and new fortifies Vienna also. Thus gins the Eagle to look to her own nest.  
And now is the Diet of Leipsich concluded: which broke upon the same Palm Sunday, that the King took Frankford upon. And now are Don Balthasar and the Baron Dhona, sent with more forces into Silesia; which Diepenbach General for those parts, complains unto the Emperor that he much wanted. By this time is the most of April spent; Frankford, Crossen, and Landtsbergen, Garrisond and fortified by the King: and his Armies from several parts, now come together and refreshed. Upon May-day therefore 1631. (himself the next day being to come into Frankford) he sends some ten Regiments of foot from Furstenwald, (which is about a league from Frankford) towards Kopenick back again into the Land of Brandenburg: after whom, are 80. troops of horse presently dispatched. Upon which May-day, is Count Ortenburg sent in ambassage from the King unto the marquis Elector of Brandenburg; the Propositions were, to desire Spandan and Custrine to be consigned over into his hands during the time of these wars, because they lay so convenient for him: both for the passage of his forces out of Mecklenburg and Pomerland unto him; and for his own retreat back again unto them, if he should be put to it. A months pay was further required for the Army; or else will the King leave all. Ortenburg returning without a satisfying answer, Gustavus Horn is sent: and he failing, the King himself goes to the Elector; taking five troop of horse, 1000 Musketeers and four field pieces along with him. May 3. the Elector meets him in a little wood upon the Copenicker-heath, some English mile from Berlin: here the King receiving no contentment, offers to return to his Leaguer again; but the Electresse and the Court Ladies prevail so fare with their feminine irresistibility, that his Majesty takes his lodging in Berlin for that night, with a thousand Musketeers for his guard. May 5. the treaty gins again: and by this time was the King's whole Army come up to Berlin; the sight of an Army, is a very fierce argument, 'tis a very prevailing Logic. The Elector is with much ado brought to yield Spandau unto the King for one month: whereupon the next day, the Governor Buckersdorp with a Garrison of six hundred men, goes out of the Town; and the King's forces come in. Custrine (the strongest Fort of all the Country, over whose bridge the Imperialists fleeing from 
* See pag 70.  Gartz, had escaped into Frankford:) he could not obtain from the Elector: Crachten the Governor mainly resisting the King's desires in it. That which made the King, now all on the sudden, to desire these passages and Retreats of the Elector, was; that now despairing both of the holding out of the Town of Magdenburg, and of his own relieving of it: he feared General Tillyes' coming back upon him over the Dessau bridge, (after the taking of the Town) which was now at the last cast. 'Cause withal had he to suspect, that if Tilly should indeed come back, the fear of his fame and Arms, would so prevail with his brother of Brandenburg, that he might (perchance) be enforced to the cooping of him up at these Towns, whereby he should be hindered of his retreat back into Pomerland. Hearing by this time that the Town of Magdenburg, 
The King encamps at Potstayn.  was actually now taken, May 10. th', his Majesty with all speed encamps at Potstayn, a Town in the Old Marck of Brandenburg, betwixt Berlin and the Town of Old Brandenburg; whither a little before he had caused his Army to retire. At this Leaguer the main of his Army stays, from about the 8th or 10th of May until june following. Here having form a Camp, he first of all sends a Trumpet to summon the Imperialists in old Brandenburg & Rattenaw, two good Towns upon the River Havel: laying his passage this way towards the River of Elve; so to block out Tilly, 
Old Brandenburg and Rattenaw taken.  from breaking in that way upon him. Brandenburg and Rattenaw thus summoned, and Tilly yet so busied at Magdenburg, that he could not help them; and the King presenting his Canon before their towns, granting them no respite to consider upon it, and laying hold of all the boats upon the river Havel, from thence even to Havelberg town, they are forced to yield, and to be packing. 
Some actions in Silesia.  In this time the Imperialists attempted the recovery of Crossen in Silesia: but the Garrison being assisted by their fellows out of Frankford and Landtsbergen; kill some 150. or 200. of them upon the place, driving the rest into Great Glogaw. And the Imperialists a little after that, lighting upon a party of 100 Swedish horse, take 25 ●f them, and drive the rest to take the Oder.  
To return to the King. Rattenaw thus taken: and the Country of Brandenburg now quite cleared of the Imperialists: the King ships 100 pieces of Ordnance, and other necessaries for the building of a Sconce, in those new gotten boats aforesaid; to be ready for a new design. The main of his foot forces, he still keeps in the Camp at Potstayn, and about Brandenburg, Nawen, Spandaw, &c: and his horse in their Quarters betwixt that, and the Dessau bridge. Upon the first of june, he commands four Regiments towards Gutterbogen, a Town towards the 2 passages over the Elve; at Dessau bridge namely, and at Wittenberg. A little after this, Bauditzen in the night time passing a ford of the river Elve, surprises the Imperialists at Werben. About which design we must for a while leave him, to speak of three other actions of the Kings, done on this side the Country: for the doing of which, now after Tillyes going towards Saxony, he had the better leisure.  
The first of which was, 
The Dukes of Mecklenburg again Installed.  his r'impatriating and installing of the two Dukes of Mecklenburg, into their ancient and paternal inheritance, which the Emperor had before deprived them of, and given unto his General Wallensteyn. This Country being by the King's Arms now almost cleared (excepting Rostock, Wismar, Dammitz, and another Town or two;) he on the 5th of june, causes the people to be new sworn again unto their natural Lords; & Wallensteyn to be abjured. Which triumph himself honoured, with his royal & victorious presence.  
The second Action was done in that part of Pomerland next unto Mecklenburg; namely the taking in of the strong town of Gripswald; done by his Lieutenant 
* The Lord Otho Toedt, or Otly-todt.  Colonel Toodt. This strong town of Gripswald (which is also honoured with an University) is situated in the little Dukedom of Wolgast, in the mouth of the Oder, not fare from Stralesundt, whereabouts the King first landed. Why it was not taken in till now, I know not. 
Gripswald besieged.  I find it to have been besieged, (or blocked up rather) with 5. Regiments of foot, and one of horse, about the 20th of july 1630. I find some about it August 8. also: Mention is made of it in mid- january likewise: about which time the Imperialists fearing that Dammin would be besieged, fetch some pieces of Canon out of Gripswald into that Town. This Dammin being taken; Gripswald is left naked; & now in March, in good earnest set upon: 10000 men being laid at a distance to block it up. Of any assaults or attempts upon the Town, I read not: nor of any sallies made by the besieged; but that fatal one, made by Perusie, than Governor there: in which skirmish, himself and his Ritmaister were both slain. The occasion of it was thus: june 10th very early in the morning a party of Swedish horse adventure to drive away some Cattles, feeding close by one of the Ports: which one of the Sentinels descrying, discharges his Musket, the Town taking the Alarm upon it. The Swedish suspecting some such matter, dress a fine Ambuscado for them. Out sallies 4. companies; and amongst them Perusie, his Sergeant major or Ritmaister, and a Knight of the Dutch order. These sallyers being in a desperate case within, become the more adventurous without. Well! the Governor's courage carrying him too fare in the pursuit of those, that did but feign to fly; the ambush starts up, and cuts between the Town and him. The Crabats perceiving the danger, avoid it by forsaking of their Master. The Dutch Knight is slain first; and the Governor not long after. By this time are there more forces of the King come in; which had marched hard all night for that purpose; the plot being laid, that the game should thus be begun, before they were discovered. Now do the Swedens' make their approaches to the walls: and after an hour's space, the Town is most straight besieged. First the besiegers show the Town that they have Canon, and then send to summon them by a Trumpet: Their answer was, that they would fight it out. Now are the Ordnance set to work (which some call playing:) a fair saultable breach is made. The Garrison is as good as their words, for by that breach which the Swedens' thought to enter, the other sally: yea so hard they lay upon the Swedish foot, that had not the horse struck in, they had made foul work: but being by this means beaten into the Town, they presently sound a parley. The assault is given over; Conditions of yielding agreed upon; which came to thus much: 
Taken.  That upon june 16. they should departed with flying ensigns, bag and baggage, and be convoyed unto Loitz first, and to march into Rostock afterwards. The Swedish convoy being something too weak for them, they would not keep conditions and go to Rostock; but into Havelberg would they go, that they would. This had crossed the King's design, which he was now about for this Havelberg. The Swedish General Banier having notice of the way they took; sends Captain Hall to meet with them: who falling fowl upon them; kills a many, and takes the rest prisoners. Thus paid they for breach of Conditions. The King not knowing of the taking of the Town, was now coming from Stetin with a great power to do it: but is by the news of it turned back again.  
The third Action on this side, 
Brandenburg demands Spandaw again.  was a passage betwixt the King, and the Elector of Brandenburg; thus. The King having in the beginning of May before, obtained the town of Spandaw, but for one month, and that month now out; the Elector demands his town again. The proposition very much displeased the King, because it very much crossed him: yet for his promise sake, he delivers it, june 8. The next day he sends word into Berlin (the town where the Elector held his Court) of a Visit he meant to give it: and a Protestation withal, that if any thing fell out foul upon it, the blood should not be laid to his charge. The same day, he straight beleaguers Berlin; bending his Canon directly upon the Electors palace. Out sends the Elector to treat; 3 days are spent about it; & all to no purpose.  
