THE book OF falconry or HAWKING; For the only delight and pleasure of all Noblemen and Gentlemen: Collected out of the best Authors, aswell Italians as Frenchmen, and some English practices withal concerning falconry; Heretofore published by George Turbervile Gentleman.  
And now newly revived, corrected, and augmented, with many new Additions proper to these present times.  
NOCET EMPTA DOLORE voluptas.  
AT LONDON, ❧ Printed by Thomas Purfoot. An. Dom. 1611   

The Contents of this book.  

A Description of all kinds of hawks that are in use, and their properties.  
The reclaiming, jmping, mewing, and fleeing, both the Field and River, of the same hawks.  
Their diseases and cures, and all such special points as in any wise appertain to that most excellent and gentlemanlike quality.  
Also a little Treatise translated out of the Italian tongue, touching the diseases happening to spaniels, with their cures.    

The names of those Authors, from whom this collection of falconry is borrowed and made, both jatalians and French.  

Italians.  
M. Francisco Sforzinoda  
Carcano, Vicentino.  
M. Frederigo Giorgj.   

French.  
Tardiffe.  
Martin.  
Malopin.  
Mychelyn.  
Amé dioclesian.  
Artelowche.    

Of Hawking by the book.  
If he that rides, by book,  
Can make his Horse do well:  
Then he, by book, that makes his hawk,  
May make his hawk excel.  
The hawk can flee as well by Art,  
As Horse by rule can play his part.   

In commendation of Hawking, George Turbervile.  
I deem that no man doubts, but games & all our▪ ●efe delights,  
Were first devised to daunt the dumps of pensive pained sprights.  
To clear the clouds of drooping cares, & mists of mournful mind,  
And banish bale that heavy hearts in cheerless chains did bind.  
And more than that, to further health, by moving too and fro,  
That in our lumpish lustless limbs, no dire disease might grow:  
Which otherwise (set sport aside, and sweet delightful glee)  
In idle bodies breeds of force, as we by proof do see,  
Not much unlike the standing lakes, in dirty dampish grounds,  
Where water hath no power to pass, most noisome filth abounds.  
If games were thus found out at first, for mind and bodies ease,  
Aswell to quite that one of griefs, as th'other of disease:  
Why then? of force it follow must, that those delights are chief,  
And most to be embraced, that lend to either part relief,  
Which if be so, I need not blush, or deem it my disgrace,  
If Hawks and spaniels I prefer, and set in highest place.  
For truly no devise delights, the mind of man so much,  
No game so gladsome to the limbs, there is no pleasure such.  
No physic fit to remove the dregs of direful pain,  
And to restore to former life, the feeble force again.  
Of spaniel's first I mean to speak, for they begin the glee,  
Who being once uncoupled, when they feel their collars free,  
In roisting wise about they range, with cheerful chaps to ground,  
To see where in the champion may some lurking fowl be found.  
A sport to view them stir their sterns, in hunting too and fro,  
And to behold how nature doth her power in spaniels show:  
Who scour the fields with wondrous skill, and deal in cunning sort,  
As though indeed they had conspired, to make their master sport.  
What merrier music can you crave? what note but half so good?  
As when the Spaniels cross the run, of Peasants in the wood?  
Or light upon the little Poutes, where they have lately been?  
Assuredly no better glee, is either heard or seen.  
So as by hawks doth pleasure grow, unto the gazing eye,  
And dogs delight the listening ears, before the hawks do fly.  
What dolt so dull but takes delight, when once the spaniel springs  
The fearful fowl, and when the hawk lies long upon her wings?  
What sense so sad, what mind so amazed, but sets his sorrows by,  
What once the Falcon free gins, to send amid the sky?  
To turn and wind a bird by sleight, and eke at last to slay  
With strong encounter, doves, and ducks, and every other pray?  
The pretty Partridge, rails, and quails, that haunt the open field?  
And from her mountay to enforce the Hearon haught to yield?  
By binding with her close in clouds, in manner out of sight?  
For noble peers and chiefest States, a passing pleasant flight?  
So small a bird, so large a fowl, at such a lofty gate,  
To reach and rap, and force to fall, it is a game of state.  
No fellow to the flight at brook, that game is full of glee,  
It is a sport the stowping of aroysting hawk to see.  
And if she miss, to mark her how she than gets up amain,  
For best advantage, to eneaw the springing fowl again.  
Who if be landed as it ought, then is it sure to die.  
Or if she slip, a joy to see, the hawk at random fly,  
And so for head to slay the fowl, a noble sport to view,  
In my conceit no pleasure like to hawks, I tell you true.  
It sets the senses all to work, there may none idle be,  
The tongue it lures, the legs they leap, the eye beholds the glee:  
The ears are busied eke to hear, the calling spaniel's quest,  
Do tell me then what sense it is, that respite hath to rest?  
And more than that the bart it leaps, and laughs for joy to think,  
How such a slender hawk should cause, so huge a fowl to shrink.  
This kind of sport doth banish vice, and vile devises quite,  
When other games do foster faults, and breed but base delight.  
No idle thought can harbour well within the Falconers brain,  
For though his sports right pleasant be, yet are they mixed with pain.  
The toil he takes to find the fowl, his greedy lust to slay,  
The fowl once found cuts off conceits, & drives ill thoughts away.  
He lures, he leaps, he calls, he cries, he joys, he waxeth sad,  
And frames his mood, according as his hawk doth well or bad.  
Dame Venus harbours not in holtes, no Cupid haunts the hills,  
Diana dwells in open place, with bow her game she kills.  
In woods no wanton goddess woones: in city sojourns sin,  
There vice in vawts & dungeon dwells, the lecher lurks within.  
Diana's train doth love the lands, they long abroad to room,  
But bawdy Venus' imps embrace, the loitering life at home.  
To dice, to dance, to college, to kiss, to card the time away,  
To prate, to prank, to bowl, to bows, and tipple out the day.  
To check at chess, to heave at Maw, at Macke to pass the time,  
At Coses, or at Saunt to sit, or set their rest at Prime.  
Both Ticktacke and the Irish game, are sports but made to spend,  
I wot not I, to what avail those trifling games do tend.  
Unless to force a man to chafe, to chide, to sweat, to swear,  
To brawl, to ban, to curse, and God in thousand parts to tear.  
At cockpit some their pleasures place, to wager wealth away,  
Where Falconers only force the fields, to hear their spaniels bay.  
What greater glee can man desire, than by his cunning skill,  
So to reclaim a haggard hawk, as she the fowl shall kill.  
To make and man her in such sort, as tossing out a train,  
Or but the lure, when she is at large, to whoup her in again?  
Where birds, & beasts, & each thing else, their freedom so embrace,  
As let them loose, they will be thralled no more in any case.  
What finer feat than so to imp a feather, as in view,  
A man would swear it were the old, and not set on a new?  
When hawks are hurt and broosde, by rash encounter in the skies,  
What better skill, than for their harms a powder to devise,  
To dry the blood within the bulcke, and make his mummy so,  
As no physician greater Art, on patients can bestow?  
To cure the cramp, and eke the cry, the stone that lies within,  
The Philanders, the Frounce, the Gout, the Panthas, & the pin.  
The rye, the Rhewne, the Canker, & both louse and mites to mar,  
And all such worms as with your hawks do wage continual war:  
To make her mewe when time requires, to bows and eke to bathe,  
By cunning skill to cause her cast, such glit as breeds her scathe.  
To cut her hoods, to shape her guess, her tyrets, and her line,  
With Bells, and Berrets, Vernels eke, to make the Falcon fine:  
Believe me is no common skill, no bate nor base devise,  
But meet for civil courtly men, that are reputed wise.  
Which if be so, then yield me thanks, that beat my busy brow,  
And took this toil for thine avail, to teach thee when & how  
To work this practice and devise. Accept the Printers pain,  
Who shows thee sundry shapes of hawks, though little to his gain.  
Both he and I can do no more, than offer our good will,  
And all to further thy delight, and add unto thy skill.  
Which if we do, we have the hire of both our meanings than,  
You cannot do a better deed than thank the painful man.  
George Turbervile.   

The Induction or poem to this Discourse, and Treatise of Hawking.  
WE find this a general rule and observation, and do hold it for good in all Arts and Sciences, wherein men do travel & busy themselves, either to the benefit of others, or to their own private pleasure, and humours, in the beginning of their works to lay down the subject of that whereof they mean to treat, which in very deed is nothing else but the ground & matter which doth move them to write: which doth not only fall out in all liberal sciences, and studies greatly accounted and reverenced of the learned of all ages, but also in the base and grosser trades of men, daily practised with the hand. As when the Goldsmith doth determine with himself by curious and cunning art, to fashion a jewel of any price and value, he is driven to make choice of his metal, either gold or silver, whereon to bestow the excellency of his art, which cannot be named by a more fire or convenient term, then to be called the subject of his Science. Likewise here mine Author in this Treatise, and book of falconry, following the accoustomed order of the learned, and common practice of such as do write, hath laid down a hawk, the subject of his devise, of which he is determined at large to speak, with full show and declaration of the true nature and properties of all hawks, as also such other matter as is incident, and appertaining in any respect to that skill, of all other gentlemanly sports and practices, the most pleasant and commendable. But before he doth adventdure to deal, specially of any matter concerning falconry, to give the Reader a perfect and absolute understanding, both of his conceit, and of the knowledge of the thing, he thinketh it not besides his purpose, but a matter most necessary to the attainment of his devise, To frame a general division of all hawks & birds of prey, racking (as it were) and dividing that one entire and general name of a hawk into many members and parts, the better thereby to display the true nature, quality, and condition of a hawk, as also the skill of falconry: for the whole being laid out into his members and parts, it shall be the more easy to come to the notice of that, whereof he is resolved to write, whose nature and substance is included in his particular members. Wherefore mine Author following that order & prescribed rule of knowledge, hath used this method, setting down to the view of the reader, in the very entry and proheme of his work, a manifest and general division of Hawks, the better to decipher the special nature of each one hawk in his own proper kind, which otherwise were very hard to do, by means of confusion of sundry names and terms, as also, the number of birds of prey.   

A general DIVISION OF hawks, & birds of prey, after the opinion of one Francisco Sforzino Vicentino, an Italian Gentleman Falconer.  
FIrst (saith he) you shall understand, that of hawks that do live by prey, and are in knowledge and use of men, there are nine kinds. 

1 The Eagle.  
2 The Mylion.  
3 The Gerfalcon,  
4 The Falcon.  
5 The Merlin.  
6 The hobby.  
7 The goshawk.  
8 The sparrow-hawk.  
9 The Matagasse.   This hawk whom I term a Matagasse, after the French, is in the Italian tongue called Regostola Falcone a, and among the Germans Thornkretzer, a hawk not in use with us, & in truth of slender regard & estimation in nature. Yet nevertheless, both to follow mine Author, and to make my division perfect, I hold it needful to reckon that kind of hawk among the rest: and in the latter end of the first part of this treatise, I will briefly describe you his nature, which is no less base than strange. You must note, that all these kind of hawks, 
Addition.  have their male birds and cocks of every sort and gender, [As the Eagle his earn, the Mylion his tercel. the Gerfalcon his jerkin, the Falcon his Tiercel gentle, the Merlin his jack, the Hobby his Robin, the goshawk his tiercel, & the sparrow-hawk his Musket.] And further, that the female of all birds of prey & ravin, is evermore huge than the male, more venturous, hardy, and watchful, but of such birds as do not live by ravin and prey, the male is more large than the female.  

A second or subdivision.  
Moreover, you shall know, that those nine sorts of hawks, may again be divided into two kinds, and either differing from the other in condition.  
For some of them do prey upon the foul, by stooping down from their wings, and so seizing on the foul with their foot, do break in sunder with their beaks the neck bone, being of more force and strength in that part, then in the foot or talons. And this sort of hawks do never use to plume or the vypon the fowl whom they have seized, until such time as they perceive it to leave busking and bating in the foot: of which kind and quality are, 

1 The Eagle.  
2 The Mylion.  
3 The Gerfalcon.  
4 The Falcon.  
5 The Merlin.  
6 The hobby.  
7 The Matagasse.    
Now that other sort which I speak of, do slay their prey and game by main force of wing, at random & before head, not stooping at all from their wings, as the other hawks do, whom I made mention of before. And thief hawks have their chief force and strength in the foot, and not in the ieake, and therefore no sooner do seize upon the prey, but presently they give themselves to plume and tyre thereon Of this sort are, 

1 The goshawk.  
2 The Tiercel of the goshawk.  
3 The sparrow-hawk.    
Thus far have I made a general division of all kinds of hawks that do live by prey: and again (as you see) have divided those kinds into two parts. Wherefore now do I purpose to deal more specially in the matter, and more particularly to proceed to the natures of every of them, to yield you a more perfect knowledge, and light therein.   

Of the names of hawks of prey.  
ALL hawks and birds of prey, be comprised and included under these two names.  


1 Aetos. or  
2 Hierax   which is to say, 

1 Ahnila or  
2 Accipiter   which is the 

1 Eagle. or  
2 Falcon.    
These two kinds do serve to fly the prey for man's pleasure and pastime: of which only hawks, my purpose is to treat and speak in this discourse here following.  
For all hawks and birds of prey, do not serve the Falconers use, but only such as are hardy, and free of mettle, able to fly the field and river. And therefore those only kinds shall be the iniect of my book, and not those base, bastardly refuse hawks, which are somewhat in name, and nothing in deed.  
As the Greeks would, that Hierax, & the latins that Accipiter, which is a special term to one hawk and bird of prey, should give the general name and title to all hawks, and birds of prey, because of his excellency: So in like manner, the Frenchmen of our age, have ordained that the Falcon, which is a term peculiar and proper to one kind of bird of prey, shall give general name and appellation to all hawks, & birds of prey whatsoever they be, because the Falcon doth pass all other hawks in boldness and courtesy, and is most familiar to man, of all other birds of prey. And thereof it proceedeth that we say, the Falcon Gentle, the Haggard Falcon, the Falcon Sacre, and so likewise of the other hawks, calling them all by the name of Falcon.  
Moreover, as the Falcon, which is a special name of one kind of hawks, hath given name to all other Hawks & birds of prey: So hath it bestowed the name and title of a Falconer, to every one of what state or calling soever he be, that doth deal with any kind of hawks and the term of falconry, to the art, profession, and knowledge of luring and manning those birds of prey, by which singular skill, they are made to flee all other fowls, as well those fowls of the air, as of the land and river. Which in my conceit, deserveth no slender commendation and praise, being a matter almost quite against the laws of nature and kind, for one fowl so artiffcially to undertake, and so cruelly to murder another, and having achieved his enterprise, with greedy & willing mind, to repair to man again, having the whole scope of the heavens, and the circuit of the earth at their pleasure to range and peruse: & to yield themselves in such frank manner to the prison, & custody of man, being by kind set free, and at liberty to prey, and dispose themselves. Such and so great is the singular skill of man, when by art he is resolved to alter the prescribed order of nature, which by industry and pain we see is brought to pass and effect.   

Of the kinds of Eagles.  
Having divided all those birds of prey and ravin, which serve to falconry & Hawking, into Eagles & falcons, I mean first of all to dicipher you the Eagle & Vulture, whom some have thought to be comprised under the kind of an Eagle. And so consequently after that, to speak of Falcons, which are birds of prey, serving to the use and mystery of Hawking, and taking their names of the Falcon.  
Aristotle was of opinion, that there was six kinds of Eagles, which are named by him, according as it pleased the inhabitants of Gréece to inform him.  
Pliny in making the same division of Eagles, hath varied in that point altogether from Aristotle, as touching the names and terms of Eagles, for that they were of divers conntries, and did write in several languages. But for that I mean in this book only to speak of those kinds of Eagles, which serve to falconry, I will deal but with two sorts of Eagles: for at these days, we have the use and experience but of the brown Eagle, which is the Eagle royal, and the black Eagle, the other kinds being of a base and slender courage, as no Falconer will pain himself to lure them, or man them for use or pleasure.   

First of the brown or yellow Eagle.   depiction of hawk 
THe brown or yellow Eagle after Aristotle's opinion, is called in gréek Guyseon, which doth signify in the French tongue (kindly & no bastard born) because it is of all other kinds of eagles, the true & right eagle, & he doth call him by the gréek word Chrysaitos', by reason of his golden mail, & in latin he is termed Stellaris, and Herodus. This is that Eagle, whom we call the Eagle royal, king of birds, and sometimes the bird of Jupiter, and that Eagle which ought to be taken and accounted the principal best, being more huge and large than the rest, and beside more rare & dainty to be seen. For she doth haunt most commonly the tops of high and craggy mountatnes, and doth there prey upon all sorts of fowls, as also Hares, kids, Goats, & such other like wild and savage beasts of the field.  
This Eagle doth live always solitary and alone, unless happily she hath her brood with her, whom she doth conduct and guide from place to place, the better to instruct them how to kill their prey, and feed themselves. But no sooner hath she made them perfect, & thoroughly scoled them therein, but presently she chaseth them out of that coast, & doth abandon them the place where they were eyred, and will in no wise brook them to abide near her, to the end, that the country where she discloseth and maketh her eyrie, be not unfurnished of convenient prey, which by the number & excessive store of Eagles, might otherwise be spoiled and made bare. For it is very likely, that if her brood and increase should there make stay, being so huge birds, and of so great ravin, there would in short space lack prey for herself, and by mean thereof breed her to a father evil and mischief: for the avoiding of which, this provident and careful fowl doth presently force her brood to departed into some other part and Region.  
This Eagle may with ease be discerned from the Vulture, because this Eagle royal, being brown, or yellow mailed, hath not her arms or feet in any condition covered with plume, as the Vulture hath.  
True it is, that the arm of the Eagle is short, yellow mayld & all beset with scales, the pounces large, her beak black, long, and crooked at the top. The train of the Eagle royal, as also the train of the slender black Eagle is short and stiff at the point, even as the train of the Vulture is.  
The Eagle is always of oneselfe hugeness, in respect of her nature, and it cannot be said, in that she is an Eagle, that she is either larger or lesser, at any one time or other, unless you give her the surname and addition of black, yellow, or some other such proper name and tesme, which doth alter her according to her accidents, but nothing at all in regard of her substance and nature. And were it not that she is so massy a fowl and not portable on the fist, (as in troth she is exceeding huge) and beside, it is so hard and difficult a matter to provide her prey and food, Princes & puissant States, would more usually have her, and hawk with her for their solace and pleasure, than they now do. But by reason she is so hugh and venturous, she might happily offer force and violence to the eyes and face of her keeper, if at any time she should conceive displeasure against him. And for this cause chiefly, the Eagle is not in use, as other meaner howkes, and of less force be in these days.  
He that will have the Eagle to be good and tractable, must devise to take her an Eyesse in the Eirie, mamning and accustoming her among hounds and greyhounds, to the end that when he goeth and addresseth him to the field, the Eagle soaring aloft over the hounds starting the game, Fox, Hare, goat or such like beasts of the wood, she making her downecome, & stooping from her wings, may so stay, & seize upon the game, until the dogs come in, and procure the fall thereof. A man may feed her with any kind of flesh, and chief of such game and prey, as she slayeth in the field by flight.  
Tawnye or brown mail in an Eagle, deep and hallow eyes, specially if she be bread in the west parts of the whrld, is an assured sign of her goodness: for the tawny Eeale is ever found good in proof.  
Also the whiteness on the head of an Eagle, or on her back, is a singular token of an excellent Eagle.  
That Eagle, that when she fleeth from the fist of her keeper, will either flee upon the man, soaring round about him, or light on the ground, and take the stand, is by all probability & coniectture, no inward Eagle, but a fugitive, and a rangler.  
At what time the Eagle displays her train in her flight, & makes a turn in her mounty, it is a very great sign that she determineth to fly on head, and gad: the next remedy for which mischief, is to throw her out her meat, & lure her with as loud a voice as you possible may. And if it be so, that she then stoop not to that which is cast out unto her, than either hath she over gorged herself, or otherwise she is too high, & too full of flesh. A mean to avoid this inconvenience, is to sow the feathers of her train together, to the end she may not spread them abroad, nor use the benefit of her train feathers in her flight. Or else another way is, to deplume and make bare her tuel and fundament so as it may appear, and then certainly for fear of the cold air she will not adventure to mount so high: but feeling her train feathers fast sowed together, she will stand in awe of other Eagles, whom by the mean of that device and practice, she shall in no wise be able to avoid.  
When the Eagle maketh a short turn upon her keeper in her flight, & flieth not out aforehead, that is one principal good token that she will not away.  
It hath been said, that an Eagle is of force to arrest, and cause a wolf to stay, and will take him, with the aid and assistance of dogs, making in to her rescue, and that it hath been seen and experimented. But for my part I find the odds of them so great, as I leave the belief of it to the Reader, not reciting it as a troth, but a thing written to show the great hardiness and undaunted nature of the Eagle.  
It is reported that the men of the country where the Eagle eyreth, knowing thereof, and intending to bereave her young brood, do arm and well furnish their heads, for fear least the Eagle do offer them force and violence. And if so they show the old breeder one of her chickens, or tie it to the bough of a tree near the place where she buildeth, she will call and cause the dam to repair thither by continual cleping, who findeth her, and pitying her cries, will bring it so much provision and prey, as he that cometh to take her from the eyrie, shall there daily be sped of as much flesh and provision as will very reasonably serve him and six others. For the old Eagle will convey thither hares, coneys, fowls, and such other like vittel, & viands, for the supply of her necessity.  
The Eagle doth not commonly use to pray near unto her eyrie, but to kill her provision abroad as far off as she may. And if so it happen, she leave any flesh after she is full gorged, that doth she reserve carefully for the next day, to the end that if foul weather should happily grow to hinder her flight, yet she might be stored of sufficient prey for the day following, without any further travel.  
An Eagle doth not forsake or change her Eyrie all her life time, but of custom doth yearly return, and make repair to one self place, and there buildeth most assuredly, by mean whereof it hath been noted and observed in times past, that an Eagle doth live very many years. Before her old age, her beak waxeth so exceeding long and crooked at the top, as she is much hindered thereby of her feeding: in sort, as she dieth not of disease, or by extremity of age, but only by reason she cannot possibly use the benefit of her beak, being accrewd & grown to such an exceeding length and disproportion. Whereof cometh the proverb be as I take it, Aquila senectus, the age of an Eagle, which is properly applied to men that do live only by drink, as old men are wont to do.  
The Eagle doth ever wage war with the little Roytelet, whom the French men do so term, for that this fowl is thought to be a little king among birds, as the etymology of the word doth seem to import, the Latins likewise they call him Regulus, and the germans a Golden line. Also occasion and chief ground of this controversy betwixt the Eagle and the Goldhenline is (by the report of Aristotle) only upon the name, for that she is called the king of birds: of which title & pre-eminence the Eagle would willingly bereave her.  
Again, there is one other kind of little fowl, whom Aristotle calleth a Sitta, the Latins Reptitatrix or Scandulaca, & the Frenchmen Grimperean, that doth the Eagle very great outrage, & offence, For no sooner perceiveth she the Eagle to be absent from the eyrie, but presently in great despite she breaketh all her eggs in pieces.  
This little soul is called. 
In French, 
Roytelet.  In Latin. 
Rengulus.  In the Germane tongue. 
Goldhenlyne.   These two being in a manner the lest birds of all other, are the greatest and deadliest enemies to the Eagle,  
That other, 
In Greek. 
Sitta.  In Latin. 
Scandulaca  In French. 
Grinpereau   and do contend with her upon points of principality and rule.  
When I said before, that the Eagle royal was of a yellow mail, I meant nothing else by that speech, but that the Eagle was mayld, of the very colour of a Dears hair, which is in deed not yellow, but brown or tawny. And albeit Aristotle for his pleasure, termed it by the Greek word, Chrisatos, which is as much in effect as to say, the Golden Eagle: yet must it not therefore be concluded, that this Eagle is of a right Golden mail, but of a more brown or tawny mail, than the other kind of Eagle is.  
The painters and Statuaries of Rome have disguised this Eagle in their portraitures, for every man knoweth that it is far otherwise, than they have drawn it, As well the brown Eagles as the black, are skinned and uncased, as the Vultures be, and their skins rend to the furryers' and pellitors' of France, with their wings, heads, and talons, and even of the same very colour, as I have here set it down and declared it unto you.   

Of the black Eagle.   depiction of hawk 
I have signified unto you, that there are only two sorts of Eagles which serve for falconry, which are the yellow or tawny Eagle, whom I have hitherto treated of, and the black Eagle whom I must now decipher unto you. Aristotle doth term the black Eagle Melauratus, and Lagoph●●os, because she taketh the Hare: and this Eagle the Latins call Pulla, Fulvia Leporaria and Valeria, the odds and difference betwixt these two Eagles is easy to be found, for this black Eagle is less than the Eagle royal, which is the yellow and tawny Eagle, and the black Eagle doth as much differ from the yellow Eagle, as the black million doth from the million royal.  
Pliny hath placed this black Eagle in the first order and rank of Eagles, as one that would willinly prefer her before all other kinds of Eagles. And here Aristotle hath set her but in the third order and place.  
The black Eagle (saith he) being less huge and corpulent than the other, is of far more force and excellency.  
Moreover, he affirmeth that the Eagles do tower up and mount so high, of purpose for prospect, and to see from far. And by reason that their sight is so clear and perfect, men have reported them of all others, to be the only birds that do participate with the divine nature.  
Moreover, for the fear the Eagle hath of her excellent eyes, she maketh not her stooping from her gate at once, and rashly, as other kind of long winged hawks do, but by little & little.  
The Hare is a prey in whom she taketh great pleasure, yet when she findeth the Hare running, she offereth not forthwith to seize upon him on the mountain, but can forbear and stai● her time, until he be on the plain champion, and then seizing on him, she presently carrieth him not away, but doth first make trial and experience of him, poising and weighing him in her pounces, and after that lifting up the silk beast, doth bear him clean away, and preyeth on him at her best will and pleasure   

Now as touching the Vultures, and first of the large ash coloured or black Vulture.   depiction of hawk 
THere are two sorts of Vultures, to wit, the ash maild, or black Vulture, and the brown or whitish Vulture.  
First will I speak of the black or ashemaild Vulture, who is in deed more huge than the brown, for the ash coloured Vulture is the most large bird of prey that is to be found, and the female Vulture more large than the male, even as it falleth out by experience in all kinds of birds of prey and ravin.  
The gréekes, they call the Vulture Gips, and the Latins Vulture.  
This hawk is a passenger in Egypt, more known by her coat and case than otherwise, because the furriers do use their skins for stomachers, to guard and defend the breast against the force of fervent cold.  
All other birds of prey do differ from the Vulture, in that they are destitute and void of plumage under their wings, whereas the Vultures be there vested & covered with an excellent fine down. Their skin is thick like a goat's skin, and namely you shall find under their gorge, a certain patch of the breadth of your hand, where the plume is somewhat inclining to a red, like the hair of a calf, for the kind of plume hath not a web fashioned, as other feathers are usually shaped and proportioned, but are like unto the down which is to be found on either side the neck, & on the upper part of the pinion & bend of the wing, in which parts the down is so white that it glistereth, and is as soft as silk.  
The Vultures have this one point special, and peculiar to themselves, in that they are rough legged, a thing that happeneth not to any other kind of Eagles or birds of prey.   

Of the less Vulture, which is the brown or whitish Vulture.   depiction of hawk 
THe brown or whitish Vulture doth differ from the black mailed Vulture, in that he is somewhat less than the black Vulture is, having the plumage of her throat or gorge, of her back, the feathers under the belly near the panel, and of the whole body tawny, or brown of colour: but the brayle feathers, and of the train, like to those of the black mailed Vulture, which induceth some to think that there is no difference at all betwixt those two kinds, save that the one is male, and that other female, in the same gender and kind. But this is most certain and assured, that with Noble personages you shall see aswell the one kind as the other. Either sort hath a short train in regard of the largeness of their wings, which is not the nature and shape of other birds of ravin and prey, save only that fowl whom the French term (Piscuerd,) the Italians, Pigozo, & in our mother speech, I may call the Wodwall.  
You shall ever find the Vultures rough, and hairy legged, which is an evident sign that they fret and rub them against the rocks, where their chief abode and stay is. And further you shall note that the brown or blank Vultures are more rare and dainty to be seen, than the black or ashemaylde be.  
Again this is peculiar to them in their kind, that the feathers on their heads be short in respect of the eagle's feathers, which hath been some cause that they have been thought to be bald and without plume, though in very deed it be nothing so.  
The Vulture that is ash coloured or black mailed, hath short arms all beset with plume, even to the very Talons, which is a specially note among all those birds of ravin, only peculiar to them, and not to any other fowl, having crooked Talons, unless it be the owl, who is rough legged even in sort as these Vultures be.  
To discern the brown from the ashemayled Vulture, you must note, that the brown Vulture hath her neck feathers very straight and long, much like to those that the Cock hath or the Stare. In regard of those feathers on her back, sides, and the corner of the ply of her wings, which are little and slender, in manner of scales, but the breast feathers, as also those on the back, and the covert feathers of the train are to the red Vulture red, and to the black Vulture black, and to both kinds very large: by mean of their hugeness they can not be upon their wings, nor rise from the stand without some advantage.  
A man shall seldom see them upon the plains, and champion of Italy, Almanie, and France, unless happily sometime in the winter, for than they range and wander into every part, for at that time in chief they abandon and forsake the tops of the stately and high mountains, to avoid the extremity of cold, and do take their passage into more hot regions and countries, where the climate doth better serve their purpose, and better agree with their nature.  
The Vultures at the most, do not disclose above two or three Chickens or young birds, and it is a very hard matter, and almost impossible for any man to rob their Eyrie, for that most commonly they build in some hanging cliff whether there is very hard and dangerous access. They may be nourished and fed with tripes, offal, and inwards of beasts. And because they do usually haunt the fields of purpose to devour the offal, and refuse parts of such beasts as men have slaughtered and slain, and such like carrion, some men are of opinion, that they do presage and betoken great murder and bloody spoil of men that are in arms.   

The opinion of William Tardiffe a Frenchman, concerning the division of birds of prey, and other things worthy the observation.  
BIrds of prey (sayeth he) which we use in falconry, be of three kinds.  
The 

Eagle.  
Falcon.  
Goshawk.    
Of Eagles there are two kinds, the one is absolutely called the Eagle, the other Zimiech.  

Aquila,  
Zimiech,   
A red mail in an Eagle, and deep eyes, specially if she be bred in the west mountains (as is before said) is one special sign of her goodness.  
Whiteness upon the head or back of an Eagle, betokeneth the Excellency of the Eagle, which in the Arabian tongue is termed, 

Zimiach, in the Sirian language.  
Mearan, in the Greek.  
Philadelph, among the Latins.  
Mylyon.    
The Eagle must ever be taken when she is in the eyrie, for her condition is to wax afterwards very bold & outrageous. It is said, that when the Eagle beginneth to grow to liking, near cawking or calling time, she commonly flieth with other Eagles, bearing with them to their stand where they use to prey, a piece of arsenic, otherwise called Orpiment, which doth delay and mortify their lust and desire.  
The Eagle will seize upon the goshawk, and any other fowl of ravin, or prey that doth flee with jesses, making sure account that it is a fit prey for her. And for that only cause and none other, coveteth to apprehend and take them in their flight, for when they are wild and ramage, using the deserts, she offereth them not any such violence.  
A mean to avoid the Eagle, when a man is determined to flee with his hawk, is to pluck off the Hawks jesses before she flee, for otherwise let her do her best, she shall not escape the Eagle.  
That Eagle, which is the kingly and right Eagle indeed, will slay the Hare, the fox, and such like beasts of the forest and field.  
The Eagle called Zimiech, will kill the Crane, and other less fowls.   

A Devise and remedy for you, when the Eagle doth molest and hinder your game in Hawking.  
Find the means to get an Eagle, and seel up her eyes, but yet in such sort, as she may have a little sight to aspire and climb to her mountée, into whose tuel and fundament, convey a little Assa fetida, and sow up the place. Then tie to her legs, either a wing, a piece of flesh, or a red cloth, which the other Eagles may conjecture to be flesh, and so let her sly. For than will she in her flight, for her own safety and assurance, pull down all the other Eagles from their stately gate and pitch, which otherwise she would never do, were it not for the pain of that which is conveyed into her tuel.   

Now will I lay you down the report of Francis Sforzino Vicentino, an Italian, as touching the division and Nature of Eagles, and so proceed to the Falcon.  
THere are two sorts of Eagles, that is to say, the huge and royal Eagle, which is the Haggart or passenger. And a less Eagle, which is a base and bastard Eagle, in respect of the other.  
The right Eagle is bred in the highest cliffs of the Levant, and specially in those of Cyprus. They are as large as a wild Goose, and more. Some of them are of a brown mail, and some other of a spotted mail, their gorges and breasts are full of streaked lines, tending to red, they have long heads, great beaks, and very much crooked, strong arms and rough large stretchers, in a manner as great as the palm of a man's hand, boisterous talons, and a reasonable long train.  
These Eagles, in the main field will take the Hare, and by force hold him, and carry him in the air, as they flee, until they espy some rock or other fit stand, where they may pray upon him. In like sort they take other beasts, and sundry times do rove and range abroad to beat & seize on goats, kids, and fawns. They are in use, and price with sundry noble men, as hath been reported unto me credibly.  
The great Turk of all other Princes, doth most use to flee with the Eagle, and doth give his Falconers in charge to man and lure them, as they do the goshawk: and being thoroughly manned, hath a cast of Eagles at one time, upon one perch: betwixt two of his people into the field, when they are there, they flee both together, the one at the mowntée, a very stately pitch, and the other more base and low, and that Eagle that doth fly the base pitch, is taught to make a great noise as she roveth too and fro over the forest, not much unlike the questing or calling of a dog, by mean of which sudden cry and noise, divers times there issue out of the covert, some wild and savage beasts, which are no sooner descried by that high fleeing Eagle, but suddenly she bateth of her pitch, and stoopeth from her wings, & at the down-come either seizeth or rifleth some one of them, slaying them by force, until the dogs may make in to her rescue. And thus betwixt the Eagle and curs, the prey is taken not without the great pleasure and liking of that mighty Prince the Turk. You may guess of the excellency of this gallant Pastime, if it be true, as it is vouched by report. Herein I can affirm nothing of myself, but do follow mine Author, from whom I collected this kind of hawking, and am bold to make recital of it in this place, both for the hugeness of the fowl, as also the strangeness of the practice.  
All these kinds of Eagles, have their Tyercells or male birds, of whom some huge, some of middle size, and other some less, which are called Bastard Eagles, not had in any account.  
Thus (as you see) have I laid down to your view and judgements, the kinds and sorts of Eagles, with their proper descriptions due to them, and other points incident too their natures: and have stayed more about the matter, than needed, in mine own opinion, being a fowl so little in use with us, but I have done it as well to make my division perfectly, as also to decipher that, which every one perhaps hath not read, as touching the natural inclination of this royal bird, who for that she is Queen and chief of all hawks, deserveth some larger discourse than the rest, which are in nature more base, though in use more familiar and ordinary.   

Of the Falcon, and how many sorts of Falcons there are.   depiction of hawk 
THere are seven kinds of Falcons, & among them all for her nobleness and hardy courage, & withal the francknes of her metal, I may, and do mean to place the Falcon gentle in chief.  
1 This Falcon is called the Falcon Gentle, for her gentle and courteous condition and fashions. In heart and courage she is valiant, venturous, strong, and good to brook both heat and cold, as to whom there cometh no weather amiss at any time, whereas the most part of other hawks, either are lightly offended with the one or the other, and must have a hand kept upon them accordingly, or otherwise there is no great pleasure to be taken in them.   

The Haggart Falcon.  
2 The second, is the Haggart Falcon, which is otherwise termed the Peregrine Falcon. The Haggart is an excellent good bird, but (as my Author affirmeth) very choice, and tender to endure hard whether: but in mine own conceit she is in nature far otherwise. And my reason is this, that she should be better able to endure cold then the Falcon Gentle, because she doth come from foreign parts a stranger, and a passenger, and doth win all her prey and meat at the hardest by main wing, and doth arrive in those parts, where she is taken when the fowls do come in great flocks, which is the very hardest part of the year. Moreover being a hot hawk by kind, she should the better sustain the force of weather, and that she is a hot hawk of nature, may be gathered by her flying so high a pitch, which I take to be, for that in the higher parts, she findeth the colder air, for the middle region is more cold than the rest, because thither cometh no reflection. And again, she meweth with more expedition (if she once begin to cast her feathers) than the other Falcons do. But these points of controversy I leave to the learned, and such as have the experience of the matter.   

The Barbary, or Tartaret Falcon.  
3 The third, is that Falcon which is called the Tartaret, or Barbary Falcon, whom they do chief use in Barbary, and most account of.   

The Gerfalcon.  
4 The fourth, is the Gerfalcon, which is general, and common enough, as well in France, as in other places.   

The Sacre.  
5 The fift, is the Falcon Sacre.   

The Laner.  
6 The sixth, the Laner, common, as well in France, as in other Regions.   

The Tunician.  
7 The seventh, is the Tunitian Falcon. These seven kinds of Falcons are all hardy and good, according to the prey that belongeth to their force and nature. For they are divers in nature, and of several plumes, and besides that, disclosed and eyred in divers countries. Wherefore I mean to touch every one of their natures, and to declare you, whereunto each is inclined, according as they are manned, & governed: and first of all I will treat of the Falcon Gentle.  
But before I speak of the Falcon Gentle, I will somewhat touch the etymology of the name, and lay down the opinions of two learned men, and ancient writers, as touching that matter.  
First Suidas a Greek Author doth affirm, that Falco which in our mother speech doth import a Falcon, is a general name to all hawks of prey and ravin, as Accipiter is in Latin, and Hierax in Greek.  
Festus, he is of opinion, that the Falcon is so named, because of her pounces, and crooked talons, which do bend like unto a sith or sickle, which in Latin is called Falx.  
But wherehence soever the name is derived, this is most assured, that of all other birds of prey, the Falcon is most excellent, and the very Prince of all other hawks, both for her goodness of wing, and great hardiness and courage.   

Of the Falcon Gentle, and her property.  
 depiction of hawk  
THe Falcon gentle, by nature doth love to flee the Hearon every way, & is a very good Hearoner, as well from her wings at the down-come, as from the fist, and aforehead, and will flee all other kinds of greater fowls, as those which are termed birds of Paradise, fowls more large than the Hearon. Moreover she is good to flee the shoveler, a fowl like the Hearon, but somewhat less, the wild Goose, and such otherlike fowls, and therefore is excellent at the river or brook. If you take the Falcon Gentle an eyesse, you may boldly flee the Crane with her, but if she be not an Eyesse, she will never be so hardy as to venture on the Crane. And therefore being an Eyesse, and never seeing, nor knowing any other less fowl than the Crane, if you cast her off to the Crane, she forthwith thinketh it to be a fowl fit for her, and by mean thereof fleeth the Crane very well, and becometh a very good Crane fléer, for hawks commonly prove either cowards, or hardy after they are first quarred.   

An Observation.  
IF a man do well, he should never take the Falcons out of the Eyrie, till time they be fully summed & hard penned, or if he do happily commit that error, he should not man her, but presently cause her to be conveyed and placed in an Eyrie that most doth resemble the Eyrie of a hawk, if he may conveniently come by any such, and there breed her, and feed her with good flesh, such as the flesh of pullet's, Chickens, Pigeons, and such like, for otherwise her wings will not grow to any perfection, and her legs and other parts would quickly be broken & wax crooked, and her train feathers, and for the most part, all her long feathers and flags be full of taints.   

The good shape of a Falcon.  
THat you may the better make choice of your Falcon, and know a good Falcon from a refuse, I will describe you the perfect shape of a right good Falcon, such a one as is very like to be good, though many times we see, that in proof, the most likely things to show, and to the eye, become in proof, the worst and of least regard.  
The shape of a good Falcon therefore is, first to have wide nares, high and large eyelids, a great black eye, a round head, some what full on the top, a short thick beak, blew as azure, a reasonable high neck, barb feathers under the clap of the beak, a good large breast, round, fleshly, strong, hard and stiff bonded And that is the true cause, why the Falcon doth greatly affy in her breast, and striketh with it, and gageth it most at her encounter. And by mean she is very strong armed, she useth the more freely also to strike a foul with her pounces and talons. Moreover she must be broad shouldered, she must have slender sails, full sides, long and great thighs, she must be strong and short armed, large footed, with the sear of the foot soft, and all one for hue with the sear of the beak and nares, black pounces, long wings and crossing the train, which train ought to be short, and apt to bend and bow to every side. For in the train of a hawk doth consist a great help, when she flieth. And therefore (as well as for beauty) if a train feather or covert feather be broken or bruised, we do covet to imp them again, or set them to right, because it may be the less hindrance to the hawk in her flight.  
You must note that those very Falcons, that are of one kind and sort, have very great difference and odds betwixt them, and are called by divers names, according to the time that a man beginneth to deal with them, and doth undertake them, according to the places where they haunt, and according to the Countries whence they come.  
They are divided into mewed Hakes, Rammage hawks, Sore-hawkes, and Eyesses, into large hawks, mean hawks, and slender haws, all which are of divers and several plumes and mails, according to the diversity of the regions. Also they are of divers prices, according to the goodness and estimation of them. Again, some are black Falcons, some russet Falcons, some other blank Falcons: some of which are river hawks, to slay the fowl at the brook, and other some field hawks, to fly the land, and there to kill the pheasant, Partridge, and such like fowls. Thus you see how divers and many they be, according to their outward accidents, and yet in nature, all Falcons. Therefore because I am to treat of every kind several, I will not longer hold you in this place, with description of the Falcon Gentle: but hereafter when I writ in another place of the diseases, cures and the manning of these hawks, I will as near as I may, let pass nothing that shall belong in any respect unto the Falcon, but that in one place or other you shall find it.   

Of the names of a Falcon, according to her age and taking.  
THe first name and term that they bestow on a Falcon, is an Eyesse, and this name doth last as long as she is in the Eyrie, and for that she is taken from the Eyrie.  
Those Falcons are tedious, and do use to cry very much, in their feeding they are troublesone and painful to be entered: but being once well entered and quarred, they leave a great part of that vice, and do prove very good to the Hearon, and to the river: and all other kinds of fowl they are hardy, and naturally full of good mettle.  
2 The second name is a ramage Falcon, and so she is called when she hath departed and left the Eyrie, that name doth last, and she is called a ramage hawk, May, June, July, and August. These Falcons are hard to be manned by reason of the heat, and for that they can ill brook hunger, or to stand empty panneld: but who so can use them with patience and judgement, shall find them passing good, for that they are without fault.  
3 Thirdly they are called sore hawks, from the end of August, to the last of September, October, and November.  
Those Hawks are of good disposition, they will do very well, and are in their prime, and full pride for beauty and goodness. Nevertheless those first plumes that they have, when they forsake the Eyrie, those do they keep one whole year before they cast or mew them, and that kind of feather, is called the Sore-feather. According to the diversity of these terms and times, these hawks do become better and better to be manned and kept.  
4 The fourth speech and term that is bestowed on them, (as my Italian Author doth call them) is, that they are termed Marzaroly, and so are they called from January, February, March, April, until the midst of May. I have no proper English phrase for them, but they are very tedious and painful, and the reason is, for that they must be kept on the fist all that space. divers of them are great baters, and therefore not very greedy of meat or hungry, they are but bad hawks, much subject to Filanders and the worms, who looks to win credit or good by keeping them, must be of good experience, and no less patience.  
5 Fiftly, they are called (Entermewers) or hawks of the first coat, that is, from the middle of May till June, July, August, September, October, November, December.  
Those hawks are called Entermewers, for that they cast the old, and have new feathers, and they prove very good, and hardy hawks, but no great trust is to be given them, for that they are giddy headed and fickle: wherefore he that looks to have good, or credit by keeping of them, must be very circumspect, and regard their natures very well, and must keep a good hard hand on them, and must make his fist their perch, & never in a manner let them be from the fist. [And thus used, 
Addition.  they are in that year the highest flyers, & most apt for the river.]  
Besides in those seven kinds of Falcons, which I spoke of in the first division, there are included sundry sorts termed according to the Countries and places where they are eyried, and whence they come: the special names and properties of all which, I hold it not so needful to discourse upon, speaking fully & sufficiently of those seven kinds of Falcons in their times and places, as they shall offer themselves in order unto me to be deciphered unto the Reader, to whose good judgement and industry. I mean to refer and leave sundry things which I leave unspoken of, for that there is no man that is desirous of skill, but may with ease and will with diligence (I doubt not) flee over to those very Authors in French and Italian, from whence I have made this brief collection, where he shall be assured to find things more at large set out: but the effect (unless I be deceived) comprised in these few pages of paper aswell concerning the kinds of hawks, as also their manning, luring, flights, mewing, diseases, and cures in every condition, as (I trust) to the pleasure and profit of the gentle and willing reader. Wherefore I will now proceed to the Haggart Falcon, a most excellent bird, if her nature and property be observed in due manner.   

Of the Haggart Falcon, and why she is called the Peregrine, or Haggart.  
I have many times studied with myself, for what cause the Haggart Falcons, the most excellent birds of all other Falcons, have been termed Haggart or Peregrine Hawks. And at first was of opinion, that men so called them, for that they are brought unto us from far and foreign Countries, and are in deed mere strangers in Italy, (and as a man may call them) travailers. And this I know for truth, they are not disclosed or eyred in Italy, and besides that, there are few in Italy that do take them at any time, but the greatest store of them are brought and conveyed thither from forrane Regions, but if they should be termed peregrine or Haggart Falcons, for this only cause, & only in respect hereof, & nothing else, then might we as well bestow that name also upon all other Falcons, that are not bred in Italy, as upon the Tunitian & other hawks that are passengers. Wherefore I am of opinion, that for three causes principally, and in chief, they are called Haggart or peregrine Falcons.  
1 First, because a man cannot find, nor ever yet did any man Christian or Heathen find their eyrie in any Region, so as it may well be thought, that for that occasion they have achieved and gotten that name and term of Peregrine or Haggart falcons, as if a man would call them Pilgrims or foreigners.  
2 The second cause is, because these Falcons do wrangle and wander more than any other sort of Falcons are wont to do, seeking out more strange and uncouth countries, which indeed may give them that title of Haggart & peregrine hawks for their excellency, because they do seek somany strange & foreign coasts, and do wrangle so far abroad.  
3 The Third and last cause, I do think, may be their beauty and excellency, because this word (Peregrino) or Peregrine, doth many times import an honourable & choice matter had in great regard: but it skilleth not much which of these three alleged is the true cause, we will not stand upon that nice point, for that a good Falconer ought much more to regard the scearching out of the true nature and property of hawks, then to have so great and special respect unto their names, and terms.  
Wherefore I conclude, that these Haggart Falcons are not of Italy, but transported and brought thither from foreign places, as namely from Alexandria, Cyprus, and Candy. And yet this is for certain, that in Italy there are taken of these Haggart Falcons, as in the dominion of the renowned Duke of Ferrara, & in the country near Ravenna, being brought thither by force of weather and wind. And by that means there are none of those Haggarts found Eyesses, but they are all either soar hawks, or mewed Haggarts.  
Of shape and proportion they are like the other Falcons, & are of three sorts, as touching their making and mould, that is to say, large, little, or Falcons of a middle size. Some of them are long shaped, some short trussed Falcons, some larger, some less.  
They are ordinarily of four mails, either blank, russet, brown, or turtle mayld, and some pure white mailed, without any jot or sport of any other colour, but those a man shall very seldom see. And for that cause I mean not to say much of that kind of mayled Falcons, but will deal with such as are more ordinary in use.   

Of the good shape of a Haggart Falcon.  
 depiction of hawk  
A Good and right Haggart Falcon ought to have her head of dark or blank plume, flat on the top, with a white wreath or garland environing her head, a large blue bending beak, widenares, a great, full, black eye, hie, stately neck, large breast, broad shouldered, a great feather, in colour like the feather of a Turtle, long veins and sails, but slender shaped, long train, high thighs, and white on the inside, I mean her pendant feathers, short and great armed, large wide foot, with slender stretchers and falons, and the same to be either pale white mailed, or pale bluish, tending somewhat to azure. These are generally, the most assured tokens of an excellent Haggart Falcon.   

How to know a Haggart by her fleeing.  
A Good skilful Falconer, will quickly discern a good Haggart Falcon, from a sleight Falcon, though he be far off, by the stirring of her wings. For that a Haggart Falcon useth not a thick stroke, but stirreth her wing by leisure and seldom, & getteth up to her mountée, without any great making out. And although perhaps she be not so large as the flight or soar Falcon, yet to seeming and show, she is more large, which happeneth by mean of her sails, which in very deed are of greater scope and compass than the flight Falcons are. Contrariwise the flight Falcon she useth a more short and quicker stroke with her wing then the Haggart doth, & doth not deal so leisurely. There are besides this one difference, sundry other betwixt these two kinds of Falcons, which in this place I will deliver you, for that you shall the better judge the odds betwixt them, being both very good Falcons, and the best of all other, both for field, and river.   

