THE HISTORY OF JUSTINE. Containing a Narration of Kingdoms, from the beginning of the Assyrian Monarchy, unto the reign of the Emperor AUGUSTUS. Whereunto is newly added a brief collection of the lives and manners of all the Emperors succeeding, unto the Emp. Rodulphus now reigning.  
First Written in Latin by that famous Historiographer JUSTINE, and now again newly translated into English, By G. W.  
LONDON, Printed by William jaggard, dwelling in Barbican, 1606.   

To the Right Worthy, and most accomplished gent. Sir James Haies Knight, endowed with that Honourable quantity of virtue, and true love to Learning, wherewith every Noble spirit should study to be enriched, G. W. wisheth the felicity of his content.  
RIght worthy Sir, Artaxerxes surnamed Long-hand, the fift king of Persia, used to have the Chronicles both of his predecessors, as also the affairs of his own time, read before him every night ere he setlod his eyes to any contented rest; aswell to have knowledge of the dignity of his Ancestors, as to remember in his reign how he bestowed himself. And Alexander the great, had that noble writer of the famous battle of Troy in such priceless estimation, that about what affairs soever he inclined his actions, he had his works about him, nor ever slept but they rested under his pillow. Moreover, coming into a School, and not finthe the labours of Homer there, he struck the master with his fist, meaning thereby, that the knowledge of Histories, was a recreation fitting all estates and degrees, and that it was a great and capital offence to be without them. For like as in Music, many discord notes and many tunes make one consent, and one delightful harmony, so in a history, the variety and multitude of examples tend all to one end; that is, the advancement of virtue, and overthrow of vice: offering themselves as a most perfect mirror for man to behold, not the outward portraiture and shape of his body, but the lively image and express figure of his inward mind, instructing him how to apparel himself in decent ornaments, & to discard from him his wild infirmities.  
For what can enforce more to Chivalry, than not barely to hear of, but as it were presently to behold, the sage and grave consultations of expert Captains, the speedy and provident putting in practice of devised stratagems, the policies and sleights in their present execution, the favourable assistance and success of the same, with the fame and renown, that continueth (longer than rich Monuments) of valiant enterprises? Or what can be a more ready encouragement to virtue (which is the soul and light of a good life) then to behold men (who not so much as thought of before) by their proper desert to raise their name unto high estate and Honour, to give themselves cause with Cicero to speak of themselves, Egomeis' maioribus virtute pr●luxi:  
Or what may give a greater object to loathe vice, then to see others whose Nobility was given them as an inheritance, whereby perpetually to follow and maintain the steps of their ancestors, by their unnoble disposition, to root out the renown that was raised to them by their parents: For better is it to be Thersites, who was a man of obscure calling, with condition to be Achilles, then to be haviored like Thersites and Achilles our Father, for virtue is the true Nobility: withal, to s●e realms flourish, commonwealths prospero, the labourer beloved, the drone loathed; to see the good Citizens advanced, (for every man should be a citizen to his own Country) and the bad disfranchised of any worthy societic; to see peace and tranquillity observed, Nations willingly to offer their obedience; to see long continuance in felicity, and every man so desirous to live, that he may have an honourable report after death; Or what a more forcible dehortation from vice, then to have plainly pictured and set forth, not only the heinousness and enormities, that is heir to every several offence, but also the miseries, calamities, punishments, and shames worthily ensuing, as a portion given to them in life, with endless reproach and infamy after death, and so consequently, What can be more commodious than a History?  
Moreover, what can be more pleasant to divide the time, or satisfy us in the hours wherein we would be delighted, then to sit quietly and receive tidings of things concluded through the whole World: to behold the places, the persons, the times, the affairs, with the order and circumstances in determining the same, to see so many running streams, so many high and stately mountains, so many raging and turbulent seas, so many forests and unhabitable deserts, so many kinds of strange Beasts, Fowls, Fish, Serpents, Herbs, Trees: so dissipate and large Countries, so rich and populous Cities, so well governed Commonwealths, so good Laws and Customs, so sundry sorts of people, together with their natures, dispositions, effects, descriptions, situations, commodities, pleasures and displeasures, foundations, continuances and decay, beginnings, proceed, and end of the same: & in such an ample Globe, that they shall not seem to be reported, but instantly presented.  
Right worthy Sir, I having at this time brought to an end the Translation of these Histories of Justine, with the Emperor's lives (who in so small room, and in so few words comprehended, so much with as many & so notable examples, that it isto be doubted, whether it be more brief of sentence, or plentiful of Subject, (I stayed with myself) as if it were to take breath at the end of so laboured a journey, devising to whom I might specially dedicated the same as an everlasting monument erected to his name, and he thereby a worthy countenance to my endeavours, the remembrance of your name, did the first present itself unto me, as a fit foster father to a Child of such merit, when presently my devotion accounted the many I might make choice of, as short of your perfections, as a body dying, is of a life flourishing, and believing that no disdainful scorn could grow in so noble a breast, I submitted me to your censure, persuading myself, that this Justine being accepted by Anthony the Emperor in Latin, it could not but be acceptable to you in English, thus wishing that Fortune might have eyes, if but to cherish you and those you love, what is mine, even to my soul is yours.  
Yours worships in all serviceable duties, G. W.   


SIMON GRYNAEUS   

Te qui cunque, Simon Grinaee, aspexit, amavit:  
Splenduit in vului gratia tanta tuo  
Te quicunque, Simon Grinaee, audivit, amavit:  
Facundo fluxit tantus ab orc lepos   
Cum privil   

A Preface of Simon Grineus to the Reader, concerning the Profit of reading Histories.  
WHo is so simple in experience, or so lean in understanding, that knows not by reading Histories, and treading the plentiful and fruitful fields of them, he doth therewith make the examples and instructions left in them to grow up in himself, to his abundant profit. For what can be thought more pleasant or more desired, then sitting as it it were in the Theatre and stage of man's life, (the which a History hath most exquisitely furnished in all points) to be made capable of the perils that other men have sustained, without further danger to himself: to take examples of alsorts, either medicinable for his ownesecure estate, or beneficial to others: to be so ably furnished for the presence of great men, when with gravest advice they debate of the most weightiest affairs, to discuss the end and sequel of their desires, by example, or answer them by argument. The company of which worthiness, to the worthiest is welcome, and the cogitations of the Noblest thoughts do covet.  
Which profit, without History (considering the shortness of man's life) cannot be attained: Who can compass in memory the times of many hundred years past, behold the beginnings, proceed, & subversions of great Empires, to witness the evils they endured, either private or public, and manifestly to discern the ground and occasion of them. In every difficult and dangerous matter, to have one try the perils, and as it were tread the ice before them, never to be destitute of tried experience, and by times past which properly and peculiarly appertaineth to the duty of a wise man, politicly to foresee what may succeed in all estates, and to judge of them as if they were present.  
Sincc then the ground of such works are large and spacious to walk and recreate our studies in, it is requisite we prepare our thoughts to the reading of Histories, having first a taste of civil policy in ourselves, which so must govern our affections to judge discreetly of all actions, either pleasing or displeasing to us, to be as sufficiently contented with whatsoe'er we read, & doth resist our inclination, as delighted with that motion keeps fellowship with our nature, and not by the sway of passion be miserably led, only with vain imaginations, and so toss from one place to another, to read as birds skip from bow to bough, more to prime their bills, than benefit their bodies: but like good Surgeons, who search all sores thoroughly to the bottom, ere they lay Cataplasm on any, & in so viewing over Histories, thou shalt either by contemplating on the virtue of good men, learn to aspire thyself, or by reading the infermities of the bad, blush at the remembrance of thine own, and be taught to reform thy condition.  
But it happeneth as at a royal and sumptuous feast, furnished with all sorts of delicate viands, one thing is placed before one man, some set before another, few satisfy themselves of one restorative, but every man of that helyketh best: and although there is but some one kind of measure which nature hath appointed, and one kind of meat simple and in any wise uncorrupted, that is most for the health and the nourishment of the body, from the bounds of which whosoever exceedeth, and followeth his own appetite, beyond either measure or the ordinance of nature, he may receive hurt by that was ordained for his necessary good: even so in that great variety of Histories, wherein there is set down a thousand counsels, directed to a thousand purposes, and after what sort socuer the reader be led by fancy or stayed by judgement, so doth he censure or apply them. Whereby oftentimes that which is ordained for meat, coverts to surfeit, & salutaria pharmica, the wholesome medicines prepared for the recreation, infectes the mind, by which abuse it follows not, a decree be made all food to be distasted, nor any benefit despised, since there is for all men levied a pathway to virtue, in which who so walketh advisedly, is praisewoorthy, and who transgresseth ofselfeopinion is to be condemned for his error.  
Some reading Histories deceive themselves, imagining the bore style of the history, is of authority enough in itself to instruct the reader, whereas indeed it doth no more but minister matter to learn upon, offering itself to all uses, according as the person is affectioned, in like case as doth the feast, for as he that draws an arrow in a bow, may draw it home or short, as his strength finds good for him, and as he 〈◊〉: 〈◊〉, so in the use of Histories, the practice is made not according to t●e use of the words, but the inclination of the will. Some read Histories for no other delight but only in the reading, who seeking no more but a present delectation, do lose the benefit of the pleasant fruits, such men gain no more by turning over the leaves of a history, than they that play upon an instrument, taking no further delight therein, then to pass away the tediousness of the time present, and shottly after enter into a more tedious conflict with themselves: for it is no pleasure that hath not respect unto virtue. Others there are whom the glittering gloss of glory pricketh so forward, and to such a mishap transformeth them, that they think no adventure to great for them, nor no prehemmence above them, being of no ability, for the performance of the one, nor of desert to at ta'en to the other; utterly forgetting, that those glorious examples which they read, are not set forth by writers for any other intent, then that such as ensuing virtue, may thereby learn to contemn glory being above their reach, or if it accompany them, not to be proud and arrogant of it.  
And although that none but Fools will enterprise to aspire to the like glory, without the like virtue, yet notwithstanding it is manifest that some finding no other merit in themselves, but that they have read the Noble acts of others, do think their desert of highest worth, notsparing of themselves to speak, Why should not I be either a Scipio or Caesar, like unto players of Tragedies, who when they have put off the apparel, wherein they have played the part of most Noble personages, do continued to counterfeit them in countenance and behaviour.  
There are also men of rude and vulgar understanding who destract from all record, which is not either news or wonders, like Idiots that give more to a man's gay and superfluous cote, then unto the person or his virtuous parts; that extend large offices to the outward show, if it be gaudy, and neglect the laboured instruction within, be the work never so worthy.  
But whereas, it is the principal commendation, apertaineth to a history, to stir up the mind of man from sloth fullness, and to fence it from all dangers by the strength of examples, (than the which there is nothing of greater power either to persuade or dissuade) and that the ancient reserving of them tendeth to that end and purpose, yet it cometh to pass through the slothful security of men, and the neglect of their good, being so carefully reserved and offered them, by persuading themselves, that other men's perils help nothing to their safety, that such acts as are most worthy of remembrance are either ungratefully rebuked, or else heard with deaf and unsettled ears. Finally their be, that out of an obstinate presumption, transgress even against that same part containeth the most grave and earnest matters, as though histories should be written, not as they were done indeed, but as they aught to be done, with ●iled phrase and fresh invention, of set purpose only to' please them. So that partly by means of that careless security, and partly by the surfeit of rash and unadvised reading, it cometh to pass that (even as it were of corrupt humours) a certain corruptness of judgement and perverse opinion is bred.  
There is also another of no less force than these a foresaid, and that is in the writer of histories, who following as it were the taste of their own Palates, as though they were forgers of their work themselves, fashion their labour rather to entice the reader to spread their commendation, then to let their hand & pen consent to the truth: wherein they do like Cooks, who oftentimes in seasoning their masters meat rather please their own ●ellish then their Mayst, by which, two several judgements are misled, the one by rash censure, the other not recording plainly and sincerely.  
For a historiographer, is no other but a reporter of things done, (with whose judgement if there be any fault) it standeth with him as with a tun of Wine, which (of itself being pleasant and beautiful) doth either take an evil talon of the Cask, or else is made unrellishable by being mingled with some other compound, which is either a shameful and intolerable deceit, or a point of extreme folly and ignorance.  
To those than that engross Histories I perscribe this rule, that they writ to record, not to flatter. Of those that read them (since I am of firm opinion such authors are profitable to be read) though for no other but for the great abundance of examples that they entreat off, I request that they circumspectly and carefully overlook them, considering how great fruits or discommodities are in them propounded: otherwise it happeneth unto them that imagine a work may be read over lightly, as with those that hold a h●e may be passed over unadvisedly, without the exact observing & executing of a man's duty, or as it doth to Soldiers who in the sacking of a City come to the risling of some pothycaries' shop, plenteously furnished withal store belonging to their art, and being alured with the sweetness of the confections, and spices which they chance first to lay their hands on, thinking the remain to be of the same, do eat and devour all that they light on, in such sort that some fall sick, some run mad, some die presently, and he escapes best, is marvelously distemepred, so that for their greediness their allows laugh them to scorn. For even as man's life is full of commodities and discommodities, so is a history, which is the true image and representation of the life, and as the wisdom of the life consisteth only in the fair carriage and good behaviour of the life, so the profit of reading is in the application thereof. Farewell, and enjoy these things to thy most furtherance and commodity.   

The Preface of the most famous Historiographer Justine, upon the Histories of Trogus Pompeius, dedicated unto Anthony the Emperor.  
WHereas many of the Romans', even such as had attained to the state of consuls, had put the acts of the Romans in writing, first in Greek, and after into other foreign languages: Trogus Pompeyus, (a man of ancient eloquence) whether it were for the desire of the like renown and glory, or for the pleasure that he had in the variety and strangeness of the work, compiled as well the Histories of the Greeks', as the Histories also of the whole world beside, in the Latin tongue; to the intent that as our Chronicles are read in Greek, the Chronicles of the Greeks' might be published in our own tongue: Wherein he enterprised a painful labour both of body and mind.  
For first seeing many authors have taken upon them to set down the reign of some one King, or the actions of some one peculiar kind of people, and thought themselves to have undertaken a weighty business; we may well think Pompeyus to have been as bold as Hercules, that durst adventure upon the whole world. In whose books are contained the government of all ages, of all Kings, of all Nations & countries: And those things, that the Greek Chroniclers have disorderly set down, as every man thought most convenient to please himself, the same hath Pompeyus compiled into one main history, omitting nothing, save only those things altogether unprofitable to be spoken of. Therefore of these xliiii. volumes (for so many did Pompey set forth) by leisure, during this time of my residence in the City, I drew out all such principles as I thought worthy to be remembered, only leaving out such notes, the knowledge whereof, could not either be delightful, nor yet necessary for example. I have therefore gathered, as it were a bundle of Flowers, to the intent that all such as have knowledge in the Greek, might fully be satisfied, and as for them which are therein unskilful, matter of instruction.  
All which I have dedicated to your Majesty, not so much to read, and peruse, as to correct, and also to give an account of my time, whereof Cato willeth a due account should be rendered. It sufficeth me at this present, if your highness do allow my labours; trusting hereafter, that when the brunt of slanderous envy is overpaste, they that come after, shall bear witness of my travel and pains taking.  
Farewell.   

The translator to THE READER.  
READ, benefit, but detract not,  
Vrit enim fulgore suo qui pragravat Artes  
Infrasepositus, extinctus amabitur idem.  
Who being made Arts judge, doth Art deprave;  
His name shall be forgotten, at his Grave.  
G. W.   

THE Succession of the Kings of the three Monarchies mentioned in this Book, collected out of Eusebius, Berosus, and Megasthenes.  

The first Monarchy of the Assyrians.  

NInus the son of jupiter.  
Belus was the first Emperor of Assyria, and reigned 52. years.  
Semiramis the wife of Nynus reigned forty two years.  
Zanes Nineas, otherwise called Ninus, and son of the forefaid Ninus and Semiramis, 38. years.  
Arius. 30. years.  
Aralius. 40. years.  
Baleus Zerxes. 30. years.  
Amatrites. 38. years.  
Belochus the priest of Baal. 35. years.  
Baleus. fifty 2. yea.  
Altadas. thirty 2.  
Mamytus. thirty.  
Mancaleus. 30. years.  
Sterus or Spherus. 20.  
Mamelus. thirty.  
Sparetus. 40  
Ascatades. 40  
Amynthas. 45. yea.  
Belothus. 25. years  
Bellopares. 30.  
Lamprides. 32.  
Sosares. 20  
Lampares. thirty.  
Panias. 45. years.  
Sosarmus. 19  
Mytreus. 27.  
Tautanes. 32.  
Tauteus. 40.  
Tineus. 30. years  
Dercillus 40.  
Eupalus 38  
Laosthenes 45  
Pyriciades thirty year.  
Orphrateus 20. years  
Ophratanes. L years.  
Ocrasapes. 42. years.  
●onos Concoleros. al. sardonopallus. 20 yea.   
This Empire continued 1236. years.   

The second Monarchy of the Medians and Persians'.  

The Medes.  
Arbaces. xxviii. years.  
Mandanes. I, years.  
Sosarmon 30. years.  
Articarmines' L. years.  
Arbianes' xxii. years  
Areeus 40. years.  
Artives. xxii. years.  
Astibares 20. years  
Astyages 30. years   
The kings of Media held the Empi. CClxxxxii. years.  

The Persians'.  
Cyrus' 30. years  
Cambyses seven. years u more.  
Podizites & Oropastes usurpers seven. months.  
Darius' 36. years  
Xerxes. 20. years  
Artabanus usurper that slew Xe●xes'. 7. months  
Artaxerxes longhand. 40 years  
Xerxes 2. months  
Sogdianus 8. months  
Da●ius the bastard. 19 years.  
Artaxerxes the mindful, 40. yea.  
Artaxerxes Ochus, 26. years.  
Arses 4 years  
Darius the son of Arsamus, whom justine calleth Cadoma●. 6 yea.   
The kings of Persia ●e●de the Empire. CC, 30. years and five months.  
The second Monarchy of the Medes and Persians' endured 522. years, 5. months.   

The third Monarchy, of the Macedons.  

Alexander the great, after whose death his kingdom was divided among his Noblemen 12. years.  
Arideus 7. years  
Cass●nder 18. years  
An●ipater and Alexander. 4. years  
Demetrius 6. years.  
Pyrrhus' 6. mon.  
Lysimachus 5. years  
Ptolomeus Ceranicus 1. year.  
Mele●ger 2. mon.  
An●pater 1. year  
Sosthenes 2. years.  
Antigonus Gonatas. 36 years  
Demetrius 10. years  
Antigonus 15. years  
Philip 42. years.  
Perses the last king 10. years.   
The empire of Macedon lasted with Alexander Clxix. years. and 8. months.  

The kings of Asia.  
Antigonus 18. years.  
Demetrius Pollorcetes 7. years   

The kings of Syria.  
Scleuchus Nicanor. 32. years   

The kings of Syria and Asia.  
Antiochus Soter 43. years.  
Antiochus Thcos 15. years  
Scleuchus Callinicus 20. years.  
Scleuchus Ceranus. 3. yea.  
Antiochus the great 36. yea.  
Scleuchus Philopater 12. years  
Antiochus Epiphanes 11, years  
Antiochus Eupa●er 2. years  
Demetrius Soter 22. years  
Alexander 10. years  
Demetrius 3. years  
Antiochus Sedetes 9 years  
Demetrius again 4. years  
Antiochus Gripho 12. years  
Antiochus Cyriccnus 18. years  
Philip 2. years   
The kingdom of Syria endured CClxxxxix. years.  

The kings of Egypt.  
Ptolomeus 〈◊〉 son of Lagus. 40. ye,  
Ptolo, Philadelphus' lu●●●. years.  
Ptolo. Eu●rgetes 36. years.  
Ptolo. Philopater. 17. years  
Ptolo. Ephiphanes 24. years  
Ptolo. Euergetes 20. yea.  
Ptolo. Phiscon al. soter 22. year  
Ptolo. Alexander 10. years  
Ptolo. Lathyrus viii. years  
Ptolo. Dyon●sius 30. years  
Cleopatia 22. year   
The Empire of Egypt stood after Alexander CC. lxxxviii years.  
The Monarchy of Alexander continued in altogether CCC, years.   
FINIS   

THE FIRST BOOK OF that famous Historiographer JUSTINE.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Nr NUS, was the first founder of the Monarchy of Ass●ria. The wise of Semiramis, attireth herself in man's apparel: she builded Babylon, conquereth ethiop, maketh war upon the Indian's, and at last is slain by her own Son. Sardanapalus is deposed for his vicious life, and with him ended the Empire of Assyria. Arbactus removeth the Empire to the Meads. Astyages causeth Cyrus to be cast away, being new borne, yet by fortune he is preserved. Harpagus is forced to loose his own son, because he was the preserver of the life of Cyrus. Cyrus overcometh Astyages, and removeth the Empire from the Medes to the Persians'. Babylon rebelleth and is subdued. Croesus' is taken prisoner, and his Realm brought to most abject and base servitude. Candaules through his own folly, is slain by Cyrus, who thereby enjoyed his kingdom. Cyrus' with a great multitude of the Persians' is slain by Thomiris, Queen over the Massagets. His son cambyses succeedeth, he conquereth Egypt, causeth his own brother to be murdered, and at last himself perished, by his own sword. Comaris and Oropastes usurp, Ortho●es Counsellor of State, findeth out their treasons. Seven of the greatest among the Nobles, plot their deaths. Darius' made King by the neighing of his horse, He marrieth the daughter of King Cyrus, fetched back the city of Babylon, and maketh great preparation against the Scythians.  
ITis generally held from all beginnings, that the government of Countries and Nations, hath always 
King's aught to be chosen only for virtue.  rested in the hands of Kings: who were chosen to that high estate, not by Ambition, but for their virtues. There was then no laws to bind the people to obedience, but the Princes command ever stood for law: then they rather chose to defend their own kingdoms at home, rather than enlarge their territories by forced violence upon their neighbours.  
NInus king of the Assyrians, was the first that changed this old law of Nations, & thirsting after Sovereignty, made war upon his neighbour Nations, who being ignorant what way to make resistance, he easily overcame, conquering all as he went a long, even to the borders of Africa.  
I read that before his time two Kings, Vexores king of Egypt, and Tanais king of Scythia, the one of which made a voyage to Pontus, the other to Egypt, but that was far off, not at home: neither was it to thirst after Sovereignty or government, 
Desire of honour first cause of ●●rre.  but to win honour to their Subjects, and only contented themselves with victory. But Ninus enlarged the Empire by continual seizing into his hands all such Countries as he overcame: by reason of which conquests over the neighbouring countries, he so increased in power and grew so strong, that at length he won all the East part of the world. The last field that ever he fought, was with Zoroastres king of the Bactrians, which King is reported to be the first inventor of Magic, and made great search to find out the beginning of the world, and the moving of the Stars. This Zoroastres being 
The first invention of Magyck and Astronomy.  slain, Ninus himself died also, leaving behind a Son (being under age called Nynus) by his wife Semiramis.  
She durst not commit the government to the child, nor herself take it upon her openly, considering that so many and mighty Nations (which scarcely would obey a man, would much less submit themselves unto a Woman) resolved thus: that whereas before she was Nynus wife and a woman, she counterfeited 
A Woman's policy.  to be his son, and also a Boy: and the rather, for that both the mother and the boy were of one stature, one proportion of body, had both small voices, and what was most, both of one favour. She therefore attired herself in man's apparel, and ware upon her head a kind of coif (called Tiara) and 
Semyramls weareth más apparel.  because people should not mistrust any thing by her newfound attire, she commanded them to apparel themselves in the same manner: which kind of attire the Assyrians did ever after use, even to this day: and in this disguise she was never taken for any other but her Son.  
In the time of this disguise she attained many worthy enterprises, by which greatness, when she thought she had outworn Envy, she revealed herself. This her policy mightily raised her renown, in that she (being a woman) far surrnounted in warlike discipline, not only women, but men also. She builded Babylon, and enclosed it with a wall of Brycke inlaid with Bitumen, a kind of mortar much used in those Countries. Many worthy enterprises did this Queen achieve: for not being content to maintain the estate of the Empire (as her husband left it) she subdued ethiop, and made war upon India, wherinto no man had ever entered, but only the and Alexander the great. At the last unnaturaly desiring to company with her own Son, she was by him slain, 
Semiramis slain by her own son.  when she had reigned forty two years, after the death of her husband Nynus.  
Nynus her Son, contented himself with what his parents had gotten, shutting up all manly courage and knighthood, in mere Idleness and effeminacy; & as though he had changed nature with his mother, gave himself wholly to women, and among men was very seldom acquainted: his posterity also following his example, answered their people by messengers. The Assyrians (which afterward were called Syrians) held the Sovereignty 1300. years. The last king that reigned was Sardanapalus (a man more nice than any woman) into whose presence Arbactus (whom he made Lieutenant general over the Medes) could not be admitted: but by long suit he was at last suffered to have entrance to his presence (which before was never granted unto any man.) When Arbactus came in, he found him spinning of purple upon a distaff in women's attire in the middle of his Concubines, and he far surpassed all the women there present, both in softness of body, and purity of 
Vicious wantonness the bane of kingdoms.  countenance, and thus sat he weighing out to every one their task: At which sight Arbactus being abashed, grew into high disdain, that so many worthy men should be subject to such a womanish disposition, departed, and presently made report of that his eyes had seen, and heart disdained: protesting that he for his part, would never give consent longer to obey such a creature, as had rather be accompanied altogether with women than men. Whereupon the Lords banding themselves together, bade him battle: he hearing hereof (not like a man resolved to defend his kingdom, but like a woman fearing death) first found a corner wherein to hide his head, and after with a few scatterred soldiers, all out of order came into the field, where being overcome, he retyrd back again to his palace, and there causing a huge fire to be 
Sardanapalus destroys himself  made, cast himself and all his riches thereinto, herein only playing the man.  
After Arbactus the worker of his confusion, was made king, and removed the Empire from the Assyrians, to the Medes. Long time after (many kings coming between) by descent the kingdom came to Astyages. This man having no Issue, save one only daughter, dreamt that he saw springing out of her belly, a vine, whose branches should overshaddow all Asia: 
Astyages his Dream.  whereupon calling before him all his Soothsayerss and Interpreters of dreams, demanded the meaning of this vision: who answered, that his daughter should bring forth a nephew, whose greatness was disclosed by this vine, and that by him he should be deposed from his regal dignity.  
The King being hereby stricken into a marvelous fear, thinking to prevent fate, married away his daughter carelessly: not Nobly at home, to any of his own Nation, but to a Persian slave of very base estate, and amongst 
Her name was Mádane  them accounted the vildest people living: and yet not herewith satisfied, sent for his Daughter (being great with child) that so soon as she was delivered, he might see the babe destroyed. So soon as the child was borne, it was given to Harpagus a chief man of the King's Council, to be slain. Harpagus 
Astyages causeth his Nephew to be slain.  wisely casting the inconvenience that might redound hereby upon himself, after the king's decease (because he had no issue male to succeed) if the king doom should light upon the daughter, how eagerly she would prosecute revenge upon him being a Subject, which she could not upon her father being king: All which considered, he delivered the child to the king's Herdsman, for him to make away. About which time, the herdsman himself also had a son, whose wife hearing the king's child should be cast away, earnestly requested her husband to fetch the child that she might have a sight thereof. The Shepherd overcome by his wives importunity, returned again into the wood, where he found a Bitch giving the child suck, and also defending it from the violence of fowls and wild beasts: who being so much the more moved at the sight hereof, took up the child and brought it to his cottage, the Bitch following eagerly all the way. Assoon as the woman had the babe in her arms, he smiled and played with her and there appeared such cheerfulness in him, that she desired her husband rather to cast away his own child, and she would bring up that in stead thereof. And thus 
●●rodo●us imports the Shepherd's ●hild was still borne.  the destiny of the two children being changed, the king's nephew was brought up in the place of the shepherds son, and the Shepherds cast away for the kings nephew. The nurse's name was after called Sp●●con (for so the Persians' call a Bitch in their language)  
The child being brought up among the Shepherds, was named Cyrus: and in the sports of children was by lot chosen a king amongst them as they were playing: in wh●ch sports he whipped such as were stubborn against him. The parents of the children, made complaint her of to the king, taking it in great scorn, that noblemen's children should be beaten like slaves of the 
The courage o●s stomach 〈◊〉 Cyr●s.  king's bondmen. The king sending for the child demanded why he did so: who answered (without changing countenance) that he had done as became a king. The king wondering at his audacity, called to remembrance his dream and the interpretation, and when he had well viewed the countenance of the child, the time of his casting away, the shepherds examination, and all to jump together, he openly acknowledged him to be his Nephew.  
Now As●yages become altogether forgetful of his dream, thinking it was fully come to pass, because Cyrus had played the King among little Children, whilst he was abiding with the Shepherd, therefore he put away all displeasure, and wholly bend his furious revenge against Harpagus (his chief and only Councillor of state) unto whom he proved so great an enemy (for 
Harpagus sonn● is 〈◊〉 and gruen to his father to ●eed on.  that he spared the life of his nephew) that nothing might satisfy, but that his son should be butcherly killed, and set before his father, as me●t to feed upon. This tyrannous proceeding, mustered up a thousand discontents in the thoughts of Harpagus, which on the sudden he could not frame and fit for revenge, but in wise discretion dissembled grief, till opportunity had shaken hands with just occasion. In mean space, Revenge slept, Cyrus grew up to man's estate, and Harpagus bore the heavy burden of his sons mu●der: even so long, that being overwhelmed as it were, he sat him down and wrote unto Cyrus a very moving Epistle, showing the whole proceedings of his 
H●rp●●●● 〈◊〉 a l●● 〈◊〉 to Cyrus being in P●rly●.  most cruel Granfather. First, the base manage of his daughter into Persya, than the charge imposed upon me, to see you made away, and how by me you were preserved, the king's hatred towards me, and that which even woundeth my very soul, the loss of my dear son, more dearer unto me then life: All which considered, he encouraged him to raise an Army, and with all haste to enter the kingdom, promising, that he for his part would so altar and order the present State, that all the powers of the Medes should revolt.  
This letter thus made ready, could not safely be conveyed to the hands of Cyrus openly, for sear of the King's Officers which kept straight watch in all the passages: at last, beating his wit for policy in so secret a stratagem, he thus resolved: A Hare was brought before him ready bowelled, and in the 
A letter sent in a 〈◊〉 belly.  belly thereof puts the letter, and caling a trusty servant, delivered the Hare willing him to carry it to Cyrus being in Persya, & the more to remove away all suspicion, he caused him to carry nets along therewith, under colour of hunting, and such like pastimes.  
Cyrus, although he had taken a thorough view of the letter, was not fully satisfied, tyl in a dream he was commanded to receive it as a truth, and in every thing to take those courses that was therein delivered: In which dream also, he was advised, that whosoever met him first the next morning, he should 
Cyrus makes him his companion that he first meeteth.  join him as Companion of all his Fortunes. Hereupon, early in the mo●n he took a journey out, and on the way there met him a servant (called Sybaris) lately escaped forth of prison from a man of Media. Of him he required his Country, and understanding he was a Persian borne, he commanded his ●etterss to be loosed, and received him joyfully, taking him as companion of his chances, and so returned back again to the City Persepolis.  
Being come into the City, he gathered together a● the Inhabitants thereof, commanding every man to provide an Axe, to cut down all the wood that grew by the highway side, which they did courageously. The next day, he made a great feast unto them: in the midst whereof, when he saw they grew to be merry and pleasant, he putteth forth this question; That (if they were put to their choice) whether they would live in labour and toil as they 
Cyrus makes the Inhabitants a great feast.  did yesterday, or in mirth and feasting, as at this present. The people took no long deliberation to answer, but instantly cried with one voice, In mirth & feasting: Than (quoth Cyrus) so long as ye are in subjection to the Medes you must endure labour and toil, as yesterday: but if you will follow me, ye shall living eat jollity, as on this day: So with a genetal resolution, he raised a power, and made war upon the whole Nation of the Medes.  
Astages for getting the wrong done to Harpagus, made him Lieutenant general, who so soon as he had received the charge of so huge an Atmye, presently remembered his promise made to Cyrus, and accordingly yielded 
Hatpagus revolteth.  up all his Forces: herein requiting the king's cruelty for his son, with disloyalty, to the utter overthrow both of his state and kingdom. When tidings hereof came unto Astyages, he with all speed raised another mighty power, and went in person towards Persia, where he fiercely renewed the battle, and 
The valiant soutage of Astyages.  as his soldiers were in fight, he still placed fresh companies at their backs, charging to beaten them forward perforce that were before upon the enemy, and the rather to keep them to the fight, told them they were every way so begirt with enemies that they could no way escape by cowardly slight, and therefore withed them manfully to bear themselves.  
All which when the Soldiers had welconsidered, and noting the policy of the king, they resolved to bide the brunt, rather than the rebuke of cowards, and thereupon gave so fierce an assault, that they made the Persian host to give way: so the host of the Persians' being overcharged, and perceiving that they still gathered ground upon them, gave back: but their Wives and mothers ran hastily among them, desiring them not to be discouraged, but 
The ●ourage of the Persian women.  return again into the battle: but when the women perceived that they made small haste, they all at one instant lifted up their clotheses, and showing their pri●y parts, asked if they would run again into their mother's wombs for succour and defence.  
The Persians' being in this reproachful manner touched with their women's 
The courage of the Percur.  words and actions, in a revenging anger reunited all their forces, and returned back again into the Battle, and charged upon the enemy in such courageous manner, that they compelled them to fly, from whom but even now they themselves did run away. In this battle Cyrus overcame his grandfather Aslyages, and took him prisoner, taking nothing away from him, save the kingdom only; rather choosing still to be accounted as his Nephew, then Tyrantlike to insult upon him as a Conqueror: moreover, because all his dignities should not forsake him at one instant, he m●de him Ruler over the Hyrcanians, which were a mighty Nation: And thus came the Empire of the Medes to an end, which before had continued 350. years.  
Cyrus, in the beginning of his reign, made Sybaris (whom according to his vision he had before delivered out of prison, and taken to him as Companion 
〈…〉 Vision.  of all his fortunes) lieutenant general over the Persyans, and to his more content, gave his own sister to him in marriage. But as for all such Cities as before were tributary to the Medes, (forsomuch as the Empire was changed, they supposed their estate to be also changed) felaway from Cyrus, which was the occasion of much war, and many bloody battles: yet at last many of those he forced back again to their former obedience, and in th'end made war upon the Babylonians. Croesus' king of Lydia (whose wealth hath been held far beyond all other Princes) came in aid of the Babylonians, where being overcome, and growing into consideration of the end, closely retired home again to his own Country. Cyrus' having here attained victory, could not so content himself, but hasting to ●ettle Babylon at quiet, takes his course from thence with all his warlike companies to Lydia, where in very short time he overcame all the powers of Croesus with no great toil or labour (by reason they had so lately returned from Babylon) Croesus himself being taken prisoner in the field: and according to the ●ase he had in their 
Cr●●sus take prisoner  vanquishment, he used the same proportion towards them again. For first, to Croesus he granted life, and with his life, the greatest part of all his inheritance, with the great City called Barce; in the which although he lived not ask, yet he had the state of a King, and all the royalties thereunto belonging, the title of king, only excepted.  
These deeds of mercy mightily redoubled upon the Conqueror, and with small damage to the conquered. For the rumour here of being spread abroad, that war was made against Croesus, presently all Greece was up in Arms and came to aid him (even with as much speed, as it been to quench some outrageous fire.) Such was their love to Croesus, even in general, that if Cyrus had offered him cruelty in Conquest, it had kindled a most sharp war upon the head of Cyrus.  
After in course of time, Cyrus being employed in foreign wars, tidings came that the Lydians were up in Arms, whereupon he speedily returned, and with small force brought an end of that revolt: and to prevent all future 
The Lydians revolt.  chance, he took from them all defence of war; as Horses, Armour, and other weapons, giving strait commandment that they should use nothing but practices of pleasure and delight: as drinking, music, gaming, and all delights of effeminate wantonness. Hereby it came to pass, that this people 
Reward of Rebellion.  (being ever accounted strong, warlike, and of proud stomach) became idle, drowsy, drunken, and unapt for any exercise; not of Arms, but even weak & feeble in strength of body, and so spent all their after days in riot.  
There were amongst the Lydyans many worthy kings, before the days of Croesus, whose acts were worthy after-memorie: but among many, none ever outstripped the Fortunes of Candaules, who having a wife (which for perfection of beauty far surmounted the women of those times) could not contain himself within the limits of his own secret pleasures, but made his own tongue to blazon out to every ear, that which in silence might have lain buried in his own bosom: I say not being content to praise her beauty, but for a more certainty to prove his report no fable, on a day he caused her to strip herself stark naked in sight of one of his acquaintance (named Gyges) whom he made an eyewitness of what his tongue had uttered. This una●uised demeanour of Candaules wrought such an alteration in his friend, that he instantly became his enemy, and shortly after he slew Candaules, and married his wife, who willingly yielded herself and kingdom into the hands of this adulterate murderer.  
Cyrus, who all this time was busied in Asia, in the end become sole conqueror of the East: but not therewith content, began wars against the Scythians. 
Thomaris a Warlike woman.  In the time of which attempt, there reigned over that Nation a Queen (called Thomaris) who (not like a woman) received the enemy courageously, and with manly resolution gave him leave to pass the river Araxes, (although she might have stopped all the passages) and gathered all advantages of strength for the defence of her own Country: so that if the enemy received the worst, they should very hardly escape back again, because they could not suddenly recover the R●uer, neither keep any order in their retire.  
Cyrus' being as politic, passed the River, marching with his Army up into the Country, a days ioutney and more, and then pitched his Camp. The next day, as if he were afraid he retired, forsaking his camp, which he left very richly furnished, fit for to welcome any kingly guest. The Queen hearing hereof, gathered up the third part of her Army, giving the conduct thereof unto her young son (called Spargapyses) who followed the enemy very eagerly. At last, coming to the Camp of cyrus, (the young Prince being too raw in 
Ignorant lea dear dangerous in warr●  warlike stratagems) forgot the bettaile, and fell to the banquet: suffering his followers (being not used to such delicate viands) so to overcharge themselves with Wine, that there was little use of weapons. So soon as cyrus heard hereof, he returned secretly in the night, and falling upon them unawares, put them all to the sword, and amongst the rest, the Queen's son escaped not, but was there slain.  
Thomaris having lost so great an army, and what was worse her only son, shut not up revenge in tears, but dissemblingly made faite weather, and reuniting together again all her companies, gave a fresh assault upon the Enemy; wherein she requited cyrus and his policy with the like: for seeming to be fearful of her former loss, she still drew back more and more, till she had brought cyrus to a mighty strait, & leeing a fit place, begird him round with a band of men which lay in ambush, and slew two hund. thousand Persians', wherein Cyrus amongst the rest received a very dangerous and mortal wound 
The death of Cyrus.  whereof shortly after he died. In this conflict, which is worthy note, there was not a man left alive, to carry home tidings of this deadly fight. The Queen could not yet rest satisfied, although she had the life of her enemy, but commanded his head should be smitten off, and thrown into a great bowl of man's blood, making known his cruelty more apparently, by these words which she then uttered: Go, now and glut thy self with the blood of Men, which in thy lise wouldst never be satisfied. This Cyrus reigned thirty years, being a 
〈…〉.  very valiant and worty Prince, not only in the beginning of his reign, but through out the whole course of his life.  
Cambyses his son succceded in the Kingdom, who by conquestjoined 
Cambyses 〈◊〉.  the Empire of Egypt thereunto, making one Sovereignty over both. He was mightily offended with the Egyptians for their superstition, and commanded the Temple of Apis and other gods to be beaten down, and laid level with the ground; and withal sent a migthy Army to destroy the Temple of Amon, (which temple was held in so great estimation amongst them,) which Army being over whelmed with violent tempests, and huge heaps of sand, was utterly destroyed Afterwards he had a dream wherein he conceited that his brother Smerdes should wear the Diadem after him, the which stroke such a terror to his heart, that he was never satisfied, till he had wrought his death: for it was not to be thought that he would spare his brother's life, when he offered such violence unto the very Gods. This murder of his brother, he thought to work by one Comays (a very especial friend of his, being one of the samily called Magyes,) a bloody tyrant fit for his purpose, but he was prevented. 
Tyranny rewarded.  At last himself by his own sword, by chance falling out of the scabbard, received a grievous wound in the thigh, where of he shortly after died, taking the true reward of a homicide.  
This thus coming to pass, wor●●ereof came unto the cares of the Wiseman, who very cunningly kept close th● death of the King, and the rather, for that he would fully effect what he had undertaken: and to the intent he might remove away Smerdes (who was right heir unto the Crown) he caused him to be slain, and presently advanceth his own brother (named Oropastes) to the throne of Majesty (for both in making and favour, he very much resembled the King.) This cunning plot of Comays, lay yet still undiscovered, and unmistrusted, and the mista●e betwixt Smerdes and Oropastes, passed for currant amongst all men; and the rather might this be brought about, for that among the Persians' (for the greater reverence and high regard that is given to the person of the King) he never showeth himself unto the people open faced. Than the Wiseman thinking to gain the more favour of the Commons, 
Oropastes is made king by treachery.  eased them of all manner tribute and allegiance, during the term of 3. years, as also from all pressing of Soldiers, and services in war, during all the said term; only to the intent that bribery and flattery might be as securely established throughout the kingdom, as that they had already gotten by Treason and policy.  
These things being thus carried, then began suspicion to spring up amongst the Nobles, but especially (one above the rest, called Orthones) a man of worthy resolution, and politic in all the affairs of the commonweal: This 
An excellent plot to find out the treason of Comar●ss.  man therefore, casting about by all means to sound out the depth of this their misdoubting, sent to his daughter (being one of the king's Concubines) to learn of her whether he that was king was the true son of Cyrus or no: who sent answer to her father, that of herself she cannot resolve him, neither any of her fellows, although they were so near the king, because they came in place not together at any time, but only by one and one: This answer being received from his daughter, he rested not here with content, but sent back word, that she should do after this manner; when he was fast asleep, to feel about his head, whether he had ears or no ears, for that Cambyses in his time had caused both the ears of the wise man to be cut off. She according to the commandment of her father, returned this answer back, that the king, had no ears, whereby this notable treason came to public knowledge not only 
Treason discovereth ●t self.  to him, but by him to the rest of the Nobles of the Realm, and by way of compulsion, bound every man to other by oath, that they should resist and gather all the strength they could, whereby in all speedy manner they might remove and utterly overthrow the Usurper.  
There was chief in this resolution but only Seven, who leaving all detraction, 
Seven principal plotters in the action.  (for fear lest if the multitude who was to aid them might have much breathing time, the whole confederacy might happily be bewrayed) therefore every man preparing with his weapons ready under his gown, straight took their way to the king's palace, and making slaughter of all such as any way resisted, they came to the very Chamber where these Usurping Traitors were, who beholding themselves so suddenly surprised, and in danger, very couragiouflye settled to defend their authority, and with their weapons ready drawn fastened upon their enemies and slew two of the chiefest in this conspiracy: All this notwithstanding, (the conspirators being the greater number) caught hold of some of them: Among the rest Gobryas catching at one of the wise men held him fast in his arms, and when he perceived that his copartners stayed their hands, (fearing lest they should by mistake kill the one instead of the other, for this action fell out in the dark night,) bade them thrust their swords into the wise man, although it were to the hazzarde of the 
The truth of Gobrias towards his Country.  life of Gobryas: but the event fell out better than the resolution, for it so chanced that they killed the Usurper, and Gobryas was saved harmless.  
This coming so well about, these Noblemen wan unto themselves great fame, in that they had by such valour regained again the kingdom, which was by so politic a course long time ruinated: as also their renown was the more famous, in that when they were in controversy about the kingdom, they did so well accord together amongst themselves; For they were all men of high spirit, great warriors, and every man within himself of great estate, that it grew a hard matter in question amongst the people, who was worthiest, and therefore determined by whole consent, to commit the matter to God and good fortune.  
This union by consent thus ended, they appointed next, that at a certain time each man upon his courser should present himself before the palace, in the morning by break of day: and then he whose horse first neighed before the sun rising, that man should without any contradiction be their king and sole monarch (for the Persians' hold this for unmovable, that there is no other God save the sun only) and that a horse is held the only joy of the same God, and there unto him are hallowed.  
There was amongst the conspitators, one Darius, the son of Hystaspis who being greatly perplexed in thought, how he might by some cunning slight, gain the kingdom to himself, bestowed much beating and labour in his troubled pate, till at last his horse-keeper perceiving the whole matter said: If my Lord there be no other thing to cross your desire, take courage, and let no thought further trouble you, for assuredly the day shall light on your side. Hereupon, the evening before the day appointed, he brought his masters horse to the same place where this appointed meeting was to be, and thither caused a Mare to be brought, thinking that for desire of the Mare, the 
The policy of a horsekeeper.  thing would so come to pass, as his Lord and master had desired, & afterward sorted to their desired wish.  
The morning being approached (every man kept the due hour appointed) Darius horse knowing the place, by reason of the courage had to the Mare, forthwith neighed aloud, and first of all the company gave him a token of his long-thirsted for authority. The residue of the Lords, calling to remembrance their forepast decree, so soon as they heard the neighing of the horse, dismounted from their coursers, and saluted Darius by the name of king, and all the people following their example, and allowing the judgements of their peers and petty Princes, took him from thenceforth for their lawful and just king. Thus was the kingdom brought back again out of the hands of usurpers by the exceeding resolution and valour of seven of the greatest Nobles in all the kingdom into the hands of one man to be governed. It is almost not to be credited in course of human reason, that so many famous, worthy and great personages (notwithstanding that they hazarded their lives) to regain the kingdom out of the hands of the wise men, and in so great content to let it rest only on the fortunes of Darius, but that they well remembered their faiths was before obliged, and what was more, knew that Darius was very nearly allied unto the ancient kings of Persia. Again to give further satisfaction and content to the state of his whole Land; in the beginning of his reign (to the intent he might the better establish his kingdom, he joined 
Darius takes to wife the daughter of Cyrus.  himself into the blood royal) taking in marriage the only daughter of Cyrus, whereby it appeared, with more plainness to every understanding, that the kingdom was not so much in the government of a stranger, as that it was more fully reduced into the family and stock of king Cyrus.  
Not long after the Asstrians fell into rebellion, taking the city of Babylon by force. The king having word hereof, grew into an exceeding great rage against them, the which rage of his was well observed by one Zopyrus, (one of the seven which subdued and overcame the wisemen) who withdrew himself home to his own house, and calling about him such servitors as he then had, caused them first to strip him out of his clothes, and then with certain whips in most lamentable manner to overunne all his body, and to cut off his nose, lips, and ears, In this vile & ghastly shape, Zopyrus cometh very hastily into into the presence of the king, who was so amazed hereat, that he stood confounded, and could not tell what might be imagined at this so woeful spectacle. At last, gathering up himself, out of this mazed motives, demanded who had so shamefully mangled and martyred his body, and upon what occasion: Zopyrus, stepped forth more nearer unto the person of the king, and in 
The love of Zopirus to the King and Country.  secret discoursed his whole intent, and to what end this disguised body of his was thus strangely dismembered, and withal told the king his whole drift and purpose herein.  
Thus taking his leave, he went his way like a wandering Vagrant towards Babylon, wherein grievous manner before all the Inhabitants, he showeth this his mangled body, withal falling into most bitter exclamations against king Darius, rehearsing in what cruelty he had proceeded against him, and that he had received such indignity from him, that he had even bereft him of a part in the kingdom, not by prowess or manhood, but only by a hard measure of fortune: neither was it by the applause or election of men, but an exceeding cunning sleight, namely the neighing of a horse. Hereupon he counseled them, to take warning by this his misery, how they gave credit to such a dangerous foe. Further he advertised them, not to rely upon the weakness of their walls, but betake them to their weapons: and if they stood so affected, as to make choice of him to take their part in these actions of war, because of the 
Zopirus treachery toward the Babylonians.  wrongs and wounds he had received were still fresh in memory: All which the Babylonians having thoroughly considered, and giving credit to the parsonage and Nobility of the man, as also for that he was a worthy warrior, and that his wrongs were as a sufficient warrant to credit him, they made him general over all their services, and he to smother and disguise his plot the more, with a small company twice or thrice, set upon the Persians', and still prevailed, especially for that they gave way to his purpose for the nonce. At last, seeing him fortunate in all his attempts, they put the whole Army over to 
Zopirus delivereth Babylon to Darius  his trust, who having what he came for, delivered them up by treason to the king his master, and by this experienced plot, brought the City again into their former obedience. After this, the King raised a power, and made war upon the Scythians, whereof more shall be set down in the next book following.  
The end of the First Book.   

The second Book  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe Scythyans and Egyptians contend for the antiquity of their Countries. Scythia is described, with the Manners and customs of the people: their fortunate enterprises, and what empires were by them first set up. Plynos and Scolopythus two Gallants of the blood-royal banished. They take unto them a great number of the young gentry, their are all by policy put to the sword: Their wives revenge their deaths, and so become the first Amazonian Empire. The manners & Customs of the Amazons. The succession of the Amazonian Queens. Hercules freeth his Prisoner Menalippe for the Queen's armour. Penthesilea aideth the Trojans against the Greeks'. Thalestris having obtained the company of great Alexander, returneth and dieth, and with her death ended the government of the Amazons. The Scythians bondmen rebel. Darius maketh war upon the Scythians, he taketh a shameful flight, He conquereth Asya and Macedon, he bendeth his forces against the Athenians. The first original of the Athenians, their inventions, succession of their Kings, change of their government, the Laws and policy of Solon. Pisistratus usurpeth. Hyppias is deposed and flieth to Darius. The worthy battle of Marathon, where Hyppias is slain. Darius dieth. Xerxes succeeds. He raiseth a new power against Greece and is overcome. The Valour of Leonidas. Xerxes retireth dishonourably into his kingdom. Mardonius is vanquished in Beotia. Themystocles in high esteem for his prowess. Athens again new builded. The Lacedæmonians make war upon the Persyans. Pausanias' condemned as a Traitor. Xerxes again proclaimeth war against Greece, he is again overcome both at Sea and Land, by Cymo Duke of Athens, and is at last forced home again.  
IN reporting the actions of the Scythians, which were no less famous than honourable, it is necessary to begin our discourse with their first original. For their beginning was glorious, as their Empire was powerful: and in renown of military discipline, the women were accounted nothing inferior to the men. For as the one founded the Empires of the Persians' and Bactrians, so the other erected the sovereignty of the Amazons: yea 
Contention between the Scythians and Egyptians for antiquity.  the exploits of the one sex so equalized the fortunes of the other, that hard it were to censure, to whether party to give the garland by way of comparison for haughty and fortunate enterprises.  
These Nations were ever accounted most ancient, yet concerning their antiquity many disputations were moved between them and the Egyptians: the Egyptians alleging, that in the beginning when some countries were scorched with immoderate heat, and others as bitterly vexed with such insufferable cold, that it not only hindered natural procreation, but (that worse is 〈◊〉 security of life or health to arriving strangers, before the use of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 found out against weather's injury, and the temperature of Clim●● 〈◊〉 by art and industry: whereas Egypt was situated under so moderate a ●●●●ellation, that neither the cold of winter, not the heat of summer was any way offensive to the natural inhabitatnts. Also the grounds was so fruitful, that there is no land under the Sun, that bringeth forth more abundance for the use of man: from hence therefore it may be very well concluded, that of right men aught to be borne and brought up, where the soil of the Country is most pleasant to their constitution.  
To cross this their affirmation, the Scythians denied, that the temperateness of the air, made any thing for proof of antiquity: insomuch that nature it self so soon as it hath given forth unto every several climate such portion of cold or heat as best befyteth: of it own accord doth breed such bodies, and such creatures, as shall be able to undetgo the Climate in most delight: as men and women in their kind, beasts in their places, and sundry trees, herbs, stones and metals, in their kind, according to the estate and condition of the places, where they are resiant: and how much the times of year and weather, seemed harder and colder in Scythia, then in Egypt, so much the more harder and stouter were the Scythians, rather than the Egyptians. But if the world being now divided into parts, were once in one lump: then whether water in the beginning were Lord of the earth, or fire had got the uper-hande and so got possession of all things, and by reason hereof, the world were made, yet the Scythians in both of these must of necessity prove the ancienter. For if you will say fire had the first possession of all, that might by little and little be quenched, and so give place to the earth, from which, no part could be sooner separated from the fire, by the extreme nipping of the winter season, than the North: which even to this day is by experience known unto all people and Nations, that for extremity of cold the North claimeth the pre-eminence: whereas Egypt, and so likewise all the East parts were a long season in finding forth that temperateness, wherein they could be satisfied, as for better proof appeareth by them even at this day, that they have such an unmeasurable portion of heat from the sun, that it parcheth and scorcheth their bodies in great extremity.  
But if all the world were once drowned, than it will soon appear that the higher the place is, the sooner it is discovered: by this reason, that the waters withdraw themselves into the lower grounds, and there abide some course of time before they can be dried up, and the sooner it is consumed, than the sooner is it made a place for the breeding of living creatures. Now it is well known that Scythia is so much higher than other Countries and Dominions, that all the Rivers thereof, take their courses downward, and in their fall meet with the River of Meotis, and so altogether run from thence into the sea of Pontus, and lastly into the Egyptian Sea.  
But as for Egypt in itself: being by care and great cost of many kings for many hundred years, maintained with huge dams and mighty banks, there cast up to resist the rage and violence of the waters, as also strengthened, fortified and cut out into ditches and trenches, to the intent that the Waters being received into the one, might be kept by the other from any furthe●●ing, and therefore could not be peopled, except the River Nilus were ●●ut up, cannot seem to be accounted ancienter than other, but rather (by reason of the great cost in the land that many Princes have bestowed, as also the abundance of mud that the River of Nilus leaves behind) may rather seem to be last inhabited amongst all other kingdoms and Countries. So in conclusion of this long controversy betwixt these two famous Nations, the Egyptians received the foil by argument, and the Scythians were ever accounted most ancient, and therefore most Honourable.  
Scythis stretcheth his bonds into the East, and is enclosed, on the one side 
The Situation of Scythia.  with Pontus, on the other with the Mountains called rhipha's, upon the back hath Asys, and the River of Tanais: It is of a great length, and also exceeding wide. The inhabitants make no bonds between man and man. They have no use of tillage, nor any certain places of abode, or houses.  
As they feed and graze their cattle, wandering from place to place, through deserts and wild places, they take with them their wives and Children, which they carry along in certain wagons and Chariots, all covered with raw Hides, to resist the violence of the air, the which they use instead of dwelling 
Their manner of habitant.  houses.  
They have the use of justice, even of a very natural inclination, and not for fear of law. Stealing amongst them is accounted the most basest and heinous offence can be committed: First, in consideration that they have no 
justice.  houses, nor any place wherein to make themselves safe, and again that all their riches consisteth of cattle, what could they accounted to be in safety, if they should give way to theft: and as for Gold and Silver, they do as much despise it, as other Nations desires and covet it.  
Their principal food is milk and Honey, they have no use of wool, nor know how to make garments thereof: and though they be continually vexed with cold, yet they use no other clothing, than the skins of wild beasts, and 
Their food.  a certain vermin called Myce. This is one chief ground of their uprightness in life, in that they are so moderate in their affections, that they always rest contented with their own estate, and never desire the goods of another. For 
Clothing.  it is every where to be found, that where abundance of wealth is, there covetousness reigneth as a great commander, and in the end bursteth forth into such greediness, that it is never satisfied but with blood, or bloody actions: as murder, war, and all other calamities of woeful destiny: Again, it is note worthy, that they should have that by nature, which the Greeks' by instruction of all their wisest men, and precepts of all the Philosophers, so long time continued, could never attain: as also that the exquisite and civil manners of the Grecians, should be so far surmounted, in comparison of the rude and barbarous Scythians, because they made more use and profit of their time in the nursery of ignorance and vice, than the other did in the studies and knowledge of virtue.  
Three several times they won the Empire of Asia, themselves still remaining unconquered by any enemy, or power offorraine Nation: First against Darius' king of Persia, giving him a great overthrow, and after put him to a most shameful flight, and at last forced him clean out from all their territories. Than at another battle against Cyrus, whom they overcame and slew with the greatest part of all his armies. Again in the same manner proceeded they against Zopyron, (a great and principal commander to great Alexander) 
Their many victories.  and all his host they utterly overthrew. Many times they were hardly threatened by the Romans, but they contented themselves, with the only braves of that Nation, but for their strokes they felt them not.  
Within some certain times after, they founded the Empires of the Parthtans 
The Scythians strong & stout men.  and Bactrians. These were a people of an excellent tough temperature given to endure any labour, stout men of war, and as for strength of body fasurpassed other Nations, having minds answerable to their strength of body, naughty and scorning to win where they could not hold and keep what they got, yet all they aimed at in the chief of their conquests, was Honour, and high estimation.  
The first that offered to make war upon the Scythians, was Vexoris king of Egypt, who sent his Ambassadors long before, to agreed upon certain articles 
Vexoris maketh the first wars upon the Scythians  of obedience. The Scythians having received advertisement of the kings coming against them, made slight account thereof, and gave answer to the Ambassadors after this manner: We cannot but marvel that the King and ruler of so mighty and rich a people, will so unadvisedly move war against us Beggars, which he should rather have expected at home at his own doors, considering that the end of war is doubtful, and victory can yield from us small reward, but very apparent loss: wherefore we Scythians will not abide his coming to us, but withal speed make towards him to meet him on the way, or rather into his own land, for that we know there is treasure of infinite value, worthy the labour we shall undertake: And accordingly they made good by action, what they promised by word. The king understanding that they remained resolute, and that they made upon him in such speedy manner, fled for fear, leaving behind his whole army, with all their furniture of war, and secretly recovered himself into his own kingdom: But the Scythians could not make pursuit after him into Egypt, by reason of the fenny contries, wherewith 
The Scythians conquer Asia.  they were altogether unacquainted. As they made their return homewards, they took all Asia in their way, which with some small labour they conquered, and made them tributary, rather to show forth their conquests, than any boast they took in their victory: Also they were constrained to make their resiance in those Confines, the space of fifteen years, before they could further make any settled state of government in those Nations. At last they were called home, at the great and importunate requests of their women, from whom they had received a message by the whole consent of the women, that if after so long absence, they did not speedily return, they would 
The message of the Scythian wom●.  seek to have issue from their neighbouring Nations, and not thus through their negligent respect, suffer the name and Nation of the Scythians, to decay.  
Thus become Asia tributary to the Scythians for the space of 1500. years: and Nynus king of the Assyrians, was the last that yielded this tribute money unto them.  
About this time there were among the Scythians, two young Gallants of the blood royal, named Plinos and Scolopythus, these two being at great variance 
Plinus and Scolopithus banished.  with the Nobles, was by a general consent banished: who when they saw the hard measure that was laid upon them, drew into their faction, a great number of the younger sort of the Gentlemen of the Country and others, and ranging abroad for a place of abode, at last settled themselves upon the bounds of Cappadocia, about the River of Thermodoon, taking possession of all the fields and lands about the City called Themyscira: many years lived they there upon the spoil of such inhabitants as were thereabouts: whereupon the people being wearied of these Outlaws, privily at unwares gathered themselves together, and giving the assault upon them on the sudden, put them to the sword, without sparing any. Their wives perceiving they were thus fallen into a double mischief, as first that they were banished, and nowt 
The first original of the Amazons.  by this sudden action also become widows, betook themselves to arms, and stood upon the defence of these borders as their own, and after by making war upon their neighbours (the rather because they had a full resolution not to marry again, especially with their neighbours) saying it was rather a bondage then otherwise to be accounted. After, they both increased and governed their Commonwealth without men, and also defended themselves against all the forces of men: and fearing that they which had husband's least should be accounted in better state than the rest, they very bloodily murdered those men they had amongst them: and in revenge of the deaths of their husbands which their neighbours had most cruelly put to the sword, they fell upon them, and rewarded them by death also.  
Thus having by war purchased peace, they sent for men and accompanied with them: and when any child was borne, if it were a male, it was presently killed, if a female it was preserved and brought up: but how, not in idleness, neither to learn to spin and card, but valiantly in feats of arms, as riding 
The training up of the Amazonians  great horse, hunting, hawking, and all the exercises that belongs to men: and that they should not have any hindrance of martial exercises, as shooting, or throwing of darts, their right paps was seared off with hot Irons when they were infants, whereupon they were ever after called Amazon's.  
They had amongst them two Queens, Marthesia and Lampedo, who always divided their Armies into two parts, and when they were grown mighty in wealth, they took it by turns, one to govern at home, and the other to govern and lead to the wars upon other Nations abroad: And that they 
Two queens over the Amazons.  might be accounted the more renowned in all their exploits and enterprises, they made it known by proclamation, that they themselves were the only and immediate daughters of Mars. They conquered the greatest part of all Europe, and subdued also many Cities in Asia, where they builded the famous City of Ephesus, and many other Cities beside. They discharged a great 
The building of Ephesus.  part of their Armies, and sent them home with abundanne of rich spoils. The other part which remained still behind to defend the worthy and mighty Empire of Asia, were suddenly assaulted by the Barbarians, and put to the sword, amongst whom was their Queen Marthesia shamefully murdered.  
After her death the Empire came by succession, uno a daughter of hers (called Orithia: who was very active in all military discipline, and was accounted a mirror amongst women, in that she lived and died, in the royaltic 
Orithia lived and died a Virgin.  of a maid: In her days, she so highly advanced the honour and high renown of the Amazons, that the king for whose pleasure Hercules attempted twelve such dangerous labours and adventures. (being thought impossible for him to perform,) this king also commanded that he should fetch him the Armour of the Amazonian Queen. Hercules made great preparation to the voyage, 
Hercules is sent to fetch the Amazonian Queens Armout.  and chose for his companions, many of the young and towardly Lords, & Nobles of Greece, and within short time arrived with 9 Galleys on the Amazonian Shores, and suddenly assaulted them at unawares. At his coming thither the Queendome was governed by two of the four Sisters (called Antiope and Orithia) Orithia was abroad in foreign parts upon occasion of wars, by reason whereof, there was but a slender guard about the person of the partner Queen Antiope, neither was there any mistrust of any enemies approach, whereby they accounted themselves to have less need of such companies, as in former times they were forced to entertain. Upon which sudden charge given, they sounded as sudden an alarm, whereby those small companies which they had, ran presently to their arms, and in the end gave the enemy a very easy victory: for many were slain, and many taken prisoners, among whom were the two Sisters of Antiope's: Menalippe taken by Hercules, and Hippolyta, by Theseus. Afterwards Theseus made his prisoner, his wife, upon whom he begot Hippolytus: But Hercules after victory, restored Menalippe back again to her sister, and only took for her ransom the Queen's armour, and having accomplished 
Hercules giveth Menalippe his prisoner for the quee. armour.  all his affairs given him in charge, returned back again to the King.  
Orithia having knowledge of all that had happened, and that the Prince of Athens had carried one of them away by strong hand and violence, roused up her Countrymen to revenge: giving them in flat terms, that all their conquests, both in Asia and Pontus was but vain, if they should put up such a foil at the hands of the Greeks': not so much in regard of the wrong received by war, as the foul ravishments they had offered them by the Athenians.  
Hereupon she sendeth forth an Ambassador to Sagillus King of Scythia, whereby she made known that she and her people were of the race and offspring 
Orithia ctaveth aid si●● the Scythian king.  of Scythia, as also of the slaughter made upon their husbands: their want of armour, and the cause why these wars were undertaken. And the rather to incite him up unto their aid, showed the exceeding valour of their women, and what warlike enterprises they had attempted in glory of the Scythians. In which they accounted that Nation more honourable, for that the Women (in martial discipline) were nothing inferior to the men. The king duly considering the circumstances, and for that he stood upon the honour of his house, quickly gave consent to aid them in their distresses, and to that purpose appointed his only son Penaxagoras, accompanied with many gallants and a sufficient army of soldiers, both horse and foot, to effect this service against the enemy: (But mark the sinister chance of fortune) The time and place being appointed for the trial of the day, and joining of these two puissant Armies, 
Dissension the ●●nker of an Army.  a sudden dissension fell amongst them, whereby they that before came to their aid and succour fell away from them, and so left them to themselves, and in the end the Athenians put them to the worst: but though the Scithivus had forsaken them in their most need, yet with their whole camp they so assisted them afterward, that they were by them defended and guarded home into their own country without any violence offered of other Nations.  
After the death of Orithia, Penthesilea obtained the diadem, who left behind her a famous remembrance of her worthy acts in that great and mighty assembly of valiant men, and warlike Soldiers the Greeks' and Trojans, in the long wars that happened betwixt these two mighty Nations. At last Penthesilea 
Penthesilea slain.  being slain, and the greatest part of her Army wasted, those few that remained alive, (with much ado) defended themselves against their enemies, even unto the days of Alexander the great: at which time there reigned as Queen over them Minothea, (otherwise called Thalestris) who much desired the company of Alexander, which at last she obtained for the space of fourteen days, to the intent to have issue by him, and having herein satisfied her lust, returned home into her own land, and shortly after deceased, with whom the name of the Amazons utterly decayed, and in her ended. 
The last end of the Amazonian race.   
Here we return again to the Histories of the Scythians.  
THe Scythians had now made their third voyage into Asia, where they remained the space of seven years, separating themselves by this long stay out of the company and remembrance of their wives and children: For their wives being a long time wearied by their absence, supposed that the wars could not so continued, but rather gathered that they were all slain, and being herein resolved, they generally agreed to marry every one their servant (or slave) which their masters had left at home only to attend their herds of cattle. These things thus falling out by contraries, news was brought, that their masters were returning home with conquest, and brought along with them very large spoils: The servants to welcome them, banded themselves 
The bondmen of the Scythians made war upon their Masters.  together in most rebellious manner, and at their approach bade them a most sharp and dangerous fight, with full intent to give them not the reward of Masters, but accounting them as their enemies and strangers.  
The Scythians wisely considering, that by continuing wars against them they should now lose what before they had won, advised themselves to another kind of fight, and calling to their remembrance that they had not to do with an open enemy, but with their Slaves, (who were not to be tamed with force of arms) but by the law of bondage: brought with them into the field an abundant number of whips, instead of other weapons, and every man took unto 
What weapont the Scythians brought against their bondslaves.  him in place of a sword, a complete furniture of rods and smarting whips, (whereof it is general for bondslaves to stand in fear:) This counsel was generally applauded, and every man prepared himself with his furniture of whips to the field, and when they were within sight of the enemy, upon a sudden every man drew forth his whip, and began to yerk the same courageously: wherewith they struck such an amazement among their Slaves, that whom before they could not overcome by battle, they casily overcame by fear of whipping, and presently turned their backs and ran away, not like enemies vanquished by battle, but like a company of fearful Sheep, or runagate Slaves: And as many of them as was taken in pursuit, were presently condemned to the Gallows. The women also, that were guilty in this action, most desperately made havoc among themselves, some by weapons, and some by most inhuman violence hanged themselves.  
After this the Scythians lived in peace until the days of Lanthine their king, upon whom Darius king of Persia made war (as is before mentioned) because he would not give consent to have his daughter in marriage) and with seven hundred thousand men in arms, he entered into Scytbia● at last having spent sometime in great disdain, to give countenance to these his excursions, insomuch as they never made any show of giving battle to them, he fearing that if the bridge over the river of Danow should chance to be broke, he might 
Darius entereth into Sci thia with a great Army.  thereby be prevented and also enclosed, so that he could not return home again, retired back again over the water, in great fear, with the loss of fourscore and ten thousand men: and yet his numbers were so huge and mighty, that this loss was nothing accounted of. afterward he conquered the lesser 
Darius conquers Asia the less,  Asia, and Macedony, and the jonians, at Sea, and brought them also under his subjection: and having certain intelligence that the Athenians had aided the jonians against him, he fully bend all his power upon that Nation.  
And forsomuch as we are come to the wars and victories of the Athenians, which they compassed beyond all man's expectation, as also beyond all credit 
A digression to the acts of the Athenians.  they achieved: and forsomuch as the acts and deeds of the Athenians, were greater in effect, then in hope could any way be wished: therefore their original is to be set down in few words, because their increase came not from a base beginning to so high estate, as other Nations in former times have done.  
They boast highly as well of their first original, as also their great increase among themselves: for it was not by strangers, nor a multitude of rascals gathered from all parts of the world, that first founded that Cttiy: but they were bred and brought up, in that same soil and continent, whereas they still inhabited: and that the place of their dwelling, was also the place of their original beginning.  
They are held also for to be the first that had the use of weaving and making cloth, as also of Oil and wine: and whereas in former times men lived 
What thigns the athenians first muented  only upon Acorns, they by painful industry found out the use of the plough, and so in short time had corn in great abundance. And without doubt, all order of civil government, learning and clloquence, may well yield the Garland to this Nation of the Athenians.  
Before the days of Deucalion, they had a king was called Cecrops, (who if you will give any credit to the report of ancient fables) had two faces, and 
Deucalion said to have two faces.  therefore is said to be the first among the Heathen that joined men and women together, as it were a resemblance of marriage.  
After him succeeded Crandus, who had a daughter named Atthis, and she it was that gave name unto the Country. Next followed Amphitrion, and he first consecrated this City to Minerva, and so it came to be called Athens. In these days there came upon the land so great a 'slud, that the greater part of Greece was overflown thereby, which made so great havoc of the inhabitants that there was none escaped, save only such as could recover to the tops of mountains, or get into vessels or ships, and so sailed to Deucalion king of Thessaly, for which succour that this Nation found at his hand, they ever after reported him to be the only preserver and repairer of mankind. Than by order of succession, the kingdom descended to Erictheus, in whose time the sowing of corn was found out at Eleusis, by one surnamed Triptolemus: 
Sowing of Corn first found out.  In lieu of which benefit received, the night sacrifices were after instituted in the honour of Ceres.  
Aegeus also the father of Theseus reigned as sole Sovereign in Athens, 
Aegeus.  from whom Medea being divorced (by reason her son in-law Theseus was grown up to man's estate) took her journey to Colchos with her own son Medus, whom she bore by Aegeus. Than fell the kingdom upon Theseus, and after him to his son Demophoon, who bent all his powers in aid of the Greeks against the Trojans. There were many quarrels between the Athenians and the Doriens upon ancient and deadly grudgings, which the Doriens kept still in mind, intending a time of shape revenge upon them, but as yet found no fit opportunity to put in execution their long retained malice. In the end concluded that they would sand to the Oracle to ask counsel what might be done herein. They received this answer that they should get the better of their enemies, always provided that they laid no violent hand upon the king of Athens. hereupon when they came into the field, a general charge was given, that in no case the king should suffer any danger by the hand of any man. His name was Codrus the king of Athens, who had understanding both of the answer of Apollo, as also of the charge given through the camp of his enemies, 
Codrus  wherefore he stripped himself our of his princely robes, and so putting himself into a suit of rags, with a bundle of vine shreds on his neck, in which disguise, he attempted into the compe of his enemies, and being now amongst them there flocked a great throng of soldiers about him, wondering at this so misshaped an Antic, where he was slain by a common soldier, whom he had most grievously wounded with a hook of set purpose. The Doriens having understanding that he that was slain amongst them was Codrus the King, were so dismayed thereat, that they presently forsook the field, without any more resistance or strokes: And by this means the Athenians (by theresolution of their king and captain, who rather chose to put himself into the hands of death, rather than to make shipwreck of the safety of his Country) were prevented and delivered from this grievous war. With his death ended the 
Codrus the last King of Athens.  government, for after him was there never any more kings in Athens.  
Than become the government of the commonwealth into the hands of magistrates, who were yearly chosen and appointed thereunto. But the City 
Athens governed by ●●●●ly Magistrates.  was at that time unfurnished of any laws, by reason that the king's word or will was accounted ever for law amongst them: Than was there chosen to execute this yearly place one Solon, a man of marvelous uprightness, who took upon him to make laws, and so to make the City as it were a new City, by his 
Solon.  new laws. This man so bore himself between the people and the Senate, that although it were hard for one man to take such a course whereby both parties might rest contented, yet he so cunningly and so gravely behaved himself, that he at once gained equal goodwill from both.  
Among many worthy acts of this man, this one is to be recorded in everlasting memory: When the Athenians and the Megarenses had long fought, & endured many battles and much bloodshed, about the winning and keeping the Isles of Salamine, unto the which both made their claim and challenged as right, and had almost wasted and consumed themselves and their substance in maintnance of this war, Insomuch that the Athenians made it high Treason to any, that thereafter should make claim to any of those llandes. Hereupon Solon noting the strict edict that 
The wise policy of Solon  went out, grew exceeding sorrowful, lest by holding his speech, he should neglect the duty he aught unto the Common weal: again if he spoke, he brought himself within danger of the Law. To prevent both which eminent dangers to the State, he feigned himself stark mad, under which disguise, he might 
Solon feigned madness.  not only say, but do things forbidden: To this purpose, he put himself into a fools coat, and so runneth out amongst a multitude of people, and being in the middle of the rout (and the rather to further his intended purpose) in certain broken Rhymes and Metres, of all other to him most unacquainted, he began to incite and stir up the people to that thing which was most unlawful, wherein (although he were thus disguised) his words so wrought in the ears and judgements of the people, that suddenly they proclaimed open Wars against the Megarenses: In which attempt they overcame their Enemies, and brought back the Island under their subjection.  
The Megarenses being thns politicly prevented, shut not up their malice but practised some other way to revenge themselves upon the Athenians: 
The Megarenses seek revenge among the Noble-women.  whereupon they suddenly embarked themselves, upon set purpose to come & surprise all the Noble-women and Matrons of Athens, as they were at the celebration of their night Sacrifices unto the honour of Ceres, in the temple at Eleusis: Of this had knowledge one Pisistratus (a worthy Captain amongst the Athenians) who gave commandment the women should celebrated these ceremonies, in all points as they had done before, with iollitye and much rejoicing, whereby there should grow no suspicion, that they had heard any thing of their enemy's intent and purpose, and so laying certain bands of Soldiers in ambush abroad in divers places was ready at all assays to receive the enemy: At last the Megarenses had recovered the coast whereunto they sailed, landed their men, and began to rank them up in battle array, when upon the sudden Pisistratus broke upon them, and violently overcame them, and put them all to the sword, and forthwith entered into their Ships, (in which he put a great number of the women, thinking thereby to deceive and and make a show as if they were prisoners) and presently again spread their sails, taking the directcst course they could, to return back again to the Cittic Aegera.  
The townsmen of Megaera looking abroad, discovered their own Navy of ships to be floating upon the waters, and in those ships they might perceive 
The towns men of Megaera mistake  a multitude of women to be there amongst (all which they vainly supposed to be the booty they had so long sought after) they went forth to meet them, all which when Pisistratus perceived, he instantly raised a power of men and came against them, making much havoc and slaughter upon them, and had they not so suddenly recovered themselves again into their City, he had also been Lord and conqueror thereof. And thus all the devices and policies of the Megarenses, turned to the triumph and victory of the courageous Athenians.  
Pisistratus after all his great victories gotten, turned them unto his own private commodity, and not to the general good of the whole Nation, and 
Pisistratus by policy usurpeth  at last by usurpation and treason wound himself into the sole government and kingdom. To this end, by subtlety and set purpose, he suffered his body to be rend and mangled with whips and scourges at his own house, and in this lamentable manner, he cometh forth among the people, and when they were gathered together in a rout, showed his wounds, making most bitter exclamations against the Nobility, by whose censure he said this punishment was inflicted. In reporting of which complaints unto the people, the water trickled down his cheeks, wherewith (as also the reproachful speeches uttered against 
The multitude believe his hypocrisy.  the Nobles) he set the giddy-headed multitude on fire, making them believe that for the love he bore unto their common good, he was thus punished and hated of the whole Senate. When he had ended all his hypocritical Oration, they presently consented together to aid him with a very strong guard of men, which continually attended on his person: which having gotten, he not only employed as his guard to keep his person, but with that band of men, he also got the kingdom. He reigned the term of twenty and four years.  
Pisistratus being dead left behind him two sons, the one called Diocles, who ravished a maiden, and was slain by the brother of the same Maid: the other called Hyppias succeeded in the kingdom, when he was seated he gave strait command to apprehended the body of him that sluc his brother Dyocles, who being brought before him, he delivered over to be tormented in the cruelest manner could be inflicted, only to get from him the knowledge of all those who were any way consenting to the murder. This prisoner being resolute, nothing feared the stroke of death, but in the very extremity of this 
A notable strong resolution.  extorted misery, spoke of divers men who were the greatest and dearest familiar friends that were about this Tyrant, who laying hold upon his accusation, condemned them every man to present execution. His friends thus being dispatched, he said: Are there yet any more that are confederated in the blood of my brother. Not more (quoth he) alive, whom I would see dead, save thyself only: By which it evidently appeared, that he not only satisfied his hateful revenge upon the Tyrant, but also in some measure, rewarded the loss of his Sister's chastity.  
The Citizens also began to think upon the ancient liberties that they had possessed, and seeing that terror and tyranny governed all his actions, they gathered them together against him, and shortly after deposed him, and after that banished him for ever out of the Country. When he was thus dealt against, he took his course to Persya, and there made tender of his service unto Darius, who was ever a mortal enemy to the Athenians, and maintained continual hostility against them (as hath heretofore more at large been showed) and with him he served as a Commander, even in all their excurtions against his own country.  
The Athenians hearing of the approach of Darius, sent forth Ambassadors 
We come again to the history of Darius.  to the Lacedæmonians to crave aid against their enemies (who at that instant were also in league with the Persyans.) But when they perceived no quick return, considering their haste and much affairs in present hand (about religion) which held the space of four days, they resolved with themselves not to make any longer stay for their supply, but with their own forces, which was not above ten thousand ●●ong, (but well appointed, being all chosen men of their Cities) and one thousand Plateans who also aided them, they ventured forth to battle, against six hundred thousand of their Enemies, on the plains of Marathon.  
The chief Commander and captain of these forces, was committed unto Milciades, whose only council was, that rather than they should stay for 
The Noble courage of Milciades.  aid from any other Nation, they would courageously adventure, and with more advantage recover by speedy forwardness; then sustain loss by their sluggish linger. Whereupon they ran, as it were with great cheerfulness to the battle, and with resolute manliness so behaved themselves, that when as yet both the Armies were a mile asunder, they ran forward in such earnest manner, thinking to join with the enemy, before their enemies could make ready to discharge their multitude of Arrows upon them, that they suddenly in a manner gave them the foil: Neither was this haste without as good success, for this battle was so courageously performed, that any man's judgement 
The valour of the Athenians, and cowardice of the Persians'.  would have confessed, that on the one side they were courageous men, and on the other side, a multitude of most fainthearted and fearful Beasts. Thus the Persyans being overcome fled unto their ships, whereof many were sunk and many taken.  
In this battle every man bestowed his best endeavours, and their manhood exceeded high, and worthy everlasting renown. Amongst all others, the glory of one young man called Themystoeles, showed itself in great admiration, in whom there appeared such resolute performance, that it was every way likely, that for his valour he was the next to be elected and chosen chief Captain amongst them.  
Also there was one other (called Cynegarus) who was in account no better than a common soldier of Athens, whose praise is highly to be remembered amongst all Writers. This man, after innumerable slaughters received in the Battle, as also having pursued the Enemy in flight even to their ships, 
〈…〉  caught hold of a ship being fully laded, with his right hand, and therewith held her so fast she could not stir, till at last they chopped off his hand. His right hand being go in this manner, he laid hold upon her as before with his left hand, the which he also lost as he had his right: Than seeing both his hands smitten off, he caught hold of the ship with his teeth in such eager manner, that being neither discouraged by the great and heavy slaughter and effusion of blood, nor yet dismayed with the loss of both his hands, yet like a savage and wild beast he sought revengmenr even with his teeth. The Persians' lost in this battle two hundred thousand men, besides their ships. Hypias also the Tyrant of Athens, who only was the author of all these broils, was slain in this battle, upon whom just judgement was thrown down, for his unjust treachery against his own Nation.  
Darius also who in the mean time sought how to renew the war, died before he could accomplish the end of his purpose: who left behind him many sons, of which some were begotten before he was king, and other some in the time of his reign. Among the rest the eldest called Artobazanes made 
Artobazanes 〈◊〉 Xerxes both lay 〈◊〉 the kingdom.  claim unto the Crown, by prerogative of his age, alleging that by order of Law, by order of birth, by instinct of nature, and by custom of all Countries, only he it was that aught of right to be sacred in the place of his Father. Xerxes replied and said, that their controversy was not in regard of the order of their birth, but concerning the Nobility and worthiness thereof: Granting that indeed Artobazanes, was the first borne of Darius, but at that time Darius was but as any other man (a private person) but I myself was the first borne to Darius as he was a king: Wherhfore he further alleged, that those Brothers that were borne during that time their father was a subject, might very lawfully claim all such private inheritance as Darius then had, but in no case could lay any claim to the kingdom, which properly appertained to him, as the first begotten of his father, being seated and fully enthronized in the kingdom.  
Again, he farther urged, that Artobazanes was borne no better than a pri●ate person, not only by the father and mother's side, but by the grandfather on the mother's part: whereas he himself had a Queen to his mother, and as 
Xerxes' born of Royal blood.  for his father, he never knew him other then a king, and more his grandfather by the mother was also a king (namely Cyrus) who came not to the kingdom by order of succession, but was the main pillar and first founder of that famous and great Empire. And therefore, although their father had left them both equal right unto the Crown, yet in regard of his mother as also his grandfather, he aught rather to have the pre-eminence and preferment to the regal throne.  
This controversy being long debated betwixt them, was at last by free 
The controversy betwixt Xerxes and his brother for the kingdom.  consent of both parties, quietly and lovingly put unto the judgement and discretion of their uncle Artaphernes, as to an indifferent judge between them, who having long and deliberately advised of all the circumstances hereunto belonging, at last preferred Xerxes to the kingdom. This contention between these two was so mildly carried, that neither he had the kingdom boasted, nor he that held the worse part sorrowed for his loss: but in the greatest currant of all their contention, saluted each other with many rich presents, 
Brother's amity.  and daily associated, banqueted, and sported together, without either mistrust of treason, or fraudulent devices, and in conclusion the matter brought to a wished end, without all manner reproach: So well could brothers in those days divide even mighty kingdoms, rather than brothers in these times can endure either to part, or part with the lest Lordship, nay the lest parcel of land that falls amongst brothers.  
Xerxes' being thus mutually seated in the kingdom for the space of five years, gave all his whole employment and study, to set forward and continued 
Xerxes continueth his father's wars.  the Wars which his father had begun against the Greeks: Which when Demeratus king of the Lacedæmonians (who at that time was a banished man, and l●ued in king Xerxes' Court) understood, being more friend to his Country then to the king (notwithstanding all the kind entertain he had received) and yet further, to the intent they should not be oppressed nor surprised with sudden War, got to be brought him certain Tables of wood, in which Tables he wrote unto the Magistrates and governors of Sparta, all the whole proceed against them: Having thus done, he covered all that he had written in the Tables over with wax, lest if the writing were bore and uncovered it might bewray itself, or the new wax should make known or disclose his devise.  
This being done he called unto him one of his trusty Servants, to whom he delivered them, giving him in strait charge to take his direct way unto 
A cunning policy of Demetratus.  Sparta, and deliver those Tables to their chiefest magistrates: This messenger did all as his master gave him in charge, but when he had delivered the tables to the hands of the Lacedæmonians, they marveled much what might be the meaning hereof: and the more for that they could not discern any writing thereon, and yet they knew well enough that they were not sent in vain, and the more obscure it seemed to the eye, of the greater import was the business therein contained: whiles the men and magistrates were thus drowned in several opinions, and the effect of the matter no whit opened, the sister of king Leonides found out the meaning of the writer, and foe causing the wax to be scraped away by little and little, at last it evidently began to show out and fully appeared underneath, their whole proceed, and what course was intended against them.  
By this time had Xerxes ready in the field about seven thousand of his own kingdom and people, and three hundred thousand of all other nations: 
The mighty host of 〈◊〉  Insomuch as it hath not (and that for good cause) been reported, that his Army was of such multitudes, that as they traveled they drank all the Rivers dry, and further that the whole country of Greece, was scarce able to receive his host: It is also reported that he had a Navy of ten hundred thousand ships. This mighty host being thus gathered together, wanted nothing so much as a courageous and excellent chiestaine to be their guard: For if ye respect the king, he had a great deal more wealth than valour: for his realm 
Xerxes more wealthy than courageous.  was of that inestimable treasure, that though all the Rivers could not find them water to quench their thirst, yet had he more coin than could in any short time be spent And it is thus reported of him, that he was the last in fight, and the first that would run away. In danger he was fearful, out of danger proud and insolent: Finally, before he came to the chief trial of battle, he vaunted and gloried so much in his own strength, that (as if he had been Lord over-nature) he brought mountains to plain ground, and filled up valleys, making bridges over certain Seas, and cut through much main land, to make a nearer way for his ships to pass: His coming into Greece, as it was terrible, so his departure was as shameful and dishonourable: for when Leonides king of Spartans', with four thousand men had gotten the straits of Thermopyle, Xerxes in disdain of his small number, commanded that not a man more should give the assault upon them, save only those, whose kindred was slain at the battle of Marathon: who to revenge the deaths of their kindred, was the first that were brought to the jaws of death, and began the slaughter: and still as they were slain, new men came up in their rooms, till the slaughter was mightily increased: Three days lasted this dangerous battles, and the Persians' maintained the fight to their great loss: The fourth day, word was brought to Leonides, that twenty thousand of his enemies had taken the top of the hill, whereupon he began to exhort his partakers that they would departed for that time, and rather to reserve their aid till further opportunity might give occasion for the further defence of their Country: As for himself and his companies of Spartans, they would hazard the frown of fortune: alleging this for reason, that he accounted not so much his own 
The love of Leonides to his country.  life, as he did the general good of his Country, as also that there aught a remainder to be kept for the defence of Greece. When thus the pleasure of the king was published and fully made known, they all departed, saving the Lacedæmonians, and they would by no means leave him, but remained still with the King.  
In the beginning of this war, counsel was asked of Apollo at Delphos, where answer was returned, that either the king of the Spartans' must die the death, or the City be utterly destroyed. And therefore when Leonides should go onward 
The answer from the Oracle.  to these wars, he gave such worthy encouragement to his Soldiers and followers, that every man yielded himself willingly to die with their master. To this end he took the straits, that with that small number he had, he might win more honour, or else less danger to the commonwealth: wherefore having dismissed all that were about him, save only the Spartans, he began to call upon them that they should not forget themselves, that howsoever they fought, yet the end was, that they must be slain, and therefore counseled them to give no cause for after times to report, that their hearts served them better to abide the fight, then fight with courage, urging still upon them that they must be very watchful and careful in all their affairs, and not stand still and so give way to Idleness, and so the enemy getting advantage compass them about to their utter ruin: but ●rather labour by the contrary, to prevent their enemies by all advantages. Assoon as night approached, and opportunity offered, they set upon the enemy while they in careless manner were frolic in their Tents (for Conquerors cannot die more honourably, then in the Camp of their Enemies.) Upon these his words unto them, they put themselves in Arms, and being but six hundred strong, broke violently 
The valour of Leonides and the Spartans'.  into the Camp of five hundred thousand: at last they came to the Kings own Pavilion, of set purpose either to die with him, or if by multitudes they were overcome, yet would they make their tombs within the kings own tent. Upon this sudden action, all the Camp was in an uproar, and the Lacedæmonians, seeing the king not to be found, ranged still throughout the camp as Conquerors, ripping up with their sword, and spoiling all that came in their way, as men that came not in hope of victory, but only to revenge their own deaths.  
This battle continued in this furious manner, from the closing up of the Sun, all that night, and most part of the next day, yet was neither party utterly overcome, but both weary of overcoming, fell down dead amongst the heaps of dead enemies.  
Xerxes had now received a second loss in battle upon the Land, wherefore he intended to leave the land-fortune, and venture next at Sea. But Themystocles (a great captain among the Athenians) hearing that the jonians (in whose quarrel the king of Persya made all this war) were come up to the aid of the Persians' with a great Navy of ships, began to beaten out what they intended, to see if it were possible by any means to draw away and allure them to take his part: and in that he could not well compass a personal presence with them, he commanded these words following to be engraven upon certain stones, which stones were set up at every Port where they should come on shore. 
A notable policy of Themistocles.   
What mad men are ye (OH ye jonians?) or what mischief do you intent? purpose ye to raise war upon those who were your first and original founders, and now of late your new revengers? have we builded and re-edified your walls, 
His Oration.  to the intent you should take upon you to destroy ours? what if we had not these occasions of war: First with Darius, and now with Xerxes? seeing we forsook ye not, when he rebelled against us, why do ye not forsake that siege, and fly unto us, and partake of our companies? If you persuade yourselves, you cannot do this without great danger, yet at lest when the battles shall be joined, you may easily slip aside, and then by withdrawing your ships, quite forsake the battle.  
Before this encounter, Xerxes sent forth four thousand men to Delphos, 
Xerxes overthroweth the Temple of Apollo.  thinking to make havoc of the Temple of Apollo, accounting it not a sufficient revenge upon the men, but warred also even with the Gods, but the their reward was, that they were destroyed by Thunder and lightning, letting them understand, that the more the Gods are angered with men, the less power hath man against God. Afterwards, he set fire on the Cities of Thespy, Plate and Athens: but the people were fled before forth of those Cities, and seeing he could not destroy the people by the sword, he revenged himself upon their houses by fire.  
The Athenians after the battle at Marathon (by the counsel of Themistocles, who told them that the victory which they had gotten over the Persyans, was but the beginning of a far greater war) made a fleet of Ships of two hundred sail: So that when Xerxes made out towards them, they sent to ask counsel of the Oracle at Delphos, what was to be done, which gave unto them this answer, that they must provide and make up wooden walls, for their 
The council of the oracle.  more sure defence and safeguard: Themistocles thinking it was meant of Ships, persuaded the people, that the Country signityed not the walls but the men: neither that a City was not so called of the houses, but of the Citizens and inhabitants: and therefore it was more safety to betake themselves to their 
themystocles un●oldeth the Oracle.  ships, rather than to put too much confidence to their walled towns: This counsel of his was generally applauded, whereupon leaving their Cities they conveyed their wives and children, with all their rich Ornaments and jewels, into unknown islands, and there caused them to make their safest abode: all which when they had put end unto, they put themselves in arms, and presently took shipping, after whose example, other Cities did in like manner.  
Therefore all the whole flect of their partners and partakers being thus assembled together in the compass of the narrow Seas, which adjoineth to the I'll of Saltmine, thereby in time to prevent a further mischief, lest they should be enclosed by the great and puissant power of Xerxes, even then (I say) when they were in the depth of consultation, how this fight at sea might be best maintained, there arose among them a sudden and unlooked for disturbance 
A mutiny amongst the Princes.  and variance, amongst the Princes of the Cities: every one bethinking how he might priu●ly break up, and steal home to resist the Enemy, and defend his own.  
Upon this breach of their own peace amongst themselves, Themistocles was stricken into a thousand fears (lest by the departure of his friends and 
Themystocles keepeth all his forces.  companions, his strength should be hereby brought to extreme weakness) sent a lusty servant unto Xerxes, that if ever, now was the fittest time, and with greatest ease, and small loss, to take all Greece together at one instant, and in one place: whereas otherwise if every man were suffered to departed his own way, and also to his own City (as they had amongst them determined to do) it would ask great travail and trouble, to make pursote after so great a multitude, being departed one after another,  
By this policy, the king gave a sudden signal to the battle, and the Greeks perceiving that they were prevented, by this so sudden approaching of their enemies, reunited themselves together, and joined battle with their enemy. During all this fierce fight on both parts, Xerxes stood aloof, as he had been a looker on, and (being guarded with a good number of sufficient Ships, well 
The val●●nt resolution of Queen Artemisia.  manned for the fight) lay still within the road, without striking any stroke: But Artemysia the Queen of Halicarnassus, (who of purpose came to the aid of Xerxes) fought furiously amongst the thickest, and ever cast herself amongst the foremost Captains in this battle: So that Xerxes showed in himself an effeminate fearfulness, & in this Queen appeared a resolute and manly courage.  
In the heat of this Battle, the jonians, according as Themystocles had given in charge, began by little and little, to withdraw themselves out of the press, which raised a great discouragement to the whole Army: Insomuch as the Persyans began to look out which way was best for them, to retire themselves, 
The Persians' discomfited by Sea.  and so if it were possible to make a sudden escape, wherein they threw themselves into so confussed a disorder, that they drew upon themselves an utter overthrow, and finally were put to a most shameful flight: In which discomfiture many ships were taken, and many sunk, but many there were among them, that more feared the king's cruelty, than the fury of the Enemy, and therefore secretly stole away, and betook them to their several homes.  
This slaughter and havoc made in the Army, stroke Xerxes into a wondered fear, so that he stood as one amazed and knew not what to determine: 
The counsel of Mardonius.  till at the last there came unto him one Mardonius, and counseled him to departed home into his kingdom, with all the hast he could, for fear the rumour of an overthrow (which commonly addeth to things that which they are not) mightraise an insurrection amongst his subjects, before he could recover himself to be amongst them, and that he should leave with him three hundred thousand of the tallest and most sufficientest picked Soldiers of the army, with which companies he might either (to his honour) subdue all Greece, or (if it otherwise fell out) without dishonour to his Majesty, give place to his Enemies.  
This counsel of Mardonius, was generally well allowed of, whereupon the fore-remembered number of men were given unto him in charge, and the king with the remainder of his host, and all the hast they possible could, made return home into his own land.  
The Greeks' having knowledge of the king's flight, presently drew to counsel, how it might suddenly be brought to pass, that the bridge which he (as being Lord of the Sea) had made at Abydus, might be razed down and broken, to the intent that thereby his passage might be hindered and clean cut off, or else he with his whole army might be utterly destroyed and brought to such an exigent, as if not clearly overcome, he might be compelled at the lest to desire peace at their hands.  
Themystocles fearing lest if his enemies should be stopped of their passages, that it might thereby increase their courage, and so turn their despair into hardiness, insomuch as they saw no way but death on every side, and so make way by fury of their swords, told them that there were already too many enemies 
Themistocles sendeth his servant a second time to Xerxes.  in Greece, and therefore his judgement no way allowed, that they should by such indirect means keep or hinder them against their wills. At last, perceiving that his counsel was generally rejected, he sent the same servant again to Xerxes, acquainting him with all their whole intent, and therefore wished him to make all the speed he could possible, if he meant to escape their furious malice bend against him.  
The king at this sudden news, was now again stricken into an exceeding fear, wherefore he delivered over all his huge Army, unto several captains, 
Xerxes slieth for fear.  to be by them delivered home, whilst he himself with those few stragglers that were left, made toward Ahydos: where finding the bridge broken with the fury and tempests of the Winter, he ferried over very fearfully in a Fisher's boat.  
This was a thing worthy note: to behold as in a glass the frailty of this world's honour: how that he was now glad to be harboured up in a little boat, which but 
A worthy note of man's frailty.  even a little before, all the Sea could scarce be able to receive, and also to see so great a king clean bereft of all attendance, and service, whose armies (by reason of their huge multitudes) was even a burden to the earth: neither had those Armies that he had assigned over to several Captains, any better success by land: For notwithstanding their daily travel (as scarcely there can be little rest, where there is continual fear) they were surprised with so sudden and unsufferable measure of hunger, that the very want of victuals, brought upon them the pestilence, where of they died in such great abundance, that the 
Pesilence andfamine a one time in the Persian hoa●.  ways were covered with the dead carcases: so that the beasts and fowls being drawn into these places by desire of pray; were the continual companions that followed the host.  
In this mean time Mardonius took the City of Olynthus in Greece, by assault: also he entreated with the Athenians about a peace to be concluded between them and the king, promising that he would make good all their Cities 
Mardonius winneth Olynthus.  or other places, unto which they had offered any manner violence, either by fire or otherwise, and also to make them far larger and fairer than before: But when he saw they would not sell their liberty for any worlds good, he set on fire that which they had begun to build again, and from thence passed with his army into Beotya, whether followed him also all the host of the Greeks (which was an hundred thousand men) and there they fought a mighty battle: But the changing of the Captain changed not the king's fortune: For Mardonius being overcome, escaped with a few Soldiers (even as one delivered from a churlish shipwreck) his tents, wherein was all manner of treasure, after 
Mardonius 〈◊〉 overcome.  a most princely triumph were taken and rifled: where upon the Greeks' (when they had parted the gold of the Persians' amongst them) grew into so great disorder and riot, that it was a hard matter for their Governors and leaders to pacify their outrageous tumults: Also the same day that Mardonius 
Mutiny amongst the Soldiers for the Persians' gold.  host was overthrown, there was another fierce and great battle fought upon the Sea against the Persians', in Asia, not far from the mountain surnamed Mycale: where some small time before the encounter, as both the fleets were in a readiness prepared to the battle, on the sudden news ran clean through both the Armies, that the Greeks' were the men on whom Fortune had bestowed the better of the day, and that the whole host of Mardonius and his followers were utterly discomfited and overthrown: so swift was Fame's Trumpet, that whereas this great battle was fought in Beotya, but in the beginning of the morning, yet before the noontide of the suns progress, the rumour of either the loss or victory, was spread so far in so short a moment of time.  
When these wars were come to end, and that by long consultation, it was determined how every City should be rewarded, by a general voice, the Athenians were judged to have borne themselves herein most valiantly: 
The m●stocleses highly advanced fox his valour.  Again descending amongst every private Captain, the whole verdict ran upon Themystocles, as chief and principal, which added unto him an exceeding credit and renown of all the chief inhabitants of the whole country. Thus grew the Athenians into high esteem, and were so worthily increased both in riches and honour, that they began to build their City new out of the ground: These tidings came to the ears of the Lacedæmonians, how that the Athenians had enchroched and taken in more ground then in former times, and so far enlarged the walls of their City, that they had them in great lclousie, and wisely bethought themselves what might be the end hereof, and what strength they might grow unto by peace, seeing they had so well prosyted by the spoil thereof: wherefore they presently dispatched Ambassadors, unto them to warn them not to build fortresses to nourish up their enemies, neither with strong holds to furnish the wars that was very like to fall forth hereafter.  
Themystocles perceiving that they began to repined at the raising up of their City, and considering that it stood him upon to take in hand nothing unadvisedly: 
The wise demeanour o● Th●●●●●d●s.  gave answer to the Ambassadors in this manner: that certain of the gravest of their commonwealth should go back with them to Lacedaemon, to confer at full with them concerning this matter. Thus having dispatched the Ambassadors of Sparta: he wished the Citizens to make all hast they could in their work, and shortly after himself took the embassage in hand: In which journey, what with sometime feigning himself sick, and what by putting fault in the slackness of such as were joined with him in commission (without whom he could not determine any thing) that he at last delayed the time so long, that in the mean space they had fully put an end, to their long and tedious works: Tidings was brought to Lacedaemon, that notwithstanding all offers that was made, the building of the City went on a pace at Athens: whereupon they appointed new Ambassadors again, to take the journey and return certain word, whether it was true had been reported.  
When Themystocles saw how things were carried, and that their iclousie more and more increased, he sent a certain servant of his own with letters to all the chief magistrates of Athens, containing thus in effect: that they 
Themystocles sendeth letters to the whole Magistracy.  should make stay of the Spartan Ambassadors, lest that they should offer him any violence, till they heard further from him being at Lacedaemon: having this done, he went boldly before the whole Senate or counsel of the Lacedæmonians, certifying for truth that Athens was now thoroughly fortified, and more than that, it was able to withstand the force of any enemy, not only by sword, but by the strength of their walls also: and therefore if they offered unto him any other then fair play, in regard of what he had done, their Ambassadors, which they had lately sent, were kept as Hostages for his preservation and safety at Athens, withal, he grew upon them in such high terms, and foul rebukes, for that they coveted to have the sovereignty over them, which they could not maintain by their own powers, but must crave help, from other nations of whom when they stood in most need, could tender them but very weak helps: having thus demeaned himself, in such triumphant manner over the Lacedæmonians, he was suffered to departed, and was joyfully received at home amongst his own Citizens.  
After this the Spartans' (fearing lest their forces should be weakened by a 
The spartans make war upon the Persians'.  slavish Idleness, as also having kept themselves for revenge upon the Persians', which twice before had made inroads upon the Greeks') out of their own voluntary, invaded the borders of their Empire: They chose for Captain and principal over them, both of their own Armies, as also of the armies of their Compettitors and adherents, one called Pausanias: this fellow, being thus chosen amongst them could not content himself with being their Captain 
Pausanias worketh treason.  or general, but in the end, (urged by ambition) coveted the regaltye and kingdom of Greece: to this end he conspired with Xerxes, upon this condition, that he might receive the King's daughter in marriage: and for that the King should gather no mistrust, he voluntarily sent home all the prisoners, which before he had taken freely without ransom. Moreover, he wrote unto Xerxes, on this manner, that whatsoever messenger he sent unto him, he should put him to present execution, for fear that by some whisperinges all their plots might be destroyed: But Aristides the chief Captain of the Athenians (being chosen also his equal and fellow Governor in all these 
Aristides preventeth the Treason  wars) in that he opposed himself against all his enterprises, and that he very wisely foresaw what was most like to ensue hereof, unfolded and revealed all the whole intentes and purposes of these treasons: Whereupon Pausanias being arraigned, convicted, and found guilty, was accordingly with all hast they could executed. But as for Xerxes, when he perceived that all their 
Pausanias' condemned.  plots and conspiracies were disclosed, determined once more to proclaim open wars against the Grecians.  
The Grecians preparing themselves in readiness to receive the foe, appointed for their Captain, one Cymo of Athens, the son of one Milciades, who 
Cymo made great captain  was their Grand Captain at the battle of Marathon, a very Noble young Gentleman, whose virtuous and forward disposition, declared before hand, what honour and valour was likely to attend him in all his adventures: for his father being cast into prison for robbing the common treasury was in the said prison found dead and might not be admitted burial, he submitted himself into the same setters of Iron which his father ware, took upon him his father's offences whereby he redeemed the dead body of his Father, and gave it burial. 
His natural love to his father.  And on the other side their trust in him was not deceived, in that they called him to so great a place: for he was a man of such courageous spirit (as also his father before him) that he vanquished and clean overcame Xerxes both by Land and Sea, forcing him fearfully to retire home into his own kingdom.  
The end of the second Book.   