Thus at last when the men could not agree, the women draw down the King to milder resolutions. Two Regiments are received into the Town for that night: & the conclusion is, that upon june 12. the King's Garrison is again admitted into Spandau: 
Spandaw, redelivered unto the King.  and Brandenburg is to give 30000. Rixe Dollars a month, towards the payment of the King's foot; the Dutchies of Pomerland and Mecklenburg, being at the charges of maintaining most of the horse. Some may imagine, that this was but a colourable denial in Brandenburg; and rather Art then force, in the King. Their reason is; because the King of Sweden, is brother in Law to the Elector of Brandenburg; as having married his sister; and therefore not likely to do him violence: he beside, being one of those oppressed Princes, whom the King came to relieve. So that this they judge to have been such a practice, as that (as they say) before of the Duke of Pomerlands was; and that Brandenburg seemed to be unwilling, with what he was glad of; that he might have this answer, to give the Emperor, That he was forced to it. I cannot tell: but this I believe, that would Brandenburg have done the King a service, he might have before done it, by granting Custrine unto him: and that might have been the saving of Magdenburg. This I rather believe, that Magdenburg being thus taken and destroyed, the Elector was terribly affrighted, and therefore durst not but desire Spandau again: but hearing now that Tilly was gone a fortnight's march from him; engaged otherwhere; and the Dessau bridge broken down, that he could not return; he consented unto the King. Well! the agreement being made, the King on the same 12. of june goes thence by water unto Stetin, there to give audience unto the Russian Ambassador: which he did upon the 14th after.  
By this time, there having been some murmuring amongst the Protestants against the King, concerning the taking of Magdenburg; as if he had been too slow or defective in his aids or counsels, unto that City: His Majesty, though in himself guiltless; yet considering that he is cruel to himself, who is negligent of his own fame or reputation; he thinks himself bound in honour to excuse himself; and therefore sends abroad this his Apology, which we have here abbreviated.  
That he could never by any persuasions or assurances draw in the Citizens of Magdenburg, 
The King's Apology concerning Magdenburg.  to disburse any monies towards the levying of any forces for his service, and their own safeties: no nor so much as to billet or quarter any of his troops upon them; until by the blocking up of their town, they were compelled unto it. That neither could their own Prince the Administrator of Magdenburg, when in the end of july 1630. he came into their City, obtain so much of them: which had it been done, Pappenheim had then been diverted; an inexpugnable Fort might have been raised; and the Seat of war have been turned off from the City. That the enemy had such potent Agents within the Town, that all good resolutions in others, were hindered by them: and unto their treacheries, is the ruin of their own Country to be imputed. That notwithstanding all this, the City can witness his great care in borrowing monies from Hambrough and Lubeck for them; which had been sent unto them. As for any promise from his Majesty, which the Citizens may allege that they relied upon; they must know, that this is to be regulated according to conveniency, possibility, and the present state of things: so that the King might not then endanger the whole action, for the particular of one City; especially seeing their own negligence, had now made his promise impossible to be kept. Moreover, other most insuperable difficulties have since fallen out and made his relieving of them impossible. As that Imperial Army in Pomeren and Mecklenburg: which besides that it was fare too strong for him in horse; had even then blocked up all passages from the East Sea unto Magdenburg. That it had been in vain for him to have attempted any further, until he had first taken in, those two mighty passages of Gartz and Grippenhagen. That notwithstanding all his diligence, he could not convey any troops unto Magdenburg, (to any purpose) until November last; by which time, the enemy had encroached too fare upon them That Gartz and Grippenhagen being taken, he might have ruined the whole Emperor's Army, could he but have obtained the passage of Custrine: but this had been denied him by Krachten, than Governor of it. That hereupon, he was fain to let the enemy escape (in their flight from Gartz) into Landtsbergen: nor was he able after that, to clear the Elve of the enemies; & all this, through Krachtens denial. If it had been expected, that his Majesty should then have joined battle with Tilly: they are to consider, the many labours and weakness of his forces: the hardness of the winter; and the over-matching power of the enemy: who had he won the battle, had at that blow conquered both Magdenburg and Germany. That after Tillyes retiring from him to besiege Magdenburg, he had strengthened the Imperial Army left against his Majesty, with 12000 new men: laying them upon all the passages and advantages of Pomeren, Brandenburg, and Silesia and especially upon the River Oder; and in the Towns of Frankford and Landtsbergen: that had he stirred to relieve Magdenburg, they had come upon his back. That to show his willingness, to relieve Magdenburg, he had adventured upon the taking of Frankford; and after that advanced as fare as Spandaw and Potstayn, towards it. That notwithstanding the Town so much concerned the Elector of Saxony, yet could his Majesty never obtain of him, any aids towards the relief of it; or any passage by Wittenberg, or the Dessau bridge, towards it. That the Elector of Brandenburg had not, or could not in time deliver him such victuals and shipping, as were necessary to it: as having a respect unto what the Elector of Saxony did, or would do. That he yet knew not, whether these two Electors were or would be, his friends or his enemies. All this considered, his Majesty's Council of war assured him, That with so overwearied an Army, first to pass so many enemies in the way; and then to have set upon Tilly, had ruined all. Lastly, that he would have relieved the Town, appears by the need himself stood in of it: seeing upon the news of the taking of it, he was fain to retire with his Army; and project new designs for his security and proceeding. This was his Majesty's Apology.  
Suppose now in the mean time the General Tilly to be removed from Magdenburg; whence in Whitsun week about the end of May, he departed. This known, the King presently hath a design of recovering those places; and he having forsaken the Elve, the King sends towards it. Now doth the gallant Bauditzen all of a sudden one night with his Dragonniers, pass a shallow place or Ford of the Elve: whereby the Imperialists in Werben are taken sleepers, killed, 
Werben taken and Borg.  routed or imprisoned; their lieutenant-colonel, their chief Quartermaster, and their Town surprised: Others at the same time do as much to Borg, within 4. leagues of Magdenburg. Tilly now upon his march hearing of these tidings, and fearing withal that the King had an intention to lay a bridge over the Elve; away dispatches he four Regiments under Pappenheims' Command; to secure Havelberg, 
Pappenheym sent to resist the King.  and those neighbour places. Werben thus surprised, now gins some of the King's Army to remove from about Potstayn; and the Navy of boats with their provisions, are sent towards Copenick, to pass by Berlin and Potstain, into the River Havel: both Army and Fleet moving towards old Brandenburg, Rattenaw, and so on towards Havelberg. At this time the King having received a supply of four Regiments out of Prussia, and some new troops levied about Brandenburg, with some others drawn out of their Garrisons, he divides his forces: the Lord Oxensterne Chancellor of the Kingdom of Sweden, hath 38. troops of old Soldiers added unto his former Army in Prussia: Gustavus Horn hath his strength in Silesia, again reinforced with Recruites; and a bridge is laid by him over the Oder at Schamburg, a mile beneath Custrine. By this time (that is in the end of june) is the King come back again from Stetin unto his Army; and that dislodged and advanced. Upon the last of june therefore in the night, is Colonel Duwaldt sent out 
* Others name 98. companies of foot, and 60 troops of horse.  with 2000 horse, and 2000 Dragoniers, or Musketeers on horseback; who passing through the Elve at a shallow passage (as Bauditzen had done before,) now falls upon the City of Tangermu●●; 
Tan●er●und 〈◊〉.  where both Town and Castle being taken, the most of the Garrison are slain in the resistance. The next day, thither also comes his Majesty. The Imperialists of Garleben (another neighbour Garrison) hearing of this, presently flee away towards Halberstadt: Wolmerstat is presently also taken: yea th● Swedish fly out so fare, that they took away fifty horses which were grazing even under the walls & Ordnance of the City of Magdenburg. Tangermund thus taken; a bridge is laid over the Elve, and there the King entrenches himself, there he fortifies, and forms a Camp. And now gins the bustling, and not till now.  

Papenheym ●eaten.  Papenheym with his 4 Regiments of Crabats and others, with the expulsed Garrisons thereabouts, being sent by Tilly to keep those places; does his best to hinder the proceed. The Rhyne-grave Charles Lodowicke therefore with some Swedish forces being there abroad about Borg and Wolmerstadt, not fare from Magdenburg, upon them falls Papenheym: of whose approach the King having notice, with all the horse he could make, and some 2000 Musketeers, comes time enough to make one in the medley. 
A bartell.  Papenheym's Foot are almost all cut off, most of the Horse played the Pultrons, and ran away: himself escaped into Magdenburg first, from whence he hastened towards Halberstat, there to expect his Master the General Tilly. 
●teindal taken.  It was said that some 20 Companies were here defeated, and some 14 Ensigns taken. The Garrison of Steyndall beyond Tangermund hearing of this, presently truss up their bag and baggage, and away are they packing.  
Papenheym thus removed from about Havelberg; early in the morning july 9th. comes Sr john Bannier, the King's Lieutenant general at that time, 
●avelberg ta●●●.  and he falls upon Havelberg: so called from the river Havell, on which it standeth. All that are found in Arms are put to the sword, and the Town taken. This the King having notice of, the same day gins to remove his Camp from Tangermund, shipping all his provisions down the Elbe towards Werben. This Town was held the more advantageous place to encamp in, for that it had the command and passage not of the Elbe alone, but of the Havell also, which here at Werben runs into the Elbe. 