The difference and odds betwixt the Haggart, and the Falcon Gentle.  
FOr that divers have delight to know the difference betwixt the Falcon Gentle and the Haggart, I will here show you certain special points concerning the difference of them both. First the Haggart is a larger hawk than the Falcon gentle, and a longer armed hawk, with a reasonable large foot, and her talons more long than the Falcon Gentles are, a high neck and a long, a fair seasoned head, and a more long beak then the other hath.  
1 The beam feathers of the Haggart, as she is in her slight, are longer than the Falcon gentles, her train somewhat larger, the Haggart hath a flat thigh, but the Falcon gentle a round thigh.  
2 The Haggart will lie longer on her wings than the Falcon Gentle, and hath a more deliberate and leisurely struck then the other Falcon hath, as I said before.  
3 From the fist, it is reported by some, that the Falcon Gentle doth fly more speedily than the Haggart, but at a long flight the Haggart is far the better of both, and doth exell all other kind of hawks both for good wing, and maintenance of her flight, which is a perfect proof of a very good back.  
4 The Falcon Gentle is more hasty and hot in all her doings then the Haggart, and is thought more rash and outrageous of nature than the Haggart is. And when they flee together, the Falcon Gentle will make her stooping and downecome more unadvisedly, and will use the greater haste to be at her pitch again then the other, and missing the fowl at the stooping, the Falcon gentle is in the greater chafe, and will presently flee on head at the check, so as many times she is hard to come by again. Whereas the Haggart is more deliberate & better advised, which proceedeth in my opinion, for that she better knoweth the advantage of her slight, than the Falcon gentle, because she hath been forced often to prey for herself, & hath not been subject to the order of any keeper, neither hath had any hand kept upon her, to make her eager & greedy of the prey, more than naturally she is accustomed to flee at her seasons to gorge herself, which she doth both advisedly and to great advantage.  
5 The Haggart Falcon is taken in Candie, Rhodes, and many other places, of that Sea which is called Archipelagus, or the Aegean Sea.  
6 The best sort of those Haggart Falcons, have their beaks of the colour of azure.  
7 Those of Cyprus which are small Hawks, and of a russet mail, they are the most hardy and venturous hawks of all others.  
Much more might be said, as touching the Haggart, and Falcon Gentle: but for that the Hawks are daily in hand and view, and because I have a larger field to ear, which is to lay you down the manning of them, and such things as are more necessary to a good Falconer, I leave it, and will proceed to the next kind of Falcon, which is the Tartaret or Barbary Falcon. As touching whose name and nature I mean to deliver you, what I have gathered as well out of the French copy, as also borrowed from the Italian, whom I do much reverence as well for his language, as for his rare and deep devise in all things wherein he both deal.   

Of the Barbary Falcon.   depiction of hawk 
THe Barbary or Tartaret Falcon, is a hawk not very common in any Country, and she is called a passenger or pass-by, even as the Haggart Falcon is.  
They are not full so large as the tiercel Gentle, though some men do write otherwise of them, they are red plumed under the wing, strong armed with long talons & stretchers. They are very venturous upon all kind of fowls, and will fly at any game that the Haggart doth. With this Tartarot, or Barbary Falcon, and the Haggart also, you may flee all May and June, for they are hawks that are very slack in mewing at the first, but when they once begin, they mew & shed their feathers very fast.   

For what cause this Falcon is called a Barbary, or Tartaret Falcon.  
THese kind of Falcons are called Barbary Falcons, for that most commonly they make their passage through Barbary and Tunyse, where they are taken more often than in any other place: As namely, in the Isles of Levant, Candy, Cyprus and Rhodes, where these hawks do more frequent and use, then in any other Region, and the country men will sooner take them, by endeavour if they may, than any hawks that are eyréed in their Country. And truly I do not think, that in any other place, there are so many good craneslayers, as there are to be had in the Isle of Candy. The reason of it is, for that the Nobility and states of the Country, are much more inclined to keep those kind of Hawks that will kill the Crane, than any other people are elsewhere, and they do enure and make their Falcons to that kind of game, more than to any other fowl. And surely you shall there have excellent good hawks.  
Thus much it hath pleased mine Author to write of, and in commendation of the Barbary Falcon: but here with us in England, I never saw or heard of the proof of those hawks, to be so good or excellent, as by his report I find them. Sundry other kind of Falcons prove better with us here, as namely, the Falcon Gentle, the Haggart, and such like, which either are passengers, or brought to us from other Countries. The Barbary Hawk is much less than either the Falcon gentle, or the Haggart, and therefore I will only follow mine Author as thuching her praise, and so proceed to the next kind of Falcons, delivering you both the opinion of the Italian, and French Gentlemen therein.   

Of the Gerfalcon.   depiction of hawk 
THe Gerfalcon is a bird of great force, a very fair hawk, specially being mewed, she is strong armed, she hath large stretchers and singles, she is fierce & hardy of nature, by mean whereof she is the more difficult and hard to be reclaimed. A Gerfalcon will look to have a gentle hand kept on her, and her keeper to be courteous and full of patience. The Gerfalcon is a gallant hawk to behold, more huge than any other kind of Falcon, her eyes and her head are like the Haggart Falcon. She hath a great bending beak, large nares, a mail like unto a Laner, very long sails, and sharp pointed, a train much like the Laner, a large foot, marble seared, blank, russet, and brown plumed as other Falcons be, more beautifully to the eye than any other kind of Falcon.  
These kind of hawks are made to flee from the fist to the Heron, Crane, Goose, Bustard, and such other like fowls. When they are mewed, they do very much resemble the Laner, they do not change the marble sear of the foot. Their Tiercels, (whom we call jerkins) are had in great prize, they are brought from Levant, Cyprus, Candy, and Alexandria, by merchants.  
The Gerfalcons by report, do most commonly Eyrée in the parts of Prussia, and upon the borders of Russia, and some of them come from the confines and mountains of Norway. But most commonly they are taken about Almaigne Passebyes' (as we term them) or passengers.  
With the Gerfalcon, you may naturally flee all kinds of fowls, as I have already written of the Haggart, and the Barbary Falcon.  
Let it not discourage or amaze you, that the Gerfalcon is so hard to be reclaimed and manned, for the fierceness and hardiness of their nature, is the only cause thereof, but in the end being once won, they prove excellent good hawks.  
They will sit very upright and stately on the fist. Their beaks are blue, and so are the sears of their legs and feet, their pounces and talons are very long, and in troth they will lightly refuse to flee at nothing.  
At my being in Muscovia, I saw sundry Gerfalcons very fair and huge hawks, and of all other kinds of hawks, that only bird is there had in account and regard, and is of greater price than any other. The reason whereof I learned of certain English merchants my country men, who told me, that the Emperor's majesty ivan Vazaluich, did use to flee the raven with a cast of Gerfalcons and took no slender pleasure and delight therein.  
The Raven truly is a monstrous strong flight, by mean she is of so great force and weight of wing, & withal doth use to make so many turns in the air, as you shall see no other foul do the like. Yet nevertheless as they told me, they had seen a cast of Gerfalcons beat her in such wise, as she hath been forced to take the stand, and to perch in a Pins or Fir tree for her succour and safety. But that shift little prevails, for no sooner is she parched, but presently by commandment of the Emperor, each Muscovite drawing his hatchet from his back, (without which tool they never travel in that country) bestoweth his force to the felling of the tree, which is lightly done by mean of many hands, and the tenderness of the timber, the hawks all that while lying upon their wings, looking for their game: who finding the tree to fail her, at the fall is driven to trust her wings again, and so by a fresh flight and new encounter, doth yield exceeding pleasure to his majesty, and such as are in the field, and in fine, is slain by her mighty adversaries the Gerfalcons, who most greedily do seize upon her, as their kind hath taught them to do. I imagine the flight to be very strong, and truly the pastime and pleasure cannot be small, but a game fit for such a mighty Prince as his majesty is. Thus much of the Gerfalcon.   

Of the Sacre.  
THere be 3. kinds of Sacres, the first is called Sephe after the Babylonians and Assyrians, that kind of Sacre is found in Egypt, and in the west parts, and in Babylon. She will stay the Hare, and such like.  
The second kind is called semi, she kills the Though, as her proper game, wherein she taketh the greatest pleasure.  
The third is called Hyvair, or the Peleryn Sacre after the Egyptians and Assyrians.  
She is called a Peleryn or Haggart, for that her eyrée is not known, and because yearly she maketh her passage towards Judea, or Media, she is taken in the isles of Levant, cypress, Candy, and Rhodes. And therefore some think, she conuneth out of Russia, and Tartary, and also from the great Sea. That Sacre that is taken an entermewer, is the best hawk. The Sacre of all hawks the most laboursome, and best able to brook her flight. She is also peaceable and very tractable, & a hawk that can best away with course and gross diet. The prey of the Sacre are great fowls, the Heron, the Goose, the Crane, Bytor, and withal the small beasts of the field and forest.  
It is well to be seen, that the Sacre is a Hawk somewhat larger than the Haggart Falcon, of a rusty and ragged plume like the kite, the sear of her beak and foot like the Laner, her pounces but short, nevertheless, she is of great force, & hardy to all kind of fowl, as I have already reported of the Haggart and Barbary Falcons, but not so venturous and free to flee the Crane, or such like game as the Haggart Falcon is.  
This Sacre is a passenger, even as the Haggart Falcon is. No man is able truly to say, when she eyréeth or discloseth, but at the Rhodes they say they come from the parts of Russia, & Tartary, and the Ocean sea. These Sacres are takenin great number in the isles of Levant, Candy, Cyprus, & Rhodes, & sundry other islands in the Ocean sea. But I must needs confess to you, that the Sacre is more disposed to the field a great deal, then to the brook As to flee the wild Goose, the Bittor, the pheasant, the Partridge, and all such like fowls. And is nothing so dainty of her diet, or to be kept, as the long winged hawks are.  
The Sacre is much like the Falcon Gentle for largeness and the Haggart for hardiness, and is a passenger as the Haggart is.  
She is a Hawk chief to flee the kite, and yet may be made and manned to flee the field, and stay other game of the field as the Falcon doth.  
The noble men that take pleasure in the Sacre, to make a flight with her at the kite, do use this order & devise, to bring the kite down from her mountée, for that in the heat of the day, she doth use to soar and flee of an exceeding height in the clouds, to take the comfort of the cold & fresh air, that is in the middle region: They tie a fox tail to the leg of a mallard or duck, whom they cause to be born on the fist of some one Falconer, and do so, let the duck flee in the midst of a plain, whom as soon as the kite descries from her pitch, she presently bateth of her gate, and maketh her stooping to the ground, and there gazeth and woundreth at the strangeness, and the shape of this fowl: then do they cast off the Sacre to the kite, who forthwith trusting to the goodness of her wing, getteth up to her pitch, as high as possible she may, by making often turns and wrenches in the air, where it is a very pleasant sport to behold the bickering that is betwixt them in the air, specially if it be in a plain where no trees or groves are, to hinder the sight of the matter, and the day fair, and not windy, for than will the Kite and Sacre soar so high, as they will flee clean out of sight: But that serveth not the Kites purpose and turn, for the Sacre nevertheless doth conqure her in the encounter, beating her to the ground by mean of the sundry stoopinges & downe-comes that she maketh upon her.  
They flee with the Sacre at two sorts of Kites, that is, to the Kite royal, which is called by the Frenchman, the (Milan royal) and at one other kind of Kite, called the black Kite, (the Milan Noyer) which is far the more nimble bird of the two, and doth more busily trouble the hawk in her flight then the other doth, by mean she is the less of the two, & useth her wings far better. Of all hawks this kind of hawk hath the longest train. We call the Tyercell of the Sacre, the sacred, which is the male bird, & the Sacre the female, betwixt whom there is no odds more than in the quantity and proportion: for commonly anong birds of prey, the male is less than the female. The Sacre is called in Latin Bu●eo, and the sacred Subuter.   

Of the Laner.   depiction of hawk 
THe Laner is a hawk common in all Countries, specially in France, and other places elsewhere, for voluntarily she maketh her Eyrie, and buildeth in high trees and forests and commonly in crows nests or in the high rocks & cliffs near the sea, according as the country is for the purpose.  
The Haggart is somewhat less than the Falcon gentle, fair plummed when she is an entermewer, but of shorter talons than any other kind of Falcon. And some hold opinion, that those Laners that have the largest and best seasoned heads, & the sear of the foot azure or bluish, be the Eyesses or soar hawks, they are the best and choyest Laners.  
With this hawk may you fly the rivers, a well with the Laner as the Laneret, for they are both good, & likewise may you use them to other kinds of flights, and specially to the field to kill the Partridge, the pheasant, the Hare, the Choffe, the Daw, and all such sort of lesser fowl.  
The Laner is not over dainty of her feeding, but can better brook gross and coarse victuals then any Falcon else can do.  
Mewed Laners and Sacres, are hardly known from the soar hawks, because they do not change their plume. By these three signs you shall best know the Laner.  
They are more blank hawks than any other, they have less beaks than the rest, 
Addition.  and are less armed and pounced than other Falcons be. [The Laners of all hawks are the fittest for young Falconers, because they will hardly take surfaits, & seldom be overflown▪ or melt their grease.]   

Of the Italian Author.  
THe Laners do commonly Eyre in the Alps that divide Italy from Almain: some of them are reasonable hawks, some of a middle suit, and some less. Their heads are white, & flat aloft, black and large eyed, slender nares▪, short beak & thick, and lesser than the Haggart Falcons, or the Falcon gentle▪  
They are marble or russet mailde, the breast feathers white, full of russet spots, the points and extremities of their feathers full of round white drops. Their sails and traynlong, they are short legged, with a foot somewhat less than the Falcons, marble seered: but being mewed, they change the sere of the foot to a yellow.  
These hawks will brook to ffée long on their wings after their manner, and when they espy one that goeth abroad with a sparrow-hawk to the field, they presently follow & cover the spaniels, so as no sooner is the sparowhawk cast off to the partridge, but if she miss or come short of her game, the Laner stoopeth with great nimbleness of wing, and either killeth the fowl, or otherwise enforceth it to stoop and fall amid the flight to the ground.  
You shall never lightly see a Laner lie upon the wings, after she hath flien to mark, but after one stooping, she maketh a point, and then doth await for the fowl after the manner of a goshawk: for if she miss at the first downecome, of kill not in the foot, she is by nature so slothful and dull, as she will seek the advantage to her greatest ease: and therefore, doth commonly use upon the questing, and call of the Spaniels, to attend very diligently, and so to pray at her pleasure.  
They are highly esteemed in France, & (as they say) there made to the river, and there do they use to flee with the a cast or leash of Laners to the brook, and sometimes with the Laners and Lanerets together, and sometimes do flee the field with the Laner: but in Italy they do not use this kind of hawk at all. With us in England this kind of hawk is in price, but accounted very slothful and hard mettled, so as unless you keep a very hard hand upon her, she will do little good, clean contrary to the nature of a Falcon gentle, who for one good usage will show a triple courtesy, and the better she is rewarded the better will she flee: but use the Laner well, and she maketh slender account thereof, but becometh slothful, and unapt to flee either field, or river.   

Of the tunition Falcon.  
 depiction of hawk  
THe tunition is a Falcon even much of the nature of a lanner, yet somewhat less than the Laner, but very like her in plume and foot, always more sluggish & heavy in her slight, and yet more créese than the Laner, and she hath a large round head.   

The cause why she is called a Tunycian.  
THis Falcon is termed a Tunician, for that ordinarily & most usually she is found to ear in Barbary, even as I have reported to you, that the Laner doth in France and otherwhere. And because Tunyce is the head and chief city in all Barbary, and the Prince and state there commorant and most abiding, holding the Court there, and do most chiefly use to flee with these kind of Falcons of all others, they are most chief termed Tunycians.  
The Tunycian may also be called a Punycian Falcon, for that which we read of the wars Punic, against the Carthaginenses, being maintained against the inhabitants of that pace, where now is situated Tunyce.  
The Tunycian is large, approaching near the nature of a Laner, and very like in plume and male, and not unlike for the sear of her foot, but somewhat less, and of a longer slight: her head is large and round.  
They are excellent good for the river, and will lie well upon their wings, and fly the field well, as I have said before of the Laner. They do naturally take pleasure to strike and seize upon the Hare, and all other kind of prey whatsoever.  
This kind of Falcons is not so ordinary or common in all parts and regions, as other hawks are, save only in Barbary and Tunyce.   

Of the Merlin.   depiction of hawk 
THere is a kind of Falcon that is called a Merlin. These Merlyns are very much like the haggart falcon in plume, in sear of the foot, in beak and talons. So as there sameth to be no odds or difference at all betwixt them, save only in the bigness, for she hath like demeanour, like plume, & very like conditions to the Falcon, and in her kind is of like courage, & therefore must be kept as choicely, and as daintily as the Falcon.  
Assuredly divers of these Merlyns, become passing good hawks and very skilful, their property by nature is to kill Thruthes, larks, & Partridges. They flee with greater fircenes, & more hotly than any other hawk of prey. They are of greater pleasure, and full of courage, but a man must make greater care, and take good heed to them, for they are such busy & unruly things with their beaks, as divers times they eat off their own feet and talons very unnaturally, so as they die of it. And this is the reason and true cause, that seldom or never shall you see a mewed, or entermewed Merlin. For that in the mew they do spoil themselves, as I have before declared.  
My Italian author hath these words, both of the shape and in commendation of the Merlin.  
The Merline is (saith he) of the shape of a Falcon, less than the sparrow-hawk, more nimble and wight of wing than any other hawk, she doth kill all such game and prey as the Sparowhawk doth use to slay, specially small birds, namely Larks, sparrows and such like, all which she doth pursue with exceeding cruelty and courage.  
She is reported to be a hawk of the fist, and not of the lure, albeit a man may if he will, make her to the lure also. She is a very venturous hawk and hardy, by this we may coniectture it: For though she be little bigger than a pigeon, yet notwithstanding, she will hazard herself to flee the Partridge, the Quail, and such other like fowls, more large than herself, & will pursue them in so cruel manner; as sundry times she followeth them, even to the villages and towns whether the silly birds do flee for aid and rescue, from their natural foe the hawk.  
The Merlin is the only hawk of all others, in whom as my author affirmeth, there is no difference betwixt the male & female, but yet by experience we find it otherwise, for the female is the larger bird of the two, & more big than the other in sight.  
Some are of opinion, that Lidos, Hieraz in Greek & Levis Accipiter in Latin, is our Merlin of whom we speak, & that those birds of prey whom Aristotle termeth (Leves) to our judgement should be the Merlin's, because they are the less hawks of all others that are to be found.   

Of the hobby.   depiction of hawk 
OF all birds of prey that belong to the Falconers use, I know none less than the hobby, unless it be the Merlin. The Hobby is a hawk of the lure, and not of the fist: also she is of the number of those hawks that are high flying & tower Hawks, as the Falcon, the Laner, and the Sacre be. If a man be disposed to describe the Hobby, he cannot do better, nor deal more artificially, then to match her for shape with the Sacre. For in good faith there is but small difference or inequality betwixt them, save that the Sacre is far the huger bird.  
The property of the Hobbye in all countries and regions where they are eyred, or otherwise brought, is to soar, and flee upon the Huntsmen and Falconers, & so to follow them very watchfully, to the end that when they spring or put up any small birds, she may stoop from her wings, and seize on them, as on her prey. And this is so ordinary a Hawk, & the practice that I speak of so general, as there is not the simplest bower or peasant but doth know it. I can make no fit nor more apt comparison, then to resemble the fry & small fish of the Sea, being had in chase by the huger sort of fish desirous to devour them: to the small fowls and birds of the air, pursued by the Hobby.  
For as soon as the silly fish that is chased by the Dolphin & such like, do perceive their safety to be nothing in the Element of water, where, by God and Nature they are allotted to live, eftsoon have they their recourse to the air to save themselves, choosing rather to lie at the mercy of the ravening sea-fowles, soaring upon the water, then to yield themselves in prey to their natural adversaries the fish: even so the Hobbies perceiving the Huntsmen or Falconers in the field to hunt the poor leveret, or flee the Partridge, do forthwith accompany them, soaring upon them, in hope to encounter some one small bird or other, whom the hounds or spaniels shall by fortune put up, & spring by ranging the field. Then the Larks, & such like small fowls, whose nature is not to branch or take the tree, but altogether to live upon the ground, finding themselves pursued by the hounds & spaniels to beguile them, are enforced to trust to their wings, & to take the air, & being there, finding themselves molested by the Falconers & Hobbies, do make their choice & election to become a prey rather to the dogs, or seek mercy among the horse legs, & so to be surprised alive, then to affy in the courtesy of the cruel Hobbies, and to be taken in their cruel talons, where they are most assured to die the death.  
The hobby is so nimble & wight of wing, that she dares encounter the Crow, and to give sauce for sauce, and blow for blow with him in the air.  
This is a natural and special trick that she doth use, espying the Falconers in the field, she doth follow them, and attend on them, but it is but for a certain space as though in very deed she had her limits and bounds precribed her, and appointed how far he should flee. For as soon as she leaveth them, she presently scoureth along the side of some grove or high wood, where doth ordinarily use to perch and take the stand.  
The Hobby hath a blue beak, but the sear of her beak and legs is yellow. The crinet or little black feathers under her eyes be very black, so as most commonly they continue and proceed from the beak to the temples or ear burrs, and in like manner is there an other black streak that descendeth to either side of her gorge. As touching the top of the head it is betwixt black and yellow, but hath two white seams upon the neck. The plumes under the gorge, and about the brows are reddish without spot or drop. The plumes under the belly (or as I may best term them) the breast feathers are brown for the most part, and yet powdered with white spots as Ermines. All the back, the train, and the wings are black aloft, she hath no great scales upon her legs, unless it be a few that begin behind the three stretchers and pounchies, which are very large in respect of her short legs. Her brayle feathers are engouted twixt red and black. The pendant feathers (which are those behind the thigh) are of a rusty and smoky varnish complexion. When a man seethe her soar aloft in the air, he will judge her under the wings, that her plumage and down, as well of her wings as betwixt her legs is russet and reddish mailed.  
There are two fowls, whereof the one is called, (jan le blank) which I take to be the Harrohen or capped Kite, and the other (blanch queve) the ring tail, who do always flee with her for company, beating and sousing the Larks, and if happily they spy the Hobby encountering the lark, whom they put and force to her wings, it is a pleasure to behold the game that is betwixt this cast of bussards and the hawk. For their desire and intent is to bereave the silly hobby of her prey: but she being nimble and wight of wing, encountereth with them, entercepting the lark from them, maugre their might, and sundry times they buckle so together, as you shall see them come tumbling down both I fear, one fast gripping & seized on the other.  
Some would have that this Hobby of whom I writ should be that bird whom Aristotle calleth Hipotriorchis, and the Latins Subuteo: but I am not of that mind, but that it should rather be the Sacre, whom Aristotle doth mean. But let the learned reader judge the controversy, I am to lay down their natures and properties, and not to decide any matter of controversy, which indeed doth belong to the curious Falconer, and not to him that doth embrace more the sport, than the diversity and odds of speech, which in every Art a man shallbe assured to find. Let it suffice if I give the Reader to understand the nature of every hawk now a days in use, and withal (according to my promise and meaning) do let him know the mean to fly with them both the field and brook, as also to give him to wit, how to Mew, imp, and cure them being diseased. These are the special points, and such as deserve thanks from me, and commendation from him. I will proceed in the description of the nature of this hawk, according to the opinion of the Italian.   

The Italians opinion of the hobby.  
THe Hobbies are more large than the Merlyns, & for beak, eyes, plume & foot, they very much resemble the Falcon. They will lie upon their wings reasonably well, following men and Spaniels, fleeing upon them many times, to the end that when any Partridge or quail is sprung, they may the better stoup from their wings, and so seize on the fowl, which sundry times they do.  
These kind of hawks are used of such as go with nets, and spaniels: The order of which game is this.  
The dogs they range the field to spring the fowl, and the Hobbies they accustom to flee aloft over them, soaring in the air, whom the silly birds espying at that advantage, & fearing this conspiracy (as it were) betwixt the dogs and hawks, for their undoing and confusion, dare in no wise commit themselves to their wings, but do lie as close and flat on the ground as they possible may do, & so are taken in the nets, 
Addition.  [which with us in England is called Daring, a sport of all other most proper to the hobby.]  
Some Gentlemen have made report & for truth assured me, that the Emperor Ferdinando of famous memory, did give his Falconers in charge to keep & reclaim sundry Hobbies. And his majesty divers times for recreation, would take his Horse, and into the fields with a hobby on his fist, holding in his right hand a long slender pole, or reed seven foot in length, on the top whereof there was conveyed by sleight a strong line with a sliding knot: And when happily his majesty had espied a lark on the ground, he would forthwith hold up, and advance his hobby, to the view of the silly bird, whom as soon as the lark saw, he would in no wise dare to spring, but lie as still as a stone flat upon the earth, so fearful they are of the hobby, in chief of all other Hawks: then would the Emperor at his good leisure, and great pleasure, with his long pole and the sliding line, take the silly fowl and draw her up unto him, and truly took no small delight in this kind of pastime, and would cause his Falconers to do likewise, who by this devise took many birds, and in this sort would they hawk from the beginning of September to the end of October.  
This practice did somewhat resemble, and draw to the nature of our devise, in daring of larks, which we use at these days, but (in my judgement) nothing so ready and fit as our pastime and gin which we have, which is a very good sport and full of delight, to see the fearful nature of the silly lark, with the great awe and subjection that the hobby hath her in, by the law of kind: for assuredly there is no other hawk, no not the hugest, whom the lark doth so much fear, as the hobby, which may manifestly appear by this that I have written, as also by daily experience and practise in that behalf.   

Of the goshawk, after the opinion of William Tardiffe a Frenchman.   depiction of hawk 
A general division of goshawks, whom the French men call Autour.  
THere are (saith he) five kinds of Authors or goshawks ' speaking of the goshawk in the largest name & nature, comprised in that word Autour.  
The first and most noble kind, is the female goshawk, which is with us most ordinarily in use.  
The second is named a demi Author, or goshawk, as it were a kind betwixt two other sorts, and that is a spare slender hawk, and of little regarding respect of any good she will do.  
The third is the Tyercell which is the male, or cock to the goshawk, who doth flay the Partridge, & is not of sufficient force to kill the Crane. He is termed a Tyercelet, for that there are most commonly disclosed three birds in one self eyrée, two hawks, and one tiercel.  
The fourth kind of Autour is the Sparrowhawke, whose nature is to kill all kind of prey that the goshawk doth, save only the larger sort of fowls.  
The fift kind is called (Sabech) whom the Egyptians term (Baydach) which doth very much resemble the Sparrowhauk, but is less than the sparrow-hawk, and hath a very blue eye.  
There are sundry sorts of goshawks, and those brought and conveyed out of sundry foreign parts and regions, but among them all, that goshawk that is bred & eyred in Armenia & Persia, is the principal best hawk, & then next to her in goodness, the hawk of Gréece, and lastly that of Africa.  
The hawk of Armenia hath her eyes green, but the best of the kind is she that hath black eyes & black plumes on her back.  
The hawk of Persia is large, well plumed, clear and deep eyed, with hanging and pendand eyelids and brows.  
The hawk of Gréece hath a great head, well seasoned, a strong neck, and is reasonable well plumed.  
The goshawk of Africa hath black eyes in her soarage, but being a mewed hawk, her eyes become reddish and fiery.  
At what times hawks begin to fall to liking, which is at Eawking time, all birds of prey do assemble themselves with the goshawk, and do flock together. As namely the Falcon, the Sacre, and such other that live on prey, and ravin.  
And hereof it proceedeth that the goshawks become so divers in goodness, force, and hardiness, according to the diversity of their choice and cawking.  
The best goshawk aught to be weighty, and a heavy bird, as those of great Armenia be.  
In Syria they make choice of their hawks, by the Massines & poised of them, and do esteem the most weighty hawk for the best: as for the male & conditions they do little regard or prize.  
The blank goshawk is the largest, the fairest & most apt, and easy to be reclaimed, and withal the strongest of all hawks of that sort, for she can kill the Crane. And by reason she is eyréed in a very high and lofty place, & can best endure the cold, which is most rife in the middle region of the air, therefore is she good to flee all fowls of that sort and condition.  
The goshawk that doth incline and tend to a black mail, and that hath superfluous plumes on her head, reaching down her front or forehead, like a peruque or borrowed hair, that is a very fair hawk for beauty, but nothing strong.  
[But truly there is no goshawk more excellent than that which is bread in Ireland in the north parts, 
Addition.  as in Ulster, and in the Country of Tyrone.]   

The good proportion and shape of a goshawk.  
She ought to have a small head, her face long & strait like the Vulture or Eagle, a large wind pipe or throat, great eyes deep set, and the apple or middle part of the eye black, nares, ears, back and feet, large and blank, a blank long beak, long neck, big breast, hard flesh, long thighs, fleshy, & distant one from the other, the bone of the leg and knee short, long and large pounces, and talons.  
The shape from the stern or train to the breast forward, aught to grow to a roundness. The feathers of the thighs towards the train should be large, and the train feathers short, soft and somewhat tending to an iron mail.  
The brayle feathers ought to be like the breast feathers, and the covert feathers of the train should be spotted, and full off black rondels, but the colour of the very extremity and point of every train feather, aught to be black streaked. Of mail, and colour, the best is the red, somewhat tending to black or plain grieseld.  
The signs of a good goshawk, are haughty courage, desire and greedy lust to feed, often tiring and plucking of her meat, sudden snatching of her food upon the fist, good enduiug, and great force in assailing her game.  
The sign of boldness in a goshawk is this, tie her in an open light place, and after a while darken and obscure it, by shutting some window, or such like devise, then touch her upon the sudden at unawares, if she then jump, and leap to the fist without fear or astonishment, that is an assured sign of hardiness in a goshawk.  
The token of force in a goshawk, is this, tie divers goshawks in sundry places of one self chamber or mew, and that hawk that doth flies and mewt highest and farthest of from her, undoubtedly is the strongest hawk, for that one point declareth and argueth a good strong back in the hawk.  
A Token of goodness and excellency in those demie goshawks, whom my Author doth term (Petite authors) is to have large and clear eyes, a small head, long neck, low, and close plume or down, hard flesh, a green séere of her foot, large stretchers, and not gouty or fleshy, quick enduing, large panel, and able to slice far from her when she mewteth. The point of the beak to be black, is a very good sign.   

The ill shape of goshawks.  
ALbeit there be a general rule, that (contraria contraries dinos●unter) which is that one contrary is known sufficiently by the other, & therefore having made you full show of the good shape of goshawks, the ill proportion will easily thereby fall out, & be discerned of itself without any further travel, yet nevertheless following mine Author, I think it not amiss to dicypher you the ill form of a goshawk: which is to have a great head, a short neck, to be thick and gross plumed, soft fleshed, short thighed, long armed, short talons, tawny hewed, tending to black, and hard and rough under the foot.  
A goshawk that when she is lose in the house, flees as though she were at large and liberty, breaking out of a mew, having great gross feathers, eyes as red as blood, that is evermore baiting, and being set on the perch, offereth to flee at the face of a man, such a hawk if she be kept low in flesh cannot be borne on the fist; if she be high and full of flesh, she will not then abide with her keeper, but wrangle & gad: wherefore of such hawks, there is no account to be made at all.  
A fearful goshawk is hardly to be reclaimed and manned, for the fear she hath, will always cause her to refuse the fist and lure, and make her check, and not willingly repair to any devise wherewith she is called and rappeld, after her flight, which is a very great inconvenience in a goshawk, and no small hindrance to the sport of him that shall happen to have such a fearful hawk: for commonly unless they be first fond of the keeper, and in love with the call, they will not flee their game to the liking of their owner; and the tediousness in coming by them again after the flight, doth breed forgetfulness of the pastime, how good and delectable soever it were before.  
That goshawk that hath pendant plumes over her eyes, and (as they say in the Country) whose feathers hang in her light, the white of whose eye is very waterish and blank, that is red-mailed, or bright tawny, hath the most assured token that may be of ill conditions, and is not like to be well coming. But if happily such a hawk fall once to be good, she will then prove a passing hawk.  
Sometimes (though very seldom) do we see a goshawk of bad shake, and in condition clean contrary to those signs that ought to be looked for in a good goshawk, prove light, lusty, able to hold out and maintain her flight, and such a one as will very well slay the greater sort of fowls.  
The goshawk's prey is the Fresant, the Mallard, the wild Goose, the Hare, and Conie,: beside all which, she will strike ventrously, and seize on a kid or Goat, and keep him play so long, as the dogs at length shall come in to assist her and further the fall of it, which doth manifestly decipher the great inestimable courage and valour of the hawk.   

Out of the French I have collected this concerning the goshawk.  
Some men have thought, and been of this resolute mind, that the (Author) or goshawk hath been of the kind of a Vulture, for the affinity and dearness of their terms and names: for (Autour) in the French, is that hawk whom we call the goshawk, and (Vautour) is the Vulture, which 2. terms as you see, draw very near to one speech.  
Some other have been of opinion, that betwixt the Goshawk and sparrow-hawk, is no odds or difference in nature, save only in respect of the hugeness of that one, and the slenderness of the other: but my purpose is to treat of the goshawk severally from the sparrow-hawk, and so to proceed to the Sparrowhawke, of whom I will write according to the French & Italian Authors, in a several Chapter by itself, to avoid the confusion, which otherwise might happen in that behalf.  
The goshawk is ever more regarded than her Teircell, for the males or cocks among hawks and birds of prey, do make evident proof, and show to the eye, of their difference from the females and hawks.  
Again we may with ease discern the goshawk from her Tyercell, for that she is far larger, than the Tyercell of her kind.  
The Falconers & Ostregers, have to these two sorts, added a third kind (as I said before) whom they teranie the Demygoshawke, as a bird indifferent, betwixt the other two.  
Both kinds of them are more high, and longer armed, then either the Falcon, or Gerfalcon: they are hawks of the fist, and (as we call them) round winged hawks, quite contrary to those I wrote of before, all which are hawks of the lure, and long winged hawks, otherwise called tower hawks.  
The hawk (I mean the female) is very much like the Eagle in mail, and if we may make bold to compare the less with the larger, she hath a more stately high neck than the Eagle, & of a more red or iron mail, the ground of her plume and down tending to a red colour.  
Those goshawks that are of Slavonia, are good at all manner of game, large, hardy, & fair plumed, their tongues black, and their nares great and wide.  
There are goshawks, whom the Italians call Alpisani, or hawks of the Alps, which are much used in Lombardie, & Tuscan, they are more thick than they are long, fierce, & hardy.  
But those Goshawks that our Ostregers have now adays, are chiefly conveyed out of Almain, having their eyes & the sear of the beak, as also of their feet and legs yellow, contrary to the Gerfalcon, whose sear is blue and azure.  
Their trains are garnished with large drops or spots crossing the feather, party black, and party grey, as also the plumes of the neck and head are more towards a russet, and powdered with black, but those of the thigh, and under the belly or panel, are otherwise marked, for they are not full so yellow, having round drops on them, not much unlike those that are on the peacocks train.  
The goshawks of Almaigne are not very fair, though they be large hawks, red mailed, and yet not hardy.  
There are sundry of them good in their soarage, but being once mewed, prove nothing worth: there be divers of them taken in the forest of Arde, and in sundry places of Almaigne. The Greeks have called the goshawk Hierax, the Latins Accipiter stellaris, and the Italians Astuy.  
Thus much have I collected out of another French author, as necessarily belonging to the description of the nature of a Goshawk, because you shall see the several opinions of sundry writers, and gather to your own use, what shall occur and thwart best with your liking, for it is not the mail and plume of the hawk that I so greatly regard, or do mean to stand upon, as the making, reclaiming, diseases, and cures of the said hawks, each one after their proper nature and quality, if so my health will give me leave to runue mine authors through advisedly, according to my meaning and resolution, at what time I first undertook this collection.   

Out of the Italian concerning the goshawks, and their kinds.  
THere are sundry sorts of goshawks, according to the diversity of places and regions. There be hawks of Armenia, Sclavonia, Sardinia, Calament, of the apples which they use in Lombardy, Tuscan, Marca and Puglia, some other of Russia, Fr●uli, Almania, and othersome of Lombardie, all which I will briefly touch unto you, and not long dwell in the matter, having out of my French Authors already deciphered the natures of the most part of them.  
First of all there are goshawks, calledt Armenia hawks, much differing from the goshawk, in sort as almost, they have no resemblance at all to the other kinds of goshawks. They are very fair and huge, the mail of them is blank, as sundry Haggart Falcons be, they flee with great courage and life, all greater sort of fowls.  
There are others eyried in Slavonia and Dalmacia, and thence are they termed Slauon goshawks, which indeed are good for any thing a man will employ them unto. Very fair and hardy hawks, large footed, very well penned, their down and plumage excellent fine, their tongues black, and their nares large and wide  
Those of Sardinia are nothing like the other hawks, they are brown and russet plumed, small hawks, hard and not small footed, and nothing venturous.  
Those of Calament are short trussed hawks, and large, blank seared on the foot, those flee the greater fowls exceeding well.  
The goshawks of the Alps, and of Calabria, are in a manner more large than they are long, very proud, and hardy hawks.  
The goshawks of Lombardy are not very large, brown mailed, and cowardly kites to do any good.  
The goshawk of Russia and Sarmatia, is a large and huge hawk, the most part of them are blank hawks, and taken up of great Princes and Nobles states, they are apt and able to do any thing that may be looked for from hawks of that kind. Myself have seen great store of them in the city of Mosqua, which is the chief dukedom of all Russia. The Moscovites and Tartarians do use to flee with those Goshawks at the brook, and there do beat up the fowl with the drum, without which you shall seldom see a Boyaron (as they term them) which is a Gentleman, ride at any time. And one special thing which I noted among them was, that as well Moscovites as Tartaros, do use to bear their hawks on the right fist, which is clean contrary to our manner and guise here in England, or in any other Region that I have heard or seen, save only in those North parts, no reason I can yield for it, but that each country for the most part hath his fashion.  
Those of Friulie are good hawks and large, but not so fair as the Slavon hawks.  
Note this, that a good goshawk ought to be little, and broad shouldered, large breasted, very round and fleshly, having a long thigh, a short leg or arm, and the same great, and a large foot, and not gouty, but slender. Contrariwise, the tiercel should be large, for it is a common saying,  
A little hawk, and a large tiercel, is ever best.  
All Goshawks are by nature greedy, and catching, of whom some do use to flee the river, and fresh brooks, and some the Sea, and othersome again the field, and never or very seldom the river or brook.  
The first sort for the most part do prey upon ducks, geese, Hearons, shovelers, and such like fowl as do usually haunt, and live in the Sea and Rivers. And those divers times do seize and take their prey upon the sudden at unwares, by fleeing low near the ground, and stealing upon the fowl.  
The other, after a while that they have used to flee the field, do prey on Pigeons, pullet's, hens, and Partridges. And being once mewed hawks, and past their soarage, they will take the stand upon some tree, and finding either Partridge, Fezant, Pullet, hen, or such other like fowl, they make their stooping so fiercely, and in such great haste, and do flee them so far before head and at random, maintaining, and making good their flight, as in the end they kill them, and do prey upon them.  
Of the goshawks, those that be venturous and hardy will kill the Hare, and having killed him, diverse times they swallow in for hast great bones, and do put them over very well, and endure them safely without any hurt of all.  
Those that are the river goshawks, and do haunt the water, and brooks, are commonly the most hardy and venturous hawks of all that kind, and do at the river of their own inclination and nature, fall to kill the great fowls of the river, of which I have before made recital and mention.  
Truly the goshawk is very much to be regarded for her hardy mettle and courage, for that therein she is not inferior to any kind of hawk, but rather more fierce and eager. And again to be kept with greater care, for that she is more choice and dainty, and doth look to have a more nice hand kept on her, than any other kind of Falcon or hawk, unless it be the Sparrowhawke, which is all one in a manner in nature with the goshawk, and of whom I purpose now to write.   

Of the Sparowhake, out of the French Authors.  
 depiction of hawk  
I Will now write somewhat of the sparrow-hawk, for that she is in her kind, and for that game that her strength will give her leave to kill, a very good hawk, and much used in France. And beside, he that knows well how to man, reclaim, and flee with the sparrow-hawk, may easily know how to keep, and deal with all other hawks. Moreover, it is a hawk that serves both winter and summer, with great pleasure, and the game that she fleeth is ordinary, and common to be had, and she will generally flee at all kind of game more than the Falcon, or then any other kind of hawk will. And the winter sparrow-hawk, if she prove good, will kill the pie, the jaw, the Chough, the Woodcock, the Thrush, the black-birde, the Felfare, and sundry other sorts of birds.   

The diversity of sparowhawks according to their times and age.  
THe Eyasse hawk, is she that is taken in the Eyrie.  
2 The brancher, is she that followeth the old hawk from branch to branch, and tree to tree, which is also termed a ramage hawk,  
3 The soar hawk, is she that hath flyen, and preyed for herself, and is taken before she mew.  
4 The fourth kind, is that hawk that is mewed, and hath cast her soar feathers.   

The good shape and proportion of a sparrow-hawk.  
Sparowhawkes' are of divers plumes, some are small plumed, & blank hawks, othersome of a larger feather, which are not so good in our opinion as for their shape. The hawk that is well shaped is large and short, with a slender head, large, and broad shouldered, big armed, large and wide footed, and black mailed, with a good great beak, her eyes somewhat hollow and deep set, blank eyelids, the sear of her beak twixt green and white, a high bog neck, long wings, reaching quite athwart the body of the hawk, so as the point of the wing meet with the top of the train very near, and that her train be not over long, but of a reasonable broad feather, sharp pounces, small and black, and evermore well disposed to feed hungerly, and with great appetite.  
The Nyasse hawk is good, and will come to the fist very well, and not lightly soar away, or be lost.  
The soar hawk is hard to be manned, but will prove good, if she will once brook company: this hawk, for that she hath preyed for herself, is very venturous and hardy.  
The best sparrow-hawk, is that hawk whom we call the brauncher.   

What kinds of sparowhawks there are.  
THere are sparowhawks, whom the Italians call (divoutemiglias) which are large and long hawks, with a great beak, large foot, and with 13. feathers in the train. Those hawks are excellent to flee any kind of game.  
There are other called Slauon Hawks, good for all purposes and full of hardiness, long and large hawks, having a great long beak, and black breast feathers  
There are others of Calabria not very large, but of great courage plumed like the quail, that will do according as they are taught and manned.  
There be sparowhawks eyréed in Corsica, & brought from Sardinea, small hawks, brown or canvas mayld, that will flee very well.  
Those of Almanya are very slender, and nothing good.  
The hawks of Verona, and Vicentia, are of mean size, and many of them do prove to be good hawks.  
There be sparowhawks called Alpisans, of the Alps, that are large, wight of wing, and venturous to flee any kind of fowl.  
There are others eyréed in the vale of Sabbia, of a reasonable size, russet mayld, intermeddled with golden spots, or drops, like the Turtle, those be very good to flee great fowls.  
There is one other kind of Sparowhawks, eyréed in Bergamasca, in a valley called the black vale, near the confines of Voltolina, slender hawks, brown mayld, good to be manned and reclaimed, and those are the principallest of all other sparowhawks.  
I do not here in this place deal exactly of the mails, and plumes of these kinds of hawks, in part, for that the hawks are of sundry and several plumes, according to the diversity of countries and regions where they are eyréed: and part, for that the hawks themselves are so ordinarily in use, as it were to be esteemed but a superfluous labour, to waste much time therein, in penning of that, which is (in the opinion of men) of no great importance. My chief care and industry (if health allow me leave, and sickness too much offend not my ease) shall consist in the reclaimed and manning of all these kinds of hawks, according to their natures and properties, and in displaying the means to flee with them, and to keep them, both for the field and brook. And after that, in declaration of their diseases, ordinarily incident unto their kinds, and the best remedies for the same, which (I doubt not) are the only and chiefest points that the discreet and learned reader will accept from me, and such as will most stand him in stead that doth mean to deal with hawks. Wherefore I thus make the Epilogue and conclusion of the first part of my treatise and collection, wherein are contained all the kinds, names and the causes of those names, of all such hawks and birds of prey as are most in use, and regarded among noble men and gentlemen at these days, craving the Reader to bestow no less good liking upon the translation and collection hereof (if it in any part deserve it) than I have employed travel and pains in the true search and examination of the same, both out of the French and Italian Authors, where I must confess, I have not translated Verbatim, and by word or line what I found, (for then had I not dealt so exactly as I now have done, for that I found sundry things not so well agreeing to our humours and use:) but have taken my pleasure of them, in making choice of the chiefest matter, which did occur in them, hoping the more my pains have been, the less shall be mine offence, and the greater the liking of the Reader, and the better his acceptance: which if I find, both I for my travel, shall think myself sufficiently guerdoned, and the careful Printer deem both his cost and charge well employed, being meant, to the benefit and pleasure of his native Countrymen, whose avail he chiefly respecteth herein, and not any great advantage that shall privately fall out to him.   

Of the Matagasse.  
THough the Matagasse be a hawk of no account, or price, neither with us in any use, yet nevertheless, for that in my division I made recital of her name, according to the French Author, from whence I collected sundry of those points and documents, appertaining to falconry: I think it not beside my purpose, briefly to describe here unto you, though I must needs confess, that where the hawk is of so slender value, the definition, or rather description of her nature and name, must be thought of no great regard.  
The shape of her is this.  
She is beaked and headed like the Falcon, her plume is of two colours, her breast white, her eye, beak, and feet black, a long black train, her flags and long feathers partly black, and white, and the colour of those feathers she changeth not, though she mew never so oft.  
Her feeding is upon rats, squirrels, and Lisardes, and sometime upon certain birds she doth use to prey, whom she doth entrap and deceive by flight, for this is her devise:  
She will stand at perch upon some tree or post, and there make an exceeding lamentable cry, and exclamation, such as birds are wont to do, being wronged, or in hazard of mischief, and all to make other fowls believe & think that she is very much distressed, and stands needful of aid, whereupon the credulous sellie birds do flock together presently at her call and voice, at what time if any happen to approach near her, she out of hand seizeth on them, and devoureth them, (ungrateful subtle fowl) in requital of their simplicity and pains.  
These hawks are in no account with us, but poor simple fellows and peasants sometimes do make them to the fist, and being reclaimed after their unskilful manner, do bear them hooded, as Falconers do their other kinds of hawks whom they make to greater purposes.  
Here I end of this hawk, because I neither account her worth the name of a hawk, in whom there resteth no valour or hardiness, ne yet deserving to have any more written of her property and nature, more than that she was in mine Author specified, as a member of my division, and there reputed in the number of long winged hawks. For truly it is not the property of any other hawk, by such devise and cowardly wile to come by her prey, but they love to win it be main force of wings at random, as the round winged hawks do, or by free stooping as the hawks of the Tower do most commonly use, as the Falcon, Gerfalcon, Sacre, Merlin, and such like which do lie upon their wing, roding in the air, and ruff the fowl, or kill it at the encounter.  
I cannot say, that at any time I have seen this kind of hawk, neither in any book read of her nature and dispositifn, as I have here made mention of it, save only in my author, who writing of falconry, was so bold as to rank her among other hawks of greater account and value, and in Gesner, where he treateth of all kinds of birds and fowls, where I remember well I have read of the name and nature of the Matagasse, and there have seen her proportion and shape set down in colours, such as I have before declared you in this Chapter, and in my judgement, no odds or difference to be found betwixt Gesuerus, description, and mine Authors, in that behalf.    

The Second Part or book of this Collection of falconry.  

Certain special points necessary for a Falconer, or Ostreger, collected out of the Italian Authors.  
First, it is behoveful for a Falconer to be very diligent & inquisitive to learn and mark the quality and mettle of his hawks, & to know which hawk he shall fly with all early, and with which late, because all hawks are not disposed or mettled alike. Wherefore the first and special observation is, to note the natural inclination and disposition of his hawks in that behalf.  
Then next, it is necessary for him to be found over his hawk, patiented, and withal careful to keep her clean out of life, mites, and all such other diseases, as I shall hereafter treat of in the latter part of this collection, with such remedies, as I shall lay down for every grief. And of the two, he must rather keep his hawk high, and full of flesh, than poor and low. Besides that, this is one general rule, which by experience you shall find to be most true, that all kinds of hawks are more subject to infirmities, being poor and low, then when they are lusty and full in flesh.  
Every night, after he hath flyen with his hawk the day, either at the field or brook, he must give his hawk casting, somewhiles plumage, some other while pellets of Cotton, or such like, & again, sometimes some one medicine or other, according as by her casting, or mute, he shall perceive her to stand needful thereof, which point I will more at large describe in another place, proper and peculiar to that matter.  
Every night he must not forget to make the place very clean under the perch, so as he may both find the casting of his hawk, and be certainly assured whether she hath already cast or not, whereby he may the better judge and discern her state. For by the casting is found, whether the hawk do need either upward or downward scourings, or stones, or any such like remedy.  
He must remember every evening to tie out his hawk a weathering, save only in such days, as she hath bathed before, for because then the taking overmuch moisture, will breed her a thousand evils, and inconveniences. For such evenings as she hath bathed the day, she ought of right to be placed in some warm chamber on a perch, with a candle burning by her, where she must sit unhooded, if so she be gentle and not rammage, to the end she may trick herself, and rejoice by anoiling her after the water, before she flee again.  
Every morning early he must not forget to set her out to wether her, where if she have not already cast, she may cast, and there keep her hooded, till such time as she go to the field.  
In feeding his hawk, he must beware of giving her two sorts of meat at one time to gorge her withal, neither must he give her such flesh, as hath any evil savour, and is not sweet, but must respect to allow her wholesome meats for breeding ill diseases. For hawks are dainty birds in their kind, and the more to be considered of when they are in hand under a Falconers keeping & usage, because they were wont to pray for themselves at liberty, and therein follow such law and order, as nature had prescribed them, but being restrained, the course of kind is quite altered in them, and therefore therefore the greater art and regard to be usage for them. Art must supply the restraints of kind by cunning.  
He must beware, if happily he have occasion of necessary business, at his departure from home, not to leave his hawk tied on a perch of any great height from the ground, for fear of bating and hanging by the heels, for then either will she cast her gorge, or otherwise spoil herself: but she must be placed on a low block or stone, and if there be more hawks than one, they must be sundered so far one from the other, as they may not approach or reach one the other, neither with beak, talons, or otherwise, because their nature is to bite, and buckle, together, if they come within reach.  
When he addresseth him to make his flight with his Falcon, it is behoveful for him to have all her follow Falconers, or such as have hawks in the field, to set down their hawks on the ground, to be in the more readiness to assist him in his purpose, and to tie them sure, for fear of ill accidents that may be fall them.  
And again, at the river, he must be skilful to land his fowl so placing the residue of his company, and their hawks, as they may flee eke without any encounter, which is not only the loss of the fowl, and hindrance to their sport, but also the ruin and spoil of their hawks on both parts. He must be careful that his hawk keep her gate, and flee it good, so as in no wise he pluck her not down, nor make her bate of her pitch.  
He must always be assured to have mummy in powder in his bag in a readiness, whatsoever should happen, with such other medicines as I shall hereafter treat of, for that it may so fall out, as his hawk may receive a bruise at the encounter of a fowl. Moreover he must not be unfurnished of Aloes washed, cloves, Nutmegs, Saffron, casting, creance, and such like necessary implements. And he must remember that his Aloes be shining and clear, for than is it of the best sort of Aloes.  
Lastly, he must be able to make his lures, hoods, of all sorts, jesses, Buets and other needful furniture for his hawk, and must not be without store thereof to allow his betters and states in the field, if happily they want any such devices. He cannot well be without his coping Irons, to cope his hawks beak if it be overgrown, which will be a hindrance to her feeding, and to cope her pounces and talons, if need be. He must have his cauterizing buttons, and other iron or silver tools, to cauterize or burn his hawks if cause require such cure. For having all these necessaries, and doing as I have and will tell you, all his game shall succeed and sort well, and he be assured that for the most part of good pastime in the field, when other ignorant grooms shall both lack sport, & lose their hawks, the greatest corsie that may happen to a gentleman that loves the game. Let these few advertisements & instructions suffice in this place, if other points necessary not recited here, be remembered at the full in any other part of this book, I crave but thanks for my pains, & courtesy at the Falconers hands, for whose learning and pleasure I partly and chief wrote this collection.   