THE third BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Xerxes' and his sons are slain, by the treason of Ar●abanus. Artaxerxes revengeth the death of his father. The Lacedæmonians and the Athenians fall at variance: Lycurgus maketh laws and willingly banisheth himself. The Lacedæmonians make war upon the Messenians. The Partheniens place them selves at Tarent in Italy. Messene rebelleth and is subdued. War is renewed between the Lacedæmonians and the Athenians. The Lacedæmonians break the truce. The notable demeanour of Pericles. Truce is taken again and broken by the Lacedæmonians.  
THis Xerxes great king of Persia (to whom was added this name; The terror of all other Nations) when he had sped so unfortunately in his wars in Greece, was held in a general contempt amongst all his subjects: whereupon 
Xerxes' slain by treason.  Artabanus (a principal Lieutenant of his kingdom) perceived the glory and estate of the king daily to decay, and foolishly soothing up his own conceits, that he might very easily enjoy the kingdom, notwithstanding his seven sons, (who were all very tall and strong men) upon an evening entered the king's palace, (for the king reposed such confidence in him, that it was lawful for him, to come and go whensoever he pleased) and seizing upon the person of the king, shamefully murdered him.  
Having thus slain the king, he sought also how by some acquaint slight or 
The treason of Artabazanus.  policy he might destroy his children, of whom he stood in doubt, that they should hinder his enterprises: But as for Artaxerxes which was a very child, he thought he might abuse him as he listed; and to the intent he might the sooner compass the kingdom, he bore him in hand that the king was murdered by Darius, who was grown up to man's estate: by which devise he compelled Artaxerxes to revenge the murder of the king with murder of his brother. When they came to the lodging of Darius, they found him, as if he had been asleep, and presently drawing forth their Weapons they fell upon him and murdered him.  
After Artabanus, perceiving that yet for all this mischief, there remained one of the king's sons alive, and fearing that the peers of the Realm, would stand to him to place him in the kingdom: made one Baccabassus of his counsel, this man contenting himself with his present estate, utteily disallowed those his treasons, and thereupon went and bewrayed the whole plot 
The ●●●son 〈◊〉.  to Artaxerxes, first how his father was shamefully murdered, next, that his brother upon false intelligence was put to the sword, and lastly, that there was violent treasons in hand against his own person: when Artaxerxes heard hereof (and growing into a great fear of Artabanus, for that he had so many 
〈…〉.  sons) commanded all his Armies to be mustered up the next day in Armour, for he in person, would both take a special view of their number, as also cucry man's acctivitic in handling his weapons.  
Among the rest Artabanus also stood out in complete Armour, who when the king cspied, he feigned that his Curate was too short for him, and therefore commanded Artabanus to change curates: Artabanus nothing mistrusting, did as he was commanded, and as he was putting it off, he King taking him upon advantage, suddenly thrust him through with his sword, and withal presently commanded that all his sons should be apprehended, and kept in prison, while his displeasure was further satisfied. And so this worthy young Prince revenged the death of his father, and the murder of his brother, as also freed himself from the treasons of Artabanus.  
While these broils happened amongst the Persians', in the mean time all Greece fell into civil dissension, dividing itself the one part against the other 
A civil dissension among the Greeks'.  (whereof one part followed the Lacedæmonians, and the other part followed the Athenians, turning the point of their weapons into their own bowels. On the one side the Lacedæmonians drawn unto their part, all such forces as were before waged at the common charge of every City, for the defence of the whole country: while the Athenians upon the other side stood upon their renown, not only of their ancestry, as also of their own famous exploits in mylitarie discipline, and therefore were resolute, and stood only to that strength, which they could well maintain amongst themselves: Thus two of the mightiest people throughout all Greece, both of them also equal in the execution of the statutes of Solon, and the laws of Lycurgus, through mere envy at the good and flourishing estate one of the other, were swallowed up through civil dissension.  
As for Lycurgus he succeeded his brother Polibita in the kingdom of Sparta, 
jastice to be preferred before a crown.  and although he might very lawfully have challenged the kingdom as his own right, yet willingly he made surrender thereof, and with so great faithfulness unto his Son Charilaus, (who was borne after the death of his father) assoon as ever he grew up unto man's estate: to the intent that all men might see and understand, how much more good men do esteem of their faithful dealing, than all the riches of the world beside: Also in the nonage of the child (of whom as protector he had the government) he devised Laws and Statures to be put in due execution amongst the Spartans' (who till this time were altogether destitute) in which labour of his, he deserved everlasting renown, not only in that he provided such laws, as for the good example that he gave for the preserving and keeping of them: These were his laws in effect.  
First, he taught the people how to tender their due obedience towards the Prince, and the Prince how to carry himself to the administration of justice 
●ycurgus and 〈◊〉 L●●es.  among the people. He persuaded all estates and degrees to beware of gluttony, and to be sparing in their diet, for in his judgement he thought that war would be the better maintained, where the goods that they got by moderation, was also thriftily preserved and kept: he also ordained that their might be a general buying and selling amongst men, but not for ready money but by exchanging of Wares, one with another.  
The use of Gold and Silver (as the only occasion of much mischief) he utterly took away from amongst them. The government of the commonweal, he distributed into certain estates and degrees of men: He allowed unto the king absolute power and authority in all matters concerning the wars: unto the Magistrates, he allowed authority in judgements, and other courses in law. Among whom he ordained, that they should hold their places, but the term of one year at the most. Unto the Senators and Sages amongst the people it fell out to see these laws put in execution, to the commons he gave power to elect and choose the Senators, or to appoint what Officers they pleased to give consent unto. He caused their Lands to be denided to every one part and part like, only to this intent and purpose, that every man having alike, no man should accounted himself better than his neighbour.  
He ordained that they should all eat and drink openly, to the intent no man should in secret use any manner of excess or superfluity: He permitted the younger sort of men to wear but one garment in the year, neither one man to exceed another in apparel, nor one fare better than another, lest by the evil example of one, it should entice and draw on others to the like riot: Any child 
The bringing up of children  whatsoever, being under the age of fifteen years, was not suffered to come into the King's court, but straightly commanded to be kept up in the Country, where they might daily behold nothing but extreme labour and travail, and by these examples might shun idleness and know the want of good education: Also, when they slept, nothing was suffered to be laid under their heads to rest upon, neither might they taste of dainty food, nor return into the City till they were grown to man's estate.  
He also made a law that maidens should be married without any dowry, and in that law ordained that men in choosing wives, should profess love only, 
Marriage of maidens  and not to marry as in these times for the love only of money, he thinking by this law to have the bonds of Matrimony more firmly kept and observed: He ordained that greatest reverence should be given (not to richmen, nor men in authority,) but unto the aged, accounting them worthiest reverence, 
Reverence to the aged.  for their many years: And to give them their due, there is no one place in the world, where age is more honoured, then amongst the Spartans'.  
These laws and precepts at the first seemed hard, heavy, and tedious, especially to such as in all their times before, were wont to line at liberty, therefore the worst in three several battles, brought the Lacedæmonians to such a strait, that to supply their Armies, they were feign to make all their bondmen free, as also to make faithful promises to them, that it should be lawful for them to take the wives of such as were slain, not only to supply their places to make up the number, but to possess all their estates and worships whatsoever.  
The kings of the Lacedæmonians feared belike that in striving against Fortune, they might still come by the worst, and so endanger their Country and people the more, determined to have conveyed home again all their host of men, if Tyrteus had not at that instant come amongst them: who summoning all his Armies together, rehearsed before them certain verses, that he himself had composed and set together, wherein he had contained, nothing but encoragements of war, comforts for the loser, and policies and stratigems in service: by which he set all his Soldiers on such a fire of courage, that taking more thought for their burial, than their lives, every man put upon his right armea bracelet, whereupon he caused to be engraved his own name, and also the name of his father, only for this intent and purpose, that if it were his fortune to be slain in the battle, and thereby might lie so long a 'bove ground that they could not be known by their visages, at lest those bracelets, might make them to be regarded, that so they might yet at last have human burial.  
When the kings had taken knowledge of this their resolution, they caused 
The courage of the Messenians.  their forwardness to be sounded forth into the ears of their enemies: which nothing astonished the Messenians, but rather increased their fury more violently: In which encounter they behaved themselves so courageously on both parts, that it grew to be the bloodiest day that had been heard of in many ages long before: yet as the longest Summers day hath his end, so had the fury of these violent broils, and the Lacedæmonians remained Conquerors.  
At another time, (some respite of years coming betwixt) the Messenians now made a third insurrection and rebellion: At which time amongst other, 
The Messenians the third ●●me 〈◊〉.  the Lacedæmonians craved the aid of the Athenians, as before times they were wont: of whose faith and trustiness, they had conceived some hard measure, wherefore when they were come unto them, they showed themselves strange towards them, making as though they had small need of their furtherance, and in fine for a revenge of their former injuries that they received, sent them home again to their own Country, without further employment at that time.  
The Athenians judged hereof as a froward and churlish disgrace, and in the heat of their displeasure, fetched away all the chiefest treasure and money that was laid up and stored at Delos, by the whole power of Greece, for the maintenance of their wars against the Persyans, and brought it to Athens: fearing, lest if the Lacedæmonians should be the first that violated the league, they might have seized thereupon, and made purchase and spoil thereof. This drove the Lacedæmonians more and more out of quiet, for in that they were entangled in wars, against the Messenians, they waged the Penoponnesians to 
Eney ne●●r satisfied.  make war against the Athenians: who were very weak and of small power to resist, by reason chiefly that they had at that instant sent a great Nany of Ships iuto Egypt, and therefore being set upon at sea, were soon discomfited and overcome.  
Within a while after their fleet arrived safe at home, being increased both in number of ships, and strength of men, whereupon having hearts burning with revenge, they reunited again the wars, and made head upon the enemy: whereupon the Lacedæmonians left the Messenians, and turned all their forces upon the Athenians. Long held the heat of the battle, doubtful to whether part the day would be assigned, and so indeed it fell forth, for after many slaughters, gaping wounds, and maimed soldiers on both sides, they both remained equal victors of the day. Hereupon the Lacedæmonians were still bound to maintain the wars with the Messenians (and yet were loath that the Athenians should be idle all the while) covenanted with the Thebans, to restore them back, the kingdom of Beotia, (which before time were taken from them in the time of the Persian wars) upon condition that they should continued war with the Athenians: so mad and enraged were the Lacedæmonians, that although they were now already engaged into two several wars, against two several Nations, yet they sticked not to undertake a third, only to give scope to their revengeful hate against the common adversary.  
Whereupon the Athenians, to ptevent mischances, and to withstand these boisterous tempests of war, chose from among them two Captains and 
Pericles a worthy man of war.  chief Lords: the one called Pericles, (a man of tried virtue and experience) and Sophocles, who was only a writer of tragedies: These two valiant commanders, had the charge of two Armies, who wasted the territores of the Spartans exceedingly, and as they went along subdued many cities of Achaia to the Empire of Athens. Thus was the pride of the Lacedæmonians cast down, by these misfortunes, and in the end were forced to make a peace for thirty years: which notwithstanding, they still retained a private grudge against the Athenians, in so much that they made shipwreck of their league, before 
The Lacedæmonians make a pease and break it  the term of fifteen years were fully accomplished, and in despite both of gods and men, invaded the borders and territories of Athens: wherein, that they might not be accounted to thirst after spoil only, they suddenly made them offer of battle: The Athenians (by the counsel of their Captain Pericles) delayed the revenge for wasting of their Country until fit opportunity 
The discreet policy of Pericles.  might give advantage to pay them home for their truce-breaking & accounted it but mere folly to trouble themselves any further at that time, considering that ere many days were passed, they might revenge all their wrongs, with more profit and advantage, and less danger of loss unto themselves.  
Whereupon a little after they made a great preparation of men, money, & munition, and suddenly embarking their forces, put forth to sea, or ever the Lacedæmonians got knowledge of them, and suddenly arriving upon the borders of Sparta, wasted all the Country before them, and carried away with them far more spoil, than made good four fold the loss that they had before received of the enemy: Honourable was this voyage of Pericles, but a greater honour was it accounted for him, in that he not only undertook this dangerous service, but that he forsook even all the earthly possessions that he had about him only to attempt revenge for his Countrymen the Athenians: although the Spartans' before time had spoiled all other men's lands and livings, yet they departed, not daring to touch one jot of that was called his, hoping thereby, either to bring slander and envy upon him amongst his Countrymen: or if the worst fell out (which they rather coveted) he might have been reputed amongst them as a Traitor: This did Pericles gather an insight into, and therefore made known unto the inhabitants what would come to pass, and in the end to free himself out of all suspicion, he royally gave all those lands and livings to the good of the whole commonwealth, whereby the evil fortunes that they sought to throw upon him to his high disgrace, by his provident care and wise demeanour, become his everlasting fame and renown.  
After this, there was another very fierce fight upon the Sea, in which the Lacedæmonians, were put to the worst, and betook themselves to flight: and 
〈…〉.  from that time forward they ceased not to slay and kill one another, either by sea or land, as fortune favoured either parties. Finally being overtoyled and wearied out with so many mischiefs, following one in the neck of another, they again desired that they might have a peace concluded for thirty years, which was accordingly agreed upon, but long this lasted not; for before six years were fully ended, they again revolted: for the truce which they had taken in their own names, they thought they might lawfully break in regard 
Truce broken again by the Lacedæmonians.  of their neighbours: as though the perjury committed on the behalf of their complices, might more lawfully be maintained, in their quarrels, then if themselves had offered violence by open war. After these broils, the wars were removed into Sycill: which as yet I mean not to handle, but proceed to entreat and set down somewhat of the situation of that Isle.  
The end of the third Book.   

THE FOURTH BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe description of Sycill, with the strange wonders thereof. Aeolus taketh upon him the Crown and government of the same. After his decease, every City was governed by his Tyrant, amongst whom Anaxilaus governeth one City. He contendeth much against the cruelty of the other Tyrants. He striveth to maintain upright justice and equity. The inhabitants of Rhegium are cruelly dispossessed of their City, by their own confederates. The Cathanensis and Syracusans are at fowl jars: The Athenians give aid unto the Cathanensis. Truce is granted to the Syracusans. The Athenians again give fresh succour unto the Cathanensis. Gylippus comes in the rescue of the Syracusans. He overcometh the Athenians, both by Land and Sea, and in the end giveth a final overthrow, both in their men as also in their Shipping.  
COncerning Sicily, some Ancients hold that it was near 
The description of Sicily  adjoining to the Territories of Italy, and that as a member of the body it was (as it were) rend and torn asunder by violence and rage of the upper Sea, which in full course, hath the fury of her waves continually beating thereupon. The earth of these parts is wondrous brittle, 
The nature of the Soil.  and full ofholes and pipes in the ground, by reason whereof it lieth open to every blast of wind: Besides, the nature of this soil is such, that of itself it engendereth, and nourisheth fire: for the substance of the mould within, is much after the nature of Brimstone and Rosen, so that by means hereof it cometh to pass, that the wind having such violence and beating upon the fire, that lieth hidden in the innermost parts of the earth, sendeth forth in many places, somewhiles flashes of fire, other somewhiles again most unsavoury and dangerous vapours, and at 
Many Tales conceited of Aetna.  some other times again, continual duskish and smolthering smokes. Upon these flashes of fire, that are there so often and continually seen, groweth that fire that is feigned to be continually burning out of the mountain called Aetna, which hath continued many thousand years: and when there chanceth any extraordinary wind in these foresaid holes, great heaps of sand are at that instant found to be purged and cast out of them.  
The next Country that fronteth Italy is Rhegium: so called of the Greeks, & in their language so term things that are broken off one from another. It is not greatly to be inaruailed at, that in former times, there went many fables of this place, into which there is conveyed so many strange things to be seen. 
The rage of their narrow Seas.  First, there is not any narrow sea in all the world so outrageous as in this place, not so much for the violence and swift passage of the waves, as also the extreme meeting of the tides: so that it is not so terrible only to those that try the same, but even to the beholders hereof, although they be a great way distant. Again there is so horrible a noise when the waves thereof do meet, that men may easily discern some as it were running away, clean overwhelmed in the whirlpooles, and other some in manner of conquerors, proudly bearing themselves aloft with victory. Moreover, in one place ye may hear the extreme rage and roaring of the tide●; in another place, the heaviness, & as it were sigh thereof, when it sinketh into the Gulf: and by the voiolent workings of the water, and continual burning of the mountain Aetna and the Isles of Aeolus, it may seem that these fires are nourished by the water: for otherwise it is not possible that so huge a fire should otherwise continued for so long a season, in so small a room.  
Upon this was founded the tales of Scylla and Charybdis, which made men believe in sailing thereby that they heard the continual barking of dogs, and beheld fearful monsters, to appear unto them, which indeed was nothing else, 
The fables of Scill● and Charybdis  but the violent waves falling down into the Gulf, and in the fall beating and working one against another: The like to this may be accounted of the continual since burning in the mountain of Aetna, for the meetings of the waters, draweth the wind with such rage into the bowels of the earth, and there holdeth it penned up so long, till being spread into the forenamed holes of the earth, it setteth the Sulphur matter into a burning flame.  
Italy and Sicily are so nearly united together, & the head-lo●ds of both countries so like one the other in height, that behold, so much the more as we 
Italy and 〈◊〉 nearly knit together.  now wonder at the same, even so much men in former ages were afraid there of, verily persuading themselves that the hills had met together, and upon some displeasure taken were parted one from another again and that between these two hills, whole navies of shipping had been swallowed up and never after to be seen again: neither was these things devised in old times for any pleasantness that they found in the report thereof, but only through fear and astonishment of such passengers as had taken their courses that way. For such is the nature of that place, that whosoever beholdeth it a far off would rather judge a shutting or pinning up of the Se● in that place, rather than any passage to be found therein, and the nearer a man approacheth he would take it that the Mountains were movable, and did even as it were one part from another.  
Sycill was first called by the name of Trynacria, and afterward, it was called 
The several 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  Sycama. This Island from the beginning was accounted the chief habitation of the Giants, which had but one eye, and that stood only in the forehead 
Giants call●d Stylops.  (called Cyclopes) which being rooted out, Aeolus took upon him the rule of this Island: after whose decease, every City had a Tyrant by themselves, and there was never Country better stored of them then this Country of Sicily. Among the rest of these Tyrants, there was one whose name was Anaxilaus, one that strived against the cruelty of all the rest in the execution of justice, whose wise and discreet government won unto him great reputation: Insomuch that after his decease, leaving his children very young under the 
An example of upright l●●●●.  tuition and government of a very trusty servant of his (called Micithus) he was so exceedingly beloved of all his subjects, that they rather chose to be obedient to this his servant, rather than they would any way forsake his children, and what was more to be observed, that the Princes of the City forgetting their estate, suffered the kingdom to be ruled by abondman.  
The Carthagenians made many assays to conquer the whole Empire of Sicily, and maintained wars along time with the kings thereof: and yet they could not accomplish their desires upon them, but at one time they gathered ground upon them, and at another lost all that before they had made boot of. At last having lost their grand Captain and leader Hamilear and all his host, their hearts were stricken into a great damp, and were so discouraged, that they kept themselves in quiet for a long while after. In the mean space, the inhabitants 
Of Hami●●at lee more in the 18, 19, 20, and 22 booke●.  of Rhegium fell at variance amongst themselves, so that the City was divided into two parts: the one part whereof, mistrusting their side to be weak, sent for the old Soldiers, that had been employed at the City of Imera, to aid and succour them, by which means they beaten their adversaries clean forth the town, put them every man unto the sword, and took their city, with their wives, children, and all the substance that they could lay hold upon, and made havoc thereof: which deed of theirs was accounted so cruel and tyrannous, that the fiercest tyrant that ever reigned, could not have attempted a more violent act. Insomuch that it had been a far more easier yoke for the inhabitants of Rhegium, to have been vanquished and overthrown, rather than to have been victors in so uncivil manner. For whither (by the Law of Arms) they had been forced to serve as Captives under the Conqueror, or driven perforce to forsake their Country, as banished persons: yet should they not have been so miserably murdered, between the temple and their dwelling houses, and so have left their native country, with their wives and children, as a pray unto such unmerciful men.  
Also the Catanenses, being overpressed by the Syracusans, and altogether growing distrustful of their own strength, were very desirous of some small 
Civil wars in Ci●●ll, between the Catan●nseses and the Siracusa●●.  succours from the Athenians; who (whither it were for a desire that they had to enlarge their own Empire, or that they had already gained the conquest of all Greece and Asia, or whether they feared the great Navy of ships which the Syracusans had lately builded, should be to the aid and further strength of the Lacedæmonians) sent them a gallant captain, named Lamponius, with a great Navy of ships into Sicily, that under colour of aiding the Cathanenses, they might put in practise the conquest of the whole Realm.  
Now having had good success in the beginning in all their affairs, as also a great and mighty slaughter upon their enemies, they were now a second time encouraged against Sycilly, with a more puissant strength both of men and Ships then before they had made out against them, appointing forth two warlike Captains to take charge of these their forces, the one was called Lachetes, and the other Chariades. But it followed, that the Cathenenses, (whether for fear of the Athenians, or rather being weary with those wars) concluded a peace with the Syracusans, sending back again all those Athenians 
Two worthy Captains Lachetes and Cha●ades.  which before were come unto them for their aid.  
A while after this, when the Syracusans, had made a breach of the late concluded peace, they suddenly sent forth fresh Ambassadors to Athens, who in very rustic apparel, with long hair on their heads and beards, as much as was possible to strain forth pity from the Athenians; in this pitiful manner came they before the people: and in making report unto them, wept very bitterly: insomuch as the inhabitants took so much pity upon them, that they wholly condemned those Captains, that were employed for their succours, in that they withdrew away their forces from them: whereupon with all convenient speed, a fresh Navy of ships was prepared and put in readiness, whose Captains and chief leaders were Nicias, Alcyhyades, and Lamachus, who entered into Scycilly with such a power of men, that even they who before craved their aid, and to whose succour they came, were even amazed and afraid at the sight thereof. Shortly after Alcyhyades was commanded home, to answer to certain inditements that were laid against him: in which time 
Alc●hiadeses sent forout of Shrilly, to answer certain accusations.  of his absence, Nycya● and Lamachus had two prosperous battles upon the land, and at another time so suddenly begirt their enemies round on every side, that they neither could have victuals come unto them by Sea, nor any new supplies of Soldiers to come to them by land.  
The Syracusanes seeing themselves thus distressed, desired aid from the Lacedæmonians: who sent unto them no aid at all save only Gylippus, who 
The same of Gylippus.  was of himself of more strength and policy then half the forces that they had beside: For he having heard the manner of the war, and perceiving all his complices to be at a very low ebb, raised a great power, consisting, partly in Greece, and partly in Sicily, and then he chose him forth such a plot of ground as he thought to be most convenient for two hosts of men to encounter on: where he was twice put unto the worse, but at the third encounter, he slay Lamachus, put all his enemies to shameful flight, and in the end raised the siege: But perceiving that the Athenians would forsake the land, and bid him battle upon the Sea, he was forced to sand for the Navy of the Lacedæmonians to aid him. This being made known to the Athenians (they to supply the place of the Captain that before was slain) sent 
demosthenes and Enamelled.  Demosthenes, and Enrymedon, with another fresh supply of men.  
Also the peloponesians by general consent of all their Cities, sent a new supply of Soldiers to the aid of the Syracusans, so that both parties having furnished themselves with fresh supplies, their powers grew to be so great, that it was to be doubted lest the wars had been removed out of Greece in to Sicily: wherefore upon their first encounter upon the Sea, the Athenians 
The Athenian●● anqui●●●d.  were put unto the worst, their tents and treasure were all seized by the enemy and being overcome upon the land also, then Demosthenes began to counsel them to leave Sicily betimes, and not longer to hazard themselves and all their fortunes in so desperate a service as this had fallen out on their parts, but rather to withdraw themselves home into their own country, and in what they could preserve all such furniture of war as was yet remaining amongst them to defend themselves when they were at home amongst their own friends and acquaintance: Whereupon Nieias, whether it were for shame of his ill success, or for fear of his own citizens, being disappointed of their hopes, or whether it was for that his destiny compelled him thereunto, woalde by no means be persuaded, to go home, but made all possible means, that he might still remain and abide the utmost frown of fortune.  
Hereupon, the wars by Sea was again renewed (and all the cloudy storms of their former ill fortunes being dispersed and blown over) gathering 
Their forth overthrow.  a fresh resolution for a new encounter: But yet at last through their unskilful leaders (who set upon the Syracusans as they kept themselves within their straits) they were with small labour brought to yield: and their courageous captain Enrimedon, casting himself valiantly into the forward, was the first man that tasted of death: and the thirty snippes which were appointed to his charge, were all set on fire: As for Demosthenes and Nicias, seeing themselves to be overcome, as fast as could possible be, they landed their men, and thereby sought which way was best safety for them to make an escape from the angry face of their enemy: notwithstanding all which, there was yet left behind, an hundred and thirty sail of ships, which that worthy Captain Gillippus lighting upon, pursued 
Gylyppus pursueth the Enemy.  them continually as they would have fled away from him, whereof some he slew by the sword, and the residue remained with them as prisoners.  
As for Demosthenes, when he saw what had fallen out, how that he was despoiled of all his powers, to the intent to quite rid himself out of thraldom, he wilfully ran upon his own sword and there ended his 
Demosthenes becometh his ow● Butcher.  days: But Nicias framing himself unto another temper, (could not yield in heart to take away his own life by violence as Demosthenes had done,) but rather yielded himself into captivity, whereby he greatly increased the slaughter of his men, and mightily increased his own disquiet and peace.  
The end of the fourth Book.   

THE FIFTH BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
ALcibiades willingly committeth himself to banishment. He compelleth the King of Lacedaemon to make war upon the Athenians, by the aid and secure of Darius' King of Persia. He causeth the Cities of Asia to revolt from the Athenians. The Lacedæmonians lay wait to kill him. He escapeth that danger by having knowledge thereof from the wife of king Agi●. He flieth to Tissaphernes Lieutcnant general under Darius in Lydia, whose lo●e he withdraweth from the Lacedæmonians. Ambassadors from Athens come unto him, He is called home into his own country and made Admiral. He overcometh the Lacedæmonians and is joyfully received of his Gittizens, He rectiveth a loss by his own oversight, and again banisheth himself. The Athenians brought to utter destruction. Conon their Captain flieth into Cyprus. The City is yielded up unto the Lacedæmonians. Thirty Tyrants have the government thereof. Darius' king of Persia, dieth. Dennis the younger is driven out of Sicill. Alcibiades is burned in his bedchamber. Thrasibulus driveth out the 30. Tyrants, and their places given to ten. Pausanias' King of Lacedaemon, commandeth them out of the City, and granteth peace unto the Athenians: The tyrants maketh war against Athens. They are taken and executed. Artaxerxes succeedeth his Father Darius in the Persian kingdom. Cyrus rehelleth against his brother Artaxerxes and is slain. The Greeks that came to his aid●, return again into their own Country unvanquished.  
WHilst yet the Athenians' made wars in Sicily for the space of two years, (with more desire of greediness than any good success) Alcihiades, (who was the chief causer hereof) in the time of his absence, was accused at Athens to have set forth the mistcries of Ceres, and the sacrifices that was done unto the honour of her, as a public spectacle, which can no way be so highly solemnized as by silence. When thus Alcybyades was commanded home, to make answer to all such complaints as were ptefetred against 
The Articles whereupon Alcibiades stood indited.  him, whether it were that his conscience accused him as guilty, or that he could not endure such dishonour and reproach to his person: he secretly and suddenly without any words made, cast forth himself as a banished man, and altogether kept the remnant of his days at an unfrequented place (surnamed Elis.) Afterwards, being in this voluntary exile, it came to his knowledge, that he stood not only as a condemned man, but also was accursed by all the priests which belonged to those ordinances of religion: he therefore secretly took 
Alcibiades taketh part against his Country.  his way to Lacedaemon, and by great persuasions moved the king thereof to make wars upon the Athenians, especially at that present, whilst they were now so sore vexed and disquieted with their ill success they had received in Sicily.  
Hereupon, all the kingdoms of Greece gathered themselves together (in as great hast and multitudes as if it had been to quench some outrageous fire) for they bore the Athenians a secret and malicious hate, by reason of their innumerable greediness, ambition, sovereignty, and government, that they 
Darius so nof Artaxerxes the 8. king of Persia.  would have over them: Also Darius' king of the Per●yans, calling to remembrance the former hate that his father and grandfather bore unto this City; entered a league with the Lacedæmonians by meanns of Tyssaphernes, who was Lieutenant of Lydia, and promised to bear out the whole charge of those Wars, out of his own treasury.  
This was the whole course and pretence of the entrance into league with the Greeks', but in very deed he mistrusted, lest when the Lacedæmonians had overcome the Athenians, they would also set upon him: and therefore it is no way to be wondered at, though the estate of Athens were accounted so flourishing, 
The courage of the athenians.  since to oppress that one City, all the whole power of the East parts banded themselves together against it: and yet they could not be accounted to yield as Cowards and runaway, but with manly courage, and with much slaughter, they stood out in fight to the very utmost man; somewhiles putting their enemies to the worst, and suddenly again on the contrary, themselves receiving the like from their enemies: so that they were not overcome through their own darstardy, and want of manly resolution, but by the adverse frown of Fortwe, become slaves and captives even to their enemies.  
In the beginning of these Wars, even those aids and asistances which they aught to have received from their own fellows and associates, and in which they for the most part trusted and relied, gave them the slip, and in the time of most need, utterly forsook them (as by many examples is most evidently to be perceived, that where Fortune bends the brow, or hideth her favour, there the strength and trust of men, doth withdraw and quite forsake us.  
Thus Alcybiades set on fire all these Wars, that were with such violence prosecuted against his own Country, adding thereunto all such strength as in his power was possible to be gathered, which was not to be accounted unto him as the aid of a common mercenary Souldier● but as a great Chieftain, and as a most puissant commander: For first, he took along with him ten sail of ships, and sailed into Asia; and being there safely arrived, by the authority both of his place and name, he compelled all such Cities as were at that time tributary unto the Athenians, to turn all their succour and strength unto the aid and furtherance of the Lacedæmonians: for being well assured that he was a man of great power and command at home in his own country, they therefore resolved that he could still be nothing less, although he remained as a banished person: Also they thought not so basely of him, being thrown out from amongst the Athenians, as they esteemed and accounted him being received as a Captain amongst the Lacedæmonians: and in fine, they esteemed better of him in his new received command amongst the Lacedæmonians, then of his abject forsaking amongst the Athenians.  
Thus when Alcibiades had fastened himself amongst the Lacedæmonians, by reason of his forwardness and stout valour, he raised up unto himself more envy and heart-burning on the one party, than praise and thanks on the other: whereupon the Princes by a general consent, laid all the wait they could possible, how they might take away his life: either by treason to be falsified against him, or by any other extraordinare plot, to bring him to his end. This muttering and devising amongst the princes came unto the ear of Alcibiades (only by the wife ol king Agis, with whom he had committed adultery) and therefore secretly, and as suddenly as he could, he fled unto Tissaphernes, King Darius his lieutenant, with whom by his courteous and lowly behaviour he in-linked himself in such great friendship (for he was now in the pride of his years, and for beauty, parsonage, and eloquence, among all the Athenians was not one to be found, that might justly be accounted his equal) he 
The description of alcibiades.  was more ready to win friendship, then having won it, to keep and preserve the same: because all his evil, was still masked under a fair, smooth, and deceitful tongue, and shadowed and set out by the gift of excellent eloquence: he therefore so subtilely and politicly wrought with Tyssaphernes, that he wished and advised by this his dissembling counsel, that Tissaphernes 
His subtle council to Tyslashernes to win credit  should pluck back and shorten the wages, and allowance of victuals, which was appointed unto the Lacedæmonians, and also that the jonians should be called upon, and forced to bear a part of that great charge that had been disburssed, and for whose liberty (when they paid tribute unto the Athenians) these wars were first undertaken.  
Moreover that the Lacedæmonians aught not to receive so much help as they had, considering that he prepared for another man's victory and not his own, therefore aught in right to be maintained in such sort, that they might not break off for want of things necessary: for as long as the Greeks' were at 
His reasons used to persuade Tyssaphernes.  debate amongst themselves, the king of Persia had the law in his own hands, to make either Wars, or peace, even as he listed: and at last they might be overthrown and overcome with their strengths and powers, whom by all the forces himself could make, was not able to offer them the lest measure of injury: And assoon as the war should end (which side soever got the conquest or victory) he should still be compelled to maintain wars with the Conqueror: and therefore was Greece fusfred to consume itself at home in Civil wars, that all opportunity and leisure might be taken away from them, that they should not look out abroad for the invasion of foreign Dominions. For the better performance whereof, each party was to be maintained in equal strength to match the adversary: and the weaker was still to be strengthened with fresh supplies, and new succours; for it could no way be thought that the Lacedæmonians could long continued in rest, if once they got the upper hand, considering that they had now already made open proclamation, that they only were the sole defenders of the safety & liberties of Greece.  
This Oration of his pleased Tyssaphernes wondrous well, and presently began to put in practice whatsoever he had uttered unto him: whereupon he 
T●ssaphernes cunningly deceived by Alcibiad●s.  first began to cut short all their wont liberal allowances; next he withheld some part of the king's fleet, fearing lest he should either give unto them a very speedy victory, or else constrain them too suddenly to break up and give an end unto these long continued wars.  
These things coming thus to pass by the craft and subtlety of Alcibiades, he then began to work a new plot for the good of his own Countrymen the Athenians Whereupon shortly after was sent unto him certain Ambassadors from Athens, unto whom he made this promise, to regain unto them the favour and good liking of the king, if so be that the whole government of the Commonwealth, might be removed from amongst the vulgar people, into the hands and jurisdiction of the Senators: hoping thereby also, that if the City agreed well, he himself should be chosen chief regent and commander os the war, by the whole and general consent: or if at leastwise there should arise any dissension amongst them, or between the two estates, he should be called to the aid and help of the one of them. This something troubled the Athenians, especially seeing the danger of war that they were wrapped into, and therefore took more respect to their safety, then care of their honour, and with general applause and good will of the people, the government of the commonwealth was wholly committed into the hands of the Senators: when they had gotten all into their own direction, (through a natural pride that lies engrafted in that high estate) they dealt exceeding cruelly wi●h the people, and every man took upon him as if he had been Lord over them: which usage gave scope unto the soldiers to call home again unto 
Alcibiades c●lled home, and made Lieutenant generalm the wara●ss.  their aid the long banished Alcybyades, who being come amongst them, they made admiral of the Sea: upon which he immediately sent word unto Athens, that he would presently come thither with all his host, and take the government out of the four hundred Senators hands (even by violence) unless they would willingly make surrender thereof unto him of their own accord.  
This his message troubled all the chief and great men of the City exceedingly, insomuch that they attempted to betray the town unto the Lacedæmonians, but perceiving that they could not bring their purposes to pass, they voluntarily and willingly forsook their Country, and were content to be accounted as banished persons. Thus when Alcybiades had freed his country from homebred jars, he furnished a fresh Navy of ships, with all the hast he could possible, and directed all his forces against the Lacedemoni●nss. There was already in prepared readiness to wait his coming, two worthy Captains of the Lacedæmonians, (the name of one was Myndarus, the other Pharnabazus,) whereupon these two great Armies joined battle, in most fierce and eager fight, but in conclusion the victory fell upon the Athenians. 
Albiciades overcómeth the Atheniins.  In which conflict, the greater part of the army (especially of their chosen men and Captains) were put to the sword, and fourscore sail of the enemy's ships were also taken. After within a few days, the Lacedæmonians, removed from the Sea to land, where they received a far more greater spoil than ever before: through which discomfiture, they were greatly perplexed, and in time were forced to make a long and ●edious suit that a peace might be concluded between them: This petition was hindered by those who made gain by the war, and in the end could not be attained: In the mean season the Carthagynenses made wars in Sycylly, whereby the Syracusanes were forced to call home all their forces that were abroad to defend their own territories; so that the Lacedæmonians being utterly bereft of all their aids & succours, Aleybiades with his victorious navy, wasting and foraging all the coasts of Asya, was bid battle in many places where he came, yet every where he got the victory, and recovered back again all those Cities which before had revolted; adding unto his conquests some new places, which before time they never 
Albiciade; triumphantly received home.  were possessed of; recovered all the ancient domains of the Athenians, increased his renown, both by Sea and land, and lastly returned home to Athens amongst his own Citizens in great joy and triumph.  
Among all these battles and bicker were taken and put to flight of the enemy, two hundred sail of ships, besides a mighty great spoil: At the return home of this triumphant Conqueror, all the people of the City came out by heaps, rendering abundant of praises even unto every common soldier: but upon Alcibiades they threw down a wonderment of welcomes, insomuch they were never satisfied enough with the sight of his person, but even if it were possible adored him as he had been a God amongst them, or as if he had been victory itself: Upon this, they highly extolled and praised him, for the memorable and famous acts that he had done for the principal good of his country, no less did they maintain & uphold those things he did against the same, in the time of his banishment; making excuse for him themselves, as that what he had done, proceeded forth of anger and impatience, as also that he was provoked and urged thereunto.  
It is a wonder to behold, that in one man should appear so many tokens of valour, as first to be the overthrow of so mighty a kingdom: next of the setting 
Albiciades se●●eth up and pulleth downc.  up & reuniting again of the same: Again, that wheresoever he took part, victory was evermore attendant upon his actions; which was the only cause they honoured him above men, and little less than a God, they were driven into a debative meditation, whether they offered him more wrong in his banishment, or more honour in calling him home: They also brought the same priests and Gods that before had cursed him in banishment, to give unto him all glory and joy at his welcome home again: and they that of late had denied him all man's help, now if it were possible would advance him unto heaven: finally they generally recompensed his despite, with honour, his wrongs, with rewards, and his cursings with blessings.  
Now was no more whisperings amongst them of the battles, that he lost at Sicily, but all places were filled with his victories gotten in Greece: there was no speeches what ships he had lost, but every one could tell what ships he had taken from the enemies: now were the Syracusans clean forgotten and cast out of memory, and no other triumphs but of his conquests, throughout all jonia and Hellespont. And thus in these extremes passed he his whole course of life amongst his Countrymen, either meanly and basely abiccted and thrown down; hated, or else highly honoured; admired, and in manner worshipped as a God amongst them.  
During the time these triumphs had their courses, there was one Lysander made Captain general amongst the Lacedæmonians, both at Land and 
Lylandet made captain general  Sea: And in the place of Tessaphernes, Darius the king of the Persyans, made one of his sons called Cyrus' Lieutenant general of jonia and Lydia, who gave unto the Lacedæmonians such plenty of aid, both by men and money, that he put them thereby in good hope, that they should yet once again recover their former estate: wherefore being thus increased in strength, and hearing, that Alcibiades was go into Asya with a great Navy of above one hundred sail of ships, they made haste and followed after him, and whilst he was in foraging and spoil of the Country, (which was grown exceeding rich by reason of their long continued peace) taking little or no regard to his soldiers, but for a little covetise, suffered them to scatter and disperse themselves up and down where themselves liked best for boot, even as if they had been secure from all fear: whereupon the enemy taking them at that advantage, suddenly set upon them, and made so great a slaughter amongst them, (being 
Oversight in Commanders dangerous  so scattered and disjoind) that the Athenians received more loss in this one so sudden action, than they had won from their enemies in all the battles before: whereby they were brought into so great desperation, that forthwith, without any stay they turned away Alcibiades, and chose one Conon in his place to be their Captain and commander: falsely imagining that they received not this ill success, by fortune or the chance of war, but through the former treason of their Captain, newly reviving their old displeasures against him, rather than all the benefits which they had received from him: And that he overcame his enemies in all the former battles, but only to win unto himself a name, and give them a taste what a worthy commander they refused, and so to make them pay a dearer price for the victory: and to speak truth of him, Alcibiades was of so subtle and politic a reach, and was withal so far engaged with a lose and vicious life, that it was very suspicious that he had such or the like intent as they surmised against him, wherefore fearing the rage and displeasure of the people, out of his own voluntary disposition, committed himself the second time again to banishment,  
He being thus shut forth from amongst them, ●onon was next to follow in 
Alcibiades the second time banished.  his charge, who having had before him such a worthy leader, and calling to his remembrance who it was that he succeeded, with al diligence and wariness he furnished up his Navy to the sea: which having thus put all things in readiness, there wanted men and munition to furnish forth these ships, for their stoutest and strongest men were lost in the foraging of Asya: at last what with old men, on the one side, and beardless boys on the other, they filled up again the number of Soldiers, though it were a very little strength unto the host, neither feared they to encounter with their enemies, although like weak and unskilful soldiers, they were every where beaten down, or else forced to betake themselves unto their heels: Among whom there befell so great a desolation (what of them that were slain, and them that were 
Great slaughter amongst the Athenians  taken) that not only the Empire, but even the very name of the Athenians, seemed in a manner to be extinct and clean worn out of memory.  
By this overthrow, they were brought unto so low an estate, and were so nearly pillaged, by reason that their men that were seruic cable for the wars, were so extremely wasted and spent, that they were forced to devise and let out their City unto strangers; to set their bond men at liberty; to give pardon to all such as were condemned by the law to die: And so by such means gathering together a rout of rascal outcasts, where with their armi●s were filled up, (they which but even now were Lords and principal commanders of all Greece) were now scarcely able to uphold and maintain their own liberties.  
All this not withstanding, they still retained proud hearts within them, and as it were scorned the utmost frown of fortune: in so much that they resolved once more to venture all at one chance, and set all their fortunes upon one hazard by Sea: and where as but even a little before, they were in utter despair 
The Atheniaus resolute.  of keeping their own in safety, they now plunged themselves into a vain hope that they should get the victory: But it lay not in the power of soldiers to uphold the honour of Athens, neither was it that power wherewith they were wontto give the overthrow unto their enemies (and as for their late company of rascality who never spent their time in practice of military discipline, but wasted most part of their days in prison and not in the camp,) wherefore what through their pride on the one side, and their want of men of courage and tried experience on the other side, they were all either slain, by the sword, or taken prisoners: As for Conon their Captain, he all alone made a fearful slight out of the battle, and fearing the cruelty of his own Countrymen, took along with him eight sail of ships; taking his direct course 
Conon slayeth, with certain ships in to Cyprus.  to Euagor as the king of Cyprus.  
Thus the Captain of the Lacedæmonians having gotten a prosperous victory, proudly insulted over the great adversity that his enemies were fallen into: and in great pomp and triumphs sent all such shipping and other spoils as he had gotten home to Lacedaemon, and made a composition upon certain Articles, with all those Cities that were tributary unto the Athenians, and as yet continued their obedience, because they were not fully resolved to what issue the wars would come leaving not any thing under the possession of the Athenians, save only their bore city.  
When these ill tidings began to be spread at Athens, all the inhabitants, as people amazed forsook their houses, running up and down the city, demanding of one another what news abroad, diligently making search for him that brought the first report hereof: I say none (from the infant to the old man) had the power to keep within their own houses, the very extremity of grief, did so oppress and trouble them: but neither children, who want discretion, nor old men, who want strength, nor the women, who are weak by nature, but they altogether partake in this their sad and hopeless desolation.  
Moreover they made many meetings in the common market places, and there would spend whole nights in reviving their common misfortunes with woeful mournings. Some bewailed the loss of brethren, some the want of 
The horror of desolation  sons, some the lack offathers, some the misfortune of kindred, other some for those that were nearest unto them, and generally all bewailed their common misfortunes: now was nothing to be expected but shipwreck both of themselves and Country, accounting those that were alive in far worse case than those that were departed. Now could they fix the eyes of their minds upon nothing but terror; as hunger, besiedgment, and what was worst that they were under the hands of their enemies, who might work his pleasure upon them: This also brought into their remembrance the overthrow and burning of their City, the captivity of their bodies, and the most miserable slavery that was fallen upon them: accounting the first overthrow of their City by the Persians' an happy chance unto them, in comparison of this, in the which they had their wives, children, parents, and kinsfolks remaining still in safety, neither lost they any thing save only their houses: but now on the contrary, they were quite despoiled of all manner succour and refuge, not having left them so much as one ship to fly unto for succour, as before they might have done, and by whose helps they might have been the better defended, until they had been able to have newly re-edified and builded up again their City.  
Whilst they were thus in the midst of their mournings and Laments, 
Athens again besieged  their enemies came upon them, and so sharply begirt them on every side by besieging them, that they constrained them to abide much hunger, for want of victuals: for they knew well enough that there was no great number of soldiers left alive within the town, and without they so beleaguered and stopped all the passages, that it was not possible for them to receive or look for any help or fresh succours to come unto them: By all which inconveniences joined together, the Athenians were brought into so great extremity, partly by famine, and partly by the pestilence, that they desired peace.  
Hereupon grew a long debating between the Lacedæmonians, and other their adherents, whether it were necessary to be granted or no: At last they came unto divers censures upon the matter; where some were of opinion, and thereunto advised that the name of the Athenians should be utterly rooted out, and burn the City down to the ground: but hereunto the Spartans' would in no wise condescend and agreed, seeing that the Greeks having but only two eyes, one of them should be put out: So that in conclusion they granted them a peace upon these condition. First that they should cast down all the 
Peace granted the A'the nians upon condition.  Arms of those walls, that stretched themselves towards the haven of Pireum. Secondly, that they should deliver up all their ships and shipping that they had yet left. Thirdly, that they should receive from them thirty. Rulers to govern and guide their commonwealth.  
Upon these Articles the City was yielded up unto the Lacedæmonians, who committed the whole course and managing thereof unto the discretion of Lysander. In this year fell out many things that are worthy to be committed to lasting memory: as first the utter subversion of Athens, next the death of 
I● was 400. u●●r●ss before Christ, as 〈◊〉 affirmeth.  Darius' great king of Persia, as also the banishment of 
* The younger Dyonise, of whom see more in the 21. Brooke.  Dionysius the extreme Tyrant of Sicily.  
Thus when the estate of Athens was thus mangled and altered, the people were altered also with the state: for those thirty Rulers that were appointed over the Commonwealth, fell into extreme tyranny, for at their first entrance, they chose unto them for their guard the number of three thousand men, whereas all the city beside was not able to make as many more, they had been so consumed and eaten up with the wars. But being not satisfied nor yet contented, fearing that their band of men were yet too weak to keep and maintain their city in an awful and slavish fear, they borrowed seven or eight hundred Soldiers out of the Conquerors camp.  
Having thus strengthened themselves, they began to make slaughter upon the Citizens of Athens, beginning first of all with Alcibiades, putting him first to death, lest under pretence of restoring them again toliberty, he might invade the commonwealth: For it was secretly come unto their care, that he was making out toward Artaxerxes, King of, Persia, (wherefore they sent out certain posts after him, to cut him off in the midst of his journey, if any way could be found: at last it was their hap to overtake him, but seeing they could not easily put him openly to death, they set fire on the chamber wherein he lay, and so in the dead of his sleep burnt him quick. 
Alcibiades burnt in his bed.   
Thus was the tyrants delivered from the fear they stood in of this courageous revenger, and now they thought themselves free to work any violence upon the rest of those weak inhabitants, as slaughter, extortion, ravishments, or whatsoever spoil they could inflict upon those miserable, vile and most wretched outcasts that were yet remaining alive, either in the city, or in any other place near thereunto adjoining, where their avethority might found them out.  
But when they perceived that their cruelty was repined at amongst 
The cruelty of these Tyrants.  them, (especially by one whose name was Theramenes,) they to the greater terror of all the rest, put him to a most vile and slavish death, so that happy was he that could first rid himself out of the city: insomuch that all Greece was full of the banished Athenians, and yet long endured not this poor refuge for these poor wretches: For the Laeedemonians the more to increase their misery, gave out a strait edict and proclamation that not one city should dare to be so hardy as to receive so much as one person of the Athenians.  
At last they withdrew themselves unto a place called Argus and The●es, where they lived in great danger during all the time of their exile, but yet they had this comfort, that they should yet once again recover their country. And to strengthen these their weak hopes there was amongst these banished men, one Thrasibulus, a very goodly man, stoutand 
The exceeding love of Thrasibulus to his Country.  courageous (and what was more, one who came of a noble stock and kindred) this man thinking himself bound unto the good of his country, although it were with the hazard of his life, adventured and assembled together all these his banished countrymen, and took the Castle of Phyle, within the territories of Athens: for they had much furtherance of other Cities, that pitied their miserable and wretched estate: Among the rest Ismenias prince of the Thebans, though he durst not make open show of any succour or aid towards them by the power of his Country, yet he spated neither Gold nor treasure, such as he had under his own possession: Also one Lysias an Orator, of Siracusa, (being ●t that very instant a banished man) sent unto them five hundred 
The kindness of Libas.  soldiers well appointed at his own charge, to the further aid of these his sad and heavy Countrymen  
These forces being all combined together, recomforted their hearts exceedingly, and hereupon began a very fierce encounter on both sides (inasmuch as the one part fought in earnest, for the recovery of their Couhtrey, and the other part as carelessly for the maintenance of further Tyranny) the Tyrants were put unto the worst, and making their retire into the City, which they had already in manner wasted with slaughter & spoils, they began to hold all the Athenians in jealousy of treason, wherefore they put them all out of the city, & made them to inhabit in the decayed places thereof, and entertained new 
Faithfulness no way to be corrupted.  foreign soldiers into their service, thinking hereby to maintain and uphold their former superiority over them. After, they went about to try if they could any way corrupt Thrasibulus, promising to make him a fellow equal with them in their Empire; all which could not work their policies to effect; which they perceiving, sent for aid unto the Lacedæmonians, the which they suddenly attained, and then made a new encounter upon their enemies: In which Critios', and Hyppom●chus, two of the greatest Tyrants amongst them all, were slain, the residue being vanquished and overcome betook themselves to fl ghr. 
Thrasibulus Oration t● the disti●ssed Athenians.   
When thus their Army (whereof the most part were Athenians,) were making away by flight towards the City, Thrasibulus, cried unto them with a loud voice, saying: Why do you fly away from me (o ye Athenians) seeing I have obtained the victory, and not rather stand unto me and help me as one who seek the defence of you all: wherewith he bade them also call unto their remembrance, that all those soldiers which were under his conduct, were of their own Citizens, and not enemies: as also that he had not taken weapons in hand, to the intent any way to wrong them, or to take any thing from them, but only to restore unto them all such things as had by violence been pulled from them by others; assuring them upon his honour, that the war which he had undergone, was wholly against the thirty tyrants, and in no case against the City.  
Again, I entreat you to call to your remembrances the kindreds, the laws, the rights and ceremonies, that had been in common amongst them. as also the true fellowship that had been among them, in so many battles in times past, all which things being well considered of you, I pray and humbly beseech you to have pity upon your poor banished Countrymen: and if you yourselves can be so hardy and resolute to bear this unsufferable yoke of bondage with patience, I beseech you to restore unto us yet our country, and I will be the means to set you all at free liberty again.  
By this his long and persuasive Oratory unto them, he so wrought with them, that when they had gotten all their whole power into the city, they compelled the thirty Tyrants out to Eleusis, and in their places they elected 
The Tyrants banished out of Athens.  only ten out of their own choice, who should govern and rule the whole Commonwealth: these being thus seated in the authority of their predecessors, fell into the same cruelty that the former had put in practice.  
These things being this come about, tidings was brought to Lacedaemon that the Athenians were very sharp set upon wars: which to the intent they might repress and keep under, they sent unto their king (named Pausanias) who taking great compassion of the banished people, restored all these poor decayed citizens home unto their own Country again, violently throwing out those other last ten Tyrants out of their City: forcing them to the former place called Eleusis, amongst the rest of their assocyats.  
By these means they began in some good measure to settle themselves in peace, but yet within some short time after, these Tyrants (disdaining the restitution of the banished Citizens, as they repined at their own downfall, even as though other men's liberty had been their bondage) made wars upon the Athenians: But when they came forth to parley, demanding their former rule & sovereignty again, they were by policy suddenly taken, and slain as a sacrifice of peace: then were the people, which they had expelled out of the City, 
Tyranny justly punished.  called in again, and the citizens which by this means were distracted diversly, was now at length brought into one body again. And to the intent no dissension might grow about things past, they took every man his corporal oath, to bury under foot whatsoever grudge had risen up amongst them. 
The athenians again restored.   
Presently after, the Thebans and Corinthians sent Ambassadors unto the Lacedæmonians, making demand of their shares of all such spoils and preys, as had been taken in the former wars; as well that they might have part, in the boot, as to bear out their own charge and danger: but the Lacedæmonians returned back unto them a flat denial of these their demands, whereupon they presently proclaimed open wars against them: but they did not presently prosecute the same war, but only bore unto them a spiteful grudge in their hearts, and would burst forth into action at some other time, when lest they were suspected.  
Much about this time, Darius' king of Persia died, leaving behind him two sons Artaxerxes and Cyrus. By his last will and testament, bequeathed unto 
The death of Darius the Bastard, with his last William  Artaxerxes the kingdom and unto Cyrus he bequeathed all such cities whereof he himself was at that time sole ruler and commander. But Cyrus thought his father wronged him exceedingly in his bequest, wherefore he very privily prepared and made war against his brother. Artaxerxes having knowledge hereof, sent for him, and not regarding his counterfeit pretence of innocency, as that he purposed no such matter against him, bound him in fetters of gold, and was also fully determined to have put him to death, had not his mother hindered him. Cyrus therefore being thus set at liberty, did not as before make war in secrecy but openly, not now by dissembled shows, but open defiance; so that he gathered unto him much aid and assistance. Among the rest the Lacedæmonians calling to remembrance, that by his means they were greatly strengthened in their wars against the Athenians, (like ignorant men, not knowing against whom this war was intended) determined to sand all the aid they could make unto Cyrus upon any small warning given, seeking both for thanks at the hands of Cyrus, and pardon from Artaxerxes, if his should chance to be the victory: pleading for their better excuse, that what they had attempted was not meant against him openly. But being in battle, such was the evil chance, that the two brothers met together, and in the encounter Artaxerxes was wounded very sore by the hands of Cyrus, but by the swiftness of his horse he was delivered from death, but his brother Cyrus was 
Wars betwixt Cyrus and Artaxerxes.  overcome by the king's guard, and presently put to death: So that Artaxerxes got the victory and spoil over his brother's war, and his army also. In this battle were ten thousand Greeks' that came to the aid of Cyrus, who in that wing where they were placed got the upper hand, and after the death of Cyrus could neither be overcome by so great an host of men, nor yet be entrapped by policy: But in their return homeward, they defended themselves 
Cyrus' slain.  manfully, (though they passed by many nations, and also had a tedious journey) yet at last they safely attained unto the borders of their own Country.  
The end of the fifth Book.   

THE SIXT BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe L●●e lemonians thirst after the whole Empire of Asia. Tissaphernes put by the office of Lieutenant general. Conon of Athens made Admiral of the Persian sleet. The Lacedæmonians sand to thEgyptians for aid. Agesi●●●s is ●mployed against Conon. Conon overcomm●th Lysander upon the Sea. Athe●● 〈◊〉 liberty again. Epaminondas overcometh the Lacedæmonians, and putteth Lysander to the sword. Agesilaus wres●eth the victory from the The●●●●. The Athenians sand ●phierates with an host to the aid of the Thebans. The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 brought to a dangerous strait. Conon is received with much joy of his Citizens. Athens again newly re-edified. Artaxerxes proclaimeth a general 〈◊〉 throughout all Greece, and setteth all the Cities at liberty. He maketh war 〈◊〉 the Egyptians. Rome taken by the Frenchmen. Wars between the Lace 〈◊〉 an● the Archadians, at last they fall friends out of a voluntary consent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Duke of Thebes invadeth Lace●emon, and is repelled by the aged & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●●countreth him. Epaminondas is slain, with whom died 〈◊〉 of the Greckes.  
WHen the Lacedæmonians had conquered the Athenians, they could not yet rest contented, although they were grown to great power and strength by this their fortunate 
〈…〉.  success: but now they began to cast about h●●● they might attain unto the whole Empire of Asia (the greater part whereof was in the go●ernement of the Persians'.) There was appointed as Lieutenant general of these wars one Dercillides: who ●he● saw, that he m●st oppose himself against two other worthy and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. namely Pharna●●zus, and Tissap●ernes, which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 unto Artaxerxes, and evermore had in a read●neses, the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the greatest Nations under ●he sun, at their f●ll com●●●● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 himself how he might work it about, to make the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 commanders, his friend and whether of their friendship 〈◊〉 most available for his intended purposes: whereupon he concluded within himself that Tissaphernes was the fittest and worthiest person to make peace unto, being a man both of greater experience, and far more courageous and active in military discipline than the other, as also that he was better furnished with companies of soldiers, for he had all those forces which sometime belonged to King Cyprus.  
Some short time after upon occasions they met together, where after much communication had between them, it was agreed upon certain conditions, that Tissaphernes should not meddle nor be seen to advise any thing at that time in these wars. Whereupon Pharnabazus being soon displeased hereat, made a very grievous complaint unto the King their lord and Master, declaring all the manner of his slackness against the Lacedæmonians when as they entered into Asia, nourishing them there at the King's charge, and further that he had agreed with them to delay the Wars, 
Tyssaphe●neses accused to the ●ing.  which they had in hand, seeing the damage would redound upon the whole Empire. Also he urged further, that it was an evil precedent, that the vaarre should hung, and not go through, but lingered still along, as if the enemy were well bribed with money, when as indeed it were meet, to make them fly by force of Arms.  
When he had done this complaint and brought Tissaphernes into high displeasure with the King, he gave him counsel to remove him from being high Admiral of the seas, & in his place to call home Conon of Athens, (who had lived as an exile ever since the conquest of his country) and make him admiral. For although the Athenians were bearest of power and riches, yet their experience in Navigation, remained within them uncontrolled: Moreover if a man should search never so secretly amongst them all, there was none to be found, for that place, more fit than Conon.  
Hereupon Pharnabazus hath delivered unto him five hundred talentes of silver, with full commission to make Conon high admiral of the kings fleet. But when the Lacedæmonians had gotten intelligence hereof, they sent 
Conon made Admiral of the Persian Fleet.  presently Ambassadors unto the King of Egypt, desiring him to sand Hercimonius, with a sufficient Navy of ships to aid them against their enemies: Upon which their demand, he sent them as hastily as they could, a hundred Galleys, and five hundred quarters of corn, and other Nations their wellwishers, sent them mighty succour. But now to this great army, there wanted a worthy leader: wherefore those that were in the bands of friendship with the Lacedæmonians; requested that they might obtain as their general Agesilaus (and at that time king of the Lacedæmonians.) Hereabout the Lacedæmonians, demurred upon the matter a long space, whether they might make him general or not, by reason of the Oracle at Delphos, which was, that that Empire should suddenly end, when it was seen, that the Royal estate halted (for indeed Agesilaus was lame in one of his feet.) At length they resolved, it were better their King to halt in his going, them the kingdom halt for want of a sufficient Governor.  
Hereupon was Agesilaus sent into Asia, with a mighty host, there was never 
The worthy praises of Conon and Ages●aus.  two such worthy captains better fitted together then these two: for they both were of equal years; alike valiant, wise, honourable, and pol●ticke, & their whole government, jumped in all things alike: Now although fortune had made them so like the one the other in all things, yet she still so preserved them in all their enterprises, as that they never had conquest the one over the other: They both were great commanders in the wars, and both of equal spirits in all attempts: But as for Conon, his soldiers mutanized much against him, for that the kings Lieutenants in former times, were accustomed to deal very wrongfully with their soldiers about their wages, abridging and cutting short much of that allowance which 
The soldier's mut●●●ye against Conon.  was appointed for them, and therefore become much more the earnester with him, and so much the rather in that they took upon them, such a piece of desperate service in so great a war, under so Noblea commander.  
Now had Conon been a long suitor unto the king by his Letters, but could never receive satisfaction for his long labours, whereupon bethinking with himself how to make short, his wearisome travails, at last in resolved manner, went unto the king in person: when he was come into the king's Court, he might not be admitted neither to the presence, nor speech of the King, (the reason was) because he would not worship him after the manner of the Per●yans: Nevertheless, he was limited to entreat with the King by certain Messengers, wherein he much lamented that the wars of so mighty and rich a Prince, s●ould be hindered and slacked, only for want of money, whereas the enemy, whose army could no way exceed theirs, had money in great abundance, and yet your Majesty hath greater abundance than they; requesting that he would no longer be found weak in that, wherein the enemy could no way equal him. And to this end he demanded the disbursing of the money himself, accounting it dangerous, to have the doings that belonged thereto committed in to many men's hands: So at last having obtained all his requests, and the treasure also, he immediately without any further stay, returned back again to his own f●eets, and setting all his wits on work fell closely to his businesses. In the whole course and carriage of his life, many things he attempted, and many things he as prosperously achieved. He 
Conon's violence upon ●ern●ce.  wasted much of the enemy's land, won many of their Cities, and even as if it had been a violent tempest, bore down whatsoever stood in his way. These his boisterous proceedings, brought the Lacedæmonians into great fear, whereupon they determined to call home again Agesilaus out of Asia, to look unto the defence of his own country.  
In the mean time (fearing the worst) Lysander whom Agesilaus appointed his Vize-gerent the time of his absence, assembled a great Navy of ships, and furnished them with all the power they were able to make, purposing if occasion offered itself to try their fortunes by dint of sword, rather than to yield to the proudest enemy under the Sun.  
Conon all this while was making all things in readiness to wage battle with his enemy (but forsomuch as this was the first time that ever he encountered 
Conon●'s forwardness to the fight.  with so great a power) it stood him much upon to be very careful and circumspect in the ordering and appointing out of his men, for there was not only a controversy amongst the Captains, but also between the common soldiers, and Conon being chosen captain over all, was as careful for the Persyans, as for his own Country. For like as it fared with the Athenians, when thy were utterly discomfited, he was one of the only men that sought the overthrow of their Dominion: so on the contrary, it was his whole desire, to recover it again, and now at last to set up again his country by the victory which he before had lost being overcome: the which thing being brought about, would redound much more to his honour, for that he had not now under his command the Athenians his own Countrymen, but the whole power and strength of a foreign Prince, so that by this means all the peril, danger, and loss, should be the Kings, and the gain of victory should be only for the good of his country: and the honour which would light upon him, would be in far greater measure than many other valiant Captains which had stood for the defence of their country, many years before time: for whereas they defended their country, by overcoming the Persians', he should set her up in her former estate, by making the Persians' conquerors.  
On the other side Lysander, in that he was of near kin to Agesilaus, was also an earnest immitater of his virtues, framing himself by all means possible, 
The worthy praise of Lysander.  not any way to serve from his Noble and worthy examples, nor from his shining renown and glory that the world did cast upon him: but that he would have so watchful an eye over his proceed, that the Empire which was so long a getting, in so many battles, might not come to wrack, thorogh his default, in the turning of a hand. This drove not only the soldiers, but the kings also, into a vile perplexity, for that they doubted the losing of their wealth, and feared lest the Athenians should recover again the sovereignty: But the fiercer the battle grew, the more glorious appeared the victory on Conon's part. For the Lacedæmonians were put unto the worst, and fled, and many of their garrisons were led away to Athens. Thus were the people once again restored to their former estate, and many of their cities also were recovered back again unto their Empire. This was a full victory unto the Athenians, and to the Lacedæmonians an end of the freedom that they had long retained: and now seeing that with their kingdom they had lost the greatest part of their valour also, their neigbors on every side, held them base, and provoked them in great disdain. Among the rest the Thebans, (with the help of the Athenians) raised Wars upon them: the which city being mightily increased 
Disdam, hand ●●●yd to ●ll Fortune.  through the valiant acts of their Duke, (who was called Epaminondas) began to aspire at the whole Empire of Greece. Whereupon there happened between them, a great battle, wherein the Lacedæmonians had as ill success by land, as by sea, against that worthy leader Conon. In which conflict. Lysander, a chief captain of the Lacedæmonians over came the Athenians, and was slain. Pausanias, being attached for treason, fled. 
Lysander sl●●●.   
Thus the Thebans having gotten the upper hand, made their whole power against Lacedaemon, persuading themselves to make an easy conquest, their reason was, in that they were destitute of aid to make resistance. This their intent gave matter of great mistrust unto the Lacedæmonians, causing them to speed home Agesilaus from his Persian victories, to defend his own kingdom from violence; for Lysander being dead, no fit Captain could be found, on whose trust and valour they durst repose. Nevertheless, seeing it would belong cre Ag●silaus could come, they raised up their powers, preparing to meet the enemy: But neither their courage, nor yet their strength was able to withstand the enemy, (of whom but even lately they had received a foil) therefore at the very first joining of their battles, they were forced to betake themselves to slight.  
As thus the host of the Athenians were in the depth of their discomfiture, Ag●silaus the king c●me into the field, and what with his resolute courage, and a band of fresh and justy old Soldiers, such as had been nursed up in many bloody banquets, with little or no labour at all, snatched the victory out of the enemy's hands: But himself received in this conflict a very dangerous wound: At last tidings here of came unto Athens, wherefore the Athenians (fearing that the Lacedæmonians would get the upper hand, again, and then they were sure to fall into their old estate of bondage) raised a power of men, and sent them to the aid of the Beotians by a young Gentleman (named sphic●●●●ss) not above the age of one and twenty years, but yet of a most towardly and courageous spirit. The valour of this young man, excelled and far surpassed 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  his years, for amongst all the noble and valiant Dukes and Captains that the Athenians had had before, there was none of greater likelihood, or more ●ype carriage than he: also he had planted in him, not only all the points of an excellent Captain, but for an exquisite Orator deserved worthy commendation.  
Conon hearing of the return of Ag●silaus, returned also out of Asia, meaning to waste and spoil the country of Lacedaemon in most sharp revenge: In somu●h as the Spartans being enclosed in on every side, (and being sore afraid 
Conon returneth to Athens.  of war, which continually r●ng in their ears) were mightily out of heart, and almost come into a desperate state: But notwithstanding Conon spared them not at all, for when he had by voilent spoils foraged the fields and houses of his enemy's, he took his journey towards Athens: where (albeit his welcome was with great joy unto his countrymen) yet notwithstanding, his sorrow f●●re exceeded their joy; to behold, how his country had been violated, burned, and defaced by the Lacedæmonians: wherefore such places as were laid waist, he caused to be builded up again with the spoils that they had recovered from the Lacedæmonians, and at the charges of the Persian Army. Such was the bad fortune of Athens, that being once before burned by the Persian, it was now repaired and made good again, with such spoils as had been gotten from the Persyans: and at this time being defaced by the victories that they got 〈◊〉 the Lace lemonians, came all about by clean contraries, for they that 〈◊〉 but even now their fellows and friends, become their enemies: and tho●● that were always enemies, become their friends.  
Wh●●● these things cell out amongst them, Artaxerxes king of Persia, sent out certain Ambassadors into Greece, commanding that every part should cease from ar●●●ss, and whatsoever they were that withstood the contrary, should be reputed and taken as an enemy: further he restored unto every city their ancient liberties, and every man to take new possession of his own: which d●ed of his, was not so much in regard that they might have respite from hostility and civil Wars amongst themselves, neither was it to ease and draw away (if it were possible) the hatred that they nourished amongst them one 
A univet fall peace by ●opulsion throughout all Greece.  towards another: as it was for fear whilst he was employed about his own Wars in Egypt, (the which he had drawn upon himself in that he aided the Lacedæmonians against the Egyptian Lieutenants,) his host of men should be detained and withheld in Greece. Wherhfore the Greeks' being even wearied and overtoyled with Warts, easily consented to obey willingly, what they were commanded.  
This year was accounted worthily of, not only because of their sudden peace throughout all Greece, but also because the same year, the the city of Rome, was taken by the Frenchmen: Now the Lacedæmonians had too long rest, and idleness began to set new fire amongst them, wherefore 
It was before the birth of Christ 389. 〈◊〉.  they laid in wait for any the lest advantage that might be given. At last they espying th' Arcadians were go from home, they surprised one of their Castles, turning out their men, and planted in their places a garrison of their own. Hear began again fresh broils: for the Arcadians, having the aid of the Thebans challenged their losses again by the sword: In this conflict Archiadanus captain of the Lacedæmonians was sore wounded who perceiving that his men were overpressed and beaten down, as being overcome, sent unto the enemy an Herald, demanding the dead bodies of all his men that were slain, and that he might by order & law of Arms be suffered to bury them.  
For amongst the Greeks', it is an undoubted token of victory in yielding themselves, wherewith the Thebans sounded a retreat, and left following any further in the pursuit of them. Afterwards within some small time, when every man seemed to rest so well satisfied even as if a truce had been taken between them: and all displeasure quietly put up in silence without any further mistrust on either part: the Lacedæmonians being employed on other scruices abroad amongst the Nations, the Thebans contrary to all expectation, under the leading of a valiant captain (called Epaminondas,) began a new plot of cunning, purposing to win away their city, and to set upon them at unwares. And to effect this their devilish devise, they took the beginning of the night to set forward in towards Lacedaemon, as closely and as secretly as could any way be devised: but they received as foul a repulse, as their intention was treacherous. For the old men of the city, and other impotent people (as were most unable,) having true intelligence of the approach of the enemy, put themselves in arms, met them at the entrance of the Gates, and although their number was exceeding small (not much above one hundred, old, lame, and foreworne men) put themselves upon the encounter, against fifteen thousand Soldiers: So undaunted was their courage, and strength, that rather 
The courageous stomach of a 〈◊〉 ag●d p●●●●nss.  they did choose to put their lives to hazard of fight, rather than to sit still and suffer their country to be spoiled and overcome, and themselves being of small ability to make resistance, to be either with violence put unto the sword, or what was worse, become their vassals and bondmen: wherefore only these few aged persons, held such play with them, that before the morning, all the youth they had amongst them were sore tired, and in a manner overcome.  
In this battle there were two of the most valiantest of their Captains slain with the sword: mean space word was brought that Agesilaus was very near at hand, which struck such a damp amongst the Thebans, that they suddenly retired, and made away as fast as they were able: but yet it ended not in this manner, but within a little space after, there was a new encounter again. For the younger sort of men amongst the Lacedæmonians, being informed of the valorous courage and demeanour of the old men, their rage could no way be restrained, but they would have a new trial made in open field, although they were already fully persuaded that the victory would fall upon the heads of the Thebans.  
In this conflict Epaminondas, (who bore himself valiantly, not only as he 
Epaminondas dangerously wounded.  was Captain, but both captain and soldier) received his death's wound: At the report whereof the one part was so surprised with fear, and the other part so amazed in joy, as both of them (as they had been new combined friends) departed the fields, without any further strokes. Some few days after Epaminondas departed, and with his death began the whole wrack of the commonwealth: for even as it fareth with one, who having a weapon bateth and taketh away the edge thereof, whereby that is left is able to do little harm: even so fareth it with this commonwealth, who having lost so good a Duke, who was the very edge of the commonwealth of Thebes, the force of which 
The 〈◊〉 of Epammondas.  edge was eu●n so much abated, and weakened, that they seemed not so much to lament his loss, as that they wished they might utterly have perished with him. For during the term of his days they achieved many worthy victories, but his life being taken away, rob them likewise of their former happiness, and turned all clean contrary against them to the utter spoil and ruin of their lives.  
All which afterwards was made evident to every eye, that the glory and renown of the whole Country began with him, and at his end died also with him. Also he bore himself every way so worthy a statesman, that it was hard for a man to judge whether he deserved more praise for valour, or exact government in life. For before all things whatsoever, he sought the preservation and defence of his Country, and not his own private glory: money and treasure he esteemed nothing worth, Insomuch that all the store he had, was not of sufficient value to bring him to the grave: And even as he esteemed money, so did he hold the praises of men not worthy the consideration. As for promotions he sought to shun them, but that contrary to his desire, they were always thrown upon him against his will: In his places of authority, he behaved himself so gravely, wisely and bountyfully, that he seemed rather a grace to honour, than honour grace to him.  
In learning, he far surpassed many, who thought themselves his superior, and therein was so studious, that he was able to give instruction, in the knowledge of Philosophy, and which was more to be admired in him, that a man so borne and bred up altogether in Schools, should yet in the end prove so excellent a warrior. neither did his death disagree with the former course of his life: for being by a violent blow, stricken to the ground, he was taken up and brought into his Tent, (being half dead) anon when he was again something revived, and withal recovered his speech, he looked round about upon all his attendants, & seeing them all there, the first question that he demanded was, whether his enemies had taken and seized upon his shield when they felled him. They who were nearest unto his person, answered him no, his shield was safe. Than 
The words of Epaminondas a little be fore his death  he commanded it to be brought unto him, that as a principal companion with him in all his travails and glorious victories, he might kiss it. Than he demanded further, whether part had gotten the glory of the field: so when answer was given, that the Thebans remained conquerors: then (said he) all is well: So hast were in rejoicing manner for the safety of his country, he laid him down again, and so departed. 
His death.   
This man thus removed by death, here also ended the prowess and valour of the Athenians: for after that time, he being gone, whose footsteps and dyrections they ever followed, they gave themselves over to slothful Idleness, spent and consumed all their revenues vainly, (not upon ships, and men of war, as informer times) but in feastings, in Holidays, in making preparation for Pageants, plays, and other idle pastimes; assembling themselves in great multitudes in theatres, to behold their famous stage-plays and Poets; and among them were more frequent, then in the camp: Than set they all their delights on Rymers, and Orators, and in the mean time little or nothing respected either Captains or Soldiers. Than the common treasure wherewith men of war and mariners was accustomably relieved and maintained, began to be scattered and divided amongst the people in the Cities. These disorders being thus rooted amongst them, it came to pass that whiles the Greeks' gave over themselves to all sensuallitye, the name of the Macedones, which ever before was held most vile and contemptible sprung up, and grew to honour amongst them: and that Philip, (who had been three years in hostage in the City of Thebes) being grown up to great knowledge in military affairies, (by the favours of Epaminondas and the Pelopidanes) laid the kingdom of Macedon like a heavy yoke of bondage upon the necks, both of Greece and Asya, bringing them and their posterity into an everlasting subversion.  
The end of the sixth Book.   

THE SEVENTH BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
MAcedon described with the kings thereof. Caranus following a heard of Goats winneth the city Edissa. He altereth the name thereof, making it the chief city of Macedon. He subdueth divers kings. Perdiccas reigneth after him and prophesieth of his posterity. Argeus taketh his place, and leaves the Crown to his young son Europe. The Macedonians overcome the Illyrians. Amint as succeedeth, his son Alexander killeth the Persian ambassadors who came from that Darius, of whom is mention made in the first and second Books. Bubares marrieth Alexander's sister. Aminthas succeedeth Alexander. The bloody mother killeth her own children. Philip is brought up at Thebes, and after crowned king. He vanquisheth all his borderers, conquereth the Thessalians, marrieth Olympias the mother of great Alexander, and in the end winneth Methone.  
COncerning Macedon, in ancient times it was called Aemathya, after the name of Aemathion, sometime king of that country. This king was the first in all these parts, that gave any worthy taste of valour, and honourable acts in war. As this Country increased, one part after another, so when it was at the largest, it was in account but very small, even the whole bounds thereof. The Inhabitants thereof were called Pelagians, and the Country itself B●tia: but afterwards, through the worthy actions of their kings, and manly resolution of the people: first in that they subdued and brought under those that inhabited round about them, and shortly after, other nations, and people dwelling further off, whereby the Empire become mightily enlarged, even to the uttermost borders of the East.  
In the region of Peony (which is now accounted a parcel of Macedon) there sometime raigined, (if report may carry any credit) one Telagonus, the father of Astriopeus, whose name a man may hear so often repeated in the battles of Troy, amongst those noble warriors which stood only upon the defence of that City. Again, in that part, Europe, reigned a king, called by the name of Europe.  
Than sprang up among them one Caranus, (who with a great multitude of 
The f●●st 〈◊〉 of M●●edon.  ●reekess) having received a charge from the Oracle, that he should seek an habitation in Macedony; wherefore following the commandment he had received, at last he came into Aemathia (following an heard of Goats that fled from a great shower of rain) & entered and won the City of Edissa, before the men of the town were warned of his approach, chiefly by reason that the storm was very great: then did he call to mind what was delivered by the former Oracle, that he should seek out a kingdom, whereunto the Goats should be his guide, wherefore he appointed this the chief seat of his kingdom. Also ever after it was his observation, that whensoever and whethersoever he conducted any host of men he would ever have the same Goats set before his 
Goats appointed by the Oracle to direct to a ●ing doom.  standard that as they were the Authors of his kingdom, so they might also be his leaders in all his enterprises: So that for a perpetual remembrance of this benefit, he changed the name of Edyssa, and called it Aegaea, and the people thereof Aegaeades. Afterwards, when he had quite expelled and shut out Midas (for he also held a part of Macedon) and divers other petty kingdoms, he brought it all into one sole government, and uniting together divers sorts of people, made but one entire body of all Macedony, whereby he laid a very strong and sure foundation for his succession to build upon.  
After him succeeded Perdiccas, whose life was notable, and the speeches that he uttered at his last departure, (were as if they had been received from an oracle) 
P●●dicas and his prophe●y.  worthy of everlasting memory: For being very aged, and even ready to shake hands with death, he called before him a son of his called Argeus, and showed unto him the place whereas his body should be buried, and not his body only, but even the bodies of all them that should succeed him in the kingdom, to be interred in the same place: prophesying before, that so long as the bones of his posteriry were buried there, so long the kingdom should remain in his house & family, Whereupon grew up a superstitious belief among them; all which failed in Alexander the great, because he was the man that altered and changed this place of burial.  
Thus Argeus having governed this kingdom, with upright judgement, and much love of the people, left this world: after whose death, his son Philip swayed the Crown and Sceptre by lawful succession; but Philip also had not long supplied the state and dignity of a king, but sudden death surprised him, whereby the Crown descended upon his heir, (named Europe) being then a very babe.  
In these days, there was continual hostility between the Macedones, and the Thracians and Illyrians, by continuance whereof, they become so hardened, that they grew to be accounted famous in martial discipline, and also become a fear and terror unto all their neighbouring nations. Wherhfore the Illyrians holding the Infancy of the young king in great contempt, they bid battle unto the Macedones, in which conflict having received a very shameful repulse, from the hands of their enemies, they brought forth their king as he lay in his Cradle, and placed him in the midst amongst them in the field, and 
Europe king of Macedon brought in a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉.  having so done, they gave a fresh assault upon the enemy (vainly imagining, that the only cause of their former overthrow was, the want of the kings' presence in the battle) and that now they doubted not to gain the uper-hand, although it were no way likely, but even to satisfy their superstitious blindness, and fed themselves with mere imaginations.  
Atlast (calling themselves to remembrance) they bestowed some part of their pity upon the infant King, of whom it was none other to be looked 
The infant King 〈◊〉.  for, but to make him of a King, to become a captive, if they chanced to loose the day, and fall into the hands of their enemies. Wherhfore the encounter being siercely maintained on both parts, atlast the Illirians received the soil, with much slaughter, (as if the Macedons in all their former battles wanted neither manhood, nor courage, but a king only.) After the decease of Europe, Aminthas was next in succession, he was a right renowned Prince, both for the prowess and manly resolution of him himself as also the singular forwardness of his son Alexander, whom nature had sorichly bedecked in full perfection of all virtuous Ornaments, that even in all the games and pastimes of Olimpias, he bore away the prize, from all that opposed themselves against him.  
About this time, Darius' King of Persia (who was put to flight and banisned out of Scythia) scorning to be dishonoured in every place he came, by reason of his many ill fortunes in the wars, sent forth Megabyzus, with a great part of his army to subdue all Thrice, and other kingdoms situate about those coasts, amongst which (for the slender regard and estimate thereof he should accounted Macedon for one:) he making as short work as he could, put in execution what his Master had commanded, dispatched Ambassadors to Amintas King of Macedon, demanding hostages of peace for that that should be concluded and fully ratified between both parts. These Ambassadors were very royally entertained and feasted by Amintas: At the last being fully gorged with full carouses, their only suit and request was, that inasmuch as he had made them so sumptuoas a feast, and snewed unto them such store of royal entertainment, so he would also grant unto them likewise the rights that justly follow and belong to that kindness they had already received: (Viz: that their sons, wines, and Daughters, might have free access to keep them company (for this was ever held amongst the Persians', as a sure token and pledge of hospitality,) which being granted, they entered the place, at whose approach, the Persians' began to fall to wanton dalliance, in greater measure than was to be endured. Whereupon Alexander the son of Aminthas, desired his father in respect of his age and gravity) to withdraw himself from the banquet, promising that he would quickly assuage this uncivil carriage of his guests wantonness.  
When Amintas was departed, according as he had requested, Alexander called forth the women one after another, making show as if he would newly attire them far more gorgeoas to the eye, and then they should return again to their further delight: which having done, he had in readiness 
The 〈◊〉 of wanton Ambassadors  as many lusly men, young and venturous, and these richly attired in Ladies weeds, with every man his weapon, under their rich attire, charged them, to queach the wantonness, of these dotards with the points of their weapons: and so were all the Ambassadors put unto the sword, even in the ●●igth of their iolli●●.  
When Megabyzus had received true intelligence of what was happened (being wrapped into a world of admiration, in that they made so long tarriance, and returned not) he himself disdaining to take in hand the voyage fearing it might greatly disparage his honour, ifhe should offer battle to so base and abject a Nation: appointed forth one of his princely leaders called Bubares, to whom he gave in charge but only the smallest part of his Armies, acounting it as sufficient for so mean and easy a piece of serui●●● in which action Bubares, become of a valiant Soldier, an amorous love●● for whereas his only coming was to bid them battle, he was on the sudden so entangled in the love of the daughter of Amintas, that he banished far from him all former 
Marriage between the Persyans and Macedons.  hate and enmity, and in an indissoluble band of Matrimony, knit up all rights of friendship, and allianced himself in kindred even with those his very enemies.  
Shortly after the departure of Bubares from Macedon, Amintas deceased, who left behind him Alexander as his son and lawful successor. Moreover the marriage and affinity of Bubares into the Persian race, brought therewith such abundance of peace, that throughout all the days of Darius it had full scope and passage, without any manner interruption: and after him it also purchased the general favour and good liking of Xerxes, who was after lawfully seated in that kingdom: Insomuch as when he made an invasion into Greece (being mightily incensed and intaged against the same) he gave unto him all the royalty of the whole Countries, that lay open towards the mountains of Olympus and Hemus: notwithstanding all which gifts and graces, he enlarged his kingdom more and more by his own fortunes, as well as by the liberal hand of the Persians'.  
Afterwards, by order of succession, the kingdom of Macedon descended to Amyntas, who was son unto his brother Menelaus. This man was held in high regard, for his manly prowess, and all the exercises of military discipline. 
Amyntas the second  He took to wife Eurydice, on whose body he begat three worthy Sons, the first Alexander, the second Perdycas, the third and last was Philip (the father of Alexander the great) and one only daughter (named Euryone.) This wife deceased, he had a second marriage to one Cygea, of whose body he also had issue Archelaus, Arydens and Menalius: This king was much encumbered by maintaning wars every way: first with the Illyrians, and after with the Olinthyans'.  
Also he was often in danger of his life, by the plots and treasons of his wife Eurydice (who practising and attempting all the ways she could to enjoy her wanton desires with her Son in law, left no way unattempted to shorten 
The treason of Eur●dice towards the King's person  and dispatch her husband, thereby to establish the kingdom to her lawless Paramour: the which practices ofhers had well-nigh taken effect, had not her only daughter (at the very pinch) opened and bewrayed all her mother's falsehoods, and traitorous conspiracies.  
The old man, being thus preserved and delivered from all the practices of treason, died in peace, leaving the kingdom to his eldest begotten Son Alexander. This Alexander at the vere entrance to his crown concluded a peace with the Illyryans, for a great sum of money to be paid unto him, and for   

THE EIGHTH BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe Lacedæmonians and Phocenses condemned in a great sum of money. The Phocenses rob the Temple at Delphos. Philip is chosen captain general against these Church-robbers and subdueth them. Afterwards he setteth upon the Thebans and spoilt them for whose defence he pretended all his labours. He cunningly stealeth the kingdom of Cappadocia, destroyeth Olynth in Thrace, dispossesseth two Brother-kings of their Royalties. He concludeth peace with the Athenians. Holds subtle answers with the Ambassadors of Greece, breaketh promise with the Phocenses, removeth whole Nations and Cities from one country to another. He subdueth the Dardanterans, and deposeth Arimba king of Epire, giving that kingdom unto his wives brother.  
WHile the provinces, and Cities of Greece, were in their pride and flourishing estate; while concord and love the chains that linketh the government of all nations, were the sinews that knit their hearts, they were held the princes of the world: Greece a garden from whence all 
The ci●●l does sention among the cities of Greece  nations gathered flowers to delight in, and generally a people unvanquishable. But when an emulating desire to bear rule and bring each other in subjection, like sparkels hid in the ashes, did glow in their bosoms, which after aspired to higher flames, they were themselves the subverters of the●r goodly buildings, slately monuments, the greedy famine that devoured their plenty, and their own hands their own destruction: for Ppillip king of Macedon seeing this unnatural d●ssention, laid wait like a Spy out of a watchtower, for fit occasion to be sovereign of their glory, and surprise of their liberty, which he purposed to effect, by nourishing debate between City and City, by being enemy to the stronger, and supporting the weaker; and time so fashioned his intent, that he compelled both the conquered, and the Conquerors, to become his Vassals and Subjects.  
The original causes of these great mischiefs were the Thebans, who having 
The Thebans loose th●ir sovereignty.  sovereignty, and wanting discretion to use it, arrogantly accused at the common counsel of Greece the Lacedæmonians, and the Phocenses, whom they had vanquished in the battle, not contenting themselves with the slaughters, ravishmentes, spoils, and Trirannies which they had inflicted upon them, but pursued the advantage they had got with cruelty, and accounted the extremest punishments to merciful for them: It was laid to the Lacedaemon's, that they had taken the tower of Thebes in the time of truce: to the Phocenses, that they had wasted the country of Boetia: So that after they had made spoil of them by war, they would also extort from them what was possible by law. At last, judgement was executed (not according to justice) but the pleasures of the Conquerors, and the conquered condemned in so great sums of money, as by their weakened estate was held impossible to be paid.  
The Phocenses therefore, seeing cruelty chaste them as fierce as lightning, and knowing they should be bereft of their Lands, Wives, and Children, and compelled to slavery, if their imposition were unsatisfied, chose rather a present death, than a perpetual mischief: and forthwith elected for their Captain one Philomelus, under whose conduct, they offered their lives by speedy war, to free their bodies from this subjection: which he accepting, they presently as men offended even 
The Phocen ces rob the Temple of Apollo.  with the Gods themselves, gathered their faction to a head, and ransacked the temple of Apollo at Delphos.  
From thence enriched with that treasure they could make, they strengthened their army with straunger-souldiers, and with such forces they made War upon the Thebans. This deed of the Phocenses, although all men abhorred, being so fowl a fact as Sacrilege, yet in reguarde they were driven to it by extremity, it engendered a more deadly hate in the hearts of the neighbour provinces, toward the Thebans then to them. The Athenians therefore with the Lacedæmonians took politic advise, and concluded to muster forces and dispatch them in their aid, as well, or rather to save themselves from a future danger, as to be at league in their defence.  
Both Armies being met, and arraide for Battle, at the first encounter Philomelu● forced the Thebans to retreat, and pursued them so far, that he subdued their tents, and was conqueror of all the ground whereon they were encamped. 
The besotted Athenians beaten with their own folly.  But while he was more forward in this chase, then wise; more rash, then valiant, and more certain of victory than behoved, he was run so far into the Thebans danger, that no relief had power to succour him, & by those enemies whom his rash conceit held conquered he was slain, and his life made worthily a sacrifice for committing sacrilege.  
In his place Ornomarchus was selected Captain, against whom the Thebans and men of Thessaly, chose for their general, not an experienced soldier of their own Nation, doubting lest if he should be victor, he would bear himself too Lordly over them; but unto Philip King of Macedon they would willingly submit not only themselves and forces, to become subjects and governed by a foreigner, which was the thing they pretended to fear in one of themselves. Philip being thus possessed of their power, and fully informed of the original cause of this war, took upon himself the title of The revenger of Sacrilege, and not of the defender of the Thebans: and presently gave command that all his Soldiers should put garlands of Laurel on their heads, and in this manner as having the gods chief Captain of his enterprise, he marched into the field.  
The Phosenses at the sight of which, being held the cognisance of the gods (for to Apollo is the Laurel dedicated) were struck with an inward remorse of conscience, as remembering the offence they had committed, and presently 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the Gods.  without further resistance, cast down their weapons, took them to ●light, willingly offered their lives to the slaughter of the enemies, receiving ●eserned punishment for violating the sacred law of their religion, and defiling the temple. The renown of Philip by this was spread through all nations, who dignified him with the titles of the punisher of S●criledge; the Revenger of religion: he only worthy to compel offenders to make satisfaction, and honoured him next unto the Gods, by whom the majesty of the Gods was maintained.  
The Athenians hearing of this success of Philip, with intent to stay his passing into Gr●●●●, took the straights of Thermopile; in like manner as they had 
Philip 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  done before against the coming of the Persyans: but neither with like courage no● for like quarrel. At first it was for the liberty of Gre●●e, but now for manifest Sacrilege: then in the honour of their temples against the invasions of an enemy, now i● the fortifying of the Church-robbers against lawful revengers, making themselves partakers and defenders of ●o ●ainous an offence, whereof themselves chiefly aught to have been punishers; not remembering even in their most adversity, they had used that God as their chief counsellor, and by his instructions finished so many battles with Conquest, built so many Cities with fortunate success, attained so great an Empire both by sea and land; and finally achieved nothing either in private or public affairs, but by his Oracle and divine inspiration.  
This people of excellent understanding, exquisitely furnished with learning and judgement, traded in politic laws and institutions, were now like Bats, who have ci●s to see the sun, yet shun the sun: And made themselves agents in such cruelties, whereof they could not after justly blame the most barbarous nation, if they executed upon them the like reward. Philip having thus like the fox, got in his head, would make hard shift to draw all his body after: grew 
Philip● 〈◊〉 dealing  persidioas in his promises past, and those Cities which but lately he was Captain of, which had fought under his standard, which had rejoiced in him, which had been as hands to h●n in his victories, like an utter enemy he invaded and 〈◊〉: Their wives and children he sold by the drum, he spared not the Temple of the immortal gods, the houses of religion, the public nor private household gods, unto whom he could not choose but remember he was entertain d● guest: So that it was evident, he fought not so much to punish Sacrilege as to procure free liberty in person to perpetrate the same.  
From thence as having accomplished all things to his desire, he passed into Cappadocia, where he began war with like treachery: and having by policy and several stratigems, either taken or slain the kings that were Borderers, he settled the whole province under the Empire of Macedon. Than to abolish the shameful reports that were spread of his tirranies, he sent unto the kingdoms and wealth Cities, certain people to raise a tumour, and busy the heads of the multitude, that he would royally extend a mass of treasure to the building of the walls about their Cities, to the re-edifying of churches, and honouring their Temples: For which (as if he would be expeditious in this good) the Masters of such works were strait procured by proclamation, who presently upon the rumour coming to Macedon, waited attendance, and were put off●o long with delays, that they were feign to departed without any thing effected, or urging it any further: Only resting here, that kings may forget their promises.  
After this he raised war against the Olinthians, who knowing Philip had most unjustly put one of his Brothers to death, in pity took his two other brothers, borne of his stepmother to safeguard, for Philip brooking no corrivallship, 
Philip makes wa●●e upon the Olinthians.  in Rule, sought also by all politic means to dispatch them to their graves. In this war, and for this occasion, he sent and subverted this ancient and noble city, executed his brothers, according as in the counsel of his heart, his thoughts had decreed, enjoying thereby a great prey of treasure, and satisfying his thirst with their innocent blood; upon this, accounting whatsoever he determined, lawful; and whatsoever he purposed, effected: he seized on the Gold mines in Thessaly, and on the silver mines in Thrace. And that neither law nor right should be by him unviolate, he furnished himself to be a rover on the sea.  
While these things were ordered by Philip, there were two brothers, (both kings of Thrace) at civil variance between themselves; in which continuance 
Two brothers stripped out of ●●●ir Kingdoms.  of their strife, being uncertain how to descide it, they agreed to choose Philip to be judge, and arbitrate their difference: not in regard of his indifferency, justice, and uprightness, in such controversies, but doubting lest he should take in hand to support either of them, they well knew it would be to the ruin of the other. Philip being solicited in this business, and having granted his consent, according to his accustomed nature, proceeded to judgement, as if he had marched to battle, and assailing the brothers before they dreamt of a danger, not l●ke an upright judge, but an unsatisfied tyrant, ravished them both of their kingdoms.  
Upon this the Athenians sent Ambassadors to him to entreat a peace, whom he honourably heard, and their conditions of league being liked by him, he also sent his Ambassadors to Athens; with Articles to the same purpose: so to 
Peace concluded with th' Athenians.  the content and commodity of both, a peace was concluded. Out of these provinces and Cities of Greece, came also several Ambassadors, not somuch for desire of his friendship, as for fear of his name. But the Thebans and Beotians having their inveterate rancour and malice unpurdge out of their bosoms, were continual advocates both to Philip himself, and to his counsel, to stir him up to approve himself a Captain of Greece, as he had undertook and professed himself to be. The Phocenses enforcing themselves to forget all slaughters which their own families had by him endured, and contenting themselves, and their posterity to undergo what slavish subversion soever, than that people whom they professed themselves to be at such deadly hare withal, should live to understand what a calamity and miserable sight 
The misera●●● 〈◊〉 of Gree●●.  this was, to behold Greece which but late, both in strength and dignity was reputed Princess of the whole world, always a conqueress of kings and kingdoms, lady of many populous and goodly Cities, dancing attendance in sorraigne Territories, either entreating peace, or fearing war; that such a Nation should be enforced as it were, to put her head unde●another man's girdle; that they the only worthies of that time, should b● brought to expres●e misery by their own dessention and civil wars. From Captains, to be Capu●eses, from freemen, bondslaves; from a g●rden which they enjoyed, watered with all the Rivers and heavenly showers, and making plenty to herself, to be now like Oxen driven to the yoke in a wilderness of distress, and by those whom their one memory could record, they had accounted the basest of there retinue, and the inferrior of their friends, and all this disaster to gro● through the Thebans and Lacedaemon's, by whole domestic Jars, Greece from a slouri●hing Commonwealth, of which themselves were the Pri●●eses and bore sovereignty, was now subjecteth to a distressful estate not able to resist adversity.  
Philip in this season for the advancement of his own glory, debated concerning the prehemenence and dignity of two so mighty Cities, and considered with himself of which he were best to make account, for which when he had severally and secretly herd the Ambassadors which were arrived from both 
Philip hea●●th both the 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 them both.  parties, and to both given a Princely and favourable countenance, to one he promised to discharge them of the wars and danger they consisted in, and took an oarh of them, not to discover their treaty and his promise, to any living creature.  
●o the contrary he offered himself, to come personally with his power, in their help and assistance against their enemies: but to both gave especial charge, not by fearing danger to strengthen themselves for war, but only to rely on him and his safeguard.  
While both Cities were satissied ●ith this variable answer, and both lived peaceably and without distrust, he took the straits of Thermopile, to which the Phocenses were near neighbours: which people perceiving them selves entrapped by the policy of Philip, fearfully took them to their weapons, but having not time to furnish their own battles, or stay for succour from their bordering friends, and Philip threatening he would destroy them unless they yielded incontinent; overcome with necessity, they submitted 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alone advantage.  themselves to his mercy, their lives only saved: but even of as much validity to th●● was this present composition, as his promise past was of force to discharge them of their wars, and relieve their distress, for he presently commanded there should be a sharp and seavere execution laid upon them, by a general slaughter.  
The children were not left to their parents, nor the wives to their husbands, nor the images of the Gods in the Temples. Philip thus a Conqueror, like as Graziers shifted their cattle, sometime into one pasture, sometime into one another, as the season of the year inforcoth; even so removed he at his pleasure whole countries and cities, as he thought for his advantage, the situation fit to be replenished or forsaken: nor was the desolation of these cities, or the terror of this people like an invincible army of enemies 
The mis●tie of desolation  approach, or when men of war run massacaring up and down in every corner of a city: or when two hosts encounter violently in the field; or when the goods which a peaceable life hath gathered together, are taken away perforce, but far more miserable in secret was their sorrow and mourning, fearing lest even their enforced tears should be taken for contumacy. The grief increased by the concealment thereof, so much the deeper piercing the heart as it had less liberty to utter itself. Sometimes they considered the sepulchres and ancient monuments of their ancestors raked in the dust: sometimes their old household Gods, to which many posterities had given their devotion, now broken to pieces: sometime remembered the houses where they were begotten, and had increased children themselves, now possessed by strangers and their enemies. Bewailing in one another the oppressefull estate wherein themselves lived, cursing themselves for their sake, that it had not been their blessedness to have been borne after that desolate time. Some of this people he placed in the utmost bounds of his kingdom, even in his enemy's mouthoes; some, whom he perceived fit for wars to garrisons, in his army: some in one climate, some in another: And so of several people, and several nations, he made one entire Empire, and one settled people.  
Thus the affairs of Macedon being at a stay, continuing his former practice and policy, he took the chief coasts of the Dardamans, foraged their borders, and subdued their countries, not being merciful to his own kindred: for in this havoc he determined to put Arimba king of Epirus, and kinsman to his wife Olimpias from his royalty, & thereupon sent for Alexander brother to Olimpias his wife, a youth of excellent beauty, in his sister's 
Philip abuseth his wives' brother.  name, to come to him to Macedon, upon whose arrival, by persuasion, partly with the hope of the kingdom of Epire, he won to consent to him in abominable Sodomy, and so satisfied his inhuman disposition of him, till he came to the age of twenty years, when according to his promise, he deposed Arimba from his kingly seat; and possessed Alexander therein. Thus dealt he not like a kinsman with neither: the one he removed contrary to conscience, the other he made a Harlot, before he made him King.  
The end of the eight Book.   