The King for●es a strong Camp at Werben.  The Camp lay on both sides the river, the Town itself being comprehended within it, this he fortifies most mainly, as strong as ever he did that of Swedt upon the Oder, when Tilly before came by him into Mecklenburg, this he doth upon the same grounds and wisdom too. Tilly was then near unto him, and now is he again upon his march towards him. Papenheym had sent for him: 
〈…〉 derfully ●●●●vered.  Mansfield Governor of Magdenburg had dispatched 4 posts in one day towards him; help, haste, come away, or all is lost. Tilly therefore then about Saxony, is enforced to put off his own invasion of Hessen, and to countermand his Forces back again already sent thither: and now is Tilly come back almost as fare as Halberstadt, the King calls out all his Garrisons out of the Towns which could not be defended. This was about july 14th, 1631 from whence he advances unto Wolmerstadt in the Archbishopricke of Magdenburgh.  
Hither being come upon the 16th or 17th of july, he first of all dispe●ds away 4 Regiments of Horse for his Vantcurriers, to stay the Kings proceed, whilst himself with his whole Army might come up to him: and if it were possible to tempt the King out of his trenches, to pitch a battle in the field. 
Bernsteyn sent against the King.  These gallant Troops most of them old soldiers, were Papenheyms' men, and very forward therefore now to revenge their fellows. Colonel Bernsteyn, a valiant Gentleman was now their Leader: his Regiment was all Curiassers, or men at Arms. The second Regiment was the Italian Count Monte Cuculies' (himself not there) consisting of 12 Cornets of Rutters. The third was Holicke his Regiment, and in that 5 Cornets of Curiassers, and 5 more with firelocks. The fourth belonged unto Coronino, and 10 Cornets had he under him. All these were verily persuaded, that the King would not fight, and in this persuasion they continued, till they came to Tanger, a Dorp within one German league of Tangermund: not a Swede all that while appearing to oppose them. Here (about Tanger) do these brave Imperialists take up their Quarter; the Swedish having before forsaken that, and some other open places.  
Whilst the weary Troops there rest; out goes Bernsteyn with some 600 Curiassers to set the watch, and to guard the passages for that night. 
A battle.  The King of Sweden fully informed by his skowtes, both of their lodging and strength; that very day sends out 2000 chosen Musketeers, and 500 Dragoniers, under the command of Colonel Collenbach, and the Rhyne-grave: before break of day had approached the Enemy. The 500 Dragoniers, they set to fall upon Bernsteyns' 600 Curiassers; Collenbach with his Musketeers on foot encompassing the Dorps, where the Imperialists lay enquartered. The Dragoniers charging, presently tumble down a many of the Curiassers; 
Bernsteyn slain.  Colonel Bernsteyn himself being slain among the first, and in him a Family, for he was the last of his name. The rest neither able with their horses and pistols, to hold out against horses and muskets; nor yet knowing the strength of their Enemies, make a disorderly retreat into the Dorp: thither the Dragoniers pursue them, and there leaping from their horses, they with their muskets still let fly amongst them. The other Imperialists cannot be said to have taken the Alarm, but the fright at it; some get horses to fight, and some to fly: well, which way soever they issue out of the Town, one Troop or other of Collenbach's musketeers are ready to entertain them. Thus are 1500 slain, all the 4 Regiments defeated, Bernsteyn killed, Holck and Coronino fled, some 28 or 29 Cornets taken: whereof of Bernsteyns' 10, of Holcks 6, of Monte Cuculies' 5, of Coroninoes' 7, besides those that were burnt. Great booty gotten of silver-vessell etc. some one soldier lighting upon 1000 Rixdollars, and another upon as many Ducats. This defeat happened upon Sunday morning july 17: upon which day these Imperialsts were dispensed withal for being at Morrowmasse, as having before day light been at a Black-Sanctus. This defeat was given, Tilly himself being in sight of it.  
General Tilly resolving now upon a revenge, upon Tuesday and Wednesday following, he musters and over-veiwes his Army and Ammunition, gets all things ready for a battle. Upon Thursday july 21, forward he sets towards the King, by fair and easy marches (not to overtyre his Army) coming unto Tangermund, where the King had before encamped, and from whence he had given order for his Garrison to retire, if they perceived Tilly about to come upon them. Tilly at this time (reckoning those that were before slain) brought some 26000 men along with him, and all these like himself, full of anger, resolution, and desire of revenge. Before he would assault the King's Trenches, he was said secretly to have sent unto some confederates and wellwishers of his, or otherwise corrupted with promises, to do a piece of treacherous service for him: and that was, to nail the King's Ordnance, (at least in that part of the Camp where he meant to fall on) that so it might be made unserviceable against him. 
Tilly 3 times assaults the King in his Trenches.  The plot being (by I know not what remorse in the conscience of one of the undertakers) discovered; The King ('tis said) gave not Tilly one Canon shot when he first fell on, notwithstanding he were come even under the Ordnance; and that Tilly was said to have made about 60. This made him confident, and his men brave; who pressing now on in great multitudes, all of a sudden was such a tempest of shot, chain-shot, murthering-shot, and what ever was cruelest to do execution, showered in amongst them; that there was made a miserable butchery. By another Avenue at the same time, out sallies Bauditzen with 3 Regiments of horse, who set so rudely upon the Enemy's Curiassers, that had the King seconded him with the rest of the Army, it had been (as 'tis thought) a very miserable defeat. Thus is the retreat sounded for that night. Within a day or two, another revenge must be attempted, before which, 'tis reported also, that Tilly should have hired some Boors to have fired the Town of Werben, round about which the King's Leaguer was: but these two reports we do only relate, but press not upon our Readers, these perchance are but devised. Well; Tilly can make nothing of it neither this day, nor the next, (which was S. james his day july 25, and the last day that he attempted any thing upon the Trenches: 
Tilly beaten off.  and is therefore forced to retire towards Tangermund. In which retreat the King himself setting upon him, so over-laid the Crabats, that they were driven back upon their own Foot; who to keep them from disordering of their ranks, were fain to stave them off, by charging their pikes upon them. Tilly perceiving the King coming, made Alt or a stand, putting his men in order, & bringing forward his Canon as the King also did. A skirmish now beginning, was by the night taken off, both sides retiring to their quarters. Some say that the King himself was in one of these fights, in some danger and too fare engaged: and that Bauditzen was so hemmed in, that he was fain by main force to break through: and that in the coming off, he should break his sword in the body of a great Commander, bringing out nothing but the hilts, and some two handfuls of the blade: and that his horse was 4 times shot, and a piece of his saddle carried away. The General Tilly not using thus to be foiled, and having a good mind to be revenged, lays a Bridge over the Elbe at his Camp at Tangermund, daily sending some out to spy their opportunity and advantage: but perceiving many of those which he sent out, never to return again, and victuals to prove excessive dear, yea scarce to be gotten for any money; he having been almost a whole month about the King and all that to do as the blind cat did to the fly, 
Tilly retires from the King  licked the skin off her own tongue: about the 10 of August he dislodges with his Army, marching directly towards Garleben, Wolmerstadt, Hall, and so to the Duke of Saxonies' Country. His wants may well be believed to be many, seeing he was now enquartered upon that Country, which himself had before dispeopled, and eaten up. Five hundred starved horses left he behind him, (a most rich prey for a kennel of hounds) and 800 wagons for want of horses to draw them: with much else perchance, which otherwise he would not have left behind. Some report him to have lost 6000 or 7000 men; perchance in all these 3 great defeats of Papenheyms, Bernsteyns, and his own he might, and yet is half so many, a great many for so great a General to lose, nor would the side have it so many confessed.  
General Tilly thus marched off, and the King having now no need to keep so many Forces together, (it being both inconvenient, and chargeable beside) he divides his Army into 3 several Quarters: of which we shall by and by tell you more.  
During this time, 
The Queen of Sweden arrives in Pomeren.  her Majesty the Queen of Sweden arrives with 8000 men at Wolgast, by Stralesunt, where the King had before appointed a Palace to entertain her. And now also is the Lord Marquis Hamilton arrived. His Lordship after his going from London, upon july 18 met with the Forces that were to join with him out of Scotland, in Yarmouth road in Norfolk: which was their appointed place of meeting. Thence setting sail the 19th, (being a fleet of some 38 or 40) on the 25th they came before Elsemore Castle in the Sowndt of Denmark. 
Marquis Hamilton arrives in Pomeren.  There went the Marquis a shore to kiss the King of Denmark's hand, who then lay at Frederickstadt. The 29th they set sail again, coming to anchor the next day by the Isle of Rugen. The 31th they sailed into the mouth of the Oder betwixt Wolgast and the Isle of usedome. The 2 and 3 of August were the Forces landed: being upon muster found to be above 6000 able men; amongst which but a very few sick, and two dead in all the voyage. The two next days they were all armed, and wafted over the river from the I'll of usedome unto Wolgast side; and there billeted in 5 Villages. Hereabouts for a while they stay, and that, for the coming of 4 or 5000 Swedish which were to be sent unto them. These being at hand to meet them about September 20, up the Oder from Stetin they go; being about some 41 Companies: some pieces of Ordnance they carry with them by water, and some ('tis said) are drawn over-land along by them. Their way was towards Silesia, where Gustavus Horn was now with an Army. They were afterwards engarrisoned in Custrine, Frankford, Landtsbergen, 
His men put into Garrison  and Crossen: in whose places the old soldiers were drawn out into the field. A report we here had of a defeat they should give, but this we leave to be confirmed in our second part. The news of the englishmen's coming being reported at the Emperor's Court at Vienna, did something startle and amaze some of the Courtiers: but the Hubbub was ere long well allayed, by a letter (from a good Catholic hand no doubt) received out of England. 