The first instruction is, how to make a Falcon▪ and other hawks fleeing, after the opinion of jean de Frauchiers.  
FIrst let your hawks be taken on the fist and hooded, then let her be watched three days and nights, before you unhood her, and feed her always hooded in an easy rufter hood. At the end of three days you may unhood her, and feed her unhooded, and when she is fed, hood her again, so that she be not unhooded (but when you feed her) until she know her meat: then when she beginneth to be acquainted with you, hood her and unhood her oftentimes, to the end she may the better abide the hood. But use her gently, and be patiented with her at the first, and to the end your hawk may be the better manned & the sooner reclaimed, you shall do well to bear her commonly in places where most people do frequent, and where most exercises are used. And when she is well manned, make her come a little to the fist for her meat. And when you have showed her the perch or stock, and tied her upon it, put with her upon the said perch or stock some Pullet, or other quick fowl as often as you may, and let her feed there upon at pleasure until she be reasonably gorged, and do in like manner upon the lure until she know it perfectly. Afterwards you may give her more liberty, and lure her with a creance, luring her twice a day further and further off. And when she is thoroughly lured, you shall teach her to flee upon you until she know both how to get to her gate, and to flee round upon you. Then shall you cast her out some quick fowl, and when she hath stooped and seized upon it, you shall suffer her to plume it, and to foot it at her pleasure, giving her a reasonable gorge thereon, as is afore said, and continuing always to reward her upon the said lure, in such sort that she never find the lure without some reward tied upon it, and by that means she will always love the lewer and her keeper well, and will not lightly wrangle or be lost. Thus you may continue her forty days or thereabouts, and then you may flee with her safe enough. But before you so do, let her be scoured and bathed, and fed with clean meat, and well washed, giving her casting every night, even as men use to give fleeing hawks.   

The manner of fleeing with Hawks, as well to the field, as to the River, and first to the river, according as Martin teacheth.  
YOu must understand that the river hawk aught to be let into the wind, and above her prey to get the vantage of her gate, and to be at her pitch: then shall you make in towards the prey. And when they are got up to their full pride, run upon the fowl, and land them, laying them out from of the water, and if you fail in doing thereof, than you should take down your hawk with some pullet, Pigeon, or other quick fowl, to teach, and the better to win such hawks as are but lately entered, until they know their prey, and their fleeing perfectly.   

To fly at the Hearon according to Martin.  
 
THere is another manner of fleeing, which is called the flight at the Hearon, this is the noblest slight of all others. For the hawk ought to be well lured and well trained to get up to an high gate, and therewithal she must well know a quick fowl, and such a Falcon as is apt to flee the Hearon, should not be flown with to any other kind of fowl, but only to the Hearon most commonly. For as much as amongst all other flights, there is no such mountey made, nor such force used as in the flight at the Hearon, and therefore reason would that such Falcons should not be flown withal, or enured to any meaner or less prey than the Hearon. For if a hawk be a good Hearoner, it is sufficient, and if after your hawk have flown the Hearon, you should let her flee any other slighter fowl or prey, she will lightly (by your own default) become a slug and take disdain, in such sort; that (where before she was a good Hearoner) she will be so no more, and will turn to her own ease, so that she will never care to flee the Hearon. For as much as she will give herself to prey upon fowl, that is more easy to reach, and will forget or foreslow her valiant hardiness, the which is much to be lamented, if a man have once a good Hearoner, and do so spill her. Nevertheless you may flee with the Sacre all manner of fowl more easily than with any other kind of hawk, because she is alike common to all soul, even so is she hard to be made, and of a hard and dull capacity, but despair not therefore, for in the end they prove good, if the Falconer take such pains with them as he ought to do.   

For the flight to the field as Master Amè Cassian reaches.  
SOme kind of hawks there be which are made for the field. For as much as there be some men which delight more to have hawks for the field than for the river, the hawks which are good to flee the field, are first entered by the Spaniels, and as well accustomed to know them by the hair and proportion, as they know their prey by the feathers and flight: and secondarily, they are also entered by customary knowledge of their prey, and therefore it is not lightly possible that this kind of pastime should be perfectly handled, unless the dogs and hawks be so well acquainted and known one to the other, that each of them do love others, for although naturally the hawk be hardly entered to become familiar with the dogs, and will not lightly, nor at the first love them, yet marvel you not thereat, for in the end all field hawks will love them, and become familiar with them, but to bring that to pass, you must continually bear your hawk amongst Spaniels, and acquaint her with them, that she may the better abide them, and that being done, the oftener that your hawk flee the field, the truer you shall find my opinion: and surely you may easily have good hawks to the field, if you keep them in good order and diet as reason requireth, giving them upon their first, second, and third prey, a reasonable good gorge, and afterwards you may withdraw and abate your reward by little and little, to make your hawk the easier forget it, for by that means you shall make your hawk know her live fowl the better, if you reward her with the head and brains of the fowl taken, and so of every one which she shall slay, until you would give her a gorge, at time and hour convenient, and by that means, you may have a good field hawk unless the fault be your own.   

Other slights to the field called great flights.  
THere is yet another kind of flight to the field which is called the great slight, as to the Cranes, wild geese, Bustard, bird of Paradise, Bittors, shovelars, and Hearons, and many other such like, and these you may flee from the fist, which is properly termed the Source. Nevertheless in this kind of Hawking which is called the great flight, the Falcons or other hawks cannot well accomplish their flight at the Crane, Bustard, or such like, unless they have the help of some spaniel, or such dog, well enured and taught for that purpose with your hawk. For as much as great flights require pleasant aid and assistance, yea and that with great diligence.   

Advertisement given by Master Martin, to make a hawk bold and hardy, and to love her prey.  
IF you would have your hawk hardy, keep her oftentimes all day long upon your fist, and feed her with pullet's flesh early in the morning, as much as shall be sufficient for a beaching, that done, set her abroad in the sun, with water before her, to the end she may bathe when she will, and bowze, as naturally they are inclined to do, and it doth them singular great pleasure, for bowzing may oftentimes preserve them from sickness, and yet sometimes a hawk bowzeth after some disease, whereof she hath long languished, and dieth, or else she is thereby recured: for after such a disease, bowzing doth either cure her, or quite dispatch her. Now when you have done as is before said (whether she bath or not) you shall take your hawk upon your fist, and so keep her on the fist until you go to bed, and when you go to bed set a candle before her, which may last all the night, and in the morning (if she did bath) you shall set her in the sun for one hour until she be well weathered, and then afterwards (if she did not bathe) take wine and water, and therewith bespout her well with your mouth three hours after, setting her in the sun again, and (for lack of sunshine) before the fire, until she be very well dried, and if you be well assured that she is thoroughly enseamed clean, and hath been well manned by the space of thirty or forty days, then may you flee the field with her, and if you perceive that she hath good desire to flee, let her flee, and if she kill any thing give her a good gorge thereupon, but if she kill nothing, then feed her with the leg or the wing of an hen or a Pullet washed in clean running water, keeping her still upon the fist as is before said: and the next day flee with her again, and if she kill any thing, give her her reward, and keep her in this order until she be perfectly entered and quarred: but than you must have discretion, for sometimes by this order, you may bring her low, in such sort that she should not easily be recovered to make her flight strongly. Yet Martin saith the contrary, but if an hawk be very hard and stubborn to her Keeper in her flight, then let her be well spouted again with lukewarm water, and so set abroad all night in the open air. In the morning let her be set either in the sun or before the fire, where when she hath well pruned her, you may go flee with her, and if she kill and flee well, then keep her in this order and tune, for else she may take sundry evil toys. And this precept serveth as well for them that desire to have good hawks for the field, as otherwise: and if you would have your hawks love their prey, take cinnamon and Sugarcandye, of each a like quantity, and make thereof a powder, and when your hawk hath killed any thing, & that you come to reward her, sprinkle some of that powder upon the part wherewith you reward her, and it shall make her love that kind of prey the better ever afterwards.   

How a man should use an Eyasse hawk.  
IF you have Eyasse Hawks, you shall feed them most with poultry, beef, or goats flesh: and this is done to keep them from ill toys: and when they be well lured and trained, then bear them upon the fist hooded, and ordered in all points according to the rule prescribed before in the first chapter, and after thirty or forty days past, bring them to the flight, and the first, second, and third flight, you may be fond over them, abating your favour, afterwards by little and little, until they be brought in perfect tune, spouting them oftentimes with Wine and Water. For (as Martin sayeth) some Eyasse hawks will not much bathe them. Nevertheless you ought therein also to use discretion, for by often bathing or spouting, you may bring your hawk very low, in such sort, that she should have more need of a good gorge, than of bathing or spouting, and especially such hawks as are fierce of Nature, and will not often bathe of themselves.   

A consideration of the diversity of hawks Natures, according to Martin.  
THere are some sorts of Falcons which have this diversity of nature, that some of them will fly well, being high and full of flesh, and some other flee best when they are kept low. Wherefore a Falconer should have especial consideration thereunto, for Falcons are fit for all flights, as is before said, but the blank Falcons are of one nature, and the blue Falcons of another, and the Falcon of the reddish plume hath also her properties divers from the rest.  
Nevertheless to speak as I have found, of all other hawks, the blank Falcon is best. And both by reason and experience I find that she would be kept higher, and in better plight than other hawks, for you shall see the blank Falcon keeping a like hand upon her, and other Falcons prove higher and in better plight when she is fleeing then any other hawk. And the reason is, because she is very gentle, and with more ease manned then any other kind of Falcon, and loveth her keeper better, so that thereby she keepeth herself higher, & in better plight than such hawks as bate much, and are froward of condition.   

How to seel a Sparrowhawke, and to make her fleeing, according to Guillam Tardiffe.   depiction of hawk 
A sparrow-hawk newly taken should be thus used, take a needle threeded with untwisted thread, and (casting your hawk) take her by the beak, & put the needle through her eye lid, not right against the sight of the eye, but somewhat nearer to the beak because she may see backwards. And you must take good heed that you hurt not the web, which is under the eyelid, or on the inside thereof. Then put your needle also through that other eyelid, drawing the ends of the thread together, tie them over the beak, not with a strait knot, but cut off the threads ends near to the knot, and twist them together in such sort that the eyelids may be raised so upwards, that the hawk may not see at all, and when the thread shall wax lose or untied, than the hawk may see somewhat backwardly, which is the cause that the thread is put nearer to the beak. For a sparrow-hawk should see somewhat backwardly, and a Falcon forwards. The reason is, that if the sparrow-hawk should see forwards, she would beat off her feathers, or break them when she bateth upon the fist, and seeing the company of men, or such like, she would bate to much.  
But to trim your sparrow-hawk in her rights, she must have jesses of leather, the which must have knots at the end and they should be half a foot long, or thereabout, at the least a shaft-méete between the hose of the Jesse, and the knot at the end, whereby you tie the hawk.  
She should also have two good bells, whereby she may be the better heard. For commonly when a sparrow-hawk taketh any prey, she will carry it into some thick bush to feed thereon in such sort, that she cannot lightly be either heard or seen, and whiles she plumeth it, the plumage doth oftentimes cover both her eyes, or one of them, then to take away the said plumage, she straineth with one of her feet, & thereby her bells discover her. Therefore if she had but one bell, she might happen to scratte with that foot which lacketh the bell, and so should not be heard. The Sparowhawks which are wont to be hooded, and which will gently brook it, are much better than they which will not be hooded. For they bate less, and are with more ease borne in the rain, or any evil weather. For being hooded, the Falconer may hide and covor them with his cloak, which he cannot do to the other. Furthermore, they shall be able to flee better and more strongly, that are good weather hawks, for they shall be less bruised than a hawk which is not hooded, which will weary herself with bating, & withal a man may the better flee with them at advantage, because they bate not, but only when you would have them to flee, whereby they have the greater courage, and also a man may bear them in all places, without bating or beating themselves out of breath.   

How a man should man a sparrow-hawk, and make her fleeing.  
FOr as much as sparowhawks are of sundry sorts of plumes, and sundry shapes and proportions, there are also sundry manners of manning them and making them, and there is much less pains to be taken with some one, than with some other. For the more eager and sharper set that a sparrow-hawk is, the fooner shall you win her, and man her.  
First to win her to feed, rub her feet with warm flesh, chirping and wistling to her, and sometimes present the flesh unto her beak, and if she will not yet feed, rub her feet with a quick bird, and the bird will cry, and if the sparrow-hawk do seize it with her feet, it is a token that she will feed. Then tear off the skin and feathers of the birds breast, and offer it to the hawks beak, and she will taste thereof. For a sparrow-hawk which feedeth immediately after she be taken, doth show that she is eager, and hath good appetite. And you may give her as much more at evening, yea and sometimes in the day time, so that she be not gorged first, but that she have put over her meat. When she is thus well entered, & will feed when you chirp or whistle to her, then may you hood her with an hood that is large & deep enough, so that it neither hurt nor touch her eyes when she will endure to be hooded and unhooded, without bating, & that thee will feed hooded, then must you abate her meals, giving her less meat, and feed her betimes in the morning when she hath endued, (that is to say, when she shall have put over her meat, so as there remaineth nothing in her gorge,) then may you give her a beaching in the day time, taking off, and putting on again her hood, to make her the more eager. For it will not be amiss, to give her a bit or two of meat every time that you hood her. When it is evening then sup her up, giving her the head or brains of a hen or pullet until the morning. And if you perceive that she is become very eager, then lose the thread wherewith she is sealed, but let it be night first, and that she have seen backwards as before said.  
If she may abide company, yet watch her all that night that you unseele her, to the end she may also be accustomed to hear people speak, and be acquanted with them, and when you hood her again, give her two or three bits of meat. In the morning betimes, put a bird in her foot, whom if she seize hardily, and plume thereon eagerly, then may you boldly take off her hood, but if she bate them, hood her again, and watch her until she be thoroughly won and manned: but if she feed well before company, and become familiar and quiet before them, watch her no longer, but keep her on the fist some part of the night amongst company, making her to plume, giving her now and then a bit or two of flesh, and putting her hood on and off therewithal.  
When you go to bed, set your hawk near to your beds head upon some trestle or stool, that you may wake her often in the night. Then rise before day, & take her upon your fist, & off with her hood, that she may see the people about her, & when she beholdeth them, put a quick bird in her foot, as before said. When she feedeth thereupon, hood her again, giving her the rest of your bird hooded, and when it is further forth day, you may look whether she have any thing in her gorge, or not. If she have nothing above, give her some little beaching, and beach her oftentimes before company, hooding and unhooding her. But at night she should be always unhooded, that she may see people, and become acquainted with them, giving her to feed of a Hen or Pullet. To heal the places where she was seeled, to the end thee may see the better: when thou goest to bed, hold her in a dark corner, & spirit a little Water upon her head, that she may frote her eyes against the pinions of her wings. Then in the morning when she perceiveth the day light, and hath warm meat ready upon your fist, and is clean loosed that she may see both before, and behind her, and seemeth to be familiar and bold amongst people, then may you make her as before said. But remember that you give her no plumage that day, in which you have given her washed meat, yea and allow her no plumage until she be well manned. For until she be thoroughly manned, she will not dare to cast. Then if you would thoroughly man your sparrow-hawk, and keep her eager, take her early in the morning upon your fist, and go into some place where no body shall interrupt you, where first cause her to plume with her beak upon some quick bird, then unseaze her, and set her upon some thing, and reach her your hand, and show her your fist, giving her a bit or two thereof. And if she come thereunto willingly, then call her again morning and evening, further and further off, but ever before company, to acquaint her the better with them, fastening a long line or creance unto her limbs: if it be fair weather, and that the sun shine, you should then proffer her the water, to the end she may bathe her. Provided always in so doing that she be sound, well manned, and that she be not poor nor gorged. For bathing is a thing which maketh a hawk familiar and lusty. But remember that always after she hath bathed, you give her some live bird to feed on, and always when you call her or feed her, you must chirp with your mouth, or whistle, to the end she may become acquainted with your whistle, and come thereunto. You must feed her amongst horses and dogs, to make her also the better acquainted with them. If she have flown, and you would set her in the sun to weather, set her upon the ground on some cudgel or truncheon, making her fast, and she will always love the better to sit upon the ground. After she hath bathed, if you perceive your Sparrowhawke lusty, you may flee with her the next day towards the evening, but first you must have reclaimed her to come out of a tree, and called her to you sitting on horseback, being always provided of some Pigeon, or other quick thing, to take her down the more easily. For before a man flee with a Sparrowhawke, she would be thoroughly well reclaimed by watching, carrying, feeding and plumming before people, that she love her keepers fist, and his countenance, that she can abide both horses and dogs, that she be clean within, as well scoured with washtmeate, as also with plumage, and that she be sharp set, and well coming, as well from the perch, as from off the ground, or out of a tree. (∵)   

The mean to make a Sparrowhawke fleeing.  
 depiction of hawk  
FIrst, he that would flee with a Sparrowhawke lately reclaimed, must flee in an evening somewhat before Sun-sette. For at that time she will be most eager and sharpest set. Secondarily, the heat of the sun, (if one should flee in the morning) doth much trouble the hawk, and raiseth and stirreth her courage, making her proud and ramage. So that she loseth the eagerness of her appetite, and remembreth it not, thinking on nothing else but to soar and gad abroad, whereby she may be easily lost. Furthermore, towards the evening, she cannot soar so far away from you, (although thee should soar) as she would do in the heat of the day, because the night will enforce her to go to the perch and stand. Also to enter your Sparrowhawke, it shall be best to seek out some Champion Country, far from the woods, and let her be unhooded when the Spaniels be uncoupled, then if the Partridge spring, and she bate, cast her off, if they spring near you. And if she kill, reward her upon the ground, of the head, brains, neck, and breast of the Partridge. When she hath fed, take it from her, and unseaze her, and get upon your horse a good way from her. Then whistle and call her, and if she come unto you, reward her better. Above all things, you must take good heed that she fail not her first flight at great birds, lest she turn tail and accustom herself to smaller game. But if she be once well entered at great game, you may quickly make her flee larks and small birds. If you find that she have most mind to flee larks, let her flee them, and reward her on them. For there is no flight pleasanter than the flight of the Sparrowhawke at the lark. And forasmuch as the flesh and blood of larks is hot and burning, it shall be good when you flee the lark, to give your hawk washed meat twice in a week, and plumage very often. But give her no plumage that day that she hath washed meat, nor the day that she batheth. When there is a knot of good company met together, and every man hath his Sparrowhawke, if one of them see his Sparrowhawke flee when another is also from the fist, there beginneth the pastime, & yet they may flee together. But it is a pleasure to take a lark towering or climbing. Or if a sparrow-hawk have beaten down a lark, or that the lark be slipped from her, 
This flight is not used in England, neither did I ever hear of it before.  and gotten up towering as high as a man may behold, and then an other Sparrowhawke climb after her, get so high that by often tainting her, so as the lark is constrained to stoop to the ground, and the hawk in the sail of her. Then the lark had rather flee for secure between the legs of the men and the Horses, than to fall in the talons of her natural enemy: yet commonly she is there taken also. He that would learn to make a Falcon well, let him begin with a Hobby, and he that would make the Gerfalcon fleeing, let him acquaint himself with the Merlin. But he that can keep and make a sparrow-hawk well, shall also be able to keep a goshawk, for by the one that other is learned.   

To take time from off a hawks feathers.  
TO remove the lime from a hawk, take dry and fine sand and clean ashes mingled together, put them upon the place which is limed, and suffer it so one night. Afterward you shall beat well together three yolks of eggs, and with a feather you shall lay them upon the said places, and suffer them so two nights. Then take as much lard as a plum, and as much butter with it, melt them both together, and anoint the said places, and suffer the hawk so one other night. Then on the morrow wash her with warm water, and wipe her with a clean linen cloth, until you have wiped off all the lime, which by this devise will easily be removed. [Or if you beat salad oil, 
Addition.  and the yolks of eggs together, and so anoint the limed feathers, and then within 12. hours after, wash them with hot water, and it will take away the lime.]   

How to right and make strait bruised feathers.  
IF you would make sound a bruised feather, then temper the place which is bruised, in warm water, and when the web thereof is well softened, and become tender with the hot water, set it as even as you can out of the water. Afterwards take a great stalk of a Colwoort, and warm it well upon the coals, or in the flame: then cleave it in sunder, and within the cleft put the bruised feather, straining the two sides of the Colewoort stalk together, until it have brought the bruised feather into his former estate. The stalk of the herb called Br●onie, hath the same virtue.   

To right and mend a Feather broken on the one side, and to imp a bruised Feather.  
TAke a slender long needle, lay it in vinegar or salt water, that it may rust and so hold the better within the feather: Afterwards thread it with untwisted thread, and draw it through both ends of the bruised places, then draw it back by the thread, until it may draw that one part to that other, so as the web may be close joined together: and suffer not your hawk to flee, nor to use her wings, until it be closed and strong again. But if it were broken on both sides, cut it off, and take a square imping needle like unto a glovers needle, lay it in Vinegar and salt water, and thrust it into both the ends of the web, until you have brought them together, then give your hawk rest until the needle be rusted in that web. For a feather that is broken or bruised within the quill, take another quill that is lesser, that it may go into the broken or bruised quill, then cut off the feather in that place, and the stalk of the quill being put into the old quill, force the end of the feather into the new quill that is cut: Afterwards join together the two pieces, with the quill that is so put in, covering the place where it is so joined, with Cotton or small down feathers, with lieu or Semond, or if you would not imp it, glue it in with Semond or Rosen, and beware melted together. If the feather be dropped away clean, then put in another of like size and colour For to bind in a feather that were slipped out of the pinion, take flax small chopped, & mingle with the yolk of an egg well beaten, put them together upon a linen cloth which is very near worn, with the which you shall bind on both sides the place where the feather slipped, or else anoint that place with Myrche and goats blood mingled together. To make a feather come again which is cast and lost by bruise, or otherwise, and especially in the train of an hawk, take oil of walnuts and oil of bays, as much of that one as that other, mingle them together, and drop them into the place where the feather grew, and it shall put out a new feather speedily.   

How to bear and make a Falcon.   depiction of hawk 
A Falcon lately taken, should be seeled in such sort, that when the seeling begins to slacken, the Falcon may see forwards, to see the meat before her. For she is better content when she seethe the meat plainly before her, than if she saw it sideways, or looking back. And she should not be sealed too strait, neither yet ought the thread wherewith she is sealed, be overstraight bound or knit about her head, but twisted and twyrled together.  
A hawk newly taken, should have new furniture, as new Jesses, lease, and Bewets, all of good leather, and the jesses, mailed, and the Lease mad with a button at the end. Then must you have a little round stick hanging in a little string, with the which you shall oftentimes struck and handle your Falcon. For the more she is handled, the better she will be manned, and become the gentlier, and the more familiar: and also if you should struck or handle her with your hand, you might chance to catch a knap of her beak now and then. She must have two good bells, to the end she may the better be found and heard when she stirreth or scratteth. She must have a hood of good leather, well made and fashioned, well raised and bossed against her eyes, deep, and yet strait enough beneath, that it may the better abide on her head, and yet never hurt her. So must you also a little cope her beak and talons, but not so much that you make them bleed.   

How you shall man a Falcon, and bring her out of her ramagenesse.  
SOme say, that the soar Falcon which hath been timely taken, and hath already passed the seas, is both the best Falcon, & also the hardest to be won & maned. Wherefore observing the order which is before rehearsed, you must feed such a falcon with good & warm meats (as pigeons) & such like quick birds until she be full gorged twice a day for three days. For you must not break her of her accustomed diet all at once, and being lately taken, she will more willingly feed on warm meats, than any thing else. When you feed her, you must whoop and lure as you do when you call a hawk, that she may know when you will give her meat. You must unhood her gently, giving her two or three bits, and putting on her hood again, you must give her as much more. But take heed that she be well and close sealed: three days being passed, if you perceive her to be eager and greedy of meat, and that she feedeth with good appetite, then begin to abate her her meat, that is to say, give her but little at once, and often, so that she have not much above at one time, until it be evening, and bear her late upon your fist before you go to bed, setting her upon a trestle or stool very near you, so that you may wake her often in the night. Afterwards you should take her on your fist again before day, with some quick bird or such like meat: and when you have observed this order with her two or three nights, and that you perceive she begins to be much better fellow than she was wont, and that she seemeth to begin to be reclaimed, and feedeth eagerly upon good meat, then begin to change her diet, giving her often, and little at once, the heart of an hog or a sheep. In the evening when it begins to be late, (without casting of her) let her feeling thread a little lose, spouting water on her face, that she may ieouke the less, and watching her all the night, hold her upon your fist unhooded. But if she see any thing that mislikes her, and make semblance to be afeard, then let her be carried into some dark place, where you have no more but light to hood her again. And afterwards give her some beaching of good meat, and let her be watched divers nights together, until she be reclaimed, and jeouke upon the fist by day time, although to let her jeouke also some-sometimes in the night, is a thing maketh her the sooner manned. In the morning by break of the day, let her have some warm meat to begin with.  
And because there be sundry Falcons of sundry sorts and conditions, as some mewed at large in the woods, some other taken at stand, where they have long used, and some other taken soar hawks (whereof we now treat) whether they be soarehawkes, Mewed, or Nyasse, yet are they of sundry natures and properties, and therefore they must be diversly governed and entered, which is the cause that it is hard to give general Rules. For those which are Gentle, easy to be reclaimed, and of a good kind and nature, ought also to be the more favoured, and the more gently handled. But when your hawk is brought to the point before rehearsed, as well for the hooding, as also for her eagerness to feed, if you overthrow that she begin to be acquainted therewith, you may unhood her by day time, far from company, first giving her a bit or two of good meat. Afterwards hood her again gently, giving her a little meat again hooded.  
Above all things you must beware to hood or unhood her in any place where she may be frayed, for that were able to mar her at the first. When she beginneth to be acquainted with company, if you perceive that she be eager or sharp set, unhood her, and give her a bit or two of meat, holding her right against your face and countenance. For that will cause her to dread no company. And when it is night, cut the thread wherewith she is seeled, and you shall not need to watch her, if you perceive her bold enough amongst company. But yet let her be set upon a trestle by you, that you may awake her two or three times in the night, and take her on your fist before day. For overwatching of a hawk is not good, as long as a man may reclaim her otherwise.  
And if by such good government, and by dealing courteously with her, and keeping her from sudden fear, you perceive that she begin to be acquainted with you, and to know you assuredly, and that she feedeth eagerly, and sucketh to her meat before company, then give her washed meat, and beach her in the morning, so that she may always have somewhat in her gorge: which meat you shall lay in clear water half a day, and you shall cause her to feed in company, giving her in the morning about Sun rising the wing of a Hen or Pullet, and at evening, hooding her again, take the foot of a coney or an Hare, which is cut off above the joint, and flay it, stripping away the claws also, and temper and steep the skin in fair Water, (pressing and wring it a little) the which you shall give her with the joint of the pinion of the hens wing.  
You must take good heed how you give your hawk any Feathers, until she be thoroughly reclaimed. For until she be thoroughly won and reclaimed, she dares not cast upon the fist. And on the fist you must bear her continually, till she be thoroughly manned. But when she makes semblance to cast, unhood her gently by the tassel of the hood.  
You may give her two days washed meat, and the third day plumage, according as she is clean or fowl within. And when she hath cast, than hood her again, giving her nothing to feed on, until she gleam after her casting. But when she hath cast and gleamed, then give her a beaching of hot meat, in company giving her two or three bits at once: and at evening make her plume a hens wing in company also.  
When you find her well reclaimed, and thoroughly manned, and eager, and sharp set, than it is time to feed her upon the lure.  
And you must mark whether the feathers of your hawks casting be fowl or slimy, and whether the slime thereof be yellow or not. For if they be, you must be very circumspect to make her clean with washed meat and casting, and if she be clean within, then give her not so strong castings as hare's feet or coney's feet: but give her the pinions of an old hens wing, or the plumage that is to be taken thereupon, or the neck bone chopped four or five times between the joints, washed and steeped in fair water. To make an end of this Chapter, it is certain that it requireth more time to win and to watch a Falcon once mewed in the wood, than one which is taken sore at passage. And likewise it is harder to win a hawk taken at stand, when she hath long time been accustomed, than it is to make a hawk which hath been handled before.   

How to lure a Falcon lately manned.   depiction of hawk 
BEfore you show the lure to a Falcon newly reclaimed, you must consider three things. First, that she be well assured, and boldened in Company, well acquainted also with dogs, and with horses. Secondarily, that she be sharp set, and eager, having regard to the hour of the morning or evening when you will lure her. And the third consideration is, that she be clean within, the lure must be well garnished with meat on both sides, and you must be a part in some secret place when you would give her the length of the lease. You must first unhood her, giving her a bit or twain upon the lure as she sitteth on your fist, afterwards take the lure from her, and hide it that she see it not, and when she is unseazed, cast the lure so near her that she may catch it within the length of her lease, and if she do seize upon it, then shall you use the voice and accustomed speech of a Falconer unto his hawk, and feed her upon the lure on the ground, giving her thereupon the warm thigh of a hen or Pullet, and the heart also.  
When you have so lured her at evening, give her but a little meat, and let her be lured so timely, that when she is therewith accustomed, you may give her plumage, and a iucke of a joint. Afterwards, and in the morning betimes, take her on your fist, and when she hath cast and gleamed, give her a little beaching of good warm meat. Afterwards, when the day is further forwards, and that it is time to feed her, take a Criance and tie it to her lease, and go into some fair pleasant meadow, and give her a bit or two upon the lure, as before said, then unseaze her, and if you overthrow that she be sharp set, & have seized upon the lure eagerly, then give her to hold unto some man which may let her off to the lure, then shall you unwind the Criance, and draw it after you a good way, and he which holdeth the hawk, must hold his right hand on the tassel of the hawks hood in a readiness, that he may unhood her as soon as you begin to lure, and if she come well to the lure, and stoop upon it roundly, and seize it eagerly, then let her feed two or three bits upon it, and then unseaze her and take her from off the lure, and hood her, and then deliver her again to him which held her, and go further off and lure her, feeding her always upon the lure on the ground, and using the familiar voice of Falconers as they cry when they lure. And thus you shall lure her every day further and further off, until she be well taught to come to the lure, & to take it eagerly.  
Afterwards let her be lured in company, having regard that neither dogs nor other thing come in suddenly to fray her, and when you take her up from the ground, hood her upon the lure, and when you have well and often lured her on foot, then use to lure her on horseback: the which you shall the easier win her too, if when you lure her on foot, you cause some on horseback to come near you, that she may see them, and cause them to come near her when she feedeth upon the lure, causing them also to turn and toss their horses about her, but let their horses be ruly, lest they should upon the sudden affright her.  
Furthermore the better to acquaint her with Horses, and that she may the better know them, carry your Falcon (whiles she feedeth) on high upon the lure near unto some man on horseback, or get yourself up on horseback, and reward her upon the lure amongst Horsemen, and when she is well accustomed to them, and well acquainted with them, making no resemblance to fear them, you may then lure her on horseback in this manner: he which holdeth her to let her come to the Lure, must be on foot, and you where you Lure shall be on horseback, and when you call and cast the Lure about your head, than he which holdeth her, shall take off her hood by the tassel, and you the mean while shall call and lure in the cunningest wise you can, as Falconers use to do: and if she sear eagerly upon the lure, and fear neither people nor horses, then take off the luring line or Creance, and lure her lose further and further off. And to make a Falcon come which is but newly reclaimed, and to make her come in company of another hawk, there must be two to hold a cast of Falcons, and two which shall lure them, but he which holdeth the Falcon that is but lately lured, shall not let her come so soon as the other shall do: then shall the lure be thrown out unto the Falcon which is but lately lured, and when she is fallen thereupon, her keeper shall carry her upon the lure, to feed amongst the other make hawks. This being done twice or thrice, she will follow them and love them, and if you would have her love dogs, which is most necessary, you must call dogs about you when you feed her, or give her tiring or plumage.   

How you shall bathe your hawk being but lately reclaimed, how you shall make her fleeing, and to hate the check.  
WHen your Falcon is well lured aswell on horseback as on foot, and that she is ready to be cast off, and hath been well rewarded upon the lure, and is now altogether reclaimed from her ramage toys, and when she is also somewhat recovered of the pain and travel which you have put her unto in making and reclaiming her, and be yet in good plight, and have her thighs ploompe, and well brawned, then offer her Water to bathe her, spy out a fair day when the wether is clear and temperate, then take a basin so deep that your hawk may stand therein up to the thighs, and fill it with water, and set it in some secret place: afterwards your hawk being lured and well rewarded in the morning with warm meat, bear her up upon some high place or bank, and there hold her in the sun until she have endued her gorge, taking off her hood, that she may prune and pick herself: that being done, hood her again, and set her near to the basin, afterwards taking off her hood again (if she will) let her leap down into the basin or upon the grass by it, and to make her know the water, slappe therein with a little wand, and let her bathe therein as long as she lift: when she cometh out of the Water, take some meat in thy hand, and proffer it unto her, and be well aware that she come not out before thou proffer her thy fist to give her a bit or twain, then take her up, and hold her in the sun, and she will pick and prune her on your sister, or upon your knee; if she will not bathe her in a basin, then proffer her to bathe in river water at some ford. Bathing giveth an hawk great courage, much boldness, and eager appetite: that day that she batheth, give her no washed meat. To make a new lured Falcon, and to make her upwards, the morrow after she hath bathed, get on horseback in the morning or in the evening, when she is sharp set, and choose out some field or pasture, where fewest doves or choughs be, then take your lure well garnished on both sides, and having unhooded your hawk, give her a bit or twain upon the lure, then taking it away for her, hood her again, then going fair and softly against the wind, unhood her: and before she bate or find any check in her eye, whistle her from off your fist fair and gently, and when she flieth about, (trotting forwards with your horse) cast out your lure, and suffer her not long to flee about you at the first. Continue this both morning and evening for a few days, and if you perceive that your hawk have no great list to flee about you, nor to stoop to the lure, and that she maketh no semblance to love other hawks, then must you make her flee with one which loveth other hawks, and which will not gad out to any change or check: and that must first be done at the Partridge, for they flee not far before an hawk: and if your Falcon have slowen, and return to you twice or thrice, cast out the lure unto her, and reward her upon your horseback, and afterwards feed her up on the lure upon the ground with good hot meat, to make her resolute in her fleeing, and that she may return to you with the better will, and if the fowl which you flew unto be killed by any other hawk, let your hawk feed with the other hawk, and when she is so rewarded a little, take her off, and feed her upon the lure.  
If you flee to the river with your Falcon, and that the flight be fair and likely to be landed, stay and draw under the wind, and taking off your hawks hood, cast her off with the rest. When you would have your hawk prove upwards and a high flying hawk, you must let her flee with a very high fleeing hawk, but see that your hawk be well taught to hold in the head, and that she love well to flee with the other hawks, and if the fowl be in a pool, or on a pit or plash, you must first cast off the high fleeing hawk, and he which holdeth your new lured hawk, shall do well to get him under the wind, and when he seeth his vantage let him unhood her, and if she bate then, it is to get up to the other hawk. Then let him cast her off, and she will climb against the wind right unto the high fleeing hawk, and before she weary herself too much with climbing to reach or cover that other hawk, lay out the fowl, when the high fleeing hawk shall be at her pitch, and lay them out behind her, if she kill the fowl, then give your hawk reward of the Heart and the breast with the other Hawks. If your hawk go out to any check, and kill a dove or a Crow, or any other check and feed upon it, or have fed upon it before you come at her, seem not roughly to rebuke her at first, but take her down to the lure, giving her a bit of meat, and hood her up, and flee not with her in two or three days after, but when you do flee, flee as near as you can where there be no check, but if by no means you can keep her from checking and going out, then for your last remedy, do as followeth. If your hawk have killed a check, and you come to her before she have fed thereon, take the gall of a hen, and anoint therewith the breast of the check which she hath killed, when she hath plumed it, and is come to the blood, and let her feed but little thereon lest she make her sick, for she will surely cast it again, yea though she should not cast it, yet would she have small lust to flee at such a fowl again, but will hate and loathe the meat thereof, or put any bitter meat thereupon, as powder of myrrh, or young small worms cut in gobbets, but take heed that the bitterness be not over strong, and if that the bitter taste have discouraged the hawk, then wet her meat in sugared water. Some put on two pair of bells upon their hawks legs, or stitch together the principal long feathers of their wings, and also it shall be good when she goeth from check, to cast her out the lure, or to lay out an hurt fowl before her which she may kill.   

How to flee a Hearon.  
 
TO make your Falcon a good Hearoner, you must set her very sharp, and have a live Hearon, whereof you shall make your hawk a quarry in this sort. In the morning when it shall be time to feed your hawk, if you perceive that she be very sharp set, go to a meadow, and let the Hearon go after that you have bruised both his feet and his hill, and hide yourself behind some bush: and then he which holdeth the hawk shall unhood her, the which shallbe under the wind. And if your hawk will not flee at the Hearon, cast out your lure the which you shall hold in a readiness therefore: but if she do seize on the Hearon, make her a quarry thereon, giving her first the heart, and when she hath eaten it, give the Hearon to him which held the hawk before, who retiring back a little shall lure, tossing the Hearon about his head, holding her by one of the legs or wings: then do you unhood your hawk again, and let her fly to him which lureth so with the Hearon, and let him not cast it out unto her, but stay until she take and seize it in his hand as he lureth with it: then despoil the breast of the Hearon, and let your hawk feed upon it, & take the marrow of the bone in the heron's wing, and give it your hawk: and in this doing two or three days, you shall now slay your hawk thereunto, and make her love the Hearon, the which you shall also bring the sooner to pass, if at the first you enure her with a make Hawk a good Hearoner. Then having found the Hearon at siege, you must get you with your Falcon up into some high place, into the wind, and let him which hath the Hearoner (that is the make Hawk) put up the Hearon, and when he hath cast off his hawk to her, let him mark whether the Hearon do mount or not, for if she mount, than cast not off your hawk, nor unhood her not, but if the Hearon seem to be discomfited, and that she fall down into the water, and that the make hawk do stoops her, then unhood your young hawk, and advance her: if she bate to be gone, let her flee to it.   

How a man shall make his hawk to love other hawks, when she hateth to flee with them.  
THere are some Falcons which will not flee with other hawks, but draw backward, and stir not: some other will crab with every hawk, and flee of purpose to crab with them: some Falcon hateth to sit or to flee with another hawk, either for doubt and fear which she hath of them, or else, for because she loveth them not. That hawk which hateth other hawks doth crab with them, and she which feareth them, doth flee from them. For remedy hereof you must have a gentle Lanner, which may be set upon a perch with that hawk which hateth others, but far enough off, and by day light, then give each of them a bit of meat, as you pass by them, and set them nearer and nearer, and when they be near one to another, put meat between them, that both of them may feed upon it. Then if the Falcon make no semblance to crab with the Laner, you shall gorge her up at night with good meat, and set her abroad in the frost or cold upon a perch, if she be high and in good plight, able to abide it, and so shall you let her sit three or four hours.  
In the mean time hold your Laner near to the fire, and afterwards take her upon your fist, then let another bring you your Faldon hooded, and hold her close between your side and the Laner, and when she feeleth the warmth of the Laner, she will draw to her, and hug to her for the heat, and let them stand so together without ieouking (either the one or the other) until you see that the Falcon doth greatly desire to ieouke, then unhood her fair and softly, and let it be in such a place as she see not, but let her sit so all the night upon your fist. And when day appeareth, you must set them on the perch, that one near to the other, yet so as they cannot one reach to another: That being done two or three nights together, let them both be set abroad the third night in the cold, so near that they may sit close together on the perch, and when you see them sit close that one to that other for warmth, then unhood them, and afterwards feed them, perch them, and lure them both together, and take pain to find the advantage.   

How you shall enseam a hawk, or give her castings, and skouring, etc.  
SOme Falcons be harder bo enseam, than some others are, or the longer that a Falcon hath been in the hand, the harder she is to be enseamed: and an old mewed Falcon of the wood, which hath mewed but one cote in the Falconers hands, is much easier to be enseamed, than a younger Falcon which hath been longer in the Falconers hands: the reason is, because a hawk which preyeth for herself, doth feed cleaner, and better, according to her nature, and upon more wholesome meats, than she doth when she is in man's hands, so that it is no marvel though she be not so fowl within when she is at her own diet, as when another man feedeth her. For a hawk which is in our keeping doth feed greedily both on skin, feathers, and all that comes to hand. Neither is she mewed with so clean and wholesome feeding, nor doth endue her meat so well, nor hath such open air at times convenient as a hawk which is at large to pray for herself. When you draw your hawk out of the mew, if she be greasse (the which you shall know by her thighs if they be round and fat, and also by her body if she be full in the hand, and that her flesh be round as high as her breast bone) and if she be well mewed, and have all her feathers full sommed, then give her when she would feed in the Morning a bit or two of hot meat, and at night give her but a little, unless it be very cold, and if she feed well without constraint or forcing thereunto, then give her washed meat thus prepared: take the wings of a hen or Pullet for her dinner, and wash them in two waters, and if you give her hare's flesh or beef, let it be washed in three waters, on the morrow give her the leg of a hen very hot, and at noon meat temperately warm, a good gorge, then let her fast until it be late in the evening, and if she have put over her meat and that there be nothing left in her gorge, then give her a little warm meat, as you did in the morning, and let her thus be dyetted until it be time to give her plumage, the which you shall know by three tokens, the first is, that feeling the end of the pinion of the hawks wing, you shall feel the flesh as it were tenderer, and softer than it was before she eat washed meat: the second, if her mewets be clean and white, and that the black of the mewt be right black, and not mingled with any other fowl thing and colour: the third token is, if she be very sharp set and do plume eagerly, you may give her casting either of a hare's foot or a coney's foot, or of the small feathers, which are on the joint of the pinion of an old hens wing: take then the forefoote of an Hare, and beat it with the back of a knife until the bones and claws do fall out, because the small bones may mouldre and be all to frushed to pieces, the which you shall afterwards cut and lay it in fair fresh water, then wring it and give her it at two morsels, and when you set her on the perch, sweep clean underneath it that you may see whether the mute be full of strikes or skins, or not, and whether it be full of slime and ordure or not, and if it be, then continue this kind of casting three or four nights together with washed meat, as is before said, and if you perceive the feathers digested and soft, and that her casting be great and full of ordure, then take the neck of an old hen, and cut it all alongst between the joints, and lay the joints in clear cold water, and give it to your Falcon without any other thing: and this is done because it beareth down before it into the panel, the meat which is upon the joints, and there in the panel the flesh consumeth, and the bones remain sharp & pricking, which break the kels and skins, and the gross ordure, and bear them with them: and give her so three nights together, giving her by day washed meat as is before rehearsed, & afterwards give her casting or plumage again, according as her state doth require. And think it not strange that a Falcon which is to be enseamed, is sometimes a fortnight or more before she will take casting: neither yet that some Falcons will easilier be enseamed in a month, than some other in five weeks, according as they be stronger or weaker of nature, and fed with cleaner or fouler meats, or according as they have been shorter or longer time in men's hands and keeping. When you have drawn your Falcon out of the mew, and that her principal feathers be full sommed, or that she have some yet in the quill, do not give her washed meat, but quick birds, & good gorges thereof, and set her as much as may be in open places, for otherwise her feathers may chance to shrink in the quill, & come to nothing.   

To enter or make a hawk, after the fashion of Lombardy.  
WHen a sparrow-hawk is maned and reclaimed, them give her nine or ten trains at the least, and when she killeth, feed her up always, and let the quail wherewithal you train her, have a feather pulled out of each wing, and cast off the sparrow-hawk to her a far off, so often that she will recover the quail far off, and then cast her out a quail which hath her full wings, afterwards you may flee the wild quail with her: and evermore when she doth kill, feed her up with a full gorge: the Almains are of opinion, that the tercel of the goshawk is more weighty and more valiant than the hawk, both to Partridge & Fezant. If you would make a sparrow-hawk to the pie, then dismember the pie, and cast her on the ground to the hawk, and feed her upon her with a hot meal, as with a Finch or such like bird, & use that order with her twice or thrice, and afterwards you may cast up a pie to your hawk that is sealed, being dismembered as before said, and let her kill her, and feed her upon her, also you may take a feather or two out of the pies wing, and set her up in some tree, and let your hawk kill her there, and make her as good reward as you can thereof, and this being thus used, you may flee with your hawk to the wild pie, but ever remember that in making these trains your pie be dismembered, that is to say, her bill and her talons cut off, or so tied and abated, that she may not spoil or hurt your hawk. goshawks, and Tercels of Goshawks are better when they are taken haggards of a coat or two coats out of the wood, than they are when they be Soarehawks, but then they must be kept with more delicate feed than the Soarehawks, for they are made dangerous. For as much as in the woods they did commonly pray upon warm meats, and therewithal they are sooner lost then Soarehawks be, by reason they remember their eyrie, but they should not be above one, or two coats at the most. (∵)   

To enseam a Falcon and to make her.   depiction of hawk 
TAke your Falcon, and use her as you use the goshawk in manner before declared, saving that when you feed her you shall call and lure, as if you called her to the lure: and every day you shall proffer her water, and every night give her casting accordingly as you shall see that she endueth: & take off her hood oftentimes amongst company: and to the end she shall not bate, hold always the hood by the tassel in your hand ready. And in the evening when day light beginneth to fail, take off her hood amongst company of people by the candle light, until she rouse and mute, & then set her on the perch and not before, and set light before her, and when she is well won to know the fist, then begin to make her know the lure, and so by little and little reclaim her, until you may call her lose without creance. Every Falcon hath need of a make hawk to teach her to hold in the head, and especially the Haggart Falcon, the which may be peradventure an Haggart of two or three coats, & yet shall be the better Hearoner: but if a Haggart mewed will not hold in the head, then cut off some part of her two princypalles in each wing, the long feather, and that which is next to it, and that shall force her to hold in. You must also feat her beak, & cope her reasonably. They always give their hawks tiring both morning and evening, but the Falconers of the East parts are of a contrary opinion, and say that it weakeneth a hawks back. If you would make your hawk upwards, or high fleeing, then after she is reclaimed and lured, and ready coming, when you lure her, and that she cometh towards you, stoop the lure upon her, and let her pass by you, and when she returneth towards you, throw her out the lure, and make much of her, and do thus oftentimes until you may suffer her to flee longer about you, and to get up higher, the which you must do in a plain field where no wood or trees are: & if she get up to any pitch, then let her flee a turn or two of jollity, and when she is at the highest, and right over you, throw her forth the lure, or a Pigeon or Pullet, and give her a good gorge thereon, making the most of her that you can devise, and take heed that you cast not your lure into the water, lest she should thereby be rebuked. And when she is at her gate, if percase she gad out after some check, and kill it, then take the prey from her angarly, and beat her therewith about the head, and hood her up without any reward: and hereby she will the less delight to rake out after a check. When your hawk hath killed a fowl, take it out of her foot, and cast her up again, and when she is right over you, cast out the lure, and feed her up upon it, to make her love the lure the better. But at the beginning reward her and feed her well upon the quarry, and that shall encourage her and keep her from going out to the check. When she is well in blood, and well quarried, then let her flee with other hawks, until she be well acquainted and enured.  
If you would make your Hawk to the Crane, take an Nyasse Falcon gentle, and in entering of her, let her kill the greatest fowl that you can find. Her lure should also be a counterfeit Crane. And when you would make her fleeing, let her flee from the fist, and secure her quickly. For you must have dogs made for the purpose, which may help and secure her sooner than a man can do. And let such dogs feed always with your hawk, to make them the better acquainted. If you would make a Falcon to the hare, her lure should be then a hare's skin stuffed with straw, and when she is well lured, and that you would enter her, tie the said Hares skin to the end of a creance, and fasten it to your saddle pummel, and when you gallop it will be like unto a running Hare. Then unhood your hawk, and cry, back with the Greyhounds, back with the greyhounds. And when your hawk cometh to seize the said Hares skin, let go hour creance, and suffer her to take it, and reward her well upon it, and make the most of her that you can devise. And when you go about to enter her the second time, let not slip your creance at the first, but rather pull it from her by force, and afterwards let her seize upon it, and so by little and little you shall teach her to beat it and stoop at it. For so must she do at a wild Hare. And you must feed her always amongst the dogs, and when she is well nousled and entered in this manner, take a live Hare, and break one of her hinder legs, and let her go in some fair place amongst your dogs, and your Falcon will stoop her and ruff her, until the dogs may take her. Then take her from the dogs, and cast her out unto the hawk, and cry back, back.  
If you would make your hawk fleeing to the Partridge, or pheasant, when she is reclaimed and made, than every time that you lure her, cast your lure into some low tree or bush, that she may learn to take the tree or the stand. And if she take the stand before she espy the lure, let her stand a while. And after draw the lure out before her and cry, Lo bird, lo, hay lo bird, hay lo, and reward her well. For in this manner she will learn to take stand. But feed her always on the ground, and in some thick place, for in such places she must encounter with the pheasant at perch. And at the first flee with her at pheasant, or Partridge that be young, to give her the advantage, and afterwards at the old. If a Falcon will not take stand, but will keep her on wing, then must you flee with her in plain places, where you may always see her upon you. Sacres and Laners will commonly take stand both in a tree, and on the ground, but the Falcon gentle taketh stand more willingly upon the ground. And when you draw a hawk out of the mew, bear her not much in hot weather, for fear least by much bating in heat, she may get the Pantise. But if there be no remedy, then keep her always hooded, and take as good heed to her as you can. If your hawk be coy and dangerous, then give her salt with her meat, I mean a dram of the salt called Sal Ind, or Sal geme, or Salis albi pulverizati, and give her water, for she shall have need thereof. And make her jeouke all night in pain, & in a moist or cold place, and so shall she watch most of the night, and thereby her grease and pride will be abated. Sacres must be nuzzled and entered as soon as they be manned, for else they be very hard to be entered. Draw your hawk out of the mew twenty days before you enseam her. If a Falcon truss and carry, to remedy the same, you must cope her talons, her powlse, and her petty singgle. Never reward your hawk upon river fowl, but reward her, and make much of her upon the lure, to the end she may the better know it, and esteem it. The soldan fleeth to the Crane, wild Goose, & Bustard, with three or four hawks at once, (or more) from the fist, yea and those of all kind of hawks also, as Sacres, Gerfalcons, peregrine Falcons, and Mylanes. And afterwards a man may make them flee to the mowntye. You should flee to the Crane before sun rising, for she is sluggish and slothful, and you may cast off to her a cast or a lease of Falcons, or you may hawk to her with the goshawk from the fist without dogs. Wild geese are flown to in the same manner. And if you have dogs to help and secure your hawks, see that they be staunch and gentle, and well made for the purpose, and a Greyhound will be most readily made thereunto. You shall flee but once in a day at the Crane, and thereupon reward her liberally, and make as much of her as you can. The Milan should be let flee down the wind. The Almains do flee at the pie with a lease or two cast of Falcons at once, and they make them to mount and to stoop, as they do at the river. But this must be in a plain, where there be no trees nor wood, but little shrubbs and bushes. If you use to give your hawk a breakfast or beaching very timely in the morning, it will make her eager to flee at such time as will be convenient for her to flee. And especially a Falcon which you would have high fleeing, & those should not be highly kept, but should be fed nine days together before sun rising, and at night late in the fresh or cool of the evening. So shall you make them high fleeing, & by that means they will every day get gate higher and higher, so that they be flown with evermore in the plain champion. The Falcon gentle is commonly better inward when she hath mewed, than in her soarage. The Falcon will kill the Hearon naturally, if she be a peregrine Falcon, and yet you shall do well to give them trains. A Falcon may flee ten slights at river in one day, if the season be not extreme, and that is the most that you shall flee with her. The Falcons which are river hawks, should always be borne upon the fist. A hawk shall have forty castings before she be perfectly made. For a hawk which hath not casting every night, will be surcharged with abundance and superfluity of humours, the which do (from the stomach) so overflow their brain, that they cannot flee so high as else they would do. And therefore all hawks should have casting every night naturally, if you would have them sound and clean: and it is good to give them tiring or plumage at night, especially field hawks, but not river hawks, for weakening their backs. And every third day you shall present them to the water at the longest. Touch your Hawks feathers as little as you can, for much handling will make them out of order. The Milan and the Laneret may be set upon the stone incontivently, as soon as they be made. When your hawk hath flown or bated, feed her not as long as she panteth, or bloweth, nor until she be in breath again. For if you should, it is perilous to bring her into the disease called Astum, and (in a hawk) the Pantise. If a hawk (either Falcon, or other) chance to be out of heart, and discouraged, (which happeneth oftentimes) then take such pains with her, that she may kill some prey, and feed her upon it with a full gorge even as long as she will eat, and the same night set her abroad that she may jeouke in the open air at her own pleasure: and on the morrow take her and feed her with small birds to enseam her, neither more nor less than you would do with an hawk that were new drawn out of the mew. If a Falcon or other hawk will not seize or gorge, take the quill of a wild goose's feather, and tie it under her long single, and she will seize and gripe. And when she beginneth to seize, take away the said quill, and she will seize long afterwards. If you cannot give covert to your Falcon, or your goshawk, than cast her off with the sun in her back. All hawks may be made flee at the source or spring. But in what sort soever you flee with your goshawk, let her have the sun in her back.   