THE NINTH BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Philip besiegeth Constantinople, and in that time winneth many Cities of Chersonesus. He bickereth with the Triballes, but returneth unfortunately. He maketh wars upon the Athenians. He getteth the whole Soveraigntye of Greece. He putteth the Thebans to a most sharp execution by the sword. He summoneth a Parliament at Corinth. Making preparation for War against the Persyans, and is slain by Pausamer as at the marriage of his daughter. His conditions and natural inclination described, with a comparison between him and his son Alexander.  
Philip having with fortunate success led his forces thus far into Greece, debated with himself though not before he pretended, yet before he undertook any further enterprise, whether the riches and spoil of those Cities and lesser towns which he had already sacked and subverted, would be sufficient treasure for him, whereby to conclude a conquest of all Greece, according to his determination, as he had already done of part: for the furtherance of this counsel, he thought it would be a profitable advantage 
Philip besiegeth Constantinople.  for him, if he could subdue and make Byzantium, as a Port-refuge for his fleet by sea, and a billeting place, or safe garrison, for his men by land: near which City having drawn his forces, he summoned them concerning this his principality and their subjection; but they bold of spirit and cofident in their own strength, made slight of his defiance and hostile forces, shutting their gates against his messengers, and returned him threats for threats, strengthening themselves to defend his eminent invasion.  
This City was first built by Pausanias' king of Sparta, and by him possessed the continuance of seven years. Afterwards the Lacedæmonians and Athenians surfeiting with their own prosperity, grew into private faction, from thence to public and domestic war: so that as victory inclined itself to either part, sometime it belonged to the one, and sometime to the other, which uncertain possession, having too often fed on the miseries which by such mutations cities endure, made it now stand stiffly in the defence of her own liberty, and the rather, for that during this siege wherewith Philip had begirt them, neither the Lacedæmonians, or Athenians, rescued it as their own.  
Philip having here spent the most of his treasure, in the hope he had to make this city his dignity, and finding by the delay of this war, the citizens grew rather hardy then deliberate, purposed by roving on the sea, to enforce treasure, wherewith to keep his siege settled, without which his necessity was such he should be compelled dishonourably to rise, and against his nature to desist: thus he so far contrived, that he took 170. ships laden with merchandise, wherewith he refreshed his greedy necessity for a season; at last, considering it was little policy or rather less profit, so great an army should be detained and exercised about the siege of one only city, he caused to be drawn out a number ofhis experienced soldiers, over whom himself having taken advised muster, he marched with them in person and took many cities of the Chersonesus. At this time he sent for his son Alexander, of the age of eighteen years, to the intent he might see him traded in the discipline of war under him, holding it a Maxim, that a Sovereign father's life, should be a table ofhonorable precedents for his Princely son.  
He made an inroad also into Scythia, to fetch booty and spoil from thence, intending after the custom of Merchants, to bear out the charge of one 
Phillp invadeth the Tar tarians.  war with the gain of another. At the same instant, was Matthey King of the Scythians, who being overcharged with the wars of the Istrians, sent the Apollonians in his behalf, to solicit the aid of Philip, promising for such succour and assistance, to adopt him king of Scythia.  
Philip ambitious after rule, took little advice of this request, but presently according to the contents of this treaty, levied his forces as he thought requisite, and dispatched them in the defence of Matthey. But the K. of the Istrianes deceasing, while these affairs were in furtherance, his death delivered the Scythians, both from occasion ofbattel, & from cause of help. Matthey being now like fowls, that fear the snares no longer than they are fettered, upon the arrival of the Macedons, regardless of Phillip's favour, commanded them home again, willing them to deliver this message to their master; that he neither requested him for succour, nor yet gave the Apollonians in commission to adopt him: That the Scythians had no need of rescue from the Macedones, and pronounced themselves better men than 
The ingratitude of the Scythian KING  the Macedones: and for himself to desire a foreign help to succeed him, it needed not, since he had a generation ofhimselfe, a posterity ofhis own, a son in perfect health, to make his seat after him happy.  
This message thus delivered to Philip, he forthwith sent Ambassadors to king Matthey, requiring him ofhis help toward the charge ofhis siege, lest he should be constrained by poverty to break up his camp: to which request Philip urged he should of reason so much the unwillinger condescend, in that he did not allow the soldiers he sent in his aid, so much as Conduct money to supply their necessities by the way, nor gratified them wi●h any reward for their labours. M●tthey excusing himself by the excessive cold and barrenness of his Country, which was searseable to yield the Scythians 
The ingratitude of the ●●●thian K.  food, m●ch less to enrich them with possessions. Again, he protested he had not riches wherewithal to satisfy ●o great a King, and therefore thought it a greater dishonour to reward him with too little, then to recompense him with nothing: for my people (quoth Matthey) are esteemed for their coastage of mind, and hardiness of body, and not for their treasure or substance.  
Philip perceiving himself thus scorned, dislodged his siege from before Byzantium immediately, and bend his whole power against the Scythians. All this his pretence might not be discovered unto them, but kept them careless (●ay even suspectless) of his intent, he sent Ambassadors beforehand, to declare unto King Matthey, that while he basied himself at the siege of Byzantium, he ●owed to consecrated an Image unto H●●cules', the which he was coming to effect in the river of D●nubia, desiring to have peaceable passage and f●rtherance in this his sacred and religious Vow made to that God: protesting, he came not otherwise then as a royal friend, both unto their King, and the Scythians his Subjects. But M●tthey sore warned by all his former Inconstancies towards others, and doubting indeed as much as was intended, sent word to Philip, that if he stood so much upon the performance of his Vow to erect an Image, it should not be by him nor any of his Subjects res●●ted, always pro●yded he would sand the same, promising also it should not only be set up, but should always so remain and continued: but to su●●er any Army to come within his borders, or march through his country, he utterly denied urging farther, that if Philip (notwithstanding this contradict should offer to place this Image, himself would see it defaced, and the brass thereof converted into Spear and Arrow-heads.  
The m●ndss of both these Kings being by this occasion encouraged, they encountered in battle; in which difference, though the Scythians were of far greater number than the M●cedonss, yet by the policy and experience of philip to order such warlike actions, they were o●ercome: twenty thousand women and children were taken prisoners, also a great booty of cartel, but as for gold and sil●er none; in which plainly appeared the Scythians poverty. Twenty thousand large Mares were brought home to M●●●don, and only kept for breed. But as Philip with all his pillage was returning, the Tr●●●lleses having gathered a head met him, and denied him passage through their country, 
Th● T●●bals 〈◊〉 on 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ca●●e home.  except they might have part with him in those his spoils.  
Thi● parl● continued not long in words, but they fell to blowcs; in which 〈◊〉, Philip was sore wounded in the thigh, his ho●sse slain under him, and he himself les● for dead: so the M●●●donss being discomfited, the stoyle which they had but la●ely ra●isht from the Scythians, was now a relief to the ●ri●alss. At length Philip being recovered of his wound, made war upon the Athenians, with whom so long time till then, he held a dissembled friendship. The Thebans mistrusting if the Athenians were overcome, the brunt of the war (like as when one's neighbours house is on fire) fell upon them, took part with the Athenians, so that by these means there was a league contracted between these two Cities, which before were at so merciless a contention.  
This conjunction knit between them, they sent ambassadors to all the provinces of Greece, importuning their speedy assistance; inferring, so common an enemy as Philip aught to be removed by the general forces of all the Country, and withal, making it perspicuous by demonstration, that if he had fortunate issue in this, his conclusion would be the utter subversion of all Greece. Some moved with these reasons, joined themselves to the Athenians, others terrified with the bruit of his renown, took part with Philip. The day came wherein these two Armies assailed each other, though the multitude of the Athenians exceeded the Macedons, yet cell it out to them as 
The Athenians vanquished.  before to the Scythians, and Philip having this days honour, finished it with the slaughter of them all; yet died they not unmindful of their ancient glory: for look in what place every man had charge under his captain to be kept, that place he as worthily made good again, that when through the danger of his wounds he was forced to yield, he covered that place he had in charge with his lifeless carcase being dead. With this day ended the renown of the Empire, and the ancient liberties of Greece.  
The joy of this victory was by Philip politicly dissembled: This day he made no sacrifice as he was accustomed, he was not pleasant in company, he had no interludes at his feasts, ware no Crown, nor anointed himself with sweet ointments: but so much as lay in men to council, he so ordered 
The notable hypocrisy of Philip.  this victory, that no judgement could discern by his outward appearance he rejoiced to be a conqueror. Moreover he would not suffer himself to be called the king, but the captain of Greece, finally he bore so even a hand between his own private gladness and the public sorrow of his enemies, that neither could his own friends report he rejoiced, nor his enemies conjecture he was proud of their overthrow.  
For as touching the Athenians, who by testimony he had tried to be the most dangerous of his enemies, the prisoners of them he discharged without ransom, and delivered the bodies of them that were slain to be buried: 
Philip's mildness toward th' Athenians.  and of his own disposition, publicly exhorted them, to convey home their bones, and bestow them in the sepulchres of their ancestors. Besides, he sent his son Alexander, with his friend Antipater, to conclude a final peace and perpetual friendship between them. But concerning the Thebans, he did not only put their prisoners to ransom, but made them pay tribute for the interring of their dead. The Princes of their city, some he beheaded, others banished, and all their goods were surprised.  
Such as had been counsellors & were exiled out of their native country, their banishment he repealed, and made of them three hundred judges and rulers of the commonweal, giving unto them full commission to call before them, all the guilty procurers of their wrongful banishment, and proceed 
His rigour to the Thebans  against them. By this Decree, those that were lately great, were now arraigned of this trespass against public government, who constantly replied and all confessed themselves to be authors thereof: affirming, it was more prosperous with the Commonwealth, when that their judges were condemned, then when they were restored: it was out of doubt a marvelous courage, for prisoners to give sentence on them whom they knew sat to decide betwixt their life and death: as who would say, they disdained to be acquit at their enemy's hands: and for as much as they could not revenge themselves in work, they would use their liberty in words.  
Philip having settled the estate of Greece in an indifferent stay, summoned a Parliament at Corinth, for reformation of such politic businesses as were yet unestablished, where he enacted a Statute of peace for all Greece, according 
Philip summon●th a par lyament.  as he had experience of the deservings of every City, electing out of them all, one Counsel, and (as it were) one Senate. The Lacedæmonians only contemned both the king and his law, accounting that peace a bondage, which was not agreeable to the Cities themselves, and their ancient liberties, but were granted at the pleasure of a conqueror.  
At this counsel, was appointed unto every City, what soldiers they should always (as command was ministered) furnish for his wars, either to assist him being invaded by foreign power, or to protect him in what war soever he pretended against other. Upon this, great preparation was made from all parts, for Philip had made it apparent to this counsel, that so soon as their collection joined in one, he was resolved to assail the Empire of Persia; The sum of all his succours mustered together, were two hundred thousand footmen, and fifteen hundred horsemen, besides which number, was also his host of Macedons, and other barbarous Nations bordering thereabouts whom he had subdued.  
In the beginning of the spring, he sent over before into Asia, (which then belonged to the Persians') three of his Captains Permenio, Amintas, and Attalus (whose sister he had lately taken in marriage) for he had now divorced himself from Olimpias, the mother of Alexander, upon suspicion of adultery, which was raised against her. In this season that his army was assembling 
Philip divorceth himself from Olympias.  out of Greece, he solemnized a marriage, between his daughter Cleopatra, and Alexander whom he had made king of Epire: which day was honoured with the greatest royalty of triumphs and feasting, according to the estate of two so great Kings: there wanted neither music to entice the ear, nor diversity 
He marrieth his daughter to the king of Epyte.  of shows, to satisfy the eye, that Art could devise to hear and see: all which as Philip was going forth without his Guard, only between the two Alexanders, his son, and son in law, and himself in the midst, a young Gentleman of Noble descent in Macedon, stepped to him in a strait place which he intended to pass, and slew him, turning that day into present 
He is slain.  heaviness, which was consecrated and only appointed to mirth and pleasure.  
This Pansanias in the prime and delight of his youth, was enforced to come mit detestable incest, by the violence of Attulus, who unsatisfied with that inhumanity his shameless disposition executed upon him, himself brought him unto a banquet, where making him drunk, compelled him like a strumpet to sustain the beastliness not only of his own desire, but of all the other guests present: so that he was not only a iestingstocke unto all his companions, but also a prostrate calamity even to his inferiors. I he Gentleman no way digesting this reproach, but rather engendering and nourishing revenge in his secret thoughts, casting every way to effect some action fitting so foul disgrace, he oftentimes made complaint of his wrong, and become an earnest suitor to the King for justice; at whose hand he was either put off with delays, or was answered with a wanton scoff in stead of help 
The cause of Phillip's death.  and redress: thus finding his injury no way to be satisfied, and knowing his adversary (in stead of receiving punishment from the king for his offence) to be advanced to a captainship, he grew resolute to turn his wrath upon Philip himself, accounting it happiness, since he could not be revenged upon so monstrous an enemy, to revenge himself upon a wrongful ●udge. It was thought that this Pansanias was encouraged to this deed by Olympias the mother of alexander, and that Alexander himself was alsoprivy to his father's murder, nor is it unlike that Olympias took her divorcement & the the preferment of Cleopatra, as grievous as Pansanias did the abuse of attulus; and that Alexander feared his brother begotten on his stepmother, as an enemy to his succession after his father, for that his father had refused the the love of Olimpias, for the unjust dalliance of another: for Alexander before this time, some such like arguments as these being in question at table, 
Occasions of great ●●●lea●ure between Philllp and his son Alexander.  first fell in deffiance with Attalus, whom he perceived his father to defend, he then spared not to be as liberal in speech to him, insomuch that his father rose, and with his sword drawn pursued him so violently, that such as were present, (being friends to bo●h could hardly temper to a more cooler judgement, than rasnnesse of his will from kill him.  
Upon which occasion Alexander with his Mother, fled unto his Vnckell King Epire, and from thence to the King of the Illirians, in which, though several times persuaded, he would hardly be reconciled to his father, no: though he was sent for, he would scarce embrace any counsel of his friends, that tended to advise him to return, Olimpias at this time was also exasperating her brother who was King of Epire, to raise war against Philip, which suit, no question she had effected, had not Philip prevented it with the marriage of his daughter; and making him his son in law these occurrentes therefore are thought to have annimated Pansanias forward to this execution, who both hated attalus for his immodest fact, and the king for neglecting his complaint without redress: this is certain, Olimpias had made posthorsses ready to convey him thence, after he had effected his pretence, yet she herself when she heard certainly that the king was murdered, came to his funeral rites the same night, under a great pretence of duty, and there set a Crown of gold upon Pansanias, as he was hanging upon the gallows, 
The behaviour o● O●●●pias at the death of king Philip.  which presumption of her●, may be very well conjectured none durst have ventured to undertake but only she.  
Shortly after this, she took down the body of Pansanias, burned it upon her husband's a●heses, built him a monument for everlasting memory, in the same place, & possessed such a superstitious toy in the heads of the people, that she made them yearly sanctify a day and keep it holy in remembrance of him This done, kill Cleopatra's daughter even in the arms of her mother, for whose sake Philip had divorced himself from her, she compelled her even in her sight to hung herself, and in beholding her while she was strangled enjoyed the revengement, to which she made haste by the murder of her husband. 
The cruelty of a Woman.   
Lastly, she consecrated the sword, wherewith the king her husband was slain, unto Apollo by the name of Mytralis, for that was Olimpias name, during the consistence of her infancy, all which she perpetrated so openly as who should say, we fear not lest that which we do should be allowed.  
Philip deceased being of the age of seven and forty years, when he had reigned five and twenty years, he begat Larissa a dancing damsel, & a son named Artdeos who reigned after Alexander, he had many other sons propagated from several women; of whom, some died of their natural death, some of the sword: he was a king, more desirous of battle then of banqueting, whose 
The description of king Philip.  riches chiefly consisted in furniture for war: he was more cunning in getting riches; then in keeping them: and for all his tyrannies, policies, conquests, taxations, and the enforced treasure which he daily had, yet was he always needy. Mercy and falsshod he loved alike, he thought it no shame to purchase his desire by what means soever he was possessed of it, where he favoured he would make as though he were displeased. Subtle and captious was he to talk unto, promising more than he would parforme. In devising serious matters, and in merry conceits cuuning, winning friendship for advantage and lucre, and not for faithfulness. Where he hated most, there he pretended most favour, and to sow discord, between such whose very thoughts had fraternity together, seeking for several thanks of both, was his solemn custom. His talk was eloquent and ready, full of sharp and sententious sayings. So that neither facility wanted to express his pleasant inventions, nor his inventions slack to adorn his eloquence.  
After him succeeded Alexander, thriving beyond his father, both in virtues and in vices. First, for the manner of their conquests, it had no affinity, for Alexander achieved his battles by force, Philip by policy; he rejoiced 
A comparison between Philip and Alexander.  to beguile his enemies, this king to vanquish them in open field; the other was more prudent in counsel, but this was of a more Princely and invincible stomach. The father would oftentimes dissemble his anger, and overcome it, but this once enraged, there was nothing but revenge in his thoughts, and never allayed without action; which pursued either without mercy or justice. But both of them were by disposition, inclined to imoderat and excess drinking of wine, but in their drunkenness their purposes had several effects, by their several disposition. The father, would ordinarily rise from his meat, and encounter his enemy even to handy blows, and unadvisedly cast himself into danger: but Alexander, outraged not against his enemies, but his especial friends: So that where Philip came oftentimes from battle wounded, by his delperate hardiness, he rose from the table, a murderer of his Captains. The father loved to have his friends reign and be near him, the son to be a tyrant, even unto his own. The f●ther desired to be beloved, the son to be feared; for learning, it was alike to both of them. The father a man better tutred in the principles of policy, the son, best to be trusted. Philip more modest in his conference, but Alexander in his actions. The son of a more honourable nature, ready to show mercy to them he overcame, but the father's cruelty was not laid open to his own confederates. The father was given to thriving the son to riot. By which means, the father to his glory, laid the foundation of the Monarchy of the whole world, and the son to his higher renown finished the whole work.   

THE TENTH BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe natural affection of Artaxerxes Mnemon toward his son Darius. His treason against his father. The punishment of Darius and his fifty brothers. The cruelty of Occhus. The prowess of Codoman, for the which he is created King, by the name of Darius.  
ARtaxerxes King of Persia had a hundred and fifteen sons by his wives and concubines, where of three only 
This same is he that is mentioned before in the five and six book●s.  were begotten in lawful wedlock, Darius, Artarates and Occhus. Of these 3. contrary to the Persians' use, which are not accustomed to make change of their K. unless he decease, the father drawn by entire love to his son, so persuaded with the counsel and commons, that in his life time he possessed his eldest son Darius in his seat and dignity, accounting it honour to himself, that he saw possessed in his son: making the remembrance of being a father to him, his only felicity, and in his life time he beheld the lively representation of his own royal estate presented in his issue: no sooner had this Artaxerxes expressed this loving affection, and fatherly example toward his only son, But Darius forgetting the name of a father, the duty of a son, all the laws of nature, whereby men are conjunctly in obedience to their parents being part of themselves, as a chain undissoluble, began to practise the death of him whom he aught most (as being the monument whereby he might remember himself) to have studied to preserve alive.  
Wretched and detestable had this treason been, had it been contrived alone, but more abhorred was it, in that he drew fifty of his brothers to consent 
〈…〉.  with him in the acts: and it is monstrous to remember so heinous a mu●ther, so Paricidiall, should not only be consented unto, but concealed in such a multitude of posterity. That of fifty sons, not one should have that remorse of conscience, whom neither the fear of a sathers' majesty, the reverence of his age and honourable gravety, or the earnest exemplary affection which he had published, could withdraw from so outrageous a cruelty: How could the name of a father be forgot amongst so many sons, that they, by whose defence he aught to have been preserved, even against the practices of his enemies, should now not only by their treason be suprized, but slaughtered.  
The cause of this pretended murder, was now more wicked than the murder itself, for after Cyrus was slain in that war he advanced against his brother, 
Darius seeks to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fath●● 〈◊〉.  (as is before mentioned,) king Artaxerxes took his concubine Aspasia, in marriage. Darius now being pleased with the kingdom his father resigned to him, was also pleased with his father's wife, and required him to part with her to him, as he already had dispossessed him of his Empire. The father so entangled with the love he bore to him, at first granted him his consent, but after strike with remembrance how vild that request was in a son to ask, and in a father to grant; he was moved to repentance, yet that he might modestly deny the thing he had rashly promised, he made her chief priest to his son, whereby she was bound by the religious law of their Nation, to save herself chaste from all men during her life. Darius' being with this just deceit of his provoked to anger, unsatisfied with the uncivil reproof he gave him, immediately after, unnaturally conspired with his brothers to work a treason, so ●ave as stretched unto his aged life: but the faction of this conspiracy being broke, the treason revealed, and the rabble apprehended, (as vengeance is just punishment of the Gods for such rebels,) execution was not delayed of any of them for this pretence. And that no Imp should remain of such wicked race, the wives and children of them all had the slaughter that was dew to the sons and fathers. But Artaxerxes conceiving an inward grief at this untimely fall of his generation, in that sorrow of his, fell sick and died, a far●e happier king, than a father.  
The inheritance of this kingdom was then delivered over to Ochus, who fearing the like conspiracy, and replenishing his palace with slaughter of his kindred and nobility. And lest he might be accounted more mild than those brothers that would have murdered their father, he was sparing to no consanguinity 
The kingdom 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉.  nor sex whatsoever, nor pitiful neither to age, nor youth.  
Thus having cleansed this jealousy from his kingdom, he made war upon the Armenians, in which one Codoman having the favour and affection of his Country, undertook the combat against one of Ochus Captains, who had grant of Ochus to challenge any of the Armenians in s●●gle 
A Combat.  fight, and thereby to determine the defference twixt the Armenians and him. This Codoman, in this noble enterprise slew his enemy, whereby he both won the victory, & rescued the honour of his Country, which lay in hazard to be lost: for which atchieument, Codoman was made lieutnant over th' Armenians, and in short time the life of Ochus expiring, in remembrance of his promise, the people created him their King. And to the intent that nothing should be wanting in him, that appertained to the seat of so great a Monarch, they called 
Codomon made King.  him by the name of Darius; who afterward, with great industry and Nobleness of spirit, held long war against great Alexander, sometime honour inclining to the one, and sometime to the other. At last, being vanquished by Alexander, and slain by his own kinsman, he ended his life, together with the Empire of Persia.  
The end of the tenth Book.   

The Eleventh book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
MAcedon in an uproar after the death of Philip, all which Alexander bringeth into a settled quietness. Alexander putteth many of his kinsfolks to death. He suppresseth many rebellions. He goeth on in the Wars that his father set on foot against the Persians'. He pardoneth the rebellion of the Athenians, razeth Thehes to the ground, entereth Asia, overcometh Darius, and over throweth many of his Lieutenants. He taketh his journey to the City of Gordis, & there he untieth the knot of the wain. A History by way of digression to the affairs of the Kings of Phrygia. Alexander hasteneth to Tharsus in Cilicia. He recovereth of a very dangerous disease. He overcometh Darius again: He taketh the mother, wife and daughter of Darius' prisoners, one of which his prisoners he marrieth, (called Barsive.) Sends forth Parmenio to invade the Persian sleet: other of his Nobles he appointeth to receive the Cities of Asia. He maketh one Abdolominus, (of a Gardener) King: He taketh the City of Tyrus by force. He goeth to the temple of ●ammo in Egypt, buildeth the City of Alexandria: receiveth divers Letters from Darius, and giveth answers to the letters. He bewaileth the death of Darius' wife. He receiveth a third Letter from Darius, and giveth answer thereunto. He overcometh Darius, and gaineth the Monarchy of Persia, with the whole Empire of Asia. He rewardeth well his soldiers, and findeth abundance of treasure in the City of Persepolis. Darius' bound hand and foot by his own kinsmen, he is sore wounded, and is found by a common soldier, to whom he uttereth his whole mind. He dieth, and by the appointment of Alexander is interred after the quality of his kingly estate and dignity.  
IN the Army of Philip, as there were men of divers qualities and conditions, So after the time that their King had received his deaths-wound, 
The estate of Macedon after the death of K. Philip.  the minds of the Macedonians were diversly moved, and distracted. For some that were enthralled, and restrained of their liberties, were revived with the comfortable hope of their accustomed freedom. Others there were even overtoyled with the troublesome weariness and woes of warfare and far from their native Country, rejoice to think that those affairs should be dissolved, and they dismissed. Many sorry to behold the Tapers that were lighted at the daughter's marriage, to stand upon the hearse of the deceased father. His friends also were not a little amazed, to seeth sudden change and alteration of things, considering how Asia was but lately challenged, Europe scarcely yet conquered, and that the Illyrians, Thracians, Dardanians, and other barbarous Nations, were as unconstant of mind, as unfaithful of promise. All which people (if at one time they should rebel) it were not possible any way to repel their commotions. But unto these mischieses the coming of Alexander was a present remedy. For in an Oration 
The wise behamour of Alexander.  delivered unto the people, he did not only free their hearts from fear, but confirmed in their hopes, a conceit of all happy success. He was then twenty years old, in which age, his modesty was such, as that it promised much more than was expected.  
He gave the Macedons a clear discharge of all things, save only of the Wars, by which he purchased to himself so much favour, and engraffed so good liking in all men's opinions, that they said, They had changed the body of the King, but not his virtues. His first and chiefest regard was, to perform the funeral rights of his father, with such solemnity as become the greatness of his estate. In the obsequies whereof (before all other things) he caused such to be executed upon his Father's Tomb, as were any way 
The murder●●ss of King Philip punished.  accessary to his death. Only he pardoned Alexander of Lincest his brother, for that he was the first that saluted him by the name of King. But he caused his half brother Daranus to be put to death as an underminer of his estate.  
In the beginning of his reign, he subdued many Countries that rebelled, and suppressed divers insurrections, even in their beginning. By which being greatly encouraged, he travailed into Greece, where after the example of his father, he summoned the cities to appear before him at Corinth, and was substituted Captain general of the forces, and thereupon he immediately prosecuted the wars against the Persyans, which were begun by his 
Alexander prosecuteth the wars of his father.  father: but as he was busied in furnishing the same, tidings were brought him, that the Athenians, Lacedæmonians and Thebans, were revolted from him to the Persyans, and that Demosthenes the Orator, (whom they had corrupted with gold) was author of that revolt: and avouched before the people, that the King of Macedon with all his host were slain by the Triballes, bringing his tales-man in open audience, who (to make the matter good) affirmed that he himself was wounded with the King in the same battle. Upon which report, the minds almost of all the Cities were changed and the garrisons of the Macedones besieged: to prevent which motions, Alexander entered 
He overcometh the commotions in Greece.  into Greece, with his army so well appointed, and in such good order of battle, that they scarce believed their own eyes, when they saw him, because they had not heard, or received former notice of his coming. In his way thither, h● exhorted the Thessalians to keep their aleagiance, urging still the benefits that his father had extended towards them, and putting them in mind of the kindred and alliance that was betwixt him and them, by his mother's side, which came of the stock of Aeacus. The Thessalians entertained those speeches with much joy and admiration, and established him in the place that his father formerly possessed, which was chief Duke of their Country, yielding him all the tributes, and revenues, thereunto due, and accustomed. But the Athenians as they were the first that revolted, so were the first that repent: wondering at the disdain of their enemy and extolling the childhood of Alexander (whom before they held in scorn) above the prowess of their ancient captain. Therefore they dispatched Aambassadors with entreaty of peace, and pardon: Whom Alexander hearing, (after many rebukes given them for their insolency) made joyful in the fruition of their request.  
From thence he turned his power towards Thebes intending to have showed the like mercy to them, if he had found the like repentance in them. But the Thebans in stead of submission and entreaty went to it with force of arms. So soon therefore as they were vanquished they suffered the grievous punishment of miserable thrauldome and captivity.  
When the matter came to be debated in counsel as concerning the destruction of the City, the Phocenses, Platecenses, Thespians and Orchomenians, (Alexander's confederates and partakers at his victory) found fault with the 
The hatred that fell between the Thebans and Gree●an●.  cruelty of the Thebans in destroying their Cities, and with the good will they always bore to the Persians', not at that time only, but of old to the open prejudice of the Grecyan liberty. That their dealings had purchased a general hatred of the people, this might be an evident proof that they had all bound themselves with an oath to raze Thebes, as soon as they had overcome the Persians'. And that they might be the more hated, not only for their present disloyalty, but for their former impudence, they pronounced that they had cloyed all stages with plays made of their wicked and detested proceed.  
Than Cleadas one of the prisoners having free liberty of speech, affirmed 
The conncel of Eleadastor to save the City.  that the Thebans had revolted from the King's heirs, and not from the king whom they heard to be slain. Which deed if it were any trespass, it might rather be imputed to the oresight of light credit, then to any untruth or infidelity, for which notwithstanding they had already endured great punishment, for the youth of the city being put to the sword, there survived none, but a company of women, and old men, which as they were feeble, so were they unable to do harm, yet had they been vexed with many ravishments, and other shameful displeasures. Wherhfore this intercession was not for his Country folk (whereof there were so few left) but the guiltless soil of his Country, and the town itself, in which not men only, but Gods had received their birth, and Nativity.  
For a private superstitious instance to entreat the king withal, he alleged that Hercules (from whom the house of the Acacydes do fetch their pedigree) was borne among them, and that his father Philip had passed his childhood at Thebes: beseeching him to spare that city, which honoured some of his ancestors that were borne their as Gods and had seen other of them that were there brought up raised to the possession of royal and kingly Diadems. But wrath prevailed before entreaty. The city therefore was razed, the Lands divided amongst the Conquerors, and the prisoners saved under a Garland, the price whereof was set, not to the advantage of the buyers, but according to the malice of the enemies.  
The Athenians thought it a miserable sight, and therefore opened their Gates for the refuge of such as had escaped by slight, contrary to the King's commandment. At which deed Alexander took such displeasure, that when their Ambassadors came again to sue for peace, he remitted their offence, upon condition that they should yield into his hands their Captains 
Alexander demandeth, the first beg●●●er of these br●●leses.  and Orators, upon whose trust they did so often fall into rebellion. The Athenians ready to satisfy his command, because they were willing to allow his coacted constraint of War, the matter was brought to this issue, that they still retained their Orators, and banished their Captains: who immediately bending their courses to Darius, did not a little increafe the strength of the Persians'.  
At his setting forth to the wars in Persia, he put to death all his mother in laws kinsmen, whom Philip had raised to high promotions: and made rulers of countries, neither spared he such of his own kindred, as seemed meet 
His mother in laws 〈◊〉 put to d●ath.  to undertake rule or government, lest (while he was making war a far off) occasion of rebellion should remain in Macedon. Such kings also (of any wisdom or Capacity) as were tributaries, he took with him to the wars, leaving at home the old men to govern his kingdom. Than assembled he all his power, and took ship. Out of which as soon as he beheld Asia, in is courage he grew wonderfully inflamed, and made twelve altars to the gods, as a vow for prosperous success in his wars.  
The inheritance he had in Macedon, and Europe, he divided among his friends, saying that Asia was enough for himself. Before any sail departed 
Alexander divideth his inheritance in Macedon among his friends  from the shore, he slew sacrifices, making his prayer for victory by battle, as by which he was best to be the revenger of Greece, that so often times before had been assailed of the Persians', whose Monarchy had continued long enough, and was come to such perfect ripeness, that it was high time for some other to take the room, of more worth and ability to undergo it. Neither was the Army of less courage than the King himself. For without remembrance of their wives and children, they forgot they should make war far from home, and as sure account to possess the Gold of the Persians', and the riches of the whole East, as if it had been their own already, nothing dreading the dangers of the War, but doubting their courages, by an undoubted expectation of purchase, and victory. Assoon as they were come to land, Alexander first of all threw a dart, as it were in the face of his enemies, and in his armour leapt out of his ship, and so killed his sacrifices, praying the Gods that those countries might willingly receive him as their King. In the same places also he kept funerals at the Tombs of such as were slain at the battle of Troy.  
Than sought he for his enemy, straightly charging his soldiers to make no waist in the country of Asia, saying it was but reason, to spare that, which they intended should be their own, and to make no havoc of those things, which they purposely came to possess. In his Army were thirty two thousand footmen, four thousand and five hundred horsemen, and one hundredth, fourscore, and two ships. And it is to be doubted, whether it might be 
The number of Ale●and. b●●st.  more wondered, that with a handful of men he conquered the whole world, or that he durst give the enterprise to attempt it: Considering that to so dangerous a warfare he made not choice of lusty young men, and such as were in the prime of youth, but old worn Soldiers, and such, whereof many by reason of their years, were exempted from the wars, who had served under his father, and his uncles; So that it might well have been thought, that he had not picked out soldiers but rather masters of chivalry. Moreover none had the leadings of any band, that was under the age of threescore years old. So that a man beholding the chief officers of his camp, would have said, he had seen the Senate of some ancient commonwealth. There was none therefore that put more trust to his legs, than his arms, neither did any man think of running away, but of getting the victory. On the other side Daryus king of Persya trusting in his own strength, refused to do any thing by policy, affirming that it stood not with his honour to steal the conquest, or 
The 〈◊〉 of Darius.  to keep his enemy from the borders of his Kingdom, but rather to receive him into the bowls of his realm: and that it should add more honour to his name to expel him by force, than not to permit his entrance. The first encounter therefore, was in the plains of Adrast. In the host of the Persians' were siue hundred thousand fight men, whereof many being slaughtered 
The number of the Persyans.  the surviving residue turned their backs and fled, being vanquished as much by the policy of Alexander, as by the puissance of the Macedons. Of Alexander's host, were slain nine footmen, and an hundredth and twenty horsemen, Whom the king (the more to encourage the remainder of his soldiers) caused to be sumptuously buried and their Images to be set on their Tombs, and gave great privileges to their kinsfolk.  
In this victory the greater part of Asia fell unto him. He fought many battles with the lieutenants of Darius, whom he (not somuch by force by the terror of his name) did afterwards vanquish, and subdue. In the mean time Alexander (by the confession of a prisoner) received information that Alexander of Lincest, the son of antipater, whom he had left his vicegerent in Macedon, went about to work treason against him. Yet distrusting that if he should put him to death, there would rise some commotion in Macedon, he committed him to safe-keeping. This done, he marched towards the city of Gordis, the which is situate between the greater and the lesser Phrigia. The desire that Alexander had to get this city in his possession, was not so much for the riches, 
Of the City of Gordis & Gordi●● Wain.  or the worth of it, as because he heard say, that in that city in the temple of jupiter, was the yoke of Gordius wain, the knot whereof whosoever could undo, the ancient Oracles had prophesied, should be king of all Asia. The occasion, and original hereof was this. As one Gordias was going to plough in the country, with oxen that he had hired, birds of all sorts began to fly about him. And as he went to ask counsel of the Soothsayers of the city, by the way he met with a maid of excellent beauty, and craving her advice to what Soothsayer he were best to go, she answered (after the relation of the matter) that by the insight she had herself into the same science, by the instruction of her father and mother, it signified he should be a king, and thereupon offered herself to be his partaker both of wedlock, and of the kingdom 
A maid sheu●eth Go●dias the meaning of the Bi●deses  predestinate unto him.  
He thought himself happy to have such affair offer at the first entry of his kingdom. After the marriage solemnized, the Phrygyans amongst themselves fell at discord and dissension. And when they asked counsel of the Oracle how the same might be appeased, answer was made that it could not be ended without the help of a king. Demanding again, of the person of their king, what manner of man he should be, commandment was given them, that they should mark, whom they first saw after their return, riding into the Temple of jupiter, and take him for their king. The first man they met, was this Gordias, whom they presently saluted by the name of King. The chariot wherein he road, when the kingdom was imposed upon him, he placed in the Temple of jupiter, and consecrated it for an offering, as a thing accustomed for Kings to do at their Coronation.  
After the reign of Gordias, his son Midas, (who was trained up by Orpheus in many superstitious Ceremonies) filled all the realm with sects of 
Midas trained up under Orpheus.  religion; by which, more than by his chivalry his life was safe and secure from peril and danger.  
Alexander having taken the town, and coming into the Temple of jupiter, immediately inquired for the yoke of the wain: the which being brought before him, and he (upon sight thereof) finding himself unable to come by the ends of the thongs that were hidden with the wreaths, wrested the Oracle to the uttermost, and cut them asunder with his sword, and so the wreaths being loosed, he found the ends of the knots within the braides.  
As this was doing, tidings were brought him, that Darius approached with an huge army of Men, upon which fearing to be encompassed within the straits, he made all possible speed to pass the mountain Taurus, in which hast he ran five hundredth furlongs.  
When he came to Tarsus, he was much delighted with the pleasantness of the river Cydnus, which runneth through the midst of the City, and as he 
Alexander in great danger by a surfeit.  was full of dust and sweat, he threw himself naked into the cold water, which forthwith begat such a stiffness through all his sinews, that he lost his speech, and was in such danger of death, that he seemed past hope of recovery. Only there was one of his Physicians, named Philip, which warranted him his life. And yet the same Physician was had in mistrust, by reason of the letters sent the day before out of Cappadocia from Permenio. Who knowing nothing of Alexander's mischance, wrote unto him to take heed of Philip his Physician, for he was corrupted by Darius for a great sum of money. Yet Alexander thought it his better safety to commit himself into the hands of the physician, then to abide the danger of his disease, whereof there was little hope but death. Therefore he took the drink that the Physician had made him, and delivered him the letter: And as he was drinking, he steadfastly beheld his face, to observe and mark what countenance he would carry at the reading thereof.  
But he was nothing abashed thereat, which Alexander was very glad of, and the fourth day after recovered his health. Darius therefore with three hundred thousand footmen, and an hundredth thousand horsemen proceeded unto battle. Which huge multitude of enemies when Alexander beheld, he was much 
The second encounter of alexander & Darius  moved, in respect of the small number of his men; yet when he called again to mind what great enterprises he had achieved, and how mighty Countries he had conquered with that small quantity, he vanquished all fear with hope (the minds best comforter) and thought it dangerous to delay the battle, lest his men should be discouraged. Therefore he road about his Army, and with sundry orations did animate the hearts of his company.  
The Illirians and Thracians he encouraged with promise of great riches, and substance. The Greeks' he set on fire with remembrance of their former wars, and their continual hatred against the Persians'. The Macedons he put in mind of Europe already conquered, and of Asia now conquered: persuading them that in the world there were not men like them for strength and magnaminity, and that this battle would make an end of their troubles, and immortally eternize their glory. In speaking these words, he commanded his battles to stand still again, that by pausing, they might acquaint their eyes with the huge number of their enemies.  
Darius also was not remiss in ordering of his battles, for whereas it belonged to the duty of his Captains to do it, he went himself to each rank, and exhorted them all to play the men, putting them in remembrance of the ancient renown of the Persians', and of the perpetual possession of the Empire given them by the the Gods.  
This done, with great courage both the armies buckled together. And in that battle both kings were wounded, and the victory hung in doubtful suspense, till Darius, forsook the field. Than followed the slaughter of the Persians', of whom were slain threescore thousand footmen, ten thousand horsemen, 
The slaughter of the Persians.  and forty thousand were taken prisoners. Of the Macedons, were put to sword, an hundredth and thirty footmen, and an hundredth and fifty horsemen. In the tents of the Persians' was found much gold and other riches. Among others, were taken prisoners Darius Mother, his wife, and two of his daughters. Whom when Alexander came to visit and comfort, they made a great screeking, upon sight of the harnisht men, and embraced one another, as if there had been no other way with them, but present death. They fell prostrate at Alexander's feet, not entreating pardon for their lives, but beseeching respite for a time to celebrated the funerals of Darius.  
Alexander seeing the tender affection of the women was moved with pity, and told them that Darius was yet living, wishing them to be of good cheer 
The ●lemen●y of alexander  for no violence should be done; but esteemed as queens, and well entreated. He also willed that the daughters of Daryus should trust in him for their advancement in marriage, both for their father's honour and reputation. After this, he beheld the riches, jewels, and apparel of Darius, which when he saw, he was struck with admiration and wonder. Than began he to make riotous banquets, sumtuous feasts, and to fall in love with Barsive (for her beauty and favour) who was one of prisoners, and of whom afterward he begat a Son, and named him Hercules; nevertheless remembering that Darius was yet alive, he sent Parmenio to invade the Persian●leete ●leete, and appointed other of his friends to receive the Cities of Asia. Which immediately upon the report of Alexander's victory yielded to the conqueror, so did the Lieutenants also that Darius had placed over them, bringing with them a great mass of money and treasure. Than set he forwards into Syria, where many Kings met him with their crowns on their heads to do him royal entertain. Of whom (according to the measure of their merit) some he had received into favour, some again he deposed and substituted others to reign in their steads. Among all other Abdolminus (whom Alexander made king of Sydon is worthy 
A 〈◊〉 made 〈◊〉 of Sydon.  to be remembered. For of a mercenary poor Gardener, that before lead his life miserably, and was went for wages to cast ponds, and watercourses, Alexander made him a king, setting aside the respect of the Nobility, lest they for their birth, and lineage might have seemed to challenge it of duty, and not to accept it, as a free gift.  
The Citizens of tire sent their Ambassadors to Alexander with a weighty Crown of massy gold, for joy of his good success: who thankfully accepting their present, replied that his intent was, ●re long to visit tire, and to perform 
Alexander 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  his vows to Hercules. But when the Ambassadors understood his purpose, they replied again that he might do that better in old tire, and in the old Temple, and made earnest desire that he would not enter into the new town. Whereat he took such heavy displeasure that he threatened utterly to ruinated and destroy the City, and forthwith brought his Army to the Island, and the Tyrians, full of courage and resolution, trusting also to the people of Ca●thage, for welcome entertained him with wars. For they were not a little encouraged by the example of Dido who builded Carthage, and conquered the third part of the world, thinking it no small disgrace to them, if their women should be more commended for their magnanimity in conquering: then they had in defending their liberty. Wherhfore they sent all such to Carthage as were thought unmeet for the wars, and brought other supply in their stead. Howbeit, not long after their town was surpryzed and taken by Treason.  
And Alexander received the Rhodes, Egypt, and Cilicia, without resistance, or stroke of war. Than took he his journey to jupiter Hammon, to inquire 
alexander go ●th to Hammo 〈◊〉 Egypt.  of the chances of future accidents, and to be resolved of the condition and quality of his own birth. For his mother Olympias had secretly delivered to Philip her husband that she conceived not Alexander by him but by a Serpent of admirable bigness. And Philip himself but a little before his death, had openly reported that he was not his Son: whereupon (as though she had played false with him) he put away Olimpias. Alexander therefore being desirous to fetch his pedigree from the gods, and deliver his Mother from slander of the world, addressed Messengers privily before to the Priests, to direct them, what answer he would have them to make.  
As soon as he entered into the Temple, the Prelates saluted him by the name of the son of Hammon. And he rejoicing at this adoption of the gods gave commandment that all men in general should take him for his father. Than he demanded whether they had inflicted punishment on such as were guilty of the murder of his father. They made answer that his father could neither dye, nor be killed, but as for the death of king Philip, the doers there of had received sufficient and condign punishment. To his third demand they answered, that he should tryumpth in victory, and be conqueror in all battel●: and should be entitled the owner of the universal world, and the riches thereof. ●o such also as attended upon him, especial charge was given to honour Alexander as a god, and not a king. Which made him grow to such exceeding haughtiness, and pride, that the gentleness which he had learned by the literature of the Greeks', and the instructions of the Macedones, was quite razed out of his thoughts.  
As he returned from Hammon, he caused Alexandria to be builded, and peopled it with Macedones, ordaining it to be the head City of Egypt. Darius' 
〈…〉  being escaped to Babylon dispatched his letters to Alexander, entreating that the women (taken prisoners by him) might be ransomed and set at liberty, and to that end he prosfered a great Sum of money. But Alexander returned answer, that they were not to be ransomed for money, nor under the value of his whole kingdoms possession.  
Not long after came another letter from Darius to Alexander wherein he made tender of one of his daughters in marriage, and a portion of his kingdom with her. But Alexander sent him word again, that the things he proffered were his own already, and willed him rather to come, and submit himself, and to a put the ordering of his kingdom to the discretion of his Sovereign. The● (past all hope of peace) Darius addressed himself again to the wars, and with four thousand footmen, and ten thousand horsemen marched towards Alexander.  
In his journey news was brought him of his wives decease in deliverance of a child before her time, and that Alexander shed tears for her death, and accompanied her co●ple to the burial, not for any lascivions love but of his 
〈…〉  own me●r c●●●●●sie, and true honourable disposition, for he never saw her but once in all l●f●. Darius then thinking himself wholly vanquished, and 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 so many battles, his enemy had also over come him with kindness, thought it the less disparagement unto his report, scythe he could not get the victory that it was his chance to be vanquished by so worthy a conqueror. Wherhfore he directed the third letter unto him, giving him thanks, that he had not ill entreated his prisoners, nor showed them any extremity: Offering 
〈…〉.  him the greater part of his kingdom, even the river Euphrates, with another of his daughters to wise: and for the rest of his prisoners thirty thousand talents. Hereunto Alexander made answer that he expected not thanks at his enemie●handss, for what he had done was not to slatter him withal, or to seek any ●●●●nce against the uncertain event of war, or for articles of peace, but to sh●● he own noble heart, which taught him to contend with the power of his 〈◊〉, and n●t with their callamyties, promising to perso●me all Darius request, if he would acknowledge himself as next unto him, and not as his e 〈◊〉 for as the world could not be ruled if there were two suns, so could it not be by two Sovereign kings.  
Therefore advised him either to submit himself the same day, or else to prepare himself to battle the next day, and not to beguile his hopes with the expectation of any other victory, than what he had tried already. The next day they brought their men into the field. But suddenly before the battle Alexander fell a sleep, being very heavy, and surprised with the multitude of cares, and discontentments. And when all his men were in readiness to give the charge upon their enemies, the king only was missing. Who afterwards being very hardly awaked by Parmenio, and of all his men demanded the cause of his so sound sleeping in a time so dangerous, seeing he was formerly accustomed to content himself with very little sleep even when the quietness of his affairs gave occasion of all leisure, and liberty: he made answer that he was delivered of a great fear, and that he had slept of a sudden content that came on him, & pleased all his senses; for that at once he should encounter with the whole power of Darius, which he was afraid should have been prolonged if the Persians' had divided their Army.  
Before the battle each army stood in the sight of other. The Macedones wondering at the number of their Enemies, their goodly personages, and their costly armour: the Persians' on the other side, amazing that so few should overcome so many thousands as they had. The Captains bestirring themselves in looking to their several charges. Darius' encouraged his soldiers with this, that if they were divided, the number of them ten to one exceeded their Enemies. Alexander willed the Macedones not to be abashed at the multitude of the contrary party, at the hugeness of their bodies, nor the strangeness of their colour. But to remember that this was the third time of their fight, and that they should not think their enemies were become better men by their often running away, especially sith they brought with them into the field so sorrowful a remembrance of their own discomfitures, as of somuch bloodshed as they went away with, in the two former battles. And as Darius exceeded him in number of Men, so did he surpass Darius in the greatness of strength. Therefore exhorted his men to despise that host, in which was more gain than danger, and glistered more in the outwatrde show of Gold and silver, then in the inward substance of valour, and virtue: for victory was not gotten by the bravery of furniture, but by the force of weapon, and the undaunted resolution of courageous spirits.  
After this, the onset was given. The Macedones laid about them fiercely with their weapons, as disdainning their enemy whom before they had so often vanquished. The Persians' on the contrary side had rather dye, then be vanquished, which caused somuch effusion of blood, as had not at any time been seen in any batteel. Parius when he perceived his men put to the worse, 
Darius is put to slight. The care of Darius for the safeguard of his soldiers.  would gladly have made his end honourable by his death in the field, but that such as were about him compelled him to save his life by flight.  
Afterwards when some gave him counsel to break the bridge over the river Lycus, that he might stop his Enemies from pursuit, he said that his care should not be altogether for his own safeguard, but that he would also show himself careful for his company, and not cast so many of them into their enemy's hands: Therefore appointed, it should be a way for others to escape, as well as it had been for himself. Alexander, he undertook still, and enterprised such things as were most full of danger, and where he saw his enemy's thickest, and the sight sharpest, thither did his resolution carry him, and there would he thrust himself into the greatest perils, and not leave them to the hurt, and hazard of his Soldiers. By this battle he took away the Empire of all Asia, the first year after he began to reign. Whose felicity 
The beginning of the Empire of Macedon.  was so great that no man durst rebel against him, and the Persians' themselves after so many years continuance of their monarchy, patiently endured the yoke of bondage.  
When he had rewarded, and refreshed his soldiers, he did nothing for forty days after, but take view of the spoil of his enemy & found locked up in the City forty thousand talents. He also won Percipolis, the head City of the kingdom of Persia, the which had continued famous many years together, and stuffed with the spoils of the whole world. While these things were doing, there came unto Alexander about eight hundredth Greekes, who besides their punishment of captivity, were deprived of some of their limbs, and requested him that as he had revenged Greece, so he would also revenge the cruelty of their enemies. When he had put it to their choice either to stay there, or return into their countries, they rather chose to take certain lands, and make their abode there, then to go home to be a grief to their friends, and a joy to their enemies.  
In the mean season to win the favour of the conqueror, Darius his own kinsmen, in a village of the Parthians called Ta'en, bound him in setters, and chains of gold: which was thought the very ordinance and disposition of the 
Darius' wounded to death by his own kinsmen.  Gods, that the monarchy of the Persians' should take end in the land of them that should succeed in the Empire.  
Alexander also the next morrow, following upon spur, had intelligence that Darius was conucied out by night in an horselitter. And there upon commanded his host to follow the chase with seven thousand of his horsemen. In his journey he fought many dangerous battles. And when he had ridden many a mile and could receive no intellgence, or inkling of Darius, as his horses were a baiting, one of his soldiers, going down to a watering place near adjoining, found Darius sore wounded in a Litter, but as yet alive. Who calling the same soldier unto him, and perceiving by his speech that he was one of his own Countrymen, he told him, that being in the case he was, it was no small comfort unto him, that he should not utter his last words in vain, but speak to a man that could well understand him.  
He bade him then bear word unto Alexander, that he died a great debtor of his without any desert of his own part, for he was better entreated of him, 
The words o● 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 ●is death.  then of his own kindred, and alliance, and he had found him not like an enemy, but a royal friend in his kingly courtesy towards his wife and children. For whereas his enemy had given his wife, and children life, his own kinsfolk, upon whom he had both bestowed life and kingdoms, had now given him the fatal stroke of death: for which he rendered such thanks unto himas it might please the Conqueror to accept at the hands of the conquered. Only one thing now at the point of death lay in his power to do for Alexander, in requital and full recompense of all his good turns, which was, that he would pray to the celestial, and infernal powers, and the Gods of Kings, to give him the victory, and Dominion of the whole world. For his own part he desired nothing, but that without grudging he would grant his rights of burial for to be solemnly celebrated.  
Touching the revenge of his death, it was now no part of his care, but (for example sake) it concerned the common case of Kings, which to neglect, as it should be dishonourable, so it might turn to his own utter peril. Form th'one part it was a case that craved justice, on the other it touched his own profit, and safety. In token whereof, as a kingly pledge of his faith, he gave the Soldier his right hand to carry unto Alexander. These words being uttered, he stretched forth himself, and immediately yielded up the Ghost. Which when Alexander heard of, he came to see his body, as he lay dead, and wept over it, to behold so worthy an estate come to so unworthy a death. Whetfore he caused his body to be buried in that royal manner, as become the estate, and condtion of a K. and the same to be bestowed in the famous Tombs of his Noble ancestors.  
The end of the eleventh Book.   

THE TWELVE BOOK of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
ALexander burieth his soldiers sumptuously. Agis king of Lacedaemon maketh a great insurrection in Greece, and is slain. Alexander king of Epire maketh Wars in Italy, and is dangerously wounded, whereof he dieth. Zopyron with his host is slain by the Scythians, while the host of alexander was in Parthia, did long desire to return home. He subdueth Hyrcania and the Mardes, Thalestris Queen of the amazones, accompanieth with alexander. He taketh into fashion the manners of the Persians', maketh most riotous seasting, giveth licence unto his soldiers to marry with their prisoners, committeth outrage against his Nobles, conquereth the people that inhabit the skirts and borders of Cantasus, in which time Bessus, he that killed Darius, is brought bound unto alexander, whom he delivercth over to be punished unto Oxatre, own brother to Darius. He buildeth alexandria upon Tanais. He killeth Clitus at the Table. He falleth into wondrous great despair for the same. He receiveth whole Countries by composition. He putteth Calisthines and other Noblemen to death, giveth his soldiers shyeldes all of Silver. Eni●●reth into Ind, whereas a Queen called Cleophis, yieldeth both herself and kingdom unto him. She receiveth the same again from his hands. He overcometh king Porus. He buildeth two Cities, subdueth four Nations. He is again moved by his soldiers to return home. He overcometh the Eufites, Receives by composition the Gessones, and Asybanes. He conquereth the Ambres and S●●●●res. He is sore wounded in the City of Opidrakes,, preserveth all his host from poisoned wounds, by the warning of a dream. He buildeth a city in the mouth of the river Indus, returneth to Babylon, putteth the Lieutenants of divers Countries to death. He punisheth a mutiny amongst his soldiers, mourneth for the death of Ephestion, entertaineth the Ambassadors of Carthage, Spain, France etc. He is poysone● by Antipater, comforteth his soldiers, making a tumult for his death. He delivereth his ring to Perdiccas, and dieth.  
ALexander bestowed great cost in burying his soldiers that were slain in the pursuit of Darius, and to the residue of his company that survived, he imparted fifteen thousand talents. The greater part of his horses were foundered with heat, and such as remained were able to do no service. The whole sum of the money gotten by this late victory, was one hundredth and three and fifty thousand talents, where of Parmenio was made Treasoror: while these things were doing, letters were brought 
〈…〉 cedon.  from Antiapater out of Macedon, the tenor whereof contained the wars of Agnostus is King of the Spartans' in Grecce; of Alexander King of Epire, in Italy; and of his Lieutenant Sopiron in Scythia: which at first filled his thoughts full of sundry amazements. Nevertheless when he had well digested the natures of two Kings, that did envy the prosperity of his fortunes, he was more glad of the loss of them, then sorry for his army, and his Captain Zopyron.  
For after Alexander had taken his journey, the most part of Greece cell to rebellion, in hope to recover their liberty, following the example of the Lacedemontans, who forsook the peace, and despised the orders taken both by Philip and Alexander. Captain and ringleader of this commotion, was Agis the Lacedaemonian king. But Antipater levied a power and suppressed this insurrection, at the very first beginning, notwithstanding there were on both parts, great slaughter and much effusion of blood. King Agis, when he saw his men put to flight (albeit his fortunes were not so good as Alexander's,) yet 
The u●lour of king Agis.  that he might not seem inferior to him in courage, sent away his guard, and himself alone made such slaughter of his enemies, that sometimes he put whole bands of men to flight: and at last, although the multitude oppressed him, yet he won the glory from them all.  
Moreover, Alexander king of Epire, being sent into Italy to aid the Tarentines against the Brutians, took that voyage upon him with as great desire, as though the world should have been divided, and that Alexander, the son of his sister Olympias should have had the East, and he himself the West, intending to have no less command in Italy, Africa, and Sicill, than tother should have to do in Asia, and among the Persians'. Besides this, as the Oracle at Delphos had prophesied unto Alexander the great, that his destruction should be wrought in Macedon, so the Oracle of jupiter of Dodones, had told this Alexander, that the city of Pandose, & the river of Acheruse should be his fatal end.  
Now as both of them were in Epire, (not knowing they were also in Italy) to avoid the danger of his destiny, he enterprised war in a strange land. The first war he made when he came into Italy, was with the Appuleyans, 
〈…〉  but when he understood the destinies of their cities, he concluded peace & friendship with their king. For at that time the chief city of Appuleia, was Br●nduse, which was founded by the Actolians, under the conduct of that famous captain Diomedes, so much renowned for his valour at the battle of Troy. But being expulsed by the Appuleyans, they asked counsel of the Oracles, who answered, that they should for ever possess the place that they required. Hereupon they dispatched Ambassadors to the Appuleyans, and willed them either to surrender their City again, or to expect sudden, and sharp Wars upon them. The Appuleyans having knowledge of the answer of the Oracle, put the Ambassadors to death, and buried them in the City, there to remain for ever.  
So having dispatched the meaning of the Oracle, they enjoyed the city a long time after. Which when Alexander of Epire understood of, he forbore to trouble th' Appuleyans reverencing the destinies oflong continuance.  
Than made he war with the Brutians, and Lucans, and won many cities 
Alexander of 〈◊〉 wounded to death.  from them. He concluded a peace and league with the Metapontines, Ruti●ians, and Romans. But the Brutians, and Lucans having obtained help and aid of their neighbours, siercely renewed the wars: where the king (near unto the city Pandose and the river Acheruse) was wounded to death, not knowing the name of his fatal place, before he was slain. And when he snoulde die, he perceived the danger of death lay not in his own Country, albeit for that cause he forsook the same. The Tyrians ransomed his body at the charges of their City, giving it honourable burial.  
While these things were doing in Italy, Lopyron also, whom Alexander the great had leftpresident of Pontus, thinking it a point of cowardice to lie 
The death of ●●●●ron ●●●●ent of Pon tus.  still, and do nothing, raised an army of thirty thousand soldiers, and made war upon the Seythians, where being slain with all his host, he suffered due punishment for making so rash and unjust war against a people so innocent, and harmless. When news of these accidents were brought into Parthic to Alexander, he seemed very sorry for the death of Alexander his kinsman, and commanded that all his host should mourn for him, by the space of three days following. After this, when all men looked to return into their countries, as though the war had ended in the death of Darius, and all (after a sort) were ready in their hearts to embrace their Wives, and Children: Alexander, summoned his soldiers together, persuading them that all those notable battles were to no purpose, if the barbarous Nations of the East were left untouched▪ for he desired not Darius' death but his diadem, and all such aught to be pursued with violence, as sorsook their due odience to the kingdom. When he had by this oration sharpened the resolution of his Soldiers, and quickened their minds afresh, he subdued Hyr●●●●, and the Mardes.  
In the same Country Thalestris met him, otherwise named Mynothaea Queen of the Amazons, with three hundredth thousand women, who came sinc and twenty days journey, through the savage countries, and the midst 
〈…〉  of her enemies, of purpose to have issue by Alexander. The sight and coming of whom, was much wondered at, both for strangeness of their apparel, un●●ccustomed to be worn by women, and also for their desire to company wi●h Alexander and his followers: upon this occasion were thirty days spent, and when she thought her self with child she departed.  
After this Alexan. (as though he had made himself subject to their laws and customs, whom he had vanquished) took upon him the apparel, and 
alexander in bra●eth the manners and appar●● of the Persians'.  Diadem of the Kings of Persia, a thing altogether unwonted before that time of the Kings of Macedon. And that he might counterfeit the Persians' as well in excess of apparel, as of Fare, and that it might not seem more heinous in himself; he commanded his friends to were long robes of cloth of gold, and purple. Moreover he spent the nights by turns amongst the king's Concubines, which were women both of excellent birth and beauty. And lest his lustful likinges might seem to abate, or decay, he surthered them with all sorts of great fare, and set out his feasts with all princely pastimes, and shows, forgetting quite by such means riches are wont to be consumed, and not obtained.  
This caused much murmur to arise through all his camp, that he should so degenerate from Philip his father, as to disdain the name of his own Country, and to take upon him the manners of the Persians', whom for the vileness thereof he before had suppressed, and subdued. But that it might not be a fault to him alone, to yield to the vices of such, as he had vanquished, he gave liberty to his Soldiers (if any of them would be delighted with the company of their prisoners) to take them to their wives; thinking indeed they would have less mind homewards, when even in their tents they had 
a Policy 〈◊〉 a cust●●●.  (as it were) a similitude of their houses, and dwelling places; and that they would make less account of their travel in the wars, for the delight they had in their wives.  
Besides this, he thought Macedon should not be so much spent in sending supplies for them that were slain, if the young Imps succeeded the old Soldiers (their fathers) and were trained up in the same trench that they were borne in; and that they would become the hardy, being not trained up only, but also Nursed in the camp. Which custom afterwards remained amongst the successors of Alexander. Therefore there was a stipend appointed to maintain and foster up the Children, and when they came to man's estate, they had furniture, horse, and harness given them, and the fathers had wages allowed them, according to the number of their sons. If any of their fathers died, the children nevertheless that survived, received their father's wages, and so their childhood amongst so many Voyages was even a very warfare. Being therefore from their infancy hardened with continual travel, and danger, they became an invincible host, reckoning the camp, as their country; and the battle, as an assured victory. They that were thus begotten, were called Epigones. When he had conquered the Parthians, he created Andagoras, (one of the chiefest Noble men of Persia) ruler over them, from whom afterwards the Kings of Parthia descended.  
In the mean space Alexander, began to grow outrageous with his own followers, not like a king, but an enemy. The chiefest cause of his displeasure was that some of them, found fault with him, for breaking the customs 
alexand●●r 〈◊〉 great ra●e & discontent with his Noble●.  both of Philip (his father,) and of his own country. For which the ancient father Parmenio, (after inquisition had) being in estate next to the king, and his son Philotas, were both put to death. Whereupon all the camp began to be in an uproar, grieving at the mischance of the old man and his Son and not letting sometime to say, that it was not for themselves then to expect any better.  
When these things came to the hearing of Alexander, fearing that if the report thereof should be blown into Macedon, the glory of his victories would be stained with the imputation of cruelty, he feigned an intention to sand 
Alexander's fear of the people.  certain of his friends into Macedon to bear tidings of his several conquests, and willed his Soldiers to writ to their friends, saying it would be long ere they had the like opportunity, because he meant to make war further of. This being done, by which he perceiving every man's opinion, put all those into one band that had an ill conceit of him, intending either to consume them by battle, or to people towns with them in the uttermost parts of the world. Than did he subdue the Dracans, the Euergets, the Permenians, the Paropamies sadons, Hisdaspians, and the other kinds of people, that inhabit the foot of the mountain Caucasus. In the mean time Bessus was brought unto him, one of Darius' friends, who had not only betrayed the King his Master, but had also cruelly slain him. Whom in revenge of his treachery, he delivered 
Bessas delivered to be punished for tree son.  to Darius' brother to punish as he thought good, and to use such justice upon him, that had traitorously slain his own master, as the security of such a foul sact required. Upon the river Tanais he builded a City, and named it Alexandria, to the end, he might leave his name amongst them in those Countries. The walls whereof, being six miles in compass, he finished within seventeen days, removing into it the people of three Cities, that Cyrus had builded. Among the Sagdians, and Bactrians also, he builded seventeen Cities, placing in them all such as he knew to be seditious in his host.  
These things thus effected, upon a certain day after, he caused a solemn feast to be provided for himself, and his friends. Where after many cups 
M●●ke the 〈◊〉 of drunkenness in a 〈◊〉.  of wine caroused, mention being made among them of King Philip his Acts, he began to prefer himself before his father, and extolled the greatness of his own deeds above the heavens. Which the greatest part of his guests assented to, and confirmed. When Clitus therefore one of the old men, upon trust of the King's friendship (for in that respect he was the chiefest about him) defended the same of Philip, and stood in the praise of his Noble and worthy acts, he somuch provoked the displeasure and indignation of Alexander therewith, that he snatched a weapon out of one of his guards hand, and slew him as he sat at the table.  
Than triumphing at the murder, he upbraided him as he lay dead, with his commending of Philip, and with his commendation of his father's wars. But after his mind (satisfied with the slaughter) began to be quieted, and that advice had entered in the place of anger: one while pondering in his heart whom he had slain, another while upon what occasion he slew him; he began to loathe his own act done, and to grieve that he had taken his father's praises in such deep displeasure, lamenting at his oversight, that in his wine he had killed an old man, his dear friend, faultless; and without any occasion of offence given. And thereupon being turned with like rage to Repentance, as he was even now in Anger, in that ecstasy he would have died.  
First he fell a weeping, and taking up the dead body in his arms, searched 
Rage to l●●● calmed with Repentance.  his wounds, and acknowledged his madness to him, as if he could have heard him, and pulling out the weapon, set it to his own heart, and had slainc himself, had he not been prevented by his friends, that wrested it forth of his hands. He continued certain days after in this wilfulness to die. And the more to increase his sorrow, there came to his mind, the remembrance of Clyt us sister, who albeit she was notthere, yet was he ashamed in himself, that he had so shamefully rewarded her that nursed him, as now being a man grown, and a Conqueror, to present her with her own brother's corpse in requital of her good turns, that had borne him in her Arms all the time of his childhood.  
Moreover he bethought him, what reports and scandals he had raised of himself in his army, and among the Nations, that he had conquered: What a fear, and secret hatred, he had stricken into the hearts of his own friends: how bitter, and loathsome he had made his own Table, being not so bloody, armed in the field, as sitting naked at his meat. Than came to his remembrance Parmenio, and Phylotas, then amint as his sister's son: then came into his mind, his Mother in law, and her brothers that was put to death: then attalus, Eurylocus, Pausanias, and other Noble men of Macedons, whose lives he had taken away. Hereupon he obstinately refused his meat three days together, till his whole host came and entreated him, that he would not so lament the death of one man, as to cast away a multitude that followed him; and even at that time, when he had brought them to the uttermost of the barbarous Nations, and among the midst of their Enemies, and those whom by battle they had stirred to hate, and envy. To dissuade him from discontentment greatly prevailed the persuasion of the Philosopher Callysthenes, who had been his school fellow under aristotle, and was then lately sent for by the King himself to put his acts in writing. When therefore he called his courage again 
Calisthenes persuadeth much by his eloquence.  back to the wars, he received the Chorasmians and Dracans, by composition.  
Afterwards that all things might seem more spiteful, he gave general commandment to his company, that they should no more salute him, but adore him. Callysthenes was one of them that stood stisliest against his purpose, which was both the confusion of himself, and of many Noble men of Macedon. For under the colour oftreason, they were all put to death. Nevertheless the Macedones still observed their custom of saluting their King, and utterly rejected the manner of adorning. After this, he marched towards India, to bond his Empire at the Ocean sea, and the uttermost parts of the East.  
To add renown to his Name, and that the ornaments of his army might be agreeable, he caused the trappingss of the horses, and the armour of his Soldiers to be decked and over laid with silver, and after their silver shields he named his whole host Argyraspides. When he came to the City Nisa, the Townsmen (upon a superstitious confidence that they had in their God Bacchus, who was founder thereof) making no countenance of resisting, he gave forth an exceeding strait commandment that it should be spared: rejoicing greatly, that he had not only followed the wars, but the very footsteps also of the gods. From thence he led his host to see the Mount, which was naturally beset with vines, and ivy, in such order, as if it had been dressed with man's hand, and placed by the cunning of workmanship: as soon 
The holy ●ount.  as his host came at the Mountain, being moved through a sudden instinct of mind, to the holy howl of the gods, they scattered here and there (to the great admiration of the King) without any harm taking. Whereby he might perceive that by sparing the Townsmen, he did not somuch profit them, as pleasure his own Army.  
Than took he his course to Daedalus hill, and to the kingdom of queen Cleopis, who yielding herself received again her kingdom, paying for ransom 
De dalus hil●.  of it, only a few night's lodging with Alexander. In the dalliance whereof, she obtained that at his hands, which by force of arms she could never have gotten. The Son that she conceived by him, she named Alexander, who afterwards enjoyed the Indian kingdom. The Queen for violating her 
Certain nights lodging paid to Alexander for a Queens ran some.  chastity, was ever after called of the Indian's, the king's concubine. When he had traveled through India, he came to a marvelous rough and huge rock, into which many people were fled, from winning whereof it was told him that Hercules was prohibited by an carthquake. Burning therefore with desire to surmount the doings of Hercules, he won the same rock, with much labour, and many perils. By which all the people bordering thereabouts yielded themselves unto him, and he in like sort received them into his grace, and favour.  
Than Porus one of the kings of India, a man of marvelous magnanimity and strength of body, understanding the fame of Alexander, meant to encounter 
Thincounter between Por ru● and Alexander.  with him, and prepared for the war against his coming. And when on both sides the Army was in readiness to give onset, he willed his Men to set upon the Macedones and to suffer him alone to combat single with their king.  
Alexander made no tarriance to the battle. But at the first encounter, his horse was wounded under him, and he himself fell down headlong to the ground: howbeit his guard stepped abouthim and rescued him. Porus not able longer to abide the brunt of battle, by reason of his multitude of wounds, was surprised and taken prisoner. Whereat his grief was so great, for his being vanquished, that although he found favour at his Enemy's hands, yet would he not reccive any sustenance, nor suffur his wounds to be dressed: but much ado there was to entreat him to live. This courage, and valour did Alexander so highly commend in him, that in honour thereof he sent him home again with safety into his kingdom. Than builded he two Cities, whereof the one he called Nicaea, and the other (after the name of his horse) Bucephala.  
Afterwards he conquered the adrastes, the Stathenes, the Passides and the Gangarytes, and slew all their Armies. When he came to the Eufits where his Enemies waited his coming with two hundredth thousand horsemen; His whole Army being wearied with the number of their victories, and their continual labours, besought him with tears that at length he would make end of his wars, and minding his own country, have regard to the years of his soldiers, which were scarce able to live so long, as while each man might recover his several home. One showed his grey head, another his many wounds, another his lean Carcase, withered with the multitude of years, another his body full of scars, and maims. Saying that they alone were the Men that had endured the continual wars of two Kings, Philip and Alexander. Wherefore they did beseech him (at the lest) to restore their poor carcases to the graves of their fathers, who now fainted, not for want of heart; or goodwill, but for want of years, to maintain the resolute performance of their willing minds. If he would not regard his Soldiers, yet to have respect of himself, and not to weary out his good fortune, nor offend with presumption.  
Being moved with these just petitions, (as it were to wind up his victories in more honour) he caused his camp to be set out after more stately sort than was accustomed, that the hugeness thereof might both put his enemies in fear, and leave somewhat to succeeding posterity to talk of. His soldiers did never work in all their lives, with more alacrity, or free spirits. When they had therefore discomfited their enemies, they returned with great joy and gladness. From thence Alexander went to the river Acesyne, and by that he sailed to the Ocean, where he took to mercy the Gessones and Asybanes, which were founded by Hercules.  
From thence he sailed to the Ambres, and Sycambres, which met him with four score thousand footmen, and threescore thousand horsemen. When he had gotten the upper hand of them, he led his host against their City, which he finding void of defendants, as he looked from the wall, (the 
Alexander's valour amóg thousands of enemies.  which before any of his Men he himself had scaled) he leapt into the City, without any of his guard about him. When his enemies saw him there alone, they ran at him on all sides with a great shout, endeavouring if they could to finish the wars of the whole world in one Man's death, and to be revenged upon him for many Nations.  
Alexander on the contrary part, as manfully withstood them, and being but one man fought against many thousands. It is almost incredible and not to be spoken of, that neither the number of his enemies, the force and multitude of their weapons, nor their confused noise as they assailed him, could make him afraid, and that being but alone, he should beaten down and put to flight, so great and infinite a company.  
But when he saw he was overcharged, he withdrew himself to a block, that stood by a wall, by help whereof standing in safeguard, he held them all tack, till his friends knowing what peril he stood in, leapt down to aid him. Of whom many were slain, and the battle hung long in suspense, till the time that his Army (having beaten down the walls) came in to his rescue. In that conflict he was stricken with an arrow under the right pap, and notwithstanding he bled so sore that he could scarce stand for feebleness, yet kneeling on his knee, he never left fight, until he had slain him, of whom 
Alexandes sendeth a great host to Babylon.  he was wounded.  
The healing of the wound was far more gricuous than the wound itself. Therefore when at length contrary to all hope, he had recovered his health and strength, he sent Polyperchon, with his host to Babylon, and he himself with a number of his most select and chosen Soldiers, took shipping, and scoured the Ocean Seas, along the coast. When he came at the City of king Ambyger, the townsmen heating he could not be overcome by sword, dipped their arrows in poison, and so with double wound of death repelled the Enemy 
Alexander repelled with venomed Da●●●.  from their walls, and slew many of them. And when amongst many others Ptolemy was deadly wounded and very unlike to escape the danger of death, an herb was showed the King in his sleep, that should remedy the poison.  
The which being given him in drink, he was forthwith delivered from theymminent danger, and the most part of the Army was by that means preserved. After when he had won the town by force, he returned into his ships, and made offering to Neptune, the Sea-god, with prayers, and petition for safe return into his Country. Than he established the bounds of his Empire as far as there was any land habitable, or as far as the sea was able to be sailed, and with prosperous wind entered into the mouth of the river Indus. There (as a monument of his conquests) he builded the Barce, and set up Altars, leaving one of his friends Lieutenant of the Indian's, that inhabit the Sea coast.  
From thence intending to take his journey by land, as he heard there was scarcity of water by the way, he commanded pits to be made in places convenient 
Alexander's return again to Babylon  as he passed, wherein he found great plenty of sweet water, and so returned to Babylon. There many of the Nations that he had subdued, accused their rulers, whom Alexander without respect either of friendship, or favour, caused to be put to death in the presence of the Ambassad. After this, he took to wife Satir, the daughter of king Darius. He also chose out of the Noblest, and most beautiful Ladies and Gentlewomen of all Nations, and gave them to his Noblemen in marriage: which he did to the intent that the custom and community of the fact, his own offence might seem the lighter.  
Than summoned he his Army before him, and inquiring of their debts, he promised to set them free, and pay what they owed out of his own purse, that they might carry home clear their booties and rewards. This liberality was highly extolled in Alexander, both for the greatness of the sum, and in regard of the cheerful and free gift thereof. And it was as thankfully received of the creditors as of the debtors, being not easy for the one to recover 
His bounty to his Soulo●ss.  it, and very hard for the other to have paid it. In those occasions, three and twenty thousand talents were disbursed.  
He also cashiered the old Soldiers, and supplied their rooms with younger, such as were still retained grudging that the old soldiers were dissmissed required also to be cashiered: bidding him pay them their wages, and not tell them of their years, for seeing they were chosen into warfare together, they thought it but right and duty, to be discharged together. And now they deal not with him by way of petition, but by flat and open railing. And wish him to sinishe his wars alone with his father Hammon, and then go set light by his Soldiers. He on the contrary side sometime rebuked them, sometime admonished them, persuading with gentle speeches, that they should not darken their famous conquests with rebellion.  
At last when he saw his words were not available, he rose out of his chair 
13. of thebeginners of the tumult put to death.  unarmed, and stepped amongst the thickest of them, being all armed, to fetch out the Authors of that rebellious contumacy: and without contradiction or resistance brought forth thirteen and lead them to execution with his own hands. So great a patience in suffering death did the fear of a king cast upon them, or the customable enuring to the discipline of war give him boldness to put them to death. Than did he call the Persians' a part, and speaking to them praised their continual faithfulness both to himself, and to their kings in times past, and rehearsed his benefits towards them: how he never esteemed them as vanquished, but as partakers of his victory, and (to be short) how he passed into their laws, and customs, and not they into the customs of his country, having made both the conquerors and conquered alike by winning alliance and affinity. And now, he said he would commit the custody of his own person not to the Macedones only, but to the safety also of the Persians'.  
Thereupon he chose a thousand of their young men into his guard, and to another sort of them he gave armour, and weapons, and dispersed them into his own host, that they should learn the orders of the Macedonian wars. This the Macedones took very grievously, lamenting much that the King should take his enemies to serve in their rooms. And so with tears, they prostrated themselves at the feet of Alexander, requiring him to be more satisfied with punishing them, then with putting them to shame. By which submission they obtained, that Eleven thousand of the old Soldiers were discharged. And of his friends there were dismissed, Polyperchon, Clitus, Gorgias, Polidamas, and Antigonus: because they were old Men and by reason thereof not able any longer to endure the travels of warfare. Craterus had the charge of such as were sent away, with commffion to take upon him 
Antipater displaced  the regynent of Macedon, in the place and stead of Antipater.  
Antipater in like manner was commanded to come with a number of young Soldiers to supply the Room of Craterus. They that returned home had their allowance of wages in as ample sort, as if they had still followed, and continued the wars. While these things were doing, Ephestion (one 
The death of Ephestian, & the great mag nificence of his Tomb.  of Alexander's friends) diseased, whom he loved most entirely, both for his excellent beauty, when he was borne, and for his humble obedience in his Man's estate. For him Alexander mourned a long time, and that in more extremity, than well become the condition of a king to do: bestowing twelve thousand talents upon a Tomb for him: and giving commandment to honour him as a God. In his way as he was returning towards Babylon, from the furthest lands, that bordered upon the Ocean, tidings were brought him, that the Ambassadors of Carthage, and other Cities of Africa, and also of Spain, Sicill, France, Sardinia, and many other places of Italy, did wait for his coming to Babylon. So great a terror had the fame of his name stricken into the hearts of all the world, that all Nations, as if they had determined to acknowledge him for their Sovereign Lord, were glad to fawn on him.  
For this cause, as he was making speed to Babylon, (to hold a parliament of the whole world) one of the wise men gave him advice to refrain his coming there, for it was the fatal place of his death. Upon this he left Babylon and went to the City Byarse, beyond Euphrates, which but of late lay desolate. There Anaxarchus the Philosopher, persuaded him to despise the sayings of the wisemen as false and uncertain. For, look what was determined by destiny, Men could no way be privy unto: if once ordained by the law of Nature, it was not possible for man to avoid them.  
Returning therefore to Babylon, when many days had been ydely consumed, he began anew his feastings and riot, which of some long time he had refrained: and giving himself wholly thereunto, he spent his time day and night, in nothing but lascivious reveling. Immediately upon a banquet, the Physician Thessalus made a reare-supper, and invited the king and all his Lords thereunto, where Alexander taking a cup in his hand, as he was in 
Alexander is poisoned.  the midst of his draft, he suddenly gave a great sigh, as though he had been pierced at the heart with the point of a dagger and being carried from the banquet half dead, was soterribly tormented with intolerable pain, that he desired a sword to take away his life, and when he was touched by any man, it was so grievous to him as if they had wounded him. His friends caused it to be blown abroad, that his excessive drinking was the cause of this disease: but indeed it was their own treason, the slander whereof was soon suppressed by the power of them that succeeded.  
The author of this treason was Antipater, who seeing his most dear friends murdered, his son in law Alexander of Lyncest, put to death, and himself 
The pr●●ur●rss of his death.  (after his many Nobles enterprises achieved in Greece) reaped rather disdain then respect, for all his labour; and drawn likewise thereunto by divers complaints made unto him by Olympias Alexander's mother: considering further, what extremity and cruel execution, was but even a little before done upon the Licutenants of sundry countries, he could not but gather by the premises, that he himself also was not sent for out of Macedon, to attend him in his wars, but to abide the punishment that others had formerly received.  
To prevent therefore the king's purpose, he sent his son Cassander privily with poison: the which Cassander, with Philip and john his brothers, were wont to serve the king at his table. The force of the poison was such, 
The poison not to be carried but in the hose of a Horse.  that neither brass, iron, nor earthen vessel was able to hold it, nor could it be carried otherwise then in the hose of an horse, giving especial charge unto his son, that he should put trust in no man, save Thessalus & his brothers. For this cause was the banquet prepared in the house of Thessalus, Philip and john, which were wont to be the kings Tasters and cupbearers, had the poison in cold water, and cast it upon Alexander's drink: the fourth day after, Alexander perceiving there was no way with him but death, acknowledged the destiny of the house of his Ancestors, for the Aecides died ere they attained the age of thirty years.  
Than he appeased his Soldiers, which began to grow mutinous, and to make an uproar, in mistrusting that the king was killed by treason, and being carried up into the highest, and openest place of the City, and laid forth there upon a couch, he admitted them all to his presence, putting forth his hand to them to kiss, as they stood weeping, and lamenting about him. When all the company wept to behold him in that case, he not only shed forth never a 
The ambassadors of Assri●ke.  tear, but was without sign or token of pensiveness, Insomuch as he gave great comfort unto his followers that sorrowed for him.  
To many of them he gave directions to recommend him to their friends, and to do errands to them for him. Thus as his heart was invincible towards his Enemy, so was it not to be daunted with the danger of death. When he had dismissed his Soldiers, he demanded of his friends standing about him, if they thought ever to have the like king again: whereat every man holding his peace, he spoke himself, saying, that though he knew not that, yet he perfectly knew and prophesied yea, and in manner saw it before his eyes, how much blood should be spent by Macedon in that quarrel, and with how great slaughter it should keep his funerals after his departure.  
At the last he willed his body to be buried in the Temple of Hammon. And when his friends perceived him to draw on, and even at point to give up the ghost, they asked who should be heir of his Empire, he answered, The worthiest. So great was his magnanimity, and courage of heart, that whereas he left behind him his son Hercules, his brother Arideus, and his wife Roxanes great with child, yet he forgot them all, both kindred, and alience, and pronounced him to be his heir that was worthiest. As if it had not been lawful for any to succeed a conqueror, but a Man of courage, and valour. Or to leave the riches of so great a kingdom to any, that had not proved himself a man in the proceed of Martial discipline. With these words (as though he had sounded a Trumpet among his Nobility, and sown the seed of debate and mischief) every one harboured envy in his heart against other, and with coulorable flattery privily sought the favour of the men of war.  
The sixt day when his speech was go, he took the ring from his finger, and delivered it to Perdiccas, the which appeased the dissension of his friends, the which was even ready to begin amongst them. For although he was not pronounce heir by word of mouth, yet it seemed it was his mind he should succeed him. Alexander diseased at the age of three and thirty years, and one month: a man endued with stoutness of courage, and beyond the condition of Man's frail nature. The same night that his mother Olimpias conceived him, she dreamt she had to do with a great Dragon, neither was she deceived of the gods in her dream, for out of all doubt she bore in her womb, a work of nature exceeding far the conceit of humane power or capacity. 
Tokens that appeared at the death of Alexander.  And albeit she was much renowned both for the house of Aeacus, from whence by ancient descent of so many hundredth years, she was lineally conveyed: as also, for that her father, brother, husband, and all her ancestors were kings: yet was she in none of these respects so much to be advanced, as by her own son.  
Many wonderful fortokens of his greatness appeared at the time of his birth. For the same day that he was borne, two Eagles stood all day on the top of his father's house, representing a sign of his double Empire of Europe, and Asia. The very same day also his father received tidings of two victories. The one of a battle against the Illirians, the other of the gaming at the mountain Olympus, unto which he had sent his chariots. Which things were tokens that the child should be Conqueror of all countries. During his childhood, he was brought up and kept to his learning very straightly. When he came to man's estate, he profited much in knowledge for siue years space under Aristotle, the most famous Philosopher. Afterwards when he had taken the kingdom upon him, he proclaimed himself king of all lands, and of the whole world. And he so behaved himself among his Soldiers, that if he were present with them, no enemy could daunt their courages, or make them afraid, though themselves had been naked, and unarmed. He never encountered with any enemy, but he overcame him. He never besieged City, but he won it: ho never entered any country, but he subdued it. Yet at last he was overcome, not by force of the enemy. But by the falfehood, and treason of his own subjects.  
The end of the twelfth Book.   