Catholic Intelligence.  The Contents were; how that few or none could here (in England) be gotten, to come at the beating of the drums, or to serve against the Emperor: whereupon a most strict press was fain to be set abroad, upon which few or none except rogues or jayle-birds were taken; so that those Forces were not much to be feared. You see how much this Army was beholden to their Countryman, this Spaniolized Intelligencer.  
Suppose his Majesty of Sweden employed all this while, about the emptying of his great Camp at Werben, 
The King dislodges his Ar●●ie.  into other Stations. Some he keeps there still, others are sent into Rattenaw; and a third division into old Brandenburg. This was about mid- August. About which time he hath 4000 new men come to reinforce him out of Sweden. Some Ordnance and Engines of war they brought with them: and they took their way through Brandenburg-land towards Frankford; And these (I suppose) were the men, whose coming the English stayed for. The King leaving Bauditzen with chief Command for the time, in the Camp at Werben, with some ten Regiments of horse, and six of foot: upon the 29. of August, himself in person departs from Rattenaw towards old Brandenburg; carrying four Regiments of Dutch, and one of Finlanders along with him. By this time was the General Tilly a very busy enemy, in taking of Towns in Saxony: and that Duke with an Army of 20000. men in the field about Torgau, one of his chief Frontier Towns, towards the King's Army. The Duke must now declare with the King, or perish under Tilly: and there had not only many treaties passed with the Duke, concerning the conjoining of their Arms; but, as it seems, some assurances of late times: little or nothing now remaining to be concluded, but some circumstantial particulars, points of honour, and proportions of payments to the King's Army. All these, it was not hard to be fairly accommodated; and the Duke's pressing necessities his Majesty well perceived, would suddenly enforce him to condescend. Upon these grounds, 
The King moves towards the Duke of Saxony.  the King moves forward towards the Duke of Saxonyes' Country. So then; the King's Infantry or Foot, being fairly sent a little before; the Cavalry the same 29. of August, in number 73. Cornets of horse, and 1000 Dragoniers, marches from old Brandenburg: taking up their Quarter the same night, some two leagues from that City; and for that he would not hinder his march by taking of Towns, or going through them; 
A hard Quarter.  he that night pitched in the fields, near the Town of Zegesern; where the Army was but very poorly accommodated; as being constrained to content themselves with the hospitality of the wars, and to lodge all night in the open air, under the blue skies, and to accept of as cold Commons unto it: and all by reason that the King's carriages, (in which their baggage and necessaries were,) was not yet come up unto them. The next day August 30. so soon as the Army appeared in battle array, his Majesty the King of Sweden, road up and down amongst them from Regiment to Regiment, and from rank to rank, giving them this gracious Encouragement. 
The King's Oration to his Soldiers.  Ye Lords and Gentlemen; much grieved I am at this your hard lodging and entertainment: But courage my hearts; we are now as good as in the Dukedom of Saxony; and there, indeed, our intention is to enter. Assure yourselves, that things will mend there; there shall you have victuals sufficient, and provision enough: then also shall we fully pay you the arrier, of whatsoever means is now due unto you. Let us only make this condition with you; that you there behave yourselves more civilly and gently, then in some other places you have done: and in the Marquisate of Brandenburg especially; where, in deed, it much grieved Us, to see things carried so illfavouredly. Hark! at this present the Drums beat a march, and the Trumpet sounds to Arm; the signals and summons of our moving forward. To morrow our Army breaks up from Werben; and that also is to follow us. Tilly, notwithstanding his great Army, stands already in so much awe of us, that he proceeds with more leisure and wariness, than he was heretofore wont to do; for they have been beaten to it. It doth nothing daunt your valiant hearts, I know, that his Army is called Invincible; seeing you have found it not to be so. On therefore, my hearts, a God's name: We daily pray unto the LORD of Hosts for you, and we desire you to do the same for Us; that he would be graciously pleased to go along with us, to assist us, and to give us good success, in whatsoever just and religious enterprise we undertake.  
The Army thus encouraged, and assured of their enterprise; now rise and march. So that taking their way by Beltzig they arrive at Coswig, within two leagues of Wittenberg, August 31. Hither now the same day came the Lord Arnheym, Feild-Marshall to the Duke of Saxony: and at this time his Ambassador to the King. 
Saxons union with the King  The case is now altered with that Duke; Tilly had taught him to request of the King, what he had before either denied him, or would not time enough declare himself in: aids, and joining with him. Arnheym humbly now declaring his Master's estate, requests his Majesty's speedy assistance: the Conditions and manner whereof being Sept. 1. on the Kings part consented unto, and sent unto the Duke; are the next day returned in writing, and signed. The Union had these four Conditions now yielded unto by the Duke, which he so much before stood upon.  

And the conditions of it.  1. That his Majesty of Sweden might freely from henceforth, pass and repass through Saxony.  
2. That the Elector of Saxony should at his own charges provide the Swedish Army, with powder, shot, and provisions.  
3. That the King should have the absolute and universal Command of the whole Army: and the Duke's Soldiers to submit themselves unto his direction.  
4. That the Duke should conclude no peace with the Emperor, without the King's consent: but that both of them should stand as one man, until the end of the wars.  
The first defeat that this Union made, was of the Papists expectation: who verily believing that the Conclusions of Leipsich would have made the Protestants fall out among themselves; are now frustrated of that hope. This done, the bridge at Wittenberg over the Elve, is freed for the King; who Sept. 3. passes his whole Army over it, into the Duke's Country. Sept. 4. the King's Army from Wittenberg, and the Dukes from Torgau, advanced as fare as Dieben upon the River Multa, within three leagues of Leipsich: whither also the Elector of Brandenburgs' troops now came. Both Armies here meeting, in sign that the Duke had yielded unto what the King would have, (namely the superiority & command of the Saxon Army,) the Horsemen as they came by, veiled and stooped their Cornets, and the Foot, their Ensigns, towards the King's Army. The 5th day both Armies putting themselves into fair Battalia, the King took a particular view of the Saxon forces, and of the order and constitution of the Army, resolving the next day to visit the great General Tilly in his trenches, and to levy his siege of Leipsich: but hearing that Tilly had that morning prevented them by taking of the Town; the King and Duke were both put unto new consultations: So that the 6th day was spent in providing for the great day, the day of battle, which fell out to be the next day following. And here now leaving both the King and the Duke employed, let us go aside a while, to fetch their valiant Adversary into the field, the Imperial General Tilly; whom we lately left retiring this way, from the King's Leaguer of Werben.   

General Tilly his proceed from the time of his retiring from the King's Camps in Mecklenburg and Pomerland: Historically led along unto the day of his defeat, at the Battle of Leipsich.  
THE General Tilly perceiving the King neither willing to adventure his Armies, now (like their swords) already worn out with so many winter-victories) into the plain field against such fresh forces, who would be desperate, because they must either fight or be gone: and that he lay too strongly entrenched (in both places) to be forced: and that by carrying away all provisions, he had left him no means there long to stay without starving: 
Tilly retires from the King  and now hearing news from Coloredo, that there was no forcing of the King's new Bridge laid over the Oder at Swedt: bethinks himself therefore of an expedition against Magdenburg; rises, and retires with his Army. In the end of March minding wholly to leave these Quarters unto the King, he first of all dismantles New Brandenburg, which he had so lately conquered: becoming now as cruel to the Town, as he before had been unto the Townsmen, and their Garrison: for he beats down the walls, lays all the fortifications level with the ground, and so takes his leave of it.  
Order is given unto the Count of Schomberg to look well unto Frankford upon Oder, and for the better securing of it, he gives directions for 7000 fresh men to be sent in, and that Diepenbach should also come into the Town to assist Schomberg, as you have heard before. And whereas there were yet two Towns with Imperial Garrisons in them, near unto the King's Camp at Swedt, (in Britsen namely, and Moncheberg) which to be sure, the King would fall upon so soon as ever his back was turned; those Garrisons he therefore sends for, and away he marches back again, the same way (almost) that he came: to Ferberlin first, and so to Old Brandenburg. Now he clearly discovers himself, that his purpose was to undertake what Pappenheym had all this while been about; the taking of the Town and Archbishopricke of Magdenburg. Part therefore of his Cavalry he sends to Havelberg: himself with the rest of the horse, & five Regiments of foot passing the River Havell, takes up his head-quarter at Mockeren. His magazine for the whole war to come, he appoints at Zerbst, and that he might go the roundlier to work, he sends for his Ordnance from Hall and Halberstadt, which he commands to meet him at the Town of Magdenburg.  
Thus having brought the gallant General Tilly so fare onward on his way; and entered withal in that manner into our discourse, as a man should do either into a goodly Palace or History, namely in the midst of it: we will leave our General a while taking order for his business, and go to fetch up our Story from the beginning of these latter troubles.  
The Country of Magdenburg is situated upon the West of Brandenburg, from which the river Elbe parts it: upon the South it touches upon Saxony: upon the West joining with Brunswick and Halberstadt: and upon the North of it is the Elbe again, with the two Dutchies of Lunenburg and Lawenburg. The Country hath the name from the chief City Magdenburg, which is one of the ancient Hanse Towns of the Empire: and that honoured with an Archbishops See, and he the Primate of all Germany.  