To flee all manner of fowls.  
ALl trains of Partridge, rooks, crows, & Choughs, should be seeled. Now to enter your hawk at any of them, make a little pit or hole in the ground, and put your train therein. Then cover the hole with a little board or sod of earth, to the which you shall fasten to a small creance or cord, and that you shall hold in your hand to draw away when you list. Then you shall make as though you uncoupled your spaniels to hunt and put up the game, and you shall carry your hawk unhooded. And when you perceive that your hawk looketh that way where you have laid the train, then draw off the board, and cause the train to springe as though the spaniels had sprung it. And if your hawk do take it, let her feed thereon her fill upon the ground. And thus must you do sundry times. If you would have a good hawk, than nowsle her young, for so will she increase her force by little and little, and in the end, she will overcome both pheasant and Partridge, etc. And when she hath killed, let her gripe and seize the prey at her pleasure. And let her also plume thereupon so long as she will, & evermore let her be rewarded upon the ground. And when she is well nuzzled, then reward her never but upon the cocks of all preys, because that will make her love that prey the better. And when she killeth a hen of any kind, let her no more but plume upon it, & give her but the heart, and the brain at the most, because she shall not love to flee the hen so well as the cock. It is much better to nuzzle hawks at young fowls, than at the old. For most commonly if a young hawk be let flee at old game, she will turn tail, end cowardly give it over, unless you do as before is declared. If you would nouzle or enter a Haggart▪ then do not enter her, or set her in blood upon a young prey, or enure her thereto. For than she would not afterwards pass much for old game. And likewise for the same consideration you shall not nouzle nor enter a mewed hawk at young game.  
For the goshawk, all fowls generally are good trains, as Crane, Bustard, Hearne, wild Goose, river fowl, Cormorants, choughs, rooks, Kites, and all other fowl that haunt rivers or Plashes.   

How to make a train or flight for the goshawk.  
SEt one of the said fowls upon the water, and between you and the water let there be some small shrubs or bushes, so as the goshawk may have covert to take the stand if need be, as also to keep her out of sight of the fowl for her advantage, then advance your fist, so as the hawk may descry the fowl. After which you may hold it lower again, and so cast off the hawk. And if so be that she seize the fowl, let her feed thereon at her pleasure on the ground. To make your goshawk to the brook, let her flee those trains afore said, as I have told you. But when you see the hawk approach the fowl, and to be within danger, then strike up your drum before such time as the fowl do espy your goshawk. For if she once see the hawk before she spring, she will by no means willingly forsake the brook, but fall to diving and ducking, a defence which nature hath provided and taught them.  
Thus must you deal with the goshawk to the brook, but if you will flee with her to the Hare and lyveret, (which is a game that the goshawk doth much delight to kill, and prey on) then must you breech her, and at no time let her flee without that devise, for fear lest she spoil herself. For the Hare is of some force, and in striving to escape from her, will force her to stretch her arms, and open herself too wide, which is the utter undoing of your hawk. The sparrowhawkes do use to kill the fowl at the source or sauce, as the goshawks do, which nature hath taught them (for that being round winged hawks,) if they dealt not upon the advantage, the fowl might easily slip from them, and escape their danger. But so great is the courtesy of kind, as she ever seeketh to recompense any defect of hers, with some other better benefit, or at least, such as shall serve the turn. Thus have you the French Falconers opinions laid down as touching the fleeing with each kind of hawk, or at least the greatest part of them. For the knowledge to flee with the Falcon, serveth for all tower hawks, and the Goshawks for the round winged hawks. (∵)   

To man, hood, and reclaim a hawk, after the opinion of the Italian Falconer.  
HE that will furnish his hawk accordingly, must have esses and Bewets of good leather, & shrill bells, according to the hugeness or condition of his hawk. So must he also have a hood for her: and therewithal he must oftentimes hood and unhood her, in such sort that she be not afraid thereof, nor of her keeper when he handleth her. In 9 nights he should not suffer her to ieouke at all, nor to come on any perch, but should keep her continually so long upon his fist. And when he will call her, let him observe this order: Set the Falcon upon the perch and unhood her, then show her your fist with some meat in it, and call her so long till she come to it. And when she cometh feed her, and reward her as pleasantly as you can: But if she come not, give her nothing at all until she be very sharp set. And this order must you keep with your hawk seven or eight days together.  
When you would lure her, give her unto some other man to hold, and call her with a lure well garnished with meat on both sides, as you called her to your fist. After you have used that manner of calling 6 days or thereabouts, cause her to be held further from you, and cast the lure about your head, and throwing it out upon the ground a little from you; And if she come to it roundly, then feed her & reward her bountifully. And whiles your hawk is upon the lure, go about her fair & softly, luring and crying, woe, ho, ho, as Falconers use. And when you have thus done by the space of certain days, take your lure garnished as before said, and every day call her to you as far as she may well hear and perceive you: and let her be lose from all her furniture, that is without either loins or creance: and if she come so far off to you, then feed & reward her well, and stop her in her feeding oftentimes, for that will make her come the better: but take heed that you hurt her not in so doing. You shall also sometimes call her on horseback. And when you have used her thus a month, or until she come well and roundly, and that she be familiar with the man without any strangeness or coyness, then myy you stop the lure upon her, and make her flee upon you. But before you do so, it shall be meet to bathe her, lest when she is at liberty she wrangle to seek water, and so you might lose your hawk: & every seven or eight days, your hawk should be set to the water, for the nature of them so requireth. When you have thus manned, reclaimed and lured your Falcon, go out with her into the fields, and whistle her off your fist, standing still to see what she will, do & whether she will rake out or not. But if she flee round upon you, as a good hawk should flee, then let her flee a turn or two: which done, throw her out the lure and let her foot a hen or a pullet, and kill it and feed her well thereupon. Vnhoode her often as you bear her, and cease so to do until she have endued and mewted sufficiently.  
When your Falcon is thus made and manned, go abroad with her every morning when the weather is fair and calm, and choose a place for her to flee in, where there is some narrow brook or plash of water. And when you cast her off, go into the wind so far that the fowl may not descry you. And when she is cast off, and beginneth to recover her gate, make you then towards the brook where the fowl lie, always wysing & making your hawk to lean in upon you. And when you perceive that she is at a reasonable pitch, than (her head being in) lay out the fowl and land it if you can, and if you cannot, take down your hawk, and let her kill some train, as thus. Take with you a duck, and slip one of her wing feathers, and having thrust it through her nares, throw it out unto your hawk, & cast it as high as you can right underneath your hawk that she may the better know your hand, and you. And remember that you never flee a young hawk without some quick thing carried into the field with you, that if she fail at first to kill the wild fowl, you may yet make her kill that train which you bring with you. And this you shall do for a certain time, until your hawk be well entered and quarried, and that she know a quarrior sufficiently. Some other Falcons there be of a contrary nature, which will require great skill to find their properties. And the same being known, you may keep them high or poor, according to their conditions. So shall you do more good with them, than if you have no respect to the diversity of their nature: for than you should commit great errors, and seldom make good hawks. You may train hawks in this wise. First you shall feed your hawk well upon a fowl of the same kind that you would train her withal, or have her flee to. And you shall do so until you have acquainted your hawk with that kind of fowl, the which you may do in this sort. Take that fowl that you will make the train of, and set it on foot with meat tied upon the back of it, and go so near it, that the hawk may see it: and when she seeth it, let her seize thereupon, and foot the fowl, and kill it. Or you may thus do better: Take a creance and tie the fowl (which hath the meat tied on her back) by the beak, and cause one to stand close which may hold the same creance. Then unhood your hawk, and stand a far off, and let him draw the fowl and stir it with his creance, until your hawk may see it stir. And if she foot it, then may you afterwards make her this other kind of train. Take a quick fowl which can flee, and when you have half sealed it, and cast it out, let your hawk flee to it, and if she kill it, reward and feed her up well upon it. (∵)   

To keep and make sarowhawkes'.  
 depiction of hawk  
IF you would know how to feed and man sparowhawks that be taken tender penned out of their eyrie, it is meet the you keep them in a fresh and sweet place, and give them as much as they will eat of small birds, as sparrows, Martlets, and such like. And also you may give them other flesh, but see that it be sweet, clean, & good, shred into small pellets upon a clean trencher. When they begin to wax fullsomed, give them sparrows, and other small birds whole, that they may learn to plume, foot, and tire: and set them a basin of clean water in a heap of sand, that they may bathe therein, & prune and pick their feathers. They that be thus dealt withal do not know how to pray, & therefore you must enter them bytrains in this manner. Take a young chicken which is of colour & plume like a pheasant or partridge, & cast it out before your sparhawk. But if she flee not unto it, nor do foot it, then strip the skin upon the head of the chicken until it bleed, & she will lightly seize it, thinking that it is flesh to feed upon. Then feed her upon it well, and thus you shall use her until she will seize a chicken of herself. When she will take a chicken of herself, go into some fair close or meadow, where nothing may be to interrupt you, and take a young chicken, and throw it up unto your hawk, until she flee to it and foot it: then feed her up thereupon, and coy her as much as you can devise: For Nyasse sparowhawks are much more dangerous and coy than others be. When your sparrow-hawk will foot a chicken well as before said, than you may train her thus. cause some of your servants or others to stand close in some ditch or other privy corner, with a live chicken in his hand: and stand yourself with your sparrow-hawk upon your fist a little distance from him: then cry and speak as you would speak, and cry to your spaniels when they range the field. And when you think that your sparowhawk looketh that way as he that hath the train standeth, let him cast up the chicken as high as he can, and let your Sparhawke flee thereat and seize it. That done reward her, and feed her thereupon, making much of her, & cheering her evermore among. Thus shall you do twice a day. When you have thus trained her, mount on your horseback, & give her like trains in the field as before said. Then set her sharp against an evening, and go out to seek some game: & if you find, seek to make her one flight at advantage, and let her flee but once, and sup her up upon the prey. Thus in four or five days at the beginning I would have you let her flee but one flight in a day, rewarding her well always when she killeth any thing, to the end she may know her game the better, and take the greater delight therein, until she be thoroughly nuzzled. To keep your Sparrowhawke in good order, rise early in the morning, and taking her upon your fist, tap her on the train with your two forefingers, and stroke on her wings that she may mantle and warble, and advance herself bolt upright, and delicately upon your fist. Sometimes also take off her hood, and put it on again fair and softly, for rebuking her. When you have kept her two hours upon the fist, than set her in the sun to weather her half an hour: that being done, call her to your fist with meat, and whistle to heroften, and chirp with your lips, that she may learn to know that voice when you call her, & when she cometh reward her well. Thus you should use her daily, until she come well to the fist: remembering always that you deal with her as gently, and as amiably as you can devise. When she is well manned, and well coming, try if she covet not the water to bathe her. And if she do bath, them may you afterwards flee with her: But first, get on horseback, and call her from off the ground with a creance, for fear lest she should think strange to come to you on horseback: and if she come well to you from the ground, being on horseback, then may you boldly flee with her. But remember always to espy some flight with advantage at the first, for discouraging of your hawk: For if she be once well nuzzled and entered, you may afterwards be the bolder how and when to flee with her.   

The manner to feed a sparrow-hawk.  
TO feed a sparrow-hawk orderly, you should give her good meats, as thighs of chickens and pullets, young sparrows, Martlets, and other small birds. Also sheeps hearts, or lambs hearts: all these be excellent meat for a sparrow-hawk. And those you must give them clean and hot, if it be possible: for with hot meats you shall keep her always in best plight, and least danger to abate. And to prevent diseases, you shall give her every night casting of Cotton or lint, or such like. And yet some are of opinion, that it is not best to give a sparrow-hawk casting so often: But by their leave I think it meet: and my reason is, that when you give her casting, you shall always perceive the disposition of her gorge, and panel from time to time, by the signs which you shall see upon the casting, and in it: As sometimes it will be white, sometimes black, sometimes yellow, sometimes green, and of other colours: and by this means knowing the infirmity of your hawk, you may the better provide remedy for the same. Therefore I think it best to give a sparrow-hawk casting, and it shall not be amiss to put therein sometimes a whole Clove, in a pellet of Cotton, which is a tried medicine to draw evil humours from a hawks head: Or sometimes you may put a chive of Saffron in her casting. And above all things, give her water once in three or four days: For sparowhawks do much covet the water, and it is the best thing (with other good diet) that can be, to keep a sparrow-hawk always sound and in good case. 
Addition  [The hearts of Pigs are very good for a sparrow-hawk, and ever after her feeding, let her plumb upon a handful of Parseley.]   

Of feeding a hawk.  
TAke heed that you feed not your hawk with two sorts of meat at once, for that is perilous. Forasmuch as the substances of them being divers, they strive in digestion, or enduing, and breed evil humours and worms in a hawk, and fill her with wind. And beware also that you feed not your hawk with flesh of beasts that be old, nor that be hurt or tainted: For such means are hard to endue, & full of venom and corruption, breeding diseases. Beware also that you give not your hawk the flesh of a brood hen. And it shall not be amiss sometimes to change your hawks meat and feeding.  
Gooose flesh (if you use it oftentimes) will breed many phlegmatic humours in a hawk, and the cry in the panel.  
The flesh of a young calf is good for a gorge or two: but if you give it oftener, it it engendereth phlegm and cold humours in the head, 
These feedings are for the most part contrary to our English order in falconry.  and breedeth louse in her. The heart is much better for common feeding than the rest.  
The flesh of a Ram goat, a female goat, or a gelded goat, is good to set up a hawk. But some are of opinion that it breedeth the gout, and moist watery humours, and oppilations in the gorge.  
Mutton is not good, for it breedeth humours in the head, as the rye and such like: it dries up and inflames a hawk, and makes her hose sit close to her leg.  
lambs flesh, and the flesh of a kid, is good given with goats milk, especially when your hawk is poor, and hath been hardly dealt withal.  
Hare's flesh, or coney's flesh, either cold or hot, is very good to endue, and sound meat for a hawk: but take heed that you give her none of the brains, nor any of the hairs or bones, for they are perilous, and breed worms in the gorge, and in the guts.  
Cat's flesh is unwholesome, and hard to be endured, and breedeth perilous worms, and stoppeth a hawk in the gorge, and marreth her wind.  
Rats flesh is good and wholesome: it consumeth choler, helpeth to lose the head, giveth good appetite and digestion.  
dogs flesh is good and very sound, and very meet for those kind of Falcons which are hot hawks of Nature.  

This feeding we use not.  wolves flesh is nought, and contrary to a hawks nature.  
The flesh of a Fox (as mine Author affirmeth) is wholesome, and setteth up a hawk.  
If your hawk happen to sit abroad in the cold air, & especially in the night, give her small birds to feed upon because they are hot of nature & comfort much: but beware that you use it not continually, for it will make her too stately, and cause her forget you, in such sort that you shall hardly reclaim her from her coyness.  
To feed with river fowl, and such like, there are some of them good, and some bad, as I will briefly declare.  
Some hold opinion, that the bones and blood of a Bargander, Moorehen, and such like may be given to an hawk: but that the skin, flesh, or feathers of them are not good, because they breed evil humours.  
The flesh of a duck or of a Crane (as they report) is good and wholesome.  
The flesh of a partridge is most excellent when a hawk is sick and diseased.  
The flesh of a wild Goose, or of a slecked Crow, is good: but you must give your hawk but little thereof, and none at all of their blood, for it is salt, brackish, & of an evil nourishment.  
The flesh of these flesh crows, and of the wagtails, (a Dishwasher as we term them, in Latin called Motacilla) & the Cormorant, is of evil nourishment and digestion.  
The flesh of a white stork, and also of the black stork, called (Saraciresia) is evil of nourishment, and hard to be endued, and stinking.  
The flesh of the Bitter, and Sea Coote, is good and sound, especially when the Sea Coote doth feed and scour her with sand, it is good to enseam and breathe a hawk: although naturally all water fowls are cold of complexion, moist, and hard of digestion.  
The flew of the white Heron, otherwise called the shoveler, and of the blue and ash coloured Heron, is of good digestion, and nourisheth well.  
The flesh of Finches, hedge sparrows, and such like, are in manner all one: and you must beware that you give not your hawk too much of them at once.  
The cuckoos flesh is indifferent good for a hawk.  
The flesh of a Hearon royal, that is to say, the grey Heron, is reasonable good, according to the opinion of many ancient Falconers: but Ptholomeus King of Egypt doth allege the contrary, saying, that naturally all fowls which live upon fish, frogs, or snakes, and such like venomous worms, are evil of digestion, and that their blood breedeth oppilations and evil humours, although they seem to delight hawks to feed on them for their delicate sweetness and taste.  
The flesh of the red Hearon is good: but you must give but little of it.  
The flesh of the Swan, and many other kinds of Water fowls, too long here to be rehearsed, are to be used according to the time and circumstances of occasion.  
The flesh of Sea-crowes, and ravens, Cormorants, and such like, are of a brackish blood, and therefore you may now and then give your hawk a gorge thereof: but you must not use it often.  
The flesh of ravening birds, as Kites, Puttocks, Harpies, Eagles, Eyrons, and such like, all these are very contrary to the nature of Falcons, and are stinking, of evil digestion, & choleric. Their blood and brains are worst of all, for they breed perilous worms.  
The flesh of all birds which feed upon seeds, as pheasants, Partridge, quails, and such like, are the best that can be, especially when a Falcon or any other hawk is sick.  
doves flesh is excellent, either when a hawk is sick, or to mew withal: for it makes a hawk to mew well and quickly.  
Pullet's flesh, and Chickens flesh, is good at all times, and always in season, as the flesh of that fair fowl Bella Dounais.   

To man and make a hawk: and first of a Nyasse Falcon.  
 depiction of hawk  
THere are three sorts of Falcons, viz. Nyasses, soarhawkes' & hawks taking preying for themselves at large, which our Falconers call ramage or sleight Falcons. And I am of opinion that they are all made after one sort, and are manned much a like. But by mine advice no man shall much assure himself in a Nyasse, because over and beside that (for the most part) they prove not well, they do also require great pains & attendance with extreme patience, to make them kill and stoop a fowl well, or to flee a high pitch. Nevertheless if a man will needs be doing with them, he should first make a Nyasse to the Hearon from the fist, I mean both the blue and red Hearon, and to such other great fowls. For as much as the Nyasse hawks are naturally good seazers, bold & hardy birds, and after they be well in blood, and entered in fleeing to those fowls from the fist, then may you make them to the river, going into some fair large field, whereas there may be either some wild Peacocks, flesh crows, or some other great fowl, bearing your Falcon on your fist: lose her hood in a readiness, drawing as near the fowl as you can, and the first fowl or bird that springeth, unhood her, and let her flee from the fist to the same fowl, because they may draw your hawk upwards. And when she is at a great gate, or at a reasonable pitch, then throw her out a duck or a Mallard sealed with a feather through the nares. And if she kill it, then reward her well, and feed her upon it with as much favour as you can devise, always luring and crying to her to comfort and encourage her.   

Of Ramage Falcons.  
IF a Falconer chance to recover a ramage hawk which was never handled before, let him immediately seel her, & therewithal let him even then also put on her jesses, the which must be of Shameuse, leather, or soft calves leather, or such other leather as may be gentle and pliable to her leg. At the end thereof, it shall not be amiss to set two Veruelles of silver, the one thereof may have the arms of the King, or Queen whom you serve, and the other a Scutcheon of your own arms. For as much as when they flee out, if they chance to be taken up, they may the sooner be returned again, and restored to their owners, the which you must then remember to reward the taker up of his hawk liberally. You shall also put her on a pair of good bells, with two proper Bewets: Being thus furnished, you shall go about to man her, handling her often gently, and both to avoid the sharpness of her beak, as also the better to rebuke her from biting and nipping: you shall have a strait smooth stick, as big as your finger, and half a foot long or more, with the which you shall gently struck your hawk about the pinions of her wings, & so downwards thwart all her train. And if she chance to knap or bite at the stick, let her bite hardly, for that will rebuke her thereof, whereas your hand being twitched away fearfully, would make her proceed the more eagerly. To man her well, you must watch all the night and keep her on your fist: and you must teach her to feed sealed: and having a great and easy rufterhood, you must hood and unhood her oftentimes seeled as she is, handling her gently about the head, and coying her always when you unhood her, to the end the take no disdain or displeasure against her Keeper. And also make her to plume and tyre sometimes upon a wing, and keep her so on the fist day and night without perching of her, until she be weary, and suffer you to hood her gently and stir not: and correct her of her ramage toys, especially of snapping and biting, stroking her evermore as before said with your stick. But if if it happen (as it doth sometimes) that your chance be to have a Falcon so ramage & shrewd mettled, that she will not leave her snapping & biting, then take a clove of garlic clean peeled, or a little Aloes Cycatrina, and when she biteth or snappeth at your hand or stick, offer her the garlic or Aloes, and let her bite bite it: For either the strong sent of the garlic, or the bitter taste of the Aloes, will quickly make her leave her biting and snapping.   

To use a hawk to the hood  
IT happeneth oftentimes that Falconers have hawks which come from Cyprus, Candya, Alexandria, and other far countries, the which having been in the hands of such as could not well skill of them, become coy and very untoward to be hooded, and will hardly be won to abide the Hood by any means. In this case you must first seel your hawk, and being sealed, you must fit her with a large easy hood: and hood and unhood her often therewith, watching her a night or two, and handling her oftentimes about the head as before said, until she have forgotten that fault. And when she once doth leave it, you may unseal her in an evening by candle light, handling her still softly with your hand about the head, hooding and unhooding her oftentimes, until she will well abide the Hood, and brook to be handled. And here I think good to express mine opinion, that he which taketh in hand to be a Falconer, ought first to be very patiented, and therewithal to take singular delight in a hawk, so that he may seem to be in love (as it were naturally) with his hawk, even that a man would say, it were a thing bread so in the bone as it could never be rooted out of the flesh. For such a man with never so little pain and industry, will become an excellent Falconer: but he which taketh not that delight in his hawk, but doth rather exercise it for a pomp and boast, than upon a natural instinct: or being a poor man, doth use it to get his living, such a man in mine opinion shall seldom prove a perfect Falconer, but a mar-hawke, and shall bear the bag after a right Falconer.  
To turn to my purpose, when your hawk being so sealed, doth feed well, and will abide the Hood: and to be handled, without striking or biting at your hand: then in an evening by Candlelight you shall unséele her, and with your finger and a little spittle, anoint the place where the seeling thread was drawn through. And when you have hooded her, take her on your fist, and hold her so all night until day appear again, doing off her Hood oftentimes, and handling her gently with your hand, stroking hersoftly about the wings and the body, hooding and unhooding of her, and giving her sometimes to feed, a morsel or twain, or sometimes tiring or plumage. But above all things you must watch her on the fist so many nights together, without setting her down on any perch, that she may be weary, and suffer you to hood and handle her gently without any manner of resistance, and until she have altogether left and forgotten her striking and biting at your hand: but some hawks will belong before they leave that fault, as the more coy or ramage that they be, the longer they will retain those ill tatches, and will not peradventure be won from them in three, four, or five days. When she is well reclaimed from it, then may you let her sit upon a perch to rest her. But every night you shall do well to keep her on the fist three or four hours, handling her and stroking her gently, and causing her to tire or to plume, always making of her, and hooding and unhooding her oftentimes, as before said. And the like may you do also by day light, but in a Chamber apart, where she may see no great light until she feed surely and eagerly without dread.   

To make your hawk know your voice,  
IF your hawk be thus in four or five days manned, so that she begin to feed eagerly and boldly, than you shall first begin to make her know your whistle, or the chirping of your mouth: and afterwards your voice in this manner Take a quick Pullette, and going into some secret place, where your hawk may well perceive the fowl, and yet see no great open light, let her plume and feed upon it, as she sitteth upon your fist: then chyrke with your voice, and use those other sounds which Falconers do to their Hawks: and feed her so, hooding her gently: then afterwards you may let her plume a little upon some wing, being still hooded, as well to lose her in the head, and to make her cast water, as also to teach her the better how to fit on the fist. The feeding for a Falcon shall be pullet's not very old, and calves hearts, weathers hearts, and hog's hearts, and to give her a convenient gorge, to the end the may the better digest both the gross substance, and the slimy matter. But if your Falcon be not eager or sharp set, then shall you do well to wash her meat sometimes in fair water, and some other while in urine, wring it a little, and then feeding her therewith for one, two, or three gorges, and that not continually: but respecting a day or two between, and that is referred to the discretion of the good Falconer. For this done somewhat to abate a hawk, and to enseam her. It shall not be amiss also in the morning when she is empty both in the gorge and panel, to convey into her a little Sugar candy, to the quantity of a small nut, for that dissolving in her, will make her the better to endure, and will both break the gross substance, and digest the glit in her, and also will make her eager as shall be further said hereafter.   

How to make a hawk know her feeding.  
WHen your Hawk feedeth eagerly, and knoweth your whistle and your voice, then may you teach her to know know her feeding, & to bate at it in this wise. You should with your right hand show her meat, crying and luring to her aloud and if bate or strike at it, then must you quickly and handsomely let her foot it, and feed on it for three or four bits: and do thus oftentimes, to the end she may the better know her feeding. And afterwards feed her, and give her every night (without intermission) some casting either of feathers, or of cotton with two cloves sometimes cut in four pieces, and put into the casting, or a little Aloes, wrapped up in the Cotten, according as the Falconer shall see that it is requisite. For such castings make a hawk clean and eager. (∵)   

To make a Falcon bold and venturous.  
 depiction of hawk  
WHen a Falcon hath learned to feed, and to know the call of her keeper: then to make her hardy, you shall suffer her to plume a pullet or good great chicken. And you shall go into some close place, where she may not see overmuch light, as before said, where losing her hood, in a readiness you must have a live pullet in your hand, & kneeling on the ground, luring and crying aloud unto her, make her plume and pull the pullet a little. Then with your teeth drawing the strings, unhood her softly, suffering her to plume and pluck it with her beak twice or thrice more, cast out the pullet upon the ground before her. Then must you with raising or holding down your fist, encourage her until she leap down upon the Pullet, and seize it. Then when she beginneth to break it, and to take blood, you shall lure & cry aloud unto her, and encourage her by all the means that you can, feeding her upon the ground. And therewithal you shall take her up gently and nimbly with the pullet in her foot, whereon let her plume, and feed now and then a little. Then hood her gently, and at last give her tiring of a wing, or a foot of the said pullet.   

To make a Falcon know the Lure.  
AFter that your Falcon hath twice or thrice thus killed a pullet in some secret place, then must you make her know the lure in this wise, Fasten a pullet unto your lure, and go a part. Then give your Falcon to hold unto some other man, who may draw lose the strings of her hood in a readiness. And when you are gone a little back from him, take your lure at half the length of the string, and cast it about your head once or twice luring with your voice also. Then let that other unhood your hawk, whiles you throw out the lure not far from your hawk, luring and crying still unto her. And if your hawk do stoop to the lure, and seize the pullet, suffer her to plume her, coying her, and luring still with your voice. Then let her feed on the pullet upon the lure, and afterwards take her upon your fist together with her meat, and hood her suffering her to plume and tire, as is before said.   

How to call your Falcon lose and at large.  
WHen your Falcon hath come well three or four times unto the lure in some secret place, as well to a live pullet as to a dead, then shall you go abroad into some fair meadow, where are no trees, and fastening a quick pullet unto the lure, give your hawk to hold unto another man. Then tying also a creance unto your hawks lease, cause that other which holdeth your hawk to make ready her hood, and give her a little bit of meat on his fist, chirping and cheering her with his voice: even therewithal do you go back four or five paces or more, luring twice or thrice, let him which holdeih the hawk, do off her hood, then do you take the lure at length of the string, and cast it about your head, crying and luring aloud, throwing it upon the ground: & if your hawk stoop at the pullet, suffer her to break it, and feed her upon the lure, casting her to eat the brains and the heart of the pullet with the lure also, always crying and luring. And this order, shall you observe daily further and further off, until she be well lured, entered, and manned.   

How to call a Falcon that will come lose.  
WHen your Falcon will come a far off unto the lure, and stoop to it being thrown out, without any coins or ramagenes, then setting her sharp, you shall get on horseback in a morning, and go into some fair plain field, and as near as you can, where there is no wood nor trees, there giving your hawk unto some other man to hold (which must also be on horseback.) Put your creance to your hawk in such wise, that she may not tangle herself therewith in coming to the lure. Then drawing back a little as much as you think meet, give a sign to him that holdeth the hawk, to make ready her hood, and let him hold up his fist on high. Then lure you three or four times, as loud as you can, always casting the lure abour your head, whereunto for the first time I would have Pullet fastened still. And while you so do, let him which holdeth your hawk, pluck off her hood, and if she come strait to the lure, forbear until she come within eight or ten paces of you, than cast it unto her. And if she take the lure, let her plume thereupon, and lure you still with your voice, lighting off your horse, and draw near to your hawk fair and softly, luring and crying unto her, & so feed her as before said. But after that she be called two or three days to the lure on horseback with a criance, or more or less, according to the towardness or untowardness of the hawk, if she come roundly a bow shot from you, you may then go out in a morning, having set her reasonably sharp for the purpose, & call her lose on horseback, that is without either lease or criance, but lose, & in company. And ifshée come to you, feed her upon the lure, as before said, luring still unto her, to make her acquainted with your voice. And the next day you may call her to the dry lure without a Pullette, or any thing upon it. And when she is come to the lure, cast her out a quick Pullette, breaking first the feet and legs thereof, and let her kill it upon the lure, and feed her up.   

To make a Falcon fleeing.  
WHen your hawk will come, and stoop to the lure roundly, and without any ramagenes, then if she be a Haggart, you must put her on a pair of great luring bells, and the like shall you do also to a Soarehawke. And so much the greater ought your bells to be, by how much more you see your Hawk giddy-headed, or like to rake out at check. For it can be no hurt to clog her with great bells at the first, until her conditions be known & well perceived. That being done, & having also set her sharp, go one morning on horseback into some fair large field, without wood or trees, if it be possible, & having your hawk upon your fist, consider of the wind, & ride you up into the wind, or towards that way as the wind bloweth, half a bow shot. And having loosened your hawks hood, whistle softly, as it were to provoke your hawk to flee. Whereupon she will begin to bate, or at least to slap with her flags and sails, and to advance herself upon your fist. Then suffer her until she rouse or mewt, and when she hath done either of them, unhood her, and let her flee with her head into the wind. For thereby she shall be the better able to get up on wing, and to get into the wind. Then will your Falcon naturally climb upwards, roving & fleeing round. Therefore when you see that she hath flown two or three turns, you shall cry and lure with your voice, & cast the lure about your head, whereunto first tie a Pullet, as before said, and if your Falcon come in, when she approacheth near you, than cast out the lure into the wind, and if she stoop to it, reward her as before.   

To make a Falcon leave the stand on the ground.  
IF your Falcon at first when she fléeeth from the fist, will not get up, but take stand on the ground, as the most part of soar Falcons do commonly, you shall not yet therefore be discouraged, nor out of hope, but rather making towards her with your horse, & threatening of her, seem to fear with your wand, and drive her from the stand, until she flee a turn or two. Then take her down to the lure, and feed her. But if so chance that your hawk will not leave that fault of taking the stand, then must you seek to find out some Chough, Starling, or some such birds, making ready your hawks hood, draw as near them as you may until they rise. Then unhood your hawk, and no doubt if she will flee them, they will train her well upwards. Then must you have in a readiness a duck sealed, as before said, and so as she may not see but backwards, because she may thereby mownt the higher. And holding her fast by one of the wings, near unto the body, in your right hand, and luring with your voice to make your Falcon turn the head, forbear till she be at a reasonable pitch, then running under her, cast up your Duck towards her that she may perceive it, and that the duck may be to her in stead of a train. And if she strike her, or stoop her, or truss her, then suffer her to kill it, and reward her upon it, taking out one of her legs, or both, if need require, feed her with a reasonable gorge. This being done once or twice, or oftener, according to the occasion, your hawk will leave the stand, and delight to keep her on wing, and become also the more obedient and loving.   

To make the Falcon to the River.  
WHen your Falcon is accustomed to flee for it, and will lie upon you at a great gate, or at a reasonable pitch and will come and hold in the head at your voice and luring, then may you go to the river where you shall find any fowl, and there shall it behove you to use such policy, that you may cover the fowl, and get your hawk to a good gate above the fowl. And when her head is in, then lay out the fowl, and cry, hay gar, gar, gar. And if your Falcon do stoop them, and enew them once or twice, then quickly thrust your hand in your hawking bag, and make her a train with a duck seeled. And if your hawk do either truss or stoop it, succour your hawk immediately, crossing the duck's wings, and let your hawk plume, etc. I am of opinion, that for the first or second time that you show your hawk a fowl, it shall not be best to show her great fowl, but rather small fowl, as the Dapchicke, or such like. For if you show them the greatest fowls at the first, it often happeneth that they slip from the hawk up the wind, and the hawk cannot recover them (but raketh out after) whereby the Falconer is fain to trot farther than he would, yea and sometimes also he looseth his hawk. Wherefore in my judgement it were better at the first to be merry and wise.   

To make a hawk inward at the River, when she raketh out.  
IF it chance that your hawk rake out with a fowl, and cannot recover it, and in the end gives it over, and comes in again directly upon the man, then shall you do well to cast her out a séeled duck. And if she stoop it, or truss it, cross the wings, & suffer her to take her pleasure, rewarding her, and giving her the heart, brains, tongue, and liver, with a leg or two, according as you see occasion. And for default of a quick duck, take her down to the dry lure, and let her plume a pullet, and feed her upon it. Thus doing, your hawk will learn to give over a fowl that rakes out, and hearing the keeper lure, she will learn the better to hold in the head, and to make back again to the river.   

To make a flight for a Haggart.  
HE that would make a flight for a Haggart, he shall do well in my conceit, to flee where there be no crows, Choughs, or such like for the first two or three flights, because she shall take none occasion to rake out after such check. And it shall be good also, that you let her not flee out on head too far at the first, but run after, and cry to her (Why lo, why lo) to make her turn head. And when she is come in, take her down with the lure, unto the which I would have a quick Pullet fastened, as before said. And you shall suffer her to tire, plume, and feed as before, etc. It happeneth oftentimes that a Haggart through her gadding mood and gallantness of mind, doth wrangle out from her keeper, more than upon any other cause. Then shall you clog her with greater luring bells, and make her a train or two with a duck sealed, to teach her hold in, and know the man. You shall not need to train a Haggard so often as a Soarehawke, because they have been accustomed to prey for themselves, and do by experience know one fowl from another. But they do much better remember either the rebukes, or cherishings which are made to them, than Soarehawks do: and therefore it behoveth to use more care and heed about a Haggart, than a soar Falcon, & above all things to take her often down with the dry lure, and to let her take her pleasure of her reward. And (as Falconers term it) to be ever well in blood. For otherwise she will not long be at your commandment, but make you follow her. (∵)   

How to make your Falcon kill her fowl at the first.  
 depiction of hawk  
WHen a soar Falcon or a Haggard is well lured, and flieth a good gate, or a reasonable pitch, and stoopeth well, then shall you first cast off a well quarried, or make hawk, and let her stoop a fowl upon a brook or a plash, and watch her until she put it to the plunge: then take down your make hawk, and reward her and hood her up, setting her a little way off by the flight, that you may use her help afterwards if need be. This being done, take your young hawk which is not yet entered, and going up the wind half a bowshotte or thereabouts lose her hood, and softly whistle her off the fist, until she have roused or mewted, then let her flee with her head into the wind, having first given show to your company that they be in a readiness against the hawk be at a good gate, and to show water, and lay out the fowl. This order being observed, and running and crying as Falconers use to do, hawk on your Falcon, and give her leave to get up, and when she is at a reasonable pitch, and covering the fowl, give a sign to your companions that they draw neat to the water, and all at once make in upon the fowl on all sides the brook (as Falconers term it) to land her: them if your Falcon stoop, and strike or truss it, run in a pace to help her, and crossing the fowls wings, let your hawk take her pleasure on it, feeding her as custom is: but if so chance that she cannot stay it at the first stooping, than you must give your hawk respite and time to recover her gate: And when she is at her gate again, and her head in, then lay out the fowl again as before said, until you may land it at the last, always remembering that as soon as she seize it, you secure her quickly, and reward her according to order. True it is, that to be assured, you shall do well always to have a quick Mallard or duck in the hawking bag, whensoever you would make a slight: and if your hawk kill not the fowl which is stooped (as often happeneth by many overthwart chances) then may you quickly have recourse to the hawking bag, and feeling your live duck (your hawk being at her pitch, and her head in) you may throw her up to your hawk, & reward her, etc. For this order shall always maintain your hawk to be inwards, and in good life and blood.   

How to do when your river hawk will take stand in a tree.  
IF you have a Falcon which (as soon as she hath once or twice stooped & endued a fowl) will take stand on a tree, you must as much as may be, eschew to flee in places where trees be, and you must have two or three live trains, and give them to sundry Falconers, placing them all of purpose, some here, some there: and when your hawk hath stooped, and would go to stand, then let him unto whom the hawk doth most bend, cast out his train duck seeled, and if the Falcon stay her, then reward her, etc. And by this means she will leave that fault, but if in this doing twice or thrice, she will not leave that trick, than the best counsel I can give you, is to rid your hands of such a kite.   

To make a hawk fond of the Lure.  
WHen your hawk is well quarrieed, and fleeth well to the river, and fleeth a great gate, or a reasonable pitch, then shall you do well also to make her fond of the lure: for when a hawk hath stooped once, twice, or thrice, you shall do well to take her down with the lure, and to let her kill a Pullet, and feed her upon it: yea the higher fleeing that a hawk is, the more need to take her down the oftener with the lure, and to regard that you overflée her not: For if it happen that a fowl being often stooped, will not spring again, but will rather fall to diving (which Falconers call the ploonge) then must you take her with dogs, or kill her with Hawking poles, or use some such other devise, and be feign to take down your Falcon with the lure, and give her the fowl upon the lure, feeding and rewarding her with as much delight as you can, to make her fond of the lure. It happeneth oftentimes that many Falcons will hardly become fond of the lure, through the great desire they have to kill their fowl. To help that, I think it not sufficient only to keep her from often killing, but sometimes you must also take the quarry out of her foot as soon as she hath fed upon a little of the brains, and hood her up, then giving her unto another to hold: go from her a bow-shot, and call her to the lure, and so feed and reward her well upon the lure with the fowl that she killed, and this order will make her fond of the lure.   

How to help a hawk when she is froward and coy through the pride of grease.  
SOmetimes a Falcon will become very proud and disdainful by being over high kept, in sort that she shall not need to be fed nor rewarded according as they feed when they prey of themselves at large: and although she flee and kill, yet as soon as she hath plumed a little, let her keeper take a sheeps heart cold, or the leg of a pullet, and whiles the hawk is busy in pluming, let the Falconer convey the heart of the sheep, or the pullet's leg into some part of the body of the fowl, that it may take some taste of it: and when the hawk hath eaten the brains, heart, and tongue of the fowl then let him take that forth, and call his hawk with it unto the fist, let him feed her therewith, and give her a little of the feathers in the neck of the said fowl, to scour her & make her cast.   

When a Falcon will not hold in the head.  
IF a Falcon use to rake out after check or otherwise, and lean out so far, as neither for whooping, luring, or for casting the hawks glove about your head, she will come in again to the flight, but rather still more and more gad out, and so flee away: in this case you must follow after her, luring and whooping a good, proffering her to the lure, to make her put in her head again: and if she do turn and come to the lure, then feed and reward her. etc. And do not fail in any wise to be fond of her when she cometh to the lure, because she may thereby the better learn to know your voice, & to come to the lure another time. Holding this order, (especially with Seare-hawkes, or hawks of the first coat) they will learn to hold in at the voice or sight of the lure, yea, and that with such readiness as it will breed admiration in all them that behold it, to see the excellency of art, what it is able by cunning to achieve, which truly doth appear in nothing more than in Hawking.   

How to keep a hawk high fleeing.  
WHen a hawk is well made to the river, you should not flee with her above two flights in a morning, but feed her up although she kill not: but if she be a stately high fleeing hawk, you should not in any wise flee her above one flight in a forenoon, for it will bring her down, and make her fall off her stately pitch by often fleeing, and becoming greedy and hot of the quarry. When a good high fleeing hawk being whistled, or cast off the fist, doth gather upwards to a great gate, you must have regard to continue her therein, fleeing with her upon broad waters and open rivers, eschewing little brooks, and gullets, and such places as lie near under covert, where there be trees, shrubs, and bushes in such sort that it will be very hard to land a fowl handsomely from them, at least not without help of dogs, and great clapping and a do. Yea sometimes eke you must of force alight from off your Horse, all which things are able to mar a high fleeing hawk. Forasmuch as crying, clapping of hands, noise, bawling of dogs, and alighting on foot, and furthermore when a hawk cannot see the water under her, all these things do teach her to forget her kindly fleeing, and to play the Kite, hovering and winding as the Kite doth in the air without any show of state: and in twice or thrice doing so, she abateth her gate, and marreth her sleeping. Therefore let the Falconer take good heed to that consideration, and keep his hawk always as high fleeing as he can, suffering her but seldom to kill, and not to stoop, beyond twice or thrice at the most, and even when she is at the highest, let him take her down with the lure: where when she hath plumed and broken the fowl a little, let him feed her up, and by that means he shall maintain his Falcon high fleeing, and inward, and very fond of the lure. Here I will not deny but that if she kill every day, although she stoop from a very high gate, yet if she be not rebuked or hurt therewith, she will doubtless become every day higher fleeing than other, marry therewithal she will so much forget the lure, as the more you show it her, the more she will bend from it, and flee out on head from her keeper: and oftentimes will teach you hot posting journeys. Wherefore above all things, the high fleeing hawk should be made inwards, and (as we term it) fond of the lure, because it is no less praise worthy in a high fleeing Falcon to make in, and turn head at the second, or third toss of the lure, and when she poureth down like a stone upon it, than if she had killed: nay rather such are more esteemed than the other. And so is the Falconer more praise worthy which doth win his hawk thereunto. For to come unto the lure is a thing taught by art and industry, but to kill a fowl is the natural property of a hawk.   

To make a high fleeing hawk upwards.  
IT happeneth oftentimes that a hawk (although she be naturally high fleeing) will yet belong before she be made upwards, but will fish and play the slug: for when she should get up to cover the fowl, she will stoop before the fowl be put out, the which may proceed through two causes. First, it may be that she is too sharp set, and the second cause may be that she is flown withal out of time, either too soon or too late. So that when you see a Falcon use those evil tatches without apparent cause, you shall do well to cast her out a dead fowl or a dead pullet for a dead quarry (as Falconers term it,) and to hood her up without any reward, to the end she may take no encouragement to use those vile tricks: for there is no greater spoil to an high fleeing hawk, than when she killeth a fowl from a base and low pitch, and so much the greater is the loss of her, by how much the more she doth use those vile buzardly parts. Therefore by my best experience I praise that order, to throw her out a dead quarry and hood her up: then afterwards within half an hour, call her to the lure and feed her, and do this as often as she useth to fish or to play the base flugge on that fashion, and to find whether it proceed of being too sharp set, or of fleeing out of time, the Falconer shall do well with all diligence to note the natural disposition of his hawks: as which will flee being high and in good plight, and which best, when she is kept low, which will flee best when she is set most sharp and eager, and which contrary, and which in a mean between both, which early at sun rising, and which when the sun is two hours high or more, which sooner, and which later in an evening. For the natures of Falcons are very divers and sundry, in such sort as to flee with a hawk at her best hour and time, and to flee with her out of that time, is a thing which will show as great difference, as between an excellent good hawk, and a Kite. Therefore let the Falconer have especial regard thereunto, setting his hawks to flee according to their natures and dispositions, and keeping them always in good order. And here it is to be noted, that all hawks, aswell soarhawks, as mewed hawks and haggartes, should be fet out in the evening two or three hours, some more and some less, having convenient regard to their nature, as it is stronger or weaker: and in the morning also, accordingly as they cast, hooding them first, & then setting them abroad a weathering, until you get up on horseback to go to field, and so your hawks will always be well weathered and in good order. These be the best means and observations which I can set down for river hawks, which if it succeed well to you, then shall you stand assured of your sport, and I of my desire.   