THE XIII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe mother of Darius dieth for sorrow. Aridens is made King. The Empire is divided among the Noblemen of Alexander. The Athenians and Aetolyans drive Antipater out of Greece. Perdiccas maketh war against Ariarathes King of Cappadocia. The Noblemen of Macedon fall at variance among themselves. The foundation of the City Cyricene in Aphricke. Perdiccas is hated for his pride, and Eumenes winneth the glory of two fields.  
WHen Alexander had thus left the World in the flower of his age, and the glory of his conquests: all men were stricken into heaviness and admiration, especially the City of Babylon: But the Nations whom he had brought to his subjection, could not give credit to the report, because as they believed him to be invincible, so likewise they thought him to be immortal; calling to remembrance how often he had been delivered from present death, and his weapon being lost, not only showed himself suddenly sound and in safety, but also getting the upper hand and victory. But when they were thoroughly persuaded that he was dead indeed, all the barbarous Nations that he had conquered but a little before, mourned for him, not as an enemy, but a father unto them. Moreover the mother of Darius, hearing of Alexander's death, was not more tormented with 
The heaviness of Enemies, and rejoicing of the Macedons for the death of Alexander.  grief for the loss of her son, or her own downfall from so high estate, as she sorrowed to see that day: Not that she set more by her enemy, then by her son, but because his clemency and favour was so great being a conqueror, and she had found the natural love of a son in him, when she feared him as her enemy.  
The Macedons contrariwise mourned not for him, as for their countryman, or for their king of such high and great Majesty, but rejoice as if they had lost an enemy, his severity was such, and the continual jeopardies that he put them to by the wars. The Princes also gaped on every side, for the division of his kingdoms and provinces: the soldiers for a great mass of money and gold, as a booty falling into their mouths unexpected. The one making account to succeed him in his Empire, the other to possess his great riches and treasure. There were found in his treasury, one hundredth 
The great riches that was found after the death of Alexander.  thousand talents, besides the yearly custom and tribute, which amounted to three hundred thousand more. But it was not for nothing that the Noblemen of Alexander did so look for the kingdom. For they were all of that prowess and magnanimity, that every one in his carriage represented the majesty and condition of a king.  
They were all of such excellent beauty, and favour, of so tall, and goodly personages, of so great strength, and wisdom, that he to whom they had not been known, would not have thought they had been of one country, but elected rather and chosen from the utmost parts of the world. Neither 
The choicest men of the kingdom.  did Macedon nor any country before that time, ever flourish with such a number of Noblemen, as first Philip, and then Alexander with good advisement, had picked and chosen forth; not so much to serve the wars, as to succeed in the kingdom. Who can then marvel that the world was subdued by such men of service? seeing the Army of Macedon was guided by so many, not captains, but kings: who could never have been matched by others, had they not fallen at contention between themselves. For if that envy and emulation of their own puissance, had not stirred them up to selfe-destruction, they should have had many Alexanders for the loss of one. But after the time of Alexander's death; they assembled themselves together, not any one fearing the other, or mistrusting the men of war, whose liberty was now more large, and favour uncertain.  
Among themselves the equality increased the discord, no one man so far exceeding the rest, that any would subscribe to submission. They assembled therefore all in armour in the palace, to set matters in order for the 
Great emulation amongst the Nobility and Warrior's  time. Perdiccas thought it good to abide the deliverance of Roxanes, who had now go eight months with child by Alexander, and would be ready to lie down shortly. If she brought forth a son, to substitute him in his father's stead. Meleager replying thereunto, said it was not meet to delay their determination, upon her doubtful deliverance, nor to tarry for a King that was unborn, Sigh they might take such as were borne already.  
For if they desired to have a child to their King, there was at Pergamus, alexanders son, called Hercules, whom he had by Arsine. If they had rather have a young man, there was in the camp aridens, the Brother and companion of Alexander, one that was beloved of all men, not for his own sake only, but for King Phillip's sake, his father. As for Roxanes for that she was a Persian, it was not lawful for the Macedones to take Kings unto them of their blood, whose Empire they had subverted, sith it was no part of Alexander's 
Controu●●se maintained about the next h●●●e to the Clown.  meaning, neither did he make mention there of at his death. Ptolemy, refused to have Aridens made King, not only for his Mother's baseness, for he was begotten of a Concubine of Larissa, but for his continual sickness, which was so great, that it was like to dishable the government, and sway of so high a place. Therefore he thought it better for them, to make choice of some of those, which for their prowess had been nearest about the King, that they might rule the provinces, and take charge of the wars, rather than under the colour of a King, to be at the commandment of unworthy persons. At length by the consent of them all, the sentence and opinion of Perdiccas took place, and so it was esteemed fit to tarry the deliverance of Roxanes: and if 
Perdica●, his advice followed.  she had a man-child, it was determined, that Leonatus, Perdiccas, Craterus, and Antipater, should be protectors, and the rest took their oath to be obedient to them. When the horsemen had done the like, the footmen disdaining that they were made privy to no part of their doings, proclaimed Aridens alexanders brother to be their King: and chose him a Guard of his own kindred, giving him the name of his father King Philip. When tidings hereof came to the horsemen, they sent attalus, and Meleager Ambassadors, being two of the Noblemen, to appease their wrath; Who seeing pre-eminence by pleasing the multitude, relinquished their message, and condescended to the Soldiers. Forthwith the tumult increased, as soon as council had gotten head, and directions.  
Than prepared for the purpose, they violently rushed into the place, with intent to destroy the men of arms, who understanding what peril they stood 
Common between the hor●●●● and soo●●●●.  in, fearfully conveyed themselves out of the City, and pitched their campo in the fields, at which the footmen also began to be afraid. Neither did the hatred of the Noble men cease, for attalus was sent to kill Perdiccas of the contrary part, who being armed, showed himself of such courage, that they that were sent to strike him, durst not approach or come near him: Whereupon his boldness was such, that of his own free will he went to the footmen, and assembled them together, laying to their charge what a heinous matter they attempted, and willing them to have respect, against whom they took weapon in hand: not against the Persians', but the Macedons; not against their enemies, but their own countrymen: many of them their kinsmen, and most of them, their companions in arms & partakers of their perils. Wherefore they aught rather to make a good show to thetr enemies, that they may 
Perdiccas his Oration to them that came to ●●●●der him.  rejoice to see them murder one another, by whose puissance they lamented themselves to be overcome: and to see them do sacrifice with their own blood, unto the ghosts of them that they had slain.  
When Perdiccas had with his singular eloquence fully debated these matters, he so moved the footmen thereby, that by common consent he was chosen their Captain general. The horsemen also being brought to atonement, consented to take aridens for K. reserving a part of the kingdom for the son of Alexander, if any should be borne. This did they, laying the body of alexander, amongst them, that he might be a witness of their decrees. These things thus set at a stay, Antipater was made regent of Macedon, and Greece. Craterus appointed to be high treasurer. The charge of the camp, the host, and matters of warfare committed to Meleager, and Perdiccas. Aridens himself being assigned to convey the corpse of Alexander to the temple of Hammon. Than Perdiccas sore displeased with the authors of the sedition, without knowledge of Meleager, the next day commanded a sudden search to be made in the camp for the death of the King.  
After there arose war betwixt Antigonus and Perdiccas. Antigonus was aided 
Great w●rss amongst the 〈◊〉 of Alexander.  by Craterus, and Antipater. Who taking truce with the Athenians, made Polyperchon Regent of Macedon and Greece. Perdycas perceiving that the world went not on his side, sent for arydius, and great Alexander's son (of whom the charge was committed unto him) to have them come out of Cappadocia, and give their advice as concerning the order of the wars. Some were of opinion to remove the war into Macedon, to the very wellspring and head of the kingdom, because Olimpias was there, who being Alexander's mother would be no small stay on their side, for the favour of commonalty in the remembrance of Philip and Alexander.  
But it was thought most for the common profit to begin at Egypt, lest when they were go into Macedon Ptolemy might invade Asia. Eumenes besides the provinces he had before, had delivered unto him paphlagonia, Caria, L●cia, and Phrygia, and there he was commanded to abide the coming of Craterus and Antipater. To assist him, were appointed Alcetas the brother of Perdiccas & Neoptolemus, with their Armies. Clitus was made chief admiral of the sleet. Cilicia was taken from Philotas, and given to Phyloxenus, and Perdiccas himself with a great army went towards Egypt. So Macedon, through the discord of the Captains, dividing themselves into two parts, set her weapons against her own bowels, turning the furnitur of war that was appointed for the foreign Enemy, to the slaughter of her own inhabitants, like mad men intending to mangle the hands and members of their own body.  
But Ptolemy by his industry got great riches in Egypt, for by his modesty he both won the hearts of the Egyptians, and by his friendly and gentle behaviour, 
The great commendation of P●●lomy K. of egypt.  he purchased the goodwilles of such kings, and as were his neighbours. Further, he so enlarged his kingdom by conquering the city Cyrene, that by means thereof he was now become a Prince of such power, that there was not such cause for him to fear his enemies, as his Enemies to be afraid of him. This city Cyrene was builded by. Aristeus, who because he was tongue-tied, was named Battus. This Man's father called cyrenus King of the ●lande there, when (for shame that his son being at Man's estate, could not speak) he came to the Oracle at Delphos to make intercession to the gods for him, received answer, by which his son Battus was commanded to go into Africa, and build the city cyrene and that there he should receive the use of his tongue: but because the answer seemed like a mockery, the matter was left of, by the likeliness of the Isle Theramene, out of which inhabyters were commanded to repair into Africa, there to build a city in a country so far of. Afterwards in process of time, there fell such a pestilence among them for their stubbornness, that they were compelled to obey the commandment of the god, being so small a number of them, that they were scarce able to furnish one ship.  
When they came into Africa, both for the pleasantness of the place, and the abundance of water springs, they expelled the inhabiters of the mountain Cyra, and planted themselves in the same place. There their Captain Battus had his tongue strings loosed and began to speak. This encouraged their hearts to build up the rest of the city, for that the gods, had already performed part of his promises. Their tents therefore being pitched, they heard a report of an old tale. Namely that Cyrene, a maid of excellent beauty was ravished by Apollo in the mountain Peluis in Thessaly, and carried from thence to the top of this mountain, where the gods begat her with child: and when she had gone her time, was delivered of four Sons, Nomius, Aristeus, Eutecus, and Ageus. And that her father Hypseus king of Thessaly, sent out men to seek her, who enticed with the pleasantness of the place, abode still with the maid in that country. Of which children when they came to estate, three returned into Thessaly, and possessed their grandfathers kingdom: but Aristeus had a large dominion in arcady, and first taught the use of bees, and Honey, of Milk, and cream, and first found out the times of the year, when the Sun is at the highest in Summer, and at the lowest in winter, with the courses of the other Stars. Upon which report, Battus learning the name of the maiden by the oracles, builded the City Cyrene. Ptolemy therefore increased in strength by the power of this city, prepared for the war against Perdiccas coming.  
But the hatred that Perdycas had gotten through his passing pride, did him more harm than the power of his Enemies. For his own companions hating 
P●●de in p●●a c●s they 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  him, fled by heaps unto antipater. Neoptolemus also being left to assist Eumenes, purposed not only to turn unto the contrary part, but also to be trey the whole host of his adherents. Which pretence when Eumenes, had espied, he had no other shift, but to try the matter against the traitor by the sword. Neoptolemus being vanquished fled to antipater, & Polyperchon persuading them that if they would keep on their journey without staying, they might fall unawares upon Eumenes, who now joying sore his late victory, was secure and without care, in that he had put him to slight.  
But his purpose was not unknown to Eumenes, therefore the treason turned upon the traitor's heads. For they which thought to have surpryzed him ere he was ware, were met withal themselves, when they least looked for it, having watched all the night, and wearied with travel. In that encounter Polyperchon had his deaths-wound, and escaped not. Neoptolemus also fight 
Polyperchon and Neoptolemus slain.  hand to hand with Eumenes a great while together, after many hurts given, and received, was in the end overcome and slain. Eumenes therefore getting the upper hand in two pitched fields together, up held his side for a time, which was not a little impaired by the revolting of his adherents. Nevertheless at the last when Perdiccas was slain, both he, and Phyton, Illirius, and alcetas the brother of Perdiccas, were proclaimed Traitors by the host of their enemies, and antigonus was appointed to make war against them.  
The end of the thirteen Book   

THE xiv. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Eumenes preventeth the policies of his enemies. He is besieged by antigonus. He is rescued by antipater. He craveth aid from the argiraspides. He is over come by antigonus, and is betrayed by his own soldiers. cassander is made Regent of Greece. The Lacedæmonians enclose their city with a wall. Eurydice and arideus are slain at the commandment of Olimpias. Cassander likewise putteth Olimptas to death, and imprisoneth the son of alexander.  
WHen Eumenes understood that Perdiccas was slain, himself proclaimed traitor in Macedon, and that Antigonus was appointed to make war against him, he declared matter of his own accord to his Soldiers, lest the sudden 
●umenc● preventeth his enemies.  news thereof might 'cause them to esteem the matter worse, than it was indeed, or the strangeness of it discourage their hearts. And to the end he might try whether their minds were any way bend against him, or no: and intending to proceed according as he saw them inclined, he boldly protested amongst them, that if any man's heart failed him, he should have liberty and licence to departed. the which speech so persuaded them all to favour his proceed, that they bade him be of good comfort, and promised to repcale the decrees of Alexander by the sword.  
Than did he remove with his host into Aetalia, where he raised a tax of the cities, and such as refused to bestow it upon him, he sacked them like an enemy. From thence he went to Sardus, unto cleopatra the sister of great Alexander that by her words, the captains and chief officers might be the more strengthened to stand in his quarrel. For he was of opinion that the majesty of the kingdom was on that side, which the Sister of Alexander held with. So much reverence was attributed to the greatness of Alexander, that men sought the savour of his sacred name, even by the footsteps of women. When he returned into his tent, letters were found dispersed through all the camp, wherein were promised great rewards to him that would bring Eumenes' head unto Antigonus. Eumenes having knowledge hereof, summoned his soldiers before him, and first gave them thanks, that none of them would be sound to preser the hope of a bloody reward before his faithful oath.  
Than he knit up the matter, saying that those letters were devised by himself to try the minds of his soldiers, and that it lay in all their hands to save him, or cast him away, excusing antigonus, or any other of the Captains, that in such manner they coveted to get the upper hand, or to give any such wicked example to others to do the like by him. By this he both stayed 
Fumenes' 〈◊〉 to flight by Anti●onus'  the wavering minds of his Soldiers for the time present, and provided before hand, that if the like chance snould happen hereafter, his soldiers should not think themselves corrupted by their enemy, but rather tried only by their captain. Every Man therefore strove who might be most for the safeguard of Eumenes. In the mean season came Antygonus against them with his host, and resting himself in his camp for that night, brought forth his men in battle ray the next morning: neither did Eumenes detract the encounter, but being put to the worse, fled into a certain strong hold, where perceiving himself driven to abide the adventure of the siege, he dismissed the greater part of his Army, doubting lest by consent of such a multitude he might be betrayed of his Enemies, or else be pestered with the number of Men. Than sent he ambassadors to antipater, who was able to match antigonus. Antygonus hearing that antipater had sent to rescue Eumenes, broke up his siege and went his way.  
Thus was Eumenes delivered from fear of death, but he could not long continued in safety, seeing he had sent away his men of war. Therefore when he had looked about him, he thought it best to resort to the Argyraspides that 
Fumene● g●t t●th the ●avor of the Are gira●pides.  invincible host. But the argiraspides, after alexander was gone, disdained all captains, thinking themselves dishonoured to serve under any other, considering what a Prince they had foe lately served.  
Eumenes' entreated and spoke gently to every of them, calling them sometimes his sellowes and companions in arms, sometimes his patrons and defenders, other whiles his partakers of all dangerous attempts and enterprises in the East: boasting that they only were the men by whose puissance the East was subdued, which had surmounted the monuments of Hercules: that by them alexander was made great: by them he obtained to honour and immortal glory, beseeching them to receive him amongst them, not so much for a captain, as for one of their fellows, and that they would give him leave to be one of their society. Being upon this condition entertained, by little and little, first with admonishing every man apart, and afterward with gentle correcting such things as were done amiss, he usurped authority over them. Nothing could be done in the camp without him, nothing could be attempted without his advice. At the length when it was told him antigonus came against him with an army, he compelled them to put themselves in order of battle so that whiles they disdained to be ruled by their captain, by force of their enemies 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 another overthrow.  they were overcome. In that battle they lost not only all their glory and renown, won in so many battles before, but also their wives and children, and all the goods they had gotten in so long continued war so far from home.  
Eumenes the author of this their loss and discomfiture, having none other comfort or refuge to fly unto, began to hearten and encourage them when they were vanquished and overcome: affirming that they were surperior as touching their prowess and puissance: For they had slain ●●ue thousand of their enemies, and if they were minded to stick to it to the uttermost, they should see their enemies feign to sue to them for peace. As for the losses and damage whereby they thought themselves so much hindered, it was but only two thousand women, and a few children and bondmen, the which they might better recover by getting the victory, then by forsaking the victory for want of courage.  
The Argyraspides made answer, they would neither attempt to run away with the loss of their wives and bedfellows, nor yet make war against their own children; where with they began extremely to revile him, in that after so many years, when they were returned home with their wages which they had well and dearly earned, and with the rewards of so many battles, being at rest, and having given over the wars, he to come and win them forth a new to warfare and endless encounters: leading them from their houses and native country, only to delude them with vain promises: also after they had lost the hope and profit of their prosperous warfare, could not be content to suffer them being thus vanquished, to lead the rest of their wretched old age in quietness.  
Hereupon without knowledge of their captains, they sent messengers to antigonus, whereupon he desiring restitution of their goods sent them word 
Conspiracy against Eumenes  again, he would restore every whit, so that they would yield Eumenes into his hands. Eumenes hearing of this practice, attempted with a few scattering soldiers to escape by flight: but being sent back again, seeing no hope of recovery, as the multitude slocked about him, he made request that he might yet once before he died, speak unto his army.  
They willed him to say his mind. Silence being made, and his bands loosed, he stretched forth his hands fettered as they were, and showed them, saying. Behold my Soldiers the apparel and ornaments of your Captain, 
Fumenes his O●ation to his soldiers.  which none of his enemies hath put upon him, for that were a comfort to him, but even you yourselves, have made me of a conqueror a vanquished person, you have made me of a Captain, a Captive.  
Four times within this twelve month, you have sworn to be true to me, but I will let that pass. For it is not meet for men in adversity, to upbraid others. This only one thing I require at your hands, that if Antigonus be so fully bend to take my head from me, as in whose death all his affairs and purposes should be finished, you will let me die among you. For I am sure he cares not after what sort, or where I die, so I be dead, neither do I pass greatly for my life, so I might be delivered from this slanderous death. If you will grant me this request, I discharge you of your oath, whereby you have bound yourselves so often unto me. Or if ye be ashamed to slay me yourselves, then reach me a weapon, and give me leave to do that thing for you, without conscience of breaking off your oath, which you have sworn so oftentimes to do for your Captain.  
When he saw he could not obtain his request, he left entreatance and fell to anger. Now the Gods said he, the just revenger of perjury, look upon you, you false forsworn kaitives', and give such ends unto you, as you have given unto your Captains. For it is not long ago, since you polluted yourselves with the blood of Perdiccas, practising to have done the like with Antipater, yea and that is worst of all, you oftentimes troubled even Alexander himself with your seditions and mutinies; doing your best to have slain him, if it had been possible for him to have died of man's hand. And last of all you seek my blood, which shall be offered as a sacrifice by you false forsworn wretches, wherefore I pray the Gods, that these curses may light upon you, that being beggars and Outlaws, you may spend all your life in this warfare, like banished people, never to return to your country again, and your own weapons devour you, with the which you have consumed more captains of your own, then of your enemies.  
This spoken, in a great rage and anger he commanded his keepers to go before him to Antigonus camp. The army followed after to betray their own captain, and he being prisoner, led as it were a triumph of himself 
They 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & Captain unto 〈◊〉.  unto the camp of his conqueror, delivering up into the conquerors hands, both themselves, and all the ensigns of king Alexander, together with the honour and renown of so many conquests. And because they should want no pomp, the Elephants also, and all the powers of the East followed after. So much more glorious were these things to Antigonus, then unto Alexander all the Conquests he achieved. In that whereas Alexander conquered the East, Antigonus overcame them by whom the East was conquered.  
Antigonus therefore dispersed those Conquerors of the world into his host, making restitution unto them of such things as he had taken from them at the time of this onerthrowe. And because he had in times past familiar acquaintance and friendship with Eumenes he would not for shame suffer him to come in his sight, but assigned him two keepers. In the mean 
Eurydice abuseth the authority of her husband Ariosto d●us the K.  season, Eurydice the wife of King arideus understanding that Poliperchon was returning out of Greece, into Macedon, and had sent for Olimpias, being thereupon stricken with womanly malice, and a busing though weakness of her husband, whose Office and authority she took upon her, wrote to Polyperchon in the King's name, that he should deliver up the host to Cassander, as into whose hand the King had put the whole order and government of the Empire. The like commandment she sent also to antigonus in Asia. By which benefit Cassander being bound unto her, did every thing after her rash and unadvised commandment.  
Than went he into Greece, and made War against many Cities, at the destruction of which as of a fire near at hand, the Spartans being afraid, both contrary to the answers of the Oracles, and contrary to the ancient renown of their ancestors, distrusting their own valour, enclosed their city with a strong wall, the which ever before that time, they had been wont to defend by force of arms, and not by strength of walls. So much were they degenerated from their ancestors, that whereas many hundred years before the prowess of the Citizens was the wall of the city, now they thought they might not live in safety, unless they might hold their heads within Walls.  
While these things were doing, the estate of Macedon was so troubled, that Cassander was feign to return thither out of Greece, for when Ol●●●ias, the mother of Alexander the great, came out of Epire into Macedon, accompanied with acacida king of the Molosses, and that Eurydice and aridens the king went about to prohibit her from entering into the Realm, the Macedons, whether it were for remembrance of her husband King Philip, or in respect of the greatness of her son Alexander, or that they were moved at that unworthy demeanour, gathered themselves unto Olimpias; at whose commandment Euridi●● and the King were both slain, when he had reigned six years 
〈…〉  after Alexander. But Olimpias her self reigned not long, for when she made slaughter of her Noblemen and peers, more like a Tyrant then a Queen, she turned her favour into hatred. Therefore when she heard of cassanders coming, putting distrust in the Macedons, with Roxane her daughter in law and Hercules her Nephew, she conveyed herself into the City Pictua. She had in her train D●idama the daughter of King acacida, and her daughter in law Thessalonice, a Lady much set by for her father Phillip's sake, with many other noblemen's wives. When these things were reported to cassander, immediately he came in all haste to Pictua, and environed the town with a strong siege. Olympias being constrained with sword and ●amine, and weary of the long continuance of the siege, yielded herself, their lives only saved. 
〈…〉.  But cassander assembling the people together, asked their advice what they would have done with Olimpias, and suborned the parents of such as she had put to death, to put on mourning apparel, should come and complain of her great cruelty: by whom the Macedones were so incensed, that without respect of her former estate, they gave sentence she should be put to death: quite forgetting that under her son and husband, they had gotten great riches, and the Dominion of the whole world. But Olimpias when she saw the armed men coming toward her to kill her, of her own accord appareled like a Queen, and leaning upon two ofher Gentlewomen, she went to meet them. At the which sight they that should have killed her being astonished, for the Majesty which she before time had represented and remembering so many of their Kings, who even after a sort apeard in her person, pau sed and stood still, until such time as cassander sent others to thrust her through. Who never fled back when she saw the sword, nor yet striked out 
An example of wondered courage in a Woman.  like a woman, but after the manner of the most valiant men, advanced her forward to the death for the glory of her ancient stock and progeny: so that a man might have beheld even Alexander himself in his Mother's dying. furthermore, when she was even giving up the Ghost, it is reported that she covered her see't with her Garments, and with the hair of her head, least they that stood about her might have seen any uncomely sight in her body. After this, cassander took to wife Thessalonice the daughter of King arideus, and put Alexander's son with his Mother in prison in the tower of amphipoles.  
The end of the fourteen Book   

The XU. book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe conquerors fall at variance about parting the spoil. The abderites are driven out of their country with Frogs and Mice. Cassander putteth the sons of Alexander to death. Ptolemy is vanquished on the Sea by Demetrius. Alexander's Lieutenants proclaim themselves Kings. Lysim●chus taketh part with cassander against antigonus: The valour and life of Lysimachus described. The wonderful begetting of Seleucus, with his partaking against antigonus, His conquests in the East. Sandrocorte delivereth the Indian's from the subjection of Macedon, oppressing them tyrannously himself. Antigonus is slain, and his son Demetrius put to flight. The conquerors again fall at variance among themselves, and cassander dieth.  
COnsidering Perdiccas and his brother Alecta, with Polyperchon and the residue of the adverse part was slain, it was thought, that the contention among the successors of great Alexander, had now been utterly extingquished; when contrary to opinion the conquerors suddenly fell at difference betwixt themselves: for Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, requiring to have the booty and subdued provinces, divided in equal distribution among them▪ antigonus denied to admit them any partnership in the profit of that War, whereof he himself had abiden the brunt and hazard: and to the intent he might satisfy the multitude, he had both a sufficient and honest quarrel, to make war upon those which lately had been their confederates; he caused a rumour to be spread, that he would (as in justice it was requisite) revenge the death of Olimpias, whom Cassander treacherously had slain, and deliver the royal issue, the son of his master king Alexander and his mother out of Amphypolis, whereas they were detained as prisoners. This his purpose being signified to Ptolemy and Cassander, they presently en tread league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, furnishing themselves with all manner defence whatsoever might withstand this warlike preparation of Antigonus, both by land and sea. Ptolemy held Egypt, with the greater part of Africa, cypress and Phenicia: C●ss●n●er ruled Macedon, and Antigonus governed Asia, with part of the East, whose son Demetrius was clean vanquished by Ptolemy at Calama. In which battle, the renown of Ptolemy's modesty exceeded his victory: for he both discharged the friends of Demetrius, being his prisoners, not only with their own private substance, but also honourably rewarded them. Moreover all the private possessions of Demetrius, which he had ransacked out of his tents, he restored, sending him word, that he made war not for gain, but for honour; not for treasure, whose glory must determine, but for the dignity of virtue, whose Trophies are perpetual. And that it grieved him, atigonus his father having overcome the Captains and favoure●ss of his faction, should usurp to himself, and to his proper use, the reward of that victory, which was heritage to others.  
While these differences had their passage and event, cassander returning from apollonia, chanced upon the abderites, who for the excessive swarms of Frogs and Mice, ranging amongst men, inforest them to relinquish 
〈…〉.  their native habitation, and inquire out for residence in some foreign country. Cassander searing hereby, lest these stragglers, destitute of succour, should invade Macedon, received them to friendship, and made such league with them, that he assigned them lands to inhabit and settle their number, in the uttermost borders of that kingdom.  
By this, Hercules the son of Alexander having attained to the fourteenth year of his age, gave Cassander cause to grow suspicious, lest the settled good will which the people bore to his father (he being now come to this ripeness should be remembered on the son) and so by their general voice be called to the kingdom of Macedon, as the immediate heir to that title. To prevent which, he commanded both him and his mother Barsive, secretly to be executed, and their bodies to be buried in the ground, not suffering them to have the obsequies & funeral rites, according to the custom 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  be sitting their estate; lest the murder which he so privately acted, should come to light. This cassander, not staying his cruelty herein, accounting the trespasses he had thus past through trivial, forced on king Alexander himself, on Olimpias his Mother, and Hercules his son, now persisted and butchered another son of Alexander's, with his mother Roxane by like treason: holding it impossible for his ambition, to cut a path to the peaceable sovereignty of Macedon, which his thoughts so thirsted for, otherways then by blood.  
In the mean time he was encountered again by Demetrius on the Sea: but in this sea fight having lost his ships and received an overthrow, he retired into Egypt. Demetrius having now occasion offered, whereby to gratify Ptolemy, and to manifest his disposition, and being indeed provoked thereunto by the princely example which Ptolemy had expressed to him and his, in the like advantage; safegarded home into Egypt, Leuticke Ptolemy's son, and 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Menclaus his brother ransomless, with all their private goods and treasure by him surprised, and in all the time of war between them, it might appear, they were equally inflamed with desire of honour, rather than with preposserous hatred, they sent presents one to another, even in the hottest of their difference: So much more worthily did the Princes in these days make war, than now they maintain friendship.  
Atigonus heart being exaulted with pride, at the news of this victory, proclaimed himself K. and his son Demetrius also. Ptolemy likewise, holding scorn to be in less estimation among his subjects, than they among theirs, was by his men of war proclaimed King. Cassander, and Lysmachus, took upon 
〈…〉  them the same title of dignity: all which abstained from usurping the honour of this name, so long as any of the sons of their Master Alexander were yet alive. So great did they accounted it modesty in themselves, albeit every one of them, had severally the riches and power of a King, yet to forbear the public rule of Kings, while Alexander had any rightful Heirs to succeed.  
But now Ptolemy, Cassander, and the Captains of their port, perceiaing that while every one drew defence for himself, made war alone, and united not their general power together, nor assisted one another, as though they had one universal body, or rejoice as it were in one good. But thus divided, Antigonus licked them up by turns: they therefore sent letters of persuasion and encouragement, appointing a place of meeting, where they so agreed, that they laid their powers together for one War: and where they were before like sand, subject to dissipation, by the violence of every wind, this temper had made them sollude, and sit for any foundation. At this meeting, for as much as Cassander could not be then present in person, compelled by the Wars which he was then exercised in against the borderors, he sent Lysimachus with a selected and choice host, to the aid of this coaiunction.  
This Lysimachus was born of a Noble house in Macedon, but his prowess, Knigthood, and experience in Martial direction surpassed, and made him 
The byeth o● Lysimachus.  more worthy to be remembered then the dignity of his birth. Virtue and her branches were so planted in his body, and mind, that in haughtiness of courage, knowledge of Philosophy, strength and abilitiy of body, he far excelled all the Governors by whom the East was Conquered. For Alexander the great, being stirred to indignation and highly displeased with Calisthenes the Philosopher, for speaking against him, in that he suffered himself to be adored and worshipped after the superstitious manner of the Persians', and had accused the said Calisthenes of treason, and by force thereof, adjudged him to be cruelly mangled, by cutting off his ears, his nose, and his lips: that being made so loathed a creature to behold, he was by all men lamented, as too miserable a spectacle: yet Alexander not contented with this revenge, caused him to be carried in what progress he went along with him, shut up with a Dog in a cage, to the terrible ensample of other.  
This Lysmachus, who before in the better fortunes of Callysthenes, had been exercised to receive instructions of virtue at his hand, moved now with pity to see so worthy a man, so unworthily punished, not for any offence, but for using his liberty: gave him poison, to ransom him from these calamities, wherewith Alexander displeased, commanded he should be cast 
Lysander 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  into a lions den, by tha● fierce beast to be destroyed, as a just judgement for his attempt. But when the Lion at first sight, with open month came running to prey upon him, Lysimachus winding his arm in a towel, thrust   

THE XVI. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe cruel murder of Antipater the son of Cassander, for the which his brother Alexander proclaimeth war against him. Demetrius slayeth Alexander, and usurpeth his part of Macedon. Lysimachus yieldeth unto him that right which belonged to Antipater. Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Seleucus and Pyrrhus, join themselves in league against Demetrius. Pyrrhus driveth Demetrius out of Macedon. Lysimachus putteth his son in law Antipater to death, in whom the house of Cassander utterly ceaseth. Demetrius yieldeth himself prisoner to Seleucus. Ptolemy dieth. Debate falleth between Lysimachus and Pyrrhus. He expelleth Pyrrhus out of Macedon. The building of the city Heraclea in Pontus. The jests of the Heracleans, their carriage towards their enemies. Their miserable oppression by tyranny. The bold enterprise by Chion and Leonides, in which attempt they lost their lives.  
AFter the death of Cassander and his son Philip, one immediately ensuing the other, the life of Thessalonyce the Queen and wife of Cassander was pursued by her son Antipater, and though she complained for pity to him with bended knees, and laying open to him her breasts, from whence he had his unhappy nutriment, she was by his own hands most cruelly slain. The cause from whence he grounded this murder was this; After the death of her husband, when the kingdom should have been divided between the two brothers, she seemed to be more favourable to Alexander, then to him. Alexander moved by this so slight occasion, prepared for revengeful war against his brother, for his mother's death, and for expedition thereof he desired of Demetryus, whom he found easily entreated to that purpose: though indeed not so much for his assistance, as hope he had thereby to leavell out sit opportunity himself to invade the kingdom. Of the coming of 
Strife between Cassander's child●●n.  this army Lysimachus being afraid, persuaded with his son in law Antipater, that it was rather convenient, and indeed more policy, for the securety of his estate, to make an agreement, (though with loss) with his brother, then to suffer his father's enemy to have footing in Macedon.  
Demetrius having notice a reconcilement was entreated of between the two brethren, and without his advice not only plotted but treacherously accomplished the death of Alexander, and so his forces being in present readiness he pursued his purpose and invaded it. But a general murmur touching 
The sonn● punis●●● 〈◊〉: the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Alexander's death being in his army, he sought with himself how he might best excuse this murder to his men of war, lest their present murmur should change to mutiny. So having called them together, he alleged, that Alexander had by several plots, and at several times, la●de weight to entrap his life. Before that, he had not committed a murder, but only prevented Treasons against himself, urging their own judgements for witness, that there was greater reason and it was more fit, himself to be a king than Alexander, both for the advantage of years, by which he was able with deeper and graver experience, as also endued with fortitude, both of body and mind, the fruit of which, reaped but with due consideration, would well satisfy them that they are the very collums and cement that upholds a commonwealth.  
Besides, he urged his father had accompanied the father and the son Philip and great Alexander, in all their wars, and after had done sevice for Alexander's children, been their Captain or rather general, in pursuing the Rebels, whereas on the contrary part, Antipater the grandfather of the young men, was always a more rough governor of the kingdom, than the Kings themselves, and Cassander their father the very rooter up of the King's house, and extirper of Alexander's royal family. That he spared neither women nor children, never satisfied, till he had destroyed all his offspring, and left nameless his posteryty. The revenge of which mischief, though his will had not power to execute one Cassander himself, it is now but justly transfered unto his children, whereof both Philip and Alexander, if the dead had any perseverance, would speak in approbation of the vengeance, and aver that it is their will, no branches descended from such infected roots, no issue from their seditious loins, but rather the loppers off of such unprofitable stumps, and punishers of such intestine traitors, should establish the kingdom of Macedon. 
Dem●trius' proclaimed king of Madon.   
The multitude thus pacified, they presently proclaimed him king. Lysimachus being at this instant entangled in the wars of Dromychet king of Thrice, to the intent he would not be constrained the self-same time to hold battle with Demetryus, yielded to him that part of Macedon, belonging to his son in law Antipater: by which surrender, he made peace with him. This Demetrius furnished with all the power of Macedon, purposed to try his fortunes in Asya. When Ptolemy, Seleuchus, and Lysimachus, having proof by the former conflict, what advantage was gained by concord, they entered league, and joined their whole power making haste into Europe against Demetrius. 
This was he that made w●● upon the Romans   
Pyrrhus' king of Epire, persuading himself that Demetrius might as easily forego the possession of Macedon, as he had before gotten it, joined with them in this war, neither was he deceived, for having means to corrupt tharmy of Demetrius with great rewards: upon which encounter, his followers fled, and Pyrrhus seized upon the kingdom of Macedon into his own hand. Now Antipater, son in law unto Lysimachus, grudging and complaining that he was deprived of the kingdom of Macedon which was only his right●●● inheritance by the falsehood of his father in law, Lysimachus took occasion thereat and put him to death. And because Eurydice his daughter took her husband's part in making like exclamation, her he imprisoned; so all the house and family of Cassander, partly by murder, the rest by execution, suffered due punishment in revenge of the wrong done to great Alexander and his posterity. Demetrius now having the overthrow in this battle, being overcharged with so. any hosts whereby he might have made the period of his days 
Demetrius yields  honourable, chose rather to yield himself to Seleuchus shamefully.  
These Wars thus ended, Ptolemy having deserved great renown for the Nobleness of his acts died peacefully, who contrary to the common law of all Nations, somewhat before he fell sick, resigned the kingdom to the youngest of his sons, rendering such reason therefore, that he satisfied the people, who favoured the son no less in receiving his kingdom, than the father in delivering it. Among many examples of natural love and affection interchanged between this father and the son, this one made the hearts of the commonalty rejoice most in the prosperity of their Prince, that the father after he had thus publicly surrendered the kingdom to his son, he 
The father 〈◊〉 son.  executed the office of his Guard and served the King in servile Offices, as another private person: and being demanded how from the chair of command he could be pleased with this subjection would reply, It is more honourable for a man to be a father to a king, then to be a king himself. But discord the continual mischief among peers, not resting like the worm that cates the breeders life, stirred up strife between Lysimachus and Pirrus. Both but lately one in the overthrow and ruin of Demetrius, are now two for the confusion of themselves: but Lysimachus having the better of Pyrrhus, he enforced him to leave Macedon, which as we say he was scarce warm in, & by his repulce brought it under his own command: After this he made a very great War against Thrace, then against the City Hiraclia, the original and end of which City are in both wonderful, for it happening that the Boetians afflicted with a grievous plague ranging among them, they agreed to seek redress at the Oracle of Delphos, where answer was given them by the Priest, that to purchase their relief, they should build a city in the country of Pontus 
Th●●uilding o● H●r●●lya.  and dedicated it unto Hercules.  
But they fearing the long and perilous voyage they were injoind to undertake, desired death in their own native soil, rather than to enterprise so tedious and uncertain a journey. This injunction of the oracle omitted the Phocenses made fierce war against them, by whom being divers times put to the worst, they fled again to the Oracle, soliciting his counsel: from whom answer was made, that the same instruction they had given them for remedy of the pestilence, should if they would yet perform it remove the war. Whereupon gathering a number of men, they sailed into Metapont, and according to the decree built the City Hiraclia, where in short time by obeying this ordinance, they were multiplied and grew very wealth.  
This City withstood the assaults and battles of their neigbors, and was quiet through civil dissension of mischief with themselves: among many their honourable actions, this one thing especial, is worthy to be recorded. A● such time as the Athenians bore the Sovereignty, and had vanquished the Persians', they raised a tax to be levied in Greece, and Asia, both for the maintenance 
A tax levied for the maintenance of tiapping.  of their fleet, and provision thereof: and whereas all other Cities and provinces under their subjection, fearing a further oppression were willingly tributaries, even to what they asked, only the Heraclyens for the amity they held, and favour they received from the kings of Persia, refused to contribute any thing. Machaeus therefore was sent with a power from Athens, to constrain them deliver that by force, they so obstinately had denied. But while he foraged about to waste their fields, and make pillage of what he could, his fleet that he left in the Rhode was sunk, and the greater part of his army by the force and extreme violence of a sudden tempest, were all put to wrack. Therefore not being able to return by Sea, his shipping being lost, nor durst not adventure his travel by land, with so slender a defence, through so many savage Countries as he had from thence to pass: the Heraclyens reputing it more honour to use this occasion, in showing to those their distressed enemies bountiful courtesy, then bloody revengement, both furnished them with victuals, and safely conducted them home; accounting the wasting of their country and danger they had sustained by them satisfied to the full, if they might hereby win their enemies to be their friends.  
Among many evils this city endured, they suffered tyranny even amongst themselves: for the rich, surfeiting in pleasure, scornfully neglected the distress of the miserable. The poor envious of their prosperity, were busied how they might take revenege of this their contempt: both glutted with 
The miserable estate of ●●heracleas'.  a continual plenty and a prosperous peace, were greedy of innovation: whereupon the common sort gathering together, importunately exacted to have all debts clearly released, and the possessions of the rich either equally divided amongst them, or else all to be in common. This request of theirs being rebuked of some, was favoured of many, & some of the greatest magistrates of command in the city, such whom either with a smothered hypocritical emulation, repined at their equals happiness, or else feathered with the wings of emulation, by the overthrow of others to aspire to higher rule. This business hanging long in question in the Senate house without coming to any issue, so that the multitude contemning this delay, were induced to effect it by compulsion. At first they desired the aid of Tymotheus Duke of Athens, and after of Epaminondas Duke of Thebes; but neither favouring the cause, their answer was an absolute denial from both. The matter thus far a foot, that danger was feared on the one part, and threatened on the other, they determined to fly for refuge to clearche who was lately banished his country, and were constrained to repeal in defence of the same. Thus adverse fareth it oftentimes even in the most flourishing kingdoms.  
But Clearche more ●●pened in the subtle and close conveying his treasons, 
Clearche a u●●y cunning politician.  since his banisnment then before, and having learned to dissemble the conspiracies of his heart, with the language of his tongue, and knowing the reckon cilement betwxt two enemies is not made with faith but fear, he made outwardly covenants of love, and his best assistance to these citizens, whom inwardly to be the ruin of, his actions altogether addressed themselves: ●or by their civil dissension he perecived, and by their overthrow that in mind he purposed, he saw occasion offered and a path directed to make himself a K. for which advancement, he took counsel privately with Mythridates, the chief and professed enemy to these Citizens, who being made fast the one to the other, and the conditions agreed upon, compounded that at his 
Clearche a 〈◊〉: and dangerous 〈◊〉  repeal and calling home into his Country, which he shortly expected, that City and the prosperity thereof, should be at his reversion, only he for such industry in his behalf, should be Sovereign, and possess the eminent authority, with all things faithfully promised him. This treason thus intended against his Country, he made use upon Mithridates himself: for being redressed out of exile, and instituted as an indifferent judge for the determination of civil controversies, at the same time, that he by promise had appointed Mithridates, to deliver over the town unto him, he relying on his trust, was in hope to have taken the town, his friends, and himself prisoner, and not without a great ransom which he was feign to provide and pay to this treacherous surprizer, were any of them released, and as thus Clearch dealt with Mithridates, making a perfect friend, a sudden enemy: even so of a defender of the estate which he undertook, he presently become a protector of the commons, even against the chief procurers of his preferment, by whom he had been enlarged, to the liberty of his Country, to those who had placed and advanced him to this tower of his royalty, he not only incensed the commons, but also himself exercised on them the uttermost of his unspeakable cruelties.  
For having summoned the people together, he insinuated and told them, that he would now no longer be grievous unto them, by being an Agent, 
Clearche insinuateth & plos●th with the people.  or rather a subverter of such a Senate, whom now himself had testimoney of, was to burden some and rigorous in their authority: but would rather give the help of his blood, to suppress their pride, if they continued in their accustomed tyranny: wherefore if they thought their strength of themselves sufficient, to repress their oppression, he would withdraw with his men of War, and not engage himself, in their civil discords; but if they disinherited their own ability, he with his forces would both undertake their refuge, and revenge their grievances: advising them to make answer, whether he should departed as a Neuter in their cause, or stay with his power as a partaker in their quarrel, but they taking little advice, other than building upon his constancy and clemency, presently called him Sovereign: so while they sought for redress, they found only grief, but in their harebrained opinion, they subjecteth their selves, with their Wives and children, in bondage to a Lordly tyrant.  
Clearch at this first step to his advancement, apprehended threescore of the Senators, (the rest being fled) and imprisoned them, where the multitude rejoiced, to see the Senate overthrowone, and by him whom they had chosen to be their sovereign: But Clearch as covetous as ambitious, knowing 
His cruelty.  by the ancient peace & prosperity they sustained, these senators (wheresoever bestowed) had great treasure, bargained with them that for a sum of money which they agreed upon, he could now deliver them from the people's displeasure, and re-establish them in their former peace, and seat of Magistracy: knowing that whatsoever he commanded he had power to effect, condisended to his composition and made their tender of his demand: but being by this treachery, possessed of all their goods, withheld not his cruelty, but bereft them of their lives: after this, understanding that those which before were fled, had by their provoked complaints moved the neighbour cities to pity, promising them help: and in that promise, new prepared war against him: he held it policy to set all their bondmen at liberty, and that all misery might be pointed to prick the hearts of these honourable houses, and the fumer to unite the faithfulness of these slaves to himself and his designs, & to encourage them more against their masters, he made proclamation, that the wives and daughters of those noble men, should join themselves in marriage with those who had been their husbands and father's bondmen, upon pain of death to be inflicted upon the refuser. But these compelled marriages, or rather 
Death to 〈◊〉 preferred be fore dishonesty.  ravishments, were more grievous to the honourable Ladies, and the modest condition of their thoughts, than death itself: so that before the ceremony of these sorrowful weddings, and some at the very instant of their nuptial, kill first their new husbands, than themselves, delivered their chastity by this natural virtue, from so barbarous a dishonour. 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   
After this, their was a field fought between the fugetive senators and himself: in which, the Tyrant having the upper hand, he drew so many of them as he had taken prisoners, in triumph through the face of the city: which days glory being ended, some he cast in fetters, some he Racked, others put to death, leaving not any Noble family without cause of lamentation, nor any place of the city free from the violence of his Tyranny.  
With this success of his outrageousness he become proud, and no resistance undertaken against his will he grew arrogant: So that having continual prosperity, in what barberysme soever he undertook, he held it a depravation of his dignity, to be called a man, and therefore entitled himself, The Son of jupiter; When he road abroad, he caused always to be borne before him, an Eagle of gold as a token of his begetting. He used to wear Robes of purple, and to go in buskins after the manner of Kings, with a crown of Gold on his head: and to the intent he would be equal with the gods, as well in name as in other presumptions, he named his son Ceraunos, signefieing Thunder.  
Two noble gentlemen called Chion and Leonides, disdaining his miserable 
The valour of Chion & Leonides.  and wretched ambition, conspired with themselves to kill him, intending by his tragedy to set their country at liberty, or failing in their purpose were resolved they could not end their lives better than in so honourable and meritorious an action. These sometime were scholars to the Philosopher Plato, who desiring to bestow upon their birth place, the virtue to which they were furthered by the most perfect instructions of their master, laid in an ambush fifty of their kinsmen, whom they had won and persuaded to undertake this enterprise, tending to so general good: So went themselves, pretending enmety and defiance one against another toward the Castle, where the Tyrant gave attentive ear to the first man's speech: the other making an offer as if he would intertupt him by reply, stepped within him and killedhim. But by season their ambush was not ready enough in coming to their rescue, the Guard pressing in, to apprehended them, they were slain. By force whereof, it succeeded that though they prevailed in their stratigem, yet they died and their Country not delivered, for Satire the brother of Clearch following the principal steps of his brother, aspired to the like tyranny, so that the Hiraclians many years after by degree of descent, were under the subversion of Tyrants.   

THE XVII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe horrible Earthquakes in Hellespont and Chersonesus, the cruelty of Lysimachus to his own children by the instigation of their stepmother Arsirice. The last war between the successors of Alexander. Wherein Lysimachus is slain by Seleuchus. He also within a while after is slain by Ptolemy the kings brother of Egypt. Pyrrhus aideth the Tarentines against the Romans'. A discourse of the Realine of Epire, with a declaration of the acts of the Kings thereof.  
IN these days their happened a marvelous and terrible Earthquake in the countries of Hellespont & Chersonesus, so that the city Lysimachia, being built by Lysimachus, about two and twenty years 
A wondered 〈◊〉.  past was subverted; the which wonder betokened some fatal misfortune, to ensue upon Lysimachus and his offspring: nay should stretch so far, even to the overthrow and decay of his kingdom, and the destruction of their countries that were peopled by him: Even so it came to pass: for shortly after, Lysimachus conceiving deadly hatred beyond the course of a natural father, or the bounds of humanity against his son Agathocles, whom he had caused to be proclaimed heir apparent of his kingdom, and by whom he had achieved many famons battles prosperously: him he now poisoned by the instigation and working of his cruel stepmother Arsirice: This was the first sore broke out to give warning of the mischief that was toward him. this was the beginning of the ruin hung over his head, and a glass wherein was evident his emmenent misery, for having thus murdered his son, he persisted in the slaughter of his Nobility, having no other ground for his abortive actions but that they did consecrated the too sudden fall of so noble a Prince, and bewail his death: by means whereof, such as were chief officers in his camp, revolted by troops unto Seleuchus, who being of himself desirous of such alteration, through the envy he had to the glory of Lysimacus, made their acceptance the more willing: to whom they being honourably received, and entertainment of command given them every one according to his degree, they moved and prevailed with Seleuchus, to make war against Lysimachus. 
The last contention between Alexander's successors  This was the last contention between them that had served Alexander in his wars, and as it were a dissension reserved by the gods to be a perpetual example.  
Lysimachus was at this controversy threescore and fourteen years of age, and Seleuchus threescore and xvii. but time had given them the number of so many years, yet had they the ambition that is nourished in young men's hearts, and an insatiable desire of dominion: for whereas these two alone, now held and commanded the whole world between them, yet ambition having no confine, they thought themselves as it were enclosed in a strait, measuring the term of their lives, not by the length of their years, but by the bounds of their Empire.  
In a battle before, and by other chances, Lysimachus lost fifteen of his children; and now in this dying manfully, he lastly himself made the full decay of his own house. Seleuchus reioycsing in this so great a victory, (for he accounted it a greater dignity than the present honour) that he only of alexanders 
The death of Lysimachus.  retinue, remained and become a conqueror of conquerors.  
While Seleuchus was thus boasting of this his glory, forgetting that either by the course of nature, or the contrarious accident, he ere long himself should become an example of frailty; about seven months after, by the policy of Ptolemy, who had taken the sister of Lysimachus in marriage, he was surprised and slain: and with his life made resignment of the kingdom of Macedon, which he had taken from Lysimachus. Ptolemy respective to concern that 
Of this read more in the 24. Book.  which by this stratagem he had purchased, was diligent to insinuate into the hearts and favour of the commonalty, hoping to effect somuch either for the respect they had boar to his father Ptolemy the great, or for revenging the death of Lysimachus; but finding little hope in them as yet, whereon to build his confidence, he determined to win the sons of Lysimachus to him; and to that purpose, was a suitor to their mother Arsive, to have her to wife, promising to adopt the children after him: so that himself succeeding in his room, he was assured that either for reverence to their mother, or for the name of a father, they would not be so hardy to attempt any action against him.  
He also earnestly sued by his letters, to be possessed in the ancient amity of his brother king of egypt, protesting that all inveterate malice and displeasure, which he had against him, for usurping his father's kingdom from him, was now dissoluted: and that he would not thence, endeavour to wrist from his brother, the sway of Emperor, since he had now with more honour, and more ease, purchased sufficient from the hand of his father's enemy. furthermore, he sought by all policies, to make league and be at friendship with Eumenes, and Antigonus, the sons of Demetrius: and with Antiochus the son of Seleuchus, with whom he feared to have perpetual and dangerous war. And knowing that three such enemies invading him at once, would prove to powerful for his weak resistance, he omitted not a confirmation of the like contract with Pyrrhus' King of Epire, as one whom he foreknew would be an able furtherance to what part soever he inclined himself: but Pyrrhus as subtle as the deepest, weighting but advantage (how to cast these, though they had their footing in the stirrup clean out of the saddle) bore himself fair, both to one and the other. And indeed set himself as it were to sail to them all, as who would give most for him: for being now in aid of the Tarentines in their troubles against the Romans, he desired of Antigonus to furnish 
〈…〉  him with ships, for safe convey of his army over: of Antiochus whose Cossers were better paved with treasure, than his camp strengthened with men of War, of him he requested to borrow: of Ptolemy he demanded to send to his aid a part of the soldiers of Macedon.  
But Ptolemy best knowing his weakness not to be able to have any of his powers gleaned from him, if any of the other should break out which he disinherited, yet sent him five thousand footmen, four thousand horsemen, and fifty Elephants: conditioning with him, that two years expired, he should return them, or make good the like. For his advantage, Pyrrhus in consideration of this love, took the daughter of Ptolemy in marriage, and in his journey, left Ptolemy protector of his kingdom. Forasmuch, now as we are fallen in remembrance of Epire, it shall be profitable a while, to entreat of the original of the same kingdom. Molosses was the first King reigned 
〈…〉  in that region. Afterwards, Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, being deprived of the succession of his father's sovereignty, by being absent at the battle of Troy, continued in the same Country, which after his name was first called Pyrrhus, and then Epirotes.  
This Pyrrhus coming into the Temple of jupiter, to ask counsel of Do●one, ravished there Anasa, the Niece of Hercules, of whom (afterward taking her to wife) he begat eight children, of which most of them growing to be beautiful young Ladies (at their entire request) he married to the kings that were his neighbours: by means of which alliance, he strengthened himself both with royal friends, and purchased to his treasure infinite riches: And so leaving the kingdom of the Chaonians, with Andromache the Wife 
〈…〉  of Hector, (who in the division of the booty at the sack of Troy, fell by lot to be his wife) and unto Helenus the son of king Priamus, a Prince endued with singular knowledge, and the gift of Prophecy.  
Not long after, by the treason of Oresles', the son of Ag●memnon, he was slain at Delphos, before the Altar of the Gods. After him succeeded his son Pylad●s, from him by order of delineation and rightful succession, the kingdom descended to Arim●a, over whom, because he was fatherless and in his ●onage, & that their were no more alive to insist & record that Noble race from forgetfulness, but he of earnest desire that the whole Realm had, to preserve him and bring him up, there were certain protectors appointed, by the general consent of the state, to have the oversight, care and government of him, there were also Philosophers from all parts, sent as it were by Doctrine and instructions to manure and fill his body and mind with virtue and manners; so that by how much his education made him in learning excel his ancestors, by so much was he better beloved, had the heart and reverence of his subjects. For he was the first that made laws, ordained a counsel, appointed yearly officers, and established the estate of the commonweal.  
And like as Pyrrhus first gave the people their dwelling, so Arimba brought them first to the trade of civil ordinance, and living. This man's Son was Neoptolemus, who begat Olimpias the mother of great Alexander, and Alexander who after his disease, enjoyed the kingdom of Epire, and died in the 
An example of a learned Prince.  wars of Italy among the Brutians.  
After his disease, his brother Accides succeeded in the kingdom, who by overcharging his subjects with the continnal and adverse war, he had against the Macedons, raised so strong a commotion among them, that they banished him the realm, leaving behind him a child of his, then but two years old, called Pyrrhus, who was also diligently sought by the people to be put to death (so remorseless was the hatred they bore to his father) was secretly conveyed from them into Illiria and delivered unto Berooe, the wife of King Glaucia, to be fostered and preserved. The which Beroe was also extract of the house of Aeacus. This Glaucia the King, whether it were for pity of his misfortunes, or alured with his childish and delightful flatter, defended him long against the spite of Cassander King of Macedon, who oftentimes demanded with forcible threatenings, that he would conduct sharp wars on him and his people, unless he delivered him: but Glaucia regarded not his threats, besides his careful protection of him, adopted him his lawful son, with which love of Glaucia, the Epyrotes being moved, converted their hatred into compassion, and with the consent of his foster father, having attained to the age of eleven years, they called him into his realm again, selecting choice governors, to have the oversight and protection of him and his kingdom, till he came to riper experience. After this, having past his childhood, and grew to be sovereign of himself, he fought many battles, and concluded them victoriously: so that the report of his valour was grown to such power, and his wisdom and policy of such esteem, that no man was held fit but he, nor of fortune equal to defend the Tarentines, against the invincible Romans.  
The end of the xvij. Book   

THE XVIII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Pyrrhus' overcometh the Romans. Mago Duke of Carthage bringeth them aid, and is sent home again. The Romans seek truce with Pyrrhus, the which suit is crossed by Appius Claudius. Pyrrhus taketh upon him the kingdom of Sicill. The foundation of tire and Sydon, with a rehearsal of their Histories. Dido buildeth Carthage, and killeth her self. The Carthagenians use an abominable kind of sacrifice. They suffer great loss both by war and Pestilence. Macheus' Duke of Carthage, purteth his own son to death, he winneth Carthage he is accused of Treason, and is put to death.  
AT this time that Pyrrhus was king of Epire, the Tarentines, Samnits, and Lucans, were grievously vexed with 
The wars of Pyrrhus in Italy.  the war of the Romans'; in which necessety of theirs, they sent their several ambassadors, to entreat his aid; who not so much moved by the importunity of these suitors, as induced with hope to compass the Empire of Italy, under his own dominion promised them secure, and to come presently with an army to remove that affliction incident unto them: unto which affairs after his mind had thus inclined, following the examples of his ancestors, and to demonstrate to the world he had an honourable qualltiy of his parents, he drove himself desperately forward into all hazards, disdaining to be accounted inferior to his uncle Alexander, who had defended the Tartarians against the Brucians: or oflesse courage then great Alexander, who had made wars far distant from his own Country, and subdued the East. Whereupon leaving his son Ptolemy, of the age of fifteen years as Regent over his kingdom, he landed his Army in the haven of Tarent, leading along with him his two younger sons, Helen and Alexander to bear him company, and be a comfort to him in this voyage, so far remote from his Country.  
Of whose arrival, the Roman Consul Valertus Leunius hearing, he was expeditious to encounter with him, before the aids of his confederates were assembled: so brought his men into the field even to the interview, where Pyrrhus was encamped; who on the contrary, held it cowardice to eschew the battle offered, though the number of the enemy's force, far surmounted his. Both armies being arrayed, and the assault begun, the Romans' at the first forced them to retreat, and chase that advantage they were Masters of, were even at the point to have put him and his whole power, either to slaughter or flight: But Pyrrhus retiring no further than the back of his Elephants 
Pyrrhus over cometh the Romans.  constrained the Romans' at the sight of those beasts of Macedon, to which till then they were never inurd, first to stand as amazed, and by and by to forsake the field; so from a conquest, which but even now was judged certain by them, they had suddenly the overthrow themselves: Nevertheless, Pyrrhus obtained not this honour without much bloodshed, for he himself was dangerously wounded, & a great part of his soldiers slain, so that he gained by this victory more renown than cause to rejoice. Many cities following the fortune of this battle, yielded themselves to Pyrrhus, among which, the Locrins betraying the Roman Garrison, revolted to him, of which prey Pyrrhus sent home two hundred Roman soldiers ransomless to Rome, to the intent that as the Romans' had trusted the carriage and puissance of his body, they should as well see he had the like liberality and magnanimousnesse of mind. Shortly after, the host of the Tarentines and the others congregated to him, and the Romans' likewise relieved their dispersed Tyrians with sit 
The magnificence of Pyrrhus.  supply, there was another encounter undertaken between them, wherein his fortune was like unto the former, and his worthiness appeared no less. The Carthagentans hearing of this prosperity of Pyrrhus, sent Mago one of their Captains with a hundred and twenty ships, in the aid of the Romans, who coming before the Senate, told them, it greatly grieved the Carthagenians his countrymen, and their neighbours and friends, that a foreign K. should be so powerful to make War in Italy, for which he was sent to offer them that ready aid, knowing no reason but they being assailed by a foreign enemy might justly be rescued by foreign sucor: the Senate gave him in the right of the Carthagenians thanks, but dismissed him and their succours accounting them needless. But Mago subtle, according to the nature and inclination of the men of Africa, as though his affairs tended to proclaim peace, went secretly to Pyrrhus, intending to sift his determination, and to learn what he purposed as concerning Sicill, whether it was reported Pyrrhus was sent for: for howsoever it was otherways pretended, the Carthagenians sent aid to the Romans' for no other end, but that since Pyrrhus was arrived, he might be so occupied with the Romans' in Italy, he should find no leisure to pass on to Sicill. Pyrrhus' having prosperity thus far as it were entailed to him; Fabritius Lucinus was sent Ambassador from the Senate of Rome, to conclude a peace with him. The articles agreed upon, for confirmation thereof, cineas was dismissed from Pyrrhus, with gifts and honourable presents to the Romans', but such was the continency of them, that he returned without finding any man whose hands were open to receive his masters rewards. Another example to equalize this staidness of the Romans', happened in the same time much about this, for the senate sending Ambassadors to Ptolemy, into Egypt: the King accustomed to gratify such Messengers with royal benefits, presented them with the like, the which they modestly deemed, yet before their departure being solemnly invited to feast with the King, there were commended unto them several crowns of gold, which for that time for the honour of Ptolemy, though they refused no● but received, the next day after they discharged themselves of them, least they should be tainted with suspicion of any corruption, and placed them upon the King's Images.  
But while Syneas was arbitrating these affairs betwixt Pyrrhus and the Romans', and a peace concluded, the designs were ordered in his Embassy 
Pyrhus made king of Sycil. read more in the 23. Book.  were infringed by Appius Claudius. At his return Pyrrhus demanded of him, what manner of thing Rome was, who instructed thereunto by the magnificency of his entertainment, the gravety, wisdom, and Nobleness of the people, answered that it seemed to him to be a City all of kings. By this the Amabassadors sent from the Sicilians were to have a hearing of Pyrrhus, who admitted before him, rendered into his hands, the righ● and title of their whole Island, desiring him of his princely grace to take them into his protection, whose labours were fruitless by the continual wars which the Carthageniens 
A digression to the acts of the Tyrians.  infor●st upon them: which Pyrrhus accepting, le●●ing his Son Alexander at Locus, and having strengthened the other Cities with sufficient Garrisons, he wasted his Army over into Sicill. Being now come to entreat of the Carthageniens, It shall not be amiss for the amplifying of our History, to digress from the present subject, and speak somewhat of their Original, as also to repeat the deeds of the Tyrians, whose miseries were no less to be lamented.  
This Nation of the Tyrians had their first foundation by the Phenecians, who before being troubled with an Earthquake, forsook their Native soil, and inhabited first by the lake of Assiria, and from thence removing themselves nearer to the Sea coast, they builded a City, which of the abundance of Fish that had breeding there, they named it Sidon. In this continent they continued long, but at last being subdued by the King of the Ascalonites, they took shipping, and arrived in the same ground whereon they builded tire: which City, was finished the year before the destruction of Troy. In this neither remained they in peace, but were often assailed by the Wars of the Persians'.  
But their power much wasted by this war, and the multitude of the bondmen exceeding their Masters; they pretended to exemplify their savage nature upon them, whom they were bound to obey: which conspiracy, by the 
Bondmen 〈◊〉 in cruelty.  concealment thereof, first taking life, grew after to such issue, that they butchered their Masters, and all the freeborn posterity: and having the City now to do what they would, they entered into their masters houses, invaded the commonweal, and that (which themselves never were) they beg ●t free children. At this massacre, their was one among so many thousand slaves, of a more sober and honest nature than the rest, who pitying the fortune of the old man his Master, and the destiny of his son, dealt not as the other did in murthet, but of merciful compassion took them to pity, and preserved their lives, every day bringing them food. The other bondmen ignorant that any Masters or freeborn generation were alive, began to consult of the estate of government; and agreed that it was requisite for the security of them all, to incorporate the City to themselves and created aching, and him especially (as a man most acceptable to the Gods,) that first should see the next morrow. This honest slave declared this secretly to his Master Strato (for so was the old man named) craving therein the furtherance of his advise: so being by him sufficiently instructed what to do, while all the rest stood staring into the East, he only advisedly looked into the West. At the first, all the residue of his fellows, thought it madness in him to gape for the Sun rising in the West. But assoon as the day began to break, and the East glisteren upon the highest tops and pinnacles of the Towers and Temples of the City, while all the rest gazed, who should see the Globe of the sun, he first of all showed them the brightness thereof, shining upon the top of the City. This made them so just to judge against themselves, to be a reason greater than could grow out of slaves: whereupon they enquired who gave him this counsel, who unwilling to attribute the dignity was dew to another, confessed the truth as concerning his Master, so that they evidently perceiving the difference of true judgement, between a slave and a Gentleman, and that though their own natures might excel in malice, yet the other exceeded in wisdom, the old man and his son they 
The 〈◊〉 between honesty and villamy.  pardoned, and persuading in general that Strato could not but be preserved by the Divine providence of the Gods, for some future good, they agreed and created their King. After whose decease, the kingdom descended to his son, and so colatterally, forth to his posterity. Which act of these slaves, though it were notable and a necessary example to succeeding ages, yet Alexander the great, having continued long war in the countries of the East as a revenger, raised war upon them, who had been enemies to a common tranquillity, besieged and sacked the city, commanding all those to be hung up, that remained alive after the battle: executing justice on the posterity in remembrance of the murders committed in former time by their predecessors; only the kindred of Strato preserved, and restored the kingdom to his offspring, peopling it with freeborn families, to the intent that the slavish seed being rooted out, the offspring of those might live to report they were planted by him. These Tyrians being thus by Alexander a Nation new founded through travel, and sparing in spending, grew as strong again in short time as before the slaughter of their Masters: so that thus again replenished, they sent a company of youth into Africa, and built up Utica. About 
The building of Utica.  which time thek. of Tyre deceased, ordaining for his heirs his son Pygmalion, and his daughter Elissa, a princess of excellent beauty. The kingdom went to Pygmalion, being a child, and Elissa was married to her Uncle Sichaeus the Priest of Hercules, being in greatest authority next the king. This Sichaeus was reputed to be possessed of so much riches, that he buried it in the ground. The brute of which, though not certain to any, was so commonly reported of all, that it attained to Pygmalion, who incensed with a covetous desire (forgetting all natural affinity, sought to stop such thoughts, or ever they apprehended the fullness of action or without respect of religion, the remembrance of which, would have so beaten on the anvil of his conscience, till it had wrought him to a better form than the evil he intended: to compass this wealth, which was only to be had by rumour, he slaughtered his Noble Uncle Sycheus being also his brother in law. Elissa detesting this wicked an abominable act of her Brothers, lamenting the unhappy tragedy of her so loving a husband, and doubting as great mischief pretended against her person, dissembled so far, as sorrow and hope of revenge would give her leave: the labours of her mind bearing in all things a fair and favourable countenance toward her brother, as if she had slightly forgot so great a trespass done toward her, not without dishonour to himself: yet practising privately with diverse Noblemen, whose hearts she knew to the King her brother, was leveled with her own, and whose discontents were as burdensome to their minds, as wind in a bladder, who on the jest prick that occasion gives, breaks violently out; who had a more free desire to leave their country, then to live in it, having the oath of such as these, to further and be ready to undertake with her, what action soever: she came to Pygmalion, and addressing her speech to him, entreated she might remove her own dwelling, and come to sojourn with him, to this intent the brute and remembrance of her husband, should not any longer march as a shadow before her eyes, nor the sight of his house, continually renew the sorrow which she coveted to forget. 
The wicked ne●●● of Pygmialion.   
Pygmalion, well satisfied with this suit of his sisters, hoping with the remove of herself to his country, she would also remove her husbands treasure, for the which he had murdered him: gave her a liberal and frank consent to enjoy his country and that wherein might content her, Little doubting the escape which Elissa by this policy pretended  
But she being a ship board, and under sail, both with her own friends and such of the King's servants, who were lent in her help for her guard, in shutting of the evening, being out of the ken of her Country, called those who were the subjects of Pygmalion & compelled them to throw overboard a many of bags and Coffers full of sand, persuading them it was treasure: when she herself with trickling tears, and woeful Lamentation, shrieking out the 
The policy of 〈◊〉 to escape her brother.  name of Sichaeus in distracted syllables, beseeched him by the Love he bore her, being her husband, to accept that his riches, as an oblation which had been the cause of his death. This done, she turned herself to the King's servants, and told them, that riches which she had enforced them to enrich the sea withal, should be a means to hasten on her death, which she so often had heartily desired: and that they themselves should suffer the bitterest torments, tyranny could invent: for being obedient to her will. For that treasure belonged to my husband Sichaeus, for that treasure the covetousness of my Kingly, yet unkingly brother, murdered him: for that treasure my brother and your sovereign lent me your aid, and permitted me to come and have a habitation in his kingdom: of which treasure, when he shall found his thirsty appetite unslackt, he will be as pitiless to me his sister, as he was to Sichaeus my husband and his. Uncle, and as merciless to you his subjects, both we shall well escape, if you will lay your lives upon my fortunes, go willingly with me, not to my unkind brother, but undertake a pilgrimage out of this dangerous kingdom, whether the gods, the winds, and this sea shall conduct us: and wheresoever we arrive, I as your queen, and you as my people, will buy a plot of ground, whereon to build us a peaceful habitation. These men, being hallowed with her words, assured of the Tyranny of their master, with some fear and no less love, they offered themselves unto her, desiring the gods of a prosperous voyage.  
Thus a great number of the nobility, were in readiness to set forth with her, and having made sacrifice to Hercules, they forsook their country to seek a new dwelling place. The first land that they arrived at, was the Isle of Syprus, where the priest of jupiter offered himself to Elysa, as a partaker of her fortune, upon condition that his posterity should for ever enjoy the honour of the priest hood. The custom of the Cyprian's was to sand their maids before they were married to the sea side, there, with the abuse of their bodies, made offerings to Venus for the preservation of their chastity all their lives after. Of these women, 
The wicked custom of the Cyprians.  Elisa commanded her men to take up 80. and ship them, that her young men might have wives, and the city increase in issue. These things thus done Pygmalion knowing of the flight of his sister, purposed to pursue her, but was warned by prophecy, that he should not escape unpunished, if he hindered the advancement of so fortwate a city. By this means, they that fled had leisure to escape, and Elissa safely arrived on the coasts of Africa, won the hearts of all the inhabitants. After, having gotten a piece of ground, even as much as might be compassed with an Ox hide, and therein she refreshed her whole company, than caused she the hide to be cut into thongs, and by this policy got a very large plot, whereupon that place was called Birsa. After, many of the inhabitants brought unto them many things to sell, and built them houses, so in time it become a famous city. The ambassadors of Utica brought them rich presents: also the Africans were very desirous of their company, so that by the help of all parties Carthage was builded, paying only a yearly rent for the 
The building of Carthage.  ground. In their digging they found an Ox head, betokening a fruitful land, but the city always under bondage. Whereon they removed their city: then they found a Horse head, signifying great power, so in that place they also erected a city. Shortly after by much trade of other Nations it become populus. When Carthage flourished, Hiarbas king of Mauritania calling ten Princes of the Afric's, sent for Elissa to be his wife, and if she denied he threatened war. Which message they fearing to deliver, wrought by craft, saying their king 
Hiarbas requireth Dido in marriage.  requested a person to instruct his nations in civil life. They being rebuked of the Queen, they uttered the king's command, that she must be conformable, to his request, or look for further danger. Being thus deceived she called often on the name of her husb. Sycheus, yet at last answered she would go whither her destiny directed. Upon this she caused a fire to be made in the furthest parts of the city, where after some sacrifices done, she took a sword standing on the top of the fire, laying according to the kings command she would go to her husband, thrusting her body thorough with the sword. In carthage she was worshipped 
Dido killeth herself.  ever after as a Goddess. This city was builded 72 years before Rome.  
Furthermore among other mischiefs, they were sor● vexed with the plague, for remedy whereof, they used a bloody kind of Religion and abominable wickedness. For they offered men up in sacrifice, and killed innocent younglings upon the altars, the (which age is wont to provoke even the enemy to pity) seeking to pacify the Gods with the blood of them, for whose life the Gods are wont most of all other to be prayed unto. Therefore the Gods being worthily angry, turned from them for so great a wickedness, although they had war along time in Sicill to their utter destruction: and removed the war into Sardima, having lost the greater part of their host, they were vanquished in a sore and deadly battle. For which cause they banished (with those few that remained of his army,) their captain Machaeus, under whose guide they had Conquered that part of Sicill, and achieved many great adventures against the Africans. Which thing 
Machaeus banished.  the men of war taking in great displeasure, sent Ambassadors to Carthage, entreating that they might return into their Country, as also for pardon of their unfortunate war, withal telling them, that if they might not obtain their request by entreatance, they would win it by the sword. When the Ambassadors could get nothing, neither by fair means nor by foul, within a few days after, they took shipping, and came to the City all in arms.  
Being come they protested before Gods and men, that their coming was not to offer any violence to their country, but only to recover it, and that they would show their Countrymen that they wanted not courage in 
Carthage is besieged by her own Citizens.  the former Wars, but good fortune. Hereupon they kept the City from all manner of victuals, and besieged it so narrowly, that they brought the Carthagenians to utter despair. In the mean time Cartalo, (the son of the banished Captain Macheus,) as he passed by his father's camp from tire, (whither he had been sent by the Cartbagenians, to carry unto Hercules the tenths of the booty that his father had taken in Sicill) being sent for by his father, answered he would first accomplish his duty in the public religion, and then would do any private duty to father or mother. Which thing albeit his father was much offended with, yet he durst not as then use any violence towards him, for the reverence of that religion. But within a day or two after, desiring safe conduct of the people, when he was returned to his father, and that he vaunted himself openly before all men, decked in rich purple robes and his Mitre, according to the degree of Priesthood: his father leading him aside into a secret, place said thus unto him. Thou wicked varlet, durst thou be so bold as thus bedecked with scarlet and bedashed with 
〈…〉.  Gold, to come into the open face of so many of thy wretched Citizens; and enter into this sorrowful and mourning camp, swimming in these tokens of royalty and prosperity, like as if thou shouldst triumph over us? Couldst thou found none other persons to boast thyself before? couldst thou found no place so meet as the penury of thy father, and the calamities of his unhappy banishment? Dost thou remember that being the other day called, thou proudly disdainedst, I say not thy father, but the very captain of thine own countrymen? And I pray thee what else representest thou in this thy purple rob and these crowns of gold, but the titles of my victories? For as much therefore as thou acknowledgest thy father for no better than a banished man, I will also show myself rather a severe captain, than a father towards thee, and I will make thee an example to all men hereafter, not to be so bold as to laugh and scorn at the unfortunate miseries of their fathers.  
Immediately hereupon, he caused him to be nailed to a very high cross in sight of all the city, in his gorgeous apparel. Within a few days after he took Carthage, and summoning the people before him, complained of his wrongful banyishment, excusing the war which he was compelled to take in hand, full sore against his will, by reason his conquests were despised. Wherhfore 
Carthage is taken.  in as much as he had punished the oppressors of his miserable countrymen, he said he was content to pardon all the rest for his wrongful banishment, and so having putten of the senators to death, he restored the city to their former laws again. Notlong after, he was accused to have gone about to make himself a king. Whereupon he suffered double punishment, both for working treason against his country, and for murdering his own son. After him succeeded in the captainship Mago, by whose knighthood both the richesse, the bounds of the Empire, and the renown of Carthage was greatly increased, and augmented.  
The end of the xviij. Book.   

THE XIX. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
MAgo Duke of Carthage dieth. His sons hasdrubal and Hamilcar succeed. The Carthageniens are overcome by the Africa's, and pay the rent for their city. They make war in Sardinia and Sycill. The message of the Ambassadors of Darius to the Carthageniens. The Africans are compelled to release the rent. The army of Hamilco perishetb by the pestilent influence of the stars. The remnant whereof he bringeth home, and putteth to the sword.  
IN these days Mago was chief Captain of Carthage, who had by his diligence in ordering the laws of Arms, founded the Empire of Africa, and established the fortification of Carthage, no 
A continuate of the history of Carthage.  less by his policy in war, then by his puissance, he deceased, leaving behind him two sons, hasdrubal and Hamilcar, who following in the footsteps of their father's virtue, as they succeeded him in Lineage, so they equalled him in worthiness. Under these Captains, was war conjunct in Sardinia, and a field fought against the Africans, to withstand the arrearages they demanded as rent for the soil whereon the City standeth, but as the Aphricks had the juster quarrel, so had they the better fortune; by means whereof this war concluded between them, by payment of money, and not by dint of sword. In Sardinia, hasdrubal being mortally wounded, surrendered the government to his brother Hamilear and died: whose death was made honourable by the mourning of the whole City for him, and whose life was no less, for he had been eleven times Dictator, and had had triumphs.  
At the news of his death, the enemy began to take courage, as though with their Captain the strength of the city had also decayed, for the Sicilians being oppressed by the Carthagenians daily injuries, revolted to Leomeda the brother of the King of Lacedaemon, whereupon was continued a long and cruel war between them, the advantage sometime inclining to the one part, sometime to the other.  
Now Daryus king of Persia, intending to make war against the Greeyans, sent his Ambassadors to Carthage, requesting their aid in the furtherance of his purpose, with commandment also, they should leave offering of men in sacrifices and eating of dogs flesh, prescribed to them according to the manner of the Persians', rather to burn their dead bodies, then to bury them in the ground. But the Carthageniens denying him aid, by reason of the troublesome wars they had with their borderers, to the intent they would not seem disobedient in all things, willingly obeyed him in the rest. In the mean season Hamilcar was slain in the wars in Sycill, leaving behind him three sons, Amilco, Hanno, and Gisgo: hasdrubal had also alike number of sons, 
Hamil●ar ●lame in the wa●●eses.  Hanyball, hasdrubal, and Sapphe.  
By these Captains were the affairs of Carthage ordered, and the city defended, war was made against the Moors, fields fought with the Numidians, and the Africa's compelled to release the Carthageniens for ever, of the rent they were wont to pay for the soil of the city. After this so great a number of Grand Captains being held burthenson to the city, which before time had been free, in that they built or perverted all affairs even to their own opinion, that they acquit or condemned, whom or what they lift themselves: there were a hundred Senators chosen to be judges, which when any of these Captains were returned from their wars, should take an upright accounted of their actions, to the intent they thereby might be kept in awe, so to behave themselves in executing the office of their authority in the wars abroad, as they might nevertheless have a careful respect to do justice according to the laws of their country at home.  
For directing the war in Sicil, in the stead of Hamilcar, Hamilco was made grand captain: who having prosperous success in all battles, both by sea and land, suddenly by the influence of a pestilent planet, lost all his men of 
Hamilco made grand-captain.  war: whereof when tidings came to carthage, the hearts of all the city was cast into mourning, and there eyes saw no other comfort but tears: the lamentation was as Hideous, as though the city had been sacked by their enemies, and their grief so genearal, that they relieved one another's sorrow, not suffering it to lessen as a ceaseless fountain, through several pipes seeds many conduits. Every man's doors were shut up, the Temples of the gods unvisited, and their altars unhallowed: all ceremonies were omitted, all private duties neglected, some would walk out at the city gate (but so dispersed and disordered, as if their fear had taught them to forget their former acquaintance) where they would make inquisition for their friends, of that poor remain, the plague had left, as they landed out of the ships, where having heard the Tragical of what was become of them, (for till than they waded between hope and fear, who was dead and who survived) they redoubled their griefs, adding so fast sigh to sigh; sob, to sob; and sorrow to sorrow; till the eagerness of the one, did help the other to break their hearts.  
Mothers wept for their children, fathers for their sons, brothers for their brothers, and one generation for another: so the shrieking and howling one made unto another, appeared rather to be the violence of whirlwinds, or an outtragious tempest, than the perplexities of reasonable creatures. After this comes out of his ship, (the poor but honourable captain Hamilco) in a filthy and beggarly torn cloak, girt about him: at the sight of whom the mourners as they stood in ranks clustered to come near him, where they discerned by his misery being so great, how much greater was distress to the rest. While he himself holding up his hands to heaven, bewailed his own misfortune joined to the calamity of his Country, and there withal cried out upon the gods, who had taken from him so great honour of chivalry, and so great ornaments of victories, which they themselves had given and made him master of: who after the winning of so many Cities, the vanquishing of so fierce enemies, both by sea and land, had destroyed that victorious army not by battle but by pestilence, wherein notwithstanding, he with this did comfort himself, and brought no small cause for his country to rejoice in him, since that his enemies could not triumph, nor report themselves the authors of their calamities, that they were not able to say, they which were dead were slain by them: nor they which returned, were put to slight by them. As for the prey they found in their desolate camp, it was not such, that they might rightly boast of it, as of the spoil taken from their vanquished enemy, but as of a purchase falling into their enemy's mouths, unlooked for by the pestilent deaths of the right owners, in respect of the enemy, they were come away conquerors, but in regard of the pestilence, they fled a way vanquished.  
But to this comfort, this honourable Captain had one grief, his repute exceeded all limit, which was, that his own fate and the character of his miserable days, had not period with his followers. That he was not so fortunate, to dye and surfeit in mishap, among these most valiant men; but be reserved out of one mischief to fall into another: from the fury of the pestilence, not to live pleasantly, but to be a pointing stock for the multitude, and a remembrancer of calamities  
Wherhfore so soon as he had conveyed home the remnant of his wretched host into Carthage, he vowed he would follow them as their fellow; and though the pestilence shunned him, he would chase death till he had overtaken him: whereby his country should perceive, he had not lived to that day, as desirous of life, but because he would not by his death betray those wretched few, that the unspeakable pestilence had spared, by leaving them without a guide, being besieged and environed round with their enemy's hosts. So entering into the city, assoon as he came to his own house, he dismissed the multitude, as the last time that ever he purposed to speak to them, and 
Hamileo killeth hunselfe.  barring the doors fast, suffering none to come whereby to intercept him, not so much as his sons to take their leaves of him, he killed himself.  
The end of the xix. Book.   

THE XX. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe elder Dennis driveth the Carthagenians out of Cicill, and maintaineth wars in Italy. A declaration of the first original of many cities in Italy. Wars between the Crotonians and the Locrenses. The life, doctrine and death of Pythagoras. Dennis is overcome by the Crotenians, and maketh a league with the Frenchmen in Italy. Dennis returneth into Cicill against the Carthagenians, and is slain by his own men.  
DEnnis having repulsed the Carthageniens out of Sicill, and taken the government of all the whole Island into his own hand, thinking it both a burden to the realm, to keep so great a power as he then consisted of, without employment, as also a matter dangerous, to suffer so noble an army to lie still slothfully, and without exercise, conveyed his host into Italy: partly of purpose, to quicken the strength of his Soldiers, by continual labour, and also to enlarge the bounds of his Empire. the first war that he had after his arival, was against the Greeks' that inhabited the nearest to the Sea 
The wars of D●●●●ss in Italy.  coast, when he first landed, the which being subdued, he assailed the next unto them, and in the end proclaimed war against all that bore the name of Greeks' in Italy, intending to root out all the inhabytants, and make a hopeless posterity of them: which sort of people, so far remote from their original, were so increased, that they held not a part, but almost all Italy. At this time, although they be many cities which after so long continuance, do yet at this day uphold and show manifest tokens of the Greekish custom. For the people of Thuscane, which possess the coast of the neither sea, and the Venetians who ever since are inhabiters of the upper sea, came under Antenor from Troy, after the taking and utter destruction thereos. Adrya which is adjoining to the Illirvan sea, and gave the name first to the Adriatic sea, is also a Greek city. Likewise Apros which Dyomedes builded after the overthrow of Troy, being cast up in the same place by shipwreck. Moreover Pise in Lombary had Greeks' to their founders, and among the tuscans, the Tarquin's drew their beginning from the Thessalians, and Spinambres, and the Perusines from the Acheans: here might be much declared of the City cere, as also of the latin people, who 
A digression to the foundation of the ●●●y●ss of Italy.  say themselves to be descended from Aeneas, the Falisbes', the japygians, the Nolanes, the Abelanes, were of oldeenhabiters in Chalcis. What is the coast of campanya? What are the Brutians and Sabines? What are the Samnites? But extracted from Grecia? What are the Tarentines, who appear to this day upon record, came from Lacedaemon, & were first called bastards. It is said further, that Philoctetes built the city Thurines, whose tomb standeth yet to be seen unruinde, and the shafts of Hercules, in the Temple of Apollo, which had the name of the destiny of Troy. The Metapontines also, reserved for a memory to this day, to show in the Temple of Mynerua, the iron tools of Epeus, their first founder, wherewith he made the horse Agent in the destruction of stately Illyrium. And for this cause, that they endeavour by these ancient remembrances, to uphold their descent all that part of Italy (surnamed the greater Greece.) But in the beginning of their foundations, the Metapontines assisted in confederacy with the Sybarites and Crotoniens, after determination had, endeavoured to expel all the other Grecians out of Italy: and assoon as to that purpose, they had taken the city Siris, in the conquest thereof they killed before the sacred altar consecrated to Minerva, fifty youngmen, embracing her Image; neither spared her priest at that instant veiled in the attire, accustomed in her ceremonies. Upon this violation they were vexed with pestilence and civil sedition, so that the Crotonienses went first to entreat relief from the Oracle at Delphos, where answer was made them, that in vain was all resistance, for the mischief so evident among them might not cease, till they had appeased wrathful Mynerua; for trespassing so heinously against the divinity due to her Godhead: as also the Ghosts of them in her Temple they had so cruelly slain. 
Civil wars in Italy   
Hereupon, they began to carve images, of the same bigness that the men were, being alive; minding to elect and set them up, as a pacification to the youngmen. Than made they one in especial to Minerva, but the Metapontines knowing also the Oracle of the Gods, thought it good to work more speedily in a business of this necessety; so they engraved as a recompense to the youngman's ghosts, little images, and appeased the Gods indignation with bread sacrifices. So that the one part strived in costlienesse, the other part endeavoured in swiftness, the pestilence was ceased to both of them. The Crotoniens having recovered health, desired quietness long after, for remembrance that in the siege of Syris, the Locrines whom they disinherited not, came as their enemies to fight against them: they take so great displeasure thereat, that in this anger they made war upon them. The Locrines, being stricken with fear at this sudden invasion, resorted to the Spartans, beseeching them humbly of succour. But the Spartans loath to busy themseleus in a war so far remote from them, advised to ask help of Castor and Pollux: neither did the Ambassadors despise their counsel, but departing to the next Temple, there offered sacrifice, and invoked the Gods of their help: so having obtained the success they came for, (as they thought) they departed, being as jocund as if they had carried the Gods themselves to further their prosperity.  
They also made them shrines in their ships, & assuring themselves of an auspicious journey, in stead of succour they brought home comfort. This known to the Crotoniens, they also sent their Ambassadors to the Oracle at Delphos, praying for victory and prosperous end of their undertaken war: where it was answered, they must overcome by viewing, ere they should vanquish them by battle. Whereupon, (so desirous they were of this honour) they vowed unto Apollo, the tenth of the profit should be taken. The Locrines on the contrary, having good intelligence, both of the vow of their enemies, and the answer of the Gods, vowed as much, but kept their devotion private to themselves. So that when they were marched into the field, and they beheld in battle array of the Crotonenses a hundred and twenty thousand fight men, armed ready for the encounter, and knew their own power too slen●er to resist the furious shock of such a conflict, being but fifteen thousand Soldiers at the most, they threw away all hope of victory, cast away all fear, enemy to resolution, accounting themselves unpossible to be rescued, prepared their 
Men in desp●●re get the victory.  lives confidently to dye yet honourably in that field: So in this desperation, every man took such a hearty courage to himself, that they held it victory enough for them, if before they died, they might revenge their deaths on their enemies manfully: but while they sought to die honestly, they had the upper hand fortunately, having no other cause for this victory, than the resolution was begot out of their despair. While the Locrines were in the terror of this battle, an Eagle was seen never to departed from thence, but still kept a hovering and soaring 'bout them, till they had the upper hand. Moreover two youngmen in strange armour, unlike the one to the other, of excellent parsonage, mounted upon two white horses, and in scarlet cloaks, were seen fight in the wings of the battle: who assoon as the difference was ended, vanquished out of sight. The incredible swiftness of fame increased the wonder of this accident, for the same day this battle was fought in Italy, the victory was reported at Corinth, Athens, & Lacedaemon. After this inauspicious success, the Crotonenses grew careless to exercise themselves in chivalry and feats of arms, and as it were in the whole disposition of nature altered, by the fatal event of that war, which they so unluckily attempted, changed their life into riot and idleness; in which spoil they had persisted, had not the Philosopher Pythagor as, stayed them from this giddiness, and moulded them a new with his instruction. This Pythagor as, being the son of a rich Merchant of Samos, called Demaratus, was brought up in the education of learning, and studies of wisdom, in which precepts he so worthily increased, that he took his journey first into Egypt, after to Babylon, to learn perfectly the causes whereby the planets so orderly moved, and to search out the beginning of the world. During his exercise in this place, he attained to singular knowledge, and at his return, went 
Of Pythag●ras' and his doctrine.  to Lacedaemon to study the laws of Minos and Lycurgus. In all which he being perfectly instructed, he came to Croton, where by his authority, he brought the people to human society & thriftiness in life, being but even latly before fallen into excess riot, his daily lectures were to comed virtue and make hateful vice, reciting the miserable chances of cities which had decayed through that plague, whereby he so strired the multitude to the endeavour of labour, that some over whelmed before in the pleasure of riot, whereby him contrary to expectation (since that which is engraven in the mind, is hardly to be razed out but by death) brought again to loath that which but lately they loved.  
Moreover he gave the wives instructions, privately from their husbands, and the children a part from their parents: he taught the women shamefastness obedience, and womanhood to their husbands; the men children modesty, soberness, good nurture and learning. And among these things, he interlaced 
Pythagoras' o● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  thriftiness the mother of virtues. Finally he did so much with his continual disputations, that the Noble women laid aside their garments of cloth of gold, and other ornaments appertaining to their estate, accounting them as instruments of supersluity, and brought them all into juno's Temple, where they consecrated them to the Gods; so that what with his boldly reproving vice and mildly encouraging them to virtue, the men held him not worthy to eat, whose thoughts were rather given to idleness then industry, and the wives persuaded themselves that the beautifying, and those things praise worthy in Ladies and gentlewomen, is chastity, not attire. How much his doctrine had power and ability to sway, with the base multitude, and for b●●l●ing of headstrong and stubborn stomached women, his works at large make manifest.  
But in this city as in all cities and kingdoms else, how careful and provident soever be the public government of the estate: how secure and upright, their statutes and ordinances, how diligent the ministering of religion, let justice carry his balance never so even, the government shall be despised, the laws scandalized, religion disdained, authority slandered, and when this moster, people, can no way found starting holes to save themselves, they violently break out. So in this Croton, three hundred factious youngmen, contemning these precepts of Pythagoras, given them as wholesome medicines to preserve them in a public good, holding in stead of law their will lawless, gathered themselves to a head to withstand these injunctions, and maintain their riotous liberty. But the Citizens knowing that these unlawful assemblies how ever otherways defended, conspire no other but a general r●ine, that as they are suffered to continued, so they grow stronger in power, and having from Pythagorus principles, learned to distinguish good from evil, mustered themselves, and the better persuaded people against them, where they were compact in a house together, and at the first intended to set on fire, but they issuing out in resistance, threescore of them were slain, and the rest apprehended, were after by due sentence banished.  
When Pythagoras, had inhabited full twenty years at Croton, he removed to Metapont, and there deceased: whom that city also had in such estimation, that of his house they made a temple, and honoured him for a God: therefore, after that Dennis the Tyrant (whom is declared to have passed his army out of 
●●●●●g●ras dy●th.  sicil into Italy, and to have provoked war against the Greeks') had won Locres by siege he assailed the Crotoniens, who had scarcely though in so long respite, recovered their strength decayed by the slaughter at the aforesaid battle, and yet they now being thus enforced, with their few more valiantly resisted his so Populous an army, than they could with so many thousands, make defence against the small number of the Locrines. So great force hath poverty to prevail against riches, and so much more certain sometimes proves a victory unhoped for, where justice and discretion guideth, than conquest accounted of before by the trust of the multitude.  
While Dennis was in readiness with this war, there arrived in his army Ambassadors from the frenchmen, who a few months before had burned Rome, desiring him to enter into league with them, and take them to his 
Dennis maketh league with those Frenchmen that burned Rome.  friendship; alleging these reasons to move thereunto, that their country was scituat in the heart of his enemies, by which they might and would be always in readiness, to stand him in stead, whether it were to aid him in battle, or to set on themhimself. While he was busied in their vanguard, Dennis taking the treaty of this embassage to be profitable for his designs in hand, took them to the league with him, and being increased in power by their aid began as it were fresh war again in croton. The reason that moved these Frenchmen to travel into Italy, and to seek them out a strange habitation, was the civil discord and continual debate had among themselves, overwearied wherewith, arriving in Italy they expelled the tuscans out of their Scttuation, 
Cities builded in Italy by the french  and builded for them and their posteriy, the cities of Milan, Come, Brixia, Verona, Bergome, trident, and Vincent. The tuscans also with their captain Rehtus, having lost their own country, took the Alps, and after the name of their captain founded the nation of the Rhetians.  
But Dennis by the coming of the carthageniens into Sicill was compelled to return home. For they had prepared their army and with a greater power removed that wars which they had broken up by the constraint of the pestilence. The captain of this war was Hanno of carthage, whose enemy Sumator, a man at that time of the greatest power and most command among the Africa's, provoked by an inveterat malice he bore to Hanno, wrote familiarly in Greek to Dennis, advertising him of this army, the whole plot intended, and of the cowardice of the captain. But his letters being intercepted by the way, he was apprehended, arraigned, and convict of treason, and presently an act by Parliament was confirmed, that no subject of carthage, should from thence learn Greek letters, or study the Greek tongue: none should have conference with the enemy without an interpreter, nor discover any business of state by writing. But this Dennis whose pride and ambitious desire neither Sicill nor Italy were able to contain, being overcome in all the adventures and battles he attempted, at last his army dishartened by his ominous directions, practised his destruction, and in the end 
The end of Dennis.  was slain by the treason of his own subjects.  
The end of the xx. Book.   

THE XXI. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe younger Dennis purposeth all kind of Tyranny. He is expulsed the Realm. He useth most unspeakable Tyranny at Locres in Italy. He is drinen from thence and taketh Syracuse. Hanno goeth about to oppress the commonweal of Carthage. His treasons twice betrayed, and he executed for the same. Dennis deposeth himself and flieth to Corinth, where he liveth a loathe some life. Hamilear surnamed Rhodanus, followeth the doings and counsels of great Alexander, certifieth his Countrymen thereof, and at his return is put to death for his labour.  
COncerning this Tyrant Dennis thus slain in Sicill, his men of war placed to succeed in the sovereignty Dennis his eldest son; the rather for that he was grown to man's estate, as also hoping by the inauguration of him, the kingdom appertaining to the dignity of one would be of more validity, then if it should be divided in many 
Dennis the younger  pertitions. Among the late Dennis sons, this Dennis in the beginning of his reign, exasperated much, to have put to death his brother's Uncles, only for the jealousy he had, that he held them to be enviers of his greatness, and provokers of the children to demand, or indeed compel a distribution or partition of the kingdom: whereupon he dissembled his desire a while, and endeavoured by his actions to procure the future favour of his commons ere he would undertake so dangerous attempt, holding it a principle for him to be governed by, that where opinion is once confirmed in the breasts of the multitude, of the integrity of a Prince, be he never so distant from uprightness, their tongues applaud what cruelties soever he inacts, and construe them to be the due measure of justice: nay what taxes how oppressefull soever imposed upon themselves, they accounted it, their duty to obey them, and rebellion to be resisted. To encompass himself with which cloud, and as it were to walk into his Tyrannies, unseen, and unsuspected, he discharged three hundred offenders out of prison, released the people three years subsidy, was liber all of any favours, bountiful of his courtesy, alluring their minds to him by all counterfeit gentleness, dissimulation was able to devise, but having dealt with them as Fishers do by their nets, who draw them by little and little, till they attain to the end they look for, he presently set forward the mischief he so long had purposed, he slew not only his own, and his brother's kindred, but his brothers themselves. Insomuch that those whom he aught of right, to have 
The cruelty of Demus.  made partners with him in his kingdom, he permitted, not to be partakers of life and breath, beginning to execute his Tyranny upon the blood of himself ere he proceeded to be violent against strangers.  
When he had thus dispatched his brothers, of whom more then of foreign enemies he stood in fear, thinking himself now secure, he fell to slothfulness, and neglecting his wars to immoderate excess & banqueting, where by he become corpulent and unweeldy, and had such a disease inflamed into his eyes, that he was not able to endure the Sun, the lest dust, nor the glimmering of any light. Finding this encumbrance, both in his body and sight, he believed himself to be had in disdain of all men, upon whom he began to execute extreme cruelties, not stuffing the ●ayless with prisoners as his fathers did, but replenishing the City (which had long time been empty) with new slaughters, so that he become not so much disdained for the deformity of his body, as hated through the vices of his mind. Therefore when he perceived, that the Syracusans were prepared in readiness to bid him battle, he was long in counsel with his Knights, whether it were more available for him to depose himself from rule, or for the preservation of his dignity to withstand them by force. But his men of war, in hope to have the spoil of so wealth a City, made him try the hazard of battle.  
Where being vanquished, he attempted fortune the second time with success, than sent Ambassadors to the Syracusans, promising them to depose himself from his Tyranny, if they would sand commissioners unto him, to 
The tteache ●y of Dennis  conclude of an agreement betweenethem, who sent the chief men of their City for the same purpose, who he presently imprisoned, and while the Siracusans thought there was a peace considering between them, and dreamt not of so treacherous an Enterprise, he sent his Army to destroy them: whereupon being thus taken unprovided, ensued a hot and doubtful encounter even within the City, but by reason the Citizens far in number exceeded, who fearing to be besieged, if he remained in the castle, to which he 
Dennis sheth into Italy.  retired, secretly conveyed himself into Italy, with all his Princely apparel, treasure and household stuff, in which banishment of his he was received by his confederates the Locrins, who had not long time received him to succour, but one them also exerciced his violent cruelties. He enforced the noblemen's wives to his lust, and when their daughters were to, be given in marriage, he first took them to his desire, and having abused their chastity, sent them to their spouses again: the richest Citizens he disfranchised, seeking to put them to death, and confifcat their goods, and when he saw no more spoil to be had, he compassed the city with his subtle practice.  
At such time as the Locrins were oppressed with the wars of Leophon K. of Rhegium, they made a vow, that if they had the upper hand and overthrow of their enemies, they would upon the next festival day of Venus, set their virgins in the general stews for all men to abuse: which vow being left unperformed, by having unfortunate wars with the Lucans, Dennis called the citizens together before him, and exhorted them to sand their wives and daughters, as sumptuously apparrailed as might be, to the Temple of Venus, and out of them their should be a hundred drawn by lot, to perform the common ceremony which wives and daughters for religions sake, should contiune in the brothelhouse for the space of one month, all their husbands being before sworn not for that time to have any right of them: & to the intent the maidens, that preforming the public vow, for public good, should not be hindered thereby, their should be a decree established, that no other maid should be contracted and insured to any husband, before those other were married.  
This counsel was well allowed, as in the which, provision seemed to be made a means both for the performance of their superstitious vow, and also for the preservation of the chastity of their virgins, whereupon all the women assembled into the temple of Venus, so gorgeously and costly atyrued, as every one, had despite against the other who might best exceed. Among whom, Dennis sent his men of war, and stripped them of their ornaments, converting them to his own gain and profit. Some of their husbands, whom he knew to be wealth men he killed, some of the women he put to torture, whereby to enforce them to confess, where their husband's treasure was concealed. So when he had with these and such like several subtleties reigned full six years, the Locrine's cloyed with his oppression, took heart and conspired against him, and 
Dennis is expulsed.  so prevailed that they expelled him out of the city, from whence he returned into Sicell, where likewise by treason, no man mistrusting an alteration, after so long continuance of peace, he recovered the city Syracuse. But while he was busied in these affairs in Sycill: in Africa Hanno Prince of Carthage, began to employ his riches (by which he surmounted the power of the commonwealth) 
Hannos conspiracies against Carthage.  about the compassing of the whole sovereignty, intending to have slain the senate, which lets removed, he might easily aspire to be king: for the performance of which Tragedy, that his mischievous devices might take effect without suspicion, and so consequently without reproof, he chose the certain day in which his daughter should be solemnly married, so that under the colour of performing his vows at her matrymonsall rights, he might the easier conclude the height of his practice.  
And therefore he prepared a feast for the people in the open porches and galleries of the City; But for the senate in a private and particular place in his own house, making this an assurance in himself, that if at that feast he could poison and dispatch the senators to their graves, he might without resistance or contradiction, usurp upon the commonwealth, being destitute of her patrons and defenders. Which conspiracy being by some of his senators, whom he trusted in the plot discovered to the Magistrates, the mischief was avoided but not punished, lest in a man of so great power, the matter being partly but a surmise, and they chief of the proof so much his inferior, they might rather draw danger then withstand it, being therefore contented to have prevented him of his purpose, they made a decree, wherein was limited what cost should be bestowed upon marriages, straightly charging and commanding the same to be observed, not of any one man in especial, but of all in general; to the intent the person should not seem to be noted but the vices rebuked. Hanno being by this device prevented, stirred the bondmen to rebellion, and having determined a day again for the slaughter of the senate, finding him & his purposes the second time circumvented and betra●d, fearing also to be apprehended and arraigned of treason, he fortified himself with twenty thousand bondmen well armed in a strong castle, where while he solicited the Africa's and the King of Mauritane for supply, being lingered off with delays, and the senate now pursuing revenge for so heinous conspiracies, as 
Hanno is taken and punished.  they judged tended to the ruin of a commonweal, and dissolution of their liberty: he was taken, first whiped, than his eyes pulled out, his arms & legs broken, and as though every member, had for some several demeanour & offence merited a contrary punishment, they were severally afflicted. Lastly he suffered death in the open view of the people, and his body which before was torn with scourges, was hanged to rot upon a gibbet. Moreover his sons and kinsmen, all the stock, branches, name, or generation of him, never so guiltless were all put to violent execution, so that their should not of so wicked a seed remain an imp either to ensue his example by contriving the like treason, or to hope for a time to revenge his death.  
In the mean time Dennis after his return and possession in the seat of Syracuse, persisted and studied how to make, his cruelties, tiranies, and oppressions more sharp and pointed, against the Citizens, so that they again 
Dennis depo●●th himself  were enforced to besiege him, which so forcibly they perceverd in against him, that he seeing no means, nor hope of rescue, deposed himself, and yielded to the Syracusans both his hold and his host, and receiving no more but his own private household stuff he was dismissed from thence, and as a banished man betook himself to Corinth, where thinking now in this dejection the basest estate to be the surest, forgetting the dignity of a K. and fruit of education, he fell to a most filthy and loathsome custom of living, for he thought it not base enough to be a continual walker up and down the streets, 
The vile and loathsome life of Dennis.  and a companion for the most reprobates, unless he were bibing in every tippling house with them: not to be seen in Taverns, and Ale-hoases, but to frequent and sit still therein, from morning till noon, from noon till night: he held it no contumely to brabble with every rascal, with the rabble of people, as we use to say for moonshine in the Water. He was a companion for the ragged, and esteemed the most slovenliest, provoking men to laughter, rather than laugh himself: he would use to stand gaping and gazing in the Market shambleses, devouring with his eyes the things he could not buy with his money, scold with bawds before the World, and in fine accustomed, and accommodated himself, in no wise proper, but to that inorderly shape, might make him seem worthy rather to be despised then feared. Last of all he professed himself Schoolmaster and taught children, in a thoroufare, to the intent he might either be openly seen of them that feared him, or else might the easier bring himself in contempt of them that feared him not.  
For albeit his former and whole course of life always abounded in tyrannous vices, yet this was but a formal counterfeiting of former qualities and no natural disposition, he studied these things, rather of policy, then that he had forgotten his royal and princely behaviour, for that he knew by proof, how hateful the name of a Tyrant was, though they had relinguished their power, and distributed their riches: and therefore he laboured to take away the envy of things past, by bringing himself in a contempt for his present demeanour, having not so much regard, to that was for his honour as what was for the preseu●tion and saveguard of his life: yet notwithstading among all these counterfeit dissimulations, and policies, he was thrice accused to have endeavoured means to have made himself a king, wherein nothing availed him so sure for his aquitall, as that all men, contemned him.  
In the time that this course of Dennis had such success, the Carthageniens heartily troubled, with the prosperous events, great Alexander had in all the warlike affairs he undertook, and doubting lest where he had conquered the kingdom of Persia, he would also adjoin Africa thereunto, they sent Hamilcar surnamed Rhodanus, a man far passing all the judgements of his time in wit and eloquence, to sift and gather intelligence what he intended therein, for it greatly increased their fear, and gave them manifest cause to doubt, since they themselves were witnesses, that their mother City Tyrus chief author of their beginning to be taken, and the city Alexandria an enemy to the estate of Carthage, built in the bounds of Africa & Egypt; withal, the fortunate felicity of the King himself, whose covetousness, and prosperity they supposed would never be at end. Hamilear labouring to come to personal speech with Alexander, attained it by the help of Parmenio, to whom, he feigning himself to be exciled his country, he was fled to so great and gracious a Monarch for succour, offering his service as a private soldier in his wars, by which policy having from time to time perfect instructions, of the kings proceed and purposes, he advertised his countrymen thereof in tables of wood co●ered over with plain wax: notwithstanding which service, and indeed preservation of carthage, after the death of Alexander when he returned home, the Senate not only suffered him to escape unrewarded, but most cruelly put him to death, suggesting he went about to challenge as his due to be king of the City.  
The end of the xxi. Book.   