The people be Lutherans, of the Augustane Confession: the Archbishopricke in the hands of a Layman; Christian William, a Prince of the Electoral house of Brandenburg. His Title is, Administrator of the Bishoprickes of Magdenburgh and Hall, 
* For of that Bishopric is he Administrator also.  and Primate of Germany. This bred the quarrel; for he not giving way to the Reformation of the Religion (that is, the bringing in of Popery again) and the restoring of the Church-lands, he is proscribed and Bandited by the Emperor: and some Forces sent into his Country actually to seize upon them. His Subject's notwithstanding they were also fare out with the Emperor, as having consented with other Hans-Townes not to suffer any Imperial Soldiers to be quartered or billeted upon them, and had raised some 2000 soldiers for their own guards, yet being now terrified by the Emperor durst not assist their Prince: until at last being encouraged by the King of Sweden, they receive him, and promise to stick close by him, for which the King sends his hearty thankes unto them. This falls out about the end of july 1630. The Administrator thus returned, sets forth his Declaration: protesting in it against the wrongs done him by the Emperor, and putting himself under the protection of the King of Sweden.  

The Duke of Saxon-Lawenburg riseth with the Administrator.  With this Prince, had Francis Charles Duke of Saxon-Lawenburg (and for the same respects) now conjoined himself. In aid of them, had the King of Sweden sent some troops into the Country. And because the next way through Mecklenburg was full of Imperial Garrisons, these aids are sent from Stralesundt along by Sea, landing beyond all Mecklenburg at Dassow, not fare short of Lubeck. These, the Duke of Saxon-Lawenburg aforesaid, undertakes to let into Magdenburg, thorough his own Country and the passages of Lunenburg; in the King's name also levying forces from about Hamborough, Lubeck, and those quarters: with whom about the end of September, he makes himself Master of the towns of Boutzenburg, Lawenburg, Nyehusen, and other places upon the Elve. Against him, towards the end of September, is the General Pappenheym sent with more Imperial forces: 
Is taken prisoner by Pappenheym.  who quickly snaps up the Duke, taking him prisoner in his own brother Duke Augustus of Saxon-Lawenburg his Castle of Ratzenburg: and there an end of him for that time. 
And Colonel Bock defeated.  Colonel Bock with aid of the Administrators forces takes the City of Hall; and otherwhere holds some play a while: but in October following is he taken off also.  
In the end of November the King sends a noble Gentleman and wellbeloved by him, the Lord Diderick Falkenburg, 
The Lord Falkenburg sent by the King.  Lord Martial or Chamberlain of his Majesties own household. He being with his forces come into the town of Magdenburg; the Country-Gentlemen and the Soldiery resort apace unto him; and the course of things begin to turn about again. Then is Colonel Schneidewin sent out with 600. Musketeers and 200. horse; and he in December, takes in New Allensleben: slaying there some 60. Imperialists, and bringing 100 more, away prisoners with him. The town of Egelen is a little after that taken also. In the beginning of january an Imperial Captain surprises some 50. or 60. of the Magdenburgers; and they falling out upon a strong Party, fetch in a booty of 800. sheep and some 84. head of cows and oxen: setting fire at the same time upon some of their own Dorps upon the Elbes side, that the Enemy might not there nestle. I will not stand upon every petty encounter that passed this Winter time. The Spring coming on, they become more busy, on the second of March the Count Ladron, together with his Lieutenant Colonel Kirckner, are snapped up and slain by the Magdenburgers at Coswick, near unto the City. The Citizens making out all their strength, cast up three Outworks hard without their Ports; and the Imperialists falling on upon two of them at once: Falkenburg with 2 pieces of Ordnance sallying the same time out of the City, sets upon their Quarters, fires and spoils all their Huts and Cabins, where they had all this while wintered. Thus these lesser fishes play a while with one another, till at length the great Pike General Tilly comes amongst them, and devours them altogether. To him now turn we.  
Suppose him now at Mockeren (where we last left him) already within the Bishopric of Magdenburg, and within two or three leagues of the very Town: in which of Soldiers and Burghers, there were some 4000 fight men. Upon the 12. th' of April he first presents himself in full Battaglias within a mile of the City: 
The ●iege of ●●●●●enburg.  at which time believed it was, that he would at least have fallen upon the great Starre-Sconce by the old Elve: but that day attempted he no more than to beat some Guards out of their Redoubts into the City. The 13. he planted 12. pieces of Canon against the bridge over the Elve; against which he made 568. shot that same day: his intent being to cut that passage off, that the Town by it might send no succours to the foresaid Sconce or Toll-house; but the General Falkenburg conveniently planting some pieces upon the Toll-house, quite at last dismounted the enemy's Canon. This not succeeding, Tilly falls pell mel at once upon both these places, giving eight several assaults unto them: but the Lord Falkenburg with four whole Canon double charged with stones, old iron, etc. about 12. a clock at night made them to give over. Some prisoners the next day taken, confess there were 2000 men that day slain of the assailants. This 
〈…〉  Toll-house, was a nocable piece of Fortification, built on the other side the Elve. To this Tilly now turns all his battery; here falls he to myning: and all to no purpose. On the 15th, both by land and water he lays at it: but 300. Musketeers being by him sent in boats, to assail it on the water's side, were by those of the Fort driven ashore, and either all drowned or slain by the Citizens; 200. also at the same time, lost their lives on the landside. Now was there news brought into Tillyes' Camp of the King of Swedens' being upon his march, for the relieving of the besieged: a Council of war being thereupon being called, some troops are sent towards Wittenberg, and the Dessau bridge; there to stave off the King's forces. The news of his coming now slackening, April 21. to work he falls again: and giving on upon the Toll-house, he finds that notable piece forsaken by the Magdenburgers; who at their retreat offering to fire it, the place was rescued by the Imperialists. Upon this, were all the Forts on that side of the Elve, either taken or given over; the bridge also by Tilly burned: and approaches made unto the City, which was from thence immediately battered. Now were the besieged forced to burn their own new Town: where 2000 Imperialists immediately lodging themselves, fell to myning, and shooting of Granades into the Town. The 29. by a sally out upon these in the new Town, are some 100 slain. The mines do no hurt, until one Farenbacke, a notable Engineer takes them in hand, who sapps himself under the Towne-ditches to the very hard walls: in reward of which service, the Emperor makes him a Colonel; granting him Commission to raise two new Regiments. May 2. the Imperialists in the new City having suddenly in the nighttime cast up a battery, shrewdly punish the besieged. May 7. General Tilly comes himself into the new Town, together with Pappenheym than General of the Ordnance, and Schomberg Sergeant Major general; & a great show of Ladders is made, as if there were a purpose of a general scaladoe. Tillyes' hope was, that the Town would presently parley, upon sight of these preparations: but they taking the Alarm at it, instantly man all their bulwarks. The 8th day is spent in shooting at a certain high Tower, from which the Towne-Canon much plagued the besiegers. This day Tilly sends a Trumpet to summon the Town: they send another to him; signifying their willingness to yield, might but their Administrator still enjoy his Bishopric, and the Town their privileges. This not consented unto, the 9th day Pappenheym attempting to scale the walls, is by a sally beaten off: in which some of the enemy's mines being discovered, are by countermines in the Town defeated. That day is another Trumpet sent into the Town: towards Evening, was there much bustling observed, and carriages too and again in the enemy's Leaguer: yea they were perceived to rise with their whole Army, (as the Town thought) and to march to Ottersleben, half a mile from them. All that night was the Lord Falkenburg upon the walls: and perceiving in the morning no danger of assault, he calls the City together to give answer to the enemy's Trumpet; yea so secure they were, that the overwatcht Soldiers are suffered to go from their Courts of guard, to take some sleep: and some say, that the Townsmen were gone to Church to give God thankes for their deliverance from the siege. Thus the walls being found empty, about 7. on the tuesday morning, May 10. Pappenheym having given the word jesu-maria to his Soldiers, 
Magdenburg taken.  and a white string about their Arms; makes towards the Heidecker port: where having thrown turffs and faggots into the Ditch to fill it, thorough it up to the middle the Imperialists run, with scaling ladders upon their backs. The walls are in a trice mounted, the Town entered, and the Soldiers fall to killing. Falkenberg now flying in upon them, beats them back to the very walls again: but a Port being by this time opened, and the enemy's horse let in, the valiant Falkenberg is slain with a shot, the Administrator hurt, both in the thigh and head, and so taken. Whilst all thus goes to wrack, a mighty fire breaks out (how, none knows) and it being a great windy day, all was on the sudden become one great flame: the whole Town was in twelve hours' space, wholly turned to Cinders, excepting 139. houses. Six goodly Churches are burnt; the Cathedral together with S. Mary's Church, were by the Monks and Soldiers diligence, preserved. Twenty thousand people at least, were here killed, burned, and smothered: six thousand being observed to be drowned in the Elve. Tillyes' Walloons would give Quarter to few: and the Crabats, never use to give, or beg any: so that all were killed. May 12. came Tilly into the Town; and finding some hundreds of women and Children in the Church, he gives them their lives, and some bread to maintain it too. Next day he forbids pillaging. Upon Sunday May 15. because he would have this fair Cathedral as like to Rome as might be, that is, Consecrated in blood; he causes it to be cleansed and new consecrated; Mass and 
With a vengeance, can the Papists now say, that this Mass was ●●ruen●um ●acrificium, an unbloody sacrifice?  Te Deum being sung in it, in thanksgiving for the Victory. Future ages may perhaps compare the destruction of this goodly City, unto that of Troy, or of jerusalem. The King of Sweden, (who for want of horses to draw his Carriages and Ordnance, could not come time enough to the relief) hearing of it, vowed (as some say) to be revenged; rising and retiring a little with his Army. There is a prodigy reported in Gallobelgicus, portending some dire abodement unto the City. Thus. A Citie-Captaines wife dying in Childbed, desires to be ripped: the child was found a boy, 
In capite cass●dem, thoracem ferreum, ocreas amplas, quas alla modo vocant.  almost as big as one of three years old. He had, an headpiece, and an iron breastplate upon him: great boots of the French fashion: and a bag by his side, with two like Musket-bullets in it. This take upon his credit, or upon theirs that told it him.  