To make a Falcon to the Hearon.  
NOw to teach you to make a flight at the heron: although it be the most noblest and stately flight that is, and pleasant to behold, yet there is no such art or industry therein as in the other flights. For the hawk fleeth the Hearon: moved by nature, as against her proper foe: but to the river she fleeth as taught by the industry & diligence of the Falconer. Then must it needs follow, that (such Falconers as have flown at the river, when the end of the month of February, or the beginning of March is come, a time when Hearons begin to make their passage) if you will make those Falcons to that flight, you must cease fleeing at the river with them any longer: but you must pull them down and make them light, the which you shall do by feeding them with no wild meats, but the hearts and flesh of Lambs, calves, and chickens, and calling of them to the lure with other make Falcons, that is to say a cast at once, to the end they may accustom and acquaint themselves one with another, and so may the better flee the Hearon by helping one another, and by succouring each other. Herein you must take good heed so to acquaint them that they crab not together, for so would they do when they come to the flight, whereby they might be in peril to be spoiled or killed. When your Falcons be scoured and clean, so as being sharp set, they may be called hungry hawks, or (as Falconers term them) eager hawks, you must get a live Hearon, upon the upper part of whose bill or trunk you must convey the joint of a reed or Cane, so as she may not hurt the hawk therewith: that being done, tie the Hearon in a Criance, then setting her upon the ground, unhood your hawk, to the end that when she espieth the Hearon, she may flee her: and if she do so, make in apace to secure her, & let her plume, & take blood of it, allowing her the brains, the marrow of the bones, with the heart all together: (the Italians call it Soppa.) Having thus laid it upon your Hawking glove, give it your hawk: and afterwards rip the breast of the Hearne, & let your hawk feed thereon until she be well gorged. This being done, hood her up upon the Hearon, suffering her plume thereon with all the favour that may be: then take her upon your fist, and let her tire a little upon the foot or pinion of the wing. But if a Falconer have not store of Hearons to train withal (as often it happeneth, by mean the fowl is rare and dainty,) then may he do thus: When he hath armed or cased the heron's trunk with a Cane or reed, as before said, he may take a piece of a calves skin, or such other like, as long as the neck of a Hearon, & beginning at the head, continuing to the shoulders & body of the Hearon, let him sew it in proportion & shape of a sheath, that it may arm the hearons' neck & head: & afterwards with a pencil, pen, & ink, or such other device, let him paint it as like as he can to the neck and head of an heron, with feathers & every thing to the purpose. Then let him set the counterfeit Hearon upon the ground, as before said: and when the hawk doth flee it and foot it, he must have a quick young Pigeon, the which he must handsomely convey under the heron's wing, and let the hawk plume and feed thereon, reserving the heron safe for an other time, and to make train again with it the next day. Then having thereupon rewarded your hawk, and coyed her sufficiently, you may go the next day into a meadow, or other convenient place with your Falcon on your fist: and giving the Hearon armed as before said, to some other which may hold it under his arm a good way off from the hawk, as half an arrow shoot or more: Then your hawk being unhooded, give sign unto him to throw up the heron on high, and if your hawk seize it, reward and feed her with a pigeon as before said, dealing familiarly with her, and the third day you may do again in like manner, causing him that holdeth the train to hide himself as close as he can, and to cast out the Hearon as far from him as he may. All these being done, and the hawk having thus often taken her train to your liking, you may the fourth day in a fair field, put out the Hearon without creance, or arming her at all: and when she is up of a reasonable height, you may cast off your hawk, who if she bind with the Hearon and bring it down, then make in apace to rescue her, thrusting the heron's bill into the ground, break his wings and legs that the hawk may the more easily foot and plume it. Then reward her as bountifully as you can with the brains, the marrow of the bones and the heart as is before declared (making her the Italian Soppa) many use to make a train another way, which doth not mislike me, and that is this: they cause one to climb a tree with the Hearon, from thence he casteth her out to the hawk, and then they let their hawks flee as before said. But as touching these trains, it behoveth that the Falconer be of good judgement, as also in divers other things. For even as the hawk doth flee them with better or worse list and life, so behoveth if that the trains provided be stronger or weaker accordingly. (∵)   

To make your hawk flee the wild Hearon.  
 depiction of hawk  
WHen your hawk will kill a train lustily, and boldly, then may you go into the field to find a wild Hearon at siege, and when you have found her, win in as nigh to her as you can, and go with your hawk under the wind, where having first loosed her hood in a readiness, as soon as the Hearon leaveth the siege, off with her hood, and let her flee: and if she climb to the Hearon, and beat her so that she bring her down, run in apace to rescue her, thrusting the heron's bill into the ground, and breaking her wings & legs (as is aforesaid) feed her and reward her upon your hawking glove, in manner before declared. But if your hawk should fail to beat down the heron, or do give him over, then shall you flee the Hearon no more with her, unless it be with some other make hawk, which is well entered, and in good fleeing. And thereby the unskilful hawk seeing that other hawk flee at the Hearon, and bind with her, will take courage and flee eke with that other make-Hawke, either little or much, and if they kill the Hearon, then should they be fed and rewarded together while the quarry is hot, making them an Italian Soppa as before said. And by this means the coward hawk may be made bold and perfect: But if it chance that any lusty roisting hawk will flee the Hearon of herself without train, or the shoveler, the Falconer should let her foot it, plume and break it until she find blood, and should give her the Soppa, as Falconers do term it, for so they will become much bolder, and the better Hearoners also. But he that will work surely to enter his hawk at the Hearon, let him help her by any practice or means that he can devise: and these be the means and precepts to make a Falcon a good Hearoner.   

Of such hawks as flee from the fist, and first of the Sacre.   depiction of hawk 
YOu must understand that all sorts of Falcons are made to the lure, after one self manner, but they are not hawked withal alike: for the Sacres, Lanners, Gerfalcons, Millions, and Merlin's, do not flee the river, unless happily the Laners do, which as I understand do flee the river in France: but they flee not single, but sundry Laners at one time, more than a cast or a lease of them at once, and so peradventure do the Gerfalcon and the Million. Whereof although there be few in this country which are made or flown withal, yet will I not spare to write what I have learned of them by hearsay, beginning with the Sacre. I say that they are flown withal from the fist, in a plain field where there are fewest blocks, or stubs, or such other impediments, but that a man may gallop freely: men hawk with them to the Hearon, the Kite, and such like, as also at Feazant, Partridge, quail, and sometimes at the Hare, but with more than one single hawk at once as I said before. And in Cyprus they hawk with them to the Crane with the help of the peregrine Falcon in this order: When they have found the Crane, the Falconer doth loose his hawks hood in a readiness, (I mean the peregrine Falcon) & drawing as near to the Crane as he can under the wind, when she riseth, he quickly unhoodeth his hawk, and lets her flee, and after her they cast off a cast or a lease of Sacres, which follow the peregrine Falcon, that leadeth them as the more weighty and valiant hawk: and because the Crane striveth not at the encounter in defence as the Hearon doth, but always fleeth right forwards, therefore the peregrine Falcon doth seize upon the Crane, and buckling with her two or three bounds, the Sacres make in and beat her down to the ground until the Falconers come in to rescue their hawks, who speedily thrusting the crane's bill into the ground, do eftsoon break her wings and legs (as they do the Hearons,) because they do hawks most wrong with their legs and feet: which being done, they reward and feed all their hawks upon the Crane, making them an Italian Soppa upon their hawking glove, of the brains, marrow, and the heart, but giving the peregrine a greater reward than the Sacres, (yet with discretion) they reward them altogether. Those peregrine Falcons which are good for the Crane, are much esteemed in Cyprus of great states, and so much the more, by how much they are more rare and passing in perfection. But here amongst us this slight is not used, as well for that we have no such ordinary store of Cranes, as also because our fields are not so plain, and free without fuel, as theirs are in Cyprus.  
This is the order in Cyprus, but in France, the chief use of the Sacre, is to kill the Kite as I have touched, and partly made you show in the description of the Sacre, in the former part of this Collection. But by this ye see, every country hath his custom. (∵)   

How to flee with the Lanner from the fish.  
 depiction of hawk  
LAnners are much esteemed in France, for they flee with them (a cast or more at once) to the river also. And because they are hawks (which maintain long slights,) they tire a fowl in such sort, that with dogs and hawking poles they kill many, and by that means they spoil more with a Laner, than with a better hawk. Thus much I have heard by credible reports. These Laners are flown withal at Partridge also & Feazant, and some say that many of them prove very good therefore. But in Italy they use no such fleeing, pereduenture because there is no great skill in it. If you would flee with a Laner, you must keep her marvelous short and sharp set. For they are of the same nature that a Sacre, and that one (in manner) is made even as that other is: and because they keep their castings long, by reason they are hard mettled hawks, you shall not give them casting of cotton, but of tow, or knots of hemp, or the shaving of a Hasell wand. And if you give them any cotton casting, yet put the tow or knots of hemp on the outside of it, and so because they take small pleasure therein, they will cast the sooner. Let this suffice to be said of these kinds of hawks, because they are ordinary, & their natures too well known of all men.   

To hawk with the Gerfalcon and the Mylion.  
I Will speak some few words of the Gerfalcon and the million, which are all (in manner) of one nature, as the hawks last rehearsed, and are made to the lure in the self same manner. These hawks (as far as I have understood) do not flee the river, but always from the fist they flee the Hearons, shovelers, and the Kite with the forked tail, and at such other flights. In going up to their gate, they hold not that course or way which other Falcons do. For they climb up upon the train when they find any fowl, and as soon as they have reached her, they pluck her down, if not at the first yet at the second or third encounter. They are fed and rewarded as other Falcons are: they are very crafty of nature, and covet to keep their castings long through sloth. Therefore you shall not give them casting of Cotton, hut of Tow, Hasell, or hard things, as you shall do the Sacre and Laner. And you must keep them likewise very eager and sharp set. It is a hawk that is flown withal by great states & Princes most commonly. And therefore I will write no more of it, as one that have no great practice thereof.   

To flee with the Merlyne at the. Partridge.  
IF you will flee with the Merlyne at Partridge, choose the formal, which is the larger, for they only will prove good thereunto. And in training or making the jack, you should but lose your time. When you have made the formal Merline to the lure, in manner before described, and that she will likewise abide the hood, you must make her a train with a Partridge, if you can get any, if not, then with some other live bird, in such order as hath been set down to train other hawks. And if she foot and kill it, then reward her, suffering her to take her pleasure on it, etc. This being done, you may straightways flee with her the wild Partridge: and if she take it at the first flight (which seldom happeneth,) or if she flee it, to mark and take it at the second flight, being retryved by the Spaniels, feed her upon it with a reasonable gorge, cheering her with your voice in such sort, that she may know the same. But if she prove not hardy at the first train, than you shall do well to prove her with another train, before you flee with her at the wild game. But if at the second train she prove not hardy, it is a token that she is cowardly, and nothing worth. (∵)   

To flee with the Merlyne at the lark and Lenet.  
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I Like it well that men flee with a cast of Merlines at once at the lark or the Lenet. For over and beside that they of themselves love company and to flee together, they do also give greater pleasure or delight to the lookers on. For now that one (at the stooping) strikes the bird, and then that other at her down come: and when that one climbeth to the mowntie above the lark, then that other lieth low for her best advantage, which is most delectable to behold. Yea and sometimes the poor birds become so fearful, that they shroud themselves in the houses and chambers of such as dwell near the fields. So that both the bird and the hawk are oftentimes taken both together by the countryman. And therefore it shall not be amiss to tie unto their jesses or Bewets some veruile bearing the arms of their owner & master, (as if they were falcons) to the end they may be restored unto them. But to return to my purpose, I say that when the Merlynes are thoroughly manned, and made gentle, you may carry them into the field, where having found a lark or a Lenet, (making lose her hood) you must go as near as you can into the wind to the bird. And as soon as the bird riseth from the ground, unhood your cast of Merlyns, and cast them to flee until they have beaten down the lark or Lenet, and let them feed on her for their labour indifferently. But herewithal note that there is a kind of Larks, (called cut larks) which do not mount as the long spurred field lark doth, but flee forehead before the Merlin. In any case let them not flee such larks, for neither will they make you like pastime, nor yet can you flee them without danger of lieging your Merlynes.   

Of the time to mewe a Falcon.  
Let us now speak of the order how to mewe hawks, and of the mews. First, to speak of Falcons, they may be flown withal until Saint George's day, that is about the midst of April. Then set them down. And you must diligently mark, whether they have any lice or not. And if they have, pepper them to kill the said lice, and scour them before you cast them into the mewe. That being done, you may put them into the mewe. There are two sundry sorts of mewing, that is to say, mewing lose at large, or at the stock: and I will first speak of this last kind of mewing.   

Of mewing at the stock or the Stone.  
THe place wherein you should mew a hawk at the stock, should be a low parlour or chamber upon the ground, far from any noise or concourse of people, and situate towards the North or north-east. Place therein a table of a convenient length, for the number of your Falcons, and let it be five or six foot broad at the least, with little thin boards or planks all alongst the sides and ends, nailed on four fingers high. And let this Table be set on trestles of two foot high, or three foot high from the ground, and fill these Tables with great sand, which hath pretty little round péeble and gravel stones in it: in the midst whereof you may place some great free stones a cubit high, made like unto a pillar, flat in the bottom, and plain & smooth above, growing by piecemeal less and less unto the top of them, Whereunto let your hawks be tied, either Falcon, Gerfalcon, million, or Merlyne. Then take a small cord of the bigness of a bowstring or little more, put it through a ring, and bind it about the stone in such sort that the ring or swyule may go round about the stone without any stop or let: And thereunto tie the lease of a Falcon, which may so stand upon the said stone being set in the sand. But you must have regard, that (if you mew more Falcons than one at once in one room) you set your stones one so far from another, that when your hawks bate, they may not reach one another for crabbing. The great stones are set, for that a Falcon feeling the freshness and coolness of the stone, will delight to sit still upon it, & the little gravel stones are, because a hawk will oftentimes swallow them to cool her within, and will keep them sometimes two or three hours, or more within her. The sand also is necessary, because when they bate, they shall not mar their feathers, and also because thereby their mewts are the easilier cleansed, and to be removed from them. The little cord or bend with the ring on it, are tied about the stone, because the Falcon bating this way and that way, she shall never twinned nor tangle, because the ring followeth her still. All day your Falcons should be hooded upon the stone, unless it be when they would feed, for then only you must take them on the fist until they have said. At night off with their hoods, and because sometimes inconveniences do happen by night, the Falconer may do well to have his bed in the mew, that he may the sooner, and in time help or redress any thing that shall happen amiss amongst his hawks.   

Of mewing at large.  
IF you mould mew your Falcon at liberty, and at large, then must you mew but one at once in one room, and yet if the circuit of your mew be great and capable enough, there may two, three, or four Falcons be mewed therein well enough (with divisions.) The scope for one Falcon must be 12. foot square, & as much in height, or thereabout, with two windows a foot and a half broad, or two foot broad at the most. Whereof the one should open towards the North, whereby the mewe may always receive fresh cold air, and the other towards the East, for the heat and comfort of the Sun. And each of these windows should have his close casementes on the outside, to shut when you list, either one or both of them, according as occasion serveth. If your hawk be a madbraine Kite, & a great bater, then should it be best that this mew or chamber were on the ground, which if it be so, you must cover the ground with gross sand four fingers thick, and thereupon set a stone in such sort as before said, because Falcons do covet to stand upon a stone. And therewithal you must make her two handsome perches, near to each window one, that sitting on the one, she may have the comfort of the sun, and on the other, the fresh of the cool air, and every week, or at least every fortnight, you must set her a Latin basin, or a vessel of stone or earth, and at evening fill it with water, that your hawk may to the water, if she desire it. And if she do hath therein, then take it away the night following, and have regard that your basin, pan, or such other vessel be of such bigness and depth, that a hawk may therein commodiously hath at ease. Your mew must also have a portal, wherein there may be a little hole below to convey in the devise whereon their meat is served, called amongst the Falconers, the hack. And that must be made on this fashion. Take a piece of thick board, a foot and half long, and a foot broad, or thereabouts, under the which fasten two little trestles, three or four fingers hie. Let them be fast pinned or nailed to. Then with an awger or a pearcer, boar two holes on each side thereof, and through each of these put a short cord of the bigness of a bowstring, with the ends downward, through the holes, and knots fast knit on them under the button of the board, so strait knit, that you cannot raise the cord above the board more than a finger's breadth, or there about. And when you would give your hawks meat, take a little stick somewhat longer than the hack, and as big as your finger, but let it be of strong wood, as Crabtrée, Holly, or such like. And upon that stick bind your hawks meat, and put the ends of the stick under the cords, upon the hack, and so convey it into the mew to your hawks, because the hawk shall not truss or drag her meat away into the mew, but may feed there. And as soon as she hath gorged her and fed, take it away again. And it is be understood, that if you mew more than one hawk single, than you must have for every hawk her several hack. And it shall be good to keep one set hour in feeding your hawk, for so shall they mew sooner and better: and thus may you mew hawks (lose and at large.) But unless it be a Falcon which is so hot and madbrayned, that you are forced to mew her so at large.  
In mine opinion it shall be better to mew at the stock or Stone, as before said, or else to mew them at the grate, (as we call it.) For in that kind of mewing we take our hawks on the fist every day, and so may see in what plight and state they be. And if they be sick, or fallen into any infirmity, then may you give them such medicines as shall be declared in the next division, the which cannot be done when you mew at large. And therefore I commend the mewing at the Grate, because many times our hap is to have Haggarts, or Passengers, or Lentiners, the which have flown either to the river, or preyed for themselves. So that it shall be needful to bear them often and every morning in the cool air, until mid July, or more, or less, according as you shall see them ramage and coy, yea and to call them to the lure, and to ride abroad with them also sometimes an hour or two, in the fresh air. And it shall be a thing most necessary for a haggart or a hawk that hath preyed for herself, either more or less. This I have observed in mine own experience, & me thinks it an advertisement worthy the noting unto all Falconers. Sundry Gentlemen do use to mew their hawks on the perch, which truly I can most commend, as well for that they are then assured to be clean fed, as also to be daily perused for life, worms, and other diseases, whereto they are by nature subject. (∵)   

How to mew Marlins.  
 depiction of hawk  
MArlins are also worth the mewing, if they be hardy, and have flown well in their soarage. For although some men be of opinion, that a mewed Marlin is seldom good & that they are not possible to be mewed: yet have I had Marlins that (being good in their soarage) have proved much better when they were mewed. So that I would wish him that hath a good Merlin to mew her: for surely, if you can mew them, they will prove better & better. Some men in the mew do use to cast meal about their Merlyns, because they should not eat their feet: but aswell because they may eat their feet howsoever they were mewed, if that were their property: as also because in those that I have mewed, I have found no such cruelty used towards themselves: therefore I count it but a fable, nor will give any other rules in the matter, than such as I have prescribed already for the mewing of Falcons, & such like long winged hawks. 
Addition.  [only this if you shall line her perch or stock with a black coney skin, & keep her mew close, she will do much better.]   

Of goshawks.  
YOu shall not need to show any other game to a goshawk for her first entering, than a Partridge, because in learning to flee the Partridge they prove most excellent. And the first year you shall do best to flee them to the field, and not to the covert, for so will they learn to hold out, (and not to turn tail) in the midst of their flight. And when they be mewed hawks, you may make them do what you will: and understand you, that you shall not need to take such pain, nor to use such art in making of a goshawk which is taken a brancher, as with a Nyasse, for she will always know of herself what to do. Yea and it shall be rather better to let her be a little ramage still, than to man her over much. Her feeding would be good and hot meats. And if you would instruct her to kill great fowls, make her trains thereof, as I have showed in the treaty of Falcons. And if you would have her continue at those flights, than you must not let her flee any lesser fowls, for that would quickly mar her. If you would make her to flee with a spaniel or dog to help and assist her, then feed your goshawk with great fowls, as Cranes, wildegéeses and such like, and give your dog flesh tied under the wings of such fowls when you train your hawk with them, and let your dog be rewarded with the said flesh, when you reward your hawk upon the train: and always acquaint the dog and the hawk well together. And this order you shall observe for a month, or until your dog will thoroughly know his duty. And evermore keep your dog tied up: for if you let him go lose, it will mar him if he were the best that ever was. And never give him reward of flesh, but when he maketh in at such fowls to rescue the hawk. Call your goshawk to none other thing than to your fist. Yet sometimes you may take her down with a dead Pullet or such like. And oftentimes spout good wine upon your Hawks sear, observing the order to set her to the water, as is before rehearsed in the Treatise of Falcons. Evermore note that a goshawk (for that she is dainty) would be cured with sweet things ministered in all such receipt as you shall give her.   

To make fleeing the goshawk, either Nyasse or Ramage.  
 depiction of hawk  
YOu shall first observe many things already written of other kinds of hawks: as to seel and watch your hawk, win her to feed, to the hood, and to the fist, and divers other such points which should be but tedious to rehearse. Therefore let me write of the order how to make a flight with a Goshawk, either Niasse or Ramage, the which is very hard to do well. And for my part I would not counsel any man to trouble himself much with them. But if any man have a Nyasse, or Ramage goshawk, whereof he would see the proof, let him man her, and make her to the fist: then let him enter her first to young Partridges, until it be November. In which time the fields are rid clean, and become empty, and the trees bare of leaves: then may you enter her to the old Rewen, setting her short and eager. And if she kill at first, or second flight, feed her up for three or four times with the Partridge which she hath killed: by that means I have seen some of them come to good perfection.   

To make the soar goshawk or the Haggart goshawk.  
YOur soar goshawks, or your Haggarts, shall be trimmed with jesses, Bewets and Bells, as soon as they come to your hands: and you shall by all means make them abide the hood well, the which will be best brought to pass, keeping them seeled, and hooding and unhooding them oftentimes, & teaching them to feed on the fist three or four days, more or less until they leave their ramagenesse and coyness, & become gentle: that being done, unseele them at night by candlelight, causing them to plume or tire vyon a wing or leg of a Pullet, and use your hawks gently, and deal the best with them that you can devise, until you have thoroughly manned and won them, and that in secret places where they may not see much light, setting them upon a perch, and using all diligence to make them imp to the fist by little and little, until at last they will come three or four yards from you, and feeding them most with the legs of pullet's or calves hearts: than you may go into a garden, or into a close abroad, and causing them to feed first a bit or two upon your fist, with their hoods on, and afterwards as much with their hoods off, cast them down fair and softly to some perch, and make them come from it to your fist, either much or little, with calling and chirping to them, saying: Tow, tow, or Stowe, Stowe, as Falconers use, & when they come feed them, crying & calling still to make them acquainted with your voice, The next day you may call them with a Criance, setting them upon a perch until they come unto you further off, feeding and rewarding them liberally to make them love you. And when they come to the fist readily, & without checking or ramagenesse, then lay a little from you a dead pullet upon the ground, the hawk sitting upon the perch and calling and chirping to her, if she come and seize the pullet let her plume her, and feed a pit or two thereon, walking about her until you may without danger or moving of her, come near and take her upon your fist, and so feed her: That being done, let her tire and plume. Here I must advertise you that the wing of a pullet cold, is not good feeding for a hawk: for it will make a hawk sick: But the legs either hot or cold may be given. And likewise you shall mark that I would have you cast out a Pullet to a goshawk dead, and not alive: for these kind of hawks are much inclined of nature to play the Poulters. So that if you should use to throw them out live poultry, it might make them sometimes when they flee, turn tail to the Partridge, and seize the pullets or chickens which they shall see in husbandmen's yards and backsides when they flee. Or in like manner when they are set to bathe at length of their loins, the which would not only mar them, and make them full of ill properties, but also might cause the ignorant people, (as women and boys) to kill them in stead of a puttock. When you have thus called your goshawk abroad two or three days, until she be well cunning, you shall take her on your fist, and get up on horseback with her, and so riding with her the space of an hour or thereabouts, unhood and hood her sometimes, and give her a bit or two of me at in the presence and sight of your Spaniels, because she shall not be afeard of them. That being done, set her on a tree with a little short creance tied to her loins, and going seven or eight yards from her on horseback, call her to your fist with such voice and words as Falconers use: and if she come, give her two or three bits for reward, and cast her up again to the tree, then throw out the dead pullet eight or ten yards from her. If she flee to it, and seize it, let her feed three or four bits upon it, riding the mean while about her on horseback, and rating back your Spaniels, because they shall not rebuke her at first, and so make her ever after fearful of dogs. Then alight off your horse, gently take her upon your fist, feed her, and when you have so done, hood her, and let her plume or tire. Here I will say for mine own opinion, that a dead Partridge, or a counterfeit Partridge, made with the very plumage, wings and tail of a Partridge, were much better to throw out unto your Gosshawke, because it would make her both know Partridge the better, and poultry the less.   

To make a goshawk flee to the Partridge.  
 depiction of hawk  
WHen your Goshawk is thus manned and cunning, then may you go into the field with her, carrying with you a train Partridge if need be: and unhooding your Hawk, bear her as quietly as you can: you may let her plume or tire a little to make her eager. And if the Partridge spring, let her flee: if she mark one, or two, or more on the ground, then go to her fair and softly, and menacing her with your hand, or with a wand, cause her to take perch on some tree thereby. Then if you can retrieve the Partridge with your spaniels, as soon as it springeth, you must cry Howit, Howit: and if she flee it to the mark again, you must put her to a tree, and retrieve it the second time, crying when it springeth as before said. And if she kill it, feed her up with it: but if so chance that the Spaniels should take it, as oftentimes hot Spaniels light upon the Partridge, being either flown out of breath, or otherwise surcharged with fear: then alight from your horse quickly, & taking it from the Spaniel, cast it out to your hawk crying, (aware hawk ware) and let her feed her fill on it. The next day you shall not flee with her, because having fed & rewarded her with bloody meat, she will not so soon be in good case to flee again. For such meat is not so easily endued by a hawk, as the leg of a chicken or such like. Using her thus three or four times, she will be well in blood, and become well fleeing at this pleasant field-flight.   

How to help a hawk that turneth tail to tail, and giveth over her game.  
IT happeneth oftentimes, that when you have let your Goshawk flee at a Partridge, she will neither kill it, nor flee it to mark, but turneth tail to tail, as Falconers term it: that is when she hath flown it a bowshot or more, she giveth it over and takes a tree. Then shall you call in your Spaniels to the retryfe, that way that your hawk flew the Partridge. And the Falconer drawing himself that way, may cast her out a quick Partridge which he shall carry for such purposes in his Hawking bag, in such sort as the hawk may see it, and think that it is the same which she flew. And so crying when you cast it out, ware hawk ware, make her seize it, & feed her upon it, that she may be encouraged thereby to flee out with a Partridge. The day following you shall not flee with her, as is before said, but prepare her against the third day, and set her sharp: and if then also your goshawk giu●●●er, serve her with a quick Partridge again. But if she 〈◊〉 it the third time, I would not wish you to trouble yourself any longer with such a vile buzzard, but rid your hands of her, for sure it is great odds that she will never prove good. And yet if any man will try his hawk to the uttermost, than let him make her flee a Partridge which is flown to the mark with some other well entered hawk, at the first or second flight. And if she kill that, let him feed and reward her well, using her to such flights three or fourtimes, and so peradventure she may learn to hold out, and maintain her flight the better.   

When a goshawk will not flee at all.  
FOrasmuch as the Goshawks which are taken in September or October, do not know their prey so well as they which are taken later, since they have not preyed so long as those old, it happeneth many times that when they are made to the fist, and brought even to the point to flee, if you let them flee at a Partridge, they take a tree and will not flee at all. To redress that, you shall go into a plain field where are no trees, with a quick Partridge, the which you shall give to some of your company, yourself shall ride up and down half an hour with your hawk upon your fist unhooded: & then drawing near to your companion which hath the Partridge, when you come within ten or twelve paces of him, let him privily cast out the Partridge, and let your hawk flee at it: which done, reward and feed her well thereupon. If peradventure your goshawk have need of more such trains, than you may continue it three or four times, until she be well in blood with such flights: But surely such hawks are not greatly to be regarded. The same that is said of goshawks, is to be understood also of Tercels. And always remember, that the dext day after you have rewarded and fed your hawk upon the fowl or bird that she killeth, feed her the next day with a sheep's heart, or hens legs betimes in the morning, to bring her in order again to flee.   

To make a goshawk flee quickly.  
soar goshawks (especially Niasses) are commonly very fond of the man, and therefore should be flown with a little more ramage, and before they be thoroughly reclaimed, for else oftentimes within two or three strokes with their wings, they will give over the fowl that they flee, & return strait again to their keeper. Therefore remember to flee with them as soon as you can, and that until they be perfectly nuzzled and in blood. They must also be set in places where they see not many folk, for fear they become very fond of the man: But when they have flown, and have killed twice or thrice, then set them where people and dogs frequent, the which shall be necessary to prevent the inconveniences which might happen, when they are at mark near to a house, or upon a high way, if then they should be discouraged with sudden sight of any person that went by. And yet by this advertisement of fleeing quickly with a soar goshawk or a Nyasse, I might make some Falconer learn a worse mischief, if by fleeing oversoon with his hawk, he should pull her down, or make her poor, the which would cause her to become fearful and cowardly, and to give over a Partridge, as I have seen diverse, that although they were at the first very toward hawks, yet after they have been once pulled down, they have lost their courage and goodness. And therefore by what means soever a goshawk or tercel, shall become poor, it shall be the Falconers part first to set her up again, before he flee with her, unless it be some goshawk (whereof there are but few) which will not flee when she is high, & in good plight. Then the Falconer may somewhat bate her flesh and pinch her with scouring, washed meat, and such like devices: But let him always rather keep his hawk in such wise that she may flee when she is lusty: & therewithal let him set her abroad (when it is not over cold) betimes in the morning for one hour or twain. For being so weathered, when she hath flown a Partridge to the mark, she will not away, until it be retrieved by the Spaniels.   

That a goshawk being a good Partridger, be not flown with to the pheasant.  
IF your goshawk be once a good Partridger, beware that you let her not flee the Pout, or the pheasant, for the pheasant fleeth not so long a flight as the Partridge doth. And therefore the goshawk being naturally more ravenous and desirous of prey than any other hawk, would more delight to flee a short flight to the Feazant, and will care less to hold out at a Partridge True it is that some are good for both, but those are very rare: And therefore you must have consideration thereof, as also to keep them in good order with fleeing, bathing, weathering, tiring, pluming, and diverse other points of falconry, the which do serve also for tercels aswell as for goshawks.   

How to use a Haggart goshawk.  
THe trains which you use to give soar goshawks and Nyasses, are not so requisite for a haggart. For the Soarehawks and Nyasses when they are made to the fist, & to seize a pullet upon the ground, will then abide & never soar away, and may immediately be flown withal at a Partridge, so that you bear alive train Partridge with you to serve her if need be, as hath been heretofore declared in entering of other hawks. And the principal point of consideration is, that you encourage any hawk well at the first. In fleeing with a goshawk, it happeneth oftentimes that fleeing in the snow, and killing their prey upon the ground, they fill their bells with snow, so that the Falconer cannot tell where to find them. At such times then, fasten a bell upon the two covert feathers of your hawks stern or train, and that aloft near to her rump. For so do the Falconers of Dalmatia use at all times of the year to flee with their hawks. And it is a good mean to know at all times where, and what is become of your hawk.   

To flee with a goshawk to the river.  
 depiction of hawk  
NOw I have (in mine own judgement) set down as much as is necessary, to make a goshawk perfect in killing of a Partridge or any other field flight: I will also declare how you may flee to the river with a goshawk, and how you may kill great fowls with her. A goshawk (but no tercel) may flee to the river at Mallarde, duck, Goose, Hearon, and such like, whether it be because the proveth not to the field, or for any other delight that she or her keeper hath to the river. And you shall hold this order in making her, the which doubtless shall bring her to perfection: for goshawks do more willingly flee such flights than at any other. And yet is there great difference seen in the proof of them: for some of them prove much hardy & better than some other do. Well, the Falconer shall first make his goshawk to the fist, in such sort as I have prescribed, when I taught to flee them unto the field. Then must he carry her into the field without bells, with a live duck given unto one of his companions. And the Falconer must have with him a little drum or tabard fastened to the pommel of his saddle, together with the sinew of an ox leg dried, which shall serve him to strike upon his drumslet or tabard: and causing his companion to hide himself in a ditch or pit, with the duck tied to a creance, his hawk being unhooded upon his fist, he shall draw towards his companion which standeth so hid in covert. 
There hath been used a kind of flight with a Goshawk called the flight made to the beck, and it is like to this, but it is much surer and better.  And when he is near him within two or three paces, or little more, he shall strike upon his tabbard twice or thrice: and his Companion hearing him, shall throw out the duck aloft. And let the Falconer cast off his goshawk to it, and if she take it at the source, let him reward her and feed her with a reasonable gorge, making her all the cheer that may be: then let him take her upon his fist and hood her, suffering her to plume or to tire upon a wing or a leg of the duck. The next day he shall not flee with her, as before I have admonished. But the third day he may go again in like manner with his companion, or else may seek some water plash or pit where wildfowl lie, as teals, or such like. Provided always that he seek the advantage of his flight, where the banks be high: for the higher that the banks be, the better he may come to make his flight: and in such a place, he and his companion, one on the one side, that other on the other, may ride fair and softly until they find fowl, and yet put them not up. When they have found them, both of them shall draw back along by the bank, and the hawk being unhooded, they shall trot both of them right upon the fowl with their horses. When they be near them, he which hath the tabbard shall beat it, so that the fowl may rise, and then he may let flee his hawk: and if she take any of them at source, let him make in to her apace, and cross the fowls wings, so that she may foot it, and plume it at her pleasure, rewarding her as before, etc. And the better to encourage her, when he hath hooded her, let him set her upon the fowl, and let her plume it her fill, and after let him take her on his fist, and give her a wing or a leg of the fowl to tire on: And the next day let him not flee, etc. And when his hawk is thoroughly nouzled and in blood, than he may flee twice in a day or oftener with her, rewarding her as before is expressed. Using his hawk thus, he shall so well encourage her, that he may flee the oftener with her at his pleasure.   

Of fiecing the wild-goose and Crane with a goshawk.  
SOme delight to flee wild-geese and Cranes with a goshawk, and such other great flights. And the train must be made in this wise: When the hawk is made to the fist as before said, let him go on foot abroad into the field with his goshawk on his fist, carrying with him a wild-goose or a tame Goose of the colour of a wild-goose, tied by the tail with a creance. And having set her on the ground eight or ten Paces from him, let him unhood the hawk, and twitch the Goose with the creance until he make it stir and flicker with the wings. Then if his goshawk bate at it, cast her off, and run in to secure her, so that the Goose beat her not with her wings, for discouraging her. And if he have store of trains, than he shall reward and feed her on the brains, heart, and thigh of that which he trained withal. But if he have no store, than it shall be needful to save that for another train. This done, let him closely convey a pigeon under the wing of the train, and reward his hawk therewith, as hath been heretofore declared in the trains to the Hearon. And the next day let her not flee, but set her down, etc. The third day he may give her another train somewhat further off. And the third train he shall give it her on horseback, fifty or threescore paces off at the least, or so far off as he may come in to secure his hawk in time. His hawk being thus trained and entered he may ride out with his hawk (without bells, because the geese shall not rise before the Falconer have brought his hawk to the vantage) then with his Tabard to beat it up, & so forth, whereof I have told before. And having found any wild geese, he shall show them to his hawk, who being naturally moved, will make from the fist to them, and will flee low by the ground, until she come near them. Then the Falconer shall ride after apace, and strike upon his tabbard, until he raise the wildgéese. And if his hawk seize any of them at Source, he shall quickly secure her, and reward her, etc. But forasmuch as wild geese will rise as soon as they see any body. Therefore the Falconer must teach his hawk to take the advantage, which is thus done: As soon as he hath found them a far off, let him alight from his horse, and carry his hawk unhooded behind his horse, stalking towards them, until he have gotten reasonably near them, holding down his hawk covert under the horse neck or body, in such sort that she may find the geese. Then the Falconer shall run in apace, and strike upon his tabbard, to raise the geese. And if she kill any of them, reward her, etc. Using his hawk in this order, she may be made to kill two or three, or more, in a day. And in like manner may she be made to the Crane: And in like sort may he creep to flee at fowl which lie upon pits or ponds. First showing them to his Hawk, and letting her draw to them, and then running in to put them up with his tabbard. But the Falconer must take heed, that as long as he may find great flights, he flee not at smaller fowl, to the end his hawk way continue the more boldly to flee great flights. For a man may soon make a hawk a coward, and a slug. Yet some there be (but those are very rare) which fleeing at all kinds of fowls, become still hardy and hardy, and better and better. Now having written sufficiently of such flights, I will pass over to teach the means to mewe a goshawk.   

To mew a goshawk.  
WHen you have flown either with goshawk or Tercel, Soar, or Haggart, until March, give her some good quarry in her foot, and foreseeing that she be clean from lice, cut off the buttons of her jesses, and throw her into the mew, the which may be a room either below, or on the ground, set towards the North if it be possible. And as for the bigness, so that it be not too little, let it be as large as you will, and let the perches therein be lined with Cannae or cotton, so that the hawk hurt not her feet there upon: for thereby she might catch either the gout; or the pin. Let the mewe also have a window toward the East, and another toward the North, to take fresh air, and the comfort of the sun. You shall also provide in the same mewe, a basin or other vessel for water, and every three days at the most, change and shift the water. And feed your hawk either with pigeons, or with quails, or else with hot flesh of a wether or gelded goat, for that will make her mew well and quickly.   

To draw the goshawk out of the mew.  
ABout the beginning of October, if you perceive your goshawk fair mewed, and hard penned, then give her either chickens, or lambs hearts, and calves hearts, by the space of 20. days together, to scour her, and to make her slice out the slimy substance, and glytte out of her panel, and to enseam her (as Falconers term it.) That being done, one evening you may draw her out of the mew, and new furnish her with jesses, bells, & Bewets, and of all other things that shall be needful. And when you have féeled her, keep her so séeled two or three days, until she will be gently hooded. And thereof a Falconer ought to have a special regard. For commonly all mewed hawks are as coy to be hooded, as when they were first taken. But when you have won her to abide the hood gently, then in an evening by candle light you may unséele her, and the next day you may go about to show her the fist and the glove. And as I have before advised you to deal with Haggarts, or hawks new taken from the Cage, you shall not forget to let her tire and plume morning and evening, giving her sometimes in the morning, when her gorge is empty, a little Sugar Candie, for that will help her marvelously to endue. Sometimes also when she is empty in gorge and panel, you shall give her skowrings of Aloes Cicatryne, cloves and stavesaker, wrapped in a little piece of cotton, or in tow, or linen cloth. But hereof shall he written more plainly in the treatise of medicines.   

To make a mewed goshawk fleeing.  
WHen the Falconer shall perceive his goshawk to feed eagerly, and perceiveth by his judgement that she is enseamed, and that he may boldly flee with her: then let him go with her into the field, and finding Partridge, if the hawk bate at them of her own accord, it is a token, that she is empty, and ready to flee: but if she bate not, then doth it betoken the contrary. Therefore in such case feed her still with washed meats, and things convenient, as long as you shall think requisite. For doubtless if she be once thoroughly enseamed and ready, she will flee of her own accord. And then if she kill, feed and reward her, as hath been before declared. But if she flee to the mark with a Partridge, than you must retrieve it and serve her as is also before expressed.   

How to keep Nyasse sparowhawks.  
 depiction of hawk  
Sparowhawkes' are to be considered as all other kinds of hawks are, according to their age and disposition. Some of them are named Nyasses, some Braunchers, some Soarehawks, and some mewed hawks: Some also Haggarts, being mewed in the wood, they are called Nyasses, which are taken in the eyrée. Branchers are those, that having forsaken the eyrée, are fodde by the old hawk upon the boughs and branches near about the eyrée, and thereupon they are called Branchers: afterwards they are called Soarehawks. They are called Soarehawks, because when they have forsaken the wood, and begin to pray for themselves, they flee up aloft upon pleasure, which with us Falconers is called soaring. Mewed hawks are all hawks that have once or more shifted their feather: and Haggarts are they which prey for themselves, & do also mew themselves either in the wood, or otherwise at large. To begin with the Nyasse which is of greatest difficulty to bring unto any perfection, you must first feed her in some fresh cool Chamber or parlour upon the ground. And the same chamber should have two windows not very large, whereof that one should open towards the North, and that other towards the East, to take the fresh cool air, or the comfort of the sun at her pleasure. These windows must be open, barred overthwart with lathes, or thin boards, so thick that neither your hawks may get out, nor your cat may come in. And in this Chamber cast and strew Vine leaves, and other fresh leaves. For it refesheth a hawk marvelously to rest upon them. And for the same consideration it shall not be amiss to set two or three great free stones in the chamber, whereupon the hawks may sit cool and fresh. You must also have two or three perches lined or covered, one a little higher than another, so that the hawk as she groweth huger and huger, may flee from one perch to another, and never hurt her feet. And when she is full sommed, so as she can flee, then will it be meet and most necessary to set some large basin, or other vessel full of Water, that she may bathe her at pleasure therein. For that is not only very wholesome for her body, but also will make her put out her feathers the better, & the faster. And you shall do well to shift her water every three days. You shall feed her with young sparrows, Martelettes, and young Pigeons, and sometimes with sheeps hearts: and whiles she is very young and little, you should cut her meat, and shred it in small pellets upon a trencher, or a clean board for the purpose, setting it so near her that she may reach it with her beak, and feed. Thus you shall fade her twice, or more every day, even as you shall see her endue it, or (as Falconers say) put it over. Beware that you give her not gorge upon gorge, for that will make her cast her gorge. But when she is full sommed, and fleeth about, than you shall do better to give her whole birds, and sometimes to feed her upon your fist, suffering her to kill and strain the live birds in your hand: Yea and sometimes to put quick birds into the chamber to her, that she may learn to know them, to foot them, and to kill them, and let her feed upon them herself in your presence. For that shall be very good as well to noll her, as also to make her leave that vile condition which commonly all Nyasses have, which is, to carry and hide their prey in some hedge or ditch, or secret place: and therein they will sit very close for being heard, when they hear or perceive their keeper to seek them. Whereupon their keepers are oftentimes evil troubled and displeased. And also it shall not be amiss, every morning to go into the said Chamber, and to call them to the fist, whistling and chirping with your mouth, for by that means you shall both man them thoroughly, and also you shall gain the time which you should else spend afterwards, in making them when they were ready to be drawn out of the said chamber.   

To reclaim and make the Nyasse sparrow-hawk.  
WHen your Nyasse sparrow-hawk hath put forth all her feathers, & is full sommed, then shall you take her out of the chamber and furnish her with bells, bewets, jesses, and lines. And by my counsel you shall also seel her at the first, to make her gentle to abide the hood, which is contrary to her nature, and to make her tractable to be handled, using her favourably and lovingly always: and at the first with a hood, which is too great and large to hood and unhood her oftentimes, stroking her head softly with your hand, until she will stand still, and abide the hood gently. Then in an evening by light of a candle you shall unséele her, giving her somewhat to tire upon, handling her, and stroking her feathers gently, sometimes hooding and unhooding her. And because Nyasse sparowhawks are seldom made perfect and good without great pains and diligence, therefore observe these things and use them accordingly, if you will have a good Nyasse hawk.   

To train a Nyasse Sparowhawke.  
WHen your Nyasse is well won to the hood, and to the fist, let her kill small birds upon your fist, then call her two or three days together, until she will come far off. Then you must take a quick Pigeon tied by one foot with a creance, and stir it until your hawk will bate at it, and seize it, though not far off, yet as you may, and help her at the first, lest the Pigeon struggling with her, be too strong, and discourage her. Then let her plume her, and foot her, and feed her thereupon with as much favour as you may, and whistle to her, to make her know your whistle, until she have taken a reasonable gorge. Then hood her up, and let her plume or tire a little afterwards. The day following you shall call her to the fist, and show her a live Pigeon, so near that she may reach at her with her beak. Then cast it out before her, until she flee it, and take it.  
That done, reward her, etc. Again, you shall another time throw out a chicken before her, and if she take and foot it, reward her, etc. Afterwards you shall cause one to hide himself close in a ditch or pit, and throw her out a pigeon or pullet, if she take it, reward her & feed her up with the brains, heart, and a leg or a wing, whistling, chirping, and speaking to her, to encourage her: and this order you shall observe a while, still serving her with greater and greater trains: for by that means you shall give her courage to flee, yea if it were at a pheasant, for that chickens are some of them not much unlike a pheasant poult. As also using her to great chickens, she will never covet to carry as she would do, if you trained her with smaller birds, which is a thing worthy the observation, as you shall find by experience.  
And when you have given her sufficient trains of chicken and such like, you shall one day set her sharp, then take a quail tied in a Criance, and in a plain meadow: First, show her unto your sparrow-hawk, then throw it up aloft, and cast your hawk off handsomely after her, & if she take it, reward her with the brains, to nuzzle and encourage her, but feed her with the leg of a chicken or pullet, and deal daintily with her.  
The next time you may train her with a quail without a criance, the which having a leg broken, and two feathers plucked out of each wing, give it to another which may closely throw it out to her, and feed her up thereupon with a good gorge. Being thus oftentimes trained, you may ride out into the fields about nine of the clock, where calling your sparrow-hawk to your fist, and giving her a bit or two of meat, go with your Spaniels to seek some beavie of young quails, advancing your fist aloft, that your Hawk may see them when they spring, and let her flee with advantage at the first. If she kill, reward and feed her, etc. but if she miss, or that you find no young quails, then serve her with a train of a quail, as is often before said.   

How to hawk with a sparrow-hawk being mad●.  
WHen your sparrow-hawk is once made, you may go freely into the field: and if you find any young quail let her flee thereat with as much advantage as you can: and if she take it, reward and feed her, etc. Remember that at first entering of your hawk you hold your fist aloft always, aswell because your hawk may see the game spring, as also that she may learn to have an eye to the dogs, the which you shall always cause to hunt on your right hand, when they range, but especially when they quest and call, to the end you may the better, and at more advantage cast off your hawk when you let her flee. And when your sparrow-hawk doth know her game and how to flee, then may you flee more than one flight in a forenoon or an afternoon, so that always you give her some small reward at every flight that she killeth. And because it behoveth much always to encourage your hawk, and to keep her well nouzled, you shall do well ever to carry a live quail with you, that if you find none, or flee and miss, you may therewith train or serve your hawk accordingly: and you may cause it so to be cast out unto her, that she will think it is sprung with the Spaniels. As also I would wish you evermore to keep alive the second quail that you shall take, and keep it in your hawking bag, so as if need be, it may serve you at night, or at any time to reward your hawk with: for keeping your hawk in this order, she can never lightly be discouraged. And when your hawk is thoroughly entered, and perfectly well in fleeing, and well nouzled, than you shall hold your hand low, whereas before you held it aloft. For your Hawk being much quicker sighted than you are, she will sooner see the game spring also, and bate at the whir, as we term it: then before the hawk can recover your fist, the game is flown far off to her great disadvantage: yea, although you should let her go when she bateth, yet shall she not flee with such advantage as you might let her flee when she and you both spied the game spring at once, he therefore that will be a perfect keeper of a sparrow-hawk or such like, must have a quick eye, and a good consideration and regard to the Spaniels, keeping them still as near as he can upon his right hand, and hold his hand low, because his hawk shall not bate at the game before he see it. And also it shall not be good to be over near the dogs, but rather a little above them, that you may let your hawk flee, coasting at the vantage when the Game springeth, and always to be quick of eye, and nimble of hand, for he that is not so, nor regardeth the advantages of a flight, shall hinder his hawk, whereas he might further and help her.   

How to make a sparrow-hawk, being either Soarehawke Ramage or Mewed hawk.  
NOw I have spoken at large of Nyasse sparowhawks, it were meet that I should set down some instructions also concerning Ramage hawks, and such as are taken when they have preyed for themselves. And yet in effect the same precepts that serve for a Nyasse, will serve also for ramage hawks and mewed hawks. But yet they, (I mean ramage and mewed hawks) require not so much pain to make them know their game, nor to enter them, because they have been practised in preying for themselves, & the Nyasses are altogether ignorant and simple: so that the Nyasses must be taught to know their game, in a manner, even as they are taught by the breeder in the wood, the which (as I have heard old Falconers tell) when her young hawks go out of the nest, and can hop or fleck from one bough to another, cometh in with some prey unto them, and calling them altogether, she fleeth aloft, and lets the bird fall amongst them, so that which soever of them catcheth it with her talents, feedeth upon it for that meal, and then returneth the old hawk for some prey, until she have fed them all & taught them to foot their prey. And therefore when a man hath them, Nyasse which never were taught so by the breeder, he must practise as near as he can like the old hawk, to teach them to foot, and to kill their prey, and to know it, the which you shall not be troubled with in a soar, ramage, or mewed hawk. For they which bear those names, have learned to prey for themselves: and most of all the mewed haggart hawks, for they are thoroughly nuzzled and trained therein, yea and most commonly they have learned such conditions, that with all the pains we can take, few of them can be brought to any good perfection. But he which hath a Haggart Sparowhawk, must above all things take pains in weyning her from that vile fault of carrying, & that shall he do by serving her often with great pullets, and other great trains, the which she cannot carry, and thereby she will learn to abide upon the quarry. Also they which delight in Haggarts, must take great heed that they offend them not, but rather coy them as much as they can with all devices of favour & cherishing, for they will remember favour or injury much better than any other kind of hawk. And of the same condition are Lentiners for the most part, the which are called with us March hawks or Lentiners, because they are taken in Lent with lime or such like means. And the Italians call them Marzarolli, because they are taken in March or thereabouts: so that the etymology of the name proceedeth all upon one cause, and they are called so whether they be soarhawkes or mewed hawks. Neither is there any great difference between them and Haggarts for evil conditions, but the Lentiners are more subject to moist humours, and especially in the head, and therefore you must ply them with casting and scouring, as shall be more at large declared in the Treatise of medicines.   