The xxij book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
AGathocles riseth from a very base degree as it were by steps, to the kingdom of Sycill. He urgeth violent cruelty upon the confederates of the Carthagenians, by the permission of Hamilcar, by whose death the secret judgement, intended against the Carthagenians is prevented. Agathocles is besieged by Hamilcar the son of Gysgo. He removeth the war into Africa, overcometh the Carthagine, which causeth them to revolt to his side. He killeth the king of Cyren, overcometh the Carthageneans again. He raiseth the siege before syracusa, he is received in a mutiny. He is overcome through rashness, for saketh all his forces and his children, who suffereth death for his sake. Lastly, he concludeth a peacewith the Carthagenians in Cycill.  
AGathocles the Tyrant succeeded Dennis in the kingdom of Sycill, who ascended to the majesty of that seat, not by degree and dignity of descent, neither worthily by desert: for he was by birth a potter's son in Sycill, and one who 
The life of Agathocles  embraced no more honesty in his childhod, then there was honour in the stock of his ancestors. For being of favour and parsonage exceeding beautiful, he suffered the better hope and fruit of his youth, to be wasted in detestible incest, and being arrived to further and stronger years, he turned his lustful condition and practice of life, from men to women: so that being defamed, and detested, for being slave to two such abominable vices, he altered the trade of his so living and fell to robbery. In process of time he came to Siracuse, into which City he was entertained as amongst other inhabyters, where though he lived, yet lived he either without credit or estimation, and was accounted of as one whose desperate stay without himself, had nothing to lose, nor virtue in himself worthy to be loved.  
At length he obtained the room of a mercenary soldier, and look how dishonest he was in his life before, even as seditious was he in his actions then, so forward to further mutines, that he was held a precedent for others to practtise mischief by: that which was held praise worthy in him, he was of body strong, and of speech eloquent, so that endeavouring from one preferment to another, he was at last made Captain of a hundred men, wherein he so disged his command, that he was immediately after made Marshal of the host. In the first battle which he waged against the Actneans, he so behaved himself, that he gave the Siracusans great proof to cherish in their thoughts, a hopeful expectation of his future towardness. In the next occasion ministered him, against the Campaignes, he so perseverd in his Noble disposition, and proved so fortunate in his Martial Discipline, that from a present opinion was conceined of him through the whole army, he was by a general voice substituted in the Office of the grand Captain of Damascus deceased, with whose wife he had committed adultery, and after married.  
But being not contented from so base birth to have so sudden greatness, from so little riches to attain so much & thirsty after more, he execercised roving on the Sea against his own Country, for which piracy he escaped unpunished, by reason his associates being taken and put to torture stood out to the death, without confession of any action of him. Twice he practised to have made himself a King of Syracuse, and twice was banished and dismissed 
Aga●hocles be 〈◊〉 Syracusa.  of his ambitious purpose. The Murgantines, among whom he was entertained and lived in the time of his exise, created him first their Praetor, and afterward their Captain, and in the first War he undertook for them, he fact the city of the Leontines, and besieged the City Siracusa: to the rescue and relief whereof, Hamilcar captain of the carthagenians being requested to come, he forgot all former enmity and inveterat hatred against them, & sent thither a power of his soldiers in their assistance. So that at one instant this city Syracuse was defended friendly by an enemy, and siercely assaulted by their own citizens. But Agathocles having made trial that the town was more manfully made good then assaulted, directed a Pursuivant to Hamilcar, requiring him in this behalf, to arbitrate the difference, so long continued between him and the Syracusans, and for the determination of a peace between them: promising him, if ever occasion should afford itself for him to do the like, he would not be slack to recompense his labours, and gratify his kindness. Whereupon Hamilcar being filled with hope, entered into league with him, to this effect, that how much he furthered Agathocles in strength against the Syracusans, so much s●ould Agathocles satisfy him withal, to the expedition of his advancement, at home in own Country: by means of 
Composition between Ha' milear and Agathocles.  this composition, Agathocles was not only reconciled to the Syracusans, but also was made Praetor of the city; at the confirming of this league betwixt Agathocles, and Hamilcar, the holy fires and the tapers were brought forth, whereupon Agathocles laying his hand, swore before Hamilcar to become his loyal friend, and true subject to the Carthagenians. Upon this conjunction receiving of Hamilcar 5. M. Africa's, he put to death all the Nobility, such who 
His cruelty against the Syracusans  either before had been his opposites & withstood his proceed, or were in place and greatest authority in the city, and then as it were to reform or new joint the commonwealth, he commanded the people to assemble before him in the Theatre, and gathered the senators into the counselhouse, pretending that he intended to enact some present decree of their public good: which being performed, they not suspecting what he intended, they were by his soldiers laid in ambush besieged, where himself fell to the slaughter of the Senators, which massacre being finished, he spared not the lives also of such of the commons as were the wealthiest and forwardest persons, but having compassed what cruelty soever he thought tended to his advantage, or might make his estate secure, he mustered soldiers and raised an Army, with which being strengthened, he suddenly invaded the neighbour Cities, knowing their Hostile preparations not able to in damage him; so that by the furtherance and permission of Hamilcar, without resistance he brought evident misery to the nearest borderers and greatest friends of the Carthagenians.  
For redress of which, they made complaint to the Senate of Carth●ge, not so much of Agathocles as Hamilcar; accusing the one but as a Lordly ●yrant, though the other as a pernicious traitor, by whom they were sold by bargain to the uttermost enemy of their estate, to whom (at the beginning) 
The com●●●●●● of the 〈◊〉.  for confirmation of the said composition, there was delivered up Sir●cusa, a City and people that had remained ancient enemies to the Africa's, and enviers of the weal and prosperity of the Carthagenians, always contending with them for the Empire of Sicill, and now under a colourable or rather counterfeit pretence of peace, which Hamilcar had taken with them, they might see by the example of them their friends and neighbours, and by their calamity existent, themselves should be betrayed into the like bondage, if not providently and discreetly prevented: wherefore like friends they gave them warning, that peace was sometimes made more for policy then prosperity, more to procure a mischief then prevent it: that their neighbours house so near a fire, gives them light to be careful of their own: and that they snuld suspect what danger might come on their own counttey of Africa, since it is too plain to them, what happened to the poor Island of Sicill.  
By means of these complaints, the Senate was highly moved to displeasure against Hamilcar: but forasmuch as he was in Office of so great command, they gave their judgement upon him privately, commanding their verdicts before they should be read to his correction, to be cast in a pot together, and there to be sealed up, and the execution thereof to be suspended, till that the other Hamylcar the son of Gisgo, were returned out of Sicill. But Hamilcar dying, prevented the issue of their subtle devices and unknown 
Hamilcar is condemned of treason.  verdicts of the Carthagenians, and so he was delivered from the violence of one death by the benefit of another: whom his own Countrymen had wrongfully condemned upon a bore suggestion, without hearing of his answer. At which unadvisedness of theirs, Agathocles took occasion to make war upon the Carthagenians, and at the first encounter that he had, was against 
He dieth.  Hamilcar the son of Gisgo, of whom being vanquished, he returned to Siracusa, to raise a greater power, and so renew the battle: But in the second adventure, his fortune proved like to the first, so that the Carthagenians having thus far the upperhand, besieged Syracuse: When Agathocles perceiving he was now so sore weakened by this late success, neither of power to remove them, nor any way sufficiently furnished to linger or endure out the siege: and that moreover his own confederates murmuring at his former cruelties, daily forsook him; he determined to remove his wars into Africa: wherein his audacity was wonderful that he should enterprise to make foreign Wars against the City of them, whom he was not able to resist and encumber at home, and that being not able to defend his own, he would give the onset to endamage others.  
But that being vanquished he might proudly vaunt, thus much he had done to the displeasure of his Conquerors, or else raise one siege by the setting of another. The concealing of this purpose, was as wonderful as the device thereof, for neither his commanders, nor other could learn or be instructed otherways from him, but that he had invented a stratigem, ascertaind him of the victory, encouraging them to rouse up one another hearts as he endeavoured to quicken them all, for the siege should not belong; or else, if there were any, had not the heart to abide the adventure of the present estate, but were wearied with the delay thereof, to them he assigned free liberty to depatt, counting himself happy to be discharged of those, whose fealty and merit he could neither hope for, nor trust unto, and whose bodies he enjoyed without their hearts. Whereupon having dismissed a thousand & six hundred, he furnished the rest that remained, with victual, artillery, and wages, according as he thought fit, and the estate of the siege required. He took with himself, and to spend for his provision, but fifty Talents, thinking it better if need should so require, to furnish himself from the riches of his enemies then to impoverish his subjects. He then set at liberty all the bondmen, that were of years meet for the Wars, and taking an oath seucrally of them, to continued their allegiance to him, he shipped the most part of them, among the rest of his soldiers, hoping that for asmuchas he had made them all one in estate and degree, there would be no kind of strife among them who in desert should behave himself most manfully; all the rest being left to the defence of his Country. The seventh year of his reign accompanied with his two sons, Archagathus and Heraclida, he directed his course into Africa, and when all his men supposed, he intended they should have go foraging and seeking pray either into Italy, or in the I'll of Sardinia, 
〈…〉.  he never acquainted them whether nor whereabout he journeyed, till he had landed his whole host in Africa: where then he began demonstratively to tell them in what danger Syracuse stood, and particularly to explain the griefs that were falling on that City, and the heads of his people: for the help whereof, there remained none other means, but to endeavour the same affliction to the enemy that he had done unto them, for wars abroad were otherways to be handled, and oftentimes prove more available than defence at home, since the hope to get, stirs up the soul of courage more than care to keep, and the assiedgers come with an emboldened hope, when the besieged are either distracted with a sudden amazement, or terrified with an unexpected fear. That at home we have no other refuge but our own, nor succour but ourselves, when this enemy may be vanquished by her own power, by the subjects adherents, nay even of herself. For no Empire how ever so well husbanded, that nourisheth not Weeds with flowers, tars with better corn, traitors with subjects, that imbosomes not in it, prodigies of youth, such whom riot hath wasted, seeming malcontents, the disperatnesse of whose estates, makes them abuse the order of government, and rail at time, being apt to entertain news of any uproar or mischief, as hunger makes them dcsirous to eat, that honours not discontented nobles, such whom either ambition in themselves, or envy of others greatness, or in allegiance to the state, (like reeds shaken with occasion given by every wind) and are as greedy of innovation, as their ambition makes them covetous of greatness. To such as these will our arrival give sire unto, who though in peace they have been reigned in with the bridle of law, (wearied with along contained Empire they will now take hands and partake our quarrel, though furthered with no other hope thereunto, but that they shallbe worthily advanced by foreign Princes, than their desert gave them occasion to rise by their own. Besides the cities and castles of Africa, are not environed with walls, nor situate in Mountains, but raised upon plain ground, in open & champion fields, without any munition or defence. All which for fear of being destroyed, or to take part with those of their country, (ofall forts come into us) will easily be entreated, or if not, enforced to be our refuge in this war; with all the envy that their bordering neighbours bear unto them, knowing them now greater in name then in power, will assemble to us from all parts in their ruin. So shall we finding greater strength here then we had power to bring with us, be able to give the Carthagenians hotter wars in Africa at their own doors, then in Sicill when they invaded us.  
Moreover, their sudden fear will be no small furtherance of victory, when they shall consider our wonderful boldness, in coming thus to besiege them being besieged ourselves; and also for the increase of the same, shall tremblingly behold, the burning of their villages, the beating down of their Castles and holds, the sacking of their fortified cities, and finally the besieging of Carthage itself. Where on the contrary, if we had stayed in siracusa we had remained in danger ofthose enemies, whom now we shall compel to feel, lie themselves as open to the waires of other men, as other men lie open to them; and either by this means be vanquishers of Carthage, or at lest set Sicill at liberry: since it is likely and the presumption great, that our enemies will not lie still at their siege before siracusa, when they shall hear that their own city is so endangered by us, or if they should, here is war more easy, and here will our prey be more plentiful.  
Suppose in this our absence they should conquer our siracusa; in that they gain but siracusa, when if we in their neglect by honour of their Carthage, gain for that labour and by that victory to be governors of Carthage, Africa, and sicil, and the glory of our renown and out honourable waifare be so great, that oblivion shall not raze it out, nor the worthy memory thereof, while the world hath being be forgotten. Where reproof and dishonour will succeed on them and their inheritance, that they should be the men should raise war against enemies a broad, whom they could not withstand at home, and should we fail in these noble designs, it is honour enough for us that we pursued so far against our conquerors as to besiege the besiedgers of our city. So that howsoever, we cannot have a greater reward if we be victors, nor a more everlasting monument if we be overcome.  
With these and such like inforcive arguments, the hearts of his soldiers were greatly encouraged, yet the sight of a wonder that happened, troubled their minds, for as they sailed forward in this expedition, the Sun was suddenly eclipsed, of which accident the King was as careful to give them 
A●●●●●pse o● the S●●n● 〈◊〉 the ●nter ●●●●non ●●●●●of.  satisfying reasons, as persuasive motives to the war; affirming, that if it had happened before their setting forth, it might have been conjectured the wonder had menaced them and their proceed, but now forasmuch as it ensued after their purpose undertaken, it threatened them against whom they went. Furthermore, the Eclipsing of the natural Planets, foretell the alteration of present estates, or of dangerous events. Wherhfore of this Eclipse was no other reason to be sought, but that the estate of Cart●age flourishing in wealth and riches, and his and their estates oppressed with adversity, ●●ey must together suffer a natural Exchange. When he had thus comforted his soldiers, by the consent ofhis Army, he set all his snips on fire, 
Aga●hocl●s cheereth his s●●p●.  to the intent, that with his, every resolution might know, there was no comfort after to be expected by flying, but by sight, so either honourably to line Conquerors, or honourably to die Conquered; so presently they fell to prevail in that ruin they came for, bearing down and making spoil of all which way soever they passed, setting towns and Castles afire, till Hanno captain of Carthage met them with thirty thousand Africa's. In which encounter was slain of the Sicillians two thousand, and of the Carthagenians three, and Hanno Captain of Carthage himself. Through this victory the courage of the Sicillians was strengthened, and the hearts of the Carthagenians discouraged; so that Agathocles having vanquished many ofhiss enemies, subdued Cities, taken holds, surprised booties, and slain thousands, he pitched his camp about u miles from Carthage, to the intent they might behold from the very walls of the City, the misery of their friends, the loss of their dearest and most esteemed pleasures, with the wasting of their fields, and burning of their Villages.  
This overthrow and slaughter of the Carthaginian Army, the subduing of the Cities, and havoc that was made, was in this time bruited over all Afric, whereat every man was amazed, and wondered so great an Empire, so secure in themselves, and in their own strength so confident, should have so sudden an overthrow, and especially by an enemy, supposed and rumoured among them not long since, to be already vanquished. The wonder continued not long ere it turned to fear, from fear, by little and little it fell into disdain of the Carthagenians, so that these, which but lately commended their governments, admired their posterity, judged now this their misery, a due measure fallen upon them; and what before was so highly extolled in their praise, they had now a construction for to wrist and expound to a contrary sense: so that not long after (as when a building once reels, being not underpropped, it soon and suddenly falls) not only Africa, but also the chiefest Cities thereabouts, following this strange alteration revolted to 
〈…〉  Agath●●les, and aided him both with victual and money.  
Besides these adversities of the Carthagenians, to the increase of their miserable calamities, it happened their Captain, with allhiss army was utterly destroyed in Sycill. For after the departure of Agathocles, the Carthageniens become more slothful & negligent in their siedg at Syracuse then before, which neglect, Antander the brother of Agathocles taking note of, he issued out upon them, and being surprised in their slackness, he put them all to the sword. So that the carthageniens, receiving like misfortunes abroad as at home, and the tributary cities having intelligence thereof, not only they but also the kings that were in league and amety with them, weighing friendship by fortune, 
The king of Cy●en 〈◊〉 to Agathocles.  and not by faithfulness, revolted from them. Among this number there was one Ophellas King of cyrene, who upon an ambitious desire to enjoy the dominion of all Africa, entered into league with Agathocles by his Ambassadors, and had conditioned with him, that after the carthageniens were overcome, Agathocles should take to his sway the Empire of Sycill, and delegat to him the Empire of Africa. To the furtherance of which covenant, Ophellas came with a great host to aid him in these wars, whom Agathocles entertained with fair words and feigned courtesy, very lowly and humbly (for Ophellas also had adopted him his son) where after they had many times feasted and banqueted together, Agathocles unawares slew him, then seizing on his army, he summoned the carthageniens to battle: so both coming into the field, with all the power and furniture they were able to make, the carthagenians were vanquished, but not without great slaughter and bloodshed drawn from both parts. Through this discomfiture and overthrow, the carthagenians many of them fell in to distrust of themselves, so that had there not arose a mutiny in Agathocles camp, Bomilcar the captain of the carthageniens had with his army revolted unto him: for which offence the carthageniens nailed him upon a cross in the midst of the market place, to the intent that the same ground might be 
The punishment of Bomilcar  a witness of his punishment, which before time had been an advancement of his honour. But Bomilcar was no whit daunted nor dismayed, but took stoutly the cruelty of his country, in so much that from the top of the cross, as it had been from a judgement seat, he proclaimed and pleaded like an advocate against the wickedness of his citizens; objecting unto them sometime their unrightful entrapping of Hanno, upon false suspicion suborned, that he went about to make himself a king; sometime the banishment of innocent Gisgo, when themselves could scarce tell the cause why: sometime their secret verdicts against his uncle Hamilcar, because he sought to make Agathocles their friend rather than maintain him to be their enemy. Which words when he had utred with a loud voice and great vehemency in the audience of a multitude, he gave up his life. By this Agathocles having sundry times put his enemies to the worse in Africa, he delivered the charge of his host to his son Archagathus, and returned himself with speed into Sycill, accounting all that till than he had perpetrated in Afric subject to imperious vicissitude, and indeed done to no 
Agathocles again returneth to Sycil  purpose, if siracuse were still besieged. For after that Hamilcar the son of Gisgo was slain, the Carthageniens sent thither a new host of men to continued their siege and relieve them. Therefore assoon as Agathocles was come into Sicil, all the cities having known before of his fortunate proceed in Africa, yielded themselves to him; by means whereof, Having driven the Carthageniens out of Sicill he took upon him the kingdom of the whole Island.  
When he came back into Africa again, his soldiers instead of other gladness welcomed him with a mutiny, for his son Archagathus whom he left for government of them, had delayed the payment of their lendings until the return of his father: wherefore he called them before him, and entreated them with gentle words, saying it was not so requisite for them to demand wages at his hands, as to seek from their enemies: for as the victory which they hoped for, was to be deserved of all, so the profit there of should be common and extended to all in general, desiring them to be as they had been, painful and industrous soldiers awhile, until the remain of their wars were dispatched, considering they knew certainly that Carthage once taken, which could not long hold out, they should there found enough to satisfy their desires, with more than they could hope for.  
Having thus appeased the uproar & exclamations of his soldiers, which he judged to grow as much by idleness and slack employment in his absence, as for want of means. within few days he removed his camp●nearer, where his enemies were lodged, so rashly encountering them without 
A●●tho●l●ss by 〈◊〉 ●he 〈◊〉 an 〈◊〉.  foresight what might prevail to his vantage, or disadvantage, lost the greater part of his Army: then being forced to retire unto his tents, he perceived by this overthrow, how his soldiers grudged at him, for adventuring so unadvisedly: fearing moreover the renewing of old displeasure for nonpayment of their wages, in the dead of the night he fled out of the camp, taking 
He 〈◊〉 from among his soldiers  no other guide nor conduct with him, but his son Archagathus. Which escape of his when his soldiers understood, their hearts were struck with an invincible fear, as if they had been taken prisoners by their enemies, exclaiming against their King, that had now twice forsaken them in the midst of their enemies, and left their lives in such danger, whom he aught not to have left discarded. As they set forward in pursuit of him, they were stopped by the Numidians, and so returned into their camp, having taken Archagathus, who had lost his father by reason of the darkness of the night; while Agathocles in the same ships that he had waftage over out of Sicil, was transported into Syracuse. Wherein is expressed a singuiar example of wickedness, a King to be forsaken of his own Army, and a father to be betrayed of his own children.  
After the flying away of the King, his soldiers falling to composition with the Africans their enemies, they slew Agathocles sons, and yielded themselves to the Carthagenians. When Archagathus was to suffer death by the hands of Archesilaus one that before time had been a friend to his father, he asked him what Agathocles would do to his children, by whom he was made childless. 
The sons of Agathocles put to death.  Who answered him, that it was enough for him that he knew they were alive after the children of Agathocles. After this the Carthagenians sent Captains into Sicill to pursue further War, with whom Agathocles made peace upon indifferent Articles.  
The end of the xxij. Book.   

THE XXIII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
AGathocles raiseth wars in Italy. The customs of the Lucans. The original of the Brutians. The miserable end of Agathocles. Lhe carthagenians invade Sicill. Pyrrhus driveth them out, and returneth into Italy, whereupon Sycill revolteth. He is discomfited by the Romans', retireth with great loss and dishonour into his kingdom. The birth, education, and worthy commendation of Hiero.  
AGathocles King of Sycill having made peace with the Carthageniens, subdued certain which upon trust they conceived of their own strength rebelled against him, hereupon his ambitious thoughts ●egan to sprout, and he 
Agathocles maketh war in Italy.  thought himself to be enclosed in a strait having no larger dominion than that Island, (of the Empire whereof at his original, nay long after he had not means to hope for any part or supremicy at all) he passed into Sicill following the example of Dennis, who before him had subdued many Cities of Italy. The first people and province he proclaimed his enemies were the Brutians, who were then esteemed to be of most puissance and most wealth, and also most readiest to enforce wrong or offer their neighbour's oppression.  
For they had expulsed out of many cities the people of the Greeks' descent, and razed forth the record of their habitation in Italy: they had also vanquished even their own first founders. The Lucanes upheld a custom, to instruct and bring up their children, after the same ancient manner the Lacedomonians were wont to do, for from the time they begun to increase past the groat of children, they sent them (what citizens soever they were) to be fostered in the country amongst Graziers and shepherds, without attendance or service, and without garments to put on their backs or beds to lie upon, to the intent that from their tender years, they might enure themselves without help of the city, to away with hardness and sparing. Their meat was such as they could get by hunting, and their drink was either meth or milk, or else fair water of the spring, and in such sort were they hardened to sustain the labours of warfare.  
Of this sort of people, fifty at the first employed themselves to steal cattle out of their neighbours ground, so that like drones living by stealing from the labour purchased by the labourors hyers', they afterward growing to so great a numbr, by the report of such as were alured to live after the condition of spoil they made, the country become so dangerous, that no man durst hardly stir abroad, and he the which was Lord of infinite riches to day, was scarce master of any tomorrow.  
Dennis therefore King of Sicill, being in a manner wearied with the continual complaints made by his subjects, which had been plagued by them, at last sent over six hundred of his Africa's to suppress them, whose castle, 
The first original o● the Brutians  wherein these Outlaws were fortified they won, by the subtle treason of a woma● called Brutia, and after builded a City which was soon peopled by the confluence of Shepherds resorting thither, upon hope they had of the fertile Situation, and then called themselves Brutians after the name of the woman.  
The first war that they had was with the Lucans their own founders, with which victory being encouraged, having concluded an indifferent peace with them, they invaded other of their neighbours, and conquered 
The wars of the Brutians.  them by the sword; so that they got so great purchase by this pilfering war, and so increased in their number, that they were powerful enough to offer displeasure even unto Kings. Whereby Alexander King of Epire, arriving in Italy, with a great host to the aid of the Greek Cities in distress, there with his whole army was by them utterly destroyed, with which continual success and prosperity, their cruelty being more inflamed, they become terrible and dangerous to their neighbours long after.  
At the last Agathocles being solicited in their help, with the hope he had thereby to enlarge his kingdom, he transported his succours out of Sicill into Italy; and as he was coming toward them, the rumour that was then fresh of his puissance and magnanimity, begat a stronger fear in them, than was cause given by his present power, so that they sent their Ambassadors to him, requesting him of peace and friendship; whom Agathocles receiving, kindly entertained them also to supper with him, (wherein, the closeness of his intent was, that they should not see the shipping of his Army) and appointed them to have hearing and conference with them the Morrow after: but in the mean season and in the noon of night, he took shipping privily and wa●ted over to them, hoping to surprise them so unsuspected, they should not have power to prevent his will, nor disadvantage him any way; but the success of his fraud, proved not to be rejoiced at by him, for immediately after, he was constrained to return into Sicill, by the force of a disease, wherewith, he was taken over all his body, the pestilent humour spreading itself through every sinew and joint, showing that as he was with 
Agathocles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  strangers, so every member of his, had been at War one against another. Of ●hich when no recovery nor cure appeared, thee arose a contention between his son and his nephew, each of them challenging the dignity of the kingdom to himself, as if the father and kinsman had been dead already, in which his son was slain. Agathocles therefore seeing this change on one part, and feeling the grief of his disease so violent on the other, and between both the agitation of his thoughts and mind still grievouser, each increasing by the furtherance of the other, being utterly in despair, he caused his wife Theogen to take his two little sons, which he had begotten of her, withal his treasure, household stuff, and princely furniture appertaining unto him (as which no king in his days was reputed better stored) and sail into Egypt from whence he took her to his wife; suspecting lest his nephew who had rob him of his kingdom, should prove no less an enemy to them.  
Howbeit his wife entreated him earnestly and with loving persuasions, that she might not be drawn from him in this necessity of his sickness, lest some 
The duty of a loving wi●e  imputation might be raised against her love, obedience & loyalty, and her departure in so needful a time, might deserve rebuke, and be worthily likened to the murder done by his nephew: and also, the people might take occasion thereby justly to report, that she had as cruelly abandoned her husband, as he had supplanted his Grandfather: urging further, that when she was married unto him, he took her not to be his companion and partaker of prosperity only, but also in adversity; and to go as it were hand in hand with him, to have one body though two souls, to undergo and be an ease one to the other, of what fortune soever, either prosperous or inauspicious, should happen and be incident to their united estate; nor should it grieve her to stay, to abide the tyranny of her nephew, (which her husband mistrusted) so she might in the mean time but hope, that as one hour had made them one, so one hour might divorce them by death.  
Which grace though the Gods had not agreed to be due unto her, yet she 
A description of lamentation.  was bound both by love and womanhood to stay with him to the last gasp, and though not to die with him, yet he being dead, to see him honourably buried. Of whose princely body in her absence, she was doubtful who would have care, or would see it bestowed according to the worthiness it deserved having life. But when none of these arguments prevailed for her, but that she must departed, the little ones embraced the father and made a chain of their arms about his neck, bewailing their untimely separation; while one the otherside the wife, as one that had not hope to see her husband any more, had scarce power to take her farewell in words, the passage being stopr by the rebellion of her tears. Nor was the lamentation ordinary, to see how piteously the old man wept, the children bewailing the father ready to die, and the father bemoaning his banished children. The one, sorrowing to leave their sick and diseased aged father all alone as disolat; the other, lamenting to leave his sons in penury, whom he had begotten to inherit his kingdom. All the palace was filled with the noise of such as stood to be witnesses of so cruel a divorce and departure, some weeping as much to see them weep, as for the cause they had to be mollified into such showers themselves. At length, the necessity of 
The death of Agathocles.  their forced separation, was an end of the traffic that their sorrow had together, though not an end of their tears; and the death of the king ensued immediately upon the leave taken between him, his wife, and his children.  
The Carthagenians now having true intelligence how the world went in Sicill, thought it a good occasion to be given them of recovering the whole Island, and thereupon sailed thither with a great power, and subdued many Citiys. At this time Pyrrhus made war against the Romans', who (as is before declared) being desired to come to the aid of the Sicillians, having subdued many Cities, arrived at Syracuse, where he was proclaimed King of Sicill, like as before he was of Epire. In the prosperous success of which actions greatly rejoicing, he instituted that his son Heleu should be king of Sicill, as in the right of his grandfather, (for he was begotten of K. Agathocles daughter) and his son Alexander should be King of Italy.  
Which will of his, confirmed by general consent, he fought many prosperous battles with the Carthagenians: in which war being busied, there 
He returneth to the actions of Pyrrhus before spoke of in the 16 Book  came Ambassadors from his confederates in Italy, delivering to him, that by his absence they were so weakened, it was impossible for them to make resistance any longer against the Romans', but that he must needs yield unless he rescued them. whereupon being troubled with so doubtful a danger, and not knowing which way to turn himself, or which of them he might rescue first, he took speedy advice concerning both, for on the one side the carthagenians assailed him, and on the other side the Romans', so that it seemed a troublesome matter to him, not to pass with his Army into Italy, and yet more dangerous to lead his host out of Sicill, lest the one should be lost for want of succour, or the other perish by withdrawing his help from them. Tossed thus in this raging sea of dangers, the surest haven of all other counsels to harbour in seemed to be, first withal his power to try the matter now on foot in Sicill, and then having vanquished the carthagenians, to transport 
Py●rhus' loseth the king do● of Sycil.  his victorious army into Italy, wherein though he in that battle prevailed, yet notwithstanding he was no sooner with his power departed out of Sicill to the furtherance of his former purpose against the Romans', but the Sicillians, with his allies and competitors remaining behind, revolted from him, and accounted him not as their K. and a conqueror, but as a fugitive & vanquished runaway. By means whereof, he left the kingdom as slightly as he came by it easily. Furthermore finding no better success in Italy, than he had in Sycill, he retired into Epire, the wondered chance of both may rightly be recorded for an example. For even as before through prosperous fortune all his endeavours flowed profitably to him, beyond his desire and expectation, and that he had obtained the Empire of Italy, the kingdom of Sicill, with so many victories against the Romans', so now when fortune had changed her copy, and as it were to pattern and manifestly show in him, the frailties that man's life is subject unto, throwing down the things that she her self had builded, defacing the Trophies she had raised, besides the loss of Sycill, she paid him home with shipwreck on the sea, with a shameful overthrow against the Romans', and with a dishonourable departure out of Italy.  
Pyrrhus thus disposest of the kingdom of sicil, Hiero was created their chiefest Officer, who was a man of such modesty, that by favourable consent of all the cities, he was first captain against the Carthagenians; afterward King Of this his royal estate to come, his nourishing and bringing up when he was 
The education o● H●●●o.  in years and discretion a babe, was as it were a foremessenger; for he was descended of a noble man called Hieroclitus, whose pedigree was fetched from Gelus an ancient king of Sicill. But by his motherside he was borne of a base and very dishonourable stock, for he was begotten of a bondwoman, and therefore rejected and cast away by his father, as a dishonour and reproach to his house. But the thrifty Bees, finding him a little babe, without help of nurse, or any other comfort, wrought their combs about him, and cherished and preserved him with life, many days together. Upon which miraculous preservation, his father besides being forewarned by the Soothsayers, who told him the child should live and be a king, took his infant home to him, and brought him up with all secure diligence, in hope of the fortunate estate was presaged should be due unto him. As the same child sat at his book with other scholars, suddenly their came in a Wolf, and snatched the book out of his hand: afterward being grown to man's estate, and when he was called first to the wars, an Eagle came and sat upon his target, and an Owl upon his spear: the which wonder betokened he should be advised in counsel, ready of hand, and in after time should attain to be a King; finally, he fought hand to hand against many challengers, and ever departed with victory. King Pyrrhus rewarded him with many rewards for his chivalry. He was of parsonage exceeding beautiful, of strength so wonderful, as might be comprehended in a man: gentle to talk unto, Just in his dealings, and in his government upright and indifferent: so that nothing in the world wanted in him, appertaining to the dignity of a king, save a kingdom which is dignity itself.  
The end of the twenty-three. Book.   

The xxiv book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe Lacedenionians stir up the Greeks to rebellion, and are overcome by the Etolian Shepherds. The wicked and abominable dealing of Ptolemy toward his sister and her children. Rome is sacked by the Frenchmen, whereof some place themselves in Italy, and some in Pannony: they of Pannony raise a power, dividing themselves in two hosts, of which the one killeth Ptolemy King of Macedon, and are suppressed by Sosthenes; the other under the conduct of Bremso, invadeth Macedon again, overcometh Sosthenes, spoileth the Realm, invadeth the temple of Delphos, the situation whereof is there described, and at the last is vanquished with lightning and Thunder, and Bremis slayeth himself.  
IN these days, while the public wars and domestic uproars, were thus at length dispersed and made quiet in Sicill, new mischiefs arose 
Here we left in the 16 book.  thorough the dissension and wars of Ptolomeus, Ceraunicus, Antiochus, and Antigonus among themselves, almost all Greece (at the instigation of the Spartans', as if occasion had been given, to pull and dissolve their necks out of the 
Antigonus the son of Seleuchus.  yoke of bondage,) sent Ambassadors one to another, and knitting themselves together in alliance, fell to rebellion. And lest they might seem to have taken weapon in hand against Antigonus, under whose governance they were, they assailed first the Aetolians his confederates, pretending the cause of their wars with them to be, for that the said Aetolians, had entered upon and possessed themselves by force of the field Cyreus, which by the general consent of all Greece, was consecrated to Apollo. As captain of this war they chose one Aran, who assembling his whole power together; he spoilt the towns, and foraged over the corn that was growing in the afornamed fields, & such as they could not have carriage sore along, he caused to be set on fire, which the shepherds of the Etolians, beholding out of the Mountains, gathered themselves the number of 5, C. and fell upon their enemies as they were scattered, who knowing not that they were so few of them, by reason of the sudden fear, together with the smoke of the fires, they in this skirmish slew nine thousand, and compelled the residue of the foragers to flight.  
Afterwards, when the Lacedæmonians renewed their forsaken war, many cities who had been friend to them before, now denied them their aid, suspecting their sovereignty, and not the liberty of Greece. In the mean season, the 
He putsueth the former treachery and d●●e●pt o● Ptolemy mentioned betor in the 16. boo.  war was sinisned, and the controversy arbitrated, between the kings: for Ptolemy having expulsed Antigonus, seized the kingdom of Macedon into his hand, took truce with Antiochus, and also joined alliance with Pyrrhus, by giving him his daughter in marriage. So that being rid of the cause of fear, given him by foreign enemies, he turned his ungodliness and wicked complots to the devising of mischiefs against his own house; practising treason against his sister Arsinoe, to the intent to deprive her children of their lives, and her of the possession of the famous City Cassandria. To effect which purpose, the first point of his subtlety was, under the pretence of counterfeit love, to desire his sister in marriage.  
For otherwise then under colour of concord, he could not compass her children, whose kingdom he had wrongfully usurped from them: but his sister suspecting the treachery of his heart, gave no credit to the testimony of his tongue. Whereupon, perceiving that she trusted him not, he dispatched ambasladors to certify her, that he would make her children fellows in the Empire with him: against whom, he had made war, not utterly to tear the kingdom from them, but so to possess himself of it, that they should accept it from him, as his free gift to them: and for the more assurance hereof, he entreated her to sand some trusty friend of hers, to receive an oath of him; in the presence of whom, he would before the Gods of his country, oblige himself, by what oath, vow, curse, or by what religion socuer, she would either desire, or enjoin him, for the performance of this promise.  
Arsinoe resting between hope and fear what in this she should do, doubting if the sent, she should be deceived by perjury; and fearing if she sent not, she should provoke her cruel brother to his wild indignation; yet taking more care for her children then herself, whom she partly hoped to prese●●e by means of this marriage, she dispatched one of her friends called Dyon to him, whom Ptolemy brought into the most holy Temple of jupiter, the anuent place of religion, and of greatest reverence in all Macedon; Where laying his hands upon the altars, and touching the Images of the Gods as they stood in their shrines, he swore before him, with oaths, and extreme curses, calling the Gods, heaven and earth, to witness, that he desired to consumat this marriage with his sister, without any fraud, craft, or dissimulation; or with other purpose then religious: that he would immediately proclaim her his Queen, nor after take to him any other wife, to be a cause of the breach of their love, or to spite her withal, or to have any other Children than her sons.  
Arsinoe, after this importance expressed unto her, filled full with hope, and delivered from fear, came and communed with her brother herself: whose smiling looks, and flattering countenance, pretending as much good faith as he had promised by oath, brought her into such a Woman's Paradise, that she consented to marry with her brother, contrary to the mind of her son Ptolemy, who persuaded her to desist from the match, with many examples 
P●●lomy ma●●th his own 〈◊〉.  of his uncles former subtleties, and treacheries; and doubting there was no less in this: notwithstanding which persuasion she perseverd, and the marriage was with great sumptuousness and joy solemnized. Philip presently summoning all his host before him, there in the open view of them, himself set the Crown upon his sister's head, and proclaimed her Queen. Whereupon Arsinoe being joyful for the recovering of that glory which she had lost by the death of her first husband Lysimachus, of her own accord desired Philip into her City Cassandria, through the ambitious desire of which city, all this treason was wrought. Than having leave, she went thither before him, and proclaimed that the day of his coming should be kept festival through all the City, giving commandment, that the houses, 
The natural aff●●t●on of a mother.  the temples, and all other places should be adorned and beautified, and that the Altars and sacrifices should be set forth orderly and in readiness. Morcover she caused her two sons, Lysimachus of one and twenty years, and Philip three years younger than he (both children of excellent beauty) to meet him with crowns on their heads, whom Ptolemy to cloak his deceit withal, desirously and beyond all measure of true affection, embraced and kissed long together, as if it had been to him sickness to part from them. But he was no sooner in this triumphant manner, entered within the Gates, but he commanded his men of war to take the holds of the town, and to murder his nephews. Who flying to their mother for help, were slain as they hung clinging about her neck for rescue.  
The mother shriecking out to see this unnatural treason, demanded of him, wherein she had trespassed against him, either in her marriage or other duty, that she and hers should be so cruelly dealt withal: and to express hit motherly affection to them, she put herself oftentimes between the sword and the danger offered her children, and at several times covering their bodies with hers, she sought either to have preserved them, or would gladly have received the wounds her husband's tyranny had prepared for them; but having not so much mercy used unto her, as to give them their due burial, she was herself exiled the town, in a ragged and torn gown, only with 
The cruelty of Ptolemy tow●●d his 〈◊〉.  two servants, her hair dishevelled about, and from this sudden alteration of greatness, to this so extreme misery, she travailed to Samothorac●, accounting herself so much the more miserable, that she might not have her desire to perish with her children.  
But Ptolemy escaped not with this wickedness unpunished, for within short time after, through the vengeance of the immortal Gods, sore so many wilful perjuries, & so many cruel murders, he was in one battle bereft of his kingdom by the Frenchmen, and was taken prisoner himself, and as he worthily deserved, his head was stricken off from his shoulders:  
For the Frenchmen abounded in multitude so great, that the Country wherein they were bred was not able to sustain and give them maintenance. It was thought fit among them that three hundred thousand men should be sent out, as (it were on pilgrimage) to seek and conquer to themselves a more apt habitation. Of whom one part rested themselves in Italy, which also took Rome and burned it, others of them following the flight of birds (for the Frenchmen of all other nations are the most cunning in fowling) and with much slaughter of the barbarous Nations, pierced into the coasts of Slavonta, 
The foolish 〈◊〉 of P●olomy.  and seated themselves in Pannonia, a kind of people fierce, hardy, and warlike, who were the first after Hercules, (that compassing the same adventure before purchased himself an immortal fame of his prowess) that marched over the high tops and unmerciful cold Mountains of the Alps.  
Where having subdued the Pannonians, they made war with their neighbours many years together, sometime their fortune (like an hourglass in use) turned one way, then another. Afterwards being provoked by their fortunate success, they raised two armies, whereof the one went toward Greece, and the other toward Macedon: in which forage of theirs, they put all to the sword that happened in their danger. By means whereof the name and power of the Frenchmen become so terrible, that even Kings before they were assailed, were glad to higher them with great sums of money to procure their amity, and that they might live in peace by them. Only Ptolemy King of Macedon made light of their fortunes, and when he heard they were coming to commence war against him, as if it had been as easy a matter to dispatch such hostile preparations as to do mischief, made no haste to resist their passage. And as if the Gods had ordained these men as their revengers for his cruel and abominable murders, he had only not power to levy and strengthen his own forces together, but also took scorn at the friendly offer made by the Ambassadors of Dardanie, who proffered to sand him twenty thousand well armed to supply and help him in this his invasion; withal returned them with taunts and scoffs for their extended kindness: saying, the good days of Macedon were far spent, if after they had by their own puissance alone, conquered all the East, they should now have need of the Dardanians to defend their own country; and gave them to know that he had in his host, the sons of them that served under great Alexander, and had subdued the whole world. So that going forth against so infinite an enemy with so weak a power, and that so out of order, the king of Dardanie hearing thereof did justly report, that the famous Empire of Macedon would shortly decay, through the rashness of an unadvised sovereign. The Frenchmen therefore by the advice of their captain Belgius, to the intent to try how the Macedons were addicted, sent ambassadors to Ptolemy, offering him peace if he would buy it, as he had precedent thereunto from other princes his neighbours. But Ptolemy boasted among his men of war, that so great was the terror of his renown, that the Frenchmen, of whom other kings were driven to compound for friendship, desired the like ofhim sore fear, and no less vaunted himself before the ambadssadors & scoffed at their message, than he had before done to his other friends, and answered them, he was so far from desiring peace, that he denied it unto them, any otherways, then if they gave them noble men for hostages, & delivered into his hands their atwood & weapons, for since they had so far proceeded in open Hostility the one against the other, he would not now trust them unless they were disarmed. When the Ambassadors had reported this answer, the Frenchmen laughed at his arrogancy, crying out, that he and his should shortly feel whither they ofsred peace to his behoof or theirs.  
While this answer of Philip beaten on the slint of the Frenchmens' spleens, the tinder os their indignation took such sorcible fire, that they immediately arrayed themselves in readiness, and fell Pelmell to handiblowes, where the Macedons being vanquished, the glory of their renown began to set, for Ptolemy being sore wounded in divers places, was taken prisoner & his head stric 
The punishment of Ptol●●y.  ken off, which being put upon a spears point, was carried up and down through all the host, to the terror of their enemies, a few of the Macedones escaped by slight, the rest were either slain or taken prisoners.  
When news hereof was spread in Macedon, they betook themselves to sacrifice, sorrow and mourning, one while the parents bewailed the loss 
The woeful estate of Macedon.  of their sons, another while they feared the besieging of their city; all called upon the names of Philip and Alexander, sometime their Kings, for help, as if they had been Gods, remembering in their minds, how under them, they had not only lived in sasety, but been Conquerors of the whole world. Beseeching them to defend their country, which through the renown of their chivalry had been advanced to the sky, and to help them now in their adversity, whom the wilful rage and rashness of Ptolemy their King, had even brought to destruction.  
While the hearts of all men were struck thus into despair, not knowing which way to relieve themselves, Sosthenes one of the Princes of Macedon, perceiving in adversity that to trust unto prayer only, it availed not, and knowing that in like misery, (weeping fits fools, but practice helps the wise,) he presently raised a number of the lustiest youngmen, and went forth against the enemy: among whom, he so behaved himself both in 
〈…〉  worthiness of name on the one part, and encouraging his soldiers on the other, that he abated the courages of the Frenchmen, then in their ruff for their late victory, and also defended Macedon from so fearful desolation.  
In recompense of which his valiant deed, whereas many Noblemen sued to have the kingdom of Macedon, he being not Noble by descent, was for his meritorious service preferred before them all. And at such time as his men of war would have proclaimed him K. he compelled them by entreaty to 
His modesty.  swear to him, not by the name of K. but by the title of Captain.  
In the mean season, Brennis Captain of that portion of the Frenchmen that had bend themselves into Geeece, hearing of the victory of his countrymen which had vanquished the Macedons, under the conduct of Belgius, and fretting for anger, that so rich a booty, and so Laden with the spoils of the East, was so lightly foregone, being once in their Conquest; raised an host of a hundred and fifty thousand footmen, and fifteen thousand horsemen, & again invaded Macedon. Sosthenes knowing how unfit it was to give them so much breathing and hope of themselves, since as they passed, they wasted the country, & burned his villages; met them with the host of M●●●●onss, well appointed and in good order of battle. But by reason they were few in number & their enemies many, they half disheartened, the adverse strong and lusty, they were soon put to the worse. Wherhfore while the Macedons were thus beaten, & retired to safeguard themselves within the walls of their city, Brennus like a conqueror, against whom no man durst show his head to make resistance, he wasted all the country of Macedon. From whence as though those booties seemed too base and simple in his eye, much less to satisfy the greediness of his expectation, he turned his mind to the Temple of the Gods immortal, maliparrly scoffing that the Gods were rich and aught to departed liberally to men. Thereupon he took his journey toward Delphos, setting more by the gain of 
The sco●●s' o● Brennus.  the gold, which had been offered to the Gods, then by their heinous displeasure, whom he affirmed to have no need of riches, since by them they proceed, and from them they are bestowed as inheritance to their sons The temple of Apollo at Delphos, is scituat upon the Mount Parnassus, on the top of 
The 〈◊〉 on of the tem ple of Delph●s.  a cliff from every side and proclive steep down. Where the concourse of folk (which upon trust of the majesty of that God, resorting thither from divers places, builded them houses in that rock) hath made a populous city. Moreover both the temple and town are enclosed and munified, not with walls, but with the Perpendicularnes and quarry of the rock: neither are they defended with fortifications made by man's hand, but with necessary resistance and succour growing and provided by nature. So that there is no judgement able to decide whether the strength, situation of the place, or the majesty the Gods therein, be more to be wondered at. The middle part of this Mountain inward, is like unto a Theatre. By means whereof, when men make any shouting, or when any trumpet is blown, the sound beats and rebounds in such sort upon the stones from one to another, that the Echo is heard double and triple, and the noise resoundeth far louder and greater than it went forth: which strangeness, 
The place of the Oracles described.  causeth the simple and ignorant people, to be in much fear & reverence thereof, thinking it to be the presence of the Godhead, and oftentimes maketh them to stand so wondering at it, as if they were distracted. In this winding of the rock, almost midway to the top of the hill there is a little plain, and in the same adeep hole descending into the ground, which serveth to give oracle. Out of this hole a certain cold breath, driven up as it were with a temperate and modest wind ascending still upward, stirreth the minds of the prophets into a madness, & so having filled them with the spirits of the gods, it compelleth them to give answer to such as come for counsel. In the same place were resident and to be seen many and rich gifts of kings and people, which by their cost and sumptuousness, do well declare the thankfulness of such as received answers in performing of their vows. Wherefore when Brennus came within view of the temple, he began to advise with himself whether it were more requisite to attempt the sack thereof incontinent, or give his soldiers that night's respite, to gather their strength. Euridianus and Thessalonus, who for covetousness of prey had joined themselves with him in this action, advised him to cut off all delay, and undertake the business they came for while their enemies were unprovided, for that their sudden approach, no doubt would prove a great terror unto them; where on the contrary, by giving them that nights respite, their enemies should hapyly get both courage and succour, and the ways that now lay open for their passage, might be stopped to their hindrance. While these things were in question among the captains of this so huge an army, the common and mercenary soldiers of the Frenchmen, who after long penury, found a country so replenished with wine, and store of all other kind of viands, being as glad and joyful of the abundance to satisfy their present necessity, as of victory to enrich their hopes, dispersed themselves into the fields, and leaving their standards, ran abroad making spoil of all things like conquerors. By which means the Delphians had respite to provid and strengthen themselves. For at such time as it was first reported to them that the Frenchmen (as 
The Oracle ●gainst the 〈◊〉.  succeeded) were coming against them, they were prohibited by the Greek Oracles, to convey their corn and wine out of the villages. The wholesome and profitable meaning of which commandment, was not first understood, which a●ter happened, that by reason of the abundance of wine, and other victuals, which were left as a stop in the Frenchmens' way, the succours of their neighbours had leisure to resort thither.  
The Delphians having thus strengthened their town, (by the help of friendly borderers against foreign besiebgers) thought yet their number nothing equal according to indifferent judgement, to make good a resistance against so infinite an Army: for Brennis had in his host threescore and five thousand choice soldiers, whereas the Delphians and their complices were in number 
The French assault the ●●ty of Delph●.  but four thousand fight men.  
In disdain of which small handful to his so infinite a power, Brennis to the intent to sharpen the minds of his followers, and enable their resolutions, showed them what a rich and plentiful prey they should shortly be Masters of: that the Images with their Chariots, (whereof in view though far off they might behold great store) were all of massy gold. Which booty so delight full to the eye, their labours should shortly bring to be more pleasant in the hand. The Frenchmen being by this encouragement of their captains, or rather by their own beholding, stirred up and also inflamed with the wine they had powered in the day before, without respect of danger, or regard of any advise, ran headlong to the encounter: on the contrary part, the Delphians putting more trust and hope of their deliverance in their Gods, then in they● own strength, resisted their enemies with a bold contempt, and what with stones and with their weapons, they threw the Frenchmen as they scaled, from the top of the mountains.  
While these two adversaries were striving one against the other, in this skirmish, one led with the hope of victory, the other to redeem their liberty: suddenly the Priests of all the Temples, and the Prophets themselves, with their hair about their ears, the sacred relics in their hands, like men distracted and rend out of their wits, came running forth, and pressed into the forefront of the battle, crying out (courage) for there are Gods among us, and they had beheld him leap down into the Temple, at the open roof top.  
Moreover while they were all making humble supplication to the Gods, for refuge, there past by them a young man, of beauty far excelling any mortal creature, and in his company with him two Virgins in armour, which came unto him out of the two Temples of Diane and Minerva. Which wonder and hopeful sight, they had not only evidently seen with their eyes, but also had perfectly herd the clattering of their harness, and the sound of their bows, wherefore they entirely besought them, that seeing the Gods themselves did guard their standard, and were soldiers in their succours, they would now be bold in the overthrow and dispatch of their enemies, and join themselves and their endeavours, as partakers with the Gods in so removed a victory.  
With which words as it were a fresh fire of life quickened in them, they pressed forth who might be most foremost in the fight, and there withal as they were foretold by the prophets, they by and by perceived that the Gods was present on their side. For a piece of the Mountain being broken of by a sudden earthquake, overwhelmed the French host and the thickest of their enemies, not without great slaughter, were opened and put to slight. In the neck whereof there ensued a tempest, with hail, Thundering and lightning, which consumed as many as were any thing sore wounded. The Captain 
●●●●nus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Brennus being not able to abide the smart of his wounds, took a sword and killed himself. Another of the captains perceiving, how grievously the authors of the war had been punished, departed in haste with ten thousand of his retinue out of Greece, they were in distrust one of another, much more was their sear of strangers, that they durst not rest one night in a house neither passed they any day without danger.  
Moreover continual rain, frost, snow, hunger, and weariness pursued 
The French miserably destroyed out of G●●●●●  them, and thereunto continual watching more grievous than the rest, consumed & brought to nothing the wretched remnant of this unfortunate war. The people also and the Nations followed and made pray of them, as they scattered abroad. Whereby it came to pass, that of so huge an army which lately before upon trust of their own strength, did despise even the very Gods, there was not one man left, that might say hereafter, he did but at that slaughter and escaped.  
The end of the xxiv. Book.   

THE XXV. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe Frenchmen of Pannony raise another power, and invade Macedon. Antigonus over cometh them by policy. The aid of the Frenchmen for their worhinesse, is required of many Kings. They lend aid unto the King of Bythinia, and part stakes with him in his kingdom, calling themselves Frenchgreeks. Pyrrhus expelleth Antigonus out of Macedon. He maketh war against the Lacedæmonians. The force and Hardiness of Ptolemy his son, who was slain at the winning of Lacedaemon. Pyrrhus is slain at Argos. The moderation and gentleness of Antigonus, with the commendation of Pyrrhus.  
PEace being established between the two Kings Antigonus and Antiochus, Antigonus being returned into Macedon, there suddenly arose a new enemy against him. For the Frenchmen, whom Brennus at his setting forward 
The continuance of the story in the beginning of the last book  toward Greece, had left behind for the defence of his country, to the intent they would not seem to sit at home like cowards when their Captain was gone forth in quest both of riches and renown, armed fifteen thousand footmen and three thousand horsemen, wherewith having chased the hosts of the Geteses and the Trybols, and approached near unto Macedon, they sent Ambassadors to the King, partly to offer him peace to sale, and partly to 
The French make a ●●ard i●●●●●on of Macedon.  view the order and demeanour of his camp: whom Antigonus like a royal Prince invited the same night to a sumptuous banquet. But the Frenchmen, wondering at the great plenty of plate both gold and silver, that was set before them, and withal being alured to a covetous desire with the richness thereof, returned more his enemies than they came to him.  
Furthermore, the King to the intent thereby to dismay them, at the sight of so ugly shapes where with these barbarous people were not yet acquainted, commanded his men to show them his Elephants, and his ships laden with victual & artillery, not knowing that they, whom by advancing & setting forth his power and riches, he would have discouraged; were thereby encouraged, with hope to be sovereign thereof. The Ambassadors therefore dispatched from the King, and returned unto their company, declared what they had ta'en especial note of, and set out all things to the uttermost of praise, expressing the King's riches, and his negligence; how his camp was stuffed with gold and silver, and neither fortified with ditch nor trench, and that, even as though their richesses were a sufficient defence for them, they kept neither watch nor any other warlike order, as if they had no need at all of help of the sword, but fed themselves fat, wallowing in ease, and the prosperity of riches. The report of which, was as bellows to the hot minds of the covetous Frenchmen, till they were satisfied as possessors of that greatness which yet their ears had received but from report. Besides, to further their desire they took example by Belgius, who not long before had slain the K. with the whole host of Macedon. Wherein all agreeing, and ascertaining themselves of victory, ere a general assent was given, they ass●●led Antigonus camp in the night, who providently foreseing the mischief that was 
〈…〉.  like to ensue, had given command the day before, to have conveyed from his camp all his treasure, and to hide them covertly in the wood by, guessing, that such was the desperate hardiness of the enemy in hope of riches, that there was no other means for them to save their camp, then by forsaking it.  
So that when the Frenchmen found all things voided and not only without defenders but also without keepers, mistrusting they were not fled, but rather kept and concealed themselves close for the execution of some imminent policy, it was long erethey durst adventure the passage of those gates whereat there was no body to withstand them: at last leaving all the fortifications undefaced they entered the camp, rather searching then riffling. And having made pillage of what they found on land, they turned the violence of their pretence toward the sea side, whereas they fell rashly to the rifling of the ships: the sailors and part of the Army, that for safeguard with their wives and children were thither fled, suddenly fell upon them, and while their hearts slept in security, and their hands were exercised in thievery, they put them all to the sword, making such a slaughter of the Frenchmen, that the fam of this victory purchased Antigonus not only peace with those enemies, but also of the fierce and savage people that bordered on his kingdom.  
Notwithstanding these several overthrows, so populous was the French Nation, and so multiplied in many places, the people that spread over Asia, as it had been a swarm of Bees. Insomuch that the Kings of the East made 
The great in crease of the French, with their manly courage.  not any wars, but they hired the Frenchmen as mercenaries to serve them; and being deprived by any sinister fortune from their kingdoms, they resorted not to any other Nation for help, knowing, they were on any side, for who would give most for them, as in these days are the Swisers. In which service, such was their redoubted prowess, and in what wars else they undertook, such was their continual success, that the Kings of those parts, thought themselves not secure, nor their own commands of power sufficient to maintain their estate, or regain it being lost, without the f●rtherance and aid of the Frenchmen. Therefore both in name and nature, being 
〈…〉  now Noble as none in that age more, and being called to the help of the K. of Bithinta, and having in that assistance gotten the victory, they parted his kingdom with him, and named the Country French-greece.  
These affairs thus dispatched in Asia, in the mean season Pyrrhus being vanquished in Sicill by the Carthagenians, in a battle at sea, he sent his Ambassadors to Antigonus for supply of soldiers; withal sent him word, that if he furnished him not, he should be constrained to retire into his kingdom, and seek the Conquest upon him, which he was about to make against the Romans'. But his Ambassadors being dismissed with this 〈◊〉 were, that Antigonus absolutely denied him any relief, according to his form 〈◊〉 promise, feigned an excuse, and immediately departed from thence, only giving in charge to his confederates to provide themselves for a stranger war, and resigning the haven & castle of Tarent to his son H●leu, and his srend Milo, to safeguard, he returned into Epire, where mustering fresh forces, he forthwith iduaded Macedon, whom to withstand, Antigonus met with an host of 
〈…〉  men, where both Armies encountering, Autigonus having the worst was enforced to sly, by which Conquest all Macedon yielded to Pyrrhus.  
Whereupon as if he had recompensed the loss of Sicill and Italy, with the gaining of Macedon, he directed Messengers for his son Heleu, and Mylo whom he had left at Tarent; Antigonus who was fled wi●h a few of his horsemen, and with this alteration bereft of all the Ornaments of fortune, yet desirous to hear what would become of his kingdom, he with somuch labour 
Antigonus' 〈◊〉 an overthrow.  had got, and now so suddenly lost, conveyed himself into the City Thessalonica, that if occasion served, or any hope whereby to adventure his re-establishment might appear, he might renew the War from thence. But in the o●fer of this purpose, being again vanquished by Ptolo●ny the son of King, Pyrrhus, and escaping with no more but seven of his retinue, without desire to regain his kingdom, or almost relish of ambitious thoughts, he sought secure caves, in rough and desolate wildernesses, to be his wholesome palace for a private life.  
Pyrrhus' by this, being installed in so royal and great a kingdom, and not contented to have attained unto that, he had scarce means before to wish for, began to practise how to be sovereign of the whole Empire of Greece, 〈…〉 and Asia, as now he had of Macedon. He was of courage so magnanimous, that none wa● able to withstand his force whom he assailed, neither took he any more pleasure of his Empire, then of his wars, but kept his affections even to both, and as he had no peer in couquering of kingdoms, so did he as lightly forego them, when he was once possessed of them, holding it more honour to be accounted a conquer or of many kingdoms, than a keeper of few. Therefore when he had transported his Army over from Chersonesus, there received him the Ambassadors of the Athenians, the Acheans, and the Messenians, yea and all the Grecians (for the renown of his name, and for that they were ●●●●ed at the Nobleness of his deeds against the Romans', and Cart●●●●ians) awaited his coming ther. The first war that he had was with the 〈◊〉, where he was received with greater valiantness of the women then of men.  
There he lost his son Ptolemy and the strongest part of all his army, for when he assaulted the town, such a sort of women came running to the defence of the City, by whom he was not more valiantly vanquished then shamefully driven to retire. His son Ptolemy who there was slain, is reported to have been so courageous and stout a man at Arms, that with threescoremen, he took by force the City Corcyra; and also in a battle upon the sea, he leapt out with seven of his men into a Galley and won it. And last of all, in the assault of Sparta, he broke with his horse into the midst of the city, and there oppressed with the number of his enemies, he was slain, whose body when it was brought to his father Pyrrhus, it is reported he should say, that he was slain somewhat later than he looked for, or than his own foolish hardiness deserved.  
Pyrrhus when he had received the repulse at Sparta, went to Argos. But whilst he endeavoured to compass Antigonus in his hands, whom he had besieged in the City, as he fought most valiantly amongst the thickest, he was slain with a stone from the wall. His head was cut off, & sent to Antigonus, who using this victory honourably, sent home his son Heleu with his Epyrotes, which were yielded unto him into his kingdom without ransom, and delivered him his father's body to convey home, and see honourably interred in his own country. It is a constant report amongst all authors, that there was not any King either in these days, or in the latter times before, worthy to be compared unto Pyrrhus, and that it was a hard matter to found any, not only among kings, but also among other famous men, either of more upright liu●●g, or approved justice. And as for knowledge in chivalry and feats of arms, there was so much of merit in him, that whereas he had continual wars with Lysimachus, Demetrius, and Antigonus, Kings of so great power and puissance, yet was never overcome by any of them, neither was he ever by his enemies, brought to so low an ebb, but that he was able to match & boldly encounter with the Illyrians, Sicillians, Romans', and Carthagenians. In what conflict or adventure whatsoever, yea and often to the overthrow of his adversaries, and subduing the kingdoms. By means whereof, through the fame of his Noble acts, and the renown of his name, he brought his Country to be famous and of Noble report over all the world, being of itself and before his time, both small & of no reputation.  
The end of the xxv. Book.   

THE XXVI. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe extreme cruelty of Aristotimus Tyrant of Epire. The wise invention of old Helematus in suppressing of him. The cruelness of the French-greekes towards their wives and children, whom Antigonus overcometh, and utterly destroyeth. Antigonus is bereft both of his kingdom and men of War by Alexander, the son of Pyrrhus' King of Epire. Demetrius the son of Antigonus not only recovereth his father's kingdom, but also spoileth Alexander of his kingdom of Epire. Alexander by the help of the Arcadians, and by the favour of his own Countrymen, is restored to his kingdom again. Agas king of Cyrene dieth. Demetrius the brother of Antigonus by means of Beronice the daughter of K. Agas is slain in his mother's bed.  
AFter the death of Pyrrhus, there arose not only great and troublesome wars in Macedon, but also a revolution and alteration of many established affairs in Asia and Greece: for the Pelloponesians being betrayed unto Antigonus, according as men were either in fear or gladness, as every City hoped for succour at Phirrhus hand, or stood in dread of him; even in like case, either they entered in league with Antigonus, or else upon malice, cell together by the ears among themselves.  
In the time that the provinces were in this turmoil, Aristotimus a Noble man of the realm, subjecteth to his use the chief City of the Epirots, and 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  created himself king thereof; withal, for the safe confirming himself in that regal seat, he put many of the chief Citizens (he was either in present fear of, or had power in themselves to 'cause him to distrust them) to death. Many of them he drove into exile. So that, when as the Etolians required of him by their Ambassadors, that he would restore unto the causlles banished men, their detained wives, as though he had repent him of what formerly he had done. He gave all the Ladies and Gentlewomen, (joyful at the news) leave to travel to their husbands, and appointed to them a day when they should take their journey.  
The wives intending to live all their lives in exile with their husbands, took all their preciousestiewels and best ornaments they had with them; but assoon as they were all come to the gate, of purpose to travail in one company together, he spoilt them of their treasure, murdered their little Children in their mother's bosoms, imprisoned the woeful mothers, and ravished the maids.  
All men being amazed at this his cruel and intestine Tyranny, a noble peer 
〈…〉  of the realm named Helemate, being an aged man and without issue, as one that in respect of his years, and in that he was childless, was voided of all sear; called home to his house certain of his most trusty friends, and exhorted them to the deliverance of their country from bondage. But when he perceived that they shrunk to put themselves in danger, for the safeguad of that realm had been their mother and nourisher, and that they demanded leisure to take sure advice in the matter, he called his servants to him, commanding them to lock in the doors, and from him, bear word to the Tyrant, that he should immediately sand to his house, there to apprehended traitors that had conspired against him; and threatening unto each of them, that seeing he could not be the author, by their assistance of the deliverance of his country, he would at leastwise, considering the integrity of the cause, be a means to be revenged upon them for with drawing their help from it. Who then being overcome with necessity, and the doubtfulness of the danger, they chose the honester way of both, and swore the death of the Tyrant. So that Aristotimus was dispatched both of life and rule, the fifth month after he had usurped the kingdom.  
In the mean season Antigonus being encomberd with many wars by divers enemies at once, both of King Ptolemy, and the Spartans; besides the host 
The policy of antigonus  of the Frenchgreekes which newly were up in arms against him, he left a few soldiers in his camp for a show against the other two, and went himself in person with the whole power against the Frenchmen.  
The Frenchmen hearing thereof, prepared themselves in readiness for the battle, flew sacrifice, and offered to the Gods to be propitious to them for the obtaining of prosperous and good success in that encounter. But by the inwards of those beasts, perceivingas it were by divine instinct, that there was toward them a great slaughter, and prefiguring to them the utter destruction of them all, they were there upon turned not into doubtful fear, but headstrong madness. And in desire to pacify the wrath of the Gods, by the bloodshed of their own people, they killed their wives and children, beginning to perform (through their own slaughter) the evil destiny that was menased by the wars. 
The 〈◊〉 o● th●● 〈◊〉 men even to their 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉.   
In execution whereof, so extreme disperatenesse was entered into their cruel hearts, that they spared not the young infants whom their enemies would have pitied, but with their own hands made cutthrot war, upon the children themselves had been fathers of: and the mothers of them, in defence of whom, men are forward to make wars, whose tears were unvaluable to penetrate the flinty breasts of their husbands, to get remorse for themselves, or compassion on their children they most unnatural butchered. And as though they had by their unspeakable wickedness, purchased themselves both life and victory, bloody as they were, after the fresh slaughter of their Wives and Babes, they proceeded in battle, but with as good success as fore-token.  
For as they were fight, the remorse of their own consciences, in remembrance of their inhuman facts (the Ghosts of them whose lives they had ravished from their bodies, waving before their eyes,) were the first discouraged 
A great slaughter upon the 〈◊〉  them ere they were oppressed by the enemy; so that th● encounter begun, they were slain every mother's son, and the massacre of them so violent, that it should seem the Gods had conspired with men, for the utter destruction of those impious and peremptory murders. After the fortunate chance of this bartell, Ptolemy and the Spartans', eschewing the victorious army of their enemy Antigonus, retired into places of defence, which Antigonus ascertained of, while his men were yet fresh, courageous, and resolute for any purpose, by reason of their late victory, he made war to the Athenians. In which design while he was occupied, Alexander King of Epir●, desirous to revenge the death of his father King Pyrrhus, invaded the borders of Macedon; against whom, when antigonus was returned out of Grease, all his soldiers revolted from him, by which treason of theirs, he lost both his kingdom of Macedon, and his so powerful an army. His son Demetrius being then both in years, and discretion but a very child, leaving a power in the absence of his father, not only recovered Macedon, that his father had lost, but also bereft alexander of his kingdom of Epire, so great then was either the unconstantnes of the soldiers, or else the variableness of fortune, that kings by course were even now banished; and presently restored to their kingdoms again.  
Alexander therefore being fled to the Arcadians, was as well by the favour of the Epyrotes, as by the help of his confederates restored into his kingdom again, about the same time deceased agas, king of Cyrene, who before his 
Read more hereof in the 〈◊〉. Book.  last infirmity, to the intent to cease all strife with his brother Ptolemy, betrothed his only daughter Beronice to his son. But after the death of king agas, arsinoe the mother of the maid, to the intent to break the marriage that was contract against her will, sent for Demetrius the brother of antigonus, out of Macedon, to take upon himself the marriage of her daughter and the government of the kingdom of Cyrene, who also was begotten of one of Ptolemy's daughters. Demetrius had no sooner entertainted this offer, but with speed dispatching himself, and in his journey having prosperous wind, and fair weather, he was speedily arrived into Cyrene; where upon trust of his beauty for the delight of which, his mother began to like too well of him, immediately after his first coming, he bore himself very proudly in the Court and camp, against the Captains and men of war; removing his desire of liking and affection from the daughter to the mother, which mutability of his being perceived, was justly constered vild in a Prince, and generally condemned both of the maid, the common people, and a great number of the soldiers: whereupon taking dislike of his disposition, their minds were turned to the son of Ptolemy, and the death of Demetrius was conspired, and so far contrived, that as he was in bed with his mother in law, many of these conspirators were sent to kill him. But Arsinoe when she heard the voice of her daughter standing at the chamber door, and giving the executioners charge to spare her mother, as they rushed in, she sought 
Adultery rewarded.  long to defend and preserve her paramour with receiving his wounds in her own body, Nevertheless he was slain: and so Beronice, with safety of her love and duty, did both revenge the dishonourable adultery committed with her mother, and also followed the determination of her Father, in taking of her husband.   

THE XXVII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
SEleuchus King of Syria, putteth his stepmother Beronice, and her son to death. Ptolemy king of Egypt in revenge of her death invadeth Syri●. Seleuchus suffereth happy shipwreck, for by means thereof, for pity and compassion, the Cities that Ptolemy had obtained, revolted. He is overcome in battle by Ptolemy, and desireth aid of his brother Antiochus. Ptolemy maketh peace with Seleuchus. Antiochus warreth upon his brother, and overcometh him by the help of the French-greekes, who after the battle, bend themselves against Antiochus. He ransommeth himself from them. Eumenes' king of Bithynia, setteth upon Anticchus and the Frenchmen, and taketh the most part of Asia from them. The brothers continued debate, by which they both come to a miserable end.  
IN those days after the decease of Antiochus K. of Syria, his son Seleuchus succeeded in his dignity (by the instigation of his mother Laodice, which rather aught to have counseled and with held him from such inhuman practices) and began his reign with murder, for he cruelly put to death his mother in law Beronice, the sister of Ptolemy King of Egypt, with his little brother begotten upon her; by which wickedness, he enforced a just and infamous report upon his name, and withal entangled himself with the wars of Ptolemy.  
But before the execution hereof, when Beronice understood that men were sent to kill her, she kept herself close in a pleasant manor of her fathers called Daphne. And when the the Citizens of Asia heard that she and her little son was there besieged, in remembrance of the dignity of her father, and the Nobleness of her ancestors, and for pity to see her so unworthily entreated, they sent aid unto her. Her brother Ptolemy also being moved to compassionate the peril of his sister, left his own kingdom, and came in all haste to her rescue, with all the power he was able to make.  
But Beronice before these rescues were able to come to releeu● her, whereas she could not be taken by force, was surprised by policy, and put to death: the report of which seemed so detestable in the hearing of all men, that all the Cities that before had mustered themselves to befriend her, now made in readiness a great Navy, and suddenly aswell for fear of his excessive cruelty, 
The Cytty●● o● Asia 〈◊〉 from Seleucl●s  as also to revenge the death of her whom they purposed to have defended, yielded themselves unto Ptolemy, who doubtless had subdued all the kingdom of Seleuchus, if he had not been driven to retire home to suppress an insurrection in Egypt. So great hatred did that abominable murdering of his mother in law, and his brother purchase on the one party, and the unworthy death of his father so cruelly slaughtered, purchase favour to the other.  
After the death of Ptolemy, Seleuchus having gathered together a great sleet against the Cities that had lately revolted, suddenly (as it were by the vengeance of the Gods for his horrible murder) by means of a great tempest, he lost all his Navy by shipwreck. And of all that great furniture for the wars, fortune left him not any thing at all, more than his naked body 
The unfortu nate 〈◊〉 of Seleucus.  and his life, and a few companions that with him had escaped the tempest: so that so strange and miserable was his case, that himself could not have wished a chance more grievous to have happened upon his enemies for his own behoose.  
But the Cities which for the former hatred they bore towards him, had revolted unto Ptolemy, now as though they thought themselves sufficiently satisfied, with the punishment that the Gods as indifferent judges had inflicted upon him, moved with the miserable news of his more miserable distress, changed their opinion from Ptolemy, and their hatred from him, and submitted themselves again under his Dominion. Whereupon rejoicing in this happy alteration, and made rich by his losses, accounting himself now sufficiently able to match his enemy in power and strength, he forthwith made war against Ptolemy. But as if he had been borne for no other purpose but for Fortune to make her laughing stock, or in this world 
〈◊〉 overcome by Ptolemy  her tennis Court, he had been her ball, to have tossed from one hazard into another, as if he had recovered so great wealth of the kingdom for no other intent then to lose them again, he was vanquished in battle, and escaping from the field, not much better accompanied then after his shipwreck, he fearfully conveyed himself into Antioch.  
From thence he directed his letters to his brother Antiochus, wherein he besought him of his help, offering him in recompense for such favour, all Asia that was within the precinct of the mountain Taurus. Antiochus being of the age of fourteen years, but yet covetous of dominion above his years, took this preferment lest it should fall to another, but not with so friendly a heart as it was offered, for this Prince by age but a boy (coveting like a these to bereave his brother of the whole rule of his kingdom) was as bold in executing his wickedness, as if he had been a man: Whereupon he was surnamed Hierax, because he exercised his life in taking other men's goods wrongfuly, not after the manner of a Prince, but after the nature of a Goshawk.  
In the mean time Ptolemy hearing that Antiochus was prepared in rescue of Seleuchus, to the intent he would not be enforced to defend the war of two. such enemies at once, took a truce with Seleuchus for x. years. But the peace 
A Truce  that was given by his enemy, was infringed by his brother; who hearing an host of the French soldiers, instead of help brought war, and instead of manifesting himself a brother, approved himself an enemy. In that battle, through the puissance of the Frenchmen, Antiochus had the victory: wherein supposing Seleuchus had been slain, they turned the Weapons they brought in defence of Antiochus against Antiochus himself, hoping thereby without fear or control, if they could but destroy all the blood 
war betwixt two brothers  royal, morefreely to waste the whole Country of Asia. Which thing when Antiochus perceived, he was enforced to ransom himself for money, as if it had been from robbers, and compelled to enter league and be at friendship with his hired soldiers.  
Now Eumenes King of Bythinia, perceiving the Brothers to be consumed and dispersed through civil discord among themselves, intended to invade the wandering people, and take to himself the whole possession of Asia. In which purpose assailing the Conqueror Antiochus, and his Frenchmen, whom by reason that they were sore and weary since their late conflict, and his soldiers strong and lusty, he easily put to the worst. For in this Age all the wars that every several Prince raised, tended wholly to the destruction 
Antiochus' vanquished by the king of Bythinia.  of Asia, and every man that could make himself strongest, seized thereupon as his prey. The two brothers Seleuchus and Antiochus for that cause made War in Asia. Ptolemy King of Egypt under pretence of revenging his sister's death gaped for Asia: on the one side Eumenes King of Bithynia, and on the otherside the Frenchmen, and common hirelings wasted Asia, but among so many robbers, and so many Ambitious Princes, not one was found once to stir his foot to defend Asia. And albeit that Antiochus was vanquished, and that Eumenes had seized into his hands the most part of that Empire, yet could not the Brothers agreed, but contended to renew the war to destroy one another. In which Antiochus being again vanquished, and wearied with flying many days together, at length came to his father in Law, Artamenes king of Cappadocia, of whom at first he was gently and with good respect entertained, but within few days after, understanding that he went about to betray him, for safeguard of his life fled back again from thence. So rolling up and down, from one place to another, and finding no room wherein to rest in safety, he was feign to resort for succour to his enemy Ptolemy, whose saith he thought to be more steadfast than his brothers considering either what he would have done to his Brother, or what he had deserved at his brother's hand.  
But Ptolemy being not so much made his friend, as enlarged his enemy, commanded him to be kept in strait prison, from whence also he escaped by the help of a Harlot, whom he had familiar company withal. But being thus escaped from his keepers, as he fled thieves met and killed him. Seleuchus near about the same instant, having lost his kingdom, fell off of his horse, and broke his neck. So both the brothers as it were by like misfortune, like Outlaws after the loss of their kingdoms, suffered due punishment for their manifold mischiefs.   

THE XXVIII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
OLympias Queen of Epire, by the marriage of her daughter Pythia, setteth variance between Demetrius king of Macedon, and Antioch king of Syria. The proud and insollent answer of the Etolians to the Ambassadors of Rome. Olimpias dieth with sorrow, for the death of her two sons. Laodamia is slain at the Altar of Diana. Demetrius dieth. Antigonus being left protector of the sons of Demetrius maketh himself King. He subdueth the Lacedæmonians, wherein appeareth the stoutness of the Spartans', in their adversity, as also the modest and gentle behaviour of Antigonus in prosperity.  
COncerning Olympias the daughter of Pyrrhus, king of the Epirots, she having lost her husband Alexander, who 
Here left the ●●●●ory of 〈◊〉 mentioned in the 26. Book.  was also her own brother, when she had taken upon her the bringing up of Pyrrhus and Ptolemy the sons whom he had begotten by her, and the government of the realm; she was compelled through the injuries offered her by the Etolians (which went about to take from her a part of Acaruania, which she being mother and protectress of the children had received as a help to maintain her wars withal) to resort for succour to Demetrius King of Macedon: unto whom, (having a wife already, the sister of Anticchus' King of Syrya) she gave her daughter Pythia in marriage, to the intent she might get help and refuge at his hand, by the right of affinity, which she could not otherwise procure.  
The marriage thereupon was solemnized, whereby the new bride, was accepted into great grace, and the old wife into displeasure. But the first wife, as though she had been divorced of her own accord, departed to her brother Anticchus, and provoked him to war upon her husband. The Acaruanians also distrusting the Epirots, and thereupon requiring help of the Romans', obtained of the Senate of Room, that Ambassad were sent, to command the Etolians to withdraw their Garrisons from the Cities of Acaruania, and to suffer them to live out of bondage, who only in ancient time, sent no help to the Greeks against the Trojans their first founders.  
But the Etolians herd the Ambassadors of the Romans' very disdainfully, and returned them an answer as scornfully, casting them in the teeth with the Carthagenians, and the Frenchmen, by whom they had been so afflicted in so many battles, and so oftentimes so great a number of them slain: saying, It was meet for them first to open their gates against the Carthagenians, which they had shut up for fear of the wars in Assryck, ere they took 
〈…〉  upon them to make inroad into Greece. Moreover, advised them to consider whom they menaced, since they were not able to defend their own City against the Frenchmen, but when it was taken, they were sane ro redeem it with money, and not to recover it by the sword. The which Nation entering into Greece with an host thought almost invincible, they themselves had not only without the aid of any other foreign power, but also not so much as helped with their own houses, utterly destroyed and made their realm a place for their burial, which they had determined to make the seat of their kingdom.  
Whereas on the contrary part, Italy was well near wholly subdued by the Frenchmen, and the Romans themselves as yet trembled for fear at the remembrance of the so late burning of their City: wherefore it was requisite for them to expel the Frenchmen out of their own territories, ere they presumed to threaten the Etolyans; and first honourably to resist their own enemies ere they undertook to defend others: urging further, what manner of people they were, or endued with what worth, whereby to give them cause to fear them. They knew and durst tell them, they were no better but a ragged sort of shepherds, that wrongfully held a piece of ground, which like violent robbers they had taken from the right owners, which being not able to purchase themwives for the dishonesty of their beginning, were said to ravish them by open force, and in brief they held them a people so monstrous, which had erected their City with most cruel and unnatural murders, and bestayned the foundation of their walls with brother's blood; whereon the contrary, the Etolians were ever the Princes of Greece, and like 
The 〈…〉.  as they surpassed all the other in estate and worthiness, so they excelled them in activity, and were the men which had ever despised the Macedons, flourishing in the Empire of the whole world; which feared not at the command of King Philip, which disdained to obey the laws instituted by Alex●nder, after he had subdued ●he Persians and Indian's, when all other people and Nations whatsoever, stood in dread of his name. Wherefore they willed & counseled the Romans', to hold themselves content with their present estate and not to provoke those weapons against their lives, through which they saw both the infinite hosts of the Frehchmen slain, and the Macedons in their supremest dignity despised.  
When they had in this controlling form, and as it were with this check dismiss the Roman Ambassadors, to the intent they would not seem to have been more bold & liberal in words, then in deed and performance, according to their former inclination, they foraged over all the borders of the kingdom of Acaruama. By this had Olimpias as their rightful inheritance delivered up the kingdom to her son, and instead of his brother Pyrrhus deceased, 
The 〈…〉  Ptolemy succeeded in the whole Empire; who marching with an host of men well prepared against his enemies, was in his journey by the way taken with a disease and died. Olimpias also in s●ort continuance, being wounded with sorrow for the death of her two sons, scarce able to draw her painful breath, yielded to nature and died.  
Than remained after her decease, no more of the blood royal, but only a young maid called Nereis, and her sister Laodamia Nereis was married unto Gelo son of the King of Sicill. And Laodamia flying for safeguard to the Altar of Diana, was their slain, by the concourse of the rude people: which 
〈…〉.  offence the Gods immortal withheld not their hands to punish, but with continual slaughters of that Nation, and almost with the utter destruction of the whole realm, they revenged her death.  
For first being punished with dearth and famine, and vexed with domestic and civil discords, last of all, the remembrance of them, was in a manner quite consumed by the merciless wars of foreign Nations. Milo who killed Laodamia, falling distracted in his wits, so mangled his own body, sometime with iron, sometime with stones, and in the end, so rend and tore his own body with his teeth, that within twelve days after, he died most miserably.  
While these designs found this free currant in Epire, Demetrius died in Macedon, leaving a little son called Philip, to be his heir and succeed him; over whom Antigonus being made protector, took the child's mother to wife, and then went about to install himself in the kingdom. Which the Mac●●ons' perceiving, they gathered an insurrection against him, threatening to ●ill him, and having besieged him in his palace, he came forth, without any guard, where first humbling himself before them, he cast down among them his crown and his purple rob of estate, desiring them to bestow those transitory Ornaments upon some worthier person, which either knew better 
The 〈…〉.  how to govern them, or to whom they could submit their affections more willingly to obey: for during the time that he had enjoyed the government of so odious a kingdom, and so ungoverned a people, he had not tasted of any pleasures, but of labour, of travail, of peril, and of leopardy.  
Than he rehearsed what benefits he had done for them, how he had punished s●ch of his confederates as had revolted, how he had assuaged the courage of the Dardanians, and Thessalians, triumphing at the death of Demetrius; and finally how he had not only maintained, but also augmented the state and Empire of Macedon. Which merit of his if their ingratitude despised, he was content to depose him of such a trouble as to be a sovereign, and to surrender his office into their hands: giving them leave (with thanks one his part) to seek and created them a king whom they might rule as they list themselves Which speech of his with such modesty and cunning apprehension he delivered, that the people thereby were brought to be ashamed of their enterprises, & what they came with violent intent to abridge & disannul him of, (namely the crown) they now were earnest suitors he would assure to himself again. Which offer of theirs he with delays refused, and which denial of his drew their desire for his acceptance the more, insomuch that the authors of the rebellion were yielded up unto him to punish, as in his judgement was thought fit; or to pardon and extend mercy to at his pleasure. After this he made war against the Spartans which province chiefly despised the wars of Philip and Alexander, and the Empire of Macedon, with their knighthood so much renowned over the whole face of the earth.  
This war was prepared for withal the furniture and power that could be 
〈◊〉 between the 〈◊〉 and the Macedós  made one both parts, and all requisite provision had in readiness, the one sighting to support the ancient renown of Macedon, the other not only for the maintenance and defence of their untouched liberty never before violated, but also to preserve and continued their common safeguard. These Lacedæmonians being in this difference vanquished, not only the men themselves but their wives and children took their misfortune constantly, and with exceeding stout courage: for there was not any man withdrew himself, nor sought to spare or preserve his life in the battle, otherways then by an honourable defence, nor any woman that wept for the loss of her husband. The old and decrepit fathers commended the death of their sons and rewarded them with their prayers; the sons rejoiced that their fathers were slain in that field, wisning that they might live to be the like, and for the like quarrel, and every man lamented his own mishap, that they had not died in that battle so fought for the liberty of their country.  
The fathers and mothers received into their houses all such as were hurt, healed such as were wounded, recomforted such with their neighbourly and charitable rescue as were stricken down. And in all this business, and for all this overthrow, there was not heard any other outcry, Than, courage my friends, nor any other wring of hands seen, then in their weapons to give blows 
The courage of Cl●omines a king of La●cdemóra  withal: there was not any trembling for fear, nor any dismay, but with an emboldened resolution to outface mischief, every man more bewailed the common misfortune, than his own private ease. Withal Cleomines their king, after he had made great slaughter of his enemies, being all one a gore blood, as well with his own wounds as the blood of his foes, came in among them. And when he was entered into the city, he called not for meat nor drink no nor once so much as put of his harness, but leaning his back to a wall, when he saw there remained no more but only four thousand of his men from the battle, he exhorted them to reserve and keep themselves to some other time, when they might be able to do their country more better service, than now being oppressed with so great a multitude: against whom no other profit, but to death availed. And then with his wife and children he took his way toward Egypt to king Ptolemy: of whom he was honourably entertained and lived a long time in great favour and estimation there, enjoying the pleasure due unto a King. But after the decease of Ptolemy, the kindness of the father was neglected, and he and all his household were slain by his son. Antigonus having made so great a slaughter of the Lacedæmonians, notwithstanding took pity of the misfortune of so worthy a City, and in that compassion gave command to his soldiers, they should neither sack nor deface it, withal pardoned all them that after these misfortunes remained alive, protesting to the● (whereby to insinuate into their loves) that he made war against Cleomines and not against the Lacedæmonians, whom for as much as he had discomfited and put to slight, all his wrath toward them was at an end. So that thinking it would more become his honour rather to save their city then to destroy it, and seeing the remnaut were few, to whom his mercy might be manifest he thought it sit to let it extend to the soil of the city, and upon the houses. It was not long after but that Antigonus himself died and left his kingdom to Philip, a child of fourteen years of age. 
The son of Dem●●●●u.   
The end of the xxviij. Book.   

The XXix Book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe alteration of many famous kingdoms, by the succession of young kings. Demetrius' king of Illyria, sendeth to Philip king of M●cedon for help against the Romans'. Philip exhorteth the Greeks' to concord. He proclaims open war against the Romans. The Dardanians invade M●cedon. He makes peace with the Romans'. Phylopemenes causeth the Acheans to revolt from him.  
ABout this instant season, there happened like alteration almost in all the kingdoms in the known world. For in Macedon Philip, after the decease of his protector Antigonus, took the kingdom to his rule being but fourteen 
An alteration of kingdoms by succession of young kings.  years of age. In Asia, after that Seluchus was slain, Atigonus as yet not having attained to full groat and ripeness of fourteen years, was made king. The kingdom of Capidocia was surrendered by his father, to Ariarathes a very child. Ptolemy who for the wickedness of his offence, was in derision (surnamed Philopater) slew his father and mother, and usurped the kingdom of Egypt. But the Lacedæmonians in stead of Cleopater, subrogated Lycurgus: and because there should be store of alterations in those times, Hannibal being as yet scarce man-growne, was made Captain of Carthage: not because there was a scarcity of men, of more years, or greater experience, but for the natural and inveterate hatred that was known to be rooted in him against the Romans', even from his very childhood: and as it were, borne to the utter destruction, not so much of the Romans' whom he hated, as of his own country of Affrcike whom he served.  
Now albeit these children kings, had no elder and graver persons to be their protectors then themselves, yet was every one of them severally, so attentive to follow the steps of their ancestors, that there was great presumption and hope, they would be endued with virtues, both of body and mind: only Ptolemy, as he was wicked in usurping the kingdom, so was he slothful and negligent in governing the same. The Dardanians with other provinces and people, who bore as it were an immortal and unremoved hate to the kings of Macedon, disdaining Philip, by reason he was so young, molested him continually: on the contrary part, Philip when he had put these enemies to flight, being not contented to have defended his own, purposed to make war against the Etolians; and as he was devising how to enterprise so much, Demetrius king of Illiria being lately vanquished by Paul, consul of Rome, came to him as an humble suitor, making complaint of the wrong the Romans' had done him; who being not content to contain themselves within the bounds of Italy (but of an ambitious desire coveting the Empire of the whole world) made war with all Kings: alleging also, that for the like covetousness of the Empire of Sicill, of Sardinia, of Spain, and consequently of all Africa, they had entered into war with Hannibal and the Carthgeniens, and against him commensed that war for no other occasion, but only that he was a neighbour and near borderer upon Italy: as though it were not lawful for any king to dwell nor have dominion near the cousins and Verge of their Empire. Wherhfore it behoved him and no doubt would be much available for him, to take an example, & by other men's harms to beware, whose kingdom the nobler and nearer it was to the Romans, so much would it give them cause and so much should he find him their fiercer enemies. Moreover, he protested that he was well contented to surrender unto him the right and title to the kingdom which the Romans' had usurped from him, rather than his enemies should peaceably enjoy the possession and profit thereof.  
With these and such other like arguments he persuaded Philip, to desist from the Etolians, & to turn the brunt of the war against the Romans', and so much the rather, because he thought he should now find them to be the less able to resist him, for that (as the tidings thereof were to him fresh) they had lately been vauquished by Hannibal at the lake of Thrasimenus. Therefore because he would not be charged with many wars at once, he made peace 
Philip persuadeth the Greeks' to concord.  with the Etolians; not as they should think he did it, to the intent to make war in an other place, but as though it had been for some great regard that he had of the good and quietness of all Greece, which he affirmed, was never in the like peril by reason of the new Empires of the Romans' and Carthageniens, lately risen up in the West, which had no other let to stop them out of Asia but only this, that they were trying by the sword which of either of them should be principal and bear the sovereignty of both. For which party soever got the upper hand, would no doubt upon the victory and in the pride thereof, pass directly into the East. So that since he saw such a cloud of cruel and bloody war rising out of Italy, and such a roaring and thundering coming out of the west, that into what part of the world the victory fell the tempest thereof, would wash all things with a bloody shower.  
And although Greece had oftentimes before suffered great trouble, and many afflictions, by the wars sometime of the Persians', sometime of the Frenchmen, and sometime of the Macedons; yet they should find, that all that ever before was past, and whatsoever they had endured, would be a sport to that which should ensue, if those Armies which now were fight in Italy, s●ould once spread themselves into Greece: for it was already evident to all Nations and not without great fear and terror wondered at, to have news, how cruel and bloody, and both with what puissance of hosts, policy and fortitude of Captains, those several people made war●e one against the other. The which rage certainly could not be ended in the only destruction of one of the powers, without the ruin and decay of such as were their next neighbours: wherefore Greece had more cause by far to be afraid, and by providence to withstand cruelty, if either party were honoured by the victory than Macedon; both because Macedon is further off from their danger, and of more strength to defend itself.  
Philip having by this persuasion, and for this pretence, dislodged his tents, raised against the Etolians, and minding nothing but the wars of the Carthageniens 
P●il●p giveth def●an●● to the Ro●●●●.  and Romans', he weighed with himself the power and ability of them both: and that neither the Romans' (albeit the Carthageniens and Hannibal were ready to light on their necks) were void of fear of war out of Macedon. For howsoever they dissembled it, they stood in fear thereof, both for the ancient prowess and activety of the Macedons, the renown of the honourable, and several conquests in the East, as also for Philip himself, who was inflamed with an earnest desire to become equal to Alexander in kinghthood, dominion, and chivalry, and whom they knew to be forward and active in feats of arms.  
Philip therefore, when he understood that the Carthageniens had vanquished the Romans' again, sent his open defiance unto them, and began to build a fleet wherein to transport his army into Italy. Furthermore, he sent Ambassadors with letters to Hannibal, to conclude a league, and to be at friendship with him, who being taken by the way and brought before the Senate, was after sent away without any manner of violence done unto him, not for any entire love or inclination of good will they bore to the King his master, but to the intent that of a suspected friend, they would not make him an open enemy. But afterward when it was reported to them, that Philip went about to transport his army into Italy, they sent the Praetor Levinus with an army well prepared & furnished, to stop him of his passage; who after he was arrived in Greece, with his fair and large promises, compelled the Etolians, to take war in hand against Philip: and on the other side, Philip exasperated what he could, to persuade the Etolians to join war with him against the Romans'. But in the mean time, the Dardanians began to waste the borders of Macedon, and having led away twenty thousand prisoners, constrained Philip to retire home 
The Darda●●ans' 〈◊〉 Macedon.  from invading the Romans', to the defence of his own kingdom.  
While these affairs had their performance, the Praetor Levinus entering into a league with king Attalus, wasted the Country of Greece, with the which loss and destruction, the cities being amazed and stricken into fear, they sent divers Ambassadors to Philip, desiring aid of him. The king of Illiria also his next neighbour, bordering upon the same side of Macedon, made incessant suit, that he would perform his promise. Further, the Macedons sollicyted him instanly, to revenge the wasting of his own country: with which so many and so weighty matters, he was so sore oppressed, and as it were besieged at once, that he was in a maze which of them (the necessety being great in all) to remedy first.  
Yet notwithstanding he promised to sand friendly succours to every one of them ere long, so deferring them, not because he was not able to perform as much as he promised, but to the intent that by putting them all in comfort, he might retain and keep them his friends stil. But the first voyage he took in hand, was against the Dardanians, who watching the time to find ●m from home, determined to take their advantage, and to invade Macedon with a greater puissance in his absence. Also he made peace with the Romans', and so being 
Philip makes peace with the Romans.  contented to have delayed the Romans' wars against Macedon for a time, he laid weight to entrap Phylopemenes Duke of the Acheans, who as it was signefied to him, stirred the Romans' and the minds of his confederates against him. But Phylopemenes having knowledge thereof, and so avoiding the danger of the same, compelled the Acheans by his authority to rebel against him.   

The Thirty Book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe slothfulness of Ptolemy king of Egypt. Antiochus invadeth Egypt, and is put to the foil. Ptolemy giveth himself utterly to riot. He dieth. His Concubines are hanged up. The Romans' take the governance of the young king. The Greeks' rebel against Philip king of Macedon. He desireth peace with the Romans', a quaking of the Sea, and an earthquake in Asia. Philip is vanquished in battle by the Romans', spoiled of all his Dominions, saving only the realm of Macedon. The Etolians provoke Antigonus to make war upon the Romans'.  
During the continuance, that Philip was thus earnestly occupied about great and weighty affairs in Macedon, Ptolemy behaved himself clean contrary in Egypt. For after he had obtained the kingdom, by playing the parricide and murdering both his parents, and that he had moreover killed his natural brother as though he had achieved all things as he desired prosperously, he gave himself to riot, and in such excess that all the realm endeavoured after his steps, and as a lantern made to give light to the followers, so they took from him. By means whereof, not only his Noble men and officers, but also his men of war, laying aside the recreation of chivalry, and feats of arms, fashioned themselves in stead of more worthy exercises, to sloth and idleness.  
Antiochus' king of Syria, being provoked with an old grudge (which long had lain smothered, but not forgot) between these two realms, raised expeditiously a populous army, with which hostile forces, he conquered many cities and also set footting into Egypt. Ptolemy trembling for fear at these sudden and unexpected powers, and being taken unprovided, and presently to bid him a resistance, besought Antyochus by his Ambassadors, that he would respite him but so long till he had raised a power, wherein he would try the fortune of his renown in one adventure. Afterwards having hired a great host out of Greece, he fought a prosperous battle, and had utterly bereft Antiochus of his kingdom, if he had furthered his good fortune he had a foot by prowess. But he being content with the recovery of the Cities he had lost, desirously concluded a peace, and took the occasion of quietness when it was offered him: but after this success, like a swine that returns again to his mire, or like 
The 〈◊〉 li●e of Ptolemy Philopater  an old sore sooner cut off then cleansed; he fell to wallowing again in his old accustomed slothfulness; and as fire follows smoke, so one sin traceth another, he after flew Eurydice his wife being his own sister, through the flattering and bewitched enticements of a harlot called Agathoclea, with whom he was betrothed in affection. And so forgetting quite the renown of his name, and neglecting the majesty of his kingdom, he spent the night in incontynency, and the day in voluptuous feasting.  
Besides this the more to inflame his lecherous appetite, he had at his feasts musical singing and dancing. Neither could this King here content himself with the beholding of other, but also like a master of misrule or a Mercenary fiddler, would play publicly upon Instruments himself. These were the first plagues and privy maladies broke out to greater sores, and were afterward the decay of his royal house: for not long after, both he and such Scholars which from him as their tutor had ta'en their practice, they grew to such a licentious liberty, and the harlot waxed so Impudent and bold, that the court within the walls was not able to contain her. For the unspeakable sin that the King diurnally used with her brother Agathocles, made her the more to be bold and presume upon the King, and to bear herself the more stately and arrogant.  
And to the increasement hereof, came to the court her mother Enanthe, with whose custom also the King taking a liking, she with her dalliance so alured his heart unto her, that of her he begot two sons. By means whereof althese, thinking their security and foundation thereof now unpossible to be shook, and not being content with the king, though they held the kingdom also; now they must come abroad to be seen in the open view and face of the world; now they must be saluted, now they must be weighted upon. Agathocles sitting cheek by cheek with the king, in his regal throne, ruled the realm at his own pleasure.  
The women disposed Marshalships of the host, Lieutenantships of provinces, and Captainships as it pleased them, so that ordering all things for the public Weal, there was no man in the realm that could do less than the king himself. At the length he died, leaving behind him a son of five 
The death of Ptolemy  years old, begot of his Sister Eurydice. But whilst these Harlots practised to have rob and made spoil of the treasure, and compact themselves confederates 
The banishment of his strumpets.  with the most dissolute persons, and desperate reprobates in the kingdom; to the intent to deprive the right heir of his inheritance, by keeping secret the death of Philip long after his decease. Nevertheless his conspiracy was not so concealed but it came to light, and for justice, the people ran upon Agathocles and killed him, and the Women in revenge of Eurydice were hanged up upon Gibbets.  
And thus the notorious infamy of the realm being purged and put away, by the death of the king and the punishment of his strumpets, the men of Alexandria sent Ambassadors to the Romans', desiring them to take upon them the protection of their Orphan King, and the government of his kingdom of Egypt, which they avouched that Philip and Antiochus had already 
The Romans protectors of Egypt.  bought and told, intending to divide and part it between them. The Romans' very glad of this embassage, as they that sought occasion of War against Philip, to be revenged of his purpose & do them displeasure, in the time of their Wars with the Carthageniens. Besides, after they had in set battle subdued the Carthagenians, and repulsed Hannibal, enforcing him to slight, they feared no man's puissance, nor the Hostility he could raise more than Phillips, accounting with themselves, what a trouble and damage Pyrrhus had put Italy unto, as it were with so small a handful of Macedons, and how great enterprises the same people had achieved in the East.  
Hereupon Ambassadors were sent to Antiochus and Philip, willing them lest they infer further danger upon their own, not to molest and meddle with the kingdom of Egypt, nor the subjects thereof. Furthermore M. Lepidus upon the acceptance of the former treaty, was dispatched with commission into Egypt to take upon him the protection of the child, and the administration of the realm.  
Just about the same time, the Ambassadors of Attalus king of Pergamus and the Ambassadors of the Rhodians came to Rome, heavily to complain of insufferable wrongs King Philip had done unto them. In which complaint, and for redress of which, the Senate were stirred to take Counsel and set 
Complaints against Phi●●p b● the Romans.  forward the Wars of Macedon forthwith. So that under pretence of aiding their confederates, War was decreed against Philip, and a consul was sent with an Army into Macedon: upon whose arrival, it was not long before all Greece upon trust of the Romans' rose against Philip, in hope to recover their ancient liberty, and made war upon him. By means whereof the King was so assaulted on every side, that he was constrained to desire peace.  
When the Articles thereof should have been propounded by the Romans', bo●h Attalus, the Rhodians, the Acheans, and the Etolians, demanded restitution of that had been rob from them, on the otherside, Philip granted that he could be content to be ruled, and have the affairs arbytrated by the Romans', but he proposed that it was unfit the Greeks' being vanquished by his predecessors Philip and Alexander, and subdued under the yoke of the Empire of Macedon, should like conquerors prescribe the Articles of peace, and not rather be driven to a straight account of their disobedience, ere they presume to challenge any liberty. Nevertheless, at length by much entreatance they grannted him a truce for two months, that a longer peace which could not be agreed upon in Macedon, might be requested of the Senate in Rome.  
The same year between the Islands of Theramene, and Therasia, in the midway between the Shores, there was a great Earthquake in the sea. By means of the which (to the great admiration of such as sailed that way) 
A terrible Earthquake.  suddenly out of the deep, floated up an Island with hot Waters; and in Asia the very same day, another Earthquake snaked the City of rhodes, and many other Cities, subverting many gorgeous houses and palaces, and throwing down many rich and goodly buildings, and edificies, whereof some were swallowed up whole.  
At which wonder all men were sore afraid, and the Soothsayers prophesied, that the Roman Empire then beginning to spring up, should devour the old Empire of the Greeks' and Macedons. In the mean season the peace was rejected by the Senate, whereupon Philip sollicitted the Tyrant Nabis to take his part, and join with him against the romans: so that when he 
Philip maintain th' the Macedons against the Romans.  had brought his host into the field, and his enemies were standing in order of battle against him, he began to encourage his men, rehearsing how the Macedons had conquered the Persians', the Bactrians, the Indian's, and in brief all Asia, even to the very uttermost border of the East; exhorting and advising them, that so much more force and courage they aught to show in this battle, as liberty is a thing of greater price, and should rather be sought for then Dominion.  
Flamminius also the Roman Consul, heartened up and encouraged his men for this encounter, by putting them in mind, and renewing in their 
Flaminius' in courageth the Romans.  remembrance, the famous victories they had lately achieved and brought to pass; showing unto them, how that on the one side, Carthage and Sicill, were conquered, and on the otherside, Italy and Spain recovered, by the prowess and Nobleness of the thrice-woorthy Romans. Also, that Hannibal was little or nothing inferriour unto great Alexander; after whose expulsion out of Italy, they had subdued a great part of Africa, being the third part of the world. Nor were the Macedons to be any thing the better esteemed of, by the ancient renown of their predecessors, but according unto the power and strength they were then fortified and strengthened withal, for their defence at that present.  
For they should not encounter with great Alexander, whose prosperity was such in his wars, that he was reported to be invincible, nor with his huge and mighty army that conquered all theast, but Philip a child which had not yet scarce attained to the years of discretion, and judgement, who had work enough to defend his kingdom against his nearest neighbours, much less against them, chosen not from the meanest of the Romans'; besides they were to adventure themselves with those Macedons, which but even the other day almost were spoiled and led away prisoners by the Dardani●nss, and were able to report no merit of their own, but only had to boast of the renowned acts of their auncostors. Whereas the Romans might justly and worthily relate the deeds done by themselves and their Soldiers. For it was no other host that subdued Hannibal and the Carthagenians, and almost all the West, than the very same Army whom he had there standing in battle array, and with whom, (would every one but from his forwardness their general take precedent,) he accounted it no hazard likewise to subdue these.  
With these encouragements the minds of both the Armies being inflamed they ran si●rcely to the encounter, the one part glorying in the Empire of the East, the other in as great Dominion of the West: the one bringing in to the battle with them the ancient and foreworne renown of their predecessors, the other the fresh, green, and flourishing Flower of their late tried knighthood and chivalry: But the Romans' had the fortune to vanquish the Macedons, and Philip being utterly discouraged by this overthrow, and desiring peace of the consul Flaminius, retained still the name of a King though he was bereft of all the Cities of Greece, which were as it were the members of his kingdom, and which were situate without the bounds of his ancient inheritance, so that all that spacious world which his father conquered, he had no more left him to govern, but only the Country of Macedon. And yet the Etolians being offended, that at their pleasure Macedon also was not taken from him and given to them, as a recompense in regard of their pains taken in the war, sent Ambassadors to Antiochus, who by flattering him, in advancing his puissance and chivalry, hoped thereby to enforce him to make war against the Romans', and in trust that as partakers therein, all Greece would take his part, granted their request.  
The end of the thirty. Book.   