The same day that Magdenhurg was taken, had Count Tilly given order for the burning of the Dessau bridge upon the Elbe where the Multa runs into it: which was the only passage, by which the King of Sweden might endanger to disturb his siege: of this act he much repent him after the taking of the City, seeing that by destroying of that Bridge, he had cut of himself from having any more to do on the further side of the River. Being not able therefore to return that way, and hearing of some levies of Soldiers now making by the Leaguers of Leipsich, in Saxony, Hessen, and Durengen; those he resolves by his presence to hinder. In the end of May therefore from Magdenburg he removes; leaving 3 Regiments in the Town, to defend what the fire had left. 
The Count of Tilly marches towards Duringen.  Forsaking the banks of the Elbe, and bending a little westerly, at first through the Hercynian forest he goes; with some 20000 men after him: in passing through which, many of his straggling Soldiers were knocked down, by the Boors of the Country: his Ordnance are sent to Gruningen, & so forward to Allesleben. Thither being come, he there pitches; 
Pitches at Aldersleben.  for hither had the Dukes of the house of Saxony (whose Lands lay there about) now sent their Ambassadors.  
Pappenheym is now dispatched towards Havelburg, (as you have before heard:) and part of Tilly's cavalry is sent into Saxon-Weymars, Altenburgs', Coburgs, & Swartzenburgs' Countries. Thence goes he to Eisleben: out of which Town he draws a present contribution of 8000 loaves of btead, and 40 ton of beer: the City of Ertfurt (who there had their Ambassadors) is forced to yield to contributions. Thus goes his Army on-wards by slow marches, like a Driven or Hoard of Tartars, as if they meant to graze and eat up the Country as they went.  
His chief design is upon the great City of Ertfurt in Duringen, and its neighbour Hessen, that lie to the South-west of Saxony, now bearing due West of him. Passing therefore into the County of Mansfelt, he over-spreads the Countries with his Armies: for june the 9th I find some of them at Sangerhausen, others then at Alstedt, and some at Arnsteyn; all three Towns near unto Eysleben, and Mansfelt, some leagues to the west of Hall. june the 13th is the greatest part of his Army, so far advanced into the Country as within three miles of Weymar: but these be his Horses, which had laid upon them ever since Whitsuntide. june the 15th 112. Cornets of Horse pass the River Vnstrut: his Foot at the same time being about Sacbsenburgh and Heildreygen; and himself then lodged at a Cloister by Oldsleben, within 4 leagues of Ertford.  
From hence goes he with part of his Army to Mulhausen, a City upon the River Vnstrut in the County of Duringen, and nearer to the Land of Hessen; whereabouts for a while he stays. Now hath he two designs in hand: 1 one for the taking of the great City Ertfurt in Duringen: for which he had these three reasons. 1. besides the wealth of the Town, it would bring about all the Gentry of the Country. 2. If once conquered by the sword, than were it the Emperors for ever: so that Saxony must lose his Title of Protector of it, and that would breed a quarrel with him, which they desired. 3. That would break Saxonies and Hessens levies, and save their spoiling of the Spiritualty in those parts, and in Franconia. Round about this City therefore he still lies, sometimes at Mulhausen, and sometimes at Oldsleben, till towards the end of the month. His second design was upon Hessen: to whom at this time he sends those 4 (which some make 5) Articles, of which 
* See Page. ●●  we before told you: concerning which he receiving no contentment, resolves to fall into the Country.  
june 28. I find Tilly come to Mulhausen, from whence he sends his Vantcurriers before him into Hessen: Colonel Cratz goes to one place; Coloredo unto Saltzurgen and Creutzberg: others towards Eischweg and Vach: himself speedily resolving to follow with the whole Army.  
But now is the hook put into his nose, 
Tilly Marches towards the King.  and he is turned back (just) by the way that he came. For now hearing of the King of Swedens' Conquests about the Elbe; of Pappenheyms' defeat; and of Mansfelts post hast from Magdenburgh: he is fain to call off his Vantcurriers again, and about the 10 of july to turn with all speed towards the King of Sweden at Werben: forsaking the halfe-destroyed Countries of the Princes of the house of Saxony. How he there sped we have before * told you. After which he again betook himself into Garleben, Wolmerstadt, and so at last into Hall.  
And hither now have we brought him back again, the same way he went: for he beats over this ground as often, as if he were the ordinary Post of the place. 
Tilly countermarches, and returns into Saxony.  Perceiving his forces by the 3 late defeats beginning to weaken, he sends for the Count of Furstenberg with his Italian and Bavarian Troops: who was now (as we 
* See Page 33  told you) with 18000 men busied in the Duchy of Wirtemburg: which Country together with the Circles of Swaben and Franconia, he having constrained to renounce the conclusions of Leipsich, was at this instant ready to fall upon the Landtgrave of Hessen also. Now was the General Tilly throughly chafed; and seeing he was not strong enough of himself to beat the King, he resolved to be made strong enough by Furstenberg to beat some body.  
Furstenberg was to come to him by the way of Erdfurt, & to meet him about Mansfeldt: whereabouts he after joined with him Aug. 16, not that the two Armies united themselves into one body; for victuals were now so dear that Tilly would not suffer that, but, for that Furstenburg was now at Tillyes' devotion. Having thus made up a complete Army of some 45000 men, of his own Walloons, and old German Troops, Furstenberg's, Italians, and Bavarians, with other old Soldiers: they now called themselves The invincible Army; Now was the General Tillyes' intention with those mighty Forces, first of all to have constrained the Duke of Saxony to have renounced the conclusions of Leipsich, and to have made him resign over his own Army unto him, with which being made up above 60000 strong; he was purposed at the City and Bridge of Wittenberg to have passed the Elbe, and there to have set upon the King of Sweden, or have fallen into Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, and Pomerland again.  
Furstenberg being thus joined, the Duke of Saxony (now about Torgau with his Army at which Town there is a Bridge over the Elbe) is sent unto by Tilly, and invited into Mersburg; where a meeting, was given him by the Lords Mitternicht and Schomburg, Ambassadors from the Emperor: together with Bernard, chief Secretary unto the General Tilly. The Ambassadors peremptorily in the Emperor's name propound unto the Duke, that his Majesty's great pleasure and intention was, to annihilate and to break the Conclusions of Leipsich: to command there should no more Soldiers be levied by the Protestants: but that all their Troops should be cast and licenced: and his Imperial Mandate in all things obeyed, upon their perils. There must be no nay, excuse, nor delay in the Duke: and his final resolution must be had within a few days. The Duke desires to consult with his Counsel upon it, and so takes his leave of them. His return not being speedy enough, a Trumpet is sent unto him for his answer unto these 4 Propositions, whieh we 
See Page 36. 〈◊〉 where (by ●he way) there ●a small error ●f time; the Duke's answer ●●ing there ●●d to be in ●e beginning ●f September, ●hereas it was rout the 24. 〈◊〉 August.  before told you of: and then upon the Duke's denial before the Emperor's Ambassador (whom he then dismisses from his Court) the General Tilly not regarding that the Princes of both Leagues and Religions, were even now met at Frankford upon Main for the compounding of differences concerning that which bred the quarrel; the Reformation, and the Church-Lands: About Aug. 26. 
Tilly takes Mersburg.  takes he the Episcopal Town of Mersburg aforesaid, 3 leagues from Leipsich, belonging unto the said Duke: fairly turning out the Garrison with bag and baggage; and an oath never to serve against the Emperor, and the Catholic League again. Betwixt this Town and Hall some 2 or 3 leagues to the North of it, he now pitches his Army: thence sends he some to pillage the two other Bishopprickeses of the Duke's Naumburg; 
Mersburg, Naumburg & Zeitz which were 3 appropriate Bishopprickeses whose Temporalties the Duke held in his own hands. By this it appears that Tilly had private commission to take the Church-lands from Saxony also though it had not been discovered till now.  upon the same River of Sala with Mersburg, and Zeitz upon Elster, the River of Leipsich, with other of his Towns and Manors. Aug. 28. Schomberg, General of the Artillery, with the Commissary Walmerode come to the City of Hall; & within a day or two of that time, Furstenberg comes thither from Eisleben: advancing forwards to get the passage, (if it might be,) betwixt Wittenberg and Saxony: but that the Duke's going 
* Pag. 37.  to Torgau and Dieben, prevented. Aug. 29. Count Tilly sends to the City of Leipsich to demand provisions for his Army. This denied, unless he brought their Electors consent; he the next day plunders all the Country for 3. leagues about, and coming by the way of Ranstadt, he on that side places his Guards before the very Ports, takes possession of the Suburbs, peremptorily demanding their speedy and final resolution. Their answer is, that their Duke having lately sent in six Companies of Foot, and the Lieutenant-Colonel Pforten to command in the Town; seemed rather desirous to defend his own, then to yield unto any such violent motion. Hereupon, Sept. 3. Tilly with full 40000. men sets down before the Town; out-come the Deputies to demand his reasons: 
Leipsich besieged.  They are threatened with fire and sword if they yield not. The Citizens resolve to stand to it; and the enemy makes his approaches. Some greater pieces be mounts on that side towards Pfaffendorff, upon the hill near the Euteritzch Sconces: so to cut off all provisions from coming in. On Sunday Sept. 4. the Town sets fire on their own fair Suburbs, to prevent the enemy's lodging in ●●m: kill that day with a piece of Ordnance, one that stood hard besides the General Tilly. He thus enraged, batters them with pieces of full Canon, and shoots wildfire and Granades in amongst them. Next day he sends in something, more terrible than all the former: most thundering vows and threats, from himself and Pappenheym, to serve them like Magdenburg, 
Parlyes'.  if they presently yielded not. This quailed their courages, and brought them unto a parley. The conditions are; Free exercise of Religion; not to be drawn from their obedience to the Duke; nor to be overcharged with too great a Garrison. 