Certain observations for an Ostreger in keeping of a goshawk.  
MAny times it happeneth that a goshawk or a tercel which was good in her Soarage, doth become nothing so toward or good when she is mewed: and that proceedeth because in her soarage she was not cherished to make her take delight in her flight: for in a manner all the skill of a Falconer or Ostreger consisteth in coying & delicate usage of his hawk and so cherishing her, that she may take pride and pleasure in her flight. Therefore I would not think it amiss if he had always at the first entering of his goshawk or tercel, a train Partridge in his bag, to serve her with, when need doth require, and so he shall win her love. And therewithal let him mark these observations, to keep his hawk in good tune always. First, let him consider that naturally all goshawks are full of moist humours, and especially in the head: & therefore let him ply them with tiring and plumage, both morning and evening, for that will open them in the head, and make them cast water thereat. Let the Goshawks tiring be the rump of a beef, or the uppermost joint of a wing which we call the pinion, or a chickens leg, given by the fire, or in the warm sun. This will not only keep your hawk open in the head, but also keepeth her in exercise, and use, and from slothfulness, which might mar her, and utterly spoil her.  
It is good also to give her every night casting either of feathers or of cotton, and then in the morning to mark whether it be wrought round or not, whether it be sweet or not, whether it be moist or dry, and of what colour the water is that drops out of the casting, for thereby he shall judge in what case his hawk is. He should also have regard to her mewtes, to see whether they be clean or not, and thereupon he may give medicines accordingly, as shallbe hereafter declared. For the infirmity of a hawk being once known, it is the more easily cured. He hath also to consider the season: for in the winter and cold weather, he must set his hawk or tercel warm in some place where fire is made: he must roll the perch with cotton, or some such like thing, & the perch must be set far from the wall that his hawk hurt not her feathers when she bateth: but if it be not cold, he may set her every morning in some place where the sun hath power, for an hour or two.  
Remember that no hens or poultry come near the place where your hawk shall perch, and especially in Lent when Hens have young chickens commonly following them.  
Remember also in the spring to offer your hawk to the water every week, for else she will soar away when she fleeth, and make you seek her.  
If your hawk bathe her at any time of her own accord after her flight, go presently to the next house with her, (if it be in winter or cold weather) and weather her by a fire with her back to the fire, and not her gorge, for that would make her sick. And likewise dry your hawk if you have carried her in the rain. Let a good Falconer or Ostreger always keep his hawk lusty and high, and yet keep her in such tune, that she may flee best when she is high: for doubtless the plucking down of a Hawk doth mar her and make her cowardly. Above all things an Ostreger must be patiented and never choleric.  
A good Ostreger must also keep his hawk clean, and her feathers whole, and if a feather be broken or bruised, he must imp it presently, as shall be taught hereafter also in this book, and therefore he must have his imping needles, his Semond, and such other things about him evermore in a readiness. (∵)   

Certain observations concerning sparowhawks.  
 depiction of hawk  
SEt your Sparrowhawke every morning abroad in the sun two hours, or near thereabouts, and set her to the water twice in a week at the least, and especially Nyasses, for they covet the water more than the rest. Soar-sparowhawkes would not be flown withal too soon in a morning, for they soar willigly Take your sparrow-hawk from the perch always with somewhat in your hand, to make her love you, and be fond of you, for that is a thing of no small importance and consideration. As also to make your sparrow-hawk foot great fowls, to the end she may not learn nor be accustomed to carrion. And as touching mewing of a sparrow-hawk, some use to put their Sparrowhawke in the mew as soon as they leave fleeing with her, cutting off both her bewets, lines, and the knots of her jesses, and leave herein the mew until she be clean mewed. But if you will have her to flee at Partridge, Quayle, or Feazent poult, than you must draw her in the beginning of April, and bear her on the fist till she be clean and thoroughly enseamed. Some other keep their sparowhawks on the perch until March, and then throw her into the mewe being peppered for life if she have any. Her mew should be a chamber aloft from the ground eight or nine foot long, and five or six foot broad, with two windows, to the East and the North, as is before declared in the description of the mew for a goshawk: and set her perches and all other things even as for a goshawk, saving that the mewe must have one little window to convey in her meat at. And your sparrow-hawk being thus provided of her mew, go in to her in May in an evening by candlelight, and taking her softly, give her to thy companion to hold, until thou have pulled out all her train feathers, one after another, holding the princiyall feather with thy one hand (which Falconers do call the covert feather) and plucking out the other feathers with that other hand, for so shalt thou do her least hurt: and this shall make her mew the faster, if thou feed her with hot meat and birds, and always keep an hour certain to give her her meat. Some will set water in the mewe by their Sparrowhawke continually, shifting and renewing the water every second or third day. Some set water before a sparrow-hawk in the mew but once in a fortnight, and then take it away again within 24. hours after they have set it there. Some will never set water before their Sparowhawks at all when they mewe them, saying that Sparewhawks are very hot, and pluck out their own feathers for extreme heat, and that therefore water is not to be given or allowed them, because it killeth and delayeth the heat in them, which should further their mewing. I like that opinion: but for mine own part and experience I would leave the extremities and take the mean. And I would think it best to set water before a sparrow-hawk in the mew, once in 14. days at the least, or oftener, if the hawk seem to have need, the which you shall easily perceive, if she have any feathers or down that stand staring up on her back, and when she sitteth always as though she would rouse, or is twitching at her feathers with her beak, than set her water: but to set it by her continually, doth foreslow her mewing: and to keep it always from her, doth make her that she meweth not her feathers so clean or so gallantly, as when she may have water once in a fortnight. As touching remedies for hawks that be slow of mewing, it shall be set down in the Treatise of medicines in this book also. (∵)   

The Third Part, or book, of this collection of falconry.  
BEfore I deal with diseases of hawks, and cures due to the same, (which is the subject of this third and later part of my collection of falconry) I hold it very necessary, and of importance, aswell to the attainment of the cause of each particular disease, as also the devise of remedy for each kind of mischief, to speak somewhat of the complexions of Falcons, under whose name and nature (you know) in the beginning of this book of falconry, I have comprised all other hawks, in regard that the Falcon is chief, and the Queen of all other hawks: nothing doubting at all, but that divers will muse at the name and term of the complexion of a hawk, as though indeed there were no such matter, led thereunto by their gross conceit and blinded imagination, for that they cannot in their opinions judge so easily of the natures of hawks, as they can of the complexions of men, whose clearness and thinness of skin bewrays their inclination and complexion, whereas hawks are not in any condition so to be deemed and judged, by mean of their plumes: which indeed is far otherwise, for, as in man the natural complexion is truly discerned by the skin, so is the natural disposition and constitution of a hawk by her cote and plume: which I adventure not to report of myself, for that it striveth too much with common sense and ordinary capacity, but do follow my Author, and thereupon am emboldened to avow it, not blushing to lay you down his spéechches as touching this matter, though not in the French Phrase, wherein he wrote it, but in the English ydiome, into which I have translated it.  
Artelowch mine Author, writing of the complexions of Falcons, in his treatise of falconry, medicines and cures, & such like matter, reporteth, and eke adviseth:  
That the black Falcons are melancholic, and therefore should of right be phisicked with hot and moist medicines, by mean of their complexion, which is cold and dry, as with Aloes, pepper, cock's flesh, Pigeons, sparrows, goats flesh, and such like.  
That the blank Falcons are phlegmatic, and to be phisicked with hot and dry medicines, because of their phlegm, which is cold and moist, as with cinnamon, cloves, Silermont, and Cardamomum, goats flesh, Choghs, and such like.  
The russet Falcons be of sanguine & choleric complexion, mixed indifferently, and therefore to be physicked with cold medicines, moderately moist, and dry.  
As with Myrtels, Cassia, Fistula, Tamarinds, Vinegar, pullet's, lamb's flesh, and such like.  
Having spoken thus much of the complexions of hawks, a matter not long to be stood upon, I will refer you over to the Italian Authors, as touching the diseases & cures, whose judgements I do very well allow, and in many points prefer beyond the French Falconers, for that they seem to be the more reasonable men, and less given to frivolous inventions. Yet nevertheless in the last part hereof, you shall at your pleasure, peruse the French Falconers also, for that I would have you to want nothing that may be to your better knowledge and furtherance in falconry.   

Of the diseases and cures of hawks. The opinion of M. Francisco Sforzino Vicentino, an Italian Gentleman Falconer.  
IT doth belong to a good and skilful Falconer, not alone to know all kinds of hawks, and to have the cunning how to reclaim, keep, sleep, imp, & mewe the said hawks, with sundry other like matters incident and appertaining to falconry: but it is very necessary and behoveful for him to have knowledge and good experience in their diseases and cures: for that they are birds subject to sundry maladies and accidents, the cure of all which doth rest in the careful keeper. Wherefore having (unless I flatter myself) in the former parts of this collection, performed my promise, made in the very entry and beginning of this book, as touching Hawks, and other matters belonging to the mystery and skill of falconry: it is only left now, and I rest charged with their diseases and cures, to dicipher unto you the mean to know the maladies, as also a method to recover them: wherein if happily any man desire a more ample discourse of the natures, & original causes of those diseases, than herein I shall bewray, let him know & bethink himself, that I am neither profound Philosopher, nor learned physician by profession, but that in these I deal as a Falconer, manifesting and making show of cures proper & peculiar to every disease, wherewith I could ever yet find a hawk charged, & such as may light upon any kind of hawk, by misfortune & casualty. And as touching remedies for their mischiefs, I mean to speak of very few which I have not sundry times approved with very good success, wherefore I say, that hawks may be diseased and unperfect, either in body or feathers, which I intent and mean, when they are unable by any evil accident to perform their parts and duties in any condition, as not to be able to flee, or strain the prey with their pounces, or any such like action, which by nature they ought to perform.  
In body they are diseased, either by some outward cause, as by a stripe or bruise: or else by some hidden and inward evil, as by corrupt & contagious humours, proceeding either of too great heat & moisture of the head, or otherwise overmuch drought & siccity of the liver & inward parts, from which proceedeth many times the pantas & shortness of breath, & other perilous evils, whereof I mean to write in their peculiar places hereafter.  
Again, hawks are accustomed to be ill affected and diseased (as I may term it) in their feathers, for that divers times being found of body, & in perfect state of health, yet they cannot flee or stir their wings, by mean of some broken or slived feathers, & especially the flags, long feathers, or sacels, which sundry times are broken either in the quill, being bloody feathers, or near the top or point of the feather: the remedy for which mischief & evil accident, I will reserve to the last part of this treatise, as a matter meetest for that place. But because the mischiefs and diseases that grow within the bodies of the hawks may be best discerned and known by their excrement, & by that which cometh from them, as namely, by the casting & mu●t of a hawk. Therefore I account it most expedient, to have good judgement to distinguish and know the diversity and difference thereof, the better to come by the true knowledge of the diseases, whereby there may in good time be had a convenient remedy for the evil wherefore let us first speak of their castings.   

How to know the health and disease of a hawk by her casting.  
FAlconers do use to give 2. sorts of casting to their hawks, either plumage, or cotton: & because most commonly they give the Falcon pellets of cotton for her casting, I will first speak thereof. You must make choice of fine, soft, whit cotton, & thereof fashion & frame your casting as big a great nut, & at evening convey it into her gorge, after you have supped her: & in the morning betimes make diligent search to find it, to peruse it in what manner the hawk hath rolled, & cast it, because thereby you shall perceive her good or evil state: for if she cast it, round, whit not loathsome in smell, & not very moist or waterish, it is a manifest token that she is sound. But otherwise, if she rol not her casting well, but cast it long, not white, stinking, very moist, & slimy, it doth argue, that she is full of diseases, as I shall more specially declare unto you eftsoon. You must observe this, that these castings do import & betoken the greater evil, by how much more they do resemble the mute of a hawk in colour and smell. For by that they do make show that your hawk doth abound which too much evil humour. Wherefore you must the more diligently mark it, & wring it betwixt your fingers, to see how much, & what kind of moisture doth drop from the casting, & withal note the smell & colour thereof. But now it is high time to proceed to a more special declaration of those castings, that you may be perfect in each condition.   

Of naughty castings.  
IF your hawks casting be long, not wrought round, 
Black casting.  and be full of water, how much more long and moist it is, so much more it betokeneth the hawk to be diseased. And again, if so it be black, & stinking, so much the more the hawk is in evil case & state. All and every of these signs do yield a show and proof, that the hawk hath been foul fod, & with corrupt flesh. Wherefore to remedy this mischief, you must feed her with hot birds, as swallows, sparrows, young doves and such like, giving them alive, or as soon as they are killed.  
But if it so happen, for all this care and good intendaunce, that the casting continue at one self stay, and be like evil in show, then must you needs give your hawk askowring, according to art, such as I will teach you to make hereafter.  
If your hawks casting be green, it is a sign that she is ill affected and diseased in the liver, 
green casting.  the cure whereof I will refer to a peculiar chapter for the same evil. But know nevertheless, that hawks when they are ramage, divers times do cast such like green castinges as I speak of, and make such muets, by reason of some wild fowl, that they have killed and preyed upon at their own pleasure, or otherwise have had the same given them by Falconers. And a man need not greatly force thereof, for that with good feeding, they will lightly be recovered, and rid of this disease.  

Yellowish black casting.  When the casting happeneth to be yellowish black, and very moist and slimy, it argueth your hawk to be stuffed with evil humours, proceeding of too great heat, or of immoderate and over great flights, or too much bating. For recovery of which evil, you must as speedily as you may, bestow good feeding upon your hawk, and cool her, by washing her meat in good fresh water, as endive water, or such like, as shall best please the fancy of the Falconer, allowing her beside one or two, or more castings of cotton: into which you must convey very excellent good mummy beaten into powder, and otherwise among incense, used in like manner. But if it so fall out that your hawk continue her ill casting, for all this remedy it shall not be amiss, fortwice or thrice to give her this kind of casting, or upward scouring every other day.  
Take Aloes washed and beaten to powder, one scruple, powder of Clove four grains, of Cubebes beaten to powder three grains: all which being well confected, and made in mixture, enwrap in a piece of cotton and give your hawk being empty, and having no meat above, or in her panel. And I nothing doubt, but using this order which I prescribe you, your hawk shall recover in short space. In any case you must be circumspect and héedefuil, having a hawk thus diseased, to mark diligently whether the do mend or pair, whether she wax high, or abate her flesh. For that according as she shall do any of these, it shall be necessary for you either to augment or decrease your scouring, and her feeding. And believe me, I know this by experience, that sundry hawks do perish more by being over poor and low brought, through negligence of ill keepers that make slender regard of them, than by the extremity of the disease. This shall be sufficient as touching castings of cotton, which (as I said before) were peculiar to Falcons.  
Falconers are accustomed to give their hawks casting of plumage, sometimes being empty above, 
Casting of plumage.  and eke in feeding to suffer them to take feathers, but specially to Sparowhawks. They give them ioukes of wings of small birds, & quails, when they have fed them, tearing them out with their teeth, and plucking away the longest feathers, and so give it.  
These castings In the morning being wrought round, and cast without any ill savour or stink, do make evident show that the hawk is sound: and how much more round & sweet they are, the better token of the hawks géed state. But contrariwise, if the casting be long, slimy, and rammish in smell, with some small parts of the flesh undigested, cleaning to the same, and withal frothy, having a kind of foam sticking on it, all these things together, and every one special by itself, do import the disease of the hawk, and make full show of her ill state. And therefore that she standeth needful of a good scouring, and good intendance, as I said before.   

The way to know in what tune hawks are by their mewting.  
WIth that help and light that I have already given you by the hawks casting, if you diligently observe the mute, 
The good mewt.  you shall easily prognosticate and so; esee her evil, and any such disease as your hawk is infected with. For if the mute be white, and not over thick, nor overcleare, and beside not having any black spot in it, or at the least but little, it is an evident proof that the hawk is excellently in tune, and not diseased. But if it be white, and very thick in the midst, well it may importhealth, but it argueth the hawk to be over gross, and too full of grease. And therefore it shall be needful to cure that mischief, by giving her liquid and moist meat, as the heart of a calf, lamb, or such like. And for one or two mornings, to allow her (being empty and having nothing above to put over) a quantity of Sugar Candy which will scour her, and make her slice, or else a gut of a chicken well washed, of a convenient length and size, full of good oil olive, well clarified in water, in such sort as hereafter I shall instruct you.  
It is easily sound, when a hawk is ever greasy, and not enseamed, by her mute, when it is white with some black in it, which evil is easily removed by giving her hot Sparows, and young pigeons.  

The evil mute.  But if her mute be white, intermeddled with red, yellow, grey, or such like colour, it is a sign that the hawk is very ill and diseased, & moreover that she standeth needful of a scouring, as of mummy purified & beaten to powder, wrapping it in cotton, or some such like matter, to set the gorge & stomach of your hawk in tune again, and other inward parts, as hereafter I shall make further show of in a place meet for that speech and discourse. Assuredly, when you see your hawks mute so full of diverse colours, it is very necessary for you to respect her cure, and to endeavour yourself to remedy that mischief, or otherwise she must needs perish under your hand, for that those are very deadly signs, and proofs of the ill state of your hawk. 
The white and yellow mute.   
The white mewt, having a greater part of yellow in it, than of any other colour, doth evidently make show, that the hawk is surcharged with choleric humours, caused and engendered by overgreat flights, when you flee with your hawk in the heat of the day, as also of overmuch bating. Which evil you may provide for and eschew, by giving your hawksmeat washed in cold waters, as bugloss, endive, borage, and such like wholesome cold waters, very medicinable for that mischief, always remembering to strain the hawks meat, and wring it in a linen cloth, after you have washed it in the waters aforesaid.  
And if this fall not out in proof to your contentment, then if you can give your hawk a quantity of Agaricke in a scouring, for the space of one morning or two, not suffering her to flee, or do any thing, but do set her down. There is no question, but by the care and diligence of such a keeper, your hawk shall quickly recover.  
The mewt of a hawk which is very black, declareth her liver to be infected, and is the most deadly sign of all others. 
The black mute.  For if it continue three or four days, most assuredly the hawk will peck over the perch and die. But if it be so but once, and no more, it greatly skills not. For than may it proceed of one of these two causes: either for that the hawk in pluming and tiring on the fowl, hath taken of the blood or guts of the prey, which is a matter of nothing: or else because she hath been gored with filthy meat. In this case it behooves you to respect her, and to allow her good warm flesh, and a cotton casting, with Mummey or the powder of cloves and Nutmegs, with a small quantity of Ginger, to set her stomach in tune again.  
A green méewt is also a sign of an infected and corrupt liver, and happily of some Apostume, 
The green mute.  unless she make that kind of mute upon this occasion, that she hath been gorged with some wild and rammage meat, or herself be a rammage hawk: for then this rule doth not hold. You must look to this evil as soon and with as great speed as you possible may, feeding her with meat all powdered with Mummy prepared, if she will take it with her flesh, as divers hawks will do of themselves: but if not, then must it be given her in a casting, or some frowring, continuing it in this manner, sometimes after one fashion, sometimes after another, until you find the mute to be changed from the bad colour to the better. But when this mischief doth proceed, and continue long space, then shall you be fame to bestow on her a scouring of Agaricke, to rid those evil and noisome humours which do offend your hawk, and after that another scouring of Incense beaten into powder, to recomfort her.  

The mute that is undigested, & tending to red.  The mute that is not perfectly digested, tending to red, and that is full of small worms, like unto flesh, not perfectly digested and endued, gives manifest proof, either that the hawk is not well in her gorge, or else that she hath been fed with ill and corrupt meats, cold and stinking, and unwholesome for a hawk.  
This evil may be cured & helped with good warm meats, and besides that, with scourings of wormeséede, enwrapped and conveyed into Cotton, or lint And it shall not be amiss to give her a scouring of powder of cloves, Nutmegs, and Ginger, which doth marvelously strengthen, and set the gorge in tune.  

Of the dark sanguine mute.  The dark sanguine mute, with a black in it, is the most deadly sign of all other, & I do not remember that ever I saw hawk make that kind of mewt, but she died. Yet nevertheless a man ought not therefore in that case to give over his hawk and to despair of her, but rather to allow her of that receipt and medicine, which erst Iherom Cornerus, that noble man, and cunning Falconer made, or else that which was devised by signor Manolus the Greek, which I have many times experimented in Falcons, not without good success, and great commendation. And therefore hereafter I will lay it down for your better knowledge and practice, as the excellent devices of most skilful men in falconry.  
And yet for all this, it may be, that a hawk doth make the like mute that I wrote of, by mean of tiring on a fowl, & taking the blood of it, and of the reins and guts, which if it do happen, it is a matter not to be regarded.  
I have sundry times seen the mute of a hawk grey, like milk, when it is turned and waxen sour, 
The grey mute.  which truly is a deadly token, and sign of great danger. Yet it shall not be amiss, to use the receipt which I lately spoke of, devised by those Gentlemen Falconers aforesaid.  
By this which I have spoken, as touching the mewtes of hawks, it may be gathered how greatly it doth import, and how behoveful it is for a Falconer, or Ostreger, for the better cure of his hawks, to peruse every morning with great care the mute of his hawks. For that it doth greatly concern the good health and state of them, to find out at the first their indisposition and diseases, before they be too deeply rooted and confirmed in them, when truly it will prove a very hard and difficult matter to remove the evil,  
But now I count it high time to proceed, and descend to the knowledge and particular cure of the ordinary evils, and diseases, which do plague and pester hawks. In which discourse, to observe some method and order, I will speak generally of all infirmities and ill accidents happening to the bodies of hawks, as namely of the fever, and so consequently of every special disease that belongeth to each particular member of a hawk, aswell those that are within the body as with out: And besides all these, of the gorge, guts, and liver, of the stripes and bruises that happen to hawks: and lastly of their feathers, and other evils. Laying down to your view in the latter part hereof, such instruments and tools as Falconers do use to cauterize their hawks withal, with such other ordinary remedies, as they do commonly bestow upon their diseased and sick hawks.   

Or the Fever or Ague wherewith hawks are wont to be molested and troubled.  
I have noted and observed, that the fever happeneth unto hawks, by reason of some small cold, and heat ensuing the same. And verily in mine opinion, it doth much resemble the Tertian, wherewith we ourselves are daily vexed. You may easily guess this grief, when you see your hawk shake & tremble, and presently after hold her wings close under her train, stooping down with her head to the groundwarde. And besides all these tokens, you have one more, which is, that your hawk will have her barb feathers under her beak staring, and out of order, and sometimes eke she will refuse her meat. And if happily you touch her with your hand, you shall feel sensible the extremity of heat that doth surcharge her. All, or the most part of these signs, do evidently argue your hawk to be troubled with a fever, a very dangerous grief, but not altogether deadly, for that I have seen many hawks recured of this disease. Wherefore all your care must be, to cool and refresh her, because in deed the fever is nothing else but aninordinate heat. In this case, her feeding must be either the leg of a chicken or a young pigeon, or some other small fowl, but sparrows last of all, for they are not to be allowed in the beginning of the disease, for their great heat. And you must remember to wash her me●● in the water of bugloss, or endive, or in a mucillage of Psillium, in the juice of Cowcombers or melons, and afterwards dry it in a cloth, & so give it her to féedeon. Moreover you must (if you do well) bathe the perch, and also her legs in the summer with plantain water (or for want of the water, with the very juice of it) with lettuce water, or Nightshade water, and sometimes among with the juice of Henbane, lettuce water, Nenuphar, Howsléeke, and such other cooling devices, to delay her inordinate heat & inflammation, setting her in some out place where the air is fresh, but not where she may take the air too much, for that may breed a further inconvenience. If your sick hawk be very low brought in state, you must allow her a gorge twice a day, but with discretion and judgement, not giving her overmuch at one time. And if so the fever cease not by these practices aforesaid, it shall be well done to give your Falcon of excellent good rhubarb, finely beaten to powder, two scrouples, in a Cotton casting, to purge & scour her choler, which is the very original ground of her fever. There are some that do will & prescribe, that you must let your Falcon blood in the thigh, which albert I have not experimented, yet doth it stand with reason, that it may do good, if you can finely do it: but it were much better in mine opinion, to open the vain under her right wing, because that would chiefly refrigerate, & cool the liver out of hand, & so by a consequent, the whole body throughout. This order aforesaid is to be used, if the fever be a hot fever wherewith your hawk is molested. But if it happen to be a cold fever which you shall perceive, by that your hawk will be extreme cold, if you touch her. Her eyes look not of their wont hue, and besides all this, she seldom mewteth and that with great pain.  
Then you must set her in some warm place, & after her fit of cold is past, she must be gently borne on the fist. Besides when the fever hath left her, for that time you should let her flee a little, it will do her great good. Look that her meat wherewith you fée●er, be hot flesh, as sparrows, (which in this cold fever are very well to be allowed, though in the hot ague I told you they were hurtful) pullets, pigeons, & such like hot fowls, the flesh of whom you must wash in wine wherein have been boiled these hot things following, as Sage, Mints, Pelamountaine, cloves, cinnamon, & such other sweet comfortable devices. Besides, you may give your hawk the foresaid flesh if it please you, with honey, and a little powder of Oil, Fenell, & Commin meddled together. But specially you must observe this rule, and remember it well, not to give your hawk gorge upon gorge: and again, if your hawk be high in flesh when this disease taketh her, she must be fed with little and seldom, although in deed it be very good at all times, howsoever she be affected, to keep a reasonable hand upon her, as touching her diet, whether thee be diseased or in perfect state. For of over great gorges, and too full and liberal a hand, do proceed a thousand mischiefs and diseases to a hawk, as experience doth daily instruct us, both to the great pains of those silly birds, and the great grief and cost of the unskilful keeper, whose purpose and meaning perhaps, is by giving his hawk liberally, to have her flee lustily, and to continue in perfect health and state, whereas in troth nothing doth so much offend a hawk, as too great a gorge. As in all other things, so in this likewise, The mean is best.  
Some Falconers do prescribe this method for cure of the feverin a hawk, which I do not greatly commend or allow. They will you to take rhubarb, musk, Sugar Candie, & the juice of Motherwoort, and making a pill of those things aforesaid, to give it your hawk, feeding her afterwards with sparrows, or young rats, which are very hot meat.  
Othersome appoint a paste or mixture to be made, as big as a nut, of these things following, which being steeped a space in vinegar, must be given her, not dealing with her in six hours after, at the least. They take to the composition of this paste, Aloes, musk, and the sat of a hen, equal portions, giving it the hawk in manner aforesaid.  
The signs that they give to know the fever, are the writhing of the hawks train, the coldness of her foot, and oftentimes the casting of her gorge. But the first rules and remedies do satisfy me sufficiently, without these, because I find in them some more reason: yet do not think it amiss, to set down divers men's opinions, because every man may make his choice: for what likethone, perhaps contents not another.   

Of diseases of the head, and first of the apoplexy or falling evil.  
Having in purpose to treat of the diseases wherewith hawks those silly birds are vexed in their heads, I must do you to know, that under the name and term of the head, I do not only comprise that part that containeth the brain, but also the ears, eyes, beak, or chap, nares, & mouth of the hawk: all which parts are subject to sundry diseases and evils. But first of all, I mean to speak of the chiefest, and most principal part of all the rest, & of such maladies as light upon the brain, and after that, of such as happen to the external and outward parts of the hawks head. Among all which infirmities and griefs, I account the apoplexy (whom the Italians call Gozza) the greatest and most perilous, as the which doth ordinarily cause and bring sudden death.  
This mischief doth commonly befall hawks, by mean of too much grease, and store of blood, for that at that time there doth happily break some one vain or other in the brain, which doth fill some concavity or hollow cell of the brain with blood, in which cells, (as the learned do imagine and affirm) the animal spirits are engendered, and have their beginning. Without which animal spirits, no living creature can either have sense or moving. Whereupon it doth follow of very necessity, and by a mere consequent, that the passage of those spirits being shut up, and intercluded, the creature whatsoever it be, must die.  
Again, it may happen, for that the hawk hath been set too long in the heat of the sun, for by that occasion there may be so much humidity and moist humour drawn up into the brain, as may engender this evil, and procure this mischief in the hawk.  
Moreover it may chance by making a long flight at a pheasant or Partridge, in the heat of the day, by mean of which the hawk hath surcharged herself with overmuch travail. Wherefore it shall be behoveful and necessary so to use the matter with care and diligence, as it may be foreseen, that hawks incur not this adventure and evil. Whereupon for that hawks in the mew, are accustomed to gather much grease, it shall be good for the space of fifteen or twenty days before the drawing of them out of the mew, to feed them with liquid and slipper flesh, such as may lightly be put over, and pass through them. As namely, with the hearts of calves, lambs, or goats, washed in lukewarm water, and afterwards dried in a linen cloth, before you give it your hawk.  
Likewise may you boldly feed your hawks before they are drawn out of the mewe with small pullet's, and young sparrows. When you have thus done, and observed this order of feeding them, when the time is come to draw them out of the mewe, you must remember to draw them very orderly, and after that, to continue the same kind of feeding, and to keep the same hand upon them for other twenty days space at the least, to scour and disburden your hawks of that slime and glitte, which doth surcharge them, having them always for the most part on the fist, and especially at night. Neither shall it be evil to scour them, (or as our Ostregers and Falconers do term it) to enseam them, by giving them a quantity of washed Aloes, allowing a Falcon as much as the bigness of a bean beaten in the powder, wrapped in Cotton, & so to make her a scouring thereof, and beside to give her Sugar Candie two or three mornings. But in any condition you must beware not to use Aloes unwashed, because thereof are bred sundry ill accidents in hawks. And for that occasion is it prescribed you to use Aloes washed, to avoid that undoubted evil which would otherwise happen.  
Moreover, I have happily, and with good success approved this remedy. I have given so much lard, or butter, as I could well convey into my hawks throat, when she hath been empty above, having first prepared the lard, or butter, by washing it seven, eight, or more times in clear water, and afterwards letting it soak in Rose-water a space, and lastly, by putting unto it of the best Sugar that I could get, or Sugar Candie beaten to powder. And my order was, ever to give this scouring every seventh or eight day. And this is not alone to be used to hawks in the mew, but also to such as are kept on the perch and stock. But if it so fall out, that by these devices and scourings you cannot make your hawk have a stomach, and greedy appetite to feed, it shall not be evil to piss upon her meat, and having dried it in part again, to give her a gorge sufficient, so much as may serve her, and as she will take. For the more liquid and slipper flesh you give her, the sooner will she be enseamed. And by this means do Falconers preserve their hawks from the falling evil, and sudden mischief, 
Addition.  and besides that from sundry other perilous accidents, that do follow those silly birds. [But if you take fine lard and beat it with Rue and hyssop till it be all one body, and then make a round pill and give it to the hawk, it will help all diseases of the head.]   

Of the Apostumes of the head.  
Falcon's, goshawks, and other birds of prey, are wont to be much cumbered and molested with the swelling of the head, and the Apostume thereof, a very grievous evil, occasioned by abundance of evil humours, & the heat of the head. It is discerned by the swelling of the hawks eyes, by the moistur which sundry times issueth and distilleth from the ears, and often eke by evil savour, and smell of the Apostume. Also it may be perceived by the small desire the hawk hath to move or advance herself by the wresting of her head, and the little regard she hath to tire and pull the flesh that she feedeth on, as though indeed tiring were very painful to her, and by that she is scarce able to open her clap, and beak, after her accustomed manner.  
Against this most perilous evil, it shall be very necessary first of all to scour your hawk thoroughly, and after that the head in chief.  
As touching the general scouring. I can commend and allow you to give her three or four mornings, when she hath no meat to put over, a pill as big as a nut of butter washed seven or eight times in fresh water, and steeped well in Rose water, mingling it afterward with honey of Roses, & very good sugar, holding your hawk on the fist, till she make one or two mewtes. Which being done, to disburden and scour the head, it shall be excellent well done to take of rue seed four drams, Aloes Epatick two drams, Saffron one scruple, reducing and forcing all these to fine powder, and with a quantity convenient of honey of Roses to make a pill of that bigness and size, as may well be conveyed into the hawks beak, by which her brain may be purged and scoured, thrusting the pill so deep into her throat, as you may well see, holding her a space after it upon the fist. And that done, setting her down on the perch, in a convenient place, fit for the time, and two hours after, to feed her at her accustomed time with good hot meat.  
But if happily there be any of the corruption and filth in the hawks ear, it shall be very necessary, carefully with an instrument of silver, or other good metal for the nonce, that the one end be sharp pointed and edged, of purpose to apply lint, and on the other end hollow, and fashioned like unto the ear of a hawk, to cleanse and remove the filth that furreth the hawks ear. And with that end, whereon the lint or bombast is, to scour it very daintily, and presently upon the same, to infuse and drop in a quantity of oil of sweet almonds, fresh and lukewarm, and after the same to convey into the ear a little lint or bombast, to keep in the oil, till such time she be dressed again, to the end the oil, may supply and mollify the filth, so as it may easily be removed and cleansed. And this order must you observe and continue, until the Apostume be resolved & thoroughly ripe. But if it so fall out, that the Aposthume will not come to maturation, or ripe, in sort as it may grow to suppuration, and be mundified in manner aforesaid, but will rest at one stay in the head of the hawk: then must you be fain to come to cauterize the head aloft, and bestow a button there, to cause the humour to breath, and to bring the corrupt matter thither, remembering after this fire and cautery to remove the eschar, by bestowing on it for the space of eight or nine days, butter, by which you shall easily remove the crust or eschar, which is made by the fire.  
You must not forget, if it be so, as your hawk be so weak as she is unable, or so froward as she will not feed and tire upon her meat which you give her, then to cut it in small pellets, and so give it her, either by fair means or fowl, not leaving to use it so, if it be possible, as she may receive it willingly, and feed herself, because it may the better nourish her. For this is one undoubted rule, that when a hawk doth refuse to feed and tire, she is very unlusty, and diseased, and not one among a hundredth of them, that doth recover. And for mine own part, in all my time, I have recovered but one Falcon being so diseased, and that by the mean and cure aforesaid, and by using this cautery.  
Let this suffice, as touching this monstrous accident, for I mean to refer you to another place for the cautery and fire, which you shall use to hawks where I will speak specially thereof. Only giving you this caveat before you go, that this evil of the head, is infectious, and will pass from one hawk to another, as the maungie doth among Spaniels, or any such contagious disease. Wherefore it shall be very good to sequester and sunder the hawk that is thus affected, from your other hawks, for avoiding of the same evil.   

Of the distillation and swelling of a hawks head, and also of her eyes and na●es.  
Hawks are accustomed to have a certain distillation or catarrh in their heads, because when they ard hard sléen withal, & set in great heats, by long and painful flights, they easily take cold upon the same, either through some unhappy storms of weather, or great winds, or by reason of the extreme cold of winter, & chief when they are full of gross and naughty humours.  
Of this catarrh or distillation, sundry times there grow a thousand mischiefs to those poor birds, and specially the swelling of the head, with a kind of dropping humour, which is the cause many times, that the hawks eyes become less, and are contracted in a manner together. Beside which inconvenience, the nares also become to be stuffed and stopped with excessive excrement that descendeth from the brain. All which evil accidents do require, and stand needful of several cures before they can be removed, and the hawks enjoy their accustomed health.  
Wherefore first of all, it shall be necessary to scour your hawk being thus affected and diseased, with Butter prepaed in manner aforesaid, or with oil olive prepared after that fashion, as I shall instruct yond in the Chapter of the Pantas.  
I have in the catarrh of Falcons, (as also of other hawks) diverse times used with great good fortune and success, to give them of Agaricke two scruples, of cinnamon finely beaten, of the juice of Liquorish, of either one scruple, being make also into powder, and with a quantity of honey of Roses, to make all those things aforesaid into a pill, as big as a bean, for the largest sort of hawks, and for other less hawks, half as big. And this was I accustomed to give my Falcon, and other hawks in the morning, having nothing above in their gorges, holding my hawkeon the fist, until such time the medicine began to work, because she should not cast the scouring, (which then would do her no pleasure at all,) and after three hours then to feed her with some meat. You must remember, and note this very well, that if your hawk to whom you give this scouring be greasy, and full of flesh, you may boldly give it her two or three mornings. But if she be poor, and low, then once or twice to allow this scouring, will very well suffice her. For there is ever respect to be had of the state of a hawk, when any upward or downward scouring is given them, for otherwise it will do them greater mischief than pleasure.  
But when you perceive your hawks head to swell, and her eyes to be full of dropping humours, and to wax less than naturally they were accustomed to be, by mean of the swelling of her head: It shall be good, having given her this general scouring, that I have spoken of, to scour the head alone, and purge it with some devise, to force her snite and snifle, as men do accustom to sneeze: and to force her thereunto, you may take Pepper, cloves, & mustard seed, of each one a like quantity, making them all into very fine powder, as is possible, & then with a whistle of silver, or other like metal, (yea though it be but a quill, it will serve the turn) being applied upon hernares, to blow it into hernares as strongly as you may, to make it pierce the furtherin. And besides that, you may rub and frot the palate of your hawk with the said powder, and not feed her after it, until such time she hath left sniting, and snifling. If you continue this practice three or four days, your hawk shall recover assuredly.  
To discharge the head of a hawk, that is stuffed with ill humour, stavesaker which the Apothecaries do sell in the winter, I have found a very excellent thing, and of great force, giving of it the bigness of a bean unto my hawk, being empty, and having nothing above. And withal I was accustomed to rub the palate of her mouth, forcing also some part of the powder to ascend up into the head, by the hole that goeth to the brain: and after I had so done, would cast my hawk to the perch, unhooding her. Which was no sooner done, but you should see her cast a world of slimy filth and moist humour, and snyse at her nares as fast.  
But if it be so, that the abundance of humours in the head, by none of these aforesaid remedies will be removed, applying them never so often, nor the mischief cease to vex your hawk which you shall easily discern by her slimy castings, and the abundance of filth that will issue at her nares: then must you of force be driven ventrously to flee to the actual cautery, & with an iron button heat in the fire, to cauterize her upon the head, using no less judgement and discretion therein, than the daintiness of the place requires, regarding the bone of the hawks head, which is not very strong, or hard. And before you do use the cautery, it is necessary to cut away those feathers, that are growing about the place where you mean to bestow your fire.  
If with this monstrous moistness of your hawks head, there be joined a swelling, or the dropping of her eyes: in that case I do think it best to bestow your button upon her head, just betwixt her eyes, observing the same order that I have already prescribed you.  
When the nares of your hawk are stuffed with filth, and surcharged with such distillation from the head, as I have spoken of: after a convenient scouring, then shall it be good to take Pepper and Mustard séed beaten into fine powder, and putting it into a clean linen cloth, to steep it a space in the strongest vinegar you can get: and that done, to bestow some few drops thereof upon her nares, so as they may enter and pierce her nares. For truly this devise will so scour and dry up the humour, as it will do great pleasure. But if so with these remedies and means you cannot resolve it, then must you be feign to use the cautery, not aloft upon the head, but round about the nares, giving her a little touch with the fire, somewhat below the nares, to make them more large, always using the matter so carefully as you touch not the root or (or poret) of her nares. When you have in this manner bestowed your fire, and actual cautery, until such time the pain do cease, and the eschar fall away, (which is nothing else but the crust that is grown there, by mean of the fire,) you must anoint the place with fresh butter, and after that you have so done, then proceed to the cure of it with the powder of mastic, or Olibanum.  
This is a very good remedy for the swelling in the head of a hawk. Take stavesacre, a quantity of Pepper, and a little Aloes Epaticke, beat these said things into fine powder, and put them into the water of rue, where when it hath been steeped a space in the said liquor, with a little bombast or lint, bathe your hawks nares twice a day, and you shall find it ease your hawk greatly, and rid a great part of the filthy matter that breedeth the stoppage in her head. If all these remedies which I have alleged generally, nor any one special medicine will prevail, as I said before: then must you repose your chiefest trust in the cautery, which must be done either on the head with a cauterizing button, or about the nares with a needle, or sharp iron, fire hot, or some golden or silver Instrument, of purpose made; applying after the fire, for the removing of the Escarre, and the cure of the same, the remedies aforesaid.   

Of the giddiness and shaking of a hawks head.  
THere doth divers times happen unto Falcons, and other hawks a mischief, whose nature is, to cause the hawk to shake her head continually, so as at no time she can hold it still or steady, but is ever moving it to one side or other, holding her eyes close shut withal. This disease is called Soda, which in english we may term the Megrim, or a kind of palsy, by mean the head is in continual moving.  

The Cure.  This evil may proceed, either by the foulness of the panel, or of a corrupt and naughty liver. The remedy for it is this, which I have found very good, and wherewith I have cured my hawk in times past. You must give & your sick hawk a casting of cotton, in which you shall enwrap of Aloes Epaticke one scruple, of cloves two grains, making these into powder before you give it: then two hours after the taking of this scouring, feed your hawk with a young pigeon, or a hot pullet's leg, using this self same order three or four mornings one after another.  
One other remedy for it is this. Take as much unwashed lard as the top of your little finger, with a quantity of Pepper, and a little Aloes Epaticke, beat these two last into powder, and convey them into the lard, which done, thrust them into your hawks throat, holding her on your fist a space after it: then tie her on the perch in the sun, & there let her stay till she cast both the scouring, & the slimy matter which is in her gorge. And this medicine you may use every rhird day once, feeding your hawk with hot meats, as Pigeons, and young sparrows, and everytime you give her this scouring, convey into her a little Aloes, which is an excellent thing to scour her, and quit her of of this disease.  
If these receipts and scourings yield no remedy, then must you to the actual cautery, shearing away the plumes about that part of the head where you will apply your fire, ever respecting the bone, and burning nothing but the very skin, to let the mischief breath, removing the eschar, and doing the cure after the eschar removed, as is before said. Let this suffice for this monstrous mischief which kills many hawks: yet have I cured my hawks twice by these remedies in my time.   

Of the Cataract in the eyes of a hawk.  
BEsides those other evils, there is a Cataract which doth light upon the eyes of a hawk, whom we may term a suffusion, a mischief not easily removed, and divers times impossible to be recured, as namely, when it is grown too thick and overlong, hath been suffered in the eye, without seeking remedy for it: but if it be not confirmed, then may it well be remedied, and I myself have cured sundry hawks affected with this evil.  
This evil accident doth happen, by mean of gross humours in the head, which are wont to dim and darken the sight, and sometimes clean to put out the hawks eye without redemption.  
It may be, that the hood is the cause and ground of this disease, for I never in my life remember that I saw any other bird or fowl troubled with it but only the Falcon: and perhaps it lights on her in chief, for that of all other, she is most used to the hood, and to be almost at no time unhooded.  
You must therefore have an eye, 
The Cure.  and especial regard to this inconvenience at the first, by giving one or two mornings a scouring of Aloes, or of Agaricke, to scour your hawk withal, because if you should adventure upon any sharp or hard painful medicine, applying it to the eye of your hawk, it would perhaps cause a great repair of evil humours, and accidents to the place diseasaid.  
When you have given this scouring of Aloes, or Agaricke, to remove the matter from the eye, you must use a powder made of washed Aloes, finely beaten, one scruple, and of Sugar Candie two scruples, blowing out this powder into your hawks eyes three or four times in a day, with the Pipe or quill aforesaid. This is the gentlest, and most sovereign medicine that you can apply to the eye in this case, and whilst you do minister this receipt, it shall be good sometimes to bathe the eye with the urine of a little boy.  
If by these medicines aforesaid, the web of the eye will not be removed, we must be driven to use a stronger receipt, which is this:  

Another remedy.  Take a new said egg, and roast it so long until the white of it become like milk. When you have so done, put it into a fine white linen cloth, and strain it so much, and so long, until you see issue through your strainer a clear green water, whereof you shall now and then infuse a drop or two into the hurt eye, using it so three or four times in the day at the least, untll you see your hawk amend of her mischief, and wax sound.  
Last of all, if these things avail not to the cure, I do commend and allow above all the rest, that you take the juice of Celendine roots, making them clean from the earth that doth use to hang to the moors: then scrape away the outmost rind and pill of the root, and use the juice to your hawk. Truly I have found this to be of singular force and virtue in the like accident.  
It shall not be amiss, in this and such like affections and ill passions of the eye of a hawk, to bathe her eyes often with rose-water, wherein have been boiled the seeds of Fenygreke. But you must remember, that this water or coli●ie, be somewhat warm when you use it, because the eye is so noble, and so sensible a member, as it can ill brook things either overhote, or over cold, but must have them moderately hot or cold. This devise may you use to bathe your hawks eye withal, until such time she be recovered, feeding her mean while with good meats, and such as are light of digestion.  
Hawks are of so noble and excellent a nature, as the most part of medicines that you do apply to the hurts and cures of men, you may boldly bestow on hawks, as things very wholesome for them, as by their working will be most evidently seen and perceived: yet must there be a discretion used, in the administration of these said receipt, having always a regard unto the weak and delicate nature of hawks, in respect of men: and therefore the quantities of every thing must be allowed and given accordingly. [For when all the medicines recited shall fail to work, 
Addition.  if then you take but a leaf of ground ivy, and champing it in your mouth, spit the juice thereof into the hawks eye, it will not only take away this evil, but any other grief in the eye whatsoever.]  
It happeneth divers times, that through the catarrh, and pain of the head and eyes, there lights upon the ears of a hawk so mortal and deadly an aposteme, as seldom when, though there be great care used about the cure, she may be brought to perfect state or recovered. And this proceedeth, because the mischief lies so near a neighbour to the brain, as before it can break or be cleansed outwardly, it causeth the hawk to perish, Besides that, it is very hard to apply medicines in that place: but if the hawk be of so strong a nature, that she brook the breathing and rapture of this disease, which you shall perceive by the quitture and filth that doth issue from her ears, give her this remedy, which is a very noble receipt, and approved of me oftentimes, as well in men, as in hawks, to my great commendation and glory.  
Take honey of Roses, and oil of eggs, 
The Cure.  incorporate them together, and power twice or thrice a day into the ears of your hawk, some few drops of it hot: and if you find by the abundance of filth, that there needeth great abstersion, you may add thereunto a quantity of Sarcacoll beaten into powder.  
The Wine of pomegranates is a most excellent remedy in this mischief, confected with those things aforesaid.  
Butter well coiled and beaten in a mortar of lead, one hour at the least, and afterwards powered into the hawks ears reasonable hot, twice or thrice a day, is a very good remedy.   

Of such evils as happen to hawks in their chaps and mouths.  
THe chaps and mouth of a hawk is subject to sundry diseases, and in the hawks mouth there are wont to grow certain white pieces of flesh, and sometimes tending somewhat to black, which do hinder the hawk from her feeding, by mean whereof without any other evident cause, she becometh lean and low. Wherefore it shall be very necessary to look into her mouth sometimes, both in the palate, and under the tongue, because that many times, there especially, do grow up certain pieces of flesh like in shape to a grain of pepper, sometimes less, sometimes bigger than a pepper grain, which it shall be necessary to cut away, either with a pair of cysers, if you may commodiously doeit, or with Roch alum burnt, or with a drop of oil of brimstone, applied upon a little cotton, which an iron unto the place, taking away the corrupt flesh. You must mundisie the place with honey of Roses, and bombast, or lint, until you see the quick flesh underneath it, than afterwards unto the honey of roses, you may apply and add a little powder of mastic, or incense, to consolidate the wound, washing it sometimes among with white wine.  
Moreover and beside this, there is wont to happen unto hawks in the mouth, a certain frounce or impediment, which doth hinder their feeding, as the other pieces of flesh do, of which I have spoken before. This frounce may be very well perceived and discerned with the eye, and will appear also by the feeding of the hawk.  
divers times this kind of evil is cured with honey of Roses, & with the powder of nutshells bound in a piece of linen cloth, well bathed and stiped together, and thrust under the hot embers until it may be brought unto fine powder: this may you continue twice a day, as long as shall be needful.  
But if this will not serve the turn, it shall be very necessary to mortify, and kill the frounce with Aqua fortis, such as goldsmiths do use to part their metals withal, having respect not to touch it any where, saving only upon the frounce, and part diseased, for that it will fret the good & sound flesh.  
After you have mortified the frounce or canker with Aqua fortis, as I have told you, then must you mundify and consolidate it with honey of roses, which will cure it out of hand.  
Also it is very good to apply this receipt following in the cure of the frounce, whom the Italians call Zarvol.  
Take a clean Skellet, whereunto put good White Wine, a quantity of Verdigrece well beaten to powder, of roche alum like quantity, one ounce of honey, and a few dry Rose leaves, boil all these things together to the consumption of half the Wine: then strain it, and with the straining hereof twice or thrice a day, bathe the frounce with a little lint or bombast tied on the top of an Instrument for the purpose. But you must well regard whether the Flesh be good or no, and with a tool fit for it to search and cut away the dead flesh, for otherwise it will do little pleasure, and the hawk should be assured to suffer great pains, and yet to die at last. Having mundified the wound with the receipt aforesaid, bath it only with honey of Roses, & it will dispatch the Cure.  
Take Verdigrece a quantity, bind it in a linen cloth, steep it one day and one night in Rose Water, or Plantine Water, or common water, not having the rest, 
The Cure.  and afterwards wash the frounce therewith, until they be mortified, which you shall well perceive by the quick flesh that will grow under: then apply Honey of Roses in the end of the Cure, and it shall do your hawk great good.  
Egiptiacum is an excellent thing to cure & kill the frounce in a hawk, 
Another  which is none other thing but a very Canker such as men are plagued withal. Wherefore take Verdigrece, Roch alum, of either two ounces, Honey of Roses one ounce, water of plantain, wine of Pemegranats, of either two ounces and a half, set them on a soft burning fire, always stirring them with a stick, or wooden splatter, until, it turn to the thickness of honey: then take a little of it, and mingle with a quantity of plantain water, and you shall find this the most excellent remedy, aswell for the frounce in a hawk, as also for the canker in the mouth of a man Thus much is necessary to be used, when the frounce doth happen unto a hawk by some postume of the head, engendered by a corrupt liver, or some other inward part. But many times it so falleth out, that the beak of a hawk is hindered & offended with this kind of evil, and not the mouth so much, in such sort as the hawk cannot well feed, by mean this mischief doth so fret and eat the horn of her chap and beak. For remedy of that, you must take a sharp knife, and pair away as much of the beak as is corrupted: but if the malady or frounce have eaten very far under the horn of the beak, it is not sufficient to cut it away with a sharp knife, as far as the canker hath eaten, but you must afterwards anoint the place with honey of Roses twice or thrice: and in so doing the hawk shall recover and do well, for the honey of Roses will both mundify and incarn.  
Sometimes a hawks beak or chap doth overgrow so much, as it is very necessary to cope it with an iron, and afterward to sharpen the beak with a knife, taking away so much as is needful for the better feeding of your hawk, but in any wise you must not meddle with the neither chap, because that doth not commonly grow so fast, nor so far as to hinder your hawks feeding. Wherefore that part is to be favoured. Let this suffice as touching the diseases of the hawks mouth, and the frounce, because there is no canker or frounce so ill, but being taken in time, with these receipts, it will be cured assuredly.   