THE XXXI. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Antiochus' invadeth the territories of the Dominion o● Egypt. The Romans' proclaim war against him. Nabis king of Lacedaemon subdueth many cities in Greece. The Romans sand Ambassadors to take note of the proceed of Hannibal in Africa, and to kill him. He espieth their purpose and slayeth unto Antiochus. Nabit is vanquished by Flaminius, after whose departure he followeth the wars again. Hannibal is highly entertained by Antiochus. He giveth counsel how to proceed in his wars against the Romans'. Sends a messenger to Carthage, to stir them to rebellion. The Romans' sand Ambassadors to Antiochus, who through their daily conversation with Hannibal, bring him in the king's displeasure, who nevertheless showeth his opinion, as concerning the wars with the Romans, the which is neglected. Antiochus is overcome of the Romans, and taketh Hannibal into favour again. Hannibal is put to the worse upon the sea. The magnanimity of Scipyo Affricanus. Articles of peace are propounded, and rejected by Antiochus. The Romans' come to Troy. Autiochus is vanquished with a great slaughter, and peace granted him upon the foresaid articles.  
WHen Ptolomy-Philopater was dead, Antiochus king of Sirya disdaining his little son being so young (who being 
Antiochus invadeth Egypt.  the only hope of the Ptolemy's left to inherit the kingdom, was even as a pray to his own subjects) purposed to conquer Egypt. Whereupon when he had invaded Phenice and the other cities scituat in Syria, but under the dominion of Egypt, the Senate of Rome sent Ambassadors to him, and by them willing him to abstain from the Orphan's kingdom, both him, and which, was by the last will of his father sovereign thereof, left in trust with them, and committed to their charge: who being sent away with a sleeveless answer, immediately after arrived another Ambassador, who not treating with him in a mild form, like the former, but commanded them to make restitution with full amendss, of the Cities that by the law of Arms appertained of right to the Romans'.  
Upon his refusal they made their defiance, the which as he lightly received, so he as unfortunately performed. At the same time the Tyrant Nabis, subdued many Cities in Greece. The Senate therefore lest the Roma●neses should be entangled in two Wars at one instant, wrote unto Flamminius, that like as he had delivered Macedon from the bondage of Philip, so if he should think it requisite, he should relieve Greece from the subjection of Nabis. In consideration whereof, his authority was prorogued. For the name of Hannibal made the Wars of Antiochus terrible, whom his cnuions adversaries had accused to the Romans' of secret conspiracy with Antiochus, alleging that the ambition of his heart, would not suffer him to be subingate and live under the correction of a law, which was necessary in every republic, who had been accustomed also unto sovereignty, and to the too much licentious liberty of the camp. And the rest which the Citizens enjoyed after labour, quietness, without turmoil; peace, and the plenty thereof; a public ●●nquility, and the prosperity thereo●; seemed so ●edious and burdensome to him to endure, whose body and faculties had been so enured, and as it were made ordinary unto him, in the practice and labour of Martial affairs, that the lack of excercise therein made him seseem loathsome to himself; for redress of which encumbrance, he daily sought to pick out some new quarrel, tooth intent he might have occasion to set a foot fresh wars again between ●hem.  
Which information of theirs, though it was given and reported against him contrary to truth, yet notwithstanding among them that stood in dread of him, and to prevent the danger of their fear, caught hold at the lest occasion might entrap him, they were believed, or at lest held up these suggestions for credible instances: and testimonies such, that gave manifest sign whereby to suspect him.  
Whereupon the Senate being possessed of some distrust in him, Seruilyus was sent by them Ambassador into Africa, to take note of the demeanour of 
〈…〉  Hannibal, of his public carriage, and to gather by intelligences (which he might disperse in the City) what privately the multitude whispered of his proceed, what was the resort to him, & how and to whom he dispersed himself abroad, withal gave him secretly in charge, that if it were possible, he should contrive with some of his adversaries, to find means to kill him.  
But this secret working of theirs, was not so closely carried, that it could 
〈…〉.  be kept from Hannibal, who being a wise and expert Captain, both in foreseeing and avoiding of dangers, and a man so governed, that was diligent as well to prevent adversity in the time of prosperity, as industrious to purchase and work out of felicity, out of the violence of danger.  
Therefore when he had presented himself all the day in the view of the Noble men and of the Roman Ambassadors, and with looks abounding in courtesy, gave them princely entertainment, in the close and shutting in of the two doors betwixt day and night, he secretly took horse, and road to a manor that he had situate in the suburbs, and bordering near upon the Sea side, without making any of his servants witnesses to his intent, only willing them to weight at the gate till his return. Up to this manor came a creak of the Sea, where he had provided ships in readiness for himself, and Mariners in readiness for them.  
Moreover he had furnished himself with a great sum of money, both to defend him in what necessity soe'er chanced, and lest by the want thereof, his journey which he purposed to undertake, might there by be resisted: and thereupon with a company of his servants which from the rest he had selected, and whom by a former experience of their undoubted lou● to him, he was persuaded he might trust, (the number of whom being increased with italian prisoners) he took shipping and directed his course to Antigonus.  
The succeeding day, the City attended in the judgement hall for the coming of their Prince, and the same time their consul. But when they heard certainly of his so sudden and unexpected escape, their hearts trembled for fear, as careful Citizens do when there City is besieged, fea●ing lest it should be sacked, all misdoubting that his departure would redound to their utter destruction. The Roman Ambassador, as though Hannibal had even then made war upon Italy, with quick dispatch returned to Rome, delivering the sorrowful tidings thereof to the Senat. In the mean time Flaminius having joined himself in confederacy with divers Cities in Greece, vanquished Nabis 
Nabis overcome.  in two several pitched fields one after another. By means whereof having brought him to so low an ebb, that all his fortunes being desolated and as it were melted from him, he jest him in his kingdom, as a man that had received to himself of all his pristine dignity, nothing but the comfort of a careful 
Nabis again r●neweth the War  life.  
But after that this Flaminius had withdrawn his Garrifons out of the cities, and conveyed his host back again into Italy, Nabis being enticed when so fair leisure was offered (and the rather for that he saw no man of eminent place or note worthy to keep possession against him) to give life to a second war; raised a power and suddenly invaded many cities. Wherewith the Acheans being first dismayed, and doubting lest the mischief wherewith their neighbours had been entangled, should creep upon themselves, determined first to make war against Nabis, whom they feared if he were not withstood in his course, would do no less upon them. Of which wars they made lieutenant general their Praetor Philopemenes, a man of excellent merit in himself, 
The worthy praise o●●●●lopem●nes.  and of chief regard among them, who behaved himself so valiantly in the tr●st they reposed in him, both for the dignity of his own name, and the advancement of his Nation, that by the judgement of all, he was fit to be compared with Flaminius the Grand-captain of the Romans'.  
The same time, and by this, Hannibal was artived and had joined his power 
H●●●balss entertain to 〈◊〉.  in the strengthening of Antiochus, and of whom for love that he conceived of him, at his first coming, he was entertained and welcomed as a guest sent from the Gods, and the king, in the the hope that he had of ●●m and his valour, utterly despised him. So that a counsel called, and so a question propounded, when every man severally had given his opinion, Antiochus lastly asked him of his adiuce.  
Which charge Hannibal understanding well, replied to the King that he perceived he was not called because his majesty thought himself to have had need of his counsel, but only to supply and fill up the number of sentences. Nevertheless, for the anciant hatred he had and did maintain to the Romans, and for the good he wished, and the entire devotion he had, and was so in 
Hannibal ad●●●●th to m●i ●●●●ne w●●● wi●h the Romans.  duty bound to bear unto the King, as in whose court only he had refuge in the time of his banishment, he would discuss what co●●se his experience thought most safest for him to undertake his wars in. And thereupon desired pardon for whatsoever he should speak in that behalf, since he intended to deliver his opinion largely. First, he urged that he dis●●kd their general opinions in that behalf; as that Greece should be the place wherein to make war, seeing that Italy was better for the maintaining of the same: neither might the Romans' be vanquished but by their own weapons; nor Italy otherways subdued then by her own power. For as the disposition and nature of those peoplewas contrary from other Nations, so that of force the wars were to be ordered otherways, then against other enemies. In other wars, it is furtherance and advantage to the one part, to search for the benefit of the place, to take occasion of the time, or to have wasted their fields and villages: But with the Roman, whether you have gotten any success before, or whether you have overcome him in the instant, you must be enforced even then to wrastel with him, when he lieth vanquished at your foo●e. Wherhfore if they be assailed in Italy, it is possible to over come them with their own weapons, their own riches, their own power, even as he himself already had done. But if any opposite shall suffer them to enjoy Italy, as the well spring of their strength, he shall be as far from attaining his purpose, as a man to compel back a river against the stream, or to dry it up, not first beginning to stop it at the head, but at such place where waters were most deepest and most increased. This related was his opinion in himself. Whereupon he was minded to have offered his service and advice unrequested, which now he had presented amongst those his friends so openly, to the intent they might fully understand, how to make war against the romaines, who out of their own country were invincible, and at home on their own thresholds easy to be subdued. Insomuch that it was a far easier labour to depose 
The N●●ure o● ambition.  them of Rome then to set them beside their Empire, and to drive them out of Italy, then out of their provinces. For their city had been sacked by the French men and they themselves almost utterly destroyed by him, and yet he could honourably boast he was never vanquished by them before, out of their country. But assoon as he was returned unto Carthage, immediately with the place was also altered the fortune of the wars. The Kings counsel not regarding the profitableness of this advice, seduced the king with earnest persuasion from the partaking it, lest if it should be allowed and favoured of the king, he again would be reduced into his former favour and accepted before any of them. Ant●●chus', misliked not so much the counsel, as the author thereof, lest the glory of the victory should redound to Hannibal and not to him: thus through flattery and ambition, nothing was well ordered.  
The king all the winter season giving himself to riot and pastime was every day making new marriages. On the contrary part Attalus the Roman consul who was sent to those wars (with all diligence preparing men and armour withal other munition, artillery, and abylements for the war) strengthened the cities that were in confederacy; alured such as were neuters, and in conclusion according as either part laid before for their furniture, so had they success in what they undertook. In the first encounter, when the king saw 
Antiochus' put to flight.  his men retire and give back, his cowardice did not relieve them with fresh succours, but offered himself captain of such as first ran away, and left his camp replenished with alriches to his enemy. When he had by flight escaped into Asia, while the Romans, were occupied in gathering the spoil, he had leisure to repent him that he had rejected Hannibal's counsel, and thereupon 
Hannibal again received to favour.  taking him into favour again, promised him he would order all his affairs fully according to his discretion. In the mean season he was advertisd Livinus Menenius a Roman captain, appointed admiral of the sea by the Senate, was coming towards him with fourscore ships of war; which tidings put him in cheerful comfort to recover his misfortune: Therefore he determined to encounter with him by the way, before the cities which as yet held their alliance with him, were revolted to the Romans', hoping to abolish the dishonour of discomfiture of Greece, by a new victory. But neither were the men of Asia able in this conflict to match with the Romans', nor the ships of like force and needful resistance as were the Roman Galleys, yet not withstanding the slaughter was the less, by reason of the policy, providence, and 
Hannibal being Admiral of the Navy is overcome.  valour of the Captain. The fame of this victory was not yet reported at Rome, and therefore the city stayed the creating of their consuls, at which conventicle and solemn assembly, none was thought fit nor of more sufficiency to bemade captain, and have command against Hannibal, than the brother of Affricanus, for that it was the peculiar work of the Scipions, to vanquish the Carthageniens.  
Lucius Scypio was created consul, and his brother Affricanus was given to him as his lieutenant, to the intent Antiochus should understand they had as much confedence in their conqueror Scypio, as he had of his vanquished Hannibal. As the Scipions were conveying their host into Asia, word was brought to them, that the brunt of the war in both places was already past the worst; so that they should find Antiochus vanquished in battle on the land, and Hannibal overcome at an honourable fight on the sea.  
At their first arrival, Antiochus sent Ambassadors unto them to entreat a peace, sending moreover as a peculiar present unto Affricanus, his son, 
Antiochus seeks peace.  whom the King had taken as he was passing over in a little bark; but Affricanus answered, that there was great difference which aught to be considered between benefits done to any one person privately, and the benefits that were done for the publike-weale of a whole country, and the person of a father was natural in himself, when the body of a commonweal, consisted in the infiniteness of people, and the sinews of many, which aught carefully to be preferred, not only before children, but before the original and life itself, from whence they had life. Wherefore as in courtesy he was bound, and both in nature and humanity it was requisite, he returned the king hearty thanks, for his honourable present, promising to reunite his bounteous liberality, with some equal good turn and answerable kindness, if at any time it should lie in his own private power so to do. But as touching War and peace, he wished him to expect from him no other than was lawful betwixt enemy and enemy: neither that he would do more or less than was requisite to the behoose of his Country. For it was ever the disposition of his thoughts, to entreat for the ransomming of his son; nor suffered he the Senate, though persuaded thereunto to go about it, but as appertaind to his honour, he said always he would recover him by force of Arms, or lose him.  
After this were Articles of peace propounded, the contents thereof were, that he s●ould departed out of Asia, suffering the Romans' to enjoy it peaceably, deliver them their prisoners and runagates, withal their ships, and 
〈…〉  make restitution of all charges and expense, that the Romans' had been put to in these Wars.  
Antiochus having intelligence hereof, answered, he was not as yet so utterly vanquished, that he should suffer himself to be spoiled of his kingdom, expressing that it was the next way to provoke him to war, rather than to allure him to peace. But while time gave these two enemy's leisure, for full preparing of both their armies, the Romans entering into Asia came to Troy, where was held great rejoicing, and honourable courtesies enter changed, 
The Romans come to Troy  between the Trojans and the Romans'.  
The Trojans declaring how Aeneas and the other of their Captains came from them, and the Romans' vaunted themselves to be descended of them; so that the joy seemed as great between both parts, as at the meeting between parents and children, when either to other of long have been supposed lost. It did the Trojans good, that their Lineage having conquered the West, and subdued Africa, did now challenge the Empire of Asia also, as their ancient inheritance, and the rightful possession of their forefathers: saying it was happy fortune for Troy, that it was destroyed, considering how luckily & prosperously it had risen up again: on the other side, the Romans had an immeasurable desire, to see the houses of their ancestors, the places where their forefathers' were bred and born, with the temples and Images of their Gods.  
Now when the Romans' were departed from Troy, King Eumenes met them with a power of men in their assistance, and not long after a field was fought against Antic●●us; in which, when a legion of the right wing of the Roman battle being put out of artay, fled to the camp, with more shame than danger, Marchus A●●elius' Marshal of the host, being left behind for the defence of the camp, commanded his soldiers to arm themselves and forthwith issue out of the trenches, and with their swords drawn, to mena●e such as offered to fly away, that they should suffer death every subject and fellow soldier of them, if they returned not into battle again, and 
〈…〉.  they should found their own camp hotter for their entertainment, than their enemy's army could be powerful for their flight.  
The legion being astonished at so great a danger, accompanied with their fellows that stopped them of their cowardice, returned into the field where in 
The courage of the Ro●●●ss  seeking to recover, the reproach they so worthily had incurred upon themselves, they made a great slaughter of their enemies, and were the first means that begot hope of so famous a victory. There were of the enemies fifty thousand slain, and a leaven thousand taken prisoners: yet notwithstanding when Antiochus desired peace, nothing was added to the former articles, for Affricanus answered, it was not the custom of the Romans' to be discouraged for loss, nor to be proud for prosperity. The cities they had taken they divided among their confederates, judging it a greater reward to the Romans to have honour, than possessions: making it probable, it was meet for a Roman to challenge glory and fame, & to resign the superfluity of riches to his partakers.  
The end of the xxxi. Book.   

THE XXXII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe Etolians are subdued. The Messenians and Acheans strive for the sooner ainty. Phylopemenes Captain of the Acheans is taken prisoner and poisoned by the Messeniens. The Messenians are overcome and punished for the death of Phylopemenes. Antiochus and all his host is slain by the men of the country. The cities of Greece make complaint of Philip king of Macedon at Rome; he is absoyled by the modesty of his son Demetrius, who by the false acusations of his brother Perses is brought in displeasure with his father and put to death. Philip dieth for sorrow. Perses maketh provision for war against the Romans. The original of the Istrians. The ignominy of the Daces. Prusias upon trust of Hannibal that fled from Anticchus unto him, breaketh the truce against Eumenes. The policy of Hannibal, conveying himself out of Candy. Prusias is overcome upon the land. Hannibal through a subtle invention overcometh the enemy upon the sea. Ambassadors are sent from Rome to set the two kings at peace, and to have Hannibal's body yielded up unto them. Hannibal poisoneth himself.  
THe Etolians which had exasperated Anticchus to commence war against the Romans', after the day that he was thus subdued, remained of themselves against the Romans' both unable to match them in strength, and also destitute of any supply from their neighbours to 
The ●toliars are subdued by the Romans'.  enable them. By means whereof it was not long they could hold out ere they were vanquished, and lost their ancient liberty, which they only among so many cities of Greece, had retained untouched and unblemished against the dominion of the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians: which estate of bondage was much bitterrer unto them, by how much it came later than their countrymen, and the grief of which was the more increased by calling to mind the calamity which in former times their countrymen endured, when they, with the only power of their own people, had borne out the great force of the Persians', and repressed borne out the great force of the Persians', and repressed the violence of the Frenchmen, so terrible to Asia and Italy, in the battle at Delphos, the glorious remembrance of which, made their misery the more burdensome, & kindled a greater desire of liberty. But while these affairs were thus contrived, 
Contention b●●●●n the M●●●●ss and Ac●●●●  in the mean time the Messenians and the Acheans fell first to contention, and not long after to public battle for the sovereignty. In which battle Philopemenes the noble grand captain of the Acheans was taken prisoner, not through his own default, because he durst not fight for saving of his life, but as he was about to bring his men in array that were in the leaping of a ditch, his horse overthrew him, which his enemies espying clustered about him, and ere he had time to recover himself took him prisoner.  
And yet the Messenians when they found him overthrown, whither it were for fear of his prowess, or for reverence of his estate, durst not to kill him. But as though by surprising him they had finished all the War, they led him about all the City in manner of a triumph, and the people ran out by heaps to meet him, as if their own captain, and not the captain of their enemies had been coming. And without question the Acheans his countrymen could not have been more desirous to have seen him a Conqueror, if he had got the upper hand, than were the Messenians his enemies, to behold him a prisoner, for they led him into a public Theatre, to the intent that young and old, from the cratch to the cradle, might generally behold him, whom before they thought an incredible and impossible labour to be undertaken. From thence they conveyed him to prison, where for shame of the villainy they had offered to so worthy an estate, they gave him poison, which he drunk with as cheerful and undeiected acountenance, as if he should have marched through his own country, among his own citizens after he had won the victory. But first he asked whither Lycortus the 
The courage of Philopemenes at his death.  Lieutenant of the Acheans (whom he knew to be a man of best knowledge in feats of Arms next to himself) had escaped in safety or no. Of which when he was truly resolved that he was in safety, than the world goeth not altogether against the Acheans (quoth he) & with that word he gave up the ghost. Not long after the war was renewed, in which the Messenians being vanquished, suffered deserved punishment for putting Philopomenes to death.  
In the mean season Antiochus K. of Syria, being greatly over charged with the tribute that he should pay to the Romans, & seeing himself vanquished, & so grievously burdened, whither it were that he were compelled for want of 
The death of Antigonu.  money, or that he were allurd with covetousness, because he hoped under pretence of necessity, which he was put unto for the payment of the tribute, he he should be held the better excused, if he committed Sacrilege; forthwith he assembled an army, and in the night assaulted the Temple of jupiter, in which attempt, he and all his host were slain by the inhabitants.  
When many Cities of Greece were come to Rome, to complain of the injuries that Philip had done them, there was great contention in the Senate-house, between Demetrius the son of Philip, sent thither by his Father to excuse him to the Senate, and the Ambas of the Cities: The young Prince being confounded with exclamation, suddenly held his peace, by which his shamefastness, the senate being moved, gave judgement on his side.  
Of this the King was advertised by the decree of the Senate, to the intent he should understand, he was not acquitted as guiltless, but rather pardoned for his sons sake, which though it were upright, purchased unto Demetrius not thanks for his behaviour in that embassage, but hatred through the maliciousness of backbiters. For with his brother Perses (who sought by all means to surprise him) it procured him envy, and with his father (when he knew occasion of his acquittal) it procured him displeasure, disdaining that the person of his son, should be of more force with the Senate than the authority of the father, or the estimation of his estate, being a King Perses therefore perceiving his father's disease, made complants daily unto him of his brother Demetrius, and first brought a mistrust toward him, and shortly after into extreme displeasure, objecting against him, that he sought the friendship of the Romans' to be the ruin of his father.  
But not contented to have proceeded thus far against his brother, he went about to entrap him by treason, and surmised he went about to usurp the dignity of the kingdom: for proof whereof, he brought in record, and sobbo●●ed false witnesses, to uphold the crime that he charged him withal. By means whereof, he compelled the father to murder his own son, and brought all the court into sorrow and heaviness.  
After Demetrius was thus put to death, Perses (as it were the party being dispatched out of the way, whom he feared to be his enemy) began to be not only more slack in performing his duty, but also more stubborn against his father; behaving himself not like an heir, but a King. Philip being highly offended with this misdemeanour and perverse behaviour of his sons, and finding no counsel nor tender admonition of power to reclaim him, from time to time very unpatiently bewailed the death of his son Demetrius, as a young plant that would have borne to him better fruit, and he himself had better hope of. Whereupon mistrusting himself to be deceived by some cautel treason he put the witnesses to torture.  
Through which having bolted out their mischief, he was vexed as much with the wickedness of Perses, as with the undeserved death of Demetrius: and he had (as by natural office he was bound) been revenged of the treason by punishing the offender, had not death prevented him of his purpose; for shortly 
The death of Phill●● 〈◊〉 o● 〈◊〉.  after through great sorrow and pensiveness of heart, he fell sick and died, leaving behind him great furniture for the wars, the which Perses afterward made employment of. Moreover he had alured the Frenchmen called Rascians to take his part, and was minded to have made forcible wars upon the Romans if he had not died. 
〈…〉.   
For the Frenchmen, after the unfortunate battle at Delphos (in the which the wrath of the gods, did them more displeasure than the puissance of their enemies) having lost their Captain burn, fled like outlaws, some into Asia, & some into Thrace; from thence they retired into their native country back, the very same way they came out. A certain of them rested at the meeting of the two Rivers Dan●y and Say, calling themselves Rascyan. The people of Langue●●ock being returned into their old country of Tolouse, and there stricken with a Pestilent murrain, could not recover their health, until such time as by the admonishment of their Soothsayers, they had thrown into the lake of Tolouse all the gold and treasure that they had pillaged in the wars by the robbing of Temples: all which Scypio the Roman long time after took away to the use of the Senat. There was of gold 110. thousand weight, which sac●●●●ge wa● afterward the confusion of Scipio & his host. Immediately after followed the war of the Scimbrians against the romans', as it were to punish their former taking a way the church-good. A great number of the people of I●●●●ck, being ●nticed with the sweetness of the prey, as men wont to live together upon the spoil went into Illiria, and there having spoiled the Istrians rested in Pa●●●●c. It is reported, that the nation of the Istrians descended from the n●ens of Colchos, 
〈…〉  that were sent by King Aetis, to pursue the Argonantes and jason, that led may his daughter by force: who entering out of the sea of Pontus, into the ●●●●r of Istre, and so directly into the river Say, following the Argonantes at the ●eard heels, carried their ships upon their shoulders over the tops of the M●●taineses, even unto the shore of the Adriatic sea, which things they 〈◊〉 that the Argonants for the length of their ships had done before them. But when the men of Colchos could not find them, (whether it were for fear of the king, or tediousness of the long sailing) they settled themselves near unto the C●●e aquilia, and called themselves Istryans, after the name of the river, ●●to which they first entered out of the Sea. The Daces also at the issue of the Getcs, who with Olor their king being vanquished in battle by the Bactrians, were put to this penance for their cowardice, that when they should take sleep, they should lay their heads where their feet shouldly, and serve their wives in such solemn sort, as their wives accustomed to be obedient to them. Which penalty laid upon them by their king, none should be so bold on the penalty of his displeasure to Infringe, before they had by their manhood removed the slander, due for former cowardice. Perses therefore being crowned king in his father Phillipes stead, stirred all these nations to take part with him against the romaines.  
In the mean time there arose war between Prusias (unto whom Hannibal 
wars betwixt Prus●●ss and ●●●●ess  was fled, after that peace was concluded between Antiochus and the romans) and Eumenes: the which war Prusias (breaking the league upon trust that he had in Hannibal) did first move. For when the romans (among other a●●●●leses of peace) put in the deliverance of Hannaball sore one; the king ga●e him friendly notice of it, and he fled into Candy. In which Isle, when he had quietly l●●ed a long time, and at length perceived the people began to grudge and repined against him, for his great wealth and riches, he filled ports with lead and set them in the temple of Diana, as a vow for the preservation of his life and good fortune. By means whereof the city having no mistrust of his doings, in as much as they believed they had his riches for a pledge, he went to Prusias, caring all his gold with him conveyed in Images of timber, lest if his riches should happen to be espied his life might be endangered for the ber●●●● thereof.  
Afterwards when Eumenes had overcome Prusias in battle upon the land ●●d 
The 〈…〉  that Prusias would try the adventure on the Sea, Hannibal by a new devi●e was the occasion that he got the victory: For he caused of all kind of Serpents to be put into earthen pots, and in the midst of the battle ●●sl them into the enemy's ships.  
This policy seemed at the first to the men of Pontus to be but a mockery, to leave weapons and sight with earthen pots. But when the serpents began to swarm about them in the ships, they were so troubled with the doubtfulness of the danger, that having both their enemies and the poison of the Serpents to defend them from Prusias, they got the upper hand.  
When tidings hereof came to Rome, the Senate sent Ambassadors to cease the strife between both Kings, and demanded to have Hannibal yielded unto them. But Hannibal being advertised of this condition, and fearing the event 
The d●ath of Hannibal.  against him would be granted, poisoned himself and died ere the Ambassadors had time to cease on him.  
This year was notable for the deaths of three of the most puissant captains in all the whole world, that is of Hannibal, Philopomenes, and Scipio Affricanus; 
The 〈…〉.  of which it is truly recorded that Hannibal, neither in the time that Italy quaked to see him thundering like a tempest in the Roman Empire, nor when he was returned to Carthage and held the sovereignty, did ever sit down to his meat, or drunk above a pint and a half of Wine at a meal. And as for chastity, he kept it so vndesiled among so many prisoners that he had, that a stranger would swear in wonder of his condition, he was not borne an African. He was also of that modesty and government that albeit he had sundry kinds of people to rule in his host, yet his Soldiers never went about to betray him, neither could be entrapped by any policy, both which dangers his enemies full often attempted against him.  
The end of the xxxij. Book.   

THE XXXIII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
PAulus Emilius encountereth with Perses. The valiant demeanour of Cato. Perses is one, come and taken with his sons, flying towards Samothrace, with whom the Empire of Macedon endeth. The Noblemen of Etoly, with their wives and children are led prisoners to Rome.  
THe Romans' finished the Wars of Macedon, with far less trouble than they did the wars of Carthage, but the conclusion thereof, was so much the more honourable, 
Great preparation of the Romans against Philip.  by how much the Macedons excelled the Carthageniens in renown & estimation. For they were furthered partly with the glory of the conquest of the East, and in special with the aid and help of Kings. To this war the Romans' gathered all the power they of themselves could make, and to enlarge their host more insinit, sent for succour to Masiniss● King of Numidia, and to all other their confederates: Furthermore they charged Eumenes king of Bythinia to assist them withal his power, from age, even unto youth.  
Perses besides his host of Macedons (who by the opinion of all men were accounted invincible) had in his treasury and in his storehouses provided beforehand, wherewithal to maintain ten years wars: but this carefulness was not his own providence and thrift, but his fathers which jest it to him. By means whereof being puffed up with pride, forgetting the mischance his parent had before him, grew careless of the invasion of so great and powerful an enemy, and like worms that never dread danger till they be trod upon, or like Birds that play before the fouler, till they are fallen into the pit; so Perses to his men of war made light of the Roman army, saying it was sufficient enough for them to resist so intruding an enemy only to consider; and when they were ordering themselves to fight, but to remember the ancient renown of Alexander.   

against them by the Lacedæmonians, whose fields (for a mutual hatred borne between those two people) the Acheans had foraged. The Senate returned an swear to the Laccdemonians, that they would sand Ambassadors into Greece, in that behalf, and that none of their confederates or any such as desired to be at league and friendship with them, should complain to them, of anya wrongs but they would both descend them, and by restitution to be made, redress them. But the Ambassadors had secretly in charge, to endeavour as by all persuasions, to dissolve the agreeable consent to friendly and faithful union, that these cities of the Acheans had the one with the other, and to the intent they might the easier be brought to subjection, to order every city to be free of itself, and not to partake alliance with any other, wherein who soever should pronounce against the many mcrciles war, the Senate had decreed they should be compelled by force.  
The Ambassadors about these affairs arriving at Corinth, there summoned before them all the Princes of these withstanding cities, recited the decree of the Senate to them, & declared what they were come to counsel them unto; namely that it was expedient for them, that every city should be governed by their own laws, institutions, and customs, and not to be governed by the providing of others. But when this embassage was notified to the multitude, instead of accepting this advertisement of the Romans', like mad men lest there should be any partakers of the sorrainers which inhabited amongst them, they fell to the massacre of them, and left not any stranger to sojourn in their dominion, nor had diminished their cruelty toward the Roman Ambrose bas also, had not they by having private notice of them rescued themselves by slight. But so soon as the news hereof was by the Ambas. brought to Rome, the Senate appointed Mummius the Consul, to make war against the Acheans, without protracting his endeavour or without delay, conveyed thither his Army, and having stoutly provided for all necessaries in readiness, appertained to further so great an enterprise, offered his enemies battle. While the Acheans as though they held it a matter of no more importance to be invaded by the Romans, then by some other straggling enemy, were utterly careless otherways then of ordinary resistance; sore minding the booty which their enemies brought, and not the battle, whereby they should be endangered themselves, they brought wagons to be laded home, with the spoils of their enemies, and set their wives and children in the mountains to behold the conslict. But the battles were no sooner drawn to form, and the encounter begun, but their wives, children, & friends, which they brought to be the view of the war, and to be witnesses of their valour, were testimonies of their overthrow, they were slain every soldier, even in their dearest friends sight, and left them noioy of them to be comforted by, but the sorrowful remembrance of their fall, to record all their lives after, their wives and children's looking on, and beholding their husbands and Father's ruin were made captives and a prey to the enemy. The chief City Corinth was beaten down, all the people sold by the drum, for an example to other cities. 
Corinth laid waste.  After this, Antiochus K. of Syria, made war upon Ptolemy the elder, his sister's son K. of Egypt, who was altogether given to sloth, and grown so unweeldy through daily riot, that he not only omitted all things appertaining to the estate and Office of a king, but also by means of overmuch pampering of himself, become in a manner void of that reason which man by nature is inclined unto. Being therefore in this war expulsed his kingdom, he fled to Alexander, with whom he divided his kingdom, who too together so concluded, that they sent Ambassadors jointly to the Senate of Rome, requesting their help by virtue of the league that was confirmed and held between them.  
The Senate being moved at this reasonable request of these two brethren sent Pub. Popilius their Ambassador. Antiochus willing him to abstain from 
Antiochus m●●●●th w●● against Ptolemy.  Egypt, if he were not entered there, and retire himself and his forces from thence, if already he with them had disturbed their peace. Which Popil. being admitted to Antiochus in Egypt, and that the king offered to kiss him, (for at such time as Antiochus lay in hostage at Rome, among others he had this Popilius in great reverence. But Popilius advertised him, to let cease and forbear all private friendship, while affairs concerning his Country were in hand. And therewithal drawing forth the decree of the Senate, and delivering it to him, when he saw him pause on the matter, and ask him leisure to consult and take adusie with his friends.) Popilius with a wand that he had in his hand, drew a wide circle about him, wiling him to call his friends to take counsel with him there, and not to remove or set his foot out of the place where he was, till he had returned the Senate a direct answer whither he would have peace or war with the Romans'.  
This rigorousness of Popilius and with such heat delivered, so much abated the king's courage, that he made reply, he was sufficiently contented to be 
An example of an uncorrupted mind.  ruled by the Senate. Antiochus after his return into his kingdom, leaving his heir a tender infant, whom the realm assigned to be under the governance of certain protectors.  
Hereupon his Uncle Demetrius who lay in hostage at Rome, hearing of the death of his brother Antiochus went unto the Senate, and in his own behalf, delivered that he came thither for a Hostage during his life, after whose decease he knew not for whom he should lie any longer pledge, but aught of right and justice to be discharged, that he might now as his own challenge the kingdom, which as by the universal law of all Nations it pertaiened as the inheritance of his elder brother, so now of reason it was due to him, being of more years & profound discretion, to manage an unbridled kingdom, then from tenderness of an infant, could be expected.  
But when he perceived though with long laboured suit, the Senate would not licence him to depart (because they were all of one opinion, that the 
The d●ath of Antiochus.  kingdom should remain in more safety, and less uproar, being in the child's rule, then in his) under pretence of riding a hunting, he fled to Ostia, and there with such of his fellows whom he thought best to trust, he privately took shipping, and safely escaped from thence. Assoon as he was arrived in Syria, he was received with great joy and favour of all men, and the protectors who had taken the infant in defence, first murdered their ward, and after seated him in the possession of the kingdom.  
The same time Prusias King of Bythinia went about to kill his own son 
Prusias taken in his own Share.  Nicomedes, provoked thereunto by no other cause, but thereby to advance his younger sons that he had begotten upon his second wife, and were then soiorners at Rome. But the unnatural plot being discovered to the young prince, by those whom his father had made ministers for the Tragedy, they further counseled him, that for as much as his father in his cruelty had animated them to so inhuman an act, he should prevent the conspiracy, and turn the mischief upon the devisers own head: neither found they it any difficult matter, to persuade him; but being prompted with the desire of his own preservation, assoon therefore as he was called home into his father's realm, with the intent to be murdered, he proclaimed himself King, & discovered his father's practice against him; hereupon the people took part with him, and Prusias the father and sovereign was deposed by his own son and subjects, and being left not regarded no further than a private person, was forsaken of his own servants, and as he lay hoping to obscure himself in an unfrequented and desolate place, being discovered to his son, his son as cruelly flew him as he had commanded his son to be put to death.  
The end of the xxxiiij. Book.   

The 35. Book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Demetrius' maketh war against Ariarathes king of Cappidocia, supporteth his brother Holofernes against him, whom afterward for treason prepensed he keepeth in prison. Prompalus is suborned as the son of Ant●●chus' by the name of Alexander against Demetrius, by whom Demetrius is deprived of life and kingdom. Demetrius the son of Demetrius recovereth his father's kingdom.  
COncerning Demetrius the usurper of the kingdom of Syria, supposing it to be dangerous to the security of his estate, and a hole for insurrection to creep in at, if upon his new advancement he should give him to idleness, and not express as much of his Nobleness to his subiect● as they in making him their King expected from him; determined to enlarge his kingdom, and to augment his riches, by subduing his neighbours. Whereupon for the displeasure he bore to Ar●arathes King of Coppadocia for refusing his sister in marriage, he maintained against him his brother Holofernes; who being wrongfully driven out of his realm, resorted to him for succour. And for joy 
An example of ingratitude  that he had so honest title to make war, he purposed to replant him in his kingdom again. But Holofernes being of a cankered and corrupt nature, made a compact with the Antiocheans, who at that time wet his enemies and offended with Demetrius, and practised with them to deprive him of his kingdom, which in this his banishment went about to restore him back into his.  
Demetryus having knowledge thereof, spared his life not for any zeal he had toward him, but because Ariarathes by his preservation should not be delivered from fear of his brother's war; nevertheless he caused him to be apprehended and inprisoned in the city Selucia. And the Antiochiens were not so discouraged by the detection of their conspiracy, that they should cease from rebellion. Therefore by the help of Ptolemy King of Fgypt, Attalus King of Asia, and Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, all which Demetrius had by his wars stirred against him, they suborned one Prompalus a man of the basest condition, to challenge the kingdom by battle, as though it had been his by right inheritance.  
And to the intent their should want nothing to spite Demetrius withal, they proclaimed him by the name of Alexander, and reported him to be the son of A●tiochus'. So sore hated was Demetrius among all men, that by an universal consent they not only gave his adversary the power of a king but also atributed unto him nobility of lineage. Alexander now enriched by means of this wonderful exchange, forgetting his villainy and outrage, and being accompanied with the power almost of all the whole East, made war against Demetrius whom he vanquished and deprived both of life and kingdom.  
Howbeit Demetrius wanted no courage to withstand the brunt, for at the first encounter he put his enemy to flight, and when the kings renewed the battle, he 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Demetrius.  so valiantly answered them, that he slew many thousands of them, and yet at the last (though of an invincible courage) he was slain fight among the thickest of his enemies. In the beginning of the wars, Demetryus had committed to the charge and oversight of his host of Guidus in Licia, his two sons with a great sum of Gold, for defraying of their expenses, to the intent they might be both out of jeopardy, and also if need enforced, so much be preserved to revenge their father's death.  
The elder of them named Demetrius, being past childhood, and hearing of the ●●otous demeanour of Alexander (who for the joy he had in his riches unhoped, and in the ornaments of another man's felicity, given over to licentioulnesse, kept himself like a cowardly carpet knight at home in his palace, among 
Demetrius the you● 〈◊〉 his father's kingdom.  a company of concubines and brothels) by the help of the Canadiens, assailed him careless, and misdreding no hostility prepared against him at all. Than Antiochiens also, to make amendss with their new benefits for the old displeasure done to his father, yielded themselves to him.  
Moreover his father's Soldiers being inflamed with favour toward the young Prince, and preferring the conscience of their oath made to his father, before their latter promise given to their new proud and dishonest King, revolted wi●hall their ensigns to Demetrius: and so Alexander being with the like rage of fortune over thrown as he was li●ted up, was in the first battle vanquished and slain, and so suffered due and deserved punishment both in the behalf of Demetrius whom he had slain, and in the right of Antiochus whose stock he had slandered.  
The end of the xxxv. Book.   

THE XXXVI. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Demetrius' maketh war against the Parthians, and is taken prisoner. Tryso usurped the kingdom of Syria. Antiochus the brother of Demetrius wresteth it out of his hands, and subdueth the jews. The original of the jews. The commendation of joseph. The going of the Isralites out of Egypt under Moses. The hollowing of the Sabbath day. The fruitfulness of jury, with the description of the vale of jericho, of the dead sea. Of Attalus king of Pergamus. Of his cruelty, and madness, and how he made the people of Rome his heir. Aristomicus the bastard son of Eumenes challengeth the crown and is overcome by the Romans'.  
Demetrius' having thus recovered his father's kingdom, was himself also corrupted with the prosperous success of his affairs, and not forewarned by the fall of him that preceded him, through the inclination of vice, that is commonly wont to be in the thought of youth, and the hot desire of evil, so generally rooted in the blood, he fell to sloth and idleness and wholly neglected the requisite ordaining of his affairs, and the honour of his princely name. By means whereof he purchased to himself, as great hatred in all men's hearts for his esseminate cowardice, as his father before him had gotten by hi● pride and arrogancy. Whereupon, perceiving how the cities & his king some even to the utmost borders, began to withdraw their obedience from him, to the intent to wipe that spot of cowardice wherewith he had blemished his reputation, he determined to make war upon the Parthians. Whose coming the people of the East were not willing to behold, both by reason of the cruelty of Arsaces' King of Parthians, and also because the country's being enured with gentle entreatance of the ancient dominion of the Macedons, could hardly digest the pride of the new Empire of the Parthians. By means whereof being aided with the powers of the Parthians, Emilians, and Bactrians; he vanquished the Perthians in many battles. 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 prisoner.   
Nevertheless at last being deceived at a parley, under a counterfeit colour of peace to be handled, he was taken prisoner and drawn through the open face of the Cities that had before revolted, and showed in dension to the people that had took part with him, as who should say, they might to their terror, see what a dejected creature he was now, whom they but lately had so highly favoured. Afterwards he was sent into Hyrcania, & there courteously entertained, according to the dignity of his former estate. In the mean time Tryfo, 
Tr●fo usurps.  who through great suit had obtained to be admitted protector over Antiochus, son in law to Demetryus, killed the child and usurped the kingdom, which long after as a sovereign thereof in peaceable possession he enjoyed.  
But at the length, when the favour that was given to him at his first coronation began to be worn out, Antiochus the brother of Demetrius (who all that time was brought up in Asia) being but a very child, overcame him in battle, and so the kingdom of Sciria was reduced back again to the posterity of Demetrius: Antiochus therefore, remembering that both his father was hated for his pride, and his brother despised for his slothfulness, to be sure that he would not fall into the same vices himself, after he had taken in marriage Cleopatra his brother's wife, he with all his diligence pursued the Cities, that had revolted from his brother at the beginning of his reign, and having subdued them, reform them again to the obedience of the Empire. At this time also, he conquered the jews, who in the reign of his father Demetrius, having gathered themselves into one body, had withdrawn their obedience from being subject to the dominion of Macedon, & having set themselves at liberty, which before were in bondage, they grew to such strength, that after the time of this King's decease, there was no sovereign of Macedon able to subingate their fealty by his dominion, but that in spite of them, they created a ruler among themselves, and disturbed all Sciria with their nations proceed.  
The original of the jews was Damascus, which is the Noblest city of all Sciria, 
The original of the jews.  and from whence the kings of Sciria derived their pedigree, as linially descended and propagated from Semiramis. The city had the name of a king of theirs (called Damascus) in honour of whom, the Scirians, worshipping the Sepulchre of his wife Aratis, for a Temple, and reverenced her with much devotition and superstitious Ceremonies for a Goddess. After Damascus, reigned Abraham, Israel, and Moses, but Israel was more notable than his ancestors, by reason of the fruitful increase of his ten sons: Therefore he divided his people into ten kingdoms, and delivered it to his sons, calling them all jews, after the name of juda, who deceased immediately after the division: the remembrance of whom, he commanded all the rest to have in reverence, (his portion was the chief of all the others) the youngest of his brothers was joseph, of whose excellent wit all the elder brothers being afraid, secretly laid for him, and having betrayed him, sold him to a Marchant-stranger, by whom he was carried over into Egypt: where through the sharpness and pregnancy 
The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 in Egypt.  of his wit, he profited in the magical arts, that in short continuance he proceeded and was held in great estimation with the king: for he was both a certain devinor of wonders and fortokens, and also was the first that discovered the interpretation and secret trouble of dreams: neither was there any thing appertaining, either to the divenity of God, or the prosperity of man, wherein as it were by heavenly revelation, he appeared not to have exact knowledge. Insomuch that he foresaw the barrenness and famine threatened to the land, many year before the Empire thereof, and without question all Egypt had in that greedy unsatisfied time perished for hunger, if the K. advised by his counsel, had not given straiht command, to engrosle and lay up in store, the corn of many years before to preserve his people from the extremity ensuing. Finally he was so well experienced, that his answers seemed not to be given by man but by God. His son was Moses, who besides the inheritance of his father's knowledge was also worthily commended for his exceeding beauty & comely parsonage. But the Egyptians being stricken with a great itch and leprous scurf over all their bodies, to the intent the contagion should infect no further, by the warning of an Oracle, exiled him and all the infected out of Egypt. Moses 
An un●●uth  therefore being there made captain over the banished people, stole away the hallowed Relics of the Egyptians, which stuff due to their devotion, they intending to recover the same by force, were compelled by the violence of a tempest, which wether beat them to retire home again, and Moses soon after resorting to Damascus, the native country of his ancestors, ●ent up into the Mountain Syria, in which (forasmuch as he first rested there, after seven 
The hallowing of the Sabbaoth day.  days fasting and travel of himself and his people through the desetts of Arabya) he hallowed the seventh day, and called it after the manner and custom of the country then in use, the Sabbath day; commanding it to be kept fasting day for ever after, because upon that day they made an end of their travel and hunger. And in memorial that they were driven out of Egypt for fear of infection, lest they should be hated again for the same cause where they should inhabit: they instituted a law, never after to communicate with strangers, which ordinance rising at first thus upon good consideration, by little and little grew into a custom of superstition. After Moses' his brother Aruas or Aaron, was consecrated, the first priest of the Ceremonies of Israel, and not long after King: so that it remained ever after as a custom amongst the jews, that they which 
Aaron  were their priests were also their Kings. Through which, justice joined with religion, it is incredible how greatly they increased. The enriching of the jews came by the revenues of Balm, which groweth in no other country but only in theirs. For certain, there is a spacious valley enclosed round about with continual & level hills, as it were walls to cities, or like defences about choice Gardens. The place containing 2 hundred thousand Acres, is named jericho, in the same valley there is a wood worthy principal record, both for the fruitfulness 
The description of I●●●●o  and for the pleasantness thereof; for it is both beset within and enclosed about, with date trees, and balm trees. The balm trees are a like in making & groweth unto pitch trees, saving that they be much lower and are dressed as vines are: these at cetrain seasons of the year do sweated out balm, neither is the place somuch to be admired at for the fruitfulness, as for the coldness; for whereas through all the climate of that country the sun is exceeding hot, there is in that seat, a natural warmness of the air, and a continual shadow to walk and recreate in. In that country also is a lake, which for the greatness thereof & for the unmovable standing of the water, is called the dead sea. For neither is it altered with the winds, by reason the Bitumen resisteth the force of them, 
The dead sea  wherewithal the water is made unmovable, neither can it be sailed upon, because all things wanting life, sink down to the bottom, and it will not be●re any substance unless it be overlaid with Allome.  
Xerxes' King of Persia was the first subdued the jews, afterward, they and the 
Xerxes' first subdued the jews.  Persians' also, were brought in subjection by great Alexander & continued by many years under the government of the Empire of Macedon: lastly rebelling against Demetrius, by seeking the friendship and alliance of the Romans (who at that time did cut large thongs of other men's leather) they were the first of all the Nations of the East that recovered liberty. During the same time that there was such alteration of the kingdom of Syria, among the new Kings, Attalus King of Asia, distained his most flourishing kingdom, which he had received of his uncle Eumenes, with the slaughter of his friends, and the execution of his allies, falsely surmising one while, that the old Lady his mother, another while that his own wife Beronice were by their sorcery and enchantments put to death. After the committing of this wicked and outrageous cruelty, 
The sorrows of Attalus.  he appareled himself in undecent apparel, and suffered his head and beard to grow long and forworn, like as offender's fashion themselves to do, being once in prison, careless of any thing that should refresh or delight either their bodies or minds: he took no pleasure to come abroad, it was hateful to see or hear the people, all m●●th in his house was loathsome unto him, all pleasure's poison, and as a man distracted and ●ent from his humane reason, so contemned he all humane society: so that it was thought he offered this punishment of himself, as an oblation to allay the fury of the Gods which he had justly provoked to do justice against him, or to pacify the wondering Ghosts of such, whom he had wrongfuly put to death. After this, neglecting altogether the government of the kingdom, refusing the estate and dignity given and due to a Prince, he gave himself to making of Gardens, and sowed seeds, setting herbs and weeds together, all which he would steep in venomous licquors, and commend as especial presents to his most decrest friends.  
Furthermore he gave himself to the practice and exercise of the Smith's craft, and to the founding of mettales, marvellously delighting in casting of Brass. Finally intending to make his mother a Tomb, as he was earnestly occupied about the same, he caught a surfeit by the heat of the sun, of which he died within seven days after, by his last will making the people of Rome his 
The death of Attalus.  heir.  
But Aristonicus the son of Eumenes, not begotten in wedlock, but born of a single woman of Ephesus, who after the death of Attalus, took upon him the government of the kingdom of Asia, as it had been successively his claim by right of the inheritance. When he fought many prospercus battles, against such of the cities as would not yield themselves to his aid, for fear of the Romans', and by that success seemed now to be rightful King without contradiction, Licinius Crassus the consul, was appointed to have the charge and disposing of all things in Asia, who having more mind of Attalus riches, then how for his advantage to contrive his wars (by the adventuring the encounter in the later end of the winter) without heedful direction he was 
The reward of a 〈◊〉 man.  overcome, and with the loss of his life concluded his rashness, and suffered punishment of his covetousness. To succeed in his room was sent the consul Perpenna, who in the first encounter vanquished Aristo●●●us, took him prisoner, and shipped all the treasure of Attalus appertaining to the Romans by force of Legacy, and conveyed them to Rome; the which his successor Marcus aquilius the Consul, taking sore to heart, made all the speed he could, to take Aristomicus into his hand, whereby he himself might rather have the honour of the triumph for vanquishing him then Perpenna: but the death of Perpenna broke off the strife between the two Consuls, and so Asia being made the right of the Romans, did with her riches sand all her vices unto Rome.   

THE XXXVII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe Massilianss entreat the Romans' to release their displeasure against the Phocenses. The Romans' reward the Kings that aideth them against Arystomicus. The cruelty of Laodice toward her own children. The birth, education, and dangers of Mythridates. He subdueth the Scythians. He travailleth through Asia disguised. He putteth his wife to death, for going about to poison him. His warlike conversation. He entereth into league with Nicomedes King of Bithynia, and they jointly Conquer Paphlagonia. He subdueth also Galatia, contrary to the prohibition of the Romans. Nicomedes altereth the name of his son, and proclaimeth him King of Paphlagonia.  
AFter that Aristomicus was taken prisoner, the Massilianss, sent Ambassadors to Rome, humbly requesting pardon for the Phocenses their first founders, upon whose City and people, the Senate had given sentence that they should be utterly rooted out, and the posterity oftheir name extirp, for that both in the last war with Aristonicus, and before time when they had like controversy with Antiochus, the same city like deadly enemies had ever furthered the war against them, which request the Massilianss with much suit obtained.  
This done they rewarded the kings that aided them against Aristomicus. unto Mithridates' king of Pontus, they gave the lesser Syria, and unto the sons of Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, who lost his life in the same battle, they gave Licao●●a and Cilicia, wherein the Senate and people of Rome, dealt more favourably with the sons of their confederates, than the mother dealt with her own children, for by the one the child had his kingdom enlarged, by the other he was bereft of his life. For Laodice, of six sons Ariarathes had begotten by her (for sear lest by continual succession in the government of the kingdom, some of them might happen to attain to man's estate) killed siue of them, one of the youngest by the help of his kindred, was preserved from his mother's cruelty, after the death of Laodice, (whom the people 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tuelty of a mother.  had put to death for the cruelty toward her children) enjoyed the kingdom to himself. Mithridates also being surprised by sudden death, left a son to possess his throne of his own name, who afterward grew to such power, that he surmounted in estate, not only the kings of his time, but also all them that had reigned before him: he held wars with the Romans six and forty years together, 
Myth●idates the gr●at.  sometime with conquest, sometime with loss, whom the most expert captains, Silla, and Lucullus, with divers others: and in fine, Cneus Pompeius overcam in such sort, that he still rose with greater force and prowess to renew the wars, and by his losses seemed ever to be made more terrible unto them, nor at last was he vanquished as an enemy, but in his old & declining age, leaving his son to be his heir, he dispatched and shortened his own life, by desperate and wilful death in his own kingdom, which he long honourably had made good against his enemies, and where his ancestors had reigned of long continuance.  
The very wonders of heaven did prognosticate to what greatness he should aspire, for both the same year he began his Empire, there appeared during the progress of therescore and ten days, at both times such a blazing star, that all the sky seemed to be on fire; for it was so large and spacious, that it 
A Come●  occupied a quarter of the heaven, and showed so bright, that it blemished the light of the sun, and when it rose or went down, it consumed 4. hours at each time.  
When he was a child, his own governors went about to destroy him, Romaynes him upon a rough and unbroken horse, and compelling him to learn to ride, and practise the activity and Noble exercise of Turney, the which attempt, following not their minds as they hoped for, because the young prince Mithridates managed the horse better than was hoped or expected in one of his age, they assailed him with poison, but he casting how to escape perils before they came, drunk treacle oftentimes, by means whereof, he so stayed his body with tried and exquisite medicines, that when he was old, he would have poisoned himself and could not.  
After this, fearing his enemies would compass the treason by stratigem, which they could not by poison, he counterfeited a desire of hunting, where by the space offoure years, he came not under any roof in the City, or cottage in the Country, but wandered up and down in forests and woods, and rested the night time in Mountains, sometime in one place, sometime in another, making no place especial for his repose, nor no man that knew his particular haunt, he enured himself either to chase or to pursue the wild beasts on foot, and with some of them to encounter by plain force, by means whereof, he both avoided all treason, and also hardened his body to ab●de all kind of labour and travel.  
Afterwards when he came to take the government of the kingdom upon him, he immediately set his mind not so much to the governing, as to the enlarging of the same, and in his Wars, he marvelous fortunately subdued 
Mit●●idates' 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉  the Scythians, who before that day was never conquered, who Nobly destroyed Zopyron, the captain of great Alexander, with thirty thousand fight men, who had slain Cyrus K. of Persia, with two hundred thousand men of war, and had put to flight, Philip king of Macedon.  
Being thus increased in strength, he conquered Pontus, and consequently Cappadocia. Than with certain of his friends he went secretly disguised out of his own kingdom, without knowledge to any other, than those friends associated him, and wandered through Asia, viewing the Situation of the cities and provinces of the same. From thence he traveled over Bithini●, and as though he had been already Lord of Asia, he provided himself of all things that might help to further him toward this great conquest.  
After this travel, when all men supposed he had been dead, he returned back into his own realm where he found a little son, whom Laodice his Sister and wife had brought him forth in his absence. But in the midst of the joy that was made, for his return and for the birth of the child, he was in danger to be poisoned; for his sister Laodice, believing him to be dead, 
The wife of Mithrid●tes pra●●●leth to take his li●e.  and thereupon abusing her body with his friends, (as though she might have lesle ened her offence, by committing of a greater crime) prepared a cup of poison to Welcome him home withal. Whereof Mythridates having intelligence by a Damsel, punished the offence upon the practisers thereof.  
After when Winter drew on, he spent not the time in feasting but in seats of Arms, not in idleness but in excercise, not among carpet knights, but in justing and tournament, in running on foot, and on horseback, or else in wrestling and trial of strength amongst his peers: he also daily enured his men of War by daily excercise, to be enured to like labour and travel, equal with himself. By means whereof, as by the Nobleness of his mind, and courage of his body, he was reputed invincible himself, so his whole host trained up under him, were held invincible also.  
He first entered into league with Nicomedes, and then invaded Paphlagonia, the which having conquered, he divided the benefit thereof to his captains and followers: When news was delivered to the Senate, that these kings had subdued the kingdom, they sent Ambassadors to them both, 
He conqueteth Paphlagonia.  commanding them not only to desist from what they had begun, but withal to leave it, without being any way endamaged by them in the same estate they found it in. But Mythridates accounting himself now of power sufficient to resist the puissance of the Romans', answered proudly, that the kingdom was his fathers by inheritance, and that he marveled, (knowing no reason they had for it) they should make argument with him for his, more than they before had done with his father: upon which answer being threatened in the behalf of the Senate by the Ambassadors, he set so light by their menaces, that he forthwith invaded Galicia. Nicomedies also (forasmuch as he was not able to make his party good, in the right of his kingdom by any title) answered he would surrender up his to the lawful King. And thereupon changing the name of his own son, he called him Phylomenes, by the name of the Kings of Paphlagonia. By which conveyance, under that counterfeit pretext, he still held the kingdom, as though he had restored it to the rightful successor. So the Roman Ambassadors being thus had in derision without other answer, then being scoffed by both, returned back to Rome.  
The end of the xxxvij. Book.   

The 38. Book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
MYthridates destroyeth Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and Nicomedes invadeth the kingdom. Mythridates under pretence of helping his sister's son, driveth Nicomedes out of the realm, and by a cunning slight taketh away the life of his sister's son, and maketh one of his own sons king. The Cappadocians rebel, and set up Artarathes, the brother of the before slain king, whom Mythridates overcometh, and driveth him out of the realm. The said Ariarathes dieth, whereupon Nicomedes subborneth a beautiful young man, under the colour of being brother to the said Ariarathes to sue to the Senate of Rome for the kingdom. Mythridates doth the like with another of his sons. The Cappadocians being set at liberty desire a king. Ariobarzanes is appointed by the Senat. Mithrydates entereth into league with Tygranes king of Armenia, who expulseth Ariobarzanes out of Cappadocia. The Romans' sent their Lieutenants to set Aryobarzanes again in his kingdom. Mithridates maketh great preparations and furniture for the wars. He encouraged his soldiers and consulteth of the ordering of his war. Ptolomye King of Cyrene obtaining the Kingdom of Egypt after the death of his brother, worketh most extreme cruelty against the Authors of his promotion. The Ambassadors of Rome come to Alexandria. Ptolemy flieth out of Egypt, maketh war against the same, committeth most execrable cruelness against his own children. The courtesy showed by the King of Parthia to Demetrius, being their prisoner. Demetrius ste●leth away twice, and is sent back again. Antiochus the brother of Demetrius, maketh War against the Parthians. Demetrius goeth into Syria. Antiochus is slain, and all his host murdered by a sudden conspiracy. Demetrius escapeth into his kingdom.  
MYthridates now, lest any stop or suspicion of his, should lie in the way to withstand his ambitious proceed, from honourable wars abroad, he returned to uncivil murders at home, and having begun first with putting his wife to death, determined to expire no less, on the children of his other Sister Laodice, whose husband Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, he had traitrouslye slain by the furtherance of Gordius, accounting the stratigem that concluded the Father, of little purpose, if after him the young Princes should enjoy the inheritance of the kingdom, which heeso much thirsted after.  
But while he was busied in these politic affairs, Nicomedes king of Bithynia, invaded Cappadocia, then detistute of a head, b● reason of the late death of the king: which Mithridates taking in hand to defend under a feigned pretence of pitying his sister, he sent her succour to expuise Nicknames o●t of Cappadoc●a. But Laodice had by that time they were arrived yielded her se●f to Nicomedes, upon condition he s●ould take he● to wife. Whi●h marriage Mythridates taking in high displeasure, he compelled the Garrisons of ●●comedess out of Cappadoc●a, and restored the kingdom to his sister's sou●●, wherein he had performed a kinsman part, and therem had 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 right Noble if thereby had not followed a de●eit which he practised in the 
Mithrida●es d●●●●th Nicom●des out of C●ppadocia.  doing thereof.  
For within few days after he was earnest to ha●e Gordius restored home into the favour of his king and 〈◊〉, whose help he had used in the murder of Ariarathes, hoping that if the young king thereat wo●lde seem to make resistance, he should the a have some quarrel to make war upon him; or if he were contented therewithal, that he then might dispatch the son by the same man that he ruinated the father. Which devise when Ariarathes the younger understood to be wrought against him, taking it in displeasure that the murderer of his father should be repealed out of exile, (and that in especial by his Uncle) who rather of justice ought to have punished so hemoas an offender, than thus ha●e favoured him; as well ●or his own defence which he do ●●●ed, as otherways he raised a great Arm●. Mithr●●ates now having brought into the field, fo●rescore tho●sand sootmen, and ten tho●sand horsemen, with six hundred armed Chariots, and that his adversary Artar●thes by the help of the kings that were his neighbour's, and were contesserat with him, had levied and assembled together as great a power as their enemy, which Mythridates supposed them unpossible to raise, for fear of the uncertain chance of the battle, he altered his purpose of war, to the practising of treason, being of opinion tha● in causes that concern kings, no treason for conscience sake, aught to be neglected, which certainly tends to the public preservation of so particular a person, whose security before lay in hazard.  
And thereupon procuring the young Prince to come to a conference with 
The treachery of M●thridates.  him, he conveyed a dag●●●● in the upperstock of his hose, and when the searcher that was sent by Ari●●●theses (as the manner ofkinges is) began to feel carefully the neither part of his be●ly, he i●stingly bade him beware that he sound not another weapon than he sought for●so by means of which scosse the treason was disclosed.  
Than both the kings being come to the place of parley, Mythridates drew Ariarathes a good way from hi● Friends. as it had been to have their communication secret to themselves, where watching his advant age in the open view of both armies slew him, and crowned a son of his own of the age of 8. years k. of Cappad●cia, giving him the name of Ariarathes, and assigning Gordius to be his governor.  
But the Cappadocians being vexed with the cruelty and treachery of the 
The son of Myth●●dates it expulsed  forenamed persons, revolted from Mithridates, and sent for the king's brother, whose name was Ariarathes also out of Asia, where he was instructed and brought up, against whom Mithridates renewed the wars, and having overcome him, drove him from out of the realm of Cappadccia. Not long after, what for fear of his kinsman's pursuit, and what by the present distress he was in, the young prince caught a sickness and died. After his death Nicomedes fearing lest Mithridates by obtaining Cappadocia, would further invade Bithynia, as next neighbour unto it, suborned a child of excellent beauty (as though Ariarathes had begotten 3. sons, and not two only) to desire of the senate of Rome the kingdom of Cappadocia, as his rightful inheritance from his father. Moreover he sent his wife Laodice unto Rome, to testify that she 
The impudent suit of Method 〈◊〉 to the Senate.  bore three sons by Ariarathes, and that was one of them: which device, when Mithridates heard of, he also with like modesty sent Gordius unto Rome, to avouch before the Senate, that the child to whom he had delinered the kingdom of cappadocia, was the son of the same Ariarathes, which in the quarrel of the Romans, was slain in the battle of Aristomicus. But the Senate understanding the meaning and subtle endeavour of both the kings, would not seem so unjust and partial, to give other men's kingdoms to usurpers & upstart heirs that assumed forged names to themselves, but they sirste took 
The order t●len by the Senate.  cappadocia from Mithridates, and to comfort Nicomedes withal, they took Paphlagonia from him. And to the intent it should not seem, they would bereave kingdoms from these kings in despite of them, & presently bestow them upon others, they having disposest them, left both the Nations to be at liberty. But the cappadocians refusing this gift of freedom, returned to the Senate 
Artobazanes made king of Cappadoc●a.  that they nor their country, neither could nor would live and continued without a k. whereupon Ariobarzanes was appointed to take the rule and pre-eminence over them. There was at the same time one Tigranes k. of Armenia, kept in hostage not long before by the Parthians, and now remitted by them into his father's kingdom: Him did Mithridates covet to allure to take part with him, in the wars that he so long time had purposed against the Romans, whom by the means of Gordius he persuaded (as one that knew not what it was to displease so imperious a people) to make war upon them. Ariobarzanes, who was no other but an absolute coward, and to the intent he would not have it appear, he did it either for fear or policy, he gave him his daughter Cleopatra in marriage, while he himself, at the first coming of Tygranes to receive her, conveying away all his stuff, fled speedily to Rome; so by the means of Tigranes, Cappadocia was again reduced under the Dominion of Mith●idates. At the same instant died Nicomedes, whose son named Nicomedes, being driven out of his kingdom by Mithridates, resorted to Rome for 
Mithridates' 〈◊〉 Cappadocia.  succour, upon whose humble suit it was decreed by the Senate, that both he & Ariobarzanes should be seated in possession of their kingdoms again. For the persormance whereof, Aquilius, Manlius, and Malthinus, were sent to be Lieutenants of the war. Mithridates having knowledge hereof, & intending to answer this enterprised hostility of the Romans', allied himself with Tygranes, betwixt whom it was covenanted, that Mythrydates should have for his part the cities and lands, and Tygranes for his share the men & 
Mithridates and Tygranes confederate together.  cattle, and whatsoever else was movable. After this, Mithridates considering what a war he had undertaken, sent out his Ambassadors, some to the Cymbrians, some to the French-greekes, some to the Sarmatians, others to the Baslarnes, to request them oftheir aid and help: all which Nations he had alured long before, by showing to them friendships and sundry favours ever since he first purposed this war against the Romans', and which now he made in readiness for. Moreover he raised an host of men in Scythia, and armed all the East, against his so powerful enemies, whereby it was no marvel, that he overcome Aquilius and Malthine, having none but the 
M●●●●dates' sturetn other Nation's a●●●● the Ro mains.  men of Asia on their part, and after the discomfiture of whom, and of Nicomedes, all the cities were earnest suitors to be received into his favour. There he found as it were stored up in readiness for the employment he had, great plenty of Gold and silver, gathered and reserved by the kings in times past, with much furniture for the war, which in that action he had in hand, he knew both necessary and needful: and forasmuch that this provision made greatly for his furtherance, and being now from all infirmities strengthened that he would not seem also to be chargeable to the cities, he released them all their debts, as well private as public, and exempted them freely from all charges, as well of the wars, as of tribute and taxes for 5. years' space. Than assembled he his soldiers before him, and encouraged them with divers requisite exortations to this war against the Romans, otherways entitled the wars of Asia. The copy of which Oration, I have thought worthy not to be severed from this work (albeit I desire to be short) in the same manner as Pompeins Trogus hath in directly set it forth, for that he findeth fault with Lyute 
The oration of M●●●●date● to his men of waire  and Sallust, for publishing Orations in their works as they were spoken, when fewer words to so much purpose is as sufficient, and for that by so doing they exceed the bounds of a History. He said he could gladly have wished, since it was convement, that he might have consulted upon this point before the violence of the disquiet attained to this height, whether it had been better for the general good of them all, though not for the particular benisit of himself, to have war or peace with the Romans. But now that there was no remedy, to redeem their slavery but by resistance; to have liberty but by the law of war, to have peace, unless purchased now in so adventurous a sight, nor reap plenty, unless bought with the price of their enemy's blood: he did expect & hope from their honourable resolutions, since all men will draw their weapons against thieves, though not to defend their wealth, yet knowing them merciless, to revenge their deaths. But for as much as he purposed not to debate, whether it were profitable now to be in quiet, (considering they had a quarrel to answer, not against them that were suspected enemies in heart but such as had professed themselves apparently, and were now to be encountered like deadly enemies in public battle,) he desired to know by what means, and upon what hope, they should maintain the wars they had already begun, himself not doubting the victory, if they with him would but continued hearty courage in the act they had declared, both in the plot and pretence. That the Romans might be overcome, his soldiers that vanquished Aquilius in Bithynia, and Malthinus in cappadocia, were witnesses as well as he. But if he thought the examples of other men's fortunes, could stir and inflame them more than their own experiences, he had heard that Pyrrhus K. of Epire, strenghned but with 5. M. Macedons, vanquished the Romans, ●n 3. several pitched fields. He had herd that Hannibal by the space of xuj. years, abode in Italy like a conqueror, and had sacked the city of Rome itself, had not the secret malice, his own countrymen bore to his fortunate successes, been a greater hindrance to him, in that cities overthrow, than the power of his enemies. He had herd that the Frenchmen inhabiting on the otherside of the Alps, entered into Italy, and there (notwithstanding the Romans) seated themselves in the most wealthiest cities of all the continent, and seized into their hands, a larger piece of ground every way, than their enemy had conquered in Asia. Moreover the said Frenchmen had not only vanquished the Romans but also taken their city; in somuch that they left them no more ground in all the world whereon to billet themselves, but on a hill, from whence they were feign to remove their enemy, not by battle, but by ransom. The which Frenchmen, (the report of whose name since hath been so terrible to the Romans) he had to strengthen him and make successful his war. For there is no difference between the Frenchmen that inhabit Asia, and the Frenchmen that people Italy, but only the distance of their dwellings asunder. As for their original, their prows, and the manner of ordering their fight was all one; seeing that those in Asia, must of force be of much more policy and wit, as they have come a more long and tedious journey through Sclavont● & Thrace, being a far painfuller labour, and a means to train them up in a secure experience to make themselves way, through allthose countries, than the other to settle their abiding where they now inhabit. Furthermore that Italy itself, was never well pleased with Rome since it was first builded, but that continually from year to year, incessant war hath been made, by some for their liberty, and by others for the right of the Empire. Insomuch that many cities of Italy had utterly destroyed the Roman Army by the sword, & soon compelled them snamefully to creep under a yoke: and lest he might seem to make too long relation in matters of old time, even at that present all Italy was up in Arms jointly, together with the Marses, not to demand liberty, but society in the Empire, and in the city itself. Neither was the city Rome, oppressed more by the wars of their neighbours in Italy, then by the factions, and partake of her Noblemen at home, whereby the civil uproars were more dangerous, than the foreign wars cumbersome. Besides these, the Cimbrians, that unmeasurable, disordered, and huge rabble of savage and unmerciful rascals, were swarmed out of Germany, of all which Nations, although the Romans' might be able to withstand the brunt, yet by all at once, they must be so oppressed, that they could hardly have leisure to resist his wars in hand. Where fore occasion aught to be taken while it was offered, both to the increasement of their strength, and forwarding their dissieignes, lest if they stood still while their enemy had his hand full, and neglected the good of opportunity, which lead them a path to safety; they might like the Grasshopper, sing in Summer, & starve in winter, rest one hour, & they & their postertiy to live in misery ever after. For it was not by him in question, whether War aught to be made or not, but how it might be so done to redound to their honour, and the ruin of the Romans': neither did he seek occasion now to make war, for the controversy was begun between them, from the time that they took from him in his nonage Phrigia the less, which they had given unto his father as a reward for aiding them in their battle against Aristomicus, but had continued till now, and his grievances had been feign to digest weighting times leisure, till he should be abled in full measure so to rehearse his injuries he had sustained, & one the causers thereof justly to be revenged. Besides, that country they had rest from him, Seleucus Callinicus had before given in dowry with his daughter to his great Grandfather Mithridates. They had also commanded him to departed out of Paphlagonia, or else were ready to proclaim against him defiance, which Realm fell to his father not by force of arms, nor by conquest, but by adoption, and as a Legacy of a last will and Testament, made at the deaths of the rightful Kings, and so consequently by inheritance: whereas notwithstanding all his humble obedience, to their severe & bitter decrees, they were not at all moved to mitigate them, but rather resolved to bear themselves more cruelly against him. What impositions had they laid upon him which he had refused; or what submission could they devise which he had despised, or had not used towards them? Had he not at their institution, surrendered Phrigia and Phaphlagonia? had he not by their appointment withdrawn his son out of Cappadocia, which he had conquered? And therefore was his by the law of arms? Which labour of his was by them usurped, as if the fruit of other men's chivalry should be no further their own, than they list? that they having no Empire of their own, but that which they purchased and held by the sword, should deny that liberty to others, which they cherished in themselves? Did he not for their pleasure kill Creston King of Bythinia, against whom the Senate had proclaimed war? And yet for all these endeavours whereby he laboured to be acceptable unto them, whatsoever Gordius or Tygranes undertook, and was displeasing unto them, was imputed altogether to be animated and furthered by him.  
Moreover in despite of him, the Senate had of their own voluntary will & pleasure, set Cappadccia at liberty which country they themselves had taken from other Nations. Afterwards when the people of Cappadccia sued to have Gordius for their king, not being able to keep their country without commotions, through the want of a governor, they could by no suit nor entreaty, procure their consent thereunto, though having no other reason to withstand it but because he was accounted his friend. Nicomedes at their commandment made war upon him, after which precept of theirs being by Nicomedes begun, they suffered him not to take such revenge upon him as befitted his dignity, but they themselves sought to compel him to stand to their censure, since they had undertook to arbytrate the difference between them.  
Whereupon unless he should sit still in his seat●, being provoked by these means, & suffer every rumour to proclaim him a coward, or give leave to that dancing Damosels son Nicomedes, to tear him from his Empire at his pleasure, he could not be at content of them; neither was it the faults of kings in their own particular person, which they were offended with, & lought to redress, but their power and Majesty which they studied to suppresle whereby to bestow it on their own confederates, and thereby, whosoever had the possession thereof, the dignity they still reserved to themselves as theirs: which practice of theirs he was not the first, nor had been used against him one●; for after the same manner his Grandfather Pharnax, by right of kindred appointed as heir and successor to Eumenes King of Pergamus, and again, Eumenes himself in whose shipping and by whose means, they were first conveyed over into Asia; by the help of whose men of War, more than by their own puissance, first they conquered the great Antiochus, and the Frenchmen in Asia, and shortly after King Perses in Macedon. All which favours of his, their own turn being served they forgot, and not only forsook him but held him as an enemy, forbidding him to come within Italy & (that which they thought they might not do to him for shame) they made war upon his son Aristomic●s. There was never any King that had deserved mo●e at their hand, or done more for them whereby to be respected, than M●sinissa King of Numidia. To him & his labours they imputed the overcoming of their ●angeious enemy Hannibal; him they thanked for the the taking of Syphax; him they commended for the destroying of Carthage, him they registered among the two Africans as the third preserver of their city: and yet with the same man's Nephew, but even the other day they made War in Africa so deadly and merciless, that after they had vanquished him they could not found in their hearts for his great grandfather's sake, and in remembrance of the good he had done for them, either to spare him, or pardon him, but they ymprisoned him, and led him through the city in manner of a Triumph, and made him a wondering gazing stock, to the unsatisfied eyes of the multitude. Thus had they made a law to themselves to bear continual hatred against all kings, for that they ever had such to bear sovereignty over them as they were ashamed to hear spoken of; that is to say, either shepherds of Thaborigiens', Southfaires of Sabines, or Outlaws of corinth, or else (which is the honourablest name and title they can ever challenge to have been among them) proud men, and as (they themselves report) such founders as a Wolf gave suck unto▪ which may well be, in tha● all the offspring of that people, have Wolves hearts, unsac●able of blood, greedy of dominion, and raveners of riches; whereas himself for his own p●rson (if comparison should be made between him and them as touching Nobility) he was of more famous lineage, and more worthily descended then that ragged heap of enemies: for he could derive his peug●ee, on the father's side from Darius, and Cirus, the first founders of the Monarchy of the Persians', & on the mother side from great Alexander, from Nycanor an● Selucus, ●he first grounders & establishers of the flourishing Empire of M●cedon: or if he should compare his people with theirs, he said he was a ruler of those Nations, which are not only able to match the Roman Empire, but also withstood the Empire of Macedon. For there was none of the nations over whom he was ●uer, that ●ad been at any time subdued by foreign princes, or that ever submitted th●ir subjection to any King, unless he were of their own country; ch●se whether they would name Cappadocia or Paphlagonia, Pontus or Byth●ia, A●●●●ia the greater, or Armenia the less, of which Countries neither Alexander (even he that conquered all Asia) nor any of his successors, or posterity ever touched or disturbed.  
As for Scythia, there was never but two kings before him, namely Darius & Philip, that ever durst somuch as attempt to enter into it, who being neither able ●o make any conquest, had much a do to wind themselves out with the preservation of their lives, from whence also he had congregated a great part of his strength, in this his expedition against the Romans'. For himself, he had more cause to have been afraid when he entered into the wars of Pontus, as being then but a young novice in the wars, and a fresh water soldier not enured to hardiness.  
For the Scythians besides that they be well harnessed, and well hearted, are also fenced, either with deserts and waste grounds, or else with cold and extremity of weather, which bid the soldiers prepare, to abide both great travel and peril: among which distresses, neither there was not almost any hope of reward, os so wandering an enemy, which had not only no money, but not so much as a house to hide his head, or shelter himself in.  
When in this warfare they were now entered into, there was a more delightful hope to he cherished, for neither was the air more temperate in all the world, then in Asia, the soil more fertile, nor more plenty of fair and plentiful Cities; so that they should spend a great part of the time, not as in warfare, but as in feasting. And it was a question, whether the War should be more easy, or more profitable: whether they should adventure upon the spoil of the kingdom of Attalus, now next unto them, or upon Lydia and jonia, so greatly renowned for their riches in ancient time, neither of which, they should need to go to fight for, but to take possession of.  
For all Asia was so desirous of their coming, that it seemed to him, he herd them call, and cry aloud to them, make speed. So great hatred to the Romans, had the greedy and ravenous dispositions of their Proconsuls, the polling and exacting of their tolegatherers, the wrongful dealing in suits and controversies in the Law, by their Officers, and generally the oppression of all parties, rooted in the hearts of them.  
Wherhfore he willed them to do no more but follow him manfully, to take precedent from him, & ponder with themselves what so great an army might be able to effect, having such a captain as himself, whom they themselves had seen, without the help of any of his soldiers, by his own industry, only slew the king of Cappadocia, and seized his kingdom: who only of all the men and worthy Conquerors that ever lived, conquered all the countries, bordering upon the sea of Pontus and Scythia also, which before his time were so perilous to all, that no man could travel through them, nor have traffic in safety.  
As for his own justice and liberality he would not refuse that his Soldiers which had had sufficient trial and experience of them, should bear Witness to the same, as of the which these were manifest tokens, that he only of all kings, enjoyed not solely the kingdoms that his Father possessed before him, but withal for his bounteousness and royalty, was a 'dopted to be heir of other foreign realms: as colchos, Paphlagonia, and Bosphorus, which he now peaceable held. When he had thus encouraged his Soldiers, altar the three and twenty year of his reign, he entered into war against the Romans. 
He returneth to the stories of Egypt  At that time in Egypt after the death of Ptolemy the King, Commissioners seated the other Ptolemy which reigned at cyrene, in possession of the kingdom; and contracted the Queen cleopatra, his sister to him to be his wife.  
Ptolemy rejoicing that he had recovered his brother's kingdom without battle, the which he knew his mother Cleopatra', and certain of the Nobility, went privately to assure unto his brother's son, to the great displeasure of all the city, caused all such as favoured the child to be put to death. The child himself he slew in his mother's arms, the very same day that he married her, in the 
The cruelty of Ptolemy.  midst and height of all the feasting and Ceremonies of wedlock, and so he went to his wife and sisters nuptial led all bestained with the blood of her son.  
After which deed he was'as cruel and revengsull to his other countrymen which had stood for him and called him to the kingdom. For he gave his soldiers leave (which were strangers) to make slaughter of whom they would, so that daily the massacre increasing and the channels for want of other currant were supplied with blood: he also put away his sister, and took to wife her daughter, a faite young maiden having ravished her perforce, with which Tyranny the people were to sore dismayed, that they shrunk from him, some one way some another, forsaking their native country like banished men, glad of any ground where they might secure themselves from him.  
Ptolemy being left alone with his Soldiers, in so great a City, when he saw himself Sovereign of empty houses and not of men, made proclamation that what strangers soe'er, should freely come and inhabit the same; after whose resortthither and that the city was again replenisned, he went forth to meet the Roman Ambassadors, Scipio Affricanus, Suprius Mumius, and Lucius Mettellus, which comforted the Senate, to see how the Rèalms of their confederates were ordered. But look how cruel he had been to his own countrymen, so much was he a laughingstock to the Romans'. For he was ill visaged, a 
Ptolemy derided of the Roman Ambassadors.  dwarf by Stature, and had such a barrel belly, that he seemed more like a beast than a man, which unaccustomed deformity, his small shrill voice, and his thin garments did more increase, as though of set purpose, he had garnished those things to be seen, which if he had any modest regard of shame, he rather aught with all care to have concealed.  
After the daparture of the Ambass. (of whom Affricanus whilst he beheld the city, was himself a spectacle to the Alexandrians) Ptolemy being for his former cruelties, now hated of his alliance also, fled secretly out of the realm with his son, whom he had begotten of his sister, and with his wife her own mother's paramour, for fear os treason. And having drawn together an host of hired Soldiers, he made war both against his sister, and against his own country. Afterwards he sent for his eldest son from Cyrene, and because the Alexandrians should not make him King against him, which he only misdoubted he put him to death.  
Whereat his people no longer containing themselves to be sufferers of his murders, the more to despite him, broke down his Images, and tore down his pictures, set up to continued the memory of him in their minds: which outrage he thinking to be done by the procurement of his sister, he slew the son whom he had begotten by her, and cutting the body in pieces, closed it in a basket, and sent it for a present to the mother, as she was making a feast to solemnize the remembrance of her birthday.  
Which lamentable spectacle, and sorrowful sight, not only to the Q. herself, but also to the whole City, cast such a grief amongst their joyful meeting, that suddenly in all the Court, was nothing heard but mourning and Lamentation. The Noblemen, converting themselves from feasting to Funerals, presented before the people the mangled body, declaring what fruitless hope they aught to have of their king, who had so cruelly murdered his own children.  
Cleopatra, after that the sorrow of her son was abated, perceiving her 
〈…〉 in the ●6. ●ooke.  self grievously pursued by her brother's war, demanded help of Demetrius king of Syria by his Ambassadors, whose fortunes were strange and worthy to be spoken of. For Demetrius as it is showed before, making Warreagainst the Parthtans, and getting the victory in many encounters, was suddenly surprised by policy, and besides the loss of his Army, was also himself taken prisoner; whom Arsaces k. of the Parthians sent into Hir●●●ia, and of his Noble and royal courage, not only gave him entertainment like a king, but also preferred him his daughter in marriage, promising moreover, to restore him to the kingdom of Syria, which Trifo had usurped in his absence.  
After whose death Demetrius being past hope of recovery of his kingdom growing weary of his captivity, and the privatnes of his life being loathsome to him, tho●gh he lived never so wealthily, began to consider with himself, that he had been a king, sovereign of many things, where now his captivity made him Lord of nothing; the ground he walked on, the place he lay in, the meat he eat, Nay the imprisonment that he had, he was not master of, since both he, and all these, were to be altered at his keeper's pleasure; and in this consideration of his, rehearsing to himself, Since thus much is the sat of prisoners, that though they have liberty, it is Bondage. I will be a king on nothing. In which determination he assailed to steal home into his kingdom.  
His counsellor and companion in this Enterprise, was a friend of his called Calimander, who after his masters long captivity, corrupting guides with money, and disguising themselves in Parthians apparel, Demetrius with himself, escaped out of Hyrcania, through the deserts of Arabia, unto Babylon. But Phrahartes which succeeded Arsaces, sent Posthorses after him, who made such speed by nearer and director ways, that having overtaken him they brought him back again. When they came before the king, Callimander his servant was 
A● ex●mple 〈…〉.  not only pardoned, but highly rewarded for his faithfulness towards his may. But Demctrius with a great rebuke, was sent again unto his wife into Hyrcania, and there attended more straightly than he was before.  
In process of time when his wife had increased children to him, it was thought, that the love of them, and the content of his wife, would rather settle his stay, than the desire of absence entice him thence; whereupon, his liberty was enlarged, but he cherishing his former desires, accompanied with his trusty friend escaped again.  
But even with like pursuit as before, he was overtaken, near unto the borders of his own kingdom, and being apprehended, was brought back 
〈◊〉 taken again in a 2 ●●●ght.  again, before the king, who commanded him out of his presence in great displeasure. Nevertheless granting him again his wife and children, as fellow and obedient comforters to him, he was again sent back into Hyrcania, his former place of penance, & rewarded with a pair of gold shoes, in reproof of his childish lightness.  
But this so gentle and favourable demeanour of the Parthians toward Demetrius trius, proceeded not of any mercy naturally engrafted in that Nation, or in respect of alliance or affinity, but because they coveted the kingdom of Syria, intending to use Demetrius as an Instrument against his Brother Antiochus, according as either the matter, the time, or the chance of the War should importune.  
Antiochus hearing thereof, thought by wisdom and foresight to prevent their subtle practice, and thereupon led his host (which he had hardened, and enured through many Voyages and battles against his neighbours) 
Antiochus leadeth an host against the Parthian  to encounter with the Parthians. But in this enterprise he made as much preparation for riot, as for War. For whereas he had in his host eight hundred thousand men of War, he had evermore three hundred thousand others, that followed with him. Of which the most part were Cooks, Bakers, Minstrels, and players of Interludes. Of Gold and Silver, he was so enriched with so great abundance, that even the common soldiers ware their clothes embroidered with gold; nay their plenty was so great, that they trod under their feet the Metal, for the love and desire of which, kingdoms have been dispeopled, children have been fatherless, and men have willingly killed one another.  
Moreover all the furniture of his riches, were of clean Silver, as though he had prepared to banqueting and not to battle. At Anticchus first arrival, many kings of the East saluted him, and yielded themselves and their kingdom as his tributaries and defenders. Fnally detesting the pride of the Parthians, it was not long ere it came to the encounter, wherein Antiochus getting the uper hand, in three several pitched fields, & thereupon subduing Babylon by force, was accounted great: by Fortune whereof, all countries revolted so greedily unto him, that the Parthians had no more Dominion left them, than the bore soil of the realm of Parthia.  
Phrahartes now upon this success of Antiochus, sent Demetrius into Syria with an host of Parthians, to invade the kingdom; to the intent that by that policy, Antiochus might be enforced to withdraw himself out of Parthia, to the defence of his own Realm. In the mean time because he could not overcome Antiochus by force, he sought means to surprise him by policy. Antycchus by reason he had such a multitude, dispersed all his army into the Cities, during the Winter season, which speacial care of his was his utter overthrow. For the Cities, finding themselves burdened with victualling of his host, and also injurious demeanour of the Soldiers, revolted again to the Parthians, and at a dayappointed for the stratigem, all at one hour by traitorous conspiracy set upon the host, as it was divided in every of there cities, and billeted in places severally, to the intent they being assaulted all at once, 
A sudden conspiracy against Antiochus.  they should not be able one to come to the rescue of another.  
When tidings hereof came to Antiochus, he assembled such as Wintered with him, and went to labour the relief of such as were nearest him. But in his way he met with the king of Parthians and his power, against whom he fought more valiantly himself, than did his host; wherein his valour not prevailing, for as much as his enemies were more in number, and of more force and courage, his men forsook him, and in that battle he was slain. For whom Phrahartes made a royal hearse, and kept funerals for him as befitted the prosperity of so royal a Prince; withal falling in love with the daughter of Demetrius, 
The death of Antiochus  whom Antiochus had brought with him, he took her to wife.  
By fortune of which good hap, it repent him that he let go Demetrius, and sent his men in post either to call him by entreaty, or if he denied compel him back. But Demetryus dreading so much which after was approved, made such speed, that he recovered his own kingdom; whereby the Parthians being thus disappointed of their travel and expectation, returned to the king.  
The end of the xxxviij. Book.   

THE THIRTY-NINE. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Demetrius', while he goeth about to conquer the whole realm of Egypt, loseth his own Realm by sudden rebellion. The king of Egypt subborneth one as adopted by Antiochus to challenge the king doom of Syria, proclaimed him by the name of Alexander, who overcometh Demetrius and killeth him. Grypho the son of Demetrius is crowned king by name, (his mother bearing all the rule) He is supported by the power of the Egyptians against Alexander, whom he vanquisheth. Alexander is taken by thieves, brought unto Gripho, and put to death. The mother of Grypho, offering her son a cup of poison, is compelled to drink it herself. His brother Cyricenus maketh insurrestion against him. The King of Egypt dieth. Grypho overcommeeh Cyricenus. The cruelty of Griphin towards her sister Cleopatra the wife of Cyricenus. Cyricenus vanquisheth Gripho, and revengeth his wife's death upon her sister. Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, setteth up and pulleth down her sons at her pleasure, and at length is slain by Alexander the younger, who for his labour is vanquished the Realm, and his brother Ptolemy made king in his stead. The king of Cyrene bequeatheth his kingdom to the Romans. Herotimus king of Arabia infesteth Egypt and Syria.  
AFter that Aotiochus with all his army was thus destroyed in Parthia, his brother Demetrius being delivered from captivety of the Parthians, (when as all Syria as yet mourned for the loss of the army, as though the wars, that he and his brother had made in Parthia, in the which the one was taken prisoner, the other slain, had concluded with prosperous seccesse) he purposed to make war in Egypt, at the request of Cleopatra his wives mother, who promised to give him the kingdom of Egypt in recompense, if he would support her against her brother. But whilst he went about to gain that which was another's right he lost his own, by means of a sudden insurrection in Syria. First the Citizens of Antioch, through the instigation of their Captain Trifo, detesting ●he kings pride, (which by his conversation, among the cruel Parthians was become insufferable) and shortly after the Apemenians with all the rest of the Ctties following their example, took occasion upon their king's absence and rebelled against him.  
Ptolemy also king of Egypt, against whom the said Demetrius made War, when he understood, that his sister Cleopatra had shipped all her goods, and treasure, and was fled into Syria to her Daughter and son Demetrius, suborned a young man of Egypt, the son of a Merchant called Protarchus, to challenge the kingdom of Syria by battle, forging a pedigree, as though Antiochus had adopted him into the blood royal. And the Syrians careless who were their king so they might be delivered from the pride of Demetryus, the young man was proclaimed by the name of Alexander, and great succours were gathered 
An Egyptian 〈◊〉 king against Demet●●●●  to support him out of Egypt.  
In the mean while, the body of Anticchus slain by the King of Parthia was sent into Syria in a cousin of silver to be buried, which was received with great solemnity by the cities, but chiefly by Alexander himself, to the intent to make men credit the tale, and the better to co●firme in them a belief that Antiochus had adopted him his heir. And at his funeral he in such sorrowful habit behaved and fashioned himself, that he won much favour of the commons, and every man endeavoured his thoughts how to make his duty, love, obedience & allegiance increase to him, accounting that his outward sorrowful mourning to be sincerity, which indeed was no other but hypocritical dissimulation.  
Demetrius b●ing vanquished in battle, by this upstart Alexander, and environed on all sides with unavoidable dangers, was at the last sorsaken of his own wife and children. Being then le●t desolate saving a few servants, as he was purposed to have fled to to the Temple o● Tyrus, there to register himself a sanctuary man, hoping the reverence of the place though not regard of him, ●●ight preserve his life, when he went out to land, he was slain by the commandment of the master of the ship.  
The one of his sons whose name was Seleucus, because he crowned himself King without his mother's consent, was by her slain; the other of his 
The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  sons, who for greatness of his nose was surnamed Grypho, was created king by his mother, but upon this condition, that he should bear the name, and she all the authority. But Alexander the usurper of the kingdom of Syria, being puffed up with continual success in his affairs, began by the nourishment of his pride to despite Ptolemy himself, by whom he was muested in that kingdom.  
Ptolemy hereupon, reconciling himself to his sister, endeavoured by all means he could devise or be instructed in, to depose Alexander from his royalty, the which he had obtained by his help, for the haved he in his life bore towards Demetryus. Whereupon he sent aid to Gripho into Gre●ce, and his daughter Gryphin also to be his wife, to the intent he might allure the people to help his Nephew, not only by confederacy, but also by alliance of affinnity, which as he intended came to pass: for after the time they perceived, that 
The Egypti 〈◊〉 ●●●●ng put 〈◊〉.  Gripho was supported with the power o● Egypt, they began by troops to revolt from Alexander. After there was a battle fought between them, in which Alexander being put to the worse, ●led into Antioch, where for want of money wherewith to pay his soldiers their wages, he commanded an Image of victory, of Massy gold to be taken out of the Temple of jupiter, couloring his Sacrilege with a pleasant scoff, saying that jupiter had lent him victory; so escaping for this wickedness unpunished, he thought it rather benefit for him, to go forward in that practice he had begun, then to be sorry for what was passed: so having given commandment to have the Image of jupiter rest out of the Temple also, form of clean Gold and of unknown weight, and that being withstood of the act of this evil, he was put to flight by the multitude that came to the rescue, and in his hope to escape was oppressed by the violence of a Tempest, forsaken of his followers, taken by thieves, and spoiled and brought unto Grypho, and there received his deserved death.  
Grypho by his fall, having fully recovered his father's kingdom, and being delivered from outward dangers, was assaulted, by the treason of his own Mother, who being inflamed with the desire of sovereignty, after she had betrayed her husband Demetrius, and murdered her other Son, for spite and malice, that her former authority should be diminished, by the victory of this her other son, she offered him a cup of poison, 
Desire of so●●●●.  as he returned in Triumph from his conquest. But Gripho having intelligence of his mother's treason (as though he had strived with her for courtesy) desired her to drink to him, which upon her refusal he requested more earnestly; and at length calling before her, the author of the report to him, he laid the treason to her charge, affirming he would admit no other excuse of her offence, but if she would drink the same herself she had proffered to him.  
The Queen being by this means, convicted of her mischievous cntent by receiving inwardly the poison, she had prepared for her Son, was deprived of her life. Grypho having thus brought his Realm in quietness, 
The death of the Queen.  not only lived himself at heart's ease, without either disturbed with foreign invasion, domestic insurrection, or private treason, but also governed his kingdom in happy peace for the space of eight years after. The which term expired, there arose an enemy to his kingdom, namely his own brother Cyricenus, borne by his own mother, but begot on her by his uncle Antiochus. Whom whilst he went about to bring to destruction, & rid out of the way by poison, he stirred him the sooner to contend with him for the kingdom.  
Among these inorderly discords of the Realm of Syria, died Ptolemy King of Egypt, leaving the Government of the kingdom to his wife, and 
The death of Ptolemy.  one of his Sons, which soever she should choose and accounted most fit off, as though the state of Egypt should be in better quiet, than the Realm of Syria, when the Mother by giving the kingdom to one of her Sons should make the other her enemy. Therefore whereas she was of herself most inclined to the younger son, the people compelled her to make choice of the elder. From whom (before she gave him the kingdom) she took away his wife, and having enjoined him to forego his most dearly beloved sister Cleopatra, she constrained him to take in marriage his younger sister Seluce, wherein she dealt not like a mother betwixt her daughters, considering she took her husband from one, and gave him to the other.  
Cleopatra thus being not so much put away by her husband, as by a violent divorce separated from him by her mother's means, was married to Cyricenus in Syria. And to the intent she would not seem to have brought nothing else unto him, than the bore name and title of a wife, she raised an host of men in Cyprus, and brought it to her husband for a dowry.  
Cyricenus being now made as strong as his brother, encountered with him in open seld, where being vanquished and put to flight, he came unto Antioch, whether Gripho pursued and besieged him in the City. At the taking 
War betwixt G●iphus and hic brother Cyrecenus.  thereof, Gryphin the wife of Grypho, laboured by all means to inquire and found out her sister cleopatra, not by manifesting a sisterly love to preserve her out of captivity, but by expressing her unnatural hate, desired her, to the intent she should not escape the miseries thereof. Because as she thought in disdain of her estate, she had entered forcibly into that kingdom, and by marrying herself to her sisters' husband's enemy, had made herself an enemy to her; alleging against her moreover, that she had raised foreign powers against her brother; and married herself out of Egypt against her mother's wil On the contrary part Grypho besought and persuaded her, that she would not constrain him to commit so shameful an act, which she continually importuned him unto; namely, to imp●●sonment, and if he pleased to death. For it was never 
A dissuasion o● Gryp●us from cruelty.  heard that any of his ancestots, amongst so many civil, and so many outward Wars, did after the victory obtained, extend cruelty against women, which for weakness of their nature, had ever been exempted both from danger of Wars, and also from the cruelty of the conquerors.  
And now in this case besides the laws of arms, there was also the bond of alliance to withhold him from doing such a wickedness. For on the one side she was her own sister, and on the other side she was his cozen German, whose blood she sought so cruelly to have him shed: yea and moreover, she was Aunt to the children of them both. Besides all those bonds of kindred and alliance, he superciliously alleged that it was not lawful to violate the Temple, in which she had hid herself, and which she had taken for safeguard of her life. But that the Gods with so much the more humility and devotion aught to be reverenced on his pa●te, as by their great mercy and favour, he had gotten the victory in that battle over his enemies.  
For neither by the kill her, could he any thing abate the strength of Cyricenus, neither by preserving her life increase his power. But the more unwilling that Grypho was to offer her offence, the more she of her womanly malice incensed him against her sister, supposing him to speak so much in her behalf not of compassion, but of love. Whereupon what more incensed with her Iclousie, and what provoked with her hatred, she commanded certain of the Soldiers, to press into the Temple and murder her: who at their entrance, ●hen they could not neither by fair means, nor force get her 
Gryphin sendeth to will her sister Cleopatra.  out, they cut off her hands, as she had clasped them about the Images of the Goddess.  
When Cleopatra cursing those wicked murderers, and beseeching the a prince of excellent prowess and activity. This Pharnax, thus disposing his Dominion from his children, was of opinion, that the kingdom and safety thereof, aught more by him to be regarded, than the name of a Father, and it behoved him rather to provide for his native country, then for his children, which he supposed he carefully did, in thus distributing his kingdom. Thus then at one time Mithridates in Parthia, and Eucratides in Bactria, both notable and worthy princes, began their reigns. But the Parthians had the happier fortune. For through the politic governance of their king, they aspired to the sovereign pre-eminence of the Empire. Whereas the Bactrians being tossed too and fro with the uncertain fortune of the wars, lost not only their kingdom, but also their liberty. For after they had wearied themselves, with the long continual wars of the Sogdians, Drangamtans, and Indian's, last of all as men, half dead and out of heart, ere they were encountered, they were subdued by the Parthians, which were reputed weaker than themselves.  
Yet notwithstanding Eucratides, achieved many battles by his prowess 
The 〈◊〉 prowling o● Eucratides.  and Nobleness of courage, yet at the last being brought to low estate, and that Demetrius king of India had besieged him, he having no more but 3-hundred soldiers about him, by his often issuing out privily upon advantages, vanquished threescore thousand of his enemies. Whereupon, being after five months' siege enlarged again, he brought India under his subjection; from whence as he was returning homeward, he was slain in his journey by his own son, whom he had made fellow with him in the Empire: who nothing dissembling the unnatural murder, but rather rejoicing, as th●gh 
An inhuman murder  he had killed some foreign enemy and not a father, drove his chariot through his blood, and commanded his body to be thrown away unburied.  
In the mean space, while this cruel change happened among the Bactrians, there arose war between the Parthians and the Meads, in which after the divers 
The conquests of Muhridates the 4. king of Parthia.  adventures of both Nations, at length the victory was yielded to the Parthians. Mythridates being increased in strength by their power, made one Bachasus regent of Media, and himself went into Hyrcania: at his return from whence, he made war upon the king of the Elymeans, whom he overcame and annexed that realm also to his kingdom. And thereupon receiving many countries by composition, he enlarged the Empire, from the mountain Cancasus, even unto the river of Euphrates. Finally being taken with sickness, he died honourably in his old age, of no less fame and renown then his grandfather Arsaces.  
The end of the xli. book.   