Yields.  The Governor Pforten with his men of war, have Soldiers conditions, and so the same monday the Townsmen signing the Articles, the next morning they forsake the Town. One company with the Defensive Banner of Saxony goes into the Fort of Pleisenburg, (which Fort the next day also yielded itself) and the other five, into Eitenbergh. One thing fell out ominously for General Tilly; that at his entering the Town, he stayed to talk with the Deputies in the Town Grave-makers house near the Grimischen port. This done, he out of the said Grave-makers house now mounting up on horseback, returns into his Leaguer, because he now heard the King of Sweden to have passed the Elve, and the Duke of Saxony to be joined with him.  
In the time of this siege, was the whole neighbour Country ravaged and plundered: the Soldiers, with licentiousness enough, there exercising their wont cruelty & beastliness. Now were Pegaw, Lutzen, Luca, Weisenfels and other places spoilt. Here were the Ladies, Gentlewomen, and others, like beasts and dogs yoked and coupled together, to be led into the Woods and ravished: who for resisting, had their  stripped off, their bodies whipped, their ears cut off, and so sent home again. Hereabouts got they together betwixt three and four thousand head of Cattles: and what beast soever could not, or did not readily follow them, they either houghed, or killed; lest (as they said) it should serve some Heretic.  

THE BATTLE OF LEIPSICH.  
General Tilly, having now intelligence of the King of Swedens' passing of the Elve, and of Saxonyes joining with him: sends (as it is reported) a Letter by a Trumpet unto the King, To invite him, as he was a brave Cavalier, to give him Battle. This low term of Cavalier, 
Tilly invites the King to pitched field.  the King's heroical spirit taking disdainfully, stamps upon the Letter; replying thus unto the Trumpet; What doth your General think me worthy of no better a style then of Cavalier? I am a King: and tell him, I shall well find him out. Tilly upon receipt of this message, prepares his Army, as if to accept of a Victory, rather than to fight much for it: so confident they were of themselves, and so glad of the opportunity. Proclamation is made, that upon the hearing of certain warning pieces, every man should repair to his Colours and to his order. Upon the fatal seaventh of September therefore being Wednesday, he with 44000. brave men, in goodly order of battle first takes the field; which was upon a fair plain or heath (about a mile from Leipsich) called God's Acre: said to be the very same place, where the Emperor Charles the 5 heretofore overthrew the Duke of Saxony. Tilly like a prudent General, being careful for all advantages, had placed himself upon a little hill thereabouts, (where the place of execution is,) having a wood also to hide his men, and for their retreat. The watchword for his Army was 
* The high Dutch relation says, Marry the mother of God,  Sancta Maria: the token to know one another by, was white strings or ribbons about their arms, and in their helmets, as if they had been Diadems, and that that day would have made them all Kings.  

The King moves towards the field.  The King of Sweden having prepared his Army by prayers unto God, and encouragements to his men the day before, upon the same Wednesday morning before day, he advances from Dieben towards the place of battle. His own Troops were some 18000: and the Duke of Saxony, together with the Marquis of Brandenburg some 20000 or 22000. 
His strength.  Two Regiments of Saxonies, I find not to have been this day in the field: the Foote-Regiment (namely) of the Count of Solmes, and Hoftkerks Horse-Regiment. The watchword was Godt mit Vns, God with us: their token, green branches in their hats or helmets; with which ere night their brows were crowned, as if with victorious Laurel. The King being come as fare as Seehausen and Podelwitz, 
A good Omen.  & now in sight of the Enemy; behold an Omen, which a Roman Augur would have esteemed for a most fortunate abodement. Upon the place of battle which the Enemy had left for the King, there sat a flock of birds; which being sprung by the Kings coming, took their flight directly over Tillyes' Army; and fetching there a circle about, (and that also the Romans would have accounted an happy presage) they turned again towards the King's Army: as who should say, we went to fetch you victory. But the King had a better Augury on his side then a flight of birds, God with us; and that which the Roman General sometimes preferred before the birds: Romano milite dignus, Ensis adest augur; his valour, namely, and his sword.  

The Armies meet.  Being now ready to come unto the Shocke; the Battles were thus ordered, Tilly made choice of the ancient order, to fight in great square bodies, himself leading now the right wing, 
Their order.  the Duke of Holsteyn the left, and the Count of Furstenburg the Battle. The King dividing his men into many smaller bodies; takes the right wing to himself, committing the left unto the Duke of Saxony and his men: the wings of either battle, took up two English miles in length. The wind was now at the West; which Tilly had gotten of Saxony: and was so desirous afterwards to compass from the King, that in wheeling about, he came within the command of the King's Ordnance, who also to save the wind turned a little to the right hand. The fight was about 12 a clock, 
The fight gins with great Ordnance.  first begun with their Canon, for that purpose placed before every division. Their roar made the very earth to tremble, and men to groan their last; for two hours together: about which time, the General Tilly drawing out of the wood, passes by the King's wing, (which had also gotten one end of the same wood) and set amain upon the Duke of Saxony. Two charges the Saxons endured well enough: but the Enemy having direction to say hardest upon the Dukes own Guards (amongst whom himself fought;) they not able longer to endure it, begin to give ground a little. The rest of the Saxons now perceiving their Duke, 
The Duke of Saxony flees.  and bravest men thus to retire, think all lost; and all in confusion away they fly, leaving 3 Canons to the mercy of the Enemy; and pillaging their own wagons by the way: that so they might at least seem to be Conquerors; in carrying home spoils of the wars, though not of their Enemies. Yet all fled not; for the Lord Arnheym (Field-marshal to the Duke, and an old Soldier) together with Colonel Bindauff, 
* Some writ him Taub.  Dove, and Vitzthimb, with their 4 Regiments, bravely yet stood unto it. Steinau, a Colonel of Horse, was with 4 Cornets taken prisoner by the Enemy; who at length perceiving the King's party to prevail, broke through the Enemy, and assisted his own side. The Imperialists now seeing the Saxons flying, cry Victoria, Victoria, follow, follow, follow: but the old Lad their General quickly countermanded that; saying, Let them go, we shall overtake them time enough: but let us beat the Swede too, and then all Germany is our own. In this medley, Furstenberg with his old Regiment of Italian Horse, having charged quite thorough the Saxons, 
The Count of Furstenberg defeated.  was now coming upon the Swedens' back: which they perceiving, with such resolution second his charge, and follow their own, that they chase him almost an English mile from the place, so utterly cutting off & dispersing the whole Regiment, that they could not recover it all that battle: 
Slain.  and here perchance himself was slain.  
In this time, the Duke of Holsteyn with his left wing having charged the King; 

The Duke of Hossteyn defeated.  
●nd slain.   was with such resolution and valour answered, that after 5 or 6 charges betwixt them, the Duke was mortally wounded, and taken prisoner; his whole Army defeated, and 3 pieces of Ordnance taken.  
By this time the King having notice of the Duke of Saxonies leaving the field, and that Tilly was ready to charge his battle: presently draws out 2000 commanded Musketeers of the brave Scottish Nation led by Colonel Havord, they having some 2000 horse upon their flanks; to stave off the enemy a while. 
The Scots of the Lord Reayes Regiments, as 'tis said, first break Tillyes ranks.  The Scots ordering themselves in several small battagliaes, about 6 or 700 in a body, presently now double their ranks, making their files then but 3 deep (the discipline of the King of Sweden being, never to march above 6 deep) this done, the foremost rank falling on their knees; the second stooping forward; and the third rank standing right up; and all giving fire together, they poured so much lead at one instant in amongst the enemy's horse, that their ranks were much broken with it. This advantage the Swedish Horse (lined with Musketeers) apprehending; resolutely falling amongst them upon their Croopes', utterly now disperse them. The foot perceiving their horse (upon whose bravery they so much depended) to be thus put to rout, stand sore amazed at that which they so little expected. And now the King with his Foot falling in upon their Van, and with his Horse upon their flanks; 
Tilly utterly defeated and taken prisoner  after 4 hours hard fight, utterly defeated them. In this hot service was the General Tilly himself much distressed, and some say prisoner a while (though unknown) unto the King's Army: certain it is, that he was twice or thrice wounded with pistol-shot, 
Wounded.  which the Saxon writers say, was done by their men: most affirm, that he was fetched off by the valour of 
* Brother to him that Pap●enheym had before taken prisoner about Magdenburgh.  Rodolp Maximilian Duke of Saxon-Lawenburg, that day serving on the Emperor's side, who fought like a lion: with whom and two other horsemen, Tilly came, and conjoined himself unto the valiant Baron of Cronenberg. This bold Baron and his Regiment serving in the right wing, had 4 times in those 4 hours, 
Tilly rescued.  charged the King's Forces: and he at last, when no more could be done, bravely carried away his General, in the midst of his own (now flying) Troops.  