Of the Pantas.  
ONe special disease among others that be lurking and secret within the breast and covert parts of a hawk, is the Pantas, a very dangerous evil, and familiar to hawks: for lightly few escape that are once encumbered with this infirmity.  
This mischief proceeds when the lungs and those breathing members by excessive heat are overdried, and baked in such sort, as they cannot by any means freely draw the air to them, nor yet utter it well being once received, for the better cooling of the heart, whose bellows the lungs are, by nature ordained for that special purpose and office, whereby the heart waxeth inflamed, and by a necessary consequent, the hawk of force must perish.  
Beside that, the humidity and moisture of the head distilling from above upon those breathing parts, & there encrassed and waxed thick, is wont also to be a great furtherance to this mischief, and breed difficulty of breathing. Wherefore it shall be very necessary to regard it at the first, before the disease have taken too deep root: for that then, (for any thing I know) there is no remedy in the world to be had for the Pantas, which is commonly termed Asma.  
You may judge of the beginning of this grief, and know it by this. Your hawk laboureth much in the panel, moving her train often up and down, at each motion of her panel, and cannot many time's mute or slice: and when she doth slice, she drops fast by her, and makes a small round burnt mewt: these are apparent proofs that she hath the pantas growing on her.  
Again, you may perceive it by the more violent motion of her gorge then custom was, but the other are the most assured signs that you can desire, and infallible. Moreover, when your hawk doth oftentimes open and close her claps and beak, then is the disease very near confirmed. And look how much the more she doth it, the more is the Pantas roots on her, and then is the cure desperate, and not to be hoped for.  
The best remedy that ever I could find for the Pantas, was to scour the hawk with good oil olive, 
The cure of the Pantas.  well washed in sundry waters, so long, until it became clear and white.  

The way to wash oil.  My accustomed manner of washing it was, to put it in an earthen pot, that had a little hole in the very bottom of it, of purpose made round, whereby it might the better be stopped with the top of my finger: then do I convey into this pot that quantity of oil, which I mean to wash in it, and with clear water do there coil it together with a wooden platter, or a spoon, that the water waxeth somewhat dark with it: after which removing my finger, the water passeth away by the hole, the oil remaining behind, and swimming aloft, as it is the nature of it to do. And thus do I fix, seven or eight times: so long until I perceive the oil to have no filth left in it at all. Then of this oil thus prepared, I bestow upon my hawk that hath the Pantas, filling therewith a chickens gut washed very clean, of an inch long and somewhat more, for a Falcon and goshawk: but for other less hawks of a less length, fast knit at both ends with a thread, to the end the oil may not issue out, which gut I convey into the hawks throat, after she hath cast: and is empty above and in the panel both, holding her on the fist till she make a mute: and one hour after she hath left mewting, than I feed her with some slipper flesh, as the heart of a calf, or a pullet's leg, refusing to use old Pigeons and sparrows, because they are over hot meat, unless happily the hawk were very low and poor, but being high and full of flesh, those other meats aforesaid, are not alone wholesome, and sufficient for her, but they will be much better, being washed in water of bugloss, and wrong dry in a linen cloth, and then minged with the powder of Sugar Candie, using this order six or eight days, or more, every other day till my hawk recover: giving her every third or fourth day a cotton casting with Cubebes, & cloves, to scour and discharge her of such moist humours as distilleth from her head, which sometimes (as I have said before) is the chief and original ground of this disease.  
Besides this remedy, there is one other very good, and that is butter, and lard well slised, and washed in sundry Waters, till they become very clean, and White, which you may keep in Rose-water, until you have occasion to use it.  
Of these being thus prepared and conserved, you may take as you have need, for every scouring such a quantity, as will serve to make a pill or pellet, so great as you may well convey into your hawks throat, using it in manner and time aforesaid: giving her now and then among that scouring of Cubebs and cloves, as well for the reason already alleged, as also because of her liquid meat and slipper feeding upon those hearts, so bathed and steeped in water. For Cubebs and cloves will greatly comfort the stomach and gorge of your hawk.  
I have found by experience that oil of sweet Almonds is of wondrous efficacy in the cure of this disease, giving it in a chickens gut as aforesaid.  
If these remedies which I have showed do not prevail, nor perform the perfect cure of your diseased hawk, ne yet do make her mute, which happened at no time to me in all my experience and practise. But when there is no remedy to be had at all, I can well allow the use of Agaricke with a cotton casting, because Agaricke is of great force to cause a hawk to slice. But if for all this, the grief do daily proceed and increase, then do I think good that you bestow a Cantery upon your hawks head, betwixt her eyes, & eke at her nares, specially if there be any imperfection in them. Some men are of opinion, that for the cure of the Pantas you should give your hawk two inches of a Lucerts tail, newly cut off, conveying it into your hawks gorge, and afterwards setting her in some dark place, till she have cast, and then to give her goat's milk with the blood of a dove. Othersome Writers do will and advise to let the hawk blood in the neck.  
But I for my part have neither tried the one nor the other, if I shall tell you the truth of the matter, because I do not at all like of these devices: but do assure you, that with those other remedies and receipts, which I have taught you in this Chapter of the Pantas (I mean the scourings, and the cautery) I have done very much good, and recovered my hawks of this disease, and therefore do recommend you to them, as undoubted experiments.  
Betony reduced into the form of an electuary with honey is a very good remedy for this grief, as well in men, as in hawks.  
One other remedy which I find in an Italian Author, is this. Take Mummy, rhubarb, Saffron, & Sugar Candy, make all these into powder, giving it to your hawk, for the space of eight days at least in a chickens skin, if she will take it, if not, force it into her. And while you minister this medicine unto her, all that time let her not be borne on the fist: and withal among sometimes, give washed fresh butter with sugar candy, and sometimes a cotton casting with incense within it. But I do more commend to give her bowl armoniac in a Pill with honey.  
These remedies no doubt are very good and sovereign against the Pantas of a hawk. Make you choice of them, but let the cautery be the last refuge, for that is an extremity. Remember this rule of physic, that ever it is best to begin with the weakest: for if they will profit and do sufficient good, in vain it were to charge nature with the strongest receipt, which are rough and churlish in working.   

Of the infirmity and disease in the gorge of a hawk. when she doth cast her gorge.  
Sundry are the diseases that hawks are pestered withal, by mean of the indisposition of the gorge, when the part is out of tune: among which, the most ordinary and perilous is the casting of the gorge, when a hawk doth cast her meat undigested, in the self same form she received it: or else corrupted, and of a loathsome savour, both which they do many times.  
If she cast it clean, and not stinking, but of good smell, there is no great fear of the matter, nor any great danger: because it may proceed by mean some small bone is crossed and turned in the gorge of the hawk, which doth cause her to cast it again for her more ease and quiet: Wherefore in this case it shall be good for the more surety, and to know the worst of the accident that may happen thereby, to bear your hawk to the water, or to offer her abason of water, to try whether she will bowze or no. For by bowzing, besides the good that she shall receive by it, you shall have evident proof and undoubted show of her disease, and that indeed she is sick, and doth stand in need of physic: but if she bowze not at all, it argueth her to be in good tune.  
Those accidents are wont to happen by mean of over much moisture and humidity, and through excessive rotten humours engendered in the gorge.  
Wherefore if the hawk cast her meat well savouring, and of good colour, neither stinking to smell, nor loathsome to view, and do bowze after it, it shall be good to heat and comfort the gorge with the powder of nutmegs and cloves, with a quantity of musk, all enwrapped in a piece of fine cotton or bombast, giving it to the hawk when she is empty pancid, as custom is to do, holding her on the fist, until she put over her said casting into her gorge. Then two hours after she hath cast it again, it shall be very necessary to feed her with young doves, giving but half a gorge, or somewhat less at a time: & at night when he sups her, to let her plume a little, and if the hawk will bowze, to give her leave to do it, for truly it will be very wholesome for her. By this means I promise you, I have recovered sundry sick hawks, and chief sparrowhawkes'.  
I have over and beside this, used with great good success good Rose water altered with a quantity of powder of cloves, and musk, preparing it after this manner.  
I have taken rose water two ounces, powder of cloves two scruples, of fine musk five grains: and of this have I given my hawk five ounces, or thereabout, after that as my hawk hath been either poor or high in state, holding her on the fist, until she hath made a mute.  
This medicine will bring her to a good appetite, a sweet breath, and will beside all these scour very well.  
But if that which she doth cast, be corrupted and stinking: over and beside the foresaid remedies, which indeed are excellent good, I can allow well that you take the root of Celidonie, or Celondine, removing away the upper rind, and pill off the root until it look red, and drop again, then to infuse it in a quantity of lukewarm water, stirring the root up and down in the water, to cause it to receive the effect and quality of the Celydonie the more. Of which root you must (after you have so done) convey a pellet as big as a bean for the huger sort of hawks, into the beak of your hawk, thrusting it down with your forefinger into the very gorge of her, to the end it may the better descend into your hawk. Besides this, it is very good to open her beak, & convey into her one spoonful of the water aforesaid, not all at once, but at twice or thrice, closing fast her claps again, because she may the better keep it, and not cast it up presently.  
This being done, keep her a space upon the fist, until the root and licout be well settled in her gorge. After which, cast her on the perch in such a place where is no resort, either of people, dogs, Chickens, cats, or other such like things, to the end you may the better discern her scouring: and beside, that she may have the less cause to bate. There let her stand until she hath cast all the root which she received, and that the water hath made her mewt, and s●se sufficiently, which will do her very great good. Then after two hours it shall be well to give her a young Rat or Mouse, newly stripped out of the skin hot, and for lack thereof, a young Pigeon, whom you shall kill, by throwing her forcibly against the ground, with the rains downward, because the blood may gather together and stand: whereof feed your hawk giving her the heart also, and the rains thereof, without any more allowance of any of the Pigeons flesh. When she hath dispatched and rid this beaching of the Pigeons heart and blood, or of the young Rat, then give her in like manner the like quantity, only of the dead dove: only twice a day to a Sparowhawk, but to a Falcon or Goshawk, four or five beaching in one day, ever observing the self same order that I have prescribed you.  
The next morning you may, if need be, in a little lint, or flax, or such devise, give a scouring of Incense or Olibanum, I mean the leaves of it bruised in your hand, as small as is possible, giving her but a small gorge, to the end that towards the evening, you may allow her a reasonable Supper.  
By this usage and order have I cured sundry haws of mine own, and other men's.  
You must note that when these remedies aforesaid do not profit nor do the feat, and that the hawk doth cast her more than twice, then is it a desperate case, and so much the worse, if the hawk be low and poor, for then in that case have I seen very few or none recured.  
Nevertheless I have sometimes seen a marvel wrought in this case, by making the greater kind of hawks, as Falcons, Gerfalcons, and such like, drunk with a spoonful or two of strong malmsey, conveyed by force into her gorge: but to the lesser hawks you must not give so much of the malmsey, but in less quantity. Which done, they have been placed upon a bed or a cushion, for on the perch they cannot stand, being drowsy, but will lie as things in a trance for the space of a quarter of an hour, and many never recover themselves again, but if happily any do after they are thus dealt withal recover and slice, and scour away their medicine, no question that hawk shall thoroughly recover: then is it good to give her of the bloody parts of a Pigeon used in that manner as I foreshowed you, but this dangerous medicine is not to be given, but in desperate cases.   

Of diverse Accidents that happen to hawks, by means of foulness of the gorge, and indisposition thereof.  
IT happeneth sometimes that a hawk can hardly put over her meat, which may be discerned by this, when in the morning she hath of her supper above. This misfortune chanceth partly by reason her meat was overdrie, and (as we may say) so hard baked in the gorge, as she could not put it over, and partly again, for that the hawk cannot endue sufficiently, neither yet doth fill in the Pannell as she ought to do.  
In the first case, I have helped divers with giving the hawk water at will, to bowze her pleasure, bathing besides her feet and perch with fresh cold water: which not serving the turn, I have thrust my forefinger into her gorge, and so helped it along, and sometimes my little finger, or a wax candle: and by that means have caused her to fill in the ventricle sooner than otherwise she would have done. The weakness of which part diverse times is a cause that the hawk doth not well endue, nor fill in the Panel.  
Somewhiles again I have used, and chief to Falcons to give a scouring in Cotton of powder of mummy, prepared of cloves and Nutmegs, rolling aloft upon the cotton a little lint of flax, because they should the sooner cast it. And by this means have recovered them presently.  
When a hawk doth endue but slowly, and hath by that means small lust to her meat, you must thus do, to make her more eager, & sharp, wrap her meat in the seed of Nasturcium, or watercresses, and so cause her to take it. But this must he used only in winter, by reason that kind of seed is very hot.  
The meat being thus used, will bring her to be very sharp set, and cause her to be well breathed, and beside make her lusty, for indeed it is a medicine very excellent, and of infinite virtue.  
Besides, sometimes the gorge is so out of tune, as it is the cause that the hawk at her accustomed hours doth not cast, but retaineth her casting within her. Whereupon it behoves some art to be used to make her cast. The next remedy for that (as I have said already) is to give the root of Celendine, prepared in form aforesaid.  
Moreover mustard seed, otherwise called Senuy seed, is an excellent & a present remedy for that mischief, being conveyed into the hawks throat of the bigness of a bean, to the huger sort of hawks: but to the lesser hawks a less quantity ought to be given: & besides that, one grain of cloves, with a little pure Aloes well washed, albeit that will somewhat vex and wrong the hawk in this care.  
But above all other, do I hommend and prefer a scouring conveyed into a little cotton casting, that is made of the powder of Aloes Epaticke washed, of cloves, Nutmegs and Ginger, of each of these equal portions, rolling the Cotton in a little Tow or flax, making it as hard with your hand as you may, & then rolling it in the powder of cloves, and forcing it down the hawks throat: and presently you shall see your hawk cast it up with the old casting which she had before. This, besides the benefit of that, will comfort greatly, and strengthen the gorge, and scour the head of all such evil humours as are there, surcharging the same. The use of this devise now and then will be very necessary and beneficial to your hawks without doubt.  
If your hawk will not cast, take Aloes, Pepper, powder of cloves, and honey of Roses, making of all these a long pill, and as big as a casting, give it your hawk, and she shall presently cast upon the taking of it.   

Of worms that molest and trouble hawks out of measure.  
NOw do I hold it high time, and the place very convenient to write of such kinds of worms, as do trouble and vex the poor hawk as her mortal enemies, which after a sort do depend of the gorge, through whose weakness there are engendered gross and viscuous humours in the bowels of a hawk, where being weakly wrought by default of natural heat, the humour converts into small worms a quarter of an inch long and more.  
You may perceive these worms to plague and trouble your hawk, when you see her cast her gorge, when her breath stinks, when she trembleth and writheth her train, when she croaks in the night, offereth with her beak to her panel, when her mewt is not clean, white, nor in such abundance as it ought to be. And besides all this, when your hawk keeps at one stay, and is low of flesh continually.  
In this case it behooves you to destroy these worms either with a scouring of washed Aloes Epaticke, Mustard seed, and Agarick, of each one equal portions, using to give it as I have taught you before. Or else by ministering the powder of the gall of a boar pig dried in the smoke: or if these fail, to give the powder of heart's horn being dried.  
White Dittander, Hiera pigra minore, (for there are sundry kinds of it) of each two drams, Aloes Epaticke well washed three drams, Agaricke, Saffron, of each one dram, being all incorporate with honey of Roses, is an excellent remedy against the worms. You must keep it well, and give Falcons, goshawks and such like, the bigness of a bean, but to sparowhawks, and the lesser sort of hawks, as much as a pease, in form of a pill, thrusting it down your hawks throat, keeping her after it a space on the fist, till she have slised and mewted her medicine, feeding her afterward with good meat after your wont manner. And this shall recover her, and kill the worms.  
For the same disease it is very good to give a scouring of white Dittander, Aloes Epaticke well washed, Cubebes four or five, a few flakes of saffron, enwrapped in a morsel of flesh, to cause the hawk the better to take it.  
This receipt no doubt will both make the hawk to slice and mewt, and withal recover her. For it is an approved remedy against the worms, and specially when the hawk doth writhe and wrest her train.  
Again, take Rheuponticum, Sugar Candy, filings of iron, of each like quantity, of these, with juice of wormwood, frame pyls, & conveying them into the skin of a chicken, give your hawk one pill at a time, and it shall do her pleasure.   

Of the Flanders.  
NOw I am entered in speech of worms, I think it good to write somewhat of the Filanders, to give both knowledge & cure of them. Albeit these worms do not all depend of the gorge, for their natural place, & being is near the the reins of a hawk, where they be enwrapped in a certain thin net or skin, several by themselves, apart from either gut or gorge.  
These Filanders (as the very name doth import,) are small as threads, & one quarter of an inch long, and more proper and peculiar to Falcons, than to any other hawk or fowl. And this makes me to think that they are naturally allowed the Falcon, because indeed they do not at all times vex & trouble the hawks, but now and then, & especially when the hawk is poor & low of flesh. But if she be high & lusty, then by reason of the abundance of nourishment & food that they receive from the hawk, they molest her not at all, but rather do her good: & my reason is this. I cannot be induced to think that nature (who doth use to make nothing but to some end and purpose) hath produced and placed those Filanders in that part of the falcon for nought, or to hurt the hawk. But how & in what sort they pleasure or profit the hawk, I could never yet reach by conjecture.  
When they are troubled and grieved with the Filanders, you shall first discern it by the poverty of the hawks, by ruffling their trains, & by certain twitches and starts that they will make, straining the fist or perch with their pownce, and lastly by their crooking in the night time, which kind of noise they utter, when the Filanders prick and gripe them within. For when they want their sustenance, which they can by no means have when the hawks are low and poor, then do they endeavour to rend and break that slender net wherein they are naturally enclosed, to issue out to seek their victuals some other where. And many times it happeneth, that, not seeing to it in time, and at the first, they pass through their web, & crawl up as high as the very heart, and other principal parts of the hawk, whereof it must needs consequently follow, that she perisheth without redemption.  
I have sometimes seen this pestilent worm by piercing and breaking the bed wherein nature hath laid them, ascend up so high as they came forth, & appeared at the hawks beak and mouth.  
Wherefore it shall be necessary to respect the cure of these Fylanders, not by killing them as you would do other worms, (for then happily being dead, and rotting in that pléece, from whence they cannot pass away with the hawks mute, they would there corrupt & breed a filthy impostume in her) but the way that you must take, is, by making them drunk with some medicine to entertain them in such fort, as they may not offend or gripe the hawk.  
The best remedy that can be devised for it, is to take a garlic head, pilling from the cloves thereof the utmost rind: which done, you shall which some small iron tool or bodkin heat in the fire, pierce the cloves, and make certain holes in them. And afterwards steeping them in oil at least three days, give your Falcon one of them down her throat: for the Clove of garlic used in this manner as I tell you, will so enrage & astone the Filanders, that for thirty or forty days after they will not at all molest your hawk Whereupon some Falconers when their Falcons be low and poor, once in a month do of ordinary give them a clove of garlic for fear of the Filanders, to prevent the worst, and truly to good effect. And for that very purpose and cause, are seldom or never without garlic steeped in oil, where the longer they lie, the better, and more medicinable they are.  
Thus must you deal with those Filanders that lie in the reins. But there is one other kind of Filanders lying in the guts or panel of a hawk, which are long, small and white worms, as though they had dropped out of the rains of the hawk. If you will destroy those Filanders, you must take Aloes Epaticke, filings of iron, Nutmegs, & so much honey as will serve to frame a pill, which pill you shall give your hawk in that morning, as soon as she hath cast, holding her on the fist for the space of an hour after. Then cast her on the perch, & when you guess her to have slised her fill, and mewted it clean, then feed her with good hot meat.  
There are beside these, yet one other sort of Filanders in the guts of a hawk also, which cause a hawk to cast her gorge as soon as she hath fed, and do make her strong breathed: for them provide this remedy.  
Take Aloes Epaticke, & wormwood made into very small powder, temper the powder with oil of bitter Almonds: and that done, anoint therewith the flanks and sides of your hawk. And if you like not the oil, for gresing your falcon's feathers and plumes, compound those foresaid powders with vinegar at the fire: but it is certain that the oil is the better far of both, and more proper to this disease,  
If you can, give your hawk oil of bitter Almonds, and not disquiet her gorge, and after it bestow the other cure upon her, with the anointing her as I have taught you, you shall find it the most perfect remedy that may be against those Filanders that lodge in the guts and bowels of your hawk.   

Of the disease of the Liver.  
THe liver of a hawk is oftentimes inflamed by overmuch bating and travel, as it happeneth not seldom to Falcons brought from far and foreign countries by ship, & again, when they be impatient and bedlam in the mew, or when they flee surcharged which over great bells. For the overbelling of a Falcon puts her to a greater pain and trouble than needs. By these, & such like occasions, hawks become hote liuered. Again sometimes it happeneth by mean of an Apostume, which is engendered either by some prick of a thorn, or the stripe of an other hawks pownce, by crabbing with her. For when they have such a stripe or prick, the skin is broken outwardly, but the blood remaining corrupt within, engendereth the aposteme. Many times this disease of the liver proceeds of some bruise against the ground, or in a tree or the encounter with another fowl.  
You shall perceive this disease of the inflammation of the liver when your hawk standeth melancholy, casteth not at her accustomed and wont hours, by her fowl castings, by her stinking and ill coloured mewts (whereof I spoke before) by her labouring thick in the panel, and by feeling of her: For her pulse doth beat as the pulse of a man that hath a fever. Moreover, her mewt is as black as any ink. The disease is the most pestilent and dangerous of all others.  
If the heat of her liver proceed of too much bating, or broiling with herself, you may easily cure her with four or five good liquid and cooling gorges, as to feed her with the leg of a Pullet, or the heart of a veal, bathed in Water of bugloss, Bowrage, heart's tongue, and such like waters.  
Moreover, it is very sovereign to wash her meat in the juice of Henbane, or else (that which doth much more refresh the hawk) to take a little lard or bacon without the rind, and well washed and conserved in good Rose water, and last of all rolled in powder of Sugar Candy. With this receit more than with any other, am I accustomed to recomfort and refresh my hawk when she is sick of her liver. Notwithstanding the other medicines are very wholesome and good. And specially good fresh butter, or oil washed and prepared, as I taught you in the former chapter.  
But when the mischief of the liver is engendered by some prick of a thorn, or the crabbing with some other hawks or foul, as divers times it happeneth to the Falcon, by encounter with a Hearon, when they bind together in the air. In this extremity, mummy purified made to powder, is very good. You must roll your hawks meat in this mummy prepared three or four times, and so give it to your hawk: and if she refuse to take it of herself then convey it into her by force, with a cotton casting, four or five days one after an other.  
If she be ill affected in her liver by a bruise against the ground or against a tree, or by encounter with some other fowl, then take rhubarb of the best one scruple, dry it upon a hot iron pan, until it may be made into fine powder, of that give in a canvas casting, the weight of two grains of wheat to your larger sort of hawks, but for the less hawk, the one half will suffice. After she hath taken this casting, i● she be high in flesh then two hours after feed her with a pullet's leg washed in one of those cooling waters, but if she be low and poor, with good hot meat. Thus must you continue four or five days, giving one day the casting with rhubarb, and another day with the mummy aforesaid. Truly without doubt your hawk shall recover if you follow this method, unless the liver be removed out of his place, which sometimes doth happen by some great bruise or strain. And you shall know it by a continual hardness which you shall feel in the hawks panel, and by her yellow mewts.  
For this inconvenience there is no remedy in the world to be had, although you would try all the medicines that are to be used to hawks, you shall profit nothing. It must needs follow that within five days your hawk peak off the perch. It is not curable.  
Gioroa us an excellent Falconer, for the indisposition and heat of the liver, willeth you to take half an ounce of Soldanel, and one ounce of I●eos, which is flower de Luce. You must beat these into fine powder, and convey it into your casting, & so give it your hawk. Withal at night he wills you, when your hawk hath put over, and well scoured her filth, feed her with good meat washed in these cooling waters following.  
Take water of endive, maidenhair, Cycorie, and bugloss: in these waters may you wash your hawks meat, as also her casting, if it please you, wrapping in the casting the powder aforesaid. For what with the help of the one and the there, no doubt you shall see a very good effect.  
Moreover the said Giordanus saith, that the Gerfalcons are of all other the hottest hawks, and therefore to maintain and keep them sound, he doth advise to wash their castings in this water following.  
Take endive water, maidenhair, otherwise called Capillus Veneris, the water of Scabios● of either two ounces, one dram of choice rheubarb, of the best Agaricke one scruple, put those in infusion, where after they have been infused seven hours wash your hawks casting in it. This order use ever when your Gerfalcon is out of tune, & it shall greatly pleasure her.   

Of diseases that happen to hawks feet, and first as touching the swelling of a hawks foot.  
SOmetimes the arm and foot of a hawk doth swell, by means of ill humours that descend and drop down through weakness of the foot or arm, through over great travel & toil, through age, by reason of some blow or bruise received long before. This mischief may easily be discerned aswell by view of eye, as touch of hand: for besides that you shall plainly perceive it in sight, you may feel a very great heat in the member, so as sometimes the hawk is unable to stand on her legs for pain and auguish thereof. Wherefore it is necessary to look to it with all care that may be, and to use the matter, as the humour breed not the goat, or the pin, which oftentimes happeneth to those poor birds to their great and continual plague.  
The way to cure it, is to give the humour a vent by launsing it, and after that to recomfort the member, by often anointing it with the white of an egg, vinegar, and rose-water, well beaten and coiled together, or else with very good old oil of olives, such as you can come by out of a bottle wherein oil hath been long time kept: for those drops that hardly come out of the bottle, are far better than any new fresh oil, and are more medicinable in this case.  
Moreover, besides the ceasing of the pain, to delay the swelling, you shall find it very excellent good, to take the powder of Acacia, & terra Sigillata, of either four drams, incorporating them with vinegar, the white of an egg, Rose-water, and the juice of Nightshade, as much as will suffice to make this unguent soft and delicate, and with this receipt to anoint the hawks foot or arm oftentimes for a space: for this unguent no question, will both take away the immoderate ache and pain, as also mollify and delay the swelling, and so restore your hawk to her former plight again. [But above all there is none more certain then to take oil of bay, and beating it well with aqua v tae, 
Addition.  anoint the hawks feet or legs therewith.]  
An other approved medicine is, to anoint the swelling of your hawks foot with Oleum Petraelium (which is the oil of a rock) and with oil of white lilies, taking of each of these like quantity, the blood of a pigeon, and the tallow of a candle, heating all these together a little at the fire. This unguent will thoroughly resolve the mischief, or at the least, by resolving the thinnest humours, bring it to that pass, as you shall see the grossest parts well digested which you shall perceive by the whiteness and hardness thereof. Then must you make an issue by lancing finely with a knife the skinof the hurt place, & afterwards anoint it for certain days with the unguent aforesaid, and it shall recover.  
Besides this, a very good remedy for the swelling in a hawks foot after a rapture made, is to use this cerot that followeth. Take gum Arabic, ammoniac, Sagapeum a gum so called, of either two drams, Greek Pitch, and ship pitch, of each a reasonable quantity, powder of mastic three ounces, of oil of juniper, or of the Firtrée, new wax as much as will suffice to make a Cerot according to art: dissolve your gums in vinegar, which done, spread of this upon a plegga●t of linen cloth, applying it handsomely both within the foot and without, making certain holes where through to convey the hawks stretchers or talons: always remembering if the swollen part be broken before the application of your Cerot, to mundify & cleanse the water and slime that is in the wound, and so every two or three days to change and renew your Cerot.  
The virtue of it, is to deficcat, comfort, & mundify the filth and quitture that is in the hurt member, whereby the hurt must of force be recovered.   

Of the Gout in a hawk.  
MAny times for all the care and remedies aforesaid, the gout doth befall a hawk, which is none other thing than a hard tumour and swelling, full of corruption about the joints of a Hawks foot and stretchers, which disease is very painful and offensive, by mean whereof the hawk cannot pray. Truly the gout is an incurable evil, and may be termed a (nurquam sanus.) Let Falconers and writers say what they list, I for my part can thus much assure you, that in all my life, I was never able by any devise to cure the gout confirmed, whether it were for want of cunning in me, or by reason of the malignity of the disease, which doth rebel and scorn any remedy that shall be applied unto it. Yet notwithstanding because it shall not seem that I do it upon sloth, & for desire to be silent, I will lay down some one remedy or two used by diverse Falconers, though oft times to small purpose or success.  
Some for the gout do use to take the pyls of wild Apples or Crabs, wild and sour sloes, the rind of an Ash, or the keys that grow upon the ash beaten into small powder, mingling it with half a pound of old oil olive, all which they put into a glass bottle or other vessel of glass close stopped with Paste, or such like devise, so as no breath may issue forth of the vessel, which done, they cover it in sand in the sun, or in horse dung for the space of forty days, and after that they strain it altogether, so as the virtue of the ingredience may be incorporated with the oil. With this forsooth they anoint the place, hoping to resolve and cure the gout, which I could never do upon any hawk of mine.  
Othersome do accustom to anoint the gout in a hawk, with the milk or juice of Selandine, and the marrow of a Bacon hog, & taking a piece of linen cloth, do bathe the member every third day with the strongest vinegar they can get, and do cause their hawk to stand upon all this for the remedy of the gout.  
Again, there are, that with the juice of Selandine, Vinegar, and honey, do vaunt they have made an unguent wherewith they hand done great wonders. But because by experience I could never find these to prevail in the cure of the gout, I leave to speak or write in commendation of the same, putting you out of all hope for recovery of the same.   

Of the pin in the hawks foot, a disease much like the corn in the foot of a man. The Italians term them chiodettis.  
THere is yet one other evil which happeneth in the foot of a hawk, by mean of matter that poureth down in a manner as hard to be cured as the gout, and as cumbersome to the silly hawk as the Gout, for by reason of the pin she is neither well able to foot her prey, to feed herself, nor yet to stand sure upon her perch.  
The pin is a swelling disease that doth resemble sharp nails, rising up in the bottom or palm of the hawks foot: and by reason it doth so much in shape resemble a nail, by mean of the sharpness thereof, those swellings are called by the Falconers of Italy chiodettis, as a man would term them in English small nails, of which, very few hawks can be recured.  
Yet for remedy of this disease, some do advise to open the vain of the leg, a thing not only frivolous to talk of, & a very old woman's fable, or Canterbury tail, but also very perilous to be put in practice. For truly neither will I myself at any time practise it, ne yet advise others to do it. I can more commend that you mollify and make soft the said pin with strong vinegar the best that may be gotten, which done, pair it till the blood follow after: then to bring it to maturation, and to ripen it, apply handsomely upon it in a linen plegget, a quantity of unguent made of juice of lemons, one ounce & a half of hens grease, three drams powder of mastic, leaves of Bittony and frankincense, or Olibanum a reasonable portion, & so much new wax as will serve the purpose.  
Besides this, I do use to boil it in good white wine, all these things together, wax, oil of bitter Almonds, of each like quantity, a little Sage, frankincense, rue, Rosemary, to the consumption of three parts, then pounding well all these with Turpentine and yellow wax, I make an unguent of excellent virtue and operation. And if by these remedies aforesaid, the pin become to be soft, and forego his hardness, then doth it behove you to cut it out from the root, as low as is possible, and to dry it up with Agrippa, an unguent so called, and with Gratia Dei, mingling these two together by equal portions, as much of the one as of the other.  
Over and beside all these, the plaster that is called Emplastrum Sacrum and Isis, whom the Apothecaries do so term are of singular virtue, because they do mollify and desiccate the wound or disease. I cannot remember, that above twice, I could ever do any good upon my hawks herewith (nor with any other remedy) and therefore I will leave to make any further recital hereof.  
There be some venturous Falconers, that will with a cauterizing iron go about to root and burn out the pin, which I will at no time endeavour to do, doubting least thereby I shall shrink my hawks sinews, and spoil my hawk, by means they are so near neighbours to the heart.   

Of the breaking of a Pounce, or Cley of your hawk.  
seeing that I have begun to write and decipher you the mischiefs that do happen to hawks feet, it shall not be beside my purpose, nor amiss to say somewhat of the cure of their Pounces and Talons, when either by striking the fowl, or by any other accident they break clean off, or rive in sunder.  
Wherefore when your hawk happeneth to have this mischief the part of the pounce, or the whole pounce being broken away, you must apply unto it the bladder of the gall of a hen, using the matter so as it may get into the broken Talon, binding it so handsomely and artificially to the hawks foot, as the gall may not issue out, nor fall away from the place. This devise will stop the blood, cease the pain, and within four or five days fasten and harden the horn of the Pounce, so as the hawk shall be able to flee: and if she be a Falcon she shall strike or ruff a duck as before her hurt.  
And to the end your hawk tear it not away with her beak, it shall be necessary either to clap her on a hood with a false beak made unto it, or to fasten to her hood a piece of leather artificially, so long and large as may serve the turn, to arm her beak, so as in time her pounce, if it be but broken, may wax whole again: or if it be clean rived away, a new may grow in the place again. [But if it be not clean riven away, then with a little new red sealing wax fixed about it, 
Addition.  let her rest, & it will soon conglutinate together again.]  
Let this suffice as touching the breaking or riving of the Pounce of a hawk.   

When the thigh or leg of a hawk is out of joint.  
BY some outward accident many times the thigh or leg of a hawk is become out of joint: wherefore it shall be very necessary in this case, as soon as is possible, to set it in his right and natural place again, to the end that no matter nor flux of humour descend or distill to hinder the setting of it in joint again, which must needs ensue if it be not regarded in time. Which done, set the hawk in some such place where she shall have no occasion to bate or broil with herself, but be at the greatest quiet and rest she may, applying medicines that have virtue to desiccate and strengthen the hurt member which you shall do by bathing a linen plegget, or a plegget of flax in the white of an egg, oil of Roses, and Turpentine, with two drams of Sanguis Draconis, and of Aloes incorporated together, and binding it about the thigh or leg which is out of joint, and fastening over and above the said plegget a slender roller of linen cloth, to conserve & keep if the more firmly and stayedly in the place where you would have it to remain. Using the matter thus ten days together shifting and renewing the medicine every two days once, to the end the plegget wax not over dry and stiff to the hurt member.  
I can like very well withal, if before you apply this said medicine, you bath well the thigh or leg of the hawk with a reasonable warm lotion or bath made of Wine, roses dried, mirth, Sage, Comfrey, Camemill, and Rosemary: for these will warm and comfort the nerves and sinews, and withal dry up such flux of humour as shall power down upon the lame and bruised member. [But above all, 
Addition.  if you bathe if with the oil of swallows & the oil of Mandrag mixed together, it will take away all pain and tumour.]   

When a hawk hath broken a thigh or a leg.  
IF by any mishap your hawk have broken an arm or a leg, as sundry times Falcons that are fowl slayers do use to do by some stripe or encounter at the brook with a strong fowl, you must with all care and speed set right the broken bones in their natural place again: which done, deplume and pluck away the feathers from the member that is hurt round about the wound.  
Then take 

Bole armoniac,  
Aloes Epatick of the best,  
Sanguis Draconis,   Of each a reasonable quantity made into fine powder.  
After that take of 

bean flower,  
Barley flower,  
linseed flower,   Of each one dram.  
Then take of 

Oil of Dill,  
Oil of Roses,   Of each two drams.  
Then take 

The white of an egg,  
The mucillage of fenegreke,  
The mucillage of linseed,  
The mucillage of hollihock,   So much of these as will serve to make a plaster according to art.  
When you have made this plaster, spread a portion of it thin upon flax or lint well towsed, applying it upon the rapture and broken place with as great cunning and care as you can: you cannot use it too daintily when you apply it, because of the tenderness of the hurt. This done, bind it with a fine linen collar to stay the plaster. Then make fine splets of Timber all of one length, thin as may be, and in fashion like the scales of a Sword scabbard, whom you must enwrap in lint for bruising the member. These splets bestow orderly about your Hawks leg or thigh on every side, binding them with the linen rollers or fillets artificially, but neither so loosely as the bones may slip out of their place, ne yet so straightly, but that the hurt member may receive his natural nourishment & comfort. For otherwise it would be mortified, and the use of it lost.  
This ligature and rolling of the member must be continued at the least 30. days, for that the bone cannot close again firmly under one months space. Yet can I wish that you unbind your rollers, and change your medicine twice at the least in the first fifteen days, dealing so daintily as the boves may not sunder thereby. And by mean thereof will your medicine, and the ligature work the better effect.  
Lastly, it shall not be amiss after you have thus done, to use for three or four days this lotion or water, to bathe your hawks leg, to strengthen and comfort the place.  
Take Roch Allom one dram, Roses dried, the Pill or rind of pomegranates, and frankincense, of each a small quantity, white Wine as much as will suffice: wherein you must boil these things aforesaid to the consumption of half the wine with this lotion, bathe your hawks thigh and leg plucking away the feathers as aforesaid. And this shall comfort the member so as no flux of humours shall repair to the place. Besides all this you must not forget during the time of this cure to keep your diseased hawk removed from all noise and access of people: and if this misfortune befall her in the Winter time, you must set her warm.  
Moreover it shall be good and necessary in the beginning of your cure to give your hawk, 

1 Aloes washed, or  
2 Agaricke in Trocyscks,   to scour her, to the end there grow no inflammations. And withal to feed her with good meat, the better to maintain her in state during the cure.  
It will be good for you to use the help of some Apothecary for the confection of the plaster, as also for your lotion or bath: for the more artificially it is made, the better effect it will take. Truly it doth stand with good reason that it will recure your hawk, the receipt is so good. All the care must be in the dainty handling of the broken member, and in rolling and spletting it orderly.   

Of the stripes and bruises in a hawk.  
HAwks are wont diverse times to receive stripes & blows by other fowls, as the Falcon by encounter with a heron, and sometimes by some other accident, as by carrying her in a hawks bag upon occasion, or by rashing into bushes & thorns or such like hurtful places.  
These stripes and hurts either are simple hurts (as they are termed) that is to say, in the skin and flesh of a hawk only, or else compounds, as when a nerve and sinew is pricked, or cut in sunder.  
The simple wounds and hurts are of slender or no danger at all, and will be cecured lightly again, either with the juice of Orgium, or a bath and lotion made of mastic, Aloes and myrrh two drams, Pympernell, Comfrey and Sage, of either a handful and a half, of Agresta clear and good, six pounds, putting all these things aforesaid into a stone vessel made very clean, or else into an earthen pot, there suffering it to boil so long with a close cover upon it, until two third parts of the Agresta be wasted and consumed. Then straining it very well, adding unto it one Ounce of powder of myrtles. This may you reserve to use as a blessed and sovereign medicine.  
There is yet one other notable medicine devised by Master Frederick Zorz, and oftentimes approved by me with very good success.  
Take good Aloes, myrrh, Olibanum, & Sarguis Draconis, of either one dram, of fine Grains one scruple: beat all these into powder, and infuse them in two ounces of Aqua vitae, for the space of twelve hours: then after strain it very well, & of this use to the hurts of your hawks head, and also to her shoulders, if they receive any bruise or stripe.  
But in any condition I cannot allow the use of oil of Roses in hurts of the head, as it same's that the said author would have it.  
If your hawks skin of her thigh or hinder parts be broken, fretted away, or hurt by bearing her in a close canvas bag, or such like, you may easily recover her with this devise. The leaves of dried Sage beaten to powder, or the powder of Olibanum, or mastic, bathing the hurt with white wine, when you mean to apply the powder, and in two or three days you shall see it recovered.  
But if the stripe be joined and matched with the offence of any nerve or sinew, then will it be a harder matter to cure, for that the hurt is of greater importance and danger, for than is it wont to be full of pain, and to cause inflammation. Wherefore in this case, the best remedy that can be devised, is excellent good oil powered reasonable hot into the hurt, taking away the feathers first that are about the wound, and using this bath about the member where the hurt is.  
Take Roch alum one dram, dried Roses, rinds of Pomegranates and myrrh, of each a quantity, boiling all these in good odoriferous White Wine to the consumption of half.  
No question this will greatly comfort the wound, and hinder the flux of humours that otherwise would flow down to the place, and breed an Apostume.  
Much more might be said of stripes and bruises of hawks, but I do leave you over to the learned physicians & skilful Surgeons, because I will not overweary you with tedious circumstances: accounting it sufficient for me to have laid down the cures for most ordinary hurts, which do rifest happen to hawks, and of such as have times passed by fortune come to my hands. If you covet to have greater store of Medicines for the cure of any member or hurt part of your hawk, I advise you that have skill in the Italian tongue to slay overto mister Frederigo Giorgi his practice, plainly and excellently set down in his book of falconry, from whence I have collected sundry things. But as touching these hurts and stripes of hawks, I have not borrowed much of him, but have in this part of my collection more used the brief cure of Francisco Sforzino Vicentine, that excellent Italian Gentleman Falconer.   

Of hawks lice.  
Having hitherto spoken of such diseases and griefs, as for the most part hawks are troubled withal within their bodies: now remaineth that in few speeches I show you a remedy for vermin and lice, a particular passion and affection that lighteth on the skin of a hawk, and specially about her head, the ply of her wings, and her train: for indeed these lise and mites do chief reign and lodge in those three parts of the hawks, more than in any other.  
Falconers do use to rid these vile worms and lise in the winter time by takfng of pepper beaten to powder two drams, of warm water one pound, or as much as will suffice, mingling the pepper and water well together, and then to pepper (as we term it) or wash all her feathers with the said lotion or bath, and specially those parts of the hawk whereof I spoke before, where the mites and lise do most haunt: which done, they set the hawk on a perch with her train and back to the Sunneward, holding in their hands a small stick, one handful long, on the top whereof they fasten a piece of wax, either red, or green, & with that (while the Hawk doth weather her) they take away the lise and mites crawling upon the feathers, so as before the hawk be thoroughly dried and weathered, what with the wax and their own dropping away, there will not be a vermin leff about the hawk. For the pepper and water doth so much disease them, as they are enforced to leave their accustomed lodgings: then the heat of the Sun or fire, helps to make them show themselves: and the wax by cleaving to them, utterly and clearly rids the hawk of them.  
I have seen some Falconers add unto the pepper & water, a quantity of Stavesager, as an enemy to the lise and mites, by mean of strength and force that is in it: and I take it to be very necessary to be added in this medicine to the Pepper for the better dispatch of those vile vermins which do so much vex and annoy the hawk, as she can by no means keep herself in good state whilst she is encumbered with them.  
You must remember to pepper you hawk in this manner as I have showed you in a very warm sunny day, when there is no wind at all blowing in the sky. But if by fortune you be enforced to do it in another time when the weather is cold and the sun not shining, then must you set your hawk by the fire to weather her, and dry her feathers: but neither must the fire be over hot, nor the gorge of your hawk towards the fire, whereof I have given you advertisement before, in those precepts which are to be observed of a good Falconer. For if you set her with the gorge to the fire, no doubt she will receive no small harm and inconvenience thereby, and for the most part death ensues of it.  
In the Summer time you may dispatch your hawk of the lise & mites with Auripigmentum beaten into very fine powder, bestowing and sifting it betwixt the hawks feathers which your fingers, & specially in those places where they do most usually haunt, always having regard that none of the powder come into your hawks eyes for offending her. And after the bestowing of this powder, you must in no wise bespowt her with water (as some use to do) to the great hurt and mischief of those poor birds. For the bathing or spouting her with water, is a mean to make the powder to fret away, and consume the hawks feathers.  
Some other affirm that Mint leaves boiled in water, to the consumption of a third part, bathing the hawk therewith somewhat warm, will dispatch the lice and Mites, but for my part I never approved this medicine, and therefore can say little of it.  
Let these suffice as touching the peppering of lousy hawks, for of all other plagues that be fall the hawk, I account this the least, because they may most easily be destroyed, as daily experience doth teach us: and yet the remedies for them good to be known, because you shall seldom or never buy a Hawk from the Cage that is not lousy, or set your hawk on a perch where a lousy hawk hath stood, and she shall be assured to be never a louse the worse for it.   

Of misfortunes that happen to hawks in the mew. And first of all, of their laying eggs in the mew.  
IN the mew hawks are subject to sundry accidents. Among all which (to pass over the greasines and excessive glit that they are surcharged withal, having some what touch● that matter in the Chapter of the gout) the greatest mishap that may be, is when hawks fall to laying eggs, and to be with egg in the mew. For in very deed this is a great mischief, and divers times doth kill the hawk,  
You shall first perceive it by the creaking and crying that they use in the mew sometimes, and other while on the perth, albeit now and then they dee it for eagerness and appetite, when they are sharp set: which as it is easily found, so is it as quickly remedied.  
A man shall know when they fall to liking and laying, by this, from the neck of the hawk down to the very middle of her train, there is upon the feather a certain thing like the flower of bran of a pale and ashy colour.  
And because this accident happeneth by mean of too much daintiness and lustful pride of the hawk, it shall be good to keep her low, and to hold a hard hand over her, pinching her of her feeding, giving her liquid and moist flesh from the middle of April to the end of May, which is the only tune to be feared of all the year for this matter. When the hawk doth leave her croaking and crying in the mew, it is a manifest proof that she is with egg, which you shall know both by her grossness and shilling in the panel, as also by her idle standing without list to feed. And it hahpily the eggs be grown any thing great within her, you shall hardly hinder her but that she will lay them. Therefore (as I tell yond) it shall be good in time to look unto it, keeping her low in April and May. And in those months to minister unto her Aloes Epatick washed, a quantity of Saffron lapped in bombast or cotton, whereupon convey a little flax or tow, and make a casting or scouring of it, thrusting it down her throat into her gorge, the hawk being both empty paneld, and having no meat above to put over kooping her on the fist after it, till such time the scouring be in her gorge. Of this and such like scourings may you give your hawk every third or fourth day for four or five times, feeding her with liquid meats, such as will lightly be endued. And using this order, no doubt your hawk shall do well.  
Again, it is very good against the same mischief, to cause your hawk in four or five bits of meat, to take a quantity of Saffron in chives, using her after the manner and form aforesaid.  
Moreover, it is a very good way to delay and kill the list and liking of a sparrow-hawk to feed her for three, four, or more days if you think good with liquid meats washed in water, wherein the great pills of Ornus have been infused for the space of eight or ten days being finely cut to pieces. But it should be far better if you cause those rinds & pills to be boiled in water, so long until they become soft and tender, and then to wash your hawks meat therein.  
If your hawk be with egg (as they term it) so as you may perceive and feel the eggs within her, besides those foresaid remedies, it shall be good to anoint her tuel with oil olive: which being done, convey in thy forefinger at her tuel, as finely as thou canst, to feel the eggs, which if thou once feel gripe thy hawks panel softly for hurting her, forcing downwards the egg towards thy finger in her tuel, & if it be possible so bring it away clean, & rid thy hawk of it: but if thou canst not do it, break it even there right, and afterward bestow a glister upon thy hawk of things lenitive, to make her mewt and slice well: for by this mean (as my Italian Author doth inform me) thou shalt discharge thy hawk of this mischief, and bring her to be in perfect state again.   

To cause a hawk to mewe fast and well.  
SOmetimes it so falleth out, that hawks do not mewe in time, so as they may be flown with in the pleasant time of the year, nor be drawn when other Falconers do accustom to draw their hawks, but they come so late as the year is far spent, and small pleasure to be taken in keeping or fleeing with them, for which a man is sometimes driven of force to use devise to further the matter, and to practise to make her mew sooner than her accustomed manner is to mew of herself. Wherefore to make a hawk mewe timely, thesmost and best way is to cast her off into a good mewe for the purpose, (made in manner as I have taught you before) and there to allow her of the best hot meats that may be had, as quails, Pigeons, and sparrows, and now and then among to set her in the mewe some vessel, large and deep, conveniently filled with water, wherein your hawk may bouse and bathe at her pleasure.  
But if this ordinary kind of good and kindly mewing will not serve the turn (which seldom or never almost happeneth to Goshawks, for that by this former fashion & usage they doth use to mew very well and orderly (then as I said) it behoveth to assist and further nature by art and physic, to cause a hawk to mew timely.  
To help in this case those kernels or small nuts, which are growing under the throat of a weather, are very good (as mine author affirmeth) using them every third day for thrice, or thereabouts, allowing a sparrow-hawk three or four of them at once, being both empty gorged and panneld. But you may give a Falcon six or more at one time, holding the hawk on the fist, till she begin to slice and mute, and after that a space feed her with good hot meat, always remembering that if the hawk do loath the taking of them, (as happily she will) or do not very well brook them after thee hath taken them, then that you give her respite betwixt times for three or four days together, to the end she may not find herself cloyed with them.  
If at the end of eight days she begin to cast any feather, then may you into the mew with her without more a do: but if not, then must you fall to giving her of those glandulous kernels of the weather again, once or twice more: for using it in this order the second time without question, within six or seven days, she will cast the back feathers, or her sarcels or flags: them must you throw her into the mew, giving her water to bathe for she will very much covet the water, and you shall see her within two oor three days so bare, and in a manner clean without feathers, as she will not be able for lack of them to flee to her ordinary stand or perch. Wherefore I can commend and advise you to have some low perch and stand for her in the mew, whereunto she may jump when she hath cast her feathers, so as she is unable to flee. Especially remembering to séed her all that while she is so without feathers, twice in a day, allowing her such and so much meat as she can endue, & make away with. For all that time will she covet great gorges, and rid great store of meat until she have recovered her cote again. And to restrain her, or keep a hard hand upon her, having mewed her feathers, and being now at point to put forth new in their places, will breed her feathers to be full of taints and ill favoured, and besides that her Sarcelles and principals will not be so long and large as they ought to be, by means whereof she will not be able to slay so well as she was accustomed.  
Some others, to cause a hawk to mew speedily, do will you to enwrap her meat in the powder of a frog dried in an oven or furnace.  
Other some, in the powder of a Cuttell bone, taking off the powder of this fish bone, to the weight of a penny. But these practices and devices I did never approve, and therefore do commit them to the discretion of the Reader.   