THE XLII. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe Scythians make war upon the Parthians. Phrahartes King of Parthia for his cruelty is betrayed and slain. Artabanus succeedeth, after whose death reigneth Mithridates, surnamed the great, who greatly enlarged the Parthian Empire. The original and description of Armenia. The History of jason and Medea, and of the Argonantes. The Origniall of the Albans in the East. The description of the river Tigris. Mithridates is deposed and slain by his brother Horodes. The battles of the Parthians against the Romans'. The fruit and madness of Horodes, for the death of his son Pacorus. The great wickedness of Pphrahartes, who overcometh the Emperor Anthony. He is deposed and set up again by the Scythians. Tyridates who during his absence was created king, hearing of his return, slayeth to Augustus the Emperor. Phrahartes sent Ambassadors for him. Augustus' subdued the Parthians with the Majesty of his Name.  
AFter the decease of Mithridates king of the Parthians, his son Phrahartes was crowned king, who being fully purposed to War upon Syria, and thereby to be revenged of Antiochus; for attempting the sovereignty, of the kingdom of Parthia, was by an insurrection of the Scythians, revoked to the defence of his own. For the Scythians being sollicitted to the aid of the Parthians 
The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of P●●th●●.  against Antiochus king of Syria, upon promise of Wages which should be given to them, consented to come to them, but yet the Wa●re being finished ere their arrival to stand him in stead, they in reproose of their late coming, were detained of their hire; where with being grieved, to have tranciled so far, to so little purpose, and that they demannded, either their Wages for their pains, according to covenant, or an enemy to fight withal, for which they came, receiving nothing but a 〈◊〉 answer, and being offended there with, began to waste the borders of P●thia.  
〈◊〉 therefore in readiness to take his journey against these Scythians, left to governehiss realm in his absence, one Himerus highly in favour, for suffering him to have the abuse of him in the flourishing prime of his childhood. Who forgetting his own former life, and the person he presented, through his tyrannous cruelty vexed importunately both Bahylon and many other cities.  
Phrahartes himself, led to the Wars with him the Greekish host which he had taken in the Wars of Antiochus, and those whom in their captivity he had entreated cruelly and proudly, quite forgetting that his Tyranny toward them in their bondage, had not mitigated their enemy's minds so much, but that the remembrance thereof, had more inflamed them to inordinary displeasure against him, as after they approved: for when they perceived, the Parthian battle began to have the worse, they turned themselves and tocke part with the enemy, in that battle taking revenge upon them had been oppresfull to their misery, and who lead them to be defenders and partakers of their quarrel, so with the bloody slaughter of the Parthian host, and the death of King Phrahartes himself, they executed their will for their wrongful captivity, and purchased the liberty which they had so long desired.  
In stead of him, his uncle Artabanus was created King. And the Scythians being contented with the victory, after they had wasted Parthia, returned into 
The 6. Emp.  their own country. But Artabanus died immediately of a wound in his arm, that he received against the Colchatrians. After him succeeded his son Mythridates, who for his Noble acts was surnamed the great. For being inflamed 
The 7. Emp.  with an ardent desire to excel in prowess, and to have his name worthy to be registered with the Noblest, he behaved him so worthily in war●e, and so uprightly in peace, that in princeliness he surmounted all his progenitors.  
Whereby he accomplished many wars against his neighbours, with great dexterity, and subdued many Nations under the dominion of Parthia. He fought diverse times to his advantage against the Scythians, and revenged the displeasure done to his predecessors, and at the last he enterprised war against 
The Original of the Armenians.  Artoadistes King of the Armenians. But forasmuch as by lawful truth of this history, we are passing into Armenia, I think it necessary as of other kingdoms to repeat the original, thereof and not with silence to pass over so great an Empire, considering that next unto Parthia, it surmounteth all other Kingdoms, in ground and people. For Armenia is in length from Cappadocia 
The s●●tuation of Armenia.  unto the Caspian Sea, eleven hundred Miles, and in breadth seven hundred Miles.  
It was founded by Armenius, one of the companions of jason the Thessalian, whom King Pelias coveting to destroy for his notable meant, and whereby he seemed dangerous to his kingdom, for fear lest he should depose him, told him what a Noble voyage there was for him into Colchos, persuading him to take the enterprise upon him, and to fetch the Golden fleece, that was so famous and notably talked of in all the world, hoping that either through so long 
The voyage for the gold● Fleece.  and perilous sailing, or else by fight against so barbarous a people, he might bring the adventurous knight to confusion.  
jason consenting thereunto made proclamation of this his intended voyage, to whom the Noble youngmen, almost of all the whole world, resorted in great number unto him, of whom he assembled an Army of the most valiant knights, which he called by the name of Arganants.  
But when jason after the accomplishment of his adventurous enterprises, had brought home again in safety, that his selected Army, he was expalsed again out of Thessaly by the sons of Pelias. Whereupon with a great multitude (which for the renown of his acts resorted to him out of all Nations) having in his company his wife Medea, whom after his late divorcement for pity o● her exilement, he had received again with her son Me●eus begotten by Egeus king of the Athenians, he went again to Colchos, 
The acts of jason.  and restored his father in law to his kingdom, from whence he was deposed.  
After which, he fought many battles with his Neighbours, and their cities which he subdued: he partly annexed to the kingdom of his father in law, (to the intent to abolish the reproach he had drawn upon himself, by his former War, wherein he had both led away his daughter Medea, and also slain his son Aegialus) and partly gave them to the people, that he brought with him to inhabit.  
By report he was the first of all men next after Hercules and Liber, which as the fame goeth were kings of the East, that conquered that climate of the world. Over some Nations he assigned captains, Phrigius and Ansistratus, 
The estimation o● jason.  the wagoners of Castor and Polux, he made a league with the Albans, who as it is reported, followed Hercules out of Italy, from the Mountain Albanus, when after the slaying of Geryon, he drove his cattle through Italy, who also bearing in mind that they came from Italy, saluted the Army of Pompeius by the name of Brothers, when he warred with Mithridates. By means whereof, all the whole East almost, builded Temples, and divine honours to jason, as to their first founders. The which, Parmenion one of the Captains of great Alexander, many years after, commanded to be beaten down, to the intent that no man's name should be had in more honour in the East, than the name of Alexander. 
The original 〈◊〉 the Medus.   
After the death of jason, Medus being an earnest follower of his Father's vergres, in honour of his Mother Medea, he builded the City Medea, and established the kingdom of the Meads, calling it after his own name, which in continuance of time, grew to that estate, that all the East was in subjection, to the Empire thereof.  
The 〈◊〉 are next neighbours to the Amazons, whose Queen Thalestris many authors have reported, to have desired the carnal company of great 〈◊〉. Armenius being also a Thessalian, and one of the number of jasons Captain, having gathered together the multitude, which after the death of jason their King, wandered up and down, scatterred as people without a guide, and founded the town of Armenia, in the Mountains out of which 
The original of the 〈◊〉.  springeth the river Tigris, which at the first is a very small stream, & a good way remo●e from the head, it sinketh into the ground, and five and twenty mile beyond, it riseth up again a great stood, in the country Sophone, and so is received into the lakes of Euphrates.  
mythridate's King of the Parthians, after his war in Armenia was for his cruelty deposed from the kingdom, by the counsel of the realm. His brother Horodes taking to him the power, (the royal seat being vacant) besieged Babylon because his brother Mythridates was fled thither, so long until he constrained them for famine to yield up the town. Mythridates upon confidence, that 
The S. king of Parthia.  he was so near of his kin, willingly submitted himself to his brother Horodes. But Horodes taking him rather for his enemy then a brother, commanded him to be cruelly slain before his face. After this he made War with the Romans, and destroyed their Graund-captaine Crassus, with his son, and all his Roman host: his son Pacorus being sent to pursue the remnant of the Roman battle, after that he had achieved many enterprises in Syria, he 
Horodes cruelty towards his brother.  was called home again as mistrusted of his father. During whose absence, the host of the Parthians that he left behind him in Syria, was withal the Captains thereof slain by Cassius Lieuctenant to Crassus.  
These affairs thus ended, there arose the evil Wars between Cesar and Pompey, in which the Parthians took part with Pompey, both for the 
Wars between Cesar & Pompey.  friendship that was between them and Pompey in his Wars against Mythridates, and also for the death of Crassus, whose son they heard say took part with Cesar, whom they suspected had fallen to him, in hope to revenge his father's death, if Cesar should chance in this War to have the upper hand. Therefore after that Pompey, and his adherents had been given the overthrow, they both ministered aid to cassius and Brutus, against Augustus and Anthony, and also after the end of the War, entering into league with Labienus, under the conduct of Pacorus they wasted Syria and Asia, and gauca proud assault upon the camp of Ventidius, who after cassius in the absence of Pacorus had given the Parthian army an overthrow.  
But Ventidius pretending a counterfeit fear, for all their alarm offered him, kept himself in, and suffered the Parthians a while to vaunt of their prosperity, 
The policy of Ventidius.  and the cowardice of their enemies, at length when he thought them most merry and careless, he sent out part of his host upon them, with whose sudden, and unexpected assault, the Parthians being dismayed fled scattering to save themselves.  
While Pacorus supposing that his men which were fled, had withdrawn the Roman Legions after them, assailed in haste the camp of Ventidius, in hope that he should have found it without defendants. But Ventidius being prepared for such a skirmish, lead out the residue of the Legions which he had reserved: and in the conflict slew the whole band of the Parthians with their king Pacorus himself.  
Neither did the Parthians at any time receive a greater loss. When tidings hereof was brought into Parthia, Horodes the father of Pacorus, who lately before (hearing the Parthians had wasted Syria and invaded Asia) had boasted (that his son Pacorus was a conqueror of the Romans') when he now heard of his death, and of the slaughter of his Army, suddenly for sorrow fell mad.  
Many days after, he would not converse with any man, he would not take any sustenance, nor speak one word, whereby a man might suppose, he had been as well taken dumb, as frantic. After many days expired, when sorrow had losened his tongue, he spoke of nothing but of Pacorus, he thought he saw Pacorus, he thought he heard Pacorus, and to his imagination would make answers, and talk, as though he had been in familiar communication with 
Horodes salleth mad.  him; he would stand still as though he had stood with him, and by and by lamentably bewail the loss of him. When long together he had thus mourned, another heaviness redoubled grief upon this miserable old man, namely which of his thirty sons he should ordain king in Pacorus stead.  
He had many concubines, of whom he begat all that youth, of which every one making suit for her own child, did as it were besiege the old man's mind, being at commotion within itself. But it was the destiny of the Parthians (in the which it is an ordinary custom, to have unnatural murderers to their king) that the wickedest & unhopefulest of them all, whose name was Phrahartes was substituted sovereign; who no sooner in the regal seat, but as though, 
The ●. ●●mp.  he thought it to much happiness for his father, to die his natural death, who already had his foot at the brink of the giave, forthwith killed him, and then 
Eorodes put to death by his own lon.  put his thirty brothers to death.  
Neither ceased he his slaughter in the children. For when he perceived the Noble men hated him for his outrageous cruelty, continually practising against him, that there might be no man left to be nominated king, he commanded his own Son who had attained to man's estate, to be put to death. Against this man, Anthony with sixteen of his strongest legion; made War, for ministering aid against himself, and Cesar. But he was so contrariously afflicted in many battles, that he was enforced to make his retreat out of Parthia. Through which victory Phrahartes being made more proud, and that he persisted to dealemore cruelly then before, he was driven into exile by his own subjects. 
Phrahar●eses is deposed, and restored again by the Scythians.   
Whereupon after long and earnest suit made by him unto the country's bordering upon Parthia, at the length he so persuaded the Scythians that through their aid he was restored unto his kingdom again. In the time of his absence, the Parthians had constituted one Tyridates King, who hearing of the Seithians coming, fled with a great power of his friends to Cesar Augustus, who was making War at that time in Spain, and brought with him to 
The x. Emp.  the Emperor, the youngest son of Phrahartes for a pledge, whom through the negligence of such as were put in trust with him, he had stolen away.  
Upon knowledge whereof, Phrahartes forthwith sent his Ambassadors to Cesar, requiring of him to sand him home his servant Tyridates, and his son with him. The Emperor when he heard the Ambassadors of Phrahartes, and understood the requests of Tyridates (who also desired to have aid of him to reseate him in the possession of the kingdom again, assuring that Parthia for such grace should ever after be at the commandment of the Romans') answered, how he would neither deliver Tyridates into the hands of the Parthians, nor yet minister aid to Tyridates against them.  
Nevertheless, because it should not seem to both, neither had obtained a part of their demand, he sent Phrahartes his son without ransom, and allowed Tyridates honourable entertainment for him and his, so long as he should think fit to bide with the Romans'. After this having finished his wars in Spain, when he came into Syria to set a stay in the affairs of the East, he put Phrahartes in such amazement, that to the intent he should not make War upon Parthia, all the prisoners that were in the realm taken either of the army of Crassus, or of the army of Anthony, were gathered together, and with all the banners and ensigns, that were suprized at those times, sent again to Augustus. Moreover Phrahartes gave to Augustus, his sons and Nephews in hostage: so that Augustus did more with the majesty of his name, than any other Emperor could have compelled by force of arms.   

The xliij. Book of justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe first inhabiters of Italy. The coming thither of E●ander and Aeneas, and of his wars there. The building of long Alba, with the succession of the kings thereof. The building of Rome by Remus and Romulus. The building of Marsieles in France, with the praise and commendation, and with the warstherof. The stead fast faith of the Massilianss toward the Romans. The auncestros of the author of this work.  
COncerning these histories, Trogus Pompeyus, having finished in this form of discourse, the monumental doings of the Parthians of the East, and of the greater part of the whole world. Returns as it were after along continued pilgrimage, home to the foundation of the City of Rome, accounting it the part of an unthankful citizen, to draw a module, or paint out the acts of all other Nations, and speak or record nothing memorable of his own native country. To avoid which imputation, or rather defamation, he here toucheth briefly (by the way) the beginning of the Roman Empire, wherein be neither exceedeth the bounds which he had before propounded to himself in the course of his work, nor yet passeth over with silence the foundation of that City, which without question is the head and chief of the whole world.  
The first Inhabiters of Italy, were the A●origines, whose king Saturn is reported, to have been of such justice and uprightness that during his reign, there was not (any though slave or bondmen) nor any man that had substance private to himself, but allthings were common and undivided, to all men alike, as though it had been one Patrimony, and one Inheritance, equal to all men. In remembrance of which example, it was enacted, that at the feast of Saturn, no man should be set by or held of estimation more than the other, but that the bondmen should seat themselves at their meat fellowlike with their Masters in all places, Italy of long also called Saturnia, and the hill on which he had his courtly residence was called Saturn, on the which at this day 
The ●●●st of 〈◊〉.  (jupiter having as it were removed Saturn out of his seat) standeth the Capital. After him in the third place, as is confirmed by report, reigned Faunus, 
The capital. Th● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Italy.  in whole time Evander with a small company of his countrymen came from Palantium, a city of Arcady into Italy, to whom Faunus of gentleness, assigned lands to inh●bit and increase upon, and the Mountain also which afterward he called Pal●ntine. In the foot of this h●l he edesied a Temple to Ly●cus, whom the Greeks' call Pan, and the Romans Lupercus. The image of the Gods being otherwa●es ●aked, iscl●d in a goats skin, in which manner of attire, the people of Rome are acustomed to run up and down the streets of Rome, in the celebration of the feasts kept unto Pan.  
Faunus had a wife named Fatua, which being continually inflamed with a holy spirit, in the fury thereof prophesied of things to come. Whereupon such as are wont so to be inspired, are said to play Fatua unto this day, of the daughter of Faunus and Hercules (who the same time, having killed Geryon drove his cattle w●ich he ha● got in reward of his victory through Italy) was unlawfully begotten Latinus. During whose reign, Aeneas after that Troy was destroyed by the Greeks', came from thence into Italy, where at his first arrival 
The ●óming 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into Italy.  he was b●dden battle.  
But when he had brought his men in readiness into the field, before the encounter they ●ell to conference. In the which he brought Latinus in such admiration of him, and with his persuasive oratory so wrought with him, that from an enemy against whom he was prepared in barrel, he was pleased to make him partner of ●is kingdom, and also m●de ch●●se of him for his son in law, by giving his daughter Lau●nia in marriage. After this friendly conjunction, they made war jointly against Turnus' King of the Rutilians, who challenged them b●th for defrauding him of Lavinia, who by promise from the father should have been his wife and whom the other had accepted contrary to the law of friendship. In which battle both Turnus and Latinus were slain. SATURN'S therefore obtaining both the Nations by the law of Arms, founded a City and ●alled it by the name of his wife.  
Afterwards he made War against Mezentius king of the Hetrusci●nss, in which he himself was slain, leaving his son Ascanius to succeed him Who leaving Lavinium, builded Alba longa, the which for the space of three hundred years together was the chief and principal seat of his kingdom. 
〈…〉  After many kings of this city at length reigned Numitor and Amultus. But Amulius having wrongfuly deposed his elder brother Numitor, to the intent no issue male snoulde arise from the stock of his brother, to challenge the crown, compelled his daughter Rhea into a Nunnery, there to lead all her life in vowed virginity, cloaking his injury with an honourable colour, that men might suppose she was not put there as a condemned persoane, but rather made chief prioress of the place by election. Being therefore as a recluse in 
〈…〉  the Grouc consecrated to Mars, she was delivered of two sons, whither she conceived them by adultery, or by Mars, no man is able to say of a truth. Amulius upon knowledge hereof, being in more fear than ever he was, by reason of the birth of her two children, commanded them to be made away, and laid their mother in prison, in which distress of hers she died. But fortune providing before hand for the Original of the Romans'; sent a s●ee Wolf to Nurse the children, the which having lost her whelps, for desire to have her dugs drawn, that were pained with too much abundance of milk, offered herself to be nurse unto those children. As she came and went oftentimes to the children, like as if it had been her whelps, A shepherd named Faustulus, perceived the matter, and stealing them from the Wolf, brought them up like shepherds among his cattle. Now whither it were for that they were borne in the Grove of Mars, or for that they were nourished by a Wolf, which is in the jurisdiction of Mars, it was believed for a manifest proof, that they were the sons of Mars. The one of these was named Remus, and other Romulus. When they came to man's estate, they accustomed to try Mistress daily one with another, whereby they increased as well in strength, as in nimbleness and swiftness. Wherhfore when they had oftentimes manfully and politicly chased away thieves from stealing their cattle, Remus was taken by the said thieves, (and as though he had been the the same himself, which he had prohibited others to do) was brought before the king, and there accused for a stealer of Numitors cattle. Whereupon the king delivered him to Numitor, to punish him as he thought good. But Numitor having pity of the youngman, had half a mistrust that he should be one of his Nephews that were made away, by reason he resembled his daughter so much in favour and making, and also by reason, that the time of her deliverance, was agreeable unto his years. 
〈…〉   
As he was in doubtful perplexity with himself, Faustulus came suddenly in with Romulus, by whom being further instructed of the birth and bringing up of the children, the youngmen made a conspiracy, and took weapon in hand, to revenge their Mother's death, and Numitor to recover the kingdom wrongfully withheld from him. Amulius being slain, and Numitor restored to the crown. Afterwards the youngmen builded the City of Rome. Which being finished, there was ordained a Senate of a hundred Elders, which were called fathers of the commonweal.  
Than because their Neighbours disdained to marry their daughters to shepherds, they ravisned the maidens of the Sahines, and having subdued the people that were next about them, first they won the Empire of 〈◊〉, and next after that, the Empire of the whole world. In those days, the kings had instead of Diadems, Maces, (which the Greeks call Sceptres. For even from the beginning, men in old time did worship Maces for Gods, in remembrance of which Religion, the images of the Gods, are yet still made with Maces in their hands.  
In the time of Tarquin, a company of the Phocenses coming out of Asia, entered the mouth of Tiber, and joined amity with the Romans'. From thence they went by Water to the uttermost coast of France, and there among the ●●guriens and the cruel Frenchmen they builded the city Marsielles, 
〈…〉.  and did many worthy acts, both in defending themselves by the sword against the savage Frenchmen, and also in assailing those that had assailed them before.  
For the Phocenses by reason of the barrenness of their Country, were compelled to set their minds more earnestly upon the Water, then upon the Lands: and so they lived by Fisning, by traffic of Merchandise, and oftentimes by robbing on the Sea, which in those days was counted for a praise.  
By means where of they adventured to the uttermost border of the Ocean, and arrived upon the French coast by the river of Roan, with the pleasantness of which, they were so taken in love, that at their return home, they reported what they had seen, and procured more of their countrymen to go thither with them. The Captains of their sleet, were Furius, and Peranus. Who with their company presented themselves before Senanus king of the Seger●gians, in whose territory they coveted to build them a city, desiring his amity and friendship By chance the very same day the k. was occupied in preparation, for the Marriage of his daughter Giptis, whom according to the custom of the country, he purposed to marry to such a one, as she 
A 〈◊〉.  herself at the feast would choose to be her husband. Among other that were bidden to the marriage, the strangers of Greece were desired to the feast also. Anon the young Lady was brought in, who being commanded by her father to reach a cup of water to him whom she would have to her husband, passed over all the other guests, and turning herself to the Greeks, gave the water to Peran. Who by this means being made of a stranger the king's son in law, obtained of his Father a plot, to build a city upon. So was the city of Marsiell● 
〈…〉.  builded hard by the mouth of the river Rouen, in an out-nook, as it were in a creek of the Sea. But the Lagurians envying the prosperity of the City, di 〈◊〉 bed the Greeks' with their continual wars. Who through valiant de●ending of themselves, become so renowned, that after they had vanquished the● enemies, they builded many cities in the grounds that they took from them. A● their hands, the Frenchmen learned a more civil trade of living thro●●h the which their Barbarousness was laid aside, and as it were tamed, to 〈◊〉 with the tillage of the ground, and Walling in of their city.  
They framed themselves to live by Laws, and not by force, than they learned to shred their Vines: then they learned to plant and graff their Olives. Finally both the men and all other things were so exquisitely polished, that Greece seemed not to be removed into France, but rather France was translated into Greece. After the death of Senanus king of the Segoregians (by whom the place to build the city upon was granted) his son Comanus succeeding him in the kingdom, was inucgled against the Massilianss by one of his Lords, alleging that the time will come, that Marsielles should be the destruction of the people, that were next neighbours about it: wherefore it was to be suppressed now in that very rising, lest afterward being suffered to grow stronger, it might oppress him.  
For the further manifestation whereof, he repeated this fable, how upon a time, a bitch being great with whelp, desired a shepherd to lend her house room to whelp in: the which being obtained, she desired him again, to respite her solong, but till she might bring up her whelps: But at length when they were full grown, she and her whelps were so strong, that she challenged the place to herself for ever.  
In the like sort the Massilianss, which then seemed to be sojourners, would perchance hereafter become Lords of the country. The king being provoked 
Treason against the Massilianss.  by this instigation, devised how to surprise the Massilianss: So upon a solemn feastiful day of the Goddess Flora, he sent a great sort of strong men into the city, as it had been to make merry, causing a number more to be conveyed in Cartes and Wagons, hidden with rushes and leaves, and he himself with his host lay in ambush in the next Mountains, to the intent that in the night, when the other had set open the gates, he might come with all speed to the performance of his pretended policy, and put the city to the sword, as they were in a dead sleep, or else eating and drinking. But a kinswoman of the kings bewrayed this treason, who being wont to play the goodfellow with a certain youngman of the Greeks, as she embraced him, having pity upon him for his beauty, utterred the matter unto him, and counseled him to avoid the danger, and he forthwith declared the whole matter to the Officers of the city. By means whereof, the treason coming to light, the Ligurians were laid hand on, and they that lay hidden in the rushes, were pulled out by the heels, and put every man unto the sword, and in the end, the treason was turned upon the kings own head: For the Massilianss slew the K. himself, and seven thousand of his soldiers with him  
From that day forward, the Massilianss upon their feastifull days, kept their gates shut, made good watch, set men to ward upon the Walls, searched all strangers, took good heed, and even as if they had made war, so 
The fortunate success of the Massiliens.  kept they the city in time of peace, such good order kept they among themselves at all times, not so much in time of need, as to be ●uer in readiness. Afterwards they had sore Wars with the Lycurians, and the Frenchmen, which both increased the renown of the City, and also (by achieving so many victories) made the knighthood and chivalry of the Greeks famous and redoubted among their neighbours.  
Moreover they divers times overcame the Armies of the Carthagenians, when they made war upon them for taking their Fisher boats, and gave them peace at their pleasure like conquerors. With the Spaniards they entered a league of amity, and with the Romans' they made a continual confederacy and alliance, almost from the first beginning of the foundation of the City, the which they observed most faithfully, and to the uttermost of their power, aided them as their confederates, in all their enterprises. Which thing, both made them to be bolder to trust to their own strength, and also purchased them peace of their enemies. Wherefore at such time as Marsielles flourished most in renown of chivalry, and in abundance of riches, & was in the chief flower of her strength, suddenly all the people bordering about them, gathered themselves together, to root up the Name of the Massilianss.  
A Noble man called Carmandus, was by common consent chosen to be captain general against them, who as he lay at siege before the city, with a great host of the best men that could be chosen in all the country, saw in his sleep the likeness of a Woman, with a grim and terrible countenance, 
The vision of Caramandus.  which said she was a Goddess: At whose sight he was so afraid, that of his own voluntary disposition he made pease with the Massilianss, making request that he might enter into their city to worship their Gods.  
When he came into the Temple of Minerva, espying in the porches the image of the Goddess, which he had seen in his dream, he cried out suddenly that it was even she that had feared him in the night, and surely it was she that commanded him to raise his siege. Whereupon greatly rejoicing with the Massilianss, because he perceived that the Gods had such care & regard over them, he gave the Goddess a chain of Gold for an offering, and made a bond of friendship with the Massilianss, to continued for ever.  
After that they had thus gotten peace, and established quietness, the the Massilian Ambassadors returning from Delphos, (whither they had been sent to catry presents unto Apollo,) heard say that the City of Rome was taken and burnt by the Frenchmen. Which tidings when they had brought home, the Massilianss proclaimed an universal mourning, as if it had been for the death ofsome special friends, and gathered all their Gold together, as well private as public, the which they sent to make up the sum, that the Frenchmen demanded of the Romans' for their ransom, and to grant them peace. In recompense of which good turn, they were made free os the city of Rom●, and placed among the Senators at all solemnities. And their alliance was so knit with them, that they were continually reputed as Romans. In his last Book, Trogus declareth, that his ancestors fetched their Pedigree from the Volces, that his Grandfather Trogus Pompeius in the Wars against S●●●o●ius, did save the city to Eneus Pompeius, that his uncle had the leading of the horsemen under the said Pompey in the war against Mithridates, and that his father also served in the wars under C. Cesar, 
Th● 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●●om 〈◊〉.  in the room of Secreatary Lieutetenant, and keeper ofhies Seal.  
The end of the xliij. book.   

THE 44. BOOK OF justine.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
THe situation, fertility, and description of Spain. A wonderful example of patience. The deeds of Viriatus Captain of the Spaniards. Of the jennets. The steel that is in that country. What things were invented by Gargoris. How Gargoris assayed by all means to put his daughter's child to death, and could not, whereupon moved with compassion for the perils he had escaped he made him his heir, whose name was Habis. The inventions of the said Habis. The story of Hercules Gereon. The inhabiting of the Gades. upon what occasion the Carthageniens entered first into Spain with the actions of their Captains there. Finally how it was subdued by Augustus The Emperor, and made a province for the Romans'.  
Spain being by account the utmost bonds and limits of 
The ancient names of Spain.  Europe, even so therewith I mean to shut and close up the end of this book. In ancient times it was called Iberia, of the River Iberus: afterwards it was called Spain after the name of Hyspalus. It is a country that lieth between Africa & France, enclosed round about with the Ocean Sea, and the Pirenian Mountains. Though it be not to be compared with the other lands, for scope and bigness, yet doth it yield more abundance of commodities and fruit, then 
The seituation  both the other, being joined together. For ●●●st it lieth not within the raging heat of the Sun, as Africa doth; neither is it violated with outrageous winds like France: but as it lieth in the mean and midst between them both, so on the one side, by moisture distilled on the land by moderate showers, falling in their season, it becometh exceeding fertile in all manner fruits and grain: Insomuch as the inhabitants thereof content themselves in all abundance, and they impart with many thousands of their store, into Italy, Rome & all the countries thereabout. From thence there passeth not only great store of corn and grain, but also Wine, honey, Oil, and many such like commodities: But there is also great plenty of Iron, and not the basest and worser sort, but the best iron and Steel, is accounted to be in these regions.  
Also many an excellent race of Horses, both sound and swift are there in great plenty. Neither will we content ourselves to speak of those commodities only that grow above the ground, but also their plentiful and rich Minerals, which lieth hidden underneath within the bowels of the earth. Of Flax and Baste there is great plenty, and as for Vermilion, no land under the sun yieldeth more abundantly.  
In this land are many excellent rivers, not violent and outrageously ebbing and flowing, whereby many dangers are often threatened, but gently falling and moistening the vineyards and cornesieldes in all abundance of pleasure, and as for those places where the Ocean bringeth in the rising & falling of the tides, full of all variety and kinds of Fish as the appetite of man can be delighted in. these rivers are also many of them rich in Gold, which maketh them exceedingly accounted of. It is only parted from France, by the ridge of the Pirenean Mountains, being in every other place environed round about by the Ocean Sea.  
The plat of the land is in manner foresquare, saving that the sea beating on both sides, doth gather it up somewhat narrow at the Pirenean Mountain: Moreover, whereas the Pirene Mountains runneth, it is in breadth six hundred Miles. It standeth in a pleasant air, throughout the whole country, and the winds do blow there so cool and temperate, that there ariseth 
The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉  no stinking Fogs, and mists, out of the lower marish grounds, either to annoyed or infect it. Besides, the continual air of the salt-water rising from the sea, round about and on every side, so pierseth and cleanseth through the country, and being again qualified with the open and fresh air of the land, is the chief and principal mean to preserve the inhabitants thereof in health.  
The bodies of these inhabitants do well away with these two unwelcome 
The disposition of the Spamaides.  guests, hunger and pain, and their minds can well away to know they must die. They generally liveal very niggardly and hard. They also rather covet war then peace: of which if they cannot employ themselves upon a foreign enemy, they will neaer rest satisfied till they seize upon one at home.  
They are well accounted of for secrecy, for oftentimes they have rather chosen death upon the Rack, rather than reveal the secret trust in them reposed: So much dearer do they prise secrecy more than their very lives. That th●● is so, It may be well observed by the sufferings of that servant in the Wars of Carthage, who having revenged the death of his Master, in the midst of all his torments, laughed and rejoiced, and with a merry and pleasant countenance, overcame the cruelty of all his torments.  
The people of this country is exceeding swift of foot, unquiet of mind, and the greater number of them, make more account and reckoning of their horses, and of their arms, than they do by the best blood in their bodies. They never make any great preparation for feasting one another, except only the high and solemn days. Thev love to wash much in warm water, which custom of theirs they learned from the Romans, after their second wars with carthage.  
Daring the continuance of many hundred years, they never had other Captain of fame save only Viriatus, who for the space of ten whole years, held the Romans' at the staves end, one while he gained, and again at another time he lost (so much were they of nature more like brute bests, than men) yet they rather consented to follow him, not as one chosen by the discretion or government of the wiser sort, but only for that he was generally held amongst them exceeding politic and ready in avoiding of eminent danger: Again he was esteemed of a very virtuous and stayed behaviour and courage, and that he often overcame many of the consuls with their whole powers and strength, being not any way able to match him in the lest of all his fortunes, so many and great enterprises did he purchase from them: yet was he noted not 
The great commendation o● V●●●atus.  to altar or change himself either in apparel, fashion, or order of diet, but as he began the first course of his Wars, even so he continued the self same unto the latter end. Insomuch as there was not a common Soldier amongst them, but he held his state to be equal to their guide and Captain.  
It is reported amongst divers writers, that about the river Tagus in Portugal, there is arace of Mares, that do conceive by the wind. Which fable (for so I may reckon it) first sprang upon the fruitfulness of Mares, and of the multitude of races, that are accounted to be both in Gallicia & Portugal: 
Of Spanish l●nu●●.  whereof there are such store to be seen, and those so swift, that (not without good cause the Proverb may hold currant) that the were conceived with the wind.  
The Gallicians accounted themselves as from the right line and descent of the Greeks': For (say they) after the battle of Troy, that Teucer having incurred the hate and displeasure of his father Telamonius for the death of his brother Ajax, was never after suffered to enter into the Realm: thereupon departed and came to Cyprus, and in the end builded there a City, which he called Sallamyne after the name of his own Native Country, from whence he was banished.  
At last, having knowledge of the decease of his father, he returned again back to his country, but being withstood in his arrival by Eurasaces the Son of Ayax, he was forced to make his arrival in Spain, and there seized upon that plot of ground where new Carehage now standeth: from whence he removed to Galicya where he fully planted himself and all his company, giving name unto that country.  
There is one portion of Gallycia that is called Amphilochians. A country very plentiful of many worthy commodities, as Brass, Led, and vermilion, whereof become the river so called. Moreover, it is very well stored of Gold, insomuch that divers times they raise up very clots of Gold, as they are in 
The fruitfulness of Gallicia.  labour of the plough.  
In the bounds of this Country, there is a hill (called the Holy hill) the which is made utterly unlawful for any man to use an instrument of yorn nee●e about the same hill. But if it so happen that by Thunder or lightning the earth be broken (which is very common in those places) than they are permitted to gather up all the Gold thereabout, holding and esteeming thereof as the gift of God. In these parts the Women are wholly employed in the carriages of all manner of businesses, as housekeeping, & bargaining: and the men do only employ themselves to Wars, and violent robberies. The iron here to be found is of an excellent hard temper, but their waters is of far more force than they iron for by tempering their metal therewith, it is by virtue thereof made more tough and sharp, and they generally hold that weapon of no good temper, that is not dipped either 
〈◊〉.  in the river Bilbo, or in the river Chaltbs': Whereupon the people that have their habitation near unto these rivers are called chalybs, and are esteemed the best Masters of iron, in that whole kingdom.  
In the plains o● the Tartesians, (where it is reported the Titans made war against the Gods,) dwelled sometime the currettes: an ancient king of the which people named Gargoris first invented the manner to gather Honey. This man perceived that his daughter had played the harlot, & for shame of her wicked deed, attempted divers ways to have destroyed the child. But 
The 〈◊〉 o● Gargo●is.  through good fortune he was preserved from all those dangers, and at the length for compassion of so many perils, was created king. First of all when he commanded him to be cast away, and certain days after had sent to seek his body, he was found nourished with the milk of sundry wild● beasts.  
Secondly, when he was brought home, he commanded him to be laid in a narrow path, where cattle had wont to go through, surely he was very cruel, that would have his Nephew trodden to death, then simply killed. There also perceiving he lay unhurt, and not unfed, he caused him to be cast first to hungry dogs, that he had pined from meat many days before for the nonce, and afterwards also to Swine.  
Finally when they not only did him no harm, but also some of them gave him suck, last of all he threw him in the sea. Than as it were by the open manifest providence of the Gods, among the r●ging surges, and the wallowing waves, as though he had been carried in a ship, and not in a stream, the calm sea bore him up aloft, and brought him shortly to shore. By and by came a Hind and gave him suck. Whereupon by keeping company with his Nurse, the child become exceeding swift of foot, and kept in the mountains and forests among the herds of read dear, as swift of foot as the switest of them.  
At length being overthrown in a toil, he was presented before the K. for a gift. There by reason of his stature and making, wherein he much resembled the king, and by certain marks that were grown in the child from his bir●h, the king knew him to be his Nephew. And because he had so wonderful▪ escaped so many perilous chances, he proclaimed him heir and 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  successor of his kingdom. His name was called Habis, who after that he had taken the crown upon him, become Prince of such Majesty, that men thought it was not for nothing, that he was so preserved by the providence of God from so many perils. For he first ordained laws, to keep the savage people in good order and conversation one with another.  
He ●ir●● ta●ght them to break Oxen to the plough, and to till and sow the ground, he first (for tediousness of such things, as he had suffered himself) caused men to forsake their beastly meats, and to feed upon better. The chances of this man might seem to be but a fable, if the builders of Rome had not been nourished by a Wolf, and Cyrus' king of Persia nourished of a bitch. This man forbade the people all servile occupations, and divided the commons into seven cities.  
After the death of Habis, the kingdom remained in his posterity many HUNDRED years. In another part of Spain, which consisteth of the Isles, Geryon wask in the which part there is so great plenty of sweet pasture, that unless the cattle were kept hungry, and not suffered to feed their fill, their bellies would 
The ●●o●y of G●●ion.  burst. In the same place were the cattle of Geryon (wherein in those days men's substance did chiefly consist) which were of so great fame, that Hercules alured with the richness of the booty, came out of Asia thither.  
Moreover Geryon was not triple as the fables report, but three Brothers which accorded so friendly one with another, that it seemed as though one soul and one mind ruled them all three. Neither did they of their own motion make war upon Hercules, but when they saw their cattle driven away, they fought with him for the recovering of them. A●ter that the kings ceased in Spain, the Carthagenians first took upon them the Dominion and rule of the country.  
For when the Gaditans (commanded so to do in a dream) had brought from Tyrus. out of the which City the Carthagenians had also their beginning, the sacred ceremonies of Hercules into Spain, and there builded a city, through the malice of the people of Spain their next neighbours, envying the increasement of their new city, and thereupon infesting the Gaditans with war, they sent to their kinsmen the Carthagenians for help: Who having a prosperous journey, both defended the Gaditans from taking wrong, & also subdued the more part of the country under their Dominion. afterward also encouraged by the fortunate success of their first voyage, they 
The doings of the C●rthagenians. in Spain.  sent Hamilcar, as graund-captaine with a great host, to conquer the whole Realm, who having achieved many great enterprises, whilst he followed his goodluck without advisement, was entrapped by a policy and slain. In his room was sent his son in law hasdrubal, who also was slain by a servant of a Spaniard, in revengement of his masters death.  
Hannibal the son of Hamilcar greater than both, sacceeded in the captainship. For he surmounting the acts of them both, conquered all Spain. And then making war against the Romans, vexed Italy with sundry slaughters, by the space of sixteen years together. Whereas in the mean season the Romans', sending the Scipios into Spain, first drove the Carthagenians out of the country, and afterward had sore wars with the Spaniards themselves. 
How the 〈…〉  Nevertheless the countries of Spain could never be brought under the yoke of bondage, until that Caesar Augustus having conquered the whole world, came against them with his victorious army, & brought those Barbarous and cruel people, to a more civil trade of living by order of law, and substituted a Lieutenant over them, like as was done in all other Provinces of the Empire.  
FINIS.   

AN EPITOME OF THE Lives and Manners of the ROMAN EMPERORS. FROM THE REIGN OF CAESAR AUGUSTUS, to the Reign of Rodulphus the Emperor now living: taken out of the Books of Sext. Aurelius Victor.  
Printed at London by William jaggard, 1606.   

The life of C. julius Caesar.  
 
CIulius Caesar, the son of L. Caesar and Aurelia, was born at Rome, C. Marius, and L. Valerius Flaccus being Consuls, on the 4. of the Ideses of Quintile, the which month after his death, was by the commandment of Anthony, for that cause called july: He was brought up with his mother Aurelia, the daughter of C. Cotta, and his Aunt julia, the wife of C. Marius: Whereupon he being descended of the stock of Senators, had the love of the Plebile sedition, & the hatred of Silla. This man was the first that sought after the perpetual dictatorship: For France being conquered by him, within the space of ten years, and Britanny being then first assailed, and the Germans being driven into the woods and moors; he departed into Italy, and with the same his accustomed celerity appeased the Spanish tumults he overthrew Pompey the great, in a battle at Pharsalis, and when he had triumphed over all his enemies, at length he being wounded, with 23. wounds, by the conspiracy, of his dearest friends (as he esteemed them) died, in the 56 year of his age. A man very famous, for his feats of War, and peace, but especially for his clemency● Who had rather be a defender, than an invader of peace. These things Ignatius reporteth of him. Nothing was wanting in this Caesar, which aught to be in a Nobleman: in him was wisdom, eloquence, courage, constancy, and the study of military discipline, and of all the chiefest arts; and that which most of all prevaileth, to get the goodwill of the people, a certain wondered kind of liberality, by the which, as by degrees, he arose from a low estate, to the highest degree, of humane affairs.   

D. Caesar Octavianus Aug.  
IN the year 722. from the time that the city was built, and in the 480. year after the time of the Kings, the ancient custom of Rome was restored again, to the obedience of one alone, and to an Emperor in stead of a king, being otherways called by amore honourable name Augustus. Therefore, Octavianus was begotten of his father Octavius a Senator, who by his mother's side, was descended from Aeneas, through the family of julia, but by the adoption of C. Caesar the elder his great Uncle, he was called C. Caesar, and afterwards for a certain victory he was called Augustus. This man being placed in the imperial sea●e, executed the authority of the tribune by himself alone. He brought the country of Egypt, into the form of a province, being uneasy to be entered through the over●lowing of Nilus, and without passages, by reason of Marshes; which that he might make plentiful of victual for the city, he laid open the ditches through the labour of the Soldiers, which by the negligence of antiquity were ●i●led with du●●. In this man's time, 200000. Measures of corn by the year, were brought out of Egypt into the city. This man joined to the number of the provinces of the people of Rome, the people of Biscay in Spain, and the people of Given in France, the Rhetians, Vandals, and Dalmatians; Hevanqui●hed the Swissers, and the Cattaiens, and translated the people of Gueldrois in Germany into France, and joined the Hungarians to his tributaries, and compelled the Goths and the people of Salmatia in Europe, being wearied with Wars unto an agreement. The Persians' brought pledges unto this man, and granted him the leave of making them aching. Moreover, the Indian's, the Scythtans, the Blackamoor's, the Aetheopians, sent Ambassadors with presents. He so much abhorred insurrectious Wars, and flatteries, that he would never move War against any Nation without just cause: and he said, that it showeth a vainegloryous, and almost unconstant miade, for an ardent desire of triumphing, and for a Laurel garland, (that is unprofitable leaves) to cast away unadvisedly the security and welfare, of the Citizens, into the danger of a War thorogh doubtful events. Neither that any thing doth worse befit a good Emperor, than temyrity, and that every thing is done soon enough, whatsoever is done well: that arms are never to be taken in hand, without the cause of a weighty matter, lest that the victory being soaght after, for a small recompense and with a great loss, much like unto those that fish with a golden hook, the damage and loss whereof being broken off, cannot be recompensed with any game of that which is taken. In this man's time the Roman army beyond Rhine was destroyed, and the trybanes, & Propraetor slain: Which he so greatly lamented, that through a cert●ine strong violence of his brain, he beat through a wall, wearing deformed apparel, hair, and other tokens of sorrow. Also he greatly blamed the invention of his great uncle, who calling the Soldiers after a new flattering, or fair speaking manner, sought to become dearer unto them, and weakened the authority of the Prince. Finally he behaved himself very gently towards the Citizens. He was faithful towards his friends, the chief whereof was Maecoenas, for his secrecy; Agrippa, for his enduring of labour, and modesty. Moreover he loved Virgil, and yet was doubtful to entertain any into his friendship, but most constant in keeping his friendship, applying himself so greatly to liberal studies, especially to eloquence, that no day did pass away, wherein he was not occupied in setting forth of an army, or that he did read, declare and endtie. He made some new laws, and others he corrected under his own name. He increased and adorned Rome with many buildings, glorying in this saying, I found the city made of Brick, but I leave it of Marble. He was mild, thankful, of a civil and pleasant nature, beautfull through out all his body, but most in his eyes: the brightness whereof he cast forth after the manner of most clear stars, and therefore, he did willingly endure to have men beaten the beams therefore with their hands, as sunn-beams: From whose face whiles a certain Soldier turned himsel●e, and was asked of him why he did so, he answered; because I cannot endure the brightness of your eyes. Notwithstanding, so great a man was not without some faults, and vices: for he was a little impatient, wicked, angry, privily envious, openly ambitious, and desirous of bearing rule, more than can be thought: a diligent plater at Dices, and notwithstanding that he abstained from much meat, and wine, and a little from sleep, he was subject to lust, even to the rept●ch of the common people's talk. For he was wont to lie betwixt twelve sodomitical boys, and so many maids. Also his wife Scribonia, being divorced and he possessed with the love of an other man's wife, joined Livia unto him, as though it had been with her husband's will; which Livia at that time had two sons, Tyherius and Drusus: and albeit he was subject to lust, nevertheless he was a severe puinisher of the same vice: after the manner of men, who are severe in punishing those vices, which themselves do greatly embrace. For he banished the Poet Ovid, who was also called Naso, for that, he wrote three books of the Art of love: And which is the p●rte of a large or pleasant mind, he was delighted, with all kind of sights, aspeciall with the unknown forms and infinite number of wild beasts. He having lived threescore and senenteen years, died of a sickness at Nola: albeit, some writ that he was slain by the treason of Liu●a, fearing, because his daughter in law had understood his son Agrippa to be returned home whom he had banished for the hatred of his stepmother, having obtained the Empire, he should suffer punishment.  
Therefore whether he died, or was slain, the Senate adjudged him to be honoured with sundry new honours: For besides that he had before called himself the father of his country, they consecrated a Temple unto him, aswell in Rome, as through out the most famous cities; all men commonly saying, I would he had never been borne, or might never have died. For the one was of a very bad beginning, and the other of an excellent ending. For in obtaining the Empire, he was accounted an oppressor of the liberty and yet in ruling the same, he loved the Citizens, that on a time when three days provision being seen in one mansbarnes, he had determined that he should be poisoned if his navies should not return from his provinces in the mean while. The which navy being come, the safety and preservation of his country was attributed to his felicity. He Reigned fifty and six years; twelve, together with Anthony, but sour and forty alone: who truly should never have gotten the government of the commonwealth to himself, nor have enjoyed the same so long, unless he had abounded with great gifts of nature, and his own diligence, labour, and industry.   

Claudius' Tiberius.  
Claudius' Tiberius, the son of Lyvia, and the son in law of Caesar Octavius, reigned twenty four years. This man whose name was, Claudius Tiberius Nero, was eloquently called of jesters Caldius Biberius Nero, he was skilful enough in military discipline, and fortunate enough under Augustus before he was made Emperor, so that the government of the commmonwealth was not without cause committed unto him.  
He had a certain knowledge of learning, wherein he was more excellent then in eloquence; but he was of an evil nature, of a cruel, covetous, and treacherous disposition, feigning that he would do those things, which he near meant; seeming offended with those, of whom he took counsel: and seeming to bear goodwill, to those whom he hated. He was better for sudden answers, and counsels, then long deliberated. Finally, he feignedly refused the Empire, derived from his ancestors, the which thing he had subtlety brought to pass, cruelly searching out, what men did say or think of him, which thing was the destruction of all good and upright men. For the wring out of their minds by long speeches, that they thought the greatness of the affairs of the Empire did decline, according to his feigned judgement, their last destruction immediately followed. This man brought the Cappadodians into a province, their King Arceslaus being deposed: he repressed the thefts of the Getulians, and crafryly entrapped Marobaelius King of the Swissers. When he pun●●he●, the guiltless, and guilty were all in one state, and in like manner both his own friends, and strangers; the discipline of warfare being left, Armenia was taken away by the Parthians, Maesia by the Dacians, Hungaria by the people of Sarmatia, and France of the bordering Nations. This man after the 78. year, and 4. month of his age, was murdered by the treasons of Caligula.   

Caesar Caligula.  
 
CAligula reigned four years, this Caligula was the son of Germanic●●, and because he was borne in the Army, he took his name of a harness boot, that is Caligula. Before he took upon him the Empire, he was dear, and beloved of all men: but in his reign he was such an one, that it was rightly said of him, amongst the common people, that there was never a more cruel Lord than he. Finally he defiled his three sisters. He went in the habit of his Gods, and affirmed himself to be jupiter for his incest, and amongst the drunkards he affirmed himself to be Bacchus, of whom I doubt whither this be meet to be recorded, (except because it is requisite to know all things concerning Princes) that wicked persons at least wise may decline from such things, for the fear of an i'll report. In his palace he caused the Noble Matrons to be subject to open lust. He first caused himself to be called Lord, having a crown set on his head.   

Claudius' Tiberius  
Claudius' Tiberius, the son of Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, and uncle 
●  to Caligula, reigned 14. years. This man when the Senate had decreed, that the stock of the Caesars should he rooted out, lying hid in a filthy hole, being found of the soldiers, because he was timorous and did seem tractably mild, was made Emperor. He was subject unto drunkenness, gluttony, and lust, being cowardly, and almost blockish, sluggish, & fearful, & at command of his free servants, and of his wife: In this time Seribonianiu Camillus being made governor amongst the Dalmatians, was forthwith slain.  
The Moors were expelled from the provinces by Caesar, and the Army of the Musalamites was discomfited, out of the which, Claudia was brought to Rome. This man's wife Messalina, at the first privily used adulteries, but afterwards openly, as though she had done it by law or right: from the which fact with hi●, many abstaining for fear, were put to death. Afterwards she being more cruelly stirred up, she appointed all the Noble Virgins and Matrons to be with her, after the manner of Whores, and many men were constrained that they should be present. But if any man did abhor such filthy deeds, this crime being set upon him, he was punished on himself, and all his family, that he might rather seem to be a subject to the Emperor her husband, then to one that was married unto the Emperor: so his free servants having gotten the highest authority, defiled all things with their Whoredoms, banisnments, slaughter, and prescriptions. Of whom he made Faelix governor of the Legions of judea. He gave for a gift unto Possidius the Eunuch excellent Weapons, as a partner of the victory, amongst the most valiant of his soldiers after the triumph of Britanny, he caused Polybus, to go in the midst of the consuls. Narcissus did excel all these for his Epistles, carrying him●else his masters master: Pallas being honoured with the robes of a Praetor, was grown so exceeding rich, that it was most pleasantly noised abroad in a famous speech, that he could have money enough, if he could be received into society of his two free servants. In this man's time there was a Phoenix seen in Egypt, which bird men say did fly out of Arabia in the five hundred year to certain memorable places, and suddenly an Island was drowned with the Aegean●ca.  
This man married Agrippina, the daughter of his own brother Germanicus, who procured the Empire to her son, & first killed her son in Law, by divers kinds of treason, & afterwards her husband himself with poison. He lived threescore and four years, whose Funeral was (as it was sometimes done by Tarqvinius Priscus) a long time concealed, whilst that his keepers being corrupted by the craft of the Woman ●ained him to be sick, in the mean time, his son in law Nero took upon him the Empire.   

Domitian Nero.  
Domitius Nero, begotten of his father Domitius Aenobarbus, and his mother Agrippina, reigned thirteen years. This man for the space of five years seemed tolerable, whereupon some report that the Emperor Traian was wont to say. That all Princes do far differ from the five years of Nero. He builded in the city an amphitheatre, and certain Banes. He brought Pontus into the order of a province, by the permitting of Polemon Regulus, of whom it was called Domus of Polemon: and the same thing did Cottius to the Alps, their king Cottius being dead, he lead the rest of his li●e with such dishonesty, that it would shame any one to rehearse the like things.  
He went onwards in his wickedness so far, that the spared neither his own, nor others modesty, last of all being cl●d after the manner of Virgins ready to Marry, the Senate being openly called together, and a dowry being bidden, he was married to all men coming thither, as it had been to a feast, ●nd being covered with the skin of a wild beast, showed his privities to both sexes. He defiled his mother with incestuous fornication, whom he afterwards he put to death. He married Octavia and Sabina, by s●rname Poppea, their husbands being slain. Than Galba a far of in Spain, and C. julius took away the Empire. Assoon as Nero had understood of Galba's coming, and that it was ordained by the senteuce of the Senate, that his neck being put within a 〈◊〉 after the manner of his ancestors, he should be whipped to death with rods. he being forsaken on every side, and going forth of the city at midnight Pbaon Epaphroditus, Nephitus, and Sporus the eunuch following him, whom sometimes Nero had assayed to turn into a woman, being gelded, he thrust himself through with a sword, the filthy eunuch Sporus, of whom we have spoken, helping his trembling had when truly before none being found of ● home he might be stricken he cried out, Is it so that I have neither friend, nor enemy? I have lived dishonourably, & shall die more dishonourably. He died the thirty two year of his age: the Drusians so greatly loved this man, that they sent Ambassadors requiring leave to build a monument for him: But all the provincesand Rome so rejoiced for his d●ath, that the people being clad with the caps of slaves set at liberty, triumphed, as though they had been delivered from a cruel Master   

Sergius Galba.  
 
GAlba sprung of the Noble stock of the Sulpitij, reigned 7. months, and seven days. This man being infamous in his youth, was intemperate in his meat, he ordered allthings after the counsel of his friends, (Viz) lunius, Cornelius & Caelius: so that in his palace, and likewise amongst the common people, that were called his Poedagogi or instructors. He before he took upon him the Empire, he governed many provinces excellently well, handling his soldiers most severely, so that as soon as he had entered the tents, it was straightways spoken abroad. OH my soldiers learn to War, Galba is not Getulicus. When he had lived seventy 3-years. He being covered with a breastplate, whilst he endeavoureth to pacify, the Legions, stirred up with the sedition of Oth●, was slain at the Lake Crutius.   

Otho Silvius  

  
SYluius Otho borne of Noble ancestors, out of the town Ferentinum, reigned four months, dishonest in all his life, especially in his youth. This man being overcome of Vitellius first at Placentia, and afterward at Labina, he thrust himself through with his sword, in the thirty seven year of his age. He was so beloved of his own Soldiers, that many of them having seen his body slew themselves with their own hands.   

Aulus vitellius.  
 
VYtellius borne of a Noble famile, whose father was Lucius Vitellius the third cousull, reigned eight months. This man was cruel in his mind, conctous, and also prodigal. In his time, Vespasianus took away the goverement in the East: of whose Soldiers he was overcome in a skirmish made under the walls of the city, and Vitellius being brought forth of the Palace where he had hid himself, his hands being bound behind his back, he was lead about for a spectable to the common people. But the impudent man, in the extremest of the evils that he had done, would not hung down his head for shame, for a sword was put under his chin, he being half naked, many casting dirt, and other more filthy excrements in his face, was lead by the Gemoniae scal●, where he had caused Sabinus the brother of Vespasyan to be slain, and being there wounded with many strokes died. He lived fifty seven years. All those Emperors whom I have briefly spoken off, especially the stock of the Caesars, were of such learning and eloquence, that unless they had too much abounded with all vices, (except Augustus) truly they should have suffered immoderate dishonour.   

Vespasian.  
VEspasian reigned ten years. Among other virtues of this man; this one was notable, to forget dissension: so that he married to a most honourable man, the daughter of his enemy Vitellius, being most largely endoured. He patiently endured the insurrections of his friends, answering with sporting speeches, to their reproaches, for he was a most pleasant prince, and when Licinius Mucianus presuming overmuch of his merits, because by his aid the Emperor obtained the Empire, he altered that opinion, by using one that was samiliar to them both, saying only to him, you know I am a man.  
But what wonder is it that he did so to his friends, since he also despised the obliqne sayings of Lawyers, and the reproach of Philosophers. This man in a short time refreshed the whole world, being a long time as it were without life, and wearied. For at the first he turned the guarders of Tyranny, unless those which had go on far more cruelly, then to extinguish them being vexed, thinking very wisely that wicked deeds are restrained through fear. Moreover he abolished many vices, in admonishing them by most just laws, and which is more vehement, the example of his own life. He being nevertheless, (as some think) covetous: albeit it is manifest enough, that through want of money, and the destruction of the cities, he sought after new pesions of ●●ibutess, never obtained.  
This man repaired Rome, being deformed with old burningly, and r●inss, leave being granted to those that would build the houses again, if that masters of them should be wanting, he also repaired the Capital, the Temple of the Goddess Pax, and the monuments of Claudius; and builded many new monuments through all the Lands, where the right of the Romans lay, and the cities were renewed with excellent trimming, and the streets were fortified with great labour.  
Than the Mountains by Flaminia were made hollow, for an easy and ready passing down, which is commonly called the rock Pertusla. A thousand Nations being invaded together, whom he had hardly found two hundred, the most part being extinguished through the cruelty of the tyrants. Vologeles 
●  king of the Parthians, was constrained through fear only to make peace: Syria or Palesthina, and Caramania, Tracheta, and Comagene, which to this day we call Augustophratenses, were added to the Roman provinces. Also the jews were conjoined with them. His friends admonishing him that he should beware of Metius Pomposianus, of whom there was speech he would be Emperor, made him Consul, jesting at such a sentence. Sometimes he will be mindful of so great a benefit. He governed all his Empire under an uniform order. He watched in the night time, and his matters of state being performed, he suffered his friends to come unto him, putting on his buskins whilst he is saluted, and his princely robes. But what thing soever had happened after his affairs were heard, he exercised himself with carrying burdens, afterwards he rested: last of all as soon as he had washed, he desired his meat with a better stomach, the love of this good Emperor, caused me to speak more things of him, whom the Romaine-Commonwealth, for the space of six and fifty years, after the death of August us being at the last breath, through the cruelty of the tyrants, enjoyed, as by a certain destiny, that it might not utterly fall to decay. He living seventy years lacking but one, joining sports, or jests, with his earnest affairs, wherein he was delighted, died. For assoon as a blazing-starre with long hairs appeared. This saith he pertaineth to the king of the Persians', who hath the long hair. Afterwards he being weary with glutting of his belly, and rising from his bed, said, it becometh a flourishing Emp. to leave the world without fear or trembling.   

Titus.  
Titus' called also Vespasian after the name of his father, borne of his mother Domicilla a freewoman, reigned two years, and two months, and twenty days. This man from a child most diligenly applied himself, to the excellent studies of virtue, military discipline, and learning, which he evidently showed forth by the gifts of his mind, and body. This man when he took on him the care of his country, it is inceadible how far he excelled those whom he did imitate, especially in clemency, liberality, dignity, and in despising of money; all which were so much the more esteemed in him because many thought, that he being descended of one that was a private man, would be more cruel towards private men, and also luxurions and covetous. For he having gotten the office of the Praetorship in the reign of his father, oppressed as convicted of some crime, every one supported and set against him, certain being sent, who casting out envious railings through the theatres, and the tents, desired that they might be punished. Among whom he commanded ●●cinna being at supper who had borne the office of the consulship, and being scarce go from the table to be slain, for suspicion of defiling his wife Berenice's. But all men took grievously his brawls that he revenged in the time of his father, and also that he was covetous of spoils. Whereupon all men both said and thought that Nero had again gotten the Empire.  
But these things salling out otherwise, got him such an immortal glory, that he was called the delights and love of mankind. Finally as soon as he had taken on him the affairs of the Empire, he commanded Beronices hoping for his marriage, to return home, and all the companies of gelded persons to departed: which showed a token of his intemperance being changed.  
Moreover since that, what things were given or granted of former Princes, their fac●●derss in the Empire were wont to confirm, he of his free will confirmed and granted such things to the possessors thereof, as soon ●he had gotten the Empire. Also on a certain day, he calling to mind, that he had given nothing to any one, he strait ways crieth out, with a reverend, and heavenly saying, OH my friends we have lost the day, because he was of a magnificent liberality. And he was of so great clemency and mercy, that when two men of great honour had conspired against him, neither could deny their in●●nded treason, he first admonished them afterwards they being brought it into an open place, he biddeth both of them to sit by each side of him, and a sword being reached by the industry of the M●●illiaus, whose sights were seen, as it were to make a battle, he committed the same to one and afterwards to the other: wherewith the beholders being stricken, and wondering at his constancy he said, See you not that power is given to the destinies, and that it is in vain to assay a wicked deed for hope of bringing the same to pass, or for ●eare o● losing the same.  
Moreover he oftentimes requested with weeping eyes, his brother Domitian preparing treasons, and seeking after the goodwills of the soldiers, that he would seek to get that as a parricide, which should come unto him, with his own will, since that he was a partner of the Empire. In this man's time the Mountain Vesunius in Campania began to burn and there was a burning at Rome for three days both day and night: and also as great a plague as ever had been before. With the which misery many being vexed, he bought all kinds of remedies, with his own money: sometimes comforting the sick in his own person, and sometimes such as were afflicted with the deaths of their Friends. He lived 41. years, and died of an Ague in the same country, amongst the Sa●ineses where his Father died. It can hardly be believed, how great a mourning this man's death brought to the city, and the provinces, so that they calling him as we have said, their public delights, bewailed him as if the whole world had been deprived of a continual preserver.   

Domitianus.  
 
DOmitianus the son of Domicilla a freewoman, and the brother of Titus, reigned xv. years. This man at the first feigned clemency, neither to be so cowardly as he was, seemed more tolerable both in the time of peace and war: therefore he vanquished the Cattians and the Germane, and made most just Laws. He builded many houses in Rome, either begun afore, or from the foundations: He repaired the books which were consumed with burning, copies being sent for every where, especially from Alexandria. He was so skilful an Archer, that he would shoot his arrows betwixt: the fingers of a man's hand being stretched out a far off. Afterwards he waxing cruel through murders, began to punish good men, and after the manner of Caligula, he constrained men to call him Lord, and God, and all tokens of honour. Being ridiculously left off, he followed swarms of flies: he raged in lust, the filthy excercise whereof, the Grecians ever named Clinopalen. Whereupon it was answered to one, demanding whether any one was in the Palace, Not a fly, With these his cruelties, and especially with the injury of his words, wherein he was grieved to be called a Whoremonger, Anthony being stirred up, having the government of the higher Germ●ny, took away the Empire. Who being slain in a battle by Normannus Appius, Domitianus waxing far more cruel against all kinds of men raged even against his own friends, after the manner of brute beasts.   

Coccius Nerua.  
HItherto such as were borne in Rome or through Italy, governed the Empire, from hence strangers. Whereupon it is gathered that the City of Rome hath increased through the virtue of strangers. For who was more wise, or moderate then Nerua? Who more divine than Traian? Who more excellent than Adrian? Cocceus Nerua, was borne in the town of Neruia, Reigned twelve months ten days. This man when he took on him the Empire, forthwith there was a rumour, that Domitian lived, for which cause he was so afraid, that his countenance being changed, and his voice being lost, he was scant able to stand: but he being encouraged by Perthenius, & fresn confidence being taken, he returned to his accustomed mildness. Who being joyfully received of the whole Senate, Arrius Antoninus alone of all men (being a stout man and most friendly to him, wisely observing the estate of those that bear rule) embraced him; saying, that he greatly rejoiced for the Senate, the people, and also the provinces; but for himself nothing at all: For whom, it was better always to sport at evil Princes, then that one sustaining the weight of so great a burden, should be subject not only to troubles and dangers, but also to the report of all enemies, and friends, who since they presume that they deserve all things, if they have extorted any thing, are more cruel than very enemies themselves.  
This man pardoned & forgave, whatsoever had been added to his tribunes under the name of penalties: he released the afflicted cities: he commanded that Boys and Girls borne of poor parents, should be brought up through Italy at the cost of the whole commonwealth. This man to the intent he might not be terrified by the access of ill-willers, is so admonished by the saying of Mauritius a constant man, who being familiar with him at supper, when he saw to be present Vetentones who had been Consul, notwithstanding had persecuted many with Domitian with secret objections, amongst their talk mention being made of Catulus, a great brawler, Nerua said, What would he have done now if he had lived with Domitian? he would said Mauritius have supped with us. This Nerua a very often and most skilful taker away of discords, He removed Calphurnius Crassus to Tarentam with his wife, temting the goodwills of the Soldiers with great promises, the Senators blaming his overmuch linity, and when the murderers of Domitian were required to be put to death, he took so great grief thereupon in his mind, that he could not avoid vomit, nor the violence of his belly, also he vehemently withstood the same; saying that it was better to dye, then to defile the authority of the Empire, the authors being betrayed in taking the power. But the Soldiers, letting alone their Prince, they killed Petronius, with one stroke, but Perthenius his members were first cut off and cast in his face: Gasperius being redeemed with great costs, who being more insolent in so cruel a wickedness, constrained Nerua to give thanks to his Soldiers before the people, because they had taken away the worst, and most wicked of all men. This man adopted Traian in the place of a son, and for part of the Empire: with whom he lived three months: who on a certain night waxing angry when he cried out agninst on Regulus with a very loud voice, he was taken away with sweat. The same day wherein he died there was an eclipse of the Sun.  
VLpius Traianus borne in the city Tody, was called Vlpius of his Grandfather, Traianus of Traius the first of his Mother's stock, or else so called after the name of his father Traianus, & he reigned 20. years. This man showed himself such an one to the commonwealth, as the wonderful wits of most excellent authors were hardly able to express. This man took on the Empire at Agrippina, a Noble Colony of France, using diligence in warlike affairs, lenity in civil affairs, and liberality in helping the cities. And seeing there are two things which are desired of excellent Princes, Devotenesse at home, valour in War, and wisdom on both sides, there was so great a quantity of the Noblest gifts in him, that he seemed to be mingled with a certain temperature of virtue, but for that he was a little given to meat, and wine: he was liberal towards his friends, and to use their societies, as equal unto them in estate of life.  
This man in the honour of Sura, by whose industry he had gotten the Empire, builded certain Banes. Of whom it seemed vain to endeavour to declare all things particularly, since that it was sufficient to have spoken of him; for he was patient of travel, studious of every best thing, and warlike, and did love more, more simple wits, or most learned; although himself was of small knowledge, and a little eloquent. But aswell an inventor of justice, and of new, human, and Divine right, as an observer of ancient. All which seemed so much the greater, because the Roman estate, being as it were clean destroyed and cast to the ground by many and cruel tyrants, he was thought to have been fitly sent by the divine providence for a remedy of so great miseries, even for that many wonders did foreshow his coming into the Empire: Among which an especial one, that a Crow spoke from the top of the capitol in the Athenian tongue, Kalos estai. The ashes of this man's body being burned were brought to Rome, and buried under his pillar in the tomb of Traian, and his Image being laid on him, as those that triumph are wont to do, was carried into the citry, the senate & the army going before the same. At that time the river Tiber oveflowed much more perniciously then in the reign of Nerua, with a great destruction of houses and a grievous Earthquake, and a cruel pestilence, and famine, and burnings, were made through many provinces. All which Traian very much helped by exquisite remedies: ordaining that no house should be higher than threescore foot, by reason of the easy downfalls, and the great charges to repair them if any such things should happen. Wherhfore he was worthily called a Father of his country. He lived sixty four years.   

Aelius Adrianus.  
Aelius Adrianus of the Italian race, being a cousin to Traian the Prince, was borne at Adria, which town standing in the country of Pua gave name to the Adriatic sea. He reigned 12. years. He was devoutly affected to the Greek tongue, and was for that cause termed in derision Graeculus. He augmented all the Athenian studies, not only with his Poetry, but with all other sciences of singing, playing, and physic, geometry, painting, & liming, and next to the Policleti & Euphranorae. He exceled in works of brass and Marble, insomuch as one would have thought he had been made for these only purposes, for never had human affairs such an exquisite curious elegancy, as by the work of his hands: & yet would he remember (which is incredible) sundry business, divers places, soldiers, men absent, & the different names of many, making the greatest labours of wit, the ordinary exercises of his life; for when with his own legs he had gone through all the provinces, and perverting the flock of his followers, increased sundry orders, when he had restored all the villages, raising into the hundreds of the Legions, & military Garrisons, both smiths, engineers, carpenters, and all other necessary artificers, for the building of the walls or for the adorning of them. He was an absolute and most sufficient arbitrator, being as it were borne to judge of vice and virtue, governing his own affections with great skill, and craftily covered his insolent, envious, sullen and ●●●ton disposition, in the ostentation of himself.  
He counterfeited chastity, 〈◊〉 and clemency, and on the contrary closely carried his ambition, wherewith he was wholly infla●●ed. He was ingenious, either provoking other to answer, of else himself, both in jests earnest, and tauntinges: giving verse for verse, and sentence for sentence extemporally, in such sort as if he had studied or meditated for all that he spoke. His wife Sabina was by servile and base injuries, constrained to 〈◊〉 self, who did openly boast, what an inhuman disposition of her husband● she had endured, and therefore she had laboured that the ruin of mankind should not be conceived or begotten by him. When he had long satisfied a disease under his skin (as it were with pleasure) at the last overcome with pain in his impatiency, slew many of the Senators. Having gotten many gifts from divers kings desirous of peace, he publicly gloried that he had won more with ease, than other had done by arms. He so established the public Offices both of the Court & wars, that they so remain to this day, only a ●ew of them being changed by Constantine. He lived Lx and 2. yea●● and then being consumed by a grivous torture of all his members, insomuch as he o●●ered himself to the dearest of his servants, ●●ying them to kill him. But he was safely kept by his friends from doing violence to himself, and afterward died miserably.   

Anthoninus Pyus.  
ANthoninus first called Fuluius and Boionius and afterward surnamed Pyus, reigned 23. years, being the son in law to Adrian, and his adopted son, showed so much goodness in his reign, that he lived without all example no man ever paragonizing him, and might be compared to Numa, for he ruled the whole world 23. years, by his own authority without all water, so that all princes, states, and people stood in awe of him, & yet loving him withal, that they rather held him for their father and patron, than their Lord and Emperor, and all of them with one consent, desired his determination of all their controversies, wishing for the same as for the favour of the heavens. The Bactrians, Indian's, and Hireanians, upon proof of the justice of such an Emperor, sent Am. unto him, who adorned his actions with beauty and pleasantness of his person, being both tall and valiant. His manner was before he went forth of his chamber to salute any man, to eat a morsel of bread, lest by the cooling of the blood about his inward parts, he might be overmuch weakened, & by that means be any way disabled from execution of public affairs, which with increadable diligence he executed like an absolute good householder: being voided of ambitious praise or vain ostentation. He was so meek and gentle, that wh● the Senators earnestly persuaded him to prosecute them which had conspired against him: he answered their question; saying, that it was not needful to search them out narrowly which were guilty of such wickedness against his person, for if they should be many in number, he well understood that he should procure the more hatred. When he had reigned 23. years through a fever he died, 12. Miles from Rome, at a town of his own, called Lorium: for whose honour there were Temples erected, priests ordained, and infinite emblatures of his praises decreed; for his meekness was such, that when on a time the Roman people for want of corn would have stoned him, he rather chose to satisfy them by reason then to revenge that indignity.  
MArcus Antoninus reigned 18. years, who lived a sincere maintainer of virtue and of all good disposition, being a protector of the world in all common calamities, and truly if he had not been borne at that time, all the glory of the Roman Empire had been utterly crushed with one fall. For in his government there raged war in the East, Illirya, Italy, & France, such earthquakes were felt as did overthrow Cities: with inundation of waters, often pestilence, and swarms of locusts devouring the green fields, so that his time was oppressed with almost all annoyances, wherewithal mankind is usually plagued: so that I think it was given from heaven, that when nature did hatch such evils as were unknown of to the whole wo●ld, th●n should the counsels of such upright princes give remedy, and assuage the misery. This prince made Antoninus Verus his kinsman partaker of the Empire, by a new kind of bonevolence, the which Verus afterward as he travailed betwixt Altinum & Concordia, died of an Apoplexey, in the xi. year of his reign, being before time of a sharp and wanton disposition, yet very studious in poetry. After his death M Antoninus reigned alone, being from his infancy a quiet spirited man, for it was observed that neither joy nor sorrow, did ever make him change his countenance: gi●ing himself to Philosophy, being exquisitely learned in the gracian language. He permitted the noble men & his own servants to use the same manner of behaviour and attendance at their banquets, which he himself accustomed. When the coffers of his treasury were empty, and he had not wherewithal to pay his Soldiers, being not willing to raise any tax upon the Princes or the Senate, in the open Market of Traianus set to sale for the space of two months together, all the princely hangings, golden and crystalline, Myrrhine vessels and pots, his own and his wives silks, and garments of cloth and gold, and many chains and other ornaments of pearl and precious stones. Whereby he gathered together an exceeding Mass of gold. And after the victory obtained, he gave the buyers there money again, so many as would redeliver their several bargains, being not offended with any one, that would not part with that which they had once bought. In his time Cassius the Tyrant was put to death. In the 59 year of his life he died of a disease at Bendobona, and when news there of was brought to Rome, the whole city most lamentably mourned for him, the Senate themselves sitting in loathsome garments convened with tears, and that which was scarce believed of Romulus, every man with one consent presumed publicly, that Marcus was received into heaven, for whose honour they builded Temples, Columes, and many other Monuments.   

Commodus  
AVrelius Commodus the son of Antoninus, called also Antoninus, reigned 13. years, by whose first entry it was conjectured what an Emperor he would prove, for being warned by his father on his deathbed, that he should not suffer the Barbarians to grow in strength; answered enigmatically, that men in safety of health may do some actions by leisure, but of dead men nothing can be expected.  
He was more given to lust, avarice and cruelty than any man, keeping promise with none, being most fierce against them, whom before he had called to honour, or given rewards unto, being so highly depraved that he would oftentimes in the Theatre combat with fencers, or swordplaiers weapons, Martia a singular beautiful whore with whom he was wholly, enamoured, as he came out of a bath gave him a cup of empoisoned drink, and at the last in the two and thirty year of his age, there was sent unto him a valiant and most strange wrestler, who held his chaps so fast together that he died.   

Heluius Partinax  
HEluius Partinax reigned 85. days, who against his will was forced to be Emperor, & for that cause was surnamed Partinax. He was of a mean and base parentage, and from the government of the city was he advanced to the Empire of the world: at the last in the 67. year of his life, after many wounds were given him, he was beheaded by the conspiracy of julian, and his head was carried ●bout the whole city, & by this manner of death was that man (an example of humane frailty) after intolerable labours, consumed so that he was proverbially termed the bal offortune. For his father being a libertine among the Ligurians in the miry country of Lolium Gentianum, whose vassal even in the time of his perfectureship he freely confessed himself to be. He was a schoolmaster of the grammar, more affable, then profitable, for which cause the Grecians called him Chreslologus, he never revenged wrong but loved all simplicity, making himself open and common to all people both at table, conference, and walking. Being dead, they decreed that he should be called Diws a Saint, or man deified, in whose praise with public acclamation redobled until they were able to speak no more, this people proclaimed this commendation. While Partinax reigned we lived in security, we feared no man. To the Godly father, to the father of the Senate, to the father of all good men.   

Didius julianus.  
DIdius julianus being a Milanese reigned seven months, he was a Noble man, and an excellent Lawyer, but factious, rash, and ambitious of rule. In that time Nigier Pesceninus at Antioch, and Septimius Severus in Pannonia Sabaria, were both created Augusti. By this Severus was julianus, led into the secret baths of the Palace, and his neck being first stretched forth after the manner of the condemned, his head was there stricken off, and afterward set up in the court of pleading.   

Septimius Severus.  
SEptimius Severus reigned 18. years, and first killed the filthy beast Pescenninus, and then Albinus at Lavis because he made himself Emperor, and left his sons Bassyanus and Geta his successors. He made a wall in great Britain, cross the land from sea to Sea, containing at the lest 32. M. paces in length. He was the lest Soldier of all the Emperors that ever were before him, quick of conccit, constant in all purposes until he had accomplished them, and where he inclined to favour, he did it with a wonderful and perpetual grace, being diligent to seek out secrets, and liberal in his rewards. He was alike vehement towards his friends and enemies, for he enriched Lateranus Chilo and Amilynus Bassus, and in the chief and memorable houses of the Parthians, and the Lateranes. He permitted no man in his dominion to cell honours, he was sufficiently well instructed in the latin, but more eloquent in the Africa tongue, for he was borne at Liptis in Africa. Being not able to endure the extremity of pain in all the members of his body, especially in his feet, in stead of poison which he was denied, he fed upon in greedy manner such a quantity of gross and heavy meat, which he not being able to digest, did bring him into a crudity or surfeit, and so died in the 20. year of of his age.   

Antoninus Caracalla.  
AVrelius Antoninus, Bassianus Caracalla the son of Severus, was borne at Lions, and reigned alone six years, he was called Bassianus after the name of his mother's father. And when he had brought a large garment out of France, and made thereby their Caracalla hanging down to the ankles, he constrained the people to salute and welcome him home, arrayed in that garment, whereupon he was called caracalla. He killed his brother Geta, for which cause vengeance followed him and he fell mad, of which he was afterward recovered. When once he saw the body of Alexander the great, he commanded that his followers should call him great Alexander, and by flatterers he was brought to this pass, that he walked with a dreadful face, his neck bending to his left shoulder, look what he had observed in the countenance of Alexander, the same he firmly persuaded himself that his vysag: was of like proportion and g●ace.  
He was given to lost, and therefore married his mother in law. When he journeyed to Carris, being at Edissa, r●ady to do the wo●ke of nature in the easement of his body, h● was slain by a S●●l●ier, who followed him as if he had been one of his guard. He lived about th●●ty years, and afterward his corpse was brought to Rome.   

Opilius Macrinus and Diadumenus.  
MAcrinus and his son Diadumenus were made Emperors by the Soldiers, and reigned but 14. months. A ●erward they were by the same Soldiers both beheaded, because M. crinus did seek the abatement of their stipends, and laboured to repress their ●●ot and luxury.   

Aurelius Heltogabalus.  
AVrelius Antoninus Varius, was also c●ll●d Heliogabalus, the son of Caracalla by his Cousin Semea begotten in adolte●y, reigned two years and eight months'; and the old Bassianus, Grandfather to his mother Semea, was a priest of jupiter, or as some say of the Sun. W●en the said Heltogabalus came to Rome with great expectation of soldier's, he dishonoured himself & incurred the reproaches of all sorts. when by th● defect of nature and age he was not able to taste of lustful pleasure, turning unto h●mselfe, he commanded men to call him by the name of Bassiana a woman, in stead of B●ssianus a man  
He sacrificed himself to the great mother by cutting of his privy parts, having first of all married with a Vestal virgin. He made Marcellus (who was afterward c●lled Alexander) his fellow-Emperor, and was slain in a tumult of the Soldiers, whose b●dy was by a Soldier drawn through all the streets of Rome, like the carcase of a dog, with a military proclamation, saying: The wh●lp● of untamed and rau●ning lust. At last when the quantity of his body was greater than would enter into the stool of a privy, wherein it should have b●ene bu●●●d, they d●●w it to Tiber, binding it to an heavy weight, and so cast i● into the river, that it might ne●er rise up again for mortal men to behold. H● lived b●t 16. years, and for these things called Tibarnius, and Tractitius.   

Severus Alexander.  
Severus Alexander reigned 13. years, being a waster of the Goods of the Commonwealth, and in his time Taurinus was made Augustus, who for fear cast himself into the river Euphrater. At that time Maxim●nus' took on him the Empire, corrupting many of the Soldiers, but when Alexander saw himself forsaken of his followers, he cried out upon his mother, as the cause of his death, and so offered his neck with great confidence to the hangman to be stricken off, in the 26. year of his age. His mother Mammoea br●ught her son to that pass, that if any thing remained unto●●hed at the tabl● or at dinner, were it never so small, she herself reserved it till another banquet.   

julius Maximinus.  
IVlius Maximinus a Thracian and a military man, governed 11. years, who while he persecuted the coiners of money, kill both the guilty & guiltless, was torn in pieces at Aquileia in a sedition of the Soldiers, together with his son, the soldiers making proclamation in a jest, Of a bad kind keep not a Whelp. Under his government Gordianus the Father, and Gordianus the son, one after another took upon them the Empire, and one after another perished; and in like sort, Pupianus and Balbinus affecting the principality, came to confusion.   

Gordianus.  
GOrdianus the grandchild of Gordianus by his Mother, borne at Rome, and son of a Noble father, ruled six years, and was slain at Ctesiphon in a sedition of the soldiers by philippus the governor of the palace in the xx. year of his reign, and his body being buried in the confines of the Romans' and the Persian Empire gave a name to the place, which was for that cause called Sepulchrum Gordiam.   

philippus.  
MArchus julius Philip. ruled 5. years, was slain at Verona by the soldiers, his head being cut asunder in the middle above his teeth, and his son Gallus julius Saturninus being about 12. year old was slain at Rome, having been of such a melancholy and sullen disposition, that by no sport or merriment, he could never be moved to laughter after he was 5. years old, and seeing his father tickled with laughter in certain secular games, although he was but a child, yet did he turn away his face. This Philip was borne of mean parents, his father having been a captain or leader of robbers.   

Decius.  
Decius' borne in Pannonia Bubalia, reigned thirty. months, and made his son Caesar: he was a man well earned in all the Arts, devoted to virtue, pleasant and familiar at home, and apt to all kind of Arms. He was drowned among many other in a gulf upon the coasts of Barbary, and his body could never more be found. His son was slain in wars. He lived fifty years. In his time was Valens Lucinianus made Emperor.   

Virius Gallus.  
VIrius Gallus with his son Volusio ruled 11. years, in their time the senate created Hostilianus Pepenna Emperor, who shortly after died of the pestilence. Also in their time was Aemilianus created Emperor in Moesia, against whom both the father and the son went with an Army, and by their own soldiers were both slain at jatcramna, the father being seven and forty years old, and they were made Emperors in the Island Menyngis now called Girba, & Aemilianus was slain at Spolitum or Pontus, which for that occasion was called Sanguinarius, being in equal distance betwixt Ocriculum Marina, and the city of Rome. He was by kindred a Moor, a valiant soldier and not temerarious 71. years.   

Licinius Valerianus.  
LYcinius Valerianus surnamed Colobus, ruled 15. years, being of Noble parentage, but a solid and blockish man, never borne or qualified for any public place, either in counsel or action. He made his son Galianus, Augustns, and Cornelius Valerianus his son's son, Caesar. While all these reigned Regilianus in Moesia, Cassius Labianus Posthumus in Gallia (Cornelius being slain) were made Emperors. In like sort Aelianus at Moguntia. Aemilianus in Egypt, Valeryus in Macedonya, & Aurelius at milan, invaded the Imperial title. But while Valerianus, Warred in Mesopotamia, he was taken by Sapores the king of Persia, and served him among the Parthians in base servitude, for as long as he lived the king set his foot upon his neck when he mounted on horseback.   

Gallienus.  
Gallienus' substituted in the place of his son Cornelyus Salonyanus, his other son being addicted to the inconstant love of harlots Salonyna, and Pipa. The which Salonina he colord under marriage, her father the King of the Marcomanni, granting unto him one part of Pannonia superior by covenant. At the last, he went against Aureolus whom he besieged at Pontus and obtained it, being for that cause called Aureolus, and he also besieged Myllain; but by a devise of Aureolus, he was slain of his own soldiers. After he had reigned 15. years, seven with his father, and 8. alone, and he ilved 50. years.   

Claudyus.  
Claudyus' ruled 11. years. This Claudyus some are of opinion that he was the son of Gordianus, while he was taught by Lycensa that grave Matron. He was appointed Emperor by the will of Galerius being ready to die, unto whom by Gallonius Basilyus, he sent the Imperial robes to Tycim. Aureolus being slain by his own company, he received the govern meant of those countries, and fight against the Almains, not far from the lake of Benacum, he overthrew more than half the multitude of his enemies. In tho●e days Victorius was madek. And when Claudyus understood by the books of the destinies which he commanded to be looked into, that some principal man of the Senate must die, and Pomponius Bessus (who was then present) offering himself to that purpose, he without admitting any contradiction gave his life for the good of the commonwealth, with protestation that no man of that order could be the principal but the Emperor. Which thing so pleased every one, that he was not only honoured with the title of Diws a saint, but also they made him a statue of gold and set it near to the Image of jupiter, and the Magistrates or peers did likewise erect in the court for his remembrance a golden Image.   

Quintilius.  
QVintilius was the successor of this man who held the Empire but very few days and then was slain.   

Aurelianus.  
AVrelianus borne of mean patentage, and as some say his father was a Colone or tenant to the famous Senate Aurelius betwixt D●cia and Macedonia, he reigned fi●e years and was not unlike to Alexander the great, or to Caesar the Dictator, for he received the City of Rome, and delivered it from her opposites within three years, whereas Alexander by great victories traveled 13. years, before he came into India. Caesar spent ten years in overcoming Gallia, and 4. years in vanquishing the Romans'. This man did obtain three several battles in Italy, at Placentia near the river M●taurus, at the chapel of Fortune, and in the fields of Ticim. In this time Septimius was proclaimed Emperor among the Dalmatians, but he was presently beheaded by his own people.  
When the coiners or monyers in his time rebelled, he repressed them, sparing no cruelty. He was the first man among the Romans which did wear a crown on his head, and also used garments of gold, and precious stones, which before that time the Romans' were not acquainted withal. He compassed about the city with stronger and larger walls than before, and commanded the people to eat swine's flesh, and advanced T●tr●cius to be the provost of Lucania, who before that time had been declared Emperor by the Soldiers in Gallia, telling him merrily that it was more Noble for him to rule some part of Italy, then to be a king beyond the Alps. At the last one of his servants having deceitfully set down the names of his friend's and military men, and counterfeited Emperor, made as though he me●t to kill them; the which he secretly conveyed to them, they upon sigh● thereof, thinking to prevent the worst, slew him in his journey betwixt Hir. clia and Constantinople. He was a cruel and bloody man, dreadful at all times, & a murderer of his own sister's son, after his death there was no Emperor in seven months.   

Tacitus.  
AFter him Tacitus received the Empire, being a man well disposed, who when he had ruled but two hundred days, died of a Fever at Tarsus.   

Florianus.  
FLorianus succeeded him, but when the greatest part of the Army of horse men had chosen Probus who was very expert in warfare, Florianus having as it were in sport swayed the Empire but 60. days, by cutting & lancing his own veins, out of which his blood yss●ed abundantly, he consumed himself.   

Probus.  
PRobus was borne of a Father, who was a husbandman and a Governor, of the blood of the Dalmatians, he reigned 6. years. He overcame Saturninus in the East, and Proculus and Bonosus made Emperors at Colen.   

He permitted the Gauls and the Pannonians to have Vines, and by the hands of his soldiers he planted the hill of Almus at Syrmius, and Aureus in upper Moesia with vines, and was afrerwarde slain in Sirmius in h●● tower enclosed with iron.   

Carus.  
CArus was borne in Narbon, and reigned xii. years. He presently created Carinus and Numerianus Caesar's, and by a thunder bolt was slain at Ct●siphon. His son Numerianus being taken with a pain in his eyes, and carried up and down in a little couch, was slain by treachery, at the instigation of his father in law Aper. And when his death was by deceit concealed, till Aper should get strength to invade the Empire, at the last the treason was discovered by the stink of the dead corpse. Whereupon Sabinus julianus attempted to be Empe. but Carinus slew him in the fields of Verona. This Carinus wanted no faults, & caused honest innocent men to be put to death up on his own false invented crimes, he defiled the marriage bed of Noblemen, & he punished his felow-scholers, who taxed him in the auditory for not observing his word. And last of all he was slain by the right-hand of Tribunus whose wife he had ravished.   

Diocletianus.  
DYocletian a Dalmatian made a free-manne by Amelinus the senator, his mother's name and the name of the town o● his birth was Dioclea, by reason of that, until he was made Emp. he was called Diocles, & being made the head of the world, he changed his Grecian name into a Roman, & reigned 25. years. He made Maximianus Augustus, and created Constantinus and Galerius surnamed Armamentarius, Caesar's. Giving Constantinus to wife Theodora the daughter in law of Herculius Maximianus, putting away his former wife. In this time were proclaimed Em. Carausuis in Gallia, Achilleus in Egypt, julianus in Italy. but they all perished with several destructions. Among whom julianus having a dagger through his ribs, threw himself into the fire. But Diocletian gave up the empire of his own accord at N●comedia, & so spent his old age in his own private possessions, who being afterward moved by Hirculius and Galerius to take unto him the Empire again, like a man flying some great evil, he answered in this sort. I would god you could go to Salon to see the Olivetrees, I h●ue planted with my own hands, than would you never tempt to this action. He lived 68 years, wherein he spent 9 in private estate. He died (as was manifest) by a voluntary fear. For when he was called by Constantinus and jacivius to their marriage feasts, he excused himself, that by reason of his age he could not be pres●t they wrote back again to him threatening letters, wherein he was charged to favour Maximinus and to have showed favour to Maxentius, whereupon fearing some shameful death, he poisoned himself. In his time Constantius the father of Constantine, and Armamentarius were commonly called Cysars. When Severus for Italy, and the sister's son of Maximinus Galireu● for the East at the same time was Constantinus also made Caesar. Maxentius in a village six Miles from Rome, in the way to Lavicanum was made Emperor, afterward I●icinius, and in like manner Alexander at carthage. And so also was Valets created Emperor. But Severus was slain by Herculius Maximinus at Rome in a Tavern, and his corpses was then put into the sepulchre of Galerius distant from Rome, by the way of Apias about twelve Miles.   

Galerius Maximianus.  
GAlerius Maximianus died by reason his privy parts consumed, Maximianus Herculius was besieged by Constantine at Massilia, and there taken, and by him put to death, and Alexander was strangled in a halter by the army of Constantine. Maxentius when he was to fight against Constantine, having made a bridge with boats a little above the bridge Milinus, while he hastened into one side thereof on horsebake, he with his horse fell into the River, and there perished, and by the weight of his breastplate he he did ●inke so deep into the mud, that his body could scarce be found again. Maximianus died an ordinary death at Tarsus. Vallus was put to death by Licinius. Now these were their manners and conditions. Herculius Maximianus was cruel by nature, given to filthy lust, and foolish in counsel, being borne in the wild part of Pannonia, for there is a place not far from Syr●ius where now standeth a palace, wherein the parents of Herculius exercised Mercenary labour. He died in the 60. year of his age, having been Emperor 20. years. He begat upon Eutropia the Sirian woman, Maxentius & Fausta the wife of Constantine, to whose father Constantius he gave his daughter in law Theodora. But some say, that Maxentius by the cunning of a woman, was brought from another place by cause she knew that it would be most acceptable to her husband to have a son, whereas indeed he was not the son, of Maximianus, and therefore she did that, to keep fast the mind and love of her husband. That Maximianus was never beloved of any, neither of his own father, nor of his father in law Galerius.   

Galerius Armamentarius.  
THis Galerius was a landable man, of a beautiful body and a happy Soldier, but of indifferent justice: his parents were country people and keepers of herds, from whence he had his name Armamentarius. He was borne in Dacia Ripa, and there buried: the which place they call Romulia, and after the name of his mother Romula. This man in his insolency would affirm, that his mother was gotten with child by a Dragon, when she conceived him, as was Olimpias the mother of great Alexander.   

Galerius Maximinus.  
GAlerius Maximinus before he was proclaimed Emperor was called Daza, and was the sister's son of Armamentarius. He was Caesar four years, and Augustus 3 years in the East. By his birth and education a pastoral man, but yet a lover and favourer of all wise, virtuous, and learned men: of a quiet disposition, but greedy of Wine, whereby in his drunkenness he commanded many unlawful things, whereof he afterward repent, and gave this charge to all his followers that they should not execute his desires except he was sober, or had commanded in the morning.   

Alexander.  
ALexander was by birth a Phrygian, fearful in his disposition, and by reason of his old age not fit to labour, so that all these last before rehearsed being consumed some one way, some another, the imperial rights descended to Constantinus and Licinius.   

Constantinus.  
COnstantinus the son of Constantius, the Emperor and Helena reigned 30. years. He being a youth was a pledge in the city of Rome under Galerius for Religion, fled away and to avoid them that pursued him to take him, slew all the common beasts he met by the way, and so came to his father into Britannia, and so it happened that at that time Constantius his father died. After whose death, by the consent of all his present friends, especially Erocus King of Alemanes, who accompanied his father constantius, he took upon him the Empire. He married his sister constantia to Licinius at Milan, and made Caesar's his son crispus, borne by Mineruina his concubine, and constantius his son of the same age, & Licinius the son of Licinius being twenty months old. But as Empires do hardly continued in concord, so there arose dissension betwixt Licinius and constantinus, and first of all constantine, fell upon the Army of Licinius at Cibalae in the night time, near to the lake Hiulca, whereupon Lycinius fled to Byzantium and there created Martinianus caesar. Afterwards constantine having a stronger army, constrained Licinius to offer up his imperial gown by the hands of his wife, upon condition of his own life. Than was he sent to Thessalonica, and not long after, both he and Martinianus were strangled. Licinius being 60. years old, and had reigned 14. years, being of infinite avarice, subject to venery, very sharp, and not a little impatient. He was a great enemy to learning, especially foreign studies, calling it through his ignorance a poison and public Pestilence. He was well affected to husbandry and poor rustics, because he was nourished among such people: a good observer of Martial discspline, and most superstitious in the institutions of former ages. He was a diligent repressor of eunuchs and Courtiers, calling them, the moths and frettes of the Palace. Constantine having thus gotten the whole Empire, being happy in government, and prosperous in the Wars, by the instigation (as it is thought) of his wife Fausta, put his son crispus to death. Afterwards he being blamed by his mother Helena sore that action, caused his said wife Fausta to be killed in a scalding bath. He was above measure desirous of praise, and finding the name of Traian written upon the walls of many of the palaces, he called him a wall-flower. He built a bridge over Danubius, setting forth the Imperial robes with precious stones, and wearing a diade me continually. He was qualified and enabled for many things, taking away calumniations by sharp laws, nourishing a good letters, arts, and learning. He himself would read, writ, hear Ambastages, and the complaints of the provinces. He made his own sons and Dalmatius his brothers soon, Caesar's, and lived 71. years, reigning almost half of them alone, 13. years and so died of a natural disease, being more given to derision then to affabilaty. Whereupon it was proverbially called Tracalla, who in his first ten years was excellent, in his next twelve years a robber, and his ten last years a child and ungoverned pupil, spending immoderately. His body was buried in Byzantium which after his name was called Constantinople, after whose death the soldiers slew Dalmatius: By which accident the Roman Empire was divided into three parts. Betwixt Constantinus, Constantius, and Constans, his three Sons, Constantine had all beyond the Alps, Constantius began at the shore of Propontus, and so ruled all Asia and the East. Constans reigned over Italy, Illiricum, Africa, Dalmatia, Thracia, Macedonia, and Achata.   

Annibalianus Constantius and Constans.  
ANnibalianus the kinsman of Dalmatius Caesar, governed Armenia, and the Nations adjoining to it. In the mean time Constantius and Constans fell at variance about the right of Italy. While that Constantius being drunk, and in the likeness of a robber, ranged into his brother's country, he was taken and beheaded, and cast into the River Alsa, not far from Aquyliea. Constans given much to hunting, while he wandered through forests and wild Woods, Chrestyus, Marcellinus, and Magnentius, with some other military men conspired his death, who having agreed upon the day, Marcellinus did invite many to supper as though he would celebrated the birth day of his son. Wherhfore the banquet being late in the night Magnentius a rose, saying that he would go ease his body, and then put on a venerable habit. Which when constans understood he made means to fly away, but was overtaken and slain by Gayon, at Halena near Pyrence, 13. years after he was made Emperor, for he was Caesar 3. years before, and so he lived 27. years. He was a lame man in his feet, and had the gout in the joints of his hands, he was fortunate, for the temperance of the air in his dominion, for abundance of fruits, and for not being annoyed with the Barbarians, which benefits had been greater if he had advanced worthy men Lieutenants, and not sold those places. When his death was known Petrainus, the general of the Soldiers, took upon him the Empire in Pannonia at Mursia. From whom Constantius not long after took away the kingdom, who lived to a great age giving himself to all voluptuousness, being easy to be overtaken with folly.   

Constantius.  
COnstantius made Gallus his uncles son Caesar, marring him to his sister Constantina: and Magnensius, at that time created Decentius his kinsman eaesar, Beyond the Alps, at which time Nepotianus the son of Eutrophia constantinus, sister, by the persuasion of lewd persons took upon him at Rome to be Emperor, whom in the 28. day of his usurped title Magnentius overcame. Than was there a great battle at Mursia, betwixt Constantius and Magnentius, where Magnentius was overcome, in which conslict the greatest ability of the Roman Empire, was almost oh verturned. After that Magnentius fled into Italy, and slew many of his persecutors at Thicanum who followed him audauciously, without any good counsel, as it often falleth out in victories. Not long after being in a straight at Lions, a piece of a Wall being thrown down upon him, by thrusting a sword in secret against it, He was wounded to death, continually bleeding at the nose, until his expiration which was in the two and fiftieth month of his regiment, and the fiftieth year of his age. His parents were of Gallia, he was learned and a good Orator, but of a proud mind, and immoderately fearful, yet politic to cover that passion with precepts of audacity. Decentius when he heard of his death strangled himself with a cord, and at that time Gallus Caesar was slain by Constantius, in the 4. year of his government.   

Silvanus.  
Sylvanus being made Emperor was slain in the eight and twentieth day of his government. He was of a most pleasant wit (although he was derived of a Barbarous father) after that he had learned the Roman manners.   

Constantius.  
COnstantius took Claudius julianus brother of Gallus, and made him Caesar. When he was twenty and three year old. Who in the champains of Argentoratum in Gallia, with a few soldiers slew an innumerable company of enemies. They stood like the tops of Mountains while they were alive but being dead their blood ran away from them like a river. Their Noblek. Nodemarius was taken. The Nobles were all overthrown, and their borders rendered to the Roman possession, and afterward fight with the Almains, took their king Badomarius. He was made Emperor by the soldiers of Gallia, but Constantius urged him by Ambassadors, to leave off that honour, and to return to his former seat and dignity again.   

julianus.  
IVlian affirmed that he could more readily give obedience to the gentle command of the high Empire, whereat Constantius greatly offended (because he was impatient of all such grief) fell into a most sharp fever, which his indignation and great watching increased, and thereof he died in Mopsocrive, at the soot of the Mountain Taurus, in the four and forty year of his age, and the nine and thirtieth year of his reign, having been Augustus twenty and four years, whereof with Magnentius and his own brothers sixteen years, and eight years alone, and fifteen years Caesar. He was happy in all civil Wars, but infortunate in foreign, being wonderfully skilful in casting of darts, abstaining from all abundance of Wine, meat, and sleep, of great ability to labour, and desirous of eloquence, which being not able to obtain, he envied other. He loved his Courtiers and eunuchs very dear, also his with whom he lived very contented, not turning his lustful affections unto any other. But among all his Wives he had loved Eusebia best, who was very beautiful, yet by her Amantiae, and Gorg●niae, and other importunate services, she much blemished the Emp. fame, contrary to the custom of modest women, whose wholesome precepts do often help their husband's. For to omit other, it is almost incredible how much Pompeia Platina increased the glory of Traian, whose Task masters did complain upon their provinces, so that one of them was said to meet with every rich man ask him what hast thou at thy Table? Where haddest thou it? Deliver that thou hast. She blamed her husband by cause he was careless of his own praise, and made him detest such exactions, so that he called his exchequer the Melt. Which is it a bounded all the residue of the members must consume, jasianus having thus gotten unto himself the government of the Roman Monarchy, being desirous of vain glory made War upon the Persians', there he was deceived by a fugitive sent for that purpose.  
When the Parthians fell upon his Camp on every side, he Armed with his shield, ran out of his tents, and while he inconsiderately endeno●d to dispose his forces for battle, he was stricken with a dart by one of his enemies as he rose from the ground, and being carried into his tent, he came out again to encourage his Soldiers to fight, but his blood continually ysluing from him, he died at midnight, having first of all said that he would not (as the manner of others was) give any order for the succession in the Empire, lest that in the multitude of his friends present, who with different endeavours sought that dignity, the envy of any one of them should breed some pe●●ll in the Army, through some discord or civil dissension. This Prince was excellently learned and qualified for great affairs, and for that cause he gave great grace and countenance to the Philosophers and wisest men of Graecia.  
He was short in Sature, and not strong, yet able through exercise. There was in him a great neglect of some things which did diminish his former virtues. As for example, his immoderate desire of praise, his superstitious worship of the Gods, and his peremptory boldness more than did become an Emperor, whose safety being the common good of all men, is diligently to be provided at all times, but especially in War.  
His ardent humour of glory did so much overcome him, that he could not be dissuaded by any earthquake, or other presage from going against Persia, not, not by seeing in the night a great Globe fall down from heaven, could he be drawn to to appoint a more happy time for that War.   

iovinianus.  
iovinianus was the son of Varronianus, who dwelled in an Island of Singidonia belonging to the Province of Pannonia. He was Emperor eight months. His father having lost many Children, was presently admonished in a dream, that the Child wherewithal his Wise was then conceived and ready to deliver, should be called iovinianus. He was of a gallant great body, pleasant in his wit, and very studious. Coming from Persia to Constantinople in the midst of Winter, he ●el into a crudity of his stomach and so oppressed in the carriage of his new dignity died suddenly, near 40. years of age.   

Valentinianus.  
VAlentinianus ruled xi. years, and almost 9 months: his father Gratianus, was meanly borne, and among the Cihalae was called Fanartus, because carrying about cords to sell, five soldiers could not take one of them from him by force: for that merit he was cailed to be a soldier, where by degrees he arose to be the Master of the Praetory: for whose sake the soldiers bestowed the Empire upon Valentinian his son, although he denied to accept it. He made his cousin Valeus companion of his Empire, & afterward his son Gratianus, who being yet a child through the persuasion of his mother in Law, and wise, he created Augustus. This Valentinianus was of a comely presence, of a quick wit, and most eloquent in speech, although he spoke seldom. He was severe, vehement, and an enemy to vices, especially couctousnesse, whereof he was a sharp punisher, and in all things I have related of him, he was most ●ik to A ●●rianus. He remembered his ancestors, he gave his mind to new feats of war, he could make 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the earth or clay, he used in good discretion, time places, and speech. To conclude, if he had not trusted deceitful parasites, to whom he● gave too much credence, contrary to the counsel of his wisest Nobles and approved friends, he had lived and died a peerless Prince. In his time was F●rmus slain, who did attempt the Empire in Mauritania. Valentinian giving audience to an embassage of the Guadi at Bergention lost his voice, through a Flux of blood, and so in the 5. and 50. year of his age, being of perfect sense and memory, gave up the Ghost. The which disease some affirm happened unto him through surfeit of meat, and saturity stretching his sin●weses. He being dead, Valentinian his son of four year old being with his mother, by the procurement of Equituis and Mcrobaudus was created Emperor.   

Valeus.  
VAleus reigned with his cousin Valentian aforesaid ten years and fine months. This Valeus waging an unhappy war with the Goths, was wounded and carried into a base cottage, upon which the Goths came and set fire, wherein he was burnt. He was to be commended in these things. First a good counsellor to the rich, in altering of judgements just, trusty to his friends, not angry to any man's harm but yet very ●earefull. In his time Procopius the Tyrant was overthrown and put to death.   

Gratianus.  
GRatianus was borne at Sirmium and reigned with his father Valentinian eight years, and eighty five days with his uncle, and brother three years, with the same brother, and Theodosius four years, and with them all and Arcadius six months.  
This Emperor overthrew thirty thousand Almans at Argentoratum in Gallia. When he understood that the Goths, Triballians, the Huns, and Alant the basest people of the world, did possess, Thracia and Dacia, as though those lands had been their inheritance, so that by their means the name of the Romans' was in danger to be utterly extinct. He called for Th●odosius out of Spain, and by the consent of all men, in the three and thirtieth year of his age gave over the Empire to him.  
This Gratian was not meanly learned, for he was able to make an artificial verse, speak eloquenly, and to open a controversy like a perfect Orator. Day and night he meditated on death. His greatest pleasure was to believe the divine law, and to attain those things which he had therein destinated to himself, for he was a conqueror of lust, pleasures, and delicates. And he had been good to all, if he had given his mind to sway the commonwealth, wherein he was defective both in knowledge to rule, or inclination to learn that faculty. For when he neglected the Army, and preferred a few hireling Alanes, be●ore the ancient Roman soldiers, and become a companion and friend to the Barbarians, so that he would travel in their habit, he drew upon him the hatred of the soldiers. In his time Maximius, which rebelled in Britannia, came into Gallia, and was there received by those legions which were discontented with Gratian, and so put him to slight, wherein he died after he had lived only 28. years.   