Thus, notwithstanding that the left wings of both Armies had been routed and defeated, yet the right wings under their old and experienced Cheiftaines, stood stiffly & bravely to it, from 2 in the afternoon, till 6 at night: by which time, the Imperialists were quite defeated, and beaten out of the field, 
The Chase.  being miserably slain and trodden down in the chase. Had the King had but 3 hours more of day light, scarcely had 1000 Enemies come off alive: but the darkness which was safest for them to fly, being not so for him to pursue; the joyful retreat is sounded, and the chase given over for that night. There were full 15000 of the Enemies slain upon the place of battle, or in the chase; the same night and the days following, as one of our High-Dutch Relations assures us: 14 pieces of half 

The Dutch word is, Kartunen whence ours.  
The booty and losses.   Curtoes or Demi-canons: and 16 lesser pieces of 8 or 10 pound ball, taken. Some of them having the Arms of the Emperor, Duke of Bavaria, and Wallensteyn: others those of the Palgrave, the Elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Brunswick, etc.  
The Enemies whole Leaguer near unto Leipsich, was taken full standing; and in it 3000 Wagons, and all their baggage, Tents, and Pavilions: together with a great number of Cattles, oxen, sheep, Asses, poultry, bread & wine; much costly stuff, with some gold and silver. Before the Leaguer, was there a great square sconce, which the Defendants had forsaken.  
And this was as complete a victory as possibly could be gotten. Not stolen by night, which Alexander scorned: but atcheived by fine force in the broad daylight, betwixt 12 and 6 in the afternoon. No advantage of place to assist the King; 'twas upon a fair level, and Campagnia. No casual advantage, but was against him; the wind, the wood and higher ground; all possessed by the Enemy. No advantage in numbers, or reputation of men: Tillyes were the more; the older Soldiers, and their Army was called Invincible. Nay, one disadvantage had the King, as great as possibly could be; a main fleshing to the Enemy, a weakening of half his own Army, and a discouragement to the rest; by the early defeat of the Duke of Saxony. So that all the advantages lay on the Enemy's side, and the disadvantages upon the Kings. His Majesty lost not above 1200 men in the whole fight, 
Chief men slain on the King's side.  & the Duke of Saxony not full 2000 Of chief Commanders on the King's side, these slain. Baron Teuffell, Collenbach, Corwille, Hall, Adergast, all Colonels: with diverse Captains and Lieutenants. On the Duke of Saxonies' side these. Coll 
* He is called B●ud●orp, page 36.  Bindtauff, Starchedell, Sergeant Major Holbeirsdorff, and Lemminger, both Lieutenants, Colonels: Hans George of Humrott, General Adjutant: 
On the Dukes.  Gerstorff, Musculus, Count Mansfield, Lubers, Lemminger, Carlowitz, Willenstein, Rockonitz, Henneger, Lord Otto of Villaz, all Captains of Foot or Horse, with Sergeant Major Drandorff: whereof some died the same day, and some the next.  

Of Tillyes' side slain.  Of Tillyes' side slain these following. Duke Adolp of Holsteyn; the General the Count of Furstenberg; Schomberg, General of the Ordnance: Erfft, Serjeant Major General: Baumgarten, Coloredo, Gallas, Wallensteyn, Lebel, and Zabilli, all Colonels; Caratelle, Lieutenant Colonel: together with the Lieutenant Colonels of the Regiments of Saricour, Hartzfeldt, and of the Duke of Saxon Lawenberg: with diverse others whose dead and naked bodies were not known: besides Captains and Lieutenants both of horse and foot, and many brave Cavaliers more; which died either upon the place, or in the Towns of Delitz, Eylenberg, and Leipsich, whither they had fled. 
Prisoners.  Taken prisoners, the General Adjutant Zinzendorff, the Imperial Commissaries General, Walmerode, and Graff: with Coronino, Blankhard, Barcelli, Kratz, Hazelung, Alarm, Klinzi, and Wincleman, all Colonels: together with Bernhard, that was Tillyes' Treasurer and Secretary; diverse Captains and some jesuites: who, no doubt, came thither to bless the Army. Divers Protestants were also taken, who betook themselves unto his Majesty's service. Tillyes' manly heart ('tis said) could not refrain his tears, when he perceived his brave old Soldiers thus going to wrack. The whole fault he laid upon his own Horsemen, who after a few hard charges, cowardly ran away, and never made head again.  

Tilly and Pap●e●heym flee.  Tilly himself thus wounded as he was, made shift to fly into Hall that night, 7 Dutch miles from the place of battle: from whence in a hackney Coach, both he and Pappenheym, fled the next day towards Halberstadt. Some 200 Musketeers followed their General, & about 2000 Horse rallying themselves together, in all haste went also after him. Reported it was that Tilly should have his wounds dressed by the Town-Barbar of Hall, who (it seems) affirmed to the King, that Tillyes' body was hard-shot, or shot-free: and that the bullets had not pierced the flesh, but made bruises rather in his arm, neck, and shoulder: and that to his horrible torment, he was fain to endure to have the bruised flesh cut out to the very hard bone. Whether this were so or no, we leave upon the Barber's credit: and because we have not heard it seconded out of Germany, we are loath to charge so brave a Warrior, with so base an imputation, as to owe his life unto a 
* Most surely, such a practice there is; of which no soldier in Germany makes doubt: The Charm which they wear makes their bodies Gefrorn, that is, frozen, and hard: If they show it by day time, it loses its force. No bullet nor iron weapon can pierce them. 100 shots at least, have been made upon one fellow, that braved the English at Stoade: his  were shot to pieces, and the waist-band of his breeches: which he taking up, went his way. This hath been an old practice of Mithraes' soldiers, 2000 years ago: who made themselves invulnerable both against weapons, frost and fire.  Charm; which is practised by none, but the reprobate rascality of the Army. No man (since the King of Portugal) hath been so often killed and revined by report, as Tilly hath been: yea that side would have him to be yet alive. He was said to speak of nothing but peace, and of making a good Peace, which is indeed fare more happy than victory.  
The Chase and slaughter being done, (which continued all the next day) the day after Sept. 9 went the King on to Mersburg, whence he ferretted out the Imperialists that had fled thither from the battle; 3000 whereof he entertained into his own service: by which, & others of Tillyes, taken on before and after, he was made 7000 stronger than he was in the day of battle. Sept. 10. he besieged Hall, which the next day was yielded unto him. The Castle of Morisberg he took in Sept. 12. where he made Sergeant Major Groschen, and Captain Wincleman prisoners: whom he delivered to the Duke of Saxony; redeeming Colonel Vrseler, with some others, that had been taken prisoners at Magdenburg: taking the Protestants which lay in Garrison in it, into his own service. From Hall his Majesty commanded diverse Regiments of Horse and Foot to go towards Halberstadt, Mansfeldt, Regenstein, Stolberg, Hohenstein, Magdenburg, and Brunswick, to scour those Coasts of the Imperi●lists: who hearing of the Swedens' coming, packed with all speed away towards the River Weser; after their General Tilly. And hereabouts (the Priests & Monks lately put in by the Emperor's commission, now flying away) were the late-exiled Ministers, by the King restored unto their Churches. Whilst the King was busy hereabouts; the Elector of Saxony employs himself about the reducing of his own Town of Leipsich, and the Fort Pleisenbergh unto his obedience. This Fort, had john Vopelius (a Saxon) the Captain of it, cowardly delivered up unto Tilly, before ever any force was offered to it; and that upon the day of battle, so soon as he heard the fight begin. Leipsich being besieged by the Duke, 
Leipsich taken again.  upon Sept. 12. in the evening come there 350 Imperialists out of the Fort aforesaid into the City: Sept. 13. before noon, Colonel Wangler left Governor in the Town by Tilly, parleys, and yields: whereupon 3000 soldiers (almost) are suffered to departed. The conditions were to have 18 wagons of bag and baggage; 10 red Ensigns furled, (not displayed or flying) swords by their sides only, and without sound of drum. Some of these forthwith betook themselves unto the Duke's service: and whereas after the fight some had gotten themselves into the Town, more than were by agreement to come in when the Town was first yielded unto Tilly; these the Duke lays hold of, and retains as prisoners. Among these, was Coronino, and Count Walmerod the Commissary, & Zintzendorff, (all afore mentioned) with some jesuites. The rest were to be conducted into Bohemia: where the Boors were ready, with club-law to entertain them.  

Altringer and F●gger retire.  Whilst this is done, the other 2 Imperial Generals Altringer and Fugger, who were with 6000 men come as fare as Erdfurt to have joined with Tilly; hearing of his defeat, run about the Duringer forest like mice whose holes were stopped: retiring now with all speed: and seeking by some otherway to conjoin themselves with him. And now no enemy being near; the King of Sweden sends for the Duke of Saxony, & other the great Commanders of his Army, to come to Hall unto him. 
The King calls a Council of war.  A Council of war is there held, which way to keep the enemy from gathering head again; and how to pursue the ●●●torie: the second part of a Conqueror being, to know as well how to use his victory, as how to win it. And at this consultation we leave them, much about Michaelmas.    
FINIS.