Theodosius.  
Honorius was the father of Theodosius, his mother was Thermantia a Sp●niard, descended from the Emperor Traian. He was made Emp. by Gratian the Emp. at Sirmium, and ruled the world 27. years: and men say that his parents were monished in a dream to call him Theodosius, which signifieth as much as Given of God. And there was an Oracle in Asia, that one should succeed Valeus in the Empire, whose name should begin with the Greek Letters, Theta, Epsilon, Omicron, and Delta wherewithal Theodosius was deceived and justly put to death for his ambitious desire of rule. Theodosius was the most famous enlarger and defender of the commonwealth, for in divers battles he overthrew the H●nneses and Goths which oppressed the Empire in the time of Valeus. At the request of the Persians', he made peace with them, and slew Miximius the Tyrant (which had slain Gratyan) at Aquilei, with his son Victor, whom he had made Emperor, within the years of infancy: he likewise put down Eugenius the tyrant, and Arbogastes with their ten thousand fight men. This Eugentus being confident in the forces of Arbogastes, after he had slain Valentinianus at Vyenna, called himself Emperor, but shortly after he lost his life and Empire together.  
This Theodosius was in quantity of body and condition very like Traian as writings and Pictures testify, such a very tall Stature, such members or limbs, a like hair and mouth, but not so wide as Traian's: lean cheeks, but not so great eyes, and I know not whether he had such a grace or beautiful aspect, or such a Majesty in his going, but I am sure their minds were mo●t alike, so that nothing could be alleged out of any author, but i● seemed he considered and read the same. He was gentle, merciful, affable to all, thinking that he differed from other men only in his apparel: he was honourable to all men, but toward the good he exceeded himself. He lo●ed mean wits, and admired the great if they were harmless and well applied, he gave great matters liberally with a great spirit, he embraced his citizens', and them that lived with him in private society most lovingly, & 〈◊〉 head them with money and other rewards, especially those who had regarded him as a father in his adversity. But for covetousness and triumphing in war, wherewithal Traian was infected, he much detested, for he stirred up no wars but pacified them he found, and made public laws against wanton & lascivious persons, forbidding filthy songs at banquets, being so great an enemy to immodesty and incontinency, that he forbade the marriage of kindred or cousin Germans, as an unlawful thing. For his learning it w●● not great, being compared to them that are excellent, but yet he was sage, and delighted to observe all men's manners. Never ceasing to execrate the proud, cruel, and oppressing words and deeds of the ancient, derogating from true liberty of honest men as Cinna, Mari●s', Silla, and especially traitors and unthankful. He would be angry at evil actions, but soon pleased again with a little forbearing.  
Sometime he would allege sharp precepts out of Livye, as that Augustus was admonished by his Master, that if it happened he were angry at any t●me before he attempted to revenge his displeasure, he should say the four and twenty Greek Letters; by means whereof, a little tract of time would save him a great deal of wrath. And that the Prince's virtue was better which he go● by enlarging his regal power, through civil victories, meaning his own viol●nt passions. He aught to attend to provide corn ●or his subjects, and when they have been peeled by Tyrants of their Gold and Silver, then to recompense them with his own, seeing that bountiful Princes do not give to their favourites, naked fields, or rewards of ●●al value: now those smaller which in secret are bestowed in the court, do draw the ears, and eyes of all c●rious natures to behold them. He must reverence his uncle like his father, and nourish the children of his dead Brother and Sister like his own, and also the kindred of his Father. In feasting, let the banquet be sufficient and delic● but not sumpt●ous. Let him frame his talk to the quality of the person●, and his endeavours to dignities, with a pleasant and grave discourse. If he be a Father let him be affable, if a husband, amiable. ●e exercised himself in sport, ne●ther to be thereby engaged or wearied and when he had leisure, he re●●●ed his spirits with walking. He governed his bodily health with a good diet. And thus in 〈◊〉 year of his age he died in pea●e at Milan, leaving the two parts of the Empire, and one sound and peaceable commonwealth, to 〈◊〉 two ●●●ness, Arcadius and Honorius, whose body the same year was conu●yed to Constan●ople, and there buried.   

Areadius.  
AFter the death of Theodosius, Arcadius ruled at Constantinople, & Honorius at Rome, dividing the Empire betwixt them: for while their father lived he made the his co-paiteners in the Empire, & because at the time of his death, they were not of age to sway so great a state; by his Testament he committed the tuition of Arcadius, to Rufinus, and of Honorius to Stilico, and made Gildo governor of Africa. Rufinus first of all breaking the trust to him committed, which in all antiquity remained inviolable, sent to Alaric●s' King of Goths to attempt War against Arcadius, thinking by this means to procure to himself the Empire of the Fast, and for this cause he gave him many bribes, which being discovered he was slain by the Soldiers, for that so wicked invention. Caianus following the plot of Rufinus, by the aid of the Goths, raised c●uil war, and being overcome in a battle by sea he fled away, and in that flight lost his head; which being set upon a pole, was brought to Constantinople. When Arcadius had ruled thirteen years, he departed this mortal life, leaving behind him his son Theodosius, whom in his life time he had made Caesar. This was a prince of a softly wit, having no resemblance of his father's or his grandfather's virtue; wholly addicting himself to please his Wife Eudoxia, for whose sake among other evil things, he bainshed Chrisostem the patriaich of Constantinople a man very famous for his learning and holiness.   

Honorius.  
HOnorius was not so happy in his rule as his father. Theodosius was made Emperor at Rome the very same year that Arcadius was crowned at Constantinople. Gildo being the governor of Africa, killed his brother Mascerelis sons, who fled into Italy to Honorius from whom he had five thousand Soldiers, by whose aid he overthrew Gildo, and took him in his flight, commanding his Soldiers to pull out his throat, or as some, say, to strangle him. Honorius sent unto Stilico, his pernicious tutor, his successor and murderer, because he had called the Vandals secretly into Gallia, and would have transferred the Empire to his son Eucherius, after he had fought unhappily with the Goths at Ravenna, was slain with his son Eucherius at Rome in the Market of Pax. He overthrew iovius Maximus, and Sebaslianus, rusfling for the succession in Gallia, by Heraclius the governor of the Army; and lastly he removed Constantinus which succeeded Gratian the Tyrant, in the usurpation of Britannia, at the city Arelatum, by the labour & service of the Ea●l● Constantius, to whom for his often approved setuice and fidelity, he gave in Marriage his sister rlacidia, once married to Atarphus the King of Goths, which Pl●cidia was the mother of Valentinianus the younger, who succeeded Theodosius the son of Arcadius in the Empire. He died at Rome, having reigned thirty two years In his time was the jewish Talmud compiled by two Rabbins, and the French passed over the Rhine, and obtained a great part of Gillia, and the jews fought with the Christians at Alexandria. by the whole and generail consent of all the most greatest Princes, created Emperor, after Zeno, and advanced of a mean and low estate. He gave the soldiers a benevolence of money, gave audience to the jewish Am. & with favour, receiving their gifts. He bestowed upon Clodoveus king of Frenchmen, the titles of Senator and Consul, because he had overcome the Goths in Gallia, and taken the Town Burdegala. He made a wall from the sea to See 〈◊〉, to stop the incursions of the Moesians, Bulgartans and Seithians, and repressed by sharp punishment divers tyrants throughout the world. A soldier set up the head of Athevodorus upon an iron pointed dart, before the gates of Tharsus, which there dried away. Longinus was torn in pieces like a wild beast. Vitalianus that moved sedition in the East, was appeased with money: the Huns made some spoils, and the Goths overcame Mace●onia, Epirus and Thessalia, to whom Anastasius sent money to ransom the prisoners they haddetaken, but when it answered not their expectation, the cruel Barbarians slew the prisoners openly. This Anastasius might have been remembered amongst good Princes, because he so often bought peace, had he not favoured Eutiches heresy, by the persuasion of his wife Ariadue, for which cause he got great hatred. In the eighty and second year of his life, & the twenty seventh of his Empire, he perished by a flash of lightning, the divine power by this means, taking revenge upon the Prince, who had so often violated that Majesty, although Ma●cellinus affirm, he died of another sudden death.   

Inslinius thrax.  
IVstinius the Thracian, diseended basely by Father and Mother, being first a swinehearde, than a Neathearde, and last of all a servant to a Woodmonger. He become a soldier being but sixteen year old, and growing active and prompt, therein to offend the enemy, was taken in the Army, from whence arising through all offices, to the government of the Pretory, he was made Consail-After the death of Anastasius, a certain rich Euunuche came unto him who was a servant to the sormer Emp. bringing him a great sim of money to bribe the soldiers, that Theccritianus might be made Emp. jasinius biting at this bait, and knowing how to help himself with that money, bo●ght the Empire for himself, and then put Amantianus and Theocritianus to death for conspiring against him, and in the ninth year of his reign, he adopted his sister's son justinianus in the Calendss of April, and made him copartner in the Empire, and then died in the fourth month after that. He raigne● nine years and two months, being of a good and so and religion, for he b●●ished all the Ar●iaus, received Germane very courteously sent unto him f●om H●mis●la Bishop of Rome, for restoring right believing christians to those places from which Anastasius had removed them. He ordained the counsel 〈◊〉 should be inviolably observed: and he restored to his great costs, 〈◊〉 and carynth overthrown by Earthquakes.   

justiniuses.  
〈◊〉 was the adopted son of justinius began his reign. In the four and 〈◊〉 year of his reign, wherein he continued forty one years & wonderfully enlarged the ancient glory of the Roman Empire. Surely he had been a Noble Prince but that he was guilty of Avarice and the Eutich●an heresy, and also for putting out of the eyes of Bellisarius, a slender suspicion and without all cause, by whose service he had accomplished great matters and so driving him away he was constrained to beg his living of passengers. In his time the use of silk came from the Parthians among the Grecians, and now of late is left again. justinianus being sick, made his daughters' son justinus Caesar, and not long after his sickness growing upon him, and falling distracted, he departed his natural life when (as Eutropius saith) he had made an impious edict against verity. This justinianus commanded that the Temple of Sophia should be built at Constantinople, and in his time, there was so great a famine in Italy, that the people were forced to eat man's flesh. Silverius the Bishop of Rome, by the fraud of Theodora justinianus wife, was convicted by false witness, and by Bellisarius sent into exile, wherein he died.   

justinus junior.  
Ivstinius the Nephew of justinianus by his daughter, and an earnest follower of justinius, was for that cause always nourished in court. He was of an easy disposition, and given to deserve the good opinion of men, by high own liberality, by justinianus he was proclaimed Emperor. He made a league with the Persians', remitting the annual tribute which was paid to them by the Romans'. The Lumbards' a people of Germany, by the persuasion of Narses, whom the Emperor had unjustly prescribed broke into Italy, which from Albuinus unto Desiderius by the space of three hundred & four years they held distinguished into several regiments. For Sophia wrote unto Narses, who was an eunuch that he should reture to spin women's work. To whom Narses returned to this answer, that he would spin such a thread, as she should never be able to break. justinius fell from his liberality to avarice, and also from true christianity to the heresy of Pelagius, sending Longius into the place of Narses (whom he had set at liberty) and instituted the Exarchatship a new kind of Magistracy.  
This was ordained after christ five hundred threescore and eleven years, and in the four thousand five hundred and thirty fourth year of the world. By this justinyus, that he should be the Viceroy of the Empire in Italy, and should have power to confirm the election of Popes, it endured one hundred threescore and four years. This justinius died through a sickness in his feet, in the eleventh year of his reign. In his time the Armenians received the christian faith, and Monothelites spread their heresy, against whom he assembled a hundred and fifty Bishops at Consiantinople in counsel to condemn them. In which synod it was permitted to the Greek priests ro retain wives but not to the Latins.   

Tiberius.  
Tyberius' the second unlike to justinius yet adopted by him, gave to the poor the tribute which justinius had covetously enchroched and delivered to him by Sophia, and all the treasures of that famous captain which were long hidden in a lake of Water, and discovered unto him. In the East he often time constrained the Persians' to keep within their borders, & received Mesopotamia, sending back the Persian captains honourably clothed into their own country, when the Lumbards' breaking their league had along time besieged Rome, and pressing to the Walls to take it, they were repelled by strange and unwonted showers of rain, and there followed after those showers as great a drought, whereby all manner of victual grew exceeding scarce. If the affairs of Tiberius had as well succeeded in the West, as they did in the East, his happiness had been of singular note. He adopted his son in law Mauritius and committed to him the present government of the Empire, in the presence of john the Patriarch of constantinople, who crowned him, and of the whole Senate, and so reigned seven years, living in all good opinion of piety and liberality.   

Mauritius.  
MAuritius the successor of his Father in law Tiberius, was a cappadocian, and governed twenty years. At the beginning he was happy in the Empire over coming the Armenians & Persians by his lieutenants, driving the Scythians out of Moesia, and repressing the Lumbards' in Italy. After this by the aid of his son in Law Theodosius and his Father in law Germanus, he drove the conquered Huns on't of Pannonia, into the Wilderness, and called the Patriarch of Constantinople, the universal governor of the church. This Prince for his diligence was advanced from a notary by justinius, and made the ruler of the Watchmen, afterward the son in law of Tiberius, lastly Emperor, and being honoured with many victories, did happily for a season sway the whole e●●ate. Afterwards giving himself to an insatiable desire of money, and grew offensive to the soldiers of Sarmatia, who lived in a barren & cold place, yet received not from him their stipends. He was warned in a dream to beware of Phocas, who was a Centurion, on the Scythian coasts, yet was he by him deprived both of life and empire. He was an example of patience and fortitude, for seeing his wife and sons slain before his face, he cried out saying. Thou art just OH Lord, and thy judgements are right, bearing it without show of impatience. In his time began the name of Turks, to be first heard of in Asia, and the Goths and Angles were turned to the christian saith.   

Phocas.  
PHocas captain of the band, on the borders of Scythia, was chosen Emp. by the damned Army which he led, who quickly forgot M●uricius, and was not warned by his destruction to beware of covetousness, but in more greedy manner exacted many tributes, and kept gold more closely, with his courtiers who after the Persian manner disposed all things for they gave audience to Ambassadors, sat in judgement and bestowed Offices, than which things is more wretched and blamable in a chief ruler.  
They were his greatest favourites, who made the greatest havoc of the common people, and he paid the Soldiers very sparingly. H● declared the Roman Bishop, by the solicitation of Bonifacius the thi●d, uni●ersall and chief Bishop of the world. And by his sloth and negligence, the Empire of Rome lost all strength, consisting only in a bore title, and it was brought to pass that either the name of an Empire must be laid aside, or else Ph●cas must d●e. There was one Priscus Patricius the son in law of Heracleonas, a great 〈◊〉 of the Emperor, his son Heraclius was Propraetor and governed A●●rique, these three conspired to kill the Emperor, Heracleon who was capta●● o● the Wa●re, raised an army and brought it into Thracia, under colour to resist the Barbarians, and to defend that region. Heraclius came out of Africa into Constantinople, lest his father should be suspected to r●bel, and so they met at a set time, and of purpose made a tumult, and while the Praetorian Soldiers ran to appease it, the filthy Emp. was by the traitors beheaded in the thirteenth year of his reign.   

Heraclius.  
HEraclius Propraetor of Africa, and son of Heracleonas, after the death of Phocas was made Emp. by the Soldiers, and applause of the people, and in one and the same day was crowned by Sergius the 〈◊〉, and married to Fabia Eudoxia, celebrating together his 〈◊〉 and marriage feast. He restored Jerusalem, Syria, and Egypt, to the Empire, ●●●rcame the Persians', their K. Cosdroa being killed by his own son, become he preferred his younger son to the kingdom. He recovered the holy Cros●e 〈◊〉 it to Constantinople, and afterward translated it to Rome. His War against the Persians' endured six years together. Altar this Heraclius committe● the affairs of the commonwealth to other, gluing himself to ease and idleness. He constrained the jews to be baptized against their wills, and gave himself to the study of Mathematics, to wizards and impostures of the Devils, and so fell into the heresy of the Monothelites: he married with Martina his brother's Daughter, and made a law that every man might do the like, he reigned thirty and one years, and some say he died of a dropsy. Other affirm he perished by a new and strange disease, namely that his cod were turned upward, and his vi●●l member always standing, that so often as he made water except a board was held to his belly, the urine flew up into his own face, which some imagine was a just judgement upon him for his unlawful marriage.   

Heraclius junior.  
HEraclius the younger called also Constantinus, the son of Heraclius, the Emp. succeeded his father, and was a true observer of piety, but yet by the treason his stepmother Martina, was killed by poison in the fourth month of his government.   

Heracleona.  
HEracleonas son of Heraclius and Martina, after the death of Constantine, ruled in the East with his mother two years, when the Se●a● and people of Constantinople understood how they had poisoned Constantinus, they took both the mother and son, cutting off his nose, that so he might receive no commiseration by his beauty and grace, and her tongue, that so she might no more by her cunning speech move the people's minds, & so with the Patriarch that was privy to the treason, they were all sent into ba●●shment.   

Constans.  
AFter that Heraclionas and Martina were driven away, Constans otherwise called Constantinus the third, was declared Emperor by the Senate, without the Soldiers, which seldom happened. He walked in the steps of his Grandfather, following the heresy of the Monothelites. He caused Olimptas the Exarchat to apprehended Martin the first of that name, Pope of Rome, and to sand him into exile wherein he died, by cause in a synod, he deposed Paul the patriarch, and allowed the condemnation of Cirus, Alexandrius, Sergius, and Pyrrhus. He was overcome by the Saracens and ran away. Afterwards giving them hostages, he obtained of them leave to go into Italy, and to deliver it from the Tyranny of the Lumbards', leaving his son Constantinus at home, he came by sea to Tarentum, took Luce●a and razed it, and besieged Beneventum. Leaving that siege he went towards Capua, where by the way he met with Mitiola the Duke of that city in A●meses, of whom he was put to slight, and so went towards Rome. Vitalianus the Pope met him without the city, and whatsoever he found there in the ancient Monuments, precious or rare, he made spoil thereof, and took it away with him, not sparing the brazen tiles of Pantheon. After twelve days he went into Sicily, where he was slain by his own followers, because of his covetous exaction of tribute, having lived in the Empire twenty and seven years.   

Constantinus.  
COnstantinus the fourth was eldest son of Constans, and took upon him the Empire at Byzantium which he had governed in the absence of his father. So soon as news was brought unto him of his father's death; he went into Sicily and slew Mezentius the Tyrant, as the author thereof. Seven years together he warred with the Saracens by Sea and land, and in one battle slew of them thirty thousand, and so weakened their forces thereby, he constrained them to seek peace of the Emperor, which they obtained upon condition that they should pay to him yearly a certain tribute. The Bulgarians invaded Thr●cia and Pannonia, and by the permission of the Emperor, they inhabited a part thereof. He celebrated the sixth synod at constontinople against the Monothelites, by the persuasion of Pope Agothon, where met together the Greek and latin Church. He cut off the noses of his brethren, being children, that they s●ould ne●er affect the Empire, and as Platina saith. In his reign was the King of Persia with his wife Caesarca and many thousand of their followers, baptized at constantinople. Lastly he was overcome with sickness (or as other say) he was thrown out of the palace headlong, and so died in the eightee●e year of his reign. He was called Pogonatus because he had no ●●ard when he went in to Sicilia, and returned again bearded, for Pogona in Greek is a beard. In his time there was a great famine in Gallia, for secure whereof King clodoveus took out the riches and ornaments out of the church of S. Dennis, which his father had therein bestowed.   

justinius 4.  
justinius the fourth was the son of constantine, and his heir. The last of the line of Heraclius and was made Emperor, when he was sixteen years old, he was a wild and wicked young man, erring from the true faith, abolishing the authority of his father's Synod by another, the which Sergius Bishop of Rome would not allow, for which cause he sent Zacharius Portospatarius to apprehended him, who being resisted by the Bishop, came again without doing any thing, and was punished for his other faults. He was by his Duke's Leontius, Tiberius and Absimarus, and Callinicus the Patriarch, deprived of his nose and ears in the tenth year of his regiment, and so dispossessed of the Empire, banished into Chersonesus. About this time Childeric the second, King of France with his wife great with child was slain by Rodillus, whom a little before he had caused to be whipped at a post.   

Leontius.  
LEontius or Leo the third being made Emperor, ruled most ungodly eleven years, and at the length had his nose cut off by Absimarus, and was put into prison. At this time the Arisians were overcome with their Captain Rabodus, and were made Christians by Pipinus the general of the horsemen of Gallia.   

Tiberius' 3.  
Tyberius' whose surname was Absimarus declared Emperor by the soldiers. He banished Philippi●us into Pontus, whose aid advanced him to be Emperor, because he suspected him, for that an Eagle shadowed his head sleeping. He swayed the Empire seven years. After which time justinus the fourth banished (as aforesaid in his history) by the help of Bulgarians, was recalled from exile & came to Constantinople with a great army, and reigned with his son six years more: commanding Leontius and Tiberius to be slain in his own sight, pulling out the eyes of the patriarch Callinicus, and banishing him to Rome. After this he sent for Constantinus Bishop of Rome, and received him with great reverence, Kissing his feet, and confessing his former errors craving pardon for them, and approved the Roman Religion. Lastly waging War with philippicus (that was before banished to Pontus) by the persuasion of the Pope, he was there with his son Tiberius overcome and slain. This year the Saracens invaded Africa, and a great part of Spain which they held seven hundred years.   

Philippicus.  
PHilippicus Bardesanes after the slaughter of, justinius and his son took the Empire and caused all Images and relics to be thrown out of the temples, weaking the decrees of the 6. Synod with another, to gratify a certain Monk which had prophesied that he should be Emperor, and desired this action for his reward. He was eloquent, but not wise, for he dissipated the wealth of the Empire, suffering the Bulgarians to depopulate Thracia. He was declared a schismatic by Constantinus the Bishop of Rome, and forbidden to communicate. He was deprived of his eyes by Anthemius his chief captain, and so brought again into good order, having reigned one year and six months.   

Anastasius 2.  
ANastasius the second surnamed Anthemius, was made Emperor by the Soldiers, and approved all the decrees of the Bishop of Rome for holy and just, and did many things according to true piety, at length by the persuasion of the Bishop of Rome, he sent a great sleet against the Arabians to Alexandria, but his Soldiers hating him, returned home again and made The●dosius a man so base condition Emperor, who took Constantinople and deposed Anastasius, shutting him up in a Monastery, when he had reigned one year and three months.   

Theodosius 3  
THeodosius or Adramitian was constrained by the Soldiers to be Emperor, yet was he of good life though meanly borne, saving that he restored Images into the church again, which Philippicus had dejected. He overthrew Artemius in a great battle near Nice, & gave over the Empire to sco who was made Emperor by the Soldiers, and came against him to fight, but Theodosius was weary of civil War betwixt him and Leo, and so entered into a Monastery after he had reigned two years, where he lead a long and happy life.   

Leo 3  
Lo the third was called jagnus or conon, a man of a base kindred and made Dices where he was borne, he reigned together with his son Theodosius, and was called Iconomachus, because he destroyed all the Images of the Saints out of the Temples, by the authority of a counsel at Byzantium, that he might gratify two jews, that foretold him he should be Emperor, and deposed Germanus the patriarch of Constantinople for maintaining them, and likewise caused Stephen the Bishop of Rome which disallowed that action, to be apprehended and put to death. In his reign was Constantinople besieged eight years by the Sara●●nss, who were constrained through great pestilence and famine to depart, their ships being all burned, by an artificial fire, which was made to burn under the waters. After this he recovered the desection of Sicilia, through the labour of Sergius. He reigned twentyfive years, and toward his death Bythinia and Thracia were grievosly shaken with an earthquake, and the walls of Constantinople, were almost all overthrown thereby. Gregory the third of that name, Bishop of Rome, did forbidden Leo to communicate, by cause he would restore the images, and not regarding him, sent for Carolus Martellus a King of France, against the Lumbards' into Italy, who made peace with the Romans without the Emperor. The Saracens possessed Aquitane, but they were driven out by the French, and above three hundred three●core and thirteen thousand, slain.   

Constantinus 5.  
COns●●ntine the son of Leo Isaurus ruled the East, and was zealous as his father against images, yet was he charged with magic, and that he was neither Christian, Greek, or jew, but given over to all impiety. It is likely the resisting of the Roman Synod in the days of Gregory the third, was the cause why the bondslaves of that see have defamed him so much in their Chronicles. He put to death two patriarchs of constantinople. He waged war against the Bulgarians, who destroyed Images in their churches.  
He also put out the eyes of Artabasdus who was made Emperor, by them that favoured the Pope and Images, and likewise of all his kindred. He held a counsel at Constantinople of 330. Bishops, whereby all the people were compelled to swear that they would never offer any more to any image of God and Saints, and condemned all them to death that worshipped or prayed to the Virgin Mary, or kept the relics of Saints in their houses; and commanded monks and Nuns to marry, and not to vow a single life: for which cause he was reported to have made water in the Font at the 〈◊〉 of his Baptism, which signified how he should defile Religion as enemies, and the Pope's friends affirmed: for he sent the decrees of this counsel to the Pope, commanding him to keep them, and put them in execution, which made the Pope fly to Pipin King of France, who at his request, made War upon the Lumbards', and constrained Arstulphus to yield to the Pope's requests.  
And the pope to gratify Pipinus the K. translated the Empire of constantino●e into France, & Pipin gave the Exarchat of Lombary to the Pope, and although he were sent unto by the Emperor, with many rich gifts to redeliver again the Exarchatship, who answered that his coming into Italy was to guard the church, and to give Ravenna and the Exarchatship to the Pope. At this time was a Parliament first instituted in France, and the Turks a people of S●it●ia coming from the Hiperborian Mountains invaded the Armenians, Colc●●, and Alain. The Emperor reigned 35. years, and died as some say of a leprosy. In his time began the Popes to be greatly honoured, by cause that Pipin lead the Pope's horse by the bridle, the Pope sitting on his back till he came into the Emperor's Palace.   

Leo 4.  
Lo followed his father's steps in detestation of images, and sat in his seat, having a wife an Athenian, called Irene, of an exceeding good spirit and beauty. He made one voyage into Syria where he receined a repulse in a small skirmish, and returned back again. He loved well precious stones, and having seen in the Temple of Sophia a crown full of those stones, he set it on his head, by the coldness where of he fell into a fever and died. In the fift year of his reign.   

Constantinus 6.  
COnstantine the sixt son of Leo, ruled with his mother ten years, at which time there was a synod at Nice, wherein the matter of images was agreed betwixt them and the Pope at the instance of Irene, who had a great devotion to the Virgin Mary. But in the tenth year of his government he deprived his mother of all rule, exhorting her to live privately, and not in public administration of justice, casting down again all the images the had erected, which was consurmed by a counsel of Eliberus in Spain. Irene suborned certain captains to kill her son, who took him put out his eyes, & put him in to prison, wherein he died, she then reigning three years till she was expelled by Nicephorus, in which time she caused her husband's father's body that had destroyed Images, to be taken out of the grave and publicly burned to ashes, for that cause after his death twenty years. In her time was also Charlema●gne crowned Emperor at Rome, and in the reign of Constantine her son, and hers together, there was found a Beazen plate laid upon a dead man in the earth, with this in●●●ption: Christ shall be borne of a Virgin in him do I believe, and in the time of Constant me and Irene, OH sun thou shalt see me again. At last she was b●●ished by Nicephorus to Leshos, and there died. Constantine ruled fifteen years; ten with his mother, and five alone.   

Nicephorus.  
NIcephorus reigned in the East, after the banishment of Irene in Lesbus, and ratified that peace with charles the great, which Irene had made: which was, that he should have Sicili●, calabria, and Apulia, and charles all the residue of Italy. He also agreed with the Venetians, that they should neither besub●●ct. to the East or West Empire, but remain friends to both, and help bo●hina' wars. He turned back again, Admiratu● King of Saracens, which 〈◊〉 gat●●st him with three Cahonsand men, b● yalding him a yearly tribute. He ho●pe the Venetians against the Gauls, to y●●ng fleet to ●leete by Sea. Herazed Apo●loma which he took by a ten force, partly by violence, and partly by ●raud, and made his son Stauracius copartner of the Empire, and he died in a battle against the Bulgarians in the superior Mas●a, in the ninth year of his government.   

Stauratius.  
STauracius the Son of Nicephorus being wounded in the battle of the Bulgarians, assoon as his father was dead he came to constantinople, and was crowned Emperor. He received many hurts by the Saracens, who broke the peace made with his father. At last he was thrust out of the Empire, by M●chaell curoplate, who married his Sister Pr●cop●a, and shut up in a monastery, ra●gined but a few days after his father.   

Mychaell.  
MYchaell curoplate surnamed Ran●●heses. The son in law of Nicephorus●●●●saide ●●●●saide, and married the sister of Stauratius. In the beginning of his Empire made a league with charlemagne that he should hold the west, and Mychaell the lest. ●he Venetians fell to the Grecians, upon that condition to en●oy all the 〈◊〉 ledges granted unto them by charlematne. When for a little 〈◊〉 space 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 war●ed. against the Bulgarians, and over came them, at last being ou● 〈◊〉 own an● put to flight at Hadrionopolis, he returned home with the loss of his Army, and presently he was taken by the treason of Leo the Armenian, and exiled into the ●●e of Protes, and there ●●ued in a monastery, after he had reigned two years. And thus Empires by the providence of God, thorogh sundry altera●●onss, pass from one to another, with their wealth, glory, pleasure, commoci●eses, and discommodities.   

Leo. 5.  
Lo the Armenian, son of Pardus Patricius, who was governor of the ●asterne Army, was chosen Emp. by the people, because he was thought worthy to sway the world. At that time, he slew crumnus king of the bulgarians, who had obtained ●●adrioncpolis, & turned his power against Constantinople, having made a breach in the wall: which thing did for a season give peace to the eastern Empire.  
When he had gotten this victory, he turned his power to overthrow & kill many at home, and yet abolished all the images of the Saints; & being warned by the presages and dreams of his Mother, corlde not avoid the fate appointed for him, for in the night time being at prayers he was slain by Mich●ell Thraulus (whom he had detained prisoner) through many wounds, after he had reigned seven years and five months. His wife was constramed into a Monastery, and his sons banished. He had many virtues, and waged the affairs of the world very excellently, had he not been justly accused of much cruelty.   

Michael Thraulus.  
MYchaell Thraulus or Balbus, because of his stammering tongue, was a Phrygian, borne of a mean and base kindred. He was infected with judaisme professed in that place, and slew Leo, by whom he had been advanced to great honours, sending his sons into banishment, invaded the Empire. He overcame Thomas captain of the soldiers in the East, and slew him with all his traitorous companions. He overcame the Saracens, in●●ding creta. He was not loved of Monks or clarks, and died in the ninth year of his reign, through the looseness of his belly, and so was the Oracle fulfilled, that when a slammering and covetous prince ●aigned, then should the Empire fail.   

Carolus.  
Charles' the son of Pipin king of Fraunc●, the first of that name, and was called most Christian, by Leo the Bishop of Rome, of whom he was crowned Emperor, for his great zeal towards christians. At the entrance into his reign, being delivered from the Wars of Aquitane, he went into Italy and made the Lumbards' subjects unto France, taking their k● Desiderius. He many times overcame the 〈◊〉 Saxons, in thirty years Wars, and did instruct them in christianity. He drove the 〈◊〉 out of France, and consigned the slavonians, Danes, and Boemians, within their own territories.  
He went the second time into Italy, repressing them of Benevention, which resisted the Pope●ile restored Leo the Pope, who was expelled by the Romans, and ended the Wars against the Huns. Whereupon after all his Noble acts, he was called Charles the great. And after all this, he returned into Frau●ce, making his son jews copartner of his Emp●re, and so d●ed at Aguisgrue being seventy one year old, and having been Emperor th●rteene years. He founded three Universities, one at Ban●●●a, another 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the third, at Papia; storing them with learned men from all places. He erected many monasteries in Germany, for the education of christian youngemen instead of scho●●ss, he celebrated siue counsels or Synods for the state ecclesiastical, and i● superstitiously worshipped of many for a Saint.   

jews Pius.  
jews the son of Charles the great, because of his great piety, was called Pius the godly, hearing of his father's death, went to Aquisgra●e, where he gave audience to the Ambassadors, of the Greek Emp. Leo, and renewed the league, ending the Dacian war, as he wished. He cut of● the the head of Bernardus k. of Italy, and Nephew of Pippin, because he aspired to the Empire, banishing all his followers, among whom were some clergimen. He subdued the Britan's and Bulgarians, as troublers of common peace. He received Stephen the 4. coming from Rome into France with great pomp, and was anointed and crowned by him at Orleans. He referred the Ambasof Michael the Grecian Emp. about Images to the Pope. He had four sons, Loth●●ius, whom he made k. of Italy, in Bernardus place, Pippin of Aquitane, jews of Bavaria, & Carclus Calivis, by his wise judith, whom he made kings of France and Burgu●●y, and of whom afterward the religious ●●●her received many hurts, for he was taken by them, and imprisoned him most unnaturally at Soyssomae Medardus. And after a year he was again restered 〈◊〉 liberty, and his dignity pardoning their ingratitude, and dealing 〈◊〉 with them. He died at Meth, in the 17. year of his reign, being threescore & four year old. He gave paschal Bishop of Rome power to elect Bishops and decreed that clearg●mens should wear no precious stones, o● other sol● and chargeable attires.   

Theophilus.  
AFter the death of Michael Balbus, his son Theophilus was made Emp. at 〈◊〉 He was mild and temperate to his subjects, but yet punishing them with death that worshipped images. He sought twice with the 〈◊〉, who depopulated Asia, and was by them twice overcome and depr●●ed of his holds. They also took & razed down Amorium, from whence he arose and died, after he had reigned xii. years of a bloody slix. He was a good and gentle Prince, and left behind, a son called Michael.   

Michael.  
MYchaell was made Em●being a child, & was in the tuition of his mother Th●odora, & other the principal men of the 〈◊〉 who governed the Emp●● for him. Assoon as he was of age, & his mother had yielded to him, he sent his Am. to Rome to Nicelas, the●. Pope of that name, to salure the 〈◊〉 of the Apostles, with a golden cup of wonderful weight. He was more like his grandfather, than his father, & so distressed the state again through sloth and prodigality, for when he was pressed with many wars, he could not be revoked from horse races. He censured his mother to a monastery because she would not endure images. After the death of Bardas, who was ●●●in at Barrier's, whereunto he was addicted like a mad man. He made Basilius the Macedonian copartner of the Empi● by whom he was shortly a●ter slain, in the xii. year of his reign, whereof he reigned three with his Mother, And while his mother Theodora had the government, the Bulgarians a peoof Scythia, did commonly profess christian religion.   

Lotharius.  
LOtharius the eldest son of jews the godly, after a skirmish among the brethren, took upon him the Empire, Charles had France, and jews had Germany, which concord of brethren lasted not long, for on Easter day, they violently met in Arms at Fountague, a village Altissedorum, wherein their was so great a slaughter, that there was little difference betwixt the conquered or the conqueror, but yet the side of Charles had the better. Afterwards by the help of Sergius the second of that name, Bishop of Rome, was there a peace concluded, upon condition that Lotharius should enjoy with the title of Emperor all Italy and Gallia Narbonensis, jews should have Germany, and Charles France to the Ocean, and there was added to the ●m. Austrasia, which is now called Lotharingta, after his name. He left 3. sons jews, Charles, and Lotharius. There were many Comets seen before the fight of the brethren. Afterwards in the fifteenth year of his reign, he departed this life, leaving the Empire to jews his son, whom 5. years before he had made copartner of his Empire, etc. and being induced with remorse of adverse desseigues (as some men suppose) he relinquished the Empire, and led a monastical life in the monastery of Pruma.   

Lodowich 2.  
jews the second the son of Lotharius, was crowned king of Italy at Rome, by Sergius the Pope, in the life of his father. At Beneuent he defeated the and overcame Saracens, who in huge troops had descended into Italy. Leaving Italy, at his return into Germany, after the death of his father, he lived at continual discord with Charles king of France for the kingdom of Austrasia, which belonged to Lotharius, & Charles did absolutely challenge. But the difference compounded, he presently after died at Milan, when he had reigned xxi. years, leaving behind him two sons, Charles' and jews; this king of France, that of Germany. Before all men living, he most esteemed Nicolas the first, gracing his inauguration with his presence, and in all their counsels, mutually assisting one another.   

Basilius.  
AT that time when Basil the Macedonian, who slew Michael, governed the East, than was jews the 2. Lord of the West. At his coming to the Empire, he revoked the excessive donatives of Michael, and confiscated the half of them that were already received into his treasury. By the consent of Adrian the second he assembled a general counsel at Constantinople, about the receiving of the Bulgarians into the christian congregation, where after long contention; at last, it was concluded, that they should be subject to the Roman papacy. By his Lieutenant Nicephorus Phocas, he quited Ancona and Dalmatta of the Saracens. He was very thrifty and lived upon his country Domanies. He died when he had raig. 20 years, leaving the Empire to his two sons Leo and Alexander.   

Leo.  
Leo the son of Basilius, aided the Bulgarians against the Turks, but received the overthrow, under the conduct of Simon his Lieutenant. He likewise gave battle to the Saracens, invading Levos. He was an excellent Philosopher, well seen in all sciences, but especially so profoundly studied in Astrology, that thereby he foretold that his son Constantine should succeed him in the Empire. At his death he bequeathed the Empire to his Brother Alexander, commending unto his protection the tuition of his son Const●ntine, whom a little before, he had caused to be crowned by the hands of Euthimus the Patriarch. He had two wives Theophania, to whose name he dedicated a chapel, and Zoc. He likewise builded the church of S. Lazarus, & there he translated his body. To make experiment of the faithfulness and industry of the Watch of the city, one night changing his apparel and furniture, he secretly & alone stole out of the court, and entering the first watch, by bestowing a liberal reward upon the watchmen, he quitted himself of further trouble, and so passed on to the second: where arrming, and thinking to do with them as with the former, was well beaten for his offer, and cast into prison. The next day he bountifully rewarded these rough and trusty Warders, but the former he expelled the city, & confiscated their goods. About this time Dalmatia and Selavonia received the christian religion.   

Charles the Bald.  
Charles' the Bald the youngest son of Lodowick Piu●, k. of France, a prince exceeding curtcous, but above measure ambitious, before his coming to the Empire, contended along time at uncertain hazard of war with the Britan's and Normans. Being sent for to Rome by Leo the fourth, he expulsed the Saracens out of the city. A few years after, hearing of the departure of his Nephew jews, he descended into Italy, and there was crowned Emperor by john the 8. Upon his return towards France, he deputed his wives brother Governor of Italy, but returning thither again, he found his Nephews the sons of the Emp. jews in arms against him, with whom he joined battle at Verona. But being overthrown, he retired to Mantua, where through grief, yet not without the suspicion of poison, ministered by Zedech●as a jew, his Physician, he died, when he had reigned six years.   

jews the Bald.  
jews the bald, and third of this name, King of France, (whom some men will have to be the son of Charles the bald, others of jews the King of Germany, but most likely, the son of Caluis) was anointed and crowned Emperor in a Counsel assembled at Tricasses by john the eight, then living in France, and lastly escaped out of the safest hold or prison of the Romans', much against the Wills of the Italian Princes. Being of an unhealthy body, he scarce governed the Empire two years. He died at compendium, the same day christ suffered, leaving behind two children, Charles the simple, king of France, and Charlemagne the father of Arnulphus. About this time the Normans, who vexed the French with continual inrods, were defeated by Richard Duke of Burgundy, and Robert Earl of Paris, who afterwards become king of France.   

Charles the gross.  
Charles' for his burly body, surnamed Crassus, the son of jews, the eleventh k. of the Germans, was crowned of john the 8. Bishop of Rome. An accident seldom happening to any one Bishop, as to be said, with in four years, to have crowned 4. Emperors. In many battles he overthrew Pannonijs, and christened Robert Duke of Normandy, to whom afterwards he gave his daughter in marriage, with a parcel of France. But being neither profitable for the state, nor well in wits, he was deposed, & Arnulph Charlemaine's son was crowned in his steed. So after ten years of his reign he died, and was buried at Angea. His devotion and love to learning and learned men, whom he would encourage to writ, was very commendable in him.   

Arnulph.  
ARnulphus the son of Charlemagne, the Nephew of Charles the gross, who had appointed him a protector, was chosen Emper. by the nobility, & pacified with an exceeding great slaughter, the rebellious Normans. Presently being given to rapine and covetousness, ransacked churches, and after he had reigned xii. year, by the just judgement of God, he died of the lousy disease. Under him the majesty of the Roman Empire, devolved to the Germane, after it had remained in France almost an hundred years.   

Lodovicus.  
jews the son of Arnulph, as heir to his father, was elected Emp. by the French and Germane, but never crowned. He reigned six years. After the death of his father, he defeated the Hungarians, invading Germany with a great slaughter, at the river Licus. A while after, himself was overcome by the said Hungars.   

Berengarius.  
BErengarius prince of Forum-iulij, a Lombard, of an excellent good wit, & mighty in Arms, partly to withstand the continual in cursions of the Barbarians, into Italy, and partly, not to lose their ancient title, & majesty of an Empire, was by the Italians nominated successor of Arnulph. He overthrew Lodowick son of Arnulph at Verona, and taking him captive, put out his eyes. By bribes he cleared Italy of the Pannonijs. He slew Guido prince of Spoletum. He governed the state 4. years.   

Berengarius 2.  
Berengarius the second, succeeding the first, after three or four years usurpation, was deposed by Rodulph king of Burgundy.   

Alexander.  
ALexander being xx. years' old, neither like his Father Basil, nor his brother Leo, succeeded in the Empire of Constantinople. A man given to lechery and sloth: and for his delight in hunting, horses, dogs, & curious household-stuff, omitting the affairs of the Empire. He preferred to honourable place, base and wicked persons. He died of a surfeit, the blood gushing out at his nostrils and fundament, leaving his Brother's son sucessor, after he had reigned one year and one mouth.   

Constantine.  
COnstantine the son of Leo, Basilius at seven years of age, after the death of Alexander his Uncle, was left by his Father to succeed in the Empire, under the protection of his Mother, and certain of the Nobility, by whose valour Andronicus D●●as intending by tyranny to usurp upon the state, was suppressed. His stepfather Romanus being banished, and his son Christopher, with the whole kindred of the Lee●peni, being extinguished, he governed the Empire one and fifty years, to good commendation. He took Beneuent from the Lumbards', and suppressed certain tyrant's. He enforced the princes of the Turks, to become christians. Being a friend to learning & good arts, he in a manner restored them from death to life. ●e left to his son Romanus a book, wherein he acquainted his son with the whole estate of the Empire, the leagues of confederates, the strength of the enemies, their governements and counsels; which the Venetians to this day, keep in their library, as a jewel of great worth, because he entreateth much of their affairs.   

Conrade.  
COnradus the Nephew of Lodowick, by a brother the son of Arnulph, the last of the royal race of Charles the great, king of Germany, was created Caesar, but not crowned of the Bishop. He overthrew the hungars, whom Berengarius usurping the name of Emp-in Italy, had incoraged again to invade Germany. By the aid of Otho Duke of Saxony, his son Henry was declared Emperor by Conrade, upon his deathbed, in the seventh year of his reign.   

Henry.  
HEnry son to Otho Duke of Saxony, called Aucuparius, after the death of Conrade, governed the Empire of the Germane, after it was translated from Charles the great to the Saxons: he over came the Hungars, and subjecteth the Sclauons: he made the Dalmatians tributaries, & governed the Bohemians by the Laws of the empire: he took Brand-berry, and vanquishing the Vandals (who at that time had received the christian religion) gave firm peace to the provinces of Germany: he recovered Lotharing. Being near his death, he appointed his son Otho his successor, when he had reigned eighteen years. In his time ambitious sovereignty maintained strong factions, for the space almost of lx. years, from the death of Arnulph to the first Otho.   

Otho.  
OTho the son of henry Aucups, a man of an excellent wit, and wild nature, was chosen emperor by the agreement of the whole Nobility of Germany, and was crowned at Aqui●●grave by the Bishop of Mogunc●●: And was called into Italy by Agapitans the Pope, and most of the 〈◊〉 Nobility, to whom the tyranny of Berengarius the third, and his son Albert were hateful, with fifty thousand soldiers, where he disposessed Berengarius of the Empire, and Albert of his government in Italy, yet conditionaly that by way of liberality, they should enjoy possessions in Galia Cisalpina beyond Po. Departing from thence, he restored Lewes' King of France to his pristinate estate, whom some of his Nobility had before deposed, and cast into prison. He deposed Pope john accused of many crimes, and in his steed placed Leo. He drove Beslaus from the kingdom of Bohemia for the slaughter of his brothers. He plagued the Hungars which wasted Italy, in one conflict whereof, three petty Kings of Hungary being taken by the Germane, were hanged much against the mind of the Emperor. Berengarius and his son Albert being overthrown in battle, the one fled into Constantinople, and the other into Austria, and there ended their days in misery. And this was the end of the Emperors, or the kings, or the tyrants (term them as ye will) which arose in Rome, in Constantinople and Italy. Things thus dispatched, he came to Rome, and there being saluted Emperor and Augustus by the whole people, he was the first of the Germane that was anointed and crowby the Bishop of Rome: he died after he had reigned 36. years. he was the first of the Emperors that gave that form of oath to the Pope, which is extant 63. distinction. Can. Tibi domin● johanni.   

Romanus.  
ROmanus Lecapenus obscurely born; notwithstanding his mostreligious oath, that he would not make claim to the Empire, neither for himself nor his son Christopher, going about to betray his father in law Constantine, and to thrust him into a cloister, as he waged an infortunate war against the Bulgars, and had now reigned six and twenty years, & was taken by Stephen his son, and shut up in an Island. A while after, both he and his sons being taken by Constantine (intending the like against constantine, as they did against their father, fell into the same pit, which they digged for another, the one was confined into Proconesse, the other into Lesbus.  
ROmanus the son of constantine, called the younger, the Nephew of the elder, a man wholly given to riot and idleness, being created Emperor after the death of his father, committed the government of the state to one joseph Bringa. In other affairs where he would apply his mind thereunto, wise and diligent enough: he drove the Saracens out of crete, and the Turks out of Asia, under the conduct of Nicephorus Phocas: he sequestrod from his company his mother helen: his sisters he banished the court, taking from them their rich apparel, in grief whereof, they afterwards maintained themselves by prostrating their bodies for lucre: himself at last amidst his wantonness & idleness, was poisoned in the 13. year of his reign.   

Nicephorus Phocas.  
NYcephorus Phocas having obtained the Empire after the death of Romanus the younger, rigged out a fleet against the Saracens that had conquered Sicily, and led an army against the said people, wasting Asia. The war in Sicily under the conduct of his lieutenants prospered not, but Cilicia, and a great part of Asia, he recovered fortunately, and by night surprised Antioch, expulsing the Saracens. At last under the pretence of war, for grieving the people with subsides, and the church with tributes, for abasing the coin, and lessening the weight, he become odious to all men, & was slain in his bed by john Zimisees, Theophania his wife letting in the murderers. He reigned x. years, or as Ignatius writeth, six years and so many mon.   

john Zimisees.  
IOhn 〈◊〉 having slain Nicephorus Phocas, succeeded in the Empire, and ●●ue all the ●●ndred or Nicephorus, and recalled all those that were in 〈◊〉. He ●reated Dasilius and Constantine brothers, and the sons of the younger 〈◊〉 Caesar's, and his consorts in the Empire. He slew sph●●●●●● king of the Ro●●lani, who had almost conquered all Bulgaria, and his whole 〈◊〉. The Trophies of which victory, he dedicated in the church of 〈◊〉, and writ upon the image of our saviour, To jesus Christ the King of kings. He was poisoned in the sixt year of his reign.   

Otho 2.  
OTho the second, the son of Otho the first, by Adelanda, after his good fortune against the Saracens and the Greeks; and admitted partner of the Empire by his father, was anointed and crowned by john the 〈◊〉. bishop of Rome: hetamed Henry the rebel, and Duke of Bavar, and converting his forces against Lotharius, king of France, which challenged 〈◊〉 he entered France, and cruelly spoiling the territories of Laudue and 〈◊〉, he sicred the suburbs of Paris, but in his return towards Germany, he suffered a grievous loss by the Frenchmen, as he was to pass the ry●er. Izo b●●oord, many of his people being swallowed by the waters, many slain by the multitude o● pursuing enemies. A while after, understanding that the Saracens had re-infested Calabria, he sped thither, and was overthrown 〈◊〉 B●sentell, his Battalions being almost all utterly slain. Himself getting a board a small shallop was taken by Pirates, and carried into Sicill, where being known by the promiss of a large and bountiful ransom, he obtained to be conveyed to Rome: Afterwards the Pirates were hanged by the Sicilians. At Rome gathering together the relics of his scattered forces, he assaulted the Beneu●ntss, forsaking their colours, and at unawares took their city, fearing no such calamity, sacked it, and burned it: having thus ruinated Beneuent, he returned to Rome, and there died, after his sole reign, and hi● father's death, ten years, some men report, that he was poisoned by the Italians, for his severe government.   

Constantine.  
COnstantine and Basilius brethren, the sons of Romanus the younger, governed the state after john, for the space of 〈◊〉. years, to the times of the second Otho. Basilius' first reigned alone L. years, and getting 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a rebellious Duke into possession, put out his 〈◊〉. The mutinous 〈◊〉 he overthrew in divers great battles. And taking Sa●uell their leader, and fifteen thousand prisoners, bereft them all of their eyes, leaving on lie one his sight, to conduct Samuel: Samuel died for grief a while after. 〈◊〉 having enlarged the bounds of the Empire, departed this life at Lxxii. ye●reses of age, and the Lii. of his reign, leaving Constantine his brother, 〈◊〉 Lord 〈◊〉 the Empire.   

Constantine.  
COnstantine reigned three years, after the death of his brother, a man of al● o●her mo●● slothful, and committing the charge of the Empire ●ther men● care: he died at seventy years of age, leaving behind him three daughters, Eudochia, Theodora, and Zoe, married to Romanus Argiropylus, who succeeded him. About this time Henry Duke of Burgundy, leaving no issue behind him, bequeathed his duchy to thek. of France by testament.   

Romanus Argiropylus.  
ROmanus Argiropylus the son in law of constantine, and his heir, altered the form of many things to the letter, and was very liberal to all men. But after his journey into Asia against the Saracens, which happened not according to his hopes, he suddenly changed, and gave himself wholly to sloth and avarice. And a while after, by the treason of Zoe, a most lascivious and barren woman, and Michael Paphlagon the adulterer, he was drowned in Bathing, when he had reigned 5. years and a half.   

Otho 3  
OTho the third, duke of Saxony, the son of Otho the second, being nominated Emperor by the Germane Princes, was crowned Emperor by Gregory the fifth, his kinsman, (surnamed Bruno) and whom he had preferred to the papacy. But the Emperor returned into Saxony, Gregory the. 5. was forced from the city by john the Antipope. Which Otho hearing, in a rage, gathered his forces, returning into Italy, and took Rome by force. Crescentius the Consul and author of the sedition he took, put out his eyes, cut off his ears, and set him on an Ass with his face towards the tail, to be derided through the whole city, and at last slew him. He likewise thrust out the eyes of Pope john, and restored his kinsman Gregory to his former dignity. It was this Gregory that made the Law, which is held inviolable to this day, in this form. None of the Emperors hereafter shall claim the Empire by in heritance. Let six Princes, whereof three to be of the clergy, and three of the Laity be chosen: If these cannot agreed, Let the King of Bohemia be Vmpier. When he had reigned xix. year, he died at Rome, not without suspicion of poison. He married Mary the daughter of the king of Arragon, and as report went, an intemperate woman. For his quick wit, and singular wisdom, he was called the wonder of the world. About this time the city of Soysons by the treason of earl Retgnold escheted to the crown of France.   

Henry 2.  
HEnry the second of this name, a Bavarian, surnamed claudus, either the son of the first Otho, or Nephew by his daughter, being chosen Emperor by the electors, according to the instituion of Gregory, in the year of our Lord 1003. deferred his journey into Italy, by the space of xii. years. He had much to do with the French, but more with the people of Mets. Being crowned at Rome by Benedict the eight, he removed to c●p●a, and expulsed the Saracens out of Italy. He besieged Troia in the borders of Apulia, where once Hannibal pitched his camp, and was built by the Greeks', and took it by composition. Historians do much commend this Henry, that being a most christian prince, he lived always chaste with his wife 〈◊〉. Having overthrown the hungars, he petswaded them to christianity by reasons and importunate entreaties, giving withal his daughter in marriage, to Stephenk of hungary: when he had governed the Emzelously & religiously eight years he died, and was buried at Vramberg, Conradus the two. a Frenchman, being lawfully chosen his successor by the electors, for the integrity of his life, and the miracles after his death, he was admitted into the Cathalogue of Saints.   

Conrade 2.  
COnrade a Frenchman, the second of the name, after three years interreigne, at last by the lawful suffrage of the prince's electors, was chosen Emp. for his virtues and military discipline. In the beginning of his reign, finding all things out of order, he wrought his son into the copartnership of the Empire, lest in his absence in Italy, his subjects in Germany for want of an head should mutiny. He besieged Milan along time, and as he threatened the city with final destruction, being terrified with an Oracle, he desisted from his purpose. And so departing from Milan, he came to Rome, where he was crowned with the crown of gold by john the xii. He fought happily against the slavonians and Pannonians, who had aided him in pacifying Italy. He builded the church of Spire, with great cost, wherein with Gisclla his Wife, upon whom he begat Henry the second, he lieth buried, in the xv. year of his reign. In his reign, the Counsel of Triburgi was held at Mogunce, and Burgundy was divided into a Dukedom and an Earldom, the Dukedom to appertain to the house of France, the Earldom to the Empire.   

Michael Paphlago.  
MYchael Paphlago, the adulterer of Zoe, and who had slain her husband, was preferred to the Empire of Constantinople, by the said Zoe. A woman nothing beautiful, but of a stirring spirit, wavering upon all occasions, and of a stinking breath, Who would not curse such immoderate affections in a woman of fifty years of age? Or nor admire the inconstancy of Fortune in a price of such worth? At last she arrogated to herself all imperial jurisdiction, and used Michael as her vassal. But this submissive flattery lasted not long, for Michael took the government into his own hands, and proved no evil Prince. He concluded a three years truce with the Egyptian king, and delivered Edessa from siege. At last, falling sick of an Ague, he nominated Michael calaphet his successor in the empire, when he had almost reigned 7. years.   

Mychaell calaphet.  
MYchaell calaphet, a man most ignoble, was adopted by Zoe, whose parents caulked Ships in Paphlagonia, from whence he took his surname. He was a Prince subtle and deceitful, a dissembler every way, envious, wrathful, and apt to hear tales: he took a solemn oath at the feet of Zoe, that he would be only a titular emperor, but the regiment of the state should remain in her disposition. Being preferred to the Empire by these slatteries, and once established, he governed all things covetously, treacherously, and cruelly. Ingreatefull he was towards all men, first he deposed his uncle, next the remainder of his kindred he slew, afterwards he banished Zoe, pretending that she went about to poison him, from thought whereof, she was most innocent. But the people taking her banishment in evil part, called Zoe from banishment, created her Empress, and reconering Michael in his flight, put out his eyes, as also his brother Constantius, a familiar kind of punishment amongst the Greeks. He was Lord 4 months and so many days.   

Henry 3  
HEnry the son of Conrade the Frenchman, surnamed Niger, when he was crowned Emperor, by the consent of the Prince, insorced Vldaricke king of Bohemia, weary of war, to become tributary: he restored Peter king of Hungary deposed by his subjects. At Capua he overthrew the Saracens, but being weary of the controversies of Rome, he banished all the counterfeit pretendants to that see, and elected Sindeger bishop of Bamber sole Pope, afterwards called Clement the eleventh, by whom in the assembly of the Synod, he was consecrated Emperor Agustus. And to give future security in the election of Popes, he enforced the Romans' to take an oath, that ever after they should not meddle with choosing of Popes. After that he put a new Garrison into Capua, to withstand the attempts of the Saracens. Returning into Germany, he procured his son, but five years old, to be nominated Caesar, & crowned at Aquisgrave. He died the xvii year of his reign: he married Agnes the daughter of William Prince of Aquitan. In his reign arose the heresy of the Manichees in Gostar, who accursed the eating of all sorts of living creatures.   

Zoe.  
ZOe being restored and called from banishment, thanked the people, & to their good liking governed Constantinople. She countenanced her sister Theodora, and was married the third time to constantinus Monomachus, restored from banishment. And scarce 3. months were overpast, but she nominated him Emperor.   

constanstinus Modo.  
COnstantinus Modo. being graced with the titles of an Emperor, proved asloathfull Prince, and wholly given to wantonness, kept a concubine in place of his wife, a woman of an excellent beauty he bore out 2. most grievous civil wars, the one raised by Maniaces Georgius, the other by Leo Tornicius, besides many foreign. In his time began the armies of the Turks to prospero in Asia, and he yet overcame the Roxolani and the Patzinacae a kind of Scythian people. From this Prince's cowardice, the ensuing miseries took their Original. At last both he and his wife died about one time of the pestilence: he reigned xii. years. He was liberal to the poor, and bountiful to churches. He erected an alms house for aged persons, & was troubled with the Gout.   

Theodora.  
THeodora the sister of Zoe without the agreement of the Senate, governed the Empire 2. years, by the potency of her father's Eunuhs, who confirmed her in despite of one Nicephorus, governor of the Bulgarians, whom the Senate had chosen Emperor. Daring her government the peace at home and abroad was so well kept, and the people found such ease and plenty of all things, that no man repent a woman's government. But age coming on, and her disease increasing, by the flatteries of her Euunuches, she elected Michael a very old man, her partner in the Empire.   

Michael the elder.  
MYchaell the elder, a man very famous for his birth and wealth, but by reason of his old age, unfit for government, after the death of Theodora, was preferred to the Empire by the same Euunuches, upon condition, that in name he should be Emperor, but in government, themselves. But when he was found to be unfit for the place, he was deposed by the Patriarch and the senate, & thrust into a monastery, when he had ruled scarce one year. Being made a private man, he lived not long after.   

Henry 4.  
HEnry the 4. (but with Ignatius the third) son of the last Henry, was a Prince addicted to all wicked and ungodly course, and by Gregory the seventh (otherwise called Heldebrand, to whom he was adversary) declared an enemy of the church, and interdicted. Where at finding himself aggrieved, he levied an Army, and taking with him Clement, whom he had created Bishop in Germany, came to Rome, where he overthrew the churches of S. Peter and Paul, and besieged Gregory. His mother Agnes, a woman of excellent Wisdom, he deprived from all government, for that she rebuked him in these his courses. He overthrew Rodulph, elected Empe. by the Princes, at the instigation of Gregory. What in him lay, he hindered the journey of the christian Princes to the Holy land. At last being taken by his son Henry, whom he had chosen Emperor, and committed to prison at Leyden in the xlviii. year of his reign, he departed this life, through the loathsome stink of the prison. Heldebrand sent the imperial crown to Rodulph with this inscription: Petra dedit Petro, Petrus diadema Rodulpho, meaning, that as Christ gave sovereign authority to the church, so the church had power to bestow it again on Princes.   

Henry V  
HEnry the fift, the brother of the fourth, received the ensigns of the Empire after the death of his Father, whom he persecuted with war, and retained the same spleen, especially against the Sea of Rome, in regard whereof, Pope Paschal did what he could to debar his entrance into the city. Which the courage of the young Prince taking in scorn, got the Pope into his power, enforced his coronation, and dealt cruelly with the residue of the Roman clergy. Which when the bishop in the next counsel had disanuled, as acts procured by force and violence, Henry in great fury returned to the city, and was again crowned by the Governor Bachar. At his third journey into Italy, he expulsed Gesalius the second out of the city. At his return into Germany. he died: leaving no children behind him, in the fifteen year of his empire, and was buried at Spire, amongst his predecessors.   

Isaac Conuenus.  
ISaac Conuenus borne of a Noble house, quick of dispatch, strong, valiant in war, provident in peace, resolute, and majestical, by the favour of the Patriarch (towards whom afterwards he proved an ingrate prince and banished himself and his kindred) after Michael governed the Empire. Being taken with a pain in his side as he road on hunting, and despairing of help, he took orders, and resigned his Empire. Being accused that he used Michael tyrannously, he answered he did it for the commonweals sake. He governed the Constantinopolitan Empire two years and three months.   

Constantine Ducas.  
COnstantine Ducas was no sooner declared Emperor by the suffrages of the whole Senate and people, but he discovered a dangerous plot of treason against his person, and hardly escaped it with safety of his life. He had three sons, and as many daughters by his wife Eudcchia: he was zealous of religion, an observer of equity, an indifferent good statesman, but conerous above measure, and therefore is beloved of his people, and scotned of his enemies, on all sides vexing him and his dominions. To these former miseries were adjoined homebred calamities, (: Viz:) that lamentable earthquake which overthrew Churches and houses. He died in the sixty year of his age, and in the xii. year of his reign: Some say the first.   

Eudochia.  
EVdochiea the wife of Constantinus Ducas together with her sons, as yet not fit for government: succeeded her husband, her private matters she had been able to govern easily by her own womanish wisdom, if that the Wars had given over abroad: but the Barbarians being every where ready to assail, and spoil many parts of the Empire, being compelled of the Senate and the people to choose a most valiant Prince, who should defend the commonwealth with wisdom and fortitude, in preventing so great dangers, and bridling the forces of her enemies, after she had governed seven months, by her sons consents, she took for her husband a Roman surnamed Diogenes.   

Romanus Diogenes.  
DYogenes the Roman having undertaken the Empire, when he had conquered the Turks, and had freed the commonwealth from fear, being taken of the Senate (because he would seem to deprive his sons in law of their right to the Empire) and his eyes being put out, he was banished into an Island wherein he was buried by his Wife Eudochia, after he had reigned three years and eight months. His father Patricius governed the states, and for sedition was banished into Sardinia.   

Michael.  
MYchaell the son of Constantinus Ducas, surnamed (for the great famine which was in the time of his government) Parapinaceus succeedeth the Empire, being not fit to govern, the care of his matters delivered unto two eunuchs, he applied himself only to the study of letters, and making of verses. Wherhfore the Turks every where assailing the governors, as it were compelled, chose for their Emperor Nicephorus Botoniates, descending from the Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, whom the Citizens of Constantinople easily admitted, by cause of the displeasure they bore their slothful prince, first having thrust Michael with his wife and son into a Monastery, & taken for a Monk: he reigned six years.   

Nicephorus.  
NYcephorus elected in the place of Michael, having taken Constantine the son of Constantine Ducas, who challenged the Empire for his right, he shaved him and anointed him priest. But not long after being deceived by Alexius Conuenus who was better believed of the Soldiers, he was cast out of the Empire in the third year of his reign, the city being taken by the Soldiers upon that day which was Easter day, and was cast into a Monastery or covent, wherein some while he lived. At this time God-frey of Bolein Duke of Lorraine took his voyage into judea against the Saracens, attended by the most famous, & most excellent prince of France, having either sold or pauned their goods.   

Alexius Conuenus.  
ALexius Conuenus the successor of Necephorus, as it were a professed enemy to the Latins, more than for the war that he unhappily achieved with Robert Viscardus, being helped also by the Venctians, he fought to hinder that memorable voyage of the Frenchmen, whom he seemed always to suspect from the beginning, but his purpose not taking effect, he received the Frenchmen upon condition to furnish them with provision and other necessaries, if so be that they would tender to him what things soever they took from the enemy, amongst our captains he seemed to attribute much to Boamundus the Norman. At length having betaken himself to peace, he built a house for fatherless children to be kept in, and a school wherein they might be instructed in learning, giving the expenses out of his own revenues. He was exceedingly given to prayer, well ordered in his manners, in the end being much troubled with a disease, he died when he had reigned thirty years four months and a half, leaving the Empire to his son john, his mother at the first being against it.   

Caloioannes.  
CAloioannes the son of Alexius convenus his father being dead obtained the Empire, he gave many dignities unto his kins' folk, but especially unto his brother Isaac, who with incredible love he affected, he was wonderfully cumbered with the Frenchmen and Venetians. He obtained many and famous victories in the East against the Turks, at the length when he was a hunting, he wounded a finger of his right hand with a dart, by himself poisoned which he cast at a bar, he died the twenty five year of his reign, he named Manuel his younger brother Emperor, because Isaac was not yet so fit to govern, a prince not altogether to be misliked.   

Lotarius 2.  
LOtarius the second whom some call Luderus Duke of Saxony, was created Emperor by the electors, there was great difference between him and conrade (who after was Emperor) for the Empire, which afterward was appeased by the industry of S. Barnard. He made a voyage against the Bohemians, but the matter being unadvised done, he lost many of his men, at length peace being desired between them, it was concluded. He went twice into Italy, the first to appease rebellions stirred up in Rome against Innocent the second (of whom he was Crowned) for the election of a new Bishop, the next time against Roger who unjustly held Campania and Apulia, him he drove from Italy. These things being finished, in his journey he died of the plague, when h had reigned eleven years.   

Conradus 3  
COnrade the third borne in Sweuland, King of Bavaria, Nephew to Henry the fourth by his daughter, obtained the Empire by the consent of the princes, he attempted the greatest voyage of all; that is to say, of Asia against the Saracens, the which journey jews the younger, son of jews surnamed Crassus' King of France, and Richard king of England had attempted once before, but Bosphorus the Thracian being conveyed over, they were compelled to raise their siege of Iconium before they had brought any thing to pass, and to departed to their great dishonour, by the deceit and treachery of Emanuel Emperor of Constantin. as it shall be reported in his subsequent life. Conradus having gotten no reputation returned into Germany, not having received the diadem of the Empire, he died in the fifteenth year of his reign.   

Emanuel.  
EManuell or Manuel Brother of Coloioannes, or as some will have it his son Emperor of Constantinople, a most wicked and pernicious man to the christian commonwealth, when conradus made his voyage to jeru salem, his Soldiers were almost consumed by famine, feigning to help them with provision, by wicked trachery he gave them meat mixed with lime and stones beaten small: in the like manner perfidiously he deceived jews the French King, so that in a short time the great strength of our Soldiers was consumed, so that of the great multitude scarce the tenth escaped, he stirred up Stephen the King of Pannonia, against the Venetians, and put out both the eyes of Dandalus their Ambassador, offering his mind somewhat freely against the law of all Nations: being a breaker of leagues, he calls forth the fautors and then layeth hold of them. In conclusion, being oppressed by the Wars of the Venetians, having promised full restitution of their goods, he obtained by request that he might restore them by annual pensions. He fought a most deadly battle with the Turks, in the which he was almost taken prisoner, at last when he was accounted a most skilful ginger, and had promised himself long life, and prosperous reign, having lived amongst a society of Monks, he died when he had reigned thirty and eight years.   

Alexius.  
ALexius being yet very young succeeded his father Manuel: his father appointed by his Testament Andronicus to be his protector, who behaved himself craftily, and perniciously towards him, for he drove out the Latins who were the Emperor's greatest friends, and then being blinded with the desire of the Empire, he privily murdered his kinsman Alexius, being eleven years old, when he had reigned three years, having first cut off his head, the body being put into a sack, he cast it into the sea.   

Fridericus.  
FRederick called. Aenobarbus, by reason that his beard was read, was borne in Sweuland, his father being Frederick brother of Conradus the King: sailing into Italy he overthrew Mediolanum, Derthona, Creniona, and many Cities which rebelled against him: entering Rome the gates of Vatican being shut, he was crowned by Pope Adrian the fourth: but the Romans rebelling, he was not able to avoid them, at length having destroyed many places, returning after some years he went towards Rome again, where he drove Alexander into the city, and took Vatican with the Cathedral Church of S. Peter. In the end going unfortunately to the city of Mediolanum which was assisted by the Venetians, he scarce escaped by flight, all private grudges being ended, and peace concluded, he intended to make a voyage into Syria, but in sailing thither it is said he was drowned when he had reigned thirty seven years.   

Henry 6.  
HEnry the sixt by reason of his cruelty called Asper, his father living was by the consent of the German Princes crowned King of the Romans at the city of Aquisgrave. Afterwards his father being dead he was married 〈◊〉 Constance the daughter of Roger a Norman being a Nun and now ready for a husband, by Pope Clement the fourth, upon this condition that for his sake he would expel the bastard Tancred out of the kingdom of Sicily, the which as the Pope alleged pertained to him; therefore Henry having provided an army in short time vanquished Tancred, and by force took and sacked Naples, kill two daughters of Tancred that were as yet unmarried. There are some notwithstanding that writ that the Emperor was hindered from his enterprise by the plague, and that he obtained the kingdom by the death of Tancred: after these things, falling sick at Messana he died, having a son named Frederick by his wife constance, when he had reigned eight years.   

Andronicus.  
ANdronicus Conuenus having slain his Cousin Alexius. He obtained the Empire; that he might easier establish Tyranny in a short space, he slew all the the peers whose virtue in any sort he suspected, being hated of all men for his gratted cruelty, when he was every way oppressed by William the 〈◊〉, at length contrary to all men's opinion and his own, he was conquered in battle, by Isaac surnamed Angelus, and east out of his Empire, being ta●●n, and riding through the city upon a Camel, carried about with his hand cut off, and his eics put out, upon his head a wreath of garlic placed in steed of 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 by the rage of multitude and common people, he died, when he had 〈◊〉 two years.   

Isaacus Angelus.  
ISaac surnamed Angelus, borne of the middle stock of the Conueus, when he had contrary to all men's hope conquered Andronicus, he to no purpose gathered a name against cyprus'. He likewise infortunately, waged war with the Mysians. He entertained Frederick Aenobarbus Emp. of the Romans sailing into 〈◊〉 very honourably He redeemed his younger brother Alexius taken by the ●urkss for a great sum of money, by huge treachery, he was by him deprived of his eyes and Empire, cast into prison, with the like treachery, he would have slain his Nephew Alexius, being his agent the twelfth year of his reign. At length when he endured long captivity, he was redeemed by his son Alexius, and restored to the Empire, he died by the contagion of the air, as it thought drawn together by seldom use of the same, when he had reigned sixteen years.   

Philip.  
Philip the son of Frederick, Barbarossa brother of Henry the sixt, was chosen Emperor by the greater part of the German princes, but Pope Innocent the third confirmeth, anointeth, and crowneth with the Imperial diadem the Duke of Saxoni, elected by some of the Princes, because his progenitors had before time, defended his Papal dignity, by which discord then arose War, Otho being aided by the King of England, and Philip by the French King: yet Philip always prevailed, and Otho being vanquished he obtained the Empire: Afterwards when Philip had reigned nine year, (happening as a man would say by the appointment of God) he was miserably slain by Otho, of Vuittelspack, County Palatine at Bamberge, upon that day that he was let blood by his Physician. Frederick the first the father of Philip, giving that famous nobility and kindred to Otho of Vuittelspack.   

Otho.  
OTho Duke of Saxony, whom Innocent the Pope (Philip being dead, even in malice towards him) had chosen Emperor, for the taking away of discord, was easily elected of the German Princes, and forthwith Crowned at Rome by every man's consent, by the said Pope Innocent, but because he took certain buildings from the Pope's Dominions, and invaded the kingdom of Frederick the younger, King of Sicily, he was excommunicated and driven out of his Empire, and Frederick his processed enemy, Pope Innocent labouring for him, and the Italians assisting him was created Emperor in his steed, being vanquished he went into Germany, to set matters in good order, and proclaimeth war against Philip the second, King of France, neither was he brought low and vanquished without manifest declaration of the virtue and power of the Frenchmen, in that memorable battle and destruction at Bononie being dishonoured, he betook himself to his country, where not long after he died when he had reigned but four years.   

Alexius Angelus.  
ALexius Angelus murderer of his brother, a Prince altogether addicted to wickedness, having as it is said before, deprived his elder brother of his sight and Empire, possessed the Emp. endeavouring by all means to destroy his Nephew Alexius, the soon of Isaac, which not long after he most grievously revenged, for having vanquished and obtained Bazantium by siege, he redeemed his father from prison, and placed him yet living in the empire, but Alexius which murdered his eldest brother, about middle of the night fled away: his Nephew Alexius after the sudden death of his father, by the French men and Venetians being ordained Emperor.   

Alexius the younger.  
Alexius the younger restored to the empire of Constantinople, established a league with the Frenchmen and Venetians (by whose help is said he obtained the Empire) upon condition that the Patriarch of Constantinople should give place to the Pope of Rome as his better, & that he should restore the damages the Frenchmen and the Venetians had received by Manuel. Who when he went about to perform what he had promised, he was slain of Murziphilus a base companion, whom he scarce a month after his restitution, being a very child, had elevated to the greatest step of honour: but Murziphilus having possessed the Empire, and oversl●pping the city of Byzantium, was taken of the Frenchmen and the Venetians, and brought back to Constantanople, where through shame and grief, he miserably died: the excellent virtue of the Frenchmen and the Venetians having easily assured the Empire to the Italians, which the factious and troublesome Nation of the Grecians had so many years possessed.   

Balwin of Flaunders.  
BAlwin Earl of Flaunders, (the city having been took since the flight of Murziphilus fifteen times) by help of the multitudes (with which, and the counsel of the Princes the power of creating the Emperor, and choosing the Patriarch, was attributed to be irrefragible) was chosen Emperor of Constantinople, and the Venetians chose Thona Mauronus to be Patriarch: according to the agreement: to wit (that if the Frenchmen chose the Emp. the Venetians shall choose the Patriarch) he went withal expedition to Rome with a more willing mind than was thought, to be confirmed patriarch of Constantinople, because that the church of Constantinople was now under the government of the Roman Papacy. A little after returning, in a famous assembly of strangers, he confirmed by the Apostolic authority Balwin Emperor with a diadem, who scarce a year being ended, when he had undertaken all things by Adrionopolis, he dying appointed his brother Henry to be his successor.   

Henry.  
HEnry hearing of the death of his brother Balwin, raised his siege of Adriopolis, and returned to Constantinople, being made Emperor, he made peace with Walachia, and married the Duke's Daughter, thence going into Thessaly, he made William the son of Boniface king of Thessaly: a little after having disposed and set all things in order, dying of an unruly disease, he left to be his heir jolanta his Daughter, Married to Peter Autifiodorensis when he had reigned cleaven years, or as others say thirteen.   

Frederick 2.  
FRederick the second begotten by Henry the sixt of his mother Constance, that most excellent woman, not so full of years as wisdom, not much unlike his Grandfather Baharossa, both in his importunate desire of war, as also in wisdom and counsel, by which he overcame all dangers Otho the first being dead was elected King of the Romans, and crowned with the Imperial diadem at Rome by Honorius the third: his mother Constance being dead, he pursued three Roman Bishops, to wit: Honorius the third, Gregory the ninth, and Innocent the second he divided all Italy into the factions of the Guelphs, and Gibellines, which then newly began in Hetruria by Guelph and gibel two Almain Captains, which captains likewise most pernicious to the Italians, pursued two Bishops till death: he overcame the Milanese in battle which favoured their Bishop, having taken their captain Peter Teupolus he cruelly slew him: by the means of Pope Innocent the sourth, he was compelled the Empire, and excommunicated. Henry being Lanthgrave of Thuring, (which Lanthgrave is a dignity amongst the Germans) is declared Emperor, which he little esteeming off, possesseth the kingdom of Sicily, which when he had governed thirty two years, being troubled with a disease he was slain by the treachery of his bastard son Manfredus, this man removed the university of Bononia, unto Patavie, because the Citizens did not presently obey things that were commanded. He cast also the Guelps out of Florence, he had to wife the daughter of the King of Jerusalem, whence the title of the kingdom doth for ever remain to the kings of Sicily: about this time Duke Robert the brother of jews the French King, erected the college of Sorbon at Paris.   

Peter Altisiodorensis.  
PEter Altisiodorensis in the right of his wise when he had no man child accepted of Honorius the Bishop the estate of the Empire, at S. Laurence Church, thence returning when he assailed in vain Dyrrachium in the behalf of the Venetians, through a peace dissembled, being courteously invited into Tessaly, in the middle of a banquet he was slain contrary to the solemn oath of Theodor Lasearas, who being of Adrionopolis had declared himself Emperor of Constantinople. When he had reigned five years.   

Robert.  
RObert succeeding his father Peter Altisiodorensis, and behaving himself well to the Ambassador of his father's captivity, flew to Byzantium. This man took away the wife of one of his Peers of Burgundy by her mother's consent, which the Burgundian stomaching, he with his servants broke voylently into the Emperor's Palace, and cut off the nose of his wife, and cast her mother (which was the occasion of the new marriage) into the sea: which injury Robert being about to revenge, he went to Rome, whence returning, he died in Achaia when he had reigned seven years.   

Baldwin.  
BAldwin the second succeeded his father Robert, who because he was very young, he had john Brennius King of Jerusalem, his father in law to assist him in governing the Empire, who being dead, Balwin governed the Empire alone, & at the length lost it: for the Grecian forces prevailing, he pawned his son to the Venetians, and part of the holy cross, and also all the donaries of churches, and obtained a huge army against Bosphore: but the war persevering, and Michael Paleologus being importunate against him, he was compelled to return into his own kingdom, and he with others to fly, by which means the Grecians recovered their ancient state, so that whlies he feared foreign forces he was oppressed at home.   

Alexius.  
ALexius surnamed Angelus, or as other say Murziphilus, governed the Empire some few years, he had no malechild by his wife but only a Daughter called Irene. He succeeded Balwin.   

john Diplobatazius.  
IOhn Diplobatazius Married Irene the daughter of Alexius, by which means the Empire was delivered him, he had a son called Theodor.   

Thoodorus.  
THeodorus had three children by his wife, who being broken and wasted in France by war, sent them to Nicenis for their better safety: where they were not suffered to enter but upon much entreaty. For the Citizens shut their gates against them. In the mean time he took Adrinople. He married one of his daughters to the King of the Poeons, another Adronicus Lascarus Despot: after whose death she was again married to john Bataza.   

john Bataza.  
IOhn Bataza held the title of Emperor 33. years at Zacynthus out of the bounds of his own country: he had a son called Theodorus Lascaris, whom his father upon his deathbed committed in trust to Michael Paleologus, a man valiant in arms. But he murdering his pupil, usurped, and confirmed the state to himself and his posterity   

michal Paleologus.  
MYchaell Paleologus born at Viterbium taking Byzantium, and having slain young Theodor, usurped the Empire. Among his other acts, he despoiled one William a Frenchman of the principalities of Achaia and Bythinia: he was enemy to the Venetians, by whom he had been stripped of his imperial dignity, had not the Genooise withstood them. In requital of which good service, he gave them the city of Para. After that he went to Lions, to be present at the counsel which Gregory the x. had proclaimed: whereby forsaking the rites of the greek church he incurred such hatred of his countrymen, that after his death they would not vouchsafe him a place of burial: he governed the state forty years and upward.   

Rudolph.  
RVdolph of Habspurg, two and twenty years after the death of Frederick (for so long continued the interreigne) was elected Emperor, and Alphonse of Castille refused: he was confirmed at Lansana by the Pope, and overcoming Othocar King of Bohemia in battle, slew him. A false Frederick, who had proclaimed himself in Swevia, he burned at Nouesium. By his Lieutenant he forced the cities of Hetrucia. For he never came into Italy, neither according to the custom of his predecessors was crowned at Rome, reciting a tale in Aesop of the Fox, who answered the Messenger of the sick Lion, in this manner: Commend me to thy Master, and say, that withal my heart I wish his recovery, and therefore will I make my devout orisons to the heavenly powers: but for that I see all the foot prints of those beasts which of kindness have visited thy love, to go forwards; but none to return backwards, I have apprehended so extreme a fear, that I doubt me, not one of those who have entered his den, have ever returned again. In like manner Rudolph considered, that his ancestors had made many toilsome iournes with most flourishing Armies into Italy, but they ever returned with loss and dishonour. Having subjecteth Austria under his obeysans, he created his son Albert Duke thereof, from whom the now Princes of Austria derive their pedigrees. He departed in the 18. year of his Empire, in whose time Albertus surnamed Magnus lived.   

Adolphus.  
THe first action that Adolphus count of Nassan titularie Emperor undertook, was against the Columbarienses. After that, in his expedition against Albert the son of Caesar Duke of Austria, he was deposed by the Germane Nobility, being weary ofhis Ambitious and sensual life, in whose steed they preferred Albert. But when Adolph would not surrender, they fought it out near Worms, in which conflict Adolph perished, in the eight year of his reign.   

Andronicus the elder.  
ANdronieus Paleologus the elder succeeded his father Michael, and returned again to the Greekish Rites. By his wife of the Hungarish race he had one son surnamed Michael after the name of his Grandfather.   

Andronicus the younger.  
ANdronicus the younger a man most ungodly succeeded his father, and by the aid of the Genooise, defeated his Grandfather Andronicus, and took the absolute government upon himself. But afterwards by the help of the Venetians, the elder Andronicus was restored to the Empire. Whereupon arose cruel differents between the Genooise and the Venetians. But the elder being dead after he had reigned eighteen years, the younger Andronicus governed solely, and performed many worthy services against the enemies of the Roman name. In the sixty and one year of his age he died, of an Ague and a pain in his head in the space of four days, about the 16. year of his reign. He left behind him two sons, Calo-ioannes and Manuel, whom he entrusted to the tutorship of john Catacunzenus.   

Albertus.  
Albertus' the son of Rudolph Caesar, Duke of Austria, having slain Adolph, was created Emperor by the suffrages of the Princes, and consent of Boniface the eight (having before stoutly denied their voices to Philip the fair King of France) but upon new condition, he should challenge the kingdom of France to himself. But Philip having given his daughter in marriage to the son of Albert Caesar, was the cause that Albert sur-ceased his determinations. At last he was slain by john his brother's son near the Rhine, when he had reigned ten years.   

Henry the 7.  
HEnry the 7. Earl of Lucembourg, after the death of Caesar was declared Emperor of Romans, and utterly undid the Earl of Wittenberg, for that he would not subject himself to the Empire. Clement the first ratified his inauguration, upon condition, that he should descend into Italy, which was then all in combustion: wherefore taking his journey towards Italy by the woods of Taurinus, he took Lombary. He suppressed the factions of Turriana, & was Crowned with the Iron crown at Milan. Thence going to Rome, and after his Crotonation being expulsed by the Vrsins, and had pressed the Florentines to utter despair, he was poisoned by a preaching monk as he received the Sacrament.   

Lodowick.  
LOdowick the Nephew of Rodulp by his sister, and Frederick Duke of Austria, by the diversity of the voices of the Prince's electors, strove eight years with doubtful War for the Sovereignty: At last the Bavarian having taken and slain the Duke of Ostrich, reigned alone, and that without the consent of the Roman Bishop. Whereat three successive Bishops, john, Benedict, and Clement, being highly offended, excommunicated him; but he setting light by these Bulls and Church-censures, descended into Italy, and was crowned at Milan with the iron crown, and at Rome with that of Gold, by one Stephan. He created Peter Corlarius a Minorite, Pope, and called him Nicholas. He changed the governors of the city, and in despite of the Bishop, created many petty Kings in Gallia Gisalpina: he died in the 33. year of his reign.   

Charles 4.  
Charles' the fourth a Bohemian, the son of john of Lucemberg King of Bohemia (Edward of England, and Gunther Roitelet of Monteniger, being nominated) after their deceese was saluted Emperor: he overthrew Eleard Earl of Wittenberg in a famous conflict, and utterly undid him: he beautified prague with great magnificence & colleges of learning, neglecting his imperial Majesty: he was crowned at Rome by two cardinals, at the appointment of Innocent the sift, but upon this most base capitulation, that he should presently departed Italy: he deserved high commendation, for that Golden charter wherein were many excellent things contained for the good of the common quiet. He died in the 32. year of his reign, his son Venceslaus being first declared Caesar.   

john Catacunzenus.  
JOhn Catacunzenus the tutor of Calo-ioannes and Manuel, took unto him his Cousin Calo-ioannes, unto whom he gave his daughter in marriage. But falling at odds with his cousin, he expulsed him and reigned Emperor alone. At last himself was banished, made a monk, and Calo-ioannes restored to the Empire.   

Coloioannes.  
Coloioannes after the injury received by Catacunzenus went into Tenedos, whom the Genooise undertook to restore to the empire & his former dignity. By some he is called john and not Calo-iohn, whom some men affirm, to have used the aid and favour of the Turks, and that he was the first that gave them footing in Europe. At his death he bequeathed the empire to his son Manuel. This Manuel the son after the death of his father, obtained the Empire, and begot seven children. john: Michael, Theodor, Demetrius, and Constantine. Any other memorable act of his is not recorded.   

Venceslaus.  
VEnceslaus the son of Charles the fourth, a man. unlike his father and Grandfather, through his sloth and cowardice afflicted the Empire, and had utterly undone the state thereof, had he not been taken by his brother Sigismond, and in his stead Robert of Bavier presently proclaimed Emperor by the whole consent of the Germane Nobility. This man created Galeaze first Duke of Milan, who had conquered a great part of Italy, & which inheritance descended to his Nephews even until our times. He was cast into prison by his brother, and died in the two and twenty year of his reign.   

Robertus.  
RObertus or Rupertus Duke of Bavaria was made Emperor in the place of Venceslaus, and soon after he was called into Italy of the Florentines, to repress Galeatum, and skirmishing with him at Benacum, he was easily driven back again. Afterwards he went to the Venetians and Citizens of Trent, of whom he was most honourably entertained, and so against the will of the Florentines, went out of Italy into Germany without doing any thing, and there resigned himself to peace and religion, until the tenth year of his reign, wherein he died, leaving the Florentines in great troubles.   

joannes.  
Joannes the son of Manuel reigned after his father, being studious of peace and concord. He came into Italy and was present in the counsel of Florence, with Eugenius the fourth, afterward returning home he lived but a small time. josippus the Patriarch died at Florence.   

Sigismundus  
SYgismond son of Charles the fourth, and brother of Venceslaus, while he was a child married with Mary the daughter of the King of Pannonia. When his brother Venceslaus was taken he was made King of Bohemia. And Robert the emperor being dead, he was chosen by general consent into his place. In three years he went over the greatest part of Europe to make peace, and in that time he removed the schism of the two Popes. He oftentimes accused the princes of Germany for their hatred of Latin writers. He provoked his own country to envy him, and was often provoked to War by the Turks and Bohemians, and when he saw he should have no son, he made Albertus' Duke of Bavaria and his Daughter's husband his heir, in the seven and thirty year of his reign, and was buried in his regal Albe in Vngaria.   

Albertus.  
Albertus' the son in law of Sigismond, reigned happily for the space of two years. Compelling the Moravians and the Sarmatians to rest within their borders. He ended the factions of Bohemia, and drove Amurath the Turk out of Hungaria, he took the city Sindoronia and went into Greece, where he razed Thessalonica. At length he returned into Austria & died of a bloody slixe at Longeville, leaving behind him his son Laodislaus.   

Constantinus.  
COnstantinus the youngest son of Manuel, and when his brother john died without issue he was made Emperor, when the most savage and cruel Turks had taken Constantinople spoiling and racing it down, he stood fearfully at the gate of the city, where he was trod under foot by the tumult of them that ran away, and so perished with his whole Nation and city. This destruction fell out in the year of the Lord one thousand four hundred fifty and three, when Nicholas the fift was Pope, and Frederick the third was Emperor in Germany.   

Frederick 3  
FRederick the third was Duke of Austria, and highly devoted to peace and quietness: he easily pacified the Austrians which moved sedition. He married Eleanor sister to the king of Portugal, and went into Italy with his wife unto Nicholas Pope of Rome, who set upon their heads the imperiali crown in the twelfth year of their reign, and in the year of salvation, one thousand four hundred fifty two. He died in the fifty year of his reign, having first made his son Maxmilian Caesar.   

Maximilianus.  
MAximilian was made a King of Romans in his father's life, and entered into Burgundy with a great Army, and took Mary the Daughter of Duke Charles to wife, who was dead and left his Dukedom to her. And after that he got the Empire, and when Mathias King of Pannonia was dead without issue, he challenged that kingdom for his right, entering thereinto with an army, and took the regal Albe by force, but soon after he was beaten out by the enemy, and so returned into Germany where he found them against him: first the Heluetians with whom he waged War. Afterwards the Basilians who utterly shook off their subjection to the Empire, whose example drew many of the neighbour people to do the like, whereby a great part of the Roman majesty was abated. He did not take the crown after the manner of his predecessors, nor ever saluted the Bishop of Rome or the Apostles Monuments. He was the father of Philip Archduke of Austria by his wife Mary, who was made the son in law to the King of Spain and his succession: his daughter Margaret first contracted with Charles the eight, King of France, and then refused was married to philibert Duke of Savoy. He married with the daughter of viscount Galeacius, after the death of his first wife, and at length died in Austria in the nine and fifty year of his age, and the three and thirtieth year of his Empire.   

Charles 5.  
Charles' the fist was son to Philip Archduke of Austria, and Nephew to Maximilian, he was K. of Spain, and being Prince of Austria he was declared Emp. at Francfort, by the prince's electors in the year of our salvation one thousand five hundred nineteen, and was crowned at Bononia by Clement the seventh, although he first denied his confirmation, except he would resign into his hands the kingdom of Naples, because he affirmed that the kings of Naples were bound unto the Pope to renounce the Empire whiles they should be kings of Naples. In his time was Rhodes taken by the Turks after seven months' siege, to the dishonour of all Christendom: afterward Francis the French king was taken prisoner at Pavy in Italy, by the Empe. Lieutenant, and so sent into Spain. After the Emperor had been in England, and made league with king Henry the eight at Windfor, and the French K. remained prisoner in Spain, till a peace was concluded betwixt the Empe. and him, upon condition, to set themselves above all against the Turk, and the Lutherans. About which time the Emperor married with the daughter or Emanuel king of Portugal, and shortly after the Duke of Bourbon having been formerly called into Italy (to assail Naples) by the Empe. he besieged and took Rome; and in the sacking thereof, his soldiers observing no honesty, or decorum, as commonly it falleth out in such exploits, he was slain with a bullet, and afterward Clement the Pope was besieged in the castle of saint Angelo, until he was delivered by the ransom of 40000. Dacates. But the King of France sent into Italy his forces to relieve the Pope. The king of England demanded of the Emperor interest for five hundred thousand skutes which he had borrowed of the king, & by agreement was to pay him 133000. Skutes by the year, which if it were not presently paid, he denounced war, because the Emperor had broken the accords betwixt them, made in the year 1522. when he was in England. The king of France demanded of the Em. his two children whom he had left for hostages with the Emp. offering silver for them, and so they were delivered for twenty hundred thousand Skutes: out of which money was the k. of England's debt to be discharged, & so appease was concluded betwixt the Emperor, and the french king at Cambray, by the mediation of Margaret the Emperor's Ant, & Loyse the French kings mother.  
The Florentines having banished out of their city the family of Medici's, were besieged by the Emperor and the Pope, and driven to a composition to receive Alexander de Medici's for their Prince, unto whom was promised in marriage, the Emperor's bastard daughter. Ferdinand the Emperor's younger brother, was declared king of the Ro. at Collen, & shortly after crowned at Aix, and the Turk coming the second time against Vienna, was forced by the Emperor and Ferdinand to retire, and afterward when he came with a great Army and besieged the town and castle of Ginute near Belgrade, he was made by Nicholas Inrixe then in the town to leave the siege, when as Margaret the Emperor's aunt, had received the government of the low countries by the Emp. she not long enjoyed that honour, but died, and Mary Q. of hungary the Em. sister was placed in that honour. The Emperor went into Africa, and there took the town of Tunis, and the Fort of Golete, and made the king Muleasse tributary: where Barbarosse the Turks lieutenant, escaped unto Argile. Afterwards the Emperor retired into Sicily, and then with a great power into Prounce, where he was so sore distressed for victual, that he was forced to retire into Genes, and from thence by sea into Spain, leaving the Count Nassau to besiege Peronny, and afterward Terovanne, but could not take it, and then a peace was concluded betwixt the Emperor and the French king at Nice for ten years, and afterward Castelubro, atowne of Illyria was taken from the Turks by the Emperor and the Venetians; and Castelnove was taken by the Turk Barbarosse from the Emperor, and all the Spanish garrison slain. Whereupon the Emperor and the French king, sollicitted the Venetians to join with them in war against the Turks, who were not moved by that embassage, but sent to make peace with the Turk. Ferdinand king of Romans, besieging Bude in Hungary, was repelled by the Turks, and a great company of his Soldiers slain. The Queen was forced to yield the Town unto him, and she with her little son called Stephen, were banished into Transiluania. The Emperor to hinder the Turk, and to draw him out of Hungaria, made fail to Argiere, but through a great tempest he lost almost all his artillery and furniture of War, and so was forced to retire back again into Spain: upon which occasion, the French were moved to take war against him, and in the month of july following they peeled all Brabant.  
Than the Emperor crowned his son Philip k. of Spain, and married him to the daughter of john king of Portugal, and afterward the Emperor and the King of England, made war upon the French king, and the Duke of Cleve was drawn from his alliance with France by the Emperor. But the Empe. forces were discomfited at Carignan in Pieniont, by the Prince of Auguien. The Emp. took Luxembrrough, Ligin and S. Dedier, and the king of England took Bullen. When as the Duke of Saxony, was taken prisoner by the Empe. and condemned to death, yet spared at the request of the elector of Brandebourge, upon condition that he should subject himself to the Pope, touching religion: he rather chose to die, then to yield to that extremity. Whereat the Emperor marveled, and remitted him that Article, yet was he deposed from his Dukedom. Finally in this Emperor's reign, was there great persecution in all places for Religion under the names of Lutherans, Zwinglians, Oceolampadians, caluinists, and other. There sprung up in his time many damnable heretics to disgrace the Gospel, either by opposition, or perdition. But of the most damnable Sects that ever arose were two, Anabaptists denying all good policy in the world, trusting unto illuminated revelations; and the jesuits instistuted by Paul the fourth, first called Peter Carapha, (a notable Hypocrite) who in a book of his own writing before he was Pope, taxed the church of Rome unto Paul the third, for all the abuses, or the most part of them condemned by the Protestant's. These jesuits have taught the Roman catholics equivocation, to dissemble with Magistrates, that are not of their religion upon their oaths in examination, and are the common platformers for the Romish Church to poison all the commonwealths of Christendom. This Em. resigned his imperial crown into the hands the Electors by Ambas. for the behalf of his brother Ferdinand, and after he had reigned 37. years he died, at a monastery in Spain, of the order of jeronius, in the year of salvation. 1558.   

Ferdinandus.  
FErdinandus brother of Charles, was consecrated Emper. in the town of Francfort, by the Prince's electors. In whose time the wars betwixt the late Em. descended by hereditary envy, to Philip king of Spain, & the Frenchking, were composed by reason of a marriage betwixt the said king of Spain, and the French kings daughter. In his time were raised great wars in Germany, France, Flaunders, Artois, Lorraine, and in Italy, by the instigation of Pope julius the third. Than began the Spanish inquisition to be directed against christians, which was first of all set up against jews which kept the Ceremonies of the Law, after they were baptised. Henry the French king was slain by the slifter of a spear broke upon him, in justing or at Turney, by the Count Montgommery. The Tyusuffeldians renewed the heresy of Eutiches, confounding the two natures of Christ. The counsel of Trent which continued at sundry Sessions eighteen years, after it had established the Roman religion, in whole was dissolved. Sundry bloody battles were sought by sea and land betwixt the Danes and the Suedes. The Turks assailed Malta, and were repulsed. Afterwards Hungaria, where the Germane resisted them valiantly. In this time flourished Melancthon, Musculus, Hiperius, caluin, Peter Matir, and Conradus Gesnerus, men of singular learning and piety, zeal and good life, for the good edification of christs church, whose works and books shall never cease to commend all religion to posterity. This Emperor was a peaceable Prince, and not turbulent, and died in the sixty one year of his age, and seventh year of his reign at Vienna in Ostrich, leaving his son Maximilian to succeed him.   

Maximilianus.  
MAximilianus son of Ferdinand, king of Romans and Bohemia, was chosen Emperor-In his time Soliman the great Turk troubled Hungaria, and took divers towns thereof, and afterward died, leaving the succession to his son Zelim. The Emperor moved war against john Frederick Duke of Saxony, and took him prisoner upon the same day twenty years, after that his father was taken prisoner by Charles the fift. The duke of Alva, came into the low countries, and afterward there grew very hot wars because of the inquisition. The people wore a piece of money about their neck, having on the one side the king's image, and on the other a beggars dish, with this inscription: Faithful to the king, even to the beggar's dish. The second civil wars in France began, wherein the Constable was slain. The king of Spain imprisoned charles his only son, whereof the Fle●●nges complained to the Emperor, suggesting that it was done by the instigation of the inquisitors, because he misliked the Duke of Alva his cruelty in the low countries, and this Prince died in prison. There were seen in the heavens three Moons, one in equal distance from another. This Emperor permitted the Lords and Gentlemen of Ostrich to have free liberty to exercise their reformed religion, after the doctrine in the confession of Ausburg, intheir castles, towns, and houses. The Turk took a part of Cyprus from the Venetians, as Nicosia and Famagota, yet they lost a famous battle at Lepanto by the christians confederate. It reigned Wheat, Turnup-rootes, and pease in Slesia, which much comforted the poor people, in the extremity of famine. In this time was the massacre in France, Charles the ninth being king, who afterward died bleeding, wherein was slain for religion, above threescore thousand. This Maximilian was a good Prince, and endeavoured all his power against the Turk. Finally having made his son Rodolph king of Romans', 〈◊〉 died at Ratisbone, in the fifty five year of his age, being the x. year of his Empire.   

Rodolph.  
ROdolph the second, eldest son of Maximilian, was sacred Emperor in the year 1577. Assoon as he was crowned, he made peace with the Turk, whereunto the Turk easily yielded because of his Wars in Persia. A great battle was fought in Africa by Sebastian, before which battle, was the greatest Comet that hath been seen in this latter part of the world, which the Portugal Captains interpreted to be a good sign to that war, telling the soldiers, that the Comet spoke to the King Accometa, that is in the Portugal tongue. Let him assail them, which fell out otherwise, for in that battle three kings died, whereof it was said, Sebastian was one, leaving his kingdom of Portugal to Henry a Cardinal, who dying, nominated thereunto Philip king of Spain. Pope Gregory made a calendar in An. 1583. which is called the Gregorian, cutting off ten days in the month of October, to bring the year again as it was in the time of our Saviour Christ (as they sondly imagine) for the imagined, that since that time, by just computation of minutes, ten days are increased. This Emperor is now living, having seen the death of five Popes, one Queen of England, the first borne of all the kings of the earth, and rarest in perfection; one king of Spain; one of France, divers Princes of Germany: threegreat Turks: Zelim, Amarath, and Mahomet, 3. And his companions in the government of the world, are james King of great Britain; Henry king of France and Navarre, Philip the 3. king of Spain, Sigismond king of Polonia and Suesia, Frederick king of Denmark, Demetrius Emp. of Rushia, Mahomet the great Turk, philippus julius Duke of Pomeria, Albertus and his wife Isabel, Cl●ra, Eugenia, Dukes of Burgundy with divers other great Estates governing other places.  
FINIS.