Of Accidents that happen and light upon a hawks feathers, and first how to use the matter when a feather cannot be ymped.  
divers and sundry times it so falls out that a hawks feather being drawn out of the wing or train by violence and force, the hole closes up, and shuts after it presently, in such sort as a new feather can by no means grow and spring up in the place to serve the hawks turn and use again.  
For remedy hereof, some do will a man to make the hole again where it was before, and to open it a fresh with a barley grain, dried so as it be not burnt. Then after that, to keep it open that it run not together again, you must frame a small Pellette of lard, or boiled honey, which being conveyed into the hole, will there abide, until such time as the shooting out of the new feather do remove it and displace it.  
Some other time it happeneth a feather to be broken in the quill so near the wing, as it is not possible to imp it again: then do they use, (to make the quill to fall and drop away without pain to the hawk) this devise. They anoint the place with the blood of a young Rat, which will cause the broken quill to come away. After which, to keep the hole open they use the help aforesaid with the barley corn.  
These two cures I never tried, because it was never my hap (I thank fortune) to stand needful of the practice. But truly I like neither of them so well, as I can greatly commend them.  
Otherwise it chanceth through the hurt of a hawks wing, that one or two of her flags, long feathers, or Sarcelles are bruised, and thereby both put her to great pains, and eke hinder her fleeing. Wherefore it shall be in this case very necessary, as soon as it happeneth to look and view the wing well, whether there be any blood much or little in the quill that is bruised in manner aforesaid: which if it be so, it shall be needful to pierce it with a sharp needle, or such like instrument to give the blood issue before such time as it be congealed and waxen hard. And after that to anoint the bruise, (and especially where the black blood is) withhold lard and resty Bacon.  
Moreover, it shall be very good to cease the pain, to pour upon the hurt place three or four drops of good oil of roses somewhat hot, which having used for the space of three or four days, it shall not be amiss to bathe it with Aqua vita to dry and resolve it. If you use this mean in the beginning when the hurt is first taken, no doubt it will breed resolution.  
But if by negligence or otherwise it be foreslacked at first, so as the bruised sarcel or other feather grow out of order, and cross the next feather to it in fleeing, and by that mean be a hindrance to the hawk, and a pain, it shall be good to cut it off in the quill. And to the end there may grow an other second feather in the place of that which is so spoiled and cut off, it shall be well done to make the quill to drop away. To bring that to pass, first of all wipe well the blood congcaled and corrupted within the place, and after that, fill it with Aqua vita, of the best that may be gotten, and deal so artificially as the Aqua vita may stay, and not droppeout of the place. Which must be done by stopping the hole with wax, or such like devise. This Aqua vita by mean of the heat of it, will cause the quill to fall away within eight days or little more, by mean whereof there may shoot out a new feather.   

The way and manner how to imp a Hawks feather, howsoever it be broken or bruised.  
Sometimes it so falleth out that the feathers of a hawks wing, or train may be broken, whereupon it is both necessary and needful, to set other like in their steads. Which feat we term the imping of a hawks feather.  
This may be done in four several manners and fashions after that the feather is broken.  
For first, in the greater and huger sort of hawks, 
The first way to imp a hawk.  if a feather be broken one fingers breadth or thereabouts mithin the quill, than your next remedy is, to shear it off with a pair of Syssers or shears, to the end it may not clean or rive any further. Then having prepared a like feather to the same of some other hawk or fowl, resembling the broken Feather: you must cut the quill off it, and so force it together, as it may enter the broken quill of the hawks feather, anointing it before you thrust it in, or seem to place it for good and all, in the gummy fat of a fig, the yolk of an egg, or some kind of Semonde made of purpose, thrusting it very directly into the trunk and quill of the broken feather, and as we may term it, graffing the one in the other. And to the end it may have the better hold, and the faster stay, it shall not be amiss to clynte or nail them fast together with the point of a Partridge feather, taking the very top of it, and stripping away the Feathers on either side the web: and after that, making a small hole with a slender needle, so as it pass through both the quills, as well that which sticketh fast in the hawks wing, as the other borrowed and adopted Feather, drawing through the hole made with the needle, the point of the Partridges feather to fill up the hole again. Which done, cut it off close by the Webbefinely on either side, and so will it stand very handsomely fast, and almost not to be discerned, but to be the hawks natural Feather.  

The second manner of imping.  But if a sarcel, a flag, or a train feather be broken or slived amid the Quill, so as another Feather ymped in him after the manner aforesaid, can well take no hold, or stand sure: Then shall it be necessary to take a juniper stick, or such like dry timber, and thereof to make a small sharp Peg so as it may enter the Quill, which done, dip the one end of it in glue, Semond, or the slime of the fish, whom my Author termeth a Colpisce, the Germans a Leymefische, (a fish as Gesnerus reporteth so soft and tender, as being sodde or fried, he falleth all to a jelly, or glue, for which cause he is detested greatly, and banished all men's tables.) He is headed like an Ape, and for that occasion (called of divers Marmotum, as we may interpret it, a marmoset, or an Ape.) In the slime (I say) of this Fish, dip your juniper stick, thrusting it into the broken quill, remembering to place it so aptly as it may be without the quill, of just size to answer the length of the feather when it was found, and unbroken. Then do put the other end likewise in the glue or semond, conveying it by force into the quill of the feather which you have gotten, so close as the one quill touch the other directly. After all this, fasten and clynt both the quills to the juniper peg, with a Partridge his feather as before. And if it were so, as the quill were slived or rend, pierce it through with a needle and thread, and with the thread bind it hard to the stick on both sides the quill, and it will hold very fast, and serve the hawks turn in her flight in stead of a natural feather.  
If a sarcel or other feathers be broken above the quill, 
The third manner of imp.  towards the point of the feathers two or three fingers breadth, you must cut it off with a sharp penknife a slope, (and as they say) a swash, & then take another like feather to the same, cutting it in like manner as you did the other, so as it may fit with the same feather both for length and cut. Which done, with an imping needle laid in vinegar and salt, so close them together as they may be thought to be one feather.  
The last manner of imping is, when a feather is not quite broken off, but bruised, and (as it were) but marked, so as it cannot be helped and righted again with warm water. 
The fourth & last manner of imping.  In this case it shall be bether rather to cut away the feathers, only to cut away the neither part of the web, just over against that bruised place, leaving the upper part whole and untouched: then to take a long slender needle like a glovers needle, and to thread it, and having so done, to thrust the eye of the needle being threaded into the greater part of the feather towards the quill, forcing the point of it so hard with a thimble, as it may be clean hid in the feather, and no part of it to be seen. After that, joining both sides of the bruised feather together, where you cut the web, draw the thread as hard & as strait as you can possible, so as the point of the needle, by pulling off the thread that hangeth out, may so far enter the upper part of the feather, as it may be half on the quill side, and the other half on the point of the bruised feather, which will strengthen the feathers marvelously. This done, cut off the thread which was for none other purpose put there, but to draw the point of the needle back into the upper part of the feather. (∵)   

How to imp the train of a hawk being all broken, and never a feather whole or sound.  
MAny times it so fortunes, as the train of a hawk is quite spoiled, and no one feather left to serve the turn. Wherefore it shall be necessary in this case, to set your hawk a new train which is done after this manner.  
You must take a pée of paper as big as your hand, in the middle whereof you must slit a hole, through which convey the hawks train being broken, up to the very rump of her, drawing back through the said slit of the paper, all the brailes and small feathers of the train that grow about the hawks tewell, both above and beneath, so as there appear none at all but the long feathers, upon which you mean to work your feat. Then cut off those long train feathers with a fine penknife, beginning from the first, second, third, fourth, fift, and so on the other side of the train in like manner, and you must cut them off a slope, sideways towards the top of the trunk or quill, until you come to the two covert feathers, which too you must cut directly and not sloping, as you did the rest. So as when you have done, the train of the hawk may be in shape like the pipes of a pair of Organs. Then take the train of a mewed jay (if it be possible, because they are the fairest frathers being mewed) setting in every quill of the hawks train, one feather of the jay orderly, the first feather of the jay, in the first quill of the sparrow-hawk, and so consequently. And if the jays feather will not enter the hawks quill, then must you cut it a little, and bruising it with your finger, force it into the cut quill, anointing the end of the borrowed feather in the fat of a fig, the yolk of an egg, or such like stuff, and so placing it right and directly with the hawks feather. Having set one feather in this order aforesaid, on the one side of the hawks train, pass over to the other first feather of the other side, and do in like manner, always placing and imping them so, as in length, and each condition else, they may agree fully with the natural feather of the hawk: and so from one to the other, until you come to the two covert feathers, which you must set last of all the rest, and those in so good order, as your eye may judge them to be excellently ymped by the just length and size of them. After all this, take away your paper, and with a knife wet in a little spittle, go over all the ymped feathers, putting the knife betwixt every quill, close by the rump of your hawk, and so go along the feather to cut away all such small feathers, as shall be out of order, by mean of the imping and cutting off the feather in the train of your hawk. Which done feather by feather, set your hawk first on your fist, and so after a space on the perch, that she may trick herself, and right and enoyle her feathers with her beak.  
Here will I not omit to remember every good Falconer, that he have in his house, and in a readiness about him at all times, his imping needles, and such like necessary implements, to serve the turn withal, and to lend his companions if they need. For it shall redound to his credit greatly, and by means thereof he shall be accounted a gallant Gentleman, and a good fellow.  
Now in mine own opinion, I have discoursed sufficiently of all diseases, and made you privy to the Italians order of physicking his hawk, which I can very well commend, as greatly agreeable to reason. Yet nevertheless in this last part, you shall for your greater store of remedies, & better knowledge have the french falconers manner of dealing with their hawks have set down. But before I do that, I will write somewhat to instruct you how to prepare your mummy, a very necessary thing to be learned, and without the which you ought to be at no time, if you mean to keep hawks, and to have them in good order and tune.   

The way and mean to prepare Mummy for Falcons, and other birds of prey, and when and how it ought to be given.  
Sithence that in these receipts for hawks diseased and sick, I have divers times made mention of Mummey, and of other medicines appropriate and peculiar to sundry griefs, here I think it not amiss to lay down the mean how to prepare it for the use and benefit of all Falconers that shall have occasion to employ it to any sick hawk: For that in cure of a bruise, I take it to be the most ready and exquisite way to recover the hurt hawk again.   

Mummy is prepared in this manner.  
First, you must take Nutmegs, in number four, cloves, Ginger, & cinnamon, of either half an ounce, Saffron one dram, reducing all these to fine powder. Boil them in an earthen pot well glazed, & covered close with a reasonable quantity of good malmsey, to the consumption of a third part: then take Mummy three ounces or four, or so much as shall content you, beating it to powder, and putting it into a linen cloth, so bound, as it may by no means issue out of the same. Hang it so by a string fastened to a stick, as it may not reach the bottom of the pot, but as it may be infused in the very middle of the malmsey, which you must cause to boil again at a soft fire, so long until there be a consumption of another third part. Which done, take it frour the fire, & let the mummy being so bound in that linen cloth, rest for the space of four or five hours, to the end the virtue of those powders may pierce and enter the mummy, which by this mean will become very perfect. And having done all this, keep the mummy out of the sun and wind in the shade, in the self same cloth wherein it was infused, until it be perfectly dry again, and then use it in powder at your need, either strewing it upon your hawks meat, or giving it in a casting of Cotton as I have taught you before.  
There is a kind of pill or past devised by that noble Gentleman Hierom Cornarus of famous memory for sick Falcons, which have lost their appetite, and day by day become megre and low, making a black mute, or full of flesh undigested, which is prepared in this manner following.  
Take Saffron, Agaricke, Cubebes, frankincense, rue, cloves; cinnamon, fine Aloes, of either two scruples, two Nutmegs, choice Mummy, rhubarb of the best, of either one dram, and the fift part of the marrow of a beef, or veal, as much as will suffice to make a mixture of these powders aforesaid: of all which you must make a pill or past, giving thereof to the huger sort of hawks as much as a bean in a pill in manner aforesaid,  
This is a very good receipt, but not so good as this underwritten which is devised by (Messer Manoli) the Falconer to the renowned signor Bartelmew Alviano, and practised upon his Falcons being sick and ill affected in their gorges. He was wont to take treacle, Hiera Pigra, Cassea Lignea, cloves, cinnamon, Aloes, Galenga, Agaricke of the best, syrup of Roses, confection of Hamech, Diacatholicon, Benedicta, of either one scruple, choice rheubarb, Mummy washed and purified, of each two scruples, of nutmeg three drams beaten to powder, those things that are to be beaten in powder, and incorporating all with honey of roses, making thereof a pill or past, which he would keep to serve his turn at need, whereof he would give his huger hawks the quantity of half a bean, and to lesser hawks a lesser quantity inform of a pill, being empty both in gorge and panel. And truly this would work a marvelous effect upon his sick hawks: & if you use the same, no doubt you shall find great pleasure in it.   

Of the cauterising instruments and tools, wherewith Falconers do sear their hawks in desperate cures, when nothing else will serve the turn but fire, the last refuge of all others.   depiction of cauterising instruments 
Having sundry times in my collection of falconry spoken of cawterie, to be bestowed upon hawks, according to though diversity of their diseases & hurts, it shall be very needful for me here in the latter end of my third book, to set down the proportion and shape of the irons which are proper to the matter and manner of cure, being a very necessary thing for every good Falconer to have those irons about him continually to serve his turn.  
Wherefore I say that the cauterising irons are made in four manners, and bear four several kinds of shapes, as by their peculiar pictures and portraitures may be seen.  
Whereof the first assigned to this charact (A) doth serve to cauterize the head of a hawk, because it is round, 
A  & somewhat plain on the top.  
The second, 
B  signed with the letter (B) shall serve to cawterise the nares without danger or hurt to the little start that groweth up in the middle of the nares, for that it is round and hollow at the top.  
The third, which is (C) is a cawterising button to burn or sear the head of a hawk, 
C  and with that other devise on the back side, to cut the skin under the nares if need be.  
The last, signed with the character (D) is oftentimes used to cawterise and enlarge the nares of a hawk, 
D  & therefore is made so small & sharp at the point, the better to enter the nares.  
Of these tools and instruments, it behoves you to have larger and lesser, according to the variety & proportion of your hawks, for that the Falcon and goshawk's head being more huge than the sparowhawks, it shall not be good nor convenient to cawterise the all with one self iron of one bigness, but to shift your tool, according to the quality of the hawk.  
Over and beside all these tools aforesaid, a Falconer must have his pair of knives, one straight pointed, the other bending at the top, a splatter, his coping irons, a pair of Sisers and a surgeon's instrument to serve his use in all diseases of a hawk about her beak and pounces.  
Thus much I accept sufficient as touching hawks and birds of prey, so as now there remaineth nothing more, but the French Falconers opinion of diseases and cures, and lastly, one small treatise and very necessary discourse, as touching the diseases that happen to Spaniels with the cure of the said mischiefs, which shall be the very last part of of all this collection of falconry.  
Though I like the Italian Gentleman very well for his singular skill and judgement in falconry, yet nevertheless, because I find sundry things very good and necessary in the French practitioners which may stand you in stead, (as well for manning and luring, as also curing your diseased hawks) for whose only benefit I undertook the collection of this my book. And partly, for that the French Gentleman shall not grow iealoous of me that I scorn his skill in regard of the learned and delicate Italian, weighing them both indifferently, if I find them both to deserve like due commendation and praise: I have here offered to your view and judgements sundry French men's opinions and inventions as touching this art of falconry, craving you to judge the best both of them and me: of them your neighbours for their first inventions: & of me your Countryman for my late collection: whose pains bestowed herein, shall be nothing but a pleasure, if I may find myself guerdoned with good liking, and deserved thanks from you. And so I commit you over to the discourse itself without any farther circumstance or protestation.   

How to keep and maintain all manner of hawks in health, good plight, and liking.  
TO keep Falcons and all manner of birds of prey in health, the chief Falconers say that they must never have a great gorge given them specially of gross meats, as beef, pork, and such other that are hard to be put over & endued. Moreover you must beware in any wise that ye feed them not with the flesh of any beast that hath lately gone to rut, for that will kill them, and ye shall not perceive how. I find by experience, that the giving of great gorges, and the feeding of them with such sorts of flesh, (specially cold) doth destroy and surfeit more hawks than all other mischances that can happen to them. And therefore I warn all Falconers to beware how they overgorge their hawks: and if they be driven to feed them with gross flesh for want of better, let it be well soaked in clean water, and afterward sufficiently well wrong. It must be done in Summer with cold water, and in Winter with lukewarm water, and it must not be wrong too much with the hand: for the massiness of the flesh, and the looseness of the water will cause them to put over, and to indew the sooner and more speedily. And it will cause them to have the larger panels, whereby they shall the better scour themselves downward of the glit & gross humours. And this is to be understood of all gross flesh wherewith ye shall be feign sometimes to feed your hawks: but not of any other feeding that is light and of good digestion. For ye must have discretion to reward your hawk now and then with some good line and warm meat, or else she may be brought too low. Nevertheless the serving of your hawks with washed meat (as is said before) is the way to keep them in health.   

Of Aloes Cicotrina, wherewith you must make scourings for your hawks.  
I Tell you further that to maintain your hawks in good plight, & to keep them from all diseases, you must every 15 days, give them the maintenance of a bean of Aloes Cicotrine which must be put into them, wrapped up in a little of the flesh, or of the skin of a hen, to the intent that the taste of the Aloes which is very bitter, be not felt of them. And when your hawk hath swallowed it down, bear her upon your fist, the better to cause her to keep that which is given her, which done, let her afterward cast up the water & slime which she hath in her body: and take up the rest of the Aloes again which she hath cast, and let it not be lost, for it is good and will serve for another time. Then set your hawk in the sun or against the fire hooded, and feed her not till two hours after, at which time you shall give her a reasonable gorge of some live bird or fowl. And the said medicine must be given in the morning after that the hawk hath cast.   

Of common pills that are given to hawks for laxative medicines or downward scourings.  
Nevertheless in stead of the said Aloes, ye may at your discretion use common pills, such as apothecaries give men to make them lose bodied. And many are of opinion that they be much better than that other of Aloes: for the pills drive downward, and scour more strongly and with greater Effect. Yet notwithstanding ye may use either of those two, making them at your pleasure. Of the said pills you shall give your hawk one or two after as the quantity of them is, and when she hath taken them, set her by a fire, or in the sun, and feed her not for the space of two hours after, at which time ye shall give her some quick and live thing to feed upon: For the taking of the pills, will set all her body out of temper and tune. And so ye shall keep your hawks in good plight, state and health.   

Another way to scour by medicine.  

Stancsaker is called Filander, because it loves a man, and will cleave to him like the burr.  TAke Aloes Cicotrine, and grains of Filander, otherwise called stavesaker and Cassia Fistula, as much of the one as of the other to the mountain of a bean together, and when ye have beaten it into powder, put it into a hens gut of an inh long, tied fast at both ends: then convey it into her in the morning, so as she may put it over, and that must be after she hath cast, if she had any casting at all. Then set your hawk by the fire or in the sun, and feed her with a quick chicken, or some other live warm meat two hours after, as is said afore: and so your hawks shall be kept in good plight and state. And it is to be noted that you must not give so much to a goshawk, for they be not of so strong and churlish nature and metal as other hawks are: & much less to a Sparowhawk, because she is not able to brook so strong a medicine as the goshawk is. And therefore you must bear in mind that your giving of the said things to your hawks must be according to their natures and strengths, by the good discretion of such as through their noble disposition do place their care, pleasure and minds upon such things.   

To make a hawk cast when she keepeth it too long.  
FOrasmuch as hawks do sometimes keep their casting too long, and cannot put it up: or else it may now and then fall out that a man knoweth not whether they have any casting or no: in such cases you must give your hawk a little Aloes, and then she will cast it together with the slime, and filth that hindered the casting of it. And for want of Aloes, give her the maintenance of a bean of the root of Celendine, in two or three pellets, and it will ease her out of hand. And to further the matter, it shall not be amiss to give her one spoonful of water wherein the Celendine roots have been steeped some space: for the bitterness thereof will force her to cast.   

Of the bathing of hawks.  
IF you mind to keep your hawks in time and state to flee well, you must make them bathe oftentimes, and you must set water by them, though they list not to bathe. For sometimes a hawk is desirous to howze, and take of the water by reason of some chance, or for some heat of her body, or of her liver: and then is water good and available to set her again in good plight and health: which thing you shall lightly perceive by that that the hawk will make countenance of more cheer and rejoice more. When your hawk is bathed (whether it be goshawk or Falcon) let her be thoroughly well weathered at the six, or in the sun. And if she happen to be washed or soused with rain, or otherwise, let her be thoroughly weathered as is said before, lest she surfeit by cold, specially when she comes from the field, and from her fleeing. For than is she commonly marred for lack of good order and looking too, insomuch that thereupon ensue the Pantas, and other diseases. And therefore when the Falconer perceiveth the time to be dangerous for his hawk to take such manner of cold, as in winter time after her flight, or by taking wet in flying: he must first weather her well at the sire, or in the sun, & then give her five cloves of Maces in her casting, & that will heat her again.   

To keep hawks from inconveniences which they take of themselves, or which happen to them unawares.  
furthermore, to preserve hawks from mischiefs which they take lightly by cold or otherwise: when ye have bathed & weathered them, beware of setting them in cold & moist places, but choose some warm and dry place, and with some cloth roll the perch or billet that they stand on. For divers times when hawks have beaten and bruised themselves at the encounter, with great toil in the field or at the river, they be so tired, and take cold so lightly, & do so chafe their feet, that if ye should set them down in that plight upon a stand of stone or wood, their legs and feet would swell by reason of the humours that would fall down & distill from the higher parts, and by that mean breed gouts, as happeneth in men by like disorder. For such diseases light not to men, nor yet to hawks, but for want of good heed and looking to when they have distempered themselves by any immoderate exercise. When such diseases light upon poor birds, they be hard to be cured, unless a man have very good skill to order them, and to provide remedy for them.   

How men should make their hawks to tire every day.  
I Say further, that the good Falconers and such as have a care to use their hawks well, and to keep them in health, must make them to tyre towards the evenings before they let them iouke. When your hawk hath put over and endued, afterward in giving her casting, you may well at your discretion give her (if you list) a little Aloes Cicotrine in her casting, or else some common pill, & that doth greatly scour the head, and do her much good. And that must be done either once a week, or twice in three weeks: and the said medicine is given divers times by such as like not to give their Hawks tiring. Nevertheless I say that tiring in the morning after the hawk hath cast, is very good: And if the tiring be of plumage, keep her from eating of feathers (as well as you may) for fear lest she take casting before the evening: for towards night it is no danger, for then of common course she is to have casting. Let her tire against the sun, sniting and sewing her beak a little at your discretion, after as you find your hawk low and poor, until you intent to go to your pastime. I have known many Falconers that never make their hawks to tire, saying, that it is but a custom, and needless: but I say the contrary. For inasmuch as the hawk is exercised by reasonable tiring, she becometh the healthier and the lighter both of body and of head, by all moderate exercises, yea, and she is the better in state also as you may perceive. And I believe that the opinion of such as say so, proceedeth of nothing but of sloth and of small love which they have to their hawks. Therefore forget not to make your hawk to tire against the sun in the morning: for it riddeth them the better of the watery humours that descend out of their heads, if either before the doing of it, or after, you set them upon a perch against the sun, that they may trick and enoyle themselves at their pleasure. This done, ye may set them in their accustomed places. And because some Falconers are so slothful (as is said afore) that they will not make their hawks to tyre, and othersome have not leisure always to do it: in stead of tiring, I will give them a remedy that followeth to ease them of their watery humours which they have in their heads for want of tiring. Take agaric beaten into powder, and jerapigra with a little saffron, and make a pill of it as big as a bean, and put a third part less of Jerapigra than of Agaricke to bind your powder together. Let that pill so made be put into her wrapped in Cotton, towards evening when she hath endued her gorge & is empty, making her so receive it three or four days together. And you may use this medicine from month to month at your discretion: And by the opinion of all Falconers ye may give this pill for all unknown and hidden diseases for which you know none other remedy.   

Another receipt to keep and maintain your hawks in good health.  
IF you intend to keep and maintain your Falcons and all other hawks in health: take Germander, Pelamountaine, Basill, Grimel seed, and Broome flowers, of each of them half an ounce: of Isope, of Saxifrage of polypody, & of Horsemints, of each of them a quarter of an ounce: of nutmegs, a quarter of an ounce: of Cubebs, Borage, mummy, Mogewort, Sage of the four kinds of Mirabolans, Indorum, Kebulorum, Beliricorum, and Embelicorum, of each of them half an ounce: of Saffron an ounce, and of Aloes Cicotrine the fifth part of an ounce. All these things confect to a powder, and at every eight day or at every twelfth day give your hawks the quantity of a bean of it with their meat. And if they will not take it so, put it in a hens gut tied at both ends, or else after some other means, so as ye cause them to receive it down. And if they cast up the flesh again by force of the powder, let it no more be given them with flesh, but in the foresaid manner of the gut, and let them stand empty one hour after. And according as you see your hawk disposed, make her to use this medicine, to scour her of the evil humours that are in her body, bred of feeding upon naughty flesh, which engendereth such humours, and causeth many diseases in hawks.   

That the diseases which hawks have in their heads, do commonly come of giving them too great gorges, and of fowl feeding: the mean to know it.  
THe chief Falconers say and agree, that the diseases in hawks heads do most commonly breed of giving them too great gorges, especially of gross and ill flesh. For when a hawk hath too full a gorge, she cannot well put it over and endue it, whereupon it falleth to corrupting and stinking in her gorge by lying too long there, and specially, more in a hawk that is low and poor, than in one that is high and full of flesh: insomuch that she is forced to cast it all stinking. And if she happen to put it over so stinking, it attainteth and rotteth her panel, by means whereof the fume and stinch ascend up to her head, and there close and stuff up her ears, and the passages of her pipes and head, so as the humours which were wont, cannot pass away as they were accustomed, by reason whereof the head swelleth inordinately. For the humour seeketh issue, and vent either at the ears, or at the nares, or at the throat: for want whereof the hawk falls in danger of death if she have not speedy remedy. And to discern the disease of the head, the hawk will sniffe often, and shut her eyes towards night, and sometimes shut eft the one, and eft the other eye, and make as though she iouked with worse cheer than she was wont to do: and then must you beware that she swell not between the eye and the beak. And if she do, than cauterize her in that manner that is set down hereafter. Whensoever the humour makes a show to sew out at the hawks ears, at her nares, or at her throat, then is she in peril of death, if she be not helped presently.   

The remedy of the said disease.  
YOu must take the lard of bacon that is not resty, nor over old, and of the fattest of it make slices, as it were to lard Partridges, and such small birds, and let them stéep in fresh cold water a whole night, changing the Water three or four times. Then take the marrow of beef well picked, and sugar once boiled and clarified, and of those three things being each of like quantity, with the quantity of a little bean of Saffron in powder well mingled together, make pylls of the bigness of a bean, and give them to your hawk, causing some body to cast her, and opening her beak by force, if she will not take them otherwise. This done, set her by the fire, or in the sun, and anon ye shall see how she will scour and slice by casting upward and downward the gross humours wherewith her body is overcharged. And when she hath muted well three or four times, let her be taken from the fire or out of the sun, and set upon her perch in her accustomed place, and let her not be fed till two hours after, and then allow her of a chicken or mutton but half a gorge. Let her be thus dealt withal three days together, making her to tire every day against the sun both morning and evening. And four, five or six days after, give her everyday a clove of Mace in her casting, and she shall recover.  
When the three days are passed wherein you have so scoured her, take a little pepper beaten into very fine powder and mingling it with vinegar in a saucer, open her beak, and rub the roof of her chap therewith, and likewise put a drop or twain of it into her nares, and set her by the fire or in the sun, and you shall see how mightily it will open her head. Howbeit you must not give this medicine to a hawk that is very poor, for she will not be able to brook it. And within an hour or two after feed her with a chickens leg: and after let her have twice a day at her hours a reasonable gorge, and let the said powder be given her no more but once.  
In stead of this powder some give this medicine following which you may give also if you think good: that is to wit, a little stavesacre, howbeit that is very strong, if there he not skill used to delay the strength of it. Wherefore if you mind to give your hawk of it, give her not past three or four grains of it wrapped in a cloth or in lint, which you must break afterward, and beat into powder. Then take a little clean water in a dish, and put your powder in it, and mingling it together in manner of a Sirop, put three or four drops of it into your hawks nares, and set her in the Sun or by the fire as is said afore, if it be cold.  
That done, then by Martin's advise, take pitch if you will to the maintenance of a bean which you must warm betwixt your hands, and afterward cleave it to the roof of her beak, rubbing it over with a little of the powder of stavesacre and Pepper till she feel the pitch well upon her Palate: and by and by in labouring to shake off the said pitch and water from her Palate, she will cast: and let her cast her fill till she be thoroughly scoured. And when ye think she is scoured sufficiently, take away the said pitch if it it be not fallen off already, and set your hawk to the fire, or in the sun, as is said in the medicine of the pepper, and feed her with some good meat one hour after.  
And to recomfort your hawk after all these Medicines, ye may give her four or five cloves of Mace as is said afore, after as the bigness of them is, which you must first brooze a little, and put into her casting. For the cloves so given, are singularly good for hawks against all rheums and humours of the head, so that it maketh them to have a good breath and keepeth it from stinking, by setting their whole bodies in a temperate heat. And the cloves being so given every eight day, is enough to keep a hawk from all rhewmatike diseases of the head, and from all other diseases that come of cold.   

Of a confirmed rheum that cometh of cold.  
NOw that I have spoken of the disease of the head which cometh oftentimes of giving too great a gorge, or of fowl feeding, I will speak of the rheum or pose which breedeth of the coldness of the brain and upper part of the head. The hawks that have this disease, endure such pain as they cannot hold open their eyes. And of this disease spring many other griefs, as the pin and the web in the eye, whereby they lose their sight: and sometimes they lose their sight without having the pin and the web in their eyes. Besides that, there followeth the Hawe in their eyes as in the eyes of a horse, and sometimes also the pyp in their tongues, and another disease which is called the Eff●●●●yllous in the French tongue, (I know not what english term to bestow upon it.) And moreover the swelling of the roof of their palate which is called the Wul●, an ill disease, whereof breedeth the Canker. All these diseases are very dangerous, and put hawks in great hazard, if there be not skill to remedy them betimes. And Master Amé Cassian saith, that such diseases breed of phlegm which is in the bodies of hawks, as I said afore of the other Rhewm: and that phlegm cometh of setting them in moist and cold places. Also sometimes it cometh of bringing them home cold and wet out of the fields, and of setting them down upon their perches without drying or warming them at the fire or in the sun.  
The remedy of those diseases is first and foremost to cauterize them in manner following. Fashion a little iron with a round head like a pease (which is called a button) and make it in manner red hot in the fire, but yet not overhote (for iron is very violent if it be too much heat.) Cauterize her therewith on the top of her head, because the grief and disease is there grounded. cause your hawk to be well cast that you may cauterize her at your ease and pleasure, for you must beware of burning her too deep, and therefore that ye may be sure to do it well, mail your hawk fast, and pull off a few of her feathers. As soon as you have done so, take another iron with a point as sharp as the tooth of a comb, and put it in the fire as afore said, and therewith pierce her nares in the mids. Then two or three days after take another flat iron of a finger broad, heat likewise red hot, and cauterize your hawk again therewith handsomely as it were between the eyelid and the horn of the beak, & do it with the sharper side of the iron: not that the iron ought indeed to have any edge, but rather by all reason to be blunt. And take good heed that the fire touch neither the ball of her eye nor her nares, and therefore see that ye guard her eye with a wet clout to keep it from the smoke. All such manner of fires must be given towards the evening before hawks are supped, when they are empty, for otherwise the handling of them would make them cast their gorges. When all is done as it should be, half gorge your hawk, or somewhat less with warm meat. And the same day make provision of such snails as are among vines, or among Fenell, and such as have grey shells, they are the best, for men are wont to eat of them. Steep five or six of them in the milk of an ass, or of a Gate or else (for want of that) in woman's milk, and let it be done in a good large glass well covered, that they creep not out.  
The next morning break the shells, and wash them in new milk as it cometh from the Cow, then give four or five of those snails to your hawk, after that they be of bigness. And as soon as that is done, set her against a fire or the sun, and remove her not away till she have muted four or five times. And if she can abide the heat well, let her alone still for it doth her much good. After noon feed her with a hen's leg or with some small birds, or with a rat or a Mouse, which are best of all, and then set her in a warm placa, and give her not too great a gorge. When evening comes that she hath endued & put over her meat, take five or six cloves of Mace, broken a sunder, and wrapped in a piece of flesh, or a pellet of Cotton, and make her to receive it by fair means or fowl by opening her beak, and conveying it into her. Continue this medicine four or five days, and your hawk shall recover. Afterward make her to tire evening and morning and let her feeding be steeped in milk as is said afore of the snails, for the milk scoureth her body within, as is very nutritive, and will quickly bring her to be high, and in flesh again.   

Another medicine that Mallop in giveth in stead of the other aforesaid.  
TAke the powder of Saffron and camomile, of each the maintenance of a little pease, & when ye have mingled them together, put thereto lard that is neither resty, nor over salted, and steep them a night and a day in three of four changes of water, and then wash the lard thoroughly in fair liquor. That done, take Sugar clarified and the marrow of a beef. Of the things aforesaid, take as much of the one, as of the other, so as you may make five or six balls of the bigness of a bean. Then mingle the said mixtures, and the powders together, and every morning give your hawk one of the balls till all be spent: and as is said afore, set your hawk by the fire, or in the sun, & feed her not by the space of an hour or twain after: at which time you shall give her either a hen's leg or some small birds, or a Rat, or some Mice. And in the morning when she hath well endued, give her four or five cloves of Maces lapped in a little flesh, or in the skin of a hen, or in pullets of Cotton. And so may you cauterize her before the said medicine after the manner that I have showed before in the former receipt of the snails, so you draw her meat in milk or in fresh butter.   

For the disease of the ears which cometh of the rheum, and cold.  
SOmetimes there happeneth another disease to hawks, by reason of moisture of the head which is called the disease the ears, because there issue out certain humours by them. And ye shall know the disease by this, that the hawk will oft times writhe her head back, and maketh not so good cheer as she should do, and is more unlusty. Wherefore search & peruse hereares, and you shall find the disease there. The remedy whereof, by Master Amè Cassians devise, is this.  
Take a little long iron round at the end as a pease, and oil of sweet Almonds, or for lack of that, oil of Roses, which is much better, if you can come by it. Then heat your iron in the fire, neither glowing red, nor very hot, and put it into the oil, and of that oil so heat with the iron, drop a little into your hawks ears, putting the iron a little into them that they be not stopped. For then of such inconvenience happeneth oftentimes the Canker to the brain which is incurable and killeth the hawk. And beware of thrusting the iron too far in, or of being too hot, for else you may kill her. You must continue the ministering of this oil four or five days, always wiping away the humours gently that issue out of her ears, and always respecting her casting whether, it be clean or no. And if you list to scour her with a common pill or twain, they will ●ase her head marvelously well, and do her exceeding much good: or if you do it with the said balls of lard, Sugar, and marrow of beef, it is good likewise, for you may use either the one or the other at your pleasure.   

Of the disease of the eyelids which cometh of the rheum and cold.  
ANother disease happeneth to hawks in the eyelids which causeth a swelling under the eyelid, between the eye & the fear of the beak (we have no proper speech for it) if ye remedy it not betimes it will swell round about: and thereof cometh the haw in the eye which will overgrow the eye and stop it. And assure yourself it is a sign of death if it grow too long. For I have seen many die of it in my time for lack of remedy. Now by Master Amè Cossians opinion, the remedy is this. Heat the little round iron that I spoke of afore, & cauterize her with it softly upon her head as is said for the Rhewm. Likewise which the other cutting iron, fear her between the eye and the beak. Also pierce her nares with the little iron, and afterward give her the Medicine of the snails after the manner aforesaid, four or five days together. And for want of that medicine, you may use the other of lard, Sugar, and the marrow of beef mingled with the powder of Saffron and camomile. [But if they fail, then take the juice of houseleek, Rose water, 
Addition.  and the oil of the white of an egg, and mix them together, and therewith amount the hawks eye, and it will cure it without cauterizing.]   

Of the Hawe in the eye which cometh of moisture and cold, and how it happeneth.  
Moreover sometimes there grows a great disease in their eyes which is named the Hawe and cometh after the same manner that it cometh in horses: namely, sometime by a blow or a stripe, sometime by a disease in the head, and most commonly by hurting of the eye with the straightness of the hood, or by some other misfortune which cannot sometimes be eschewed. And you shall discern the coming of this disease, by seeing a little film growing up from the bending of her beak, and covering her eye by little and little. And this film is somewhat black afore, and is called the haw, which putteth out the eye if it once overgrow the ball of it. To remedy the same, take a little needle that is very sharp pointed, and fine threaded with a silk thread, and therewith take up the haw handsomely, and cut it with a little slicer, as horseleeches do to horses, but beware that you cut it not too much for hurting of the eye, which you must wash with Rose water three days together. In these cures of diseases that grow in the eyes, there must be great ear used for fear of a greater mischief, because of the daintiness of the place.   

Of a blow given to the eye, or of some other mischance.  
SOmetimes the eyes of hawks are hurt by some mishap, some stripe or otherwise as I said afore. Against such unlooked for mischances, Master Amè C●ssi●r giveth clear Fenell water, & Rose water, as much of the one as of the other, & therewith washeth the eye twice or thrice a day. Master Malopin in his book of the Prince, willeth to take the juice of Celondine otherwise called herb Arondell, 
Arondell in French, is Hirundo, a swallow, otherwise called Chelidon.  or swallows herb, and to convey it into the eye. And if it be not to be had green, to take it dry, and to beat it into powder, and to blow it into her eye with a quill, and this shall recure the hawk.   

Of the film in the eye, which some call the Veroll, or the pin and web.  
THere is another disease in the eye called a film, which cometh sometimes of disease in the head, & of rheums that distill into the eyes, and sometimes of standing too long, or too close hooded, which happeneth through the fault and negligence of such as have the bearing and oversight of them. For the remedy hereof, Master Martin sayeth, that ye must take Celondine and bray it, putting thereto honey and fresh butter, and of each of those three give your hawk a like portion with a hot gorge, and moreover, put the Powder of Pepper and Aloes in her eye Or else (as saith Master Amê Cassian) you must give her the foresaid medicine of lard, Sugar and marrow of beef three or four days together, to scour her, setting her by a fire, or in the sun, and feeding her after it with some live fowl, and keeping her out of the wind, and from standing cold or moist. After she is so scoured, if ye that the web show itself much, cauterize her upon the upper part of her head, and likewise a little between the eye and the beak after the manner aforesaid. When all this is done, squirt a little Rose-water into her eye, and if need be, minister thereto the powder or the juice of Celondine otherwise called herb Arondell, as is said before. This disease of the pin and Web, is of some men called the Verol, for the remedying whereof, they burn the shell of a Tortoise in a new pot, and beat it into fine powder, which they serce through a fine cloth. Then take they a cockle of the sea which is fashioned like a heart, and burning it thoroughly in the fire, make it into fine powder, & serce it likewise. And finally they take Sugar Candie in powder. These three powders mixed together in equal portions, they use to put into their hawks eyes till they be whole.  
Master Michelin telleth of one other receipt for the said disease, which is this. Make a little hose in the top of an egg and power out the white of it: then coil clear Rose water, and Sanguis draconis well together, and fill up your egg with them, and stir them thoroughly with a small stick. Afterward wrap up your egg in paste, and stop up the hole of it, that nothing get out: which done, set it so closed in the fire till the past become black and red at the taking it from the fire. Then take out that which is within it, and beat it into powder, and serce it through a fine cloth: and of that powder you may use to put in your hawks eye till it be cured, washing her eye now and then with water of Fenell, and of Roses.  
Master Mallopin makes another medicine for the same disease which is this. Take the dung of a Lyzart, (which is called a provincial) and beat it into powder with Sugar Candy, somewhat more in quantity than the other, mingling than both together. He saith, that this powder is much better than all the others, whereof you may use as is said afore, conveying into your hawks eye water of roses, and of Fenell. 
Addition.  [But the best medicine is to put every day into the hawks eye a little of the powder of Tutia, or wash it with Tutia, and Rose-water mixed together.]   

For the disease that breedeth in hawks beaks, commonly called Formicas.  
divers times there grows a disease upon the horn of hawks beaks, which eateth and fretteth the beak from the head. Master Amè sayeth, it is a worm that eateth the horn of the beak within, by reason whereof the hawk is in great danger if she be not helped in time. Ye shall perceive it by this, that the horn of the beak waxeth rugged, and the beak beginneth to rive and clive from her head. Master Amè Cassian giveth this answer and remedy thereunto. Take the gall of an ox (or of a bull, which is better than of an ox) and all to beat it, and break it in a dish, and put thereto the powder of Aloes Cicotrine, and mingle them well together. Then anoint the horn of your hawks clap or beak therewith, and the very place where the Formica grows, twice a day. But beware that you touch neither her eyes nor her nares. And continue your so doing till she be thoroughly cured, and let her be bathed with Orpiment and Pepper, to keep her from vermin and Mites.   

For the disease that breedeth in the Nares of hawks.  
ANother disease breedeth in Hawks nares, so as they swell exceedingly: and sometime upon the horn of the beak there riseth a crust, at the removing whereof the flesh is found to be raw underneath the clap, insomuch that divers times they lose the one half of their beak. Master Amè Cassian saith, that the hawk hath small Mites in her head, which creep down alongst her beak, & entering in at her nares, do breed the said disease: and that the hawk feeling them, and being molested therewith, thrusteth her talents into her nares. Or else it happeneth sometimes that a cast of hawks do burcle and crab together, and thereof breedeth the said disease. M. Amè Cassian provideth for it this remedy following. Make little matches of paper, 
Here is left out the manner of cauterizing a hawks nares because the Italian hath set it down.  of the bigness of the tag of a point, & let your hawk be cast handsomely, & set your matches on fire which a candle, & sear your hawk upon the place swollen, taking good heed that you do it not too roughly. Which being done, anoint it the next morning with a little hens grease, and so will it heal well, and her beak and nares will not be stuffed but remain open. Nevertheless ye must be feign sometimes to touch her with an iron, which is more dangerous than the other.   

The disease called the frounce, which breedeth within hawks beaks, and in their tongues.  
THe frounce proceedeth of moist & cold humours, which descend from the hawks head to their palate, & the root of the tongue. And of that cold, is engendered in the tongue, the frounce, otherwise called (of the French men the Barbillons, or Sourchelons'.) by means of which they lose their appetite, and cannot close their clap, whereof they oftentimes die, and that disease is named the eagle's bane. For as I reported to you in the first part of this collection, the Eagle seldom when dieth of age, but only by mean her beak doth overgrow, so as she cannot feed and gorge herself. ye may perceive this disease by loss of her appetite to feed And to know it the better, open your hawks beak, and look on her tongue whether it be swollen or no: And if there appear not that disease, open her beak again within a while after, and see if there be any likelihood of it, and so may ye easily descry the mischief. For remedy whereof the said Master Mallopin saith, that you must take oil of sweet Almonds, or oil olive washed in four or five waters, and with that oil anoint her throat and her tongue three or four times a day with a feather for five or six days together. And if your hawk cannot feed, let her meat be cut and shred into very small pellets. This done, open her beak gently, and make her to receive it down, by conveying a small stick into her throat, giving her not passed half a gorge at a time, and that must be either of Mutton, or of some live fowl, hen, Chicken, or such like: five or six days after, open her beak handsomely again, and with a pair of sharp Sissers, cut off the tips of the Barbyllons, till the blood follow, but yet beware of cutting away too much. After this, anoint and moisten well her throat with syrup of mulberries, called of the apothecary's diamoron, and then anoint her with oil of sweet Almonds, or with oil olive, 
Addition.  till she be recured. [Nothing cureth the frounce so soon as the powder of alum brought to a salve with strong wine Vinegar, and anoint or wash the hawks mouth therewith.]   

Of the disease called by the French men Escorchillons, a kind of frounce or Canker.  

Escorcer in French, is to rip off the rind or skin of any thing of which word this disease seemeth to be derived.  SOmetimes there happeneth a disease to hawks which is called the Escorchillons a hard disease to be discerned. It breedeth commonly of a rheum confirmed in the head, from whence spring many other diseases, (whereof I have made mention in the Chapter of rheums in the head, and of the disease called (the Barbillons) which breedeth in Hawks tongues,) as the Pyppe doth, the disease of the Palate, and the Canker, which are very dangerous diseases and deadly. If ye will know the Escorchillons, let your hawk be cast handsomely, and open her beak, and force down her tongue with your finger's end, so as you may see her windpipe, and a little beneath her windpipe ye shall find the Escorchillons like three or four sharp priekes growing one against another, that sometimes the hawk cannot cast by mean thereof. And that is a perfect way to know this evil. Furthermore, in the same place, and on either side of the windpipe, ye shall find two small sterts of flesh, which are natural to all hawks. But at the lower end of them do grow up many little pricks which are the cause that a hawk cannot well cast in the morning, insomuch that sometimes she is feign to cast her casting by péecemele, and not whole. And that is another assurance of the said disease, which may be well cured & remedied both together.  
The remedy which Ame Cassian giveth for this disease, is set forth in the former Chapter by Master Mallopin, where he willeth you to take oil of sweet Almonds, or oil olive, etc.   

The disease of the Canker which breedeth in the throats and tongues of hawks.  
YE must understand that the canker breedeth of fowl feeding your hawks, not washing of their meat in cold water in Summer, and in warm in Winter, which engendereth in their guts gross slimy matter. And when those humours come to be moved, they sum up into the head, and (so distilling again) engender heat of the liver which breaketh out in the throat and the tongue, and there engender the canker. You shall discern this disease by the feeding of your hawk, for in taking her meat she letteth it fall, and afterward hath much ado to swallow it. Therefore let her beak be anointed, and you shall find the disease of the Canker. Master Amè Cassian giveth this medicine for it. Take oil of Almonds, or oil olive washed as is said afore, and anoint well her throat with it twice or thrice a day. That done, give her the said medicine of sugar, lard, and marrow of beef three days together, and feed her with mutton or with pullets, or hens flesh dipped in the foresaid oil, but ye must not wash your oil of Almonds. After this, you must behold and regard the canker, & if you find it white, take a small iron made at the one end like a razor, and at the other end edged and sharp. And if her tongue be very much overgrown with the canker, slit & open it handsomely alongst the side of her tongue, and with your razor scrape away the whiteness softly which you see there. Then take a little cotton or lint to dry and drink up the blood of her tongue, & see that none be left. And if the other side of her tongue happen to be so too, slit it likewise: which done, take the juice of maidenhair and lay upon it. And for want of that hea●●be take a little vinegar, or rather the juice of a lymond which is much better, and wash her meat in oil till she be thoroughly recured. Master Michelin giveth another remedy which is this. Anoint well her throat and tongue with syrup of mulberries (otherwise called Diamoron) two or three days together, after which, take of the foresaid good oil: Then take the powder of brimstone, and of sugar candy, or of other white sugar mingled well together of each a like, and put a little thereof upon the canker: for if you should lay much, it would fret the tongue too sore. And this manner of dealing is better for a confirmed canker than any other. Therefore wash her meat with the oil aforesaid, & feed her with mutton, or the flesh of hens or pullets.   

Of a kind of pip that is in a hawk.  
THe Pip cometh chief of cold and moistness of the head: and sometimes of feeding your hawk with evil and rotten flesh without washing it, and making it clean in warm water in the winter, and in cold water in the Summer. Whereof engendereth slimy & gross humours in the body, which ascend up to the head, and engender the pip on the top of the tongue as ye see commonly fall out in chickens. And ye may perceive this disease by your hawks often sniting, and by making a noise twice or thrice in her sniting. Master Amé Cassian saith, that to remedy this disease, you must cast your hawk gently, and look upon the tip of her tongue: and if you find her to have the pip, ye must scour her with a pill made of Agarik and Jerapigra, given two or three days together with her casting towards night, and that will rid her of the Rhewm in her head, the rather if she be made to tyre against the sun in the mornings as is said afore. M. Malopin in his book of the Prince, saith, that to cure the pip, ye must bind a little cotton upon a sticks end, and dipping it in sweet rose-water, wash her tongue well with it: and afterward anoint it three or four days with oil of Almonds, and oil olive, well washed as is before said: and when ye have done so, ye shall find the pip all white and soft. Then take an awl, and with the point of it lift up the pip softly, removing it as women do pip their chickens. Howbeit ye must not remove it till it be full ripe: for if ye take it too green, you shall hurt your hawk. And look that ye wet her tongue and palate twice or thrice a day with the foresaid oil, till she be thoroughly cured.   

Of the disease of their palate which falleth to swelling by reason of moisture of the head.  
SOmetimes it happeneth that the palates or roofs of hawks mouths are swollen, and look whitish: which cometh of moisture and cold wherewith their heads are surcharged. And ye may perceive this disease by that they cannot close their beaks, and by that they look not so cheerly as they were wont to do, ne can put over, or endue their meat but with great pain. To cure your hawk of this disease, you must open her beak, where you shall find the roof of her mouth whitish and swollen. And if you find it not so, you must search her beak to discern if she have any other disease there that lets her to shut it: for sometimes their beaks grow more on the one side of the clap than on the other, so as they cannot close them. The remedy that M. Amê Cassian gives for this evil, is this: The hawks that are so diseased must have the said pills of lard, sugar, and marrow of beef, given them every morning one or two for four or five days space together, and about an hour or two after, feed them with some poultry or mutton drawn through the foresaid oil. And after those days open her beak again, and softly scrape of the whiteness: and if ye find the swelling abated, then do none other thing to her but only continue your anointing of her with the said oil. But if ye perceive the swelling to rise too high, ye may lance or prick it, but ye must beware that ye strike not too deep, for ye may soon kill your hawk. Afterward lay the juice of maidenhair to it, and continue it till it be thoroughly cured, and always draw her meat in the said oil, or else in milk or butter.   

For the disease of the jaws  
THe disease of the jaws cometh either of drawing the hood too straight, or for that it is too close & straight of itself. And that causeth the rheum to drop down out of the hawks head upon her gums and jaws (if we may so term them.) You shall know it by this, that she can neither open nor shut her beak.   

M. Michelins' medicine forths same.  
Anoint well the gorge, jaws, and nares of your hawk with oil of sweet Almonds three or four days together and for want of that, take oil olive washed in two or three waters, & draw her meat through it as is said before, and give her pyls of lard, sugar and marrow of a beef, or else common pills to scour her both upward and downward.   

Of the hawk that hath broken her clap by some mischance.  
ANother inconvenience befalleth hawks by the negligence of such as keep them: for in their feeding there cleaveth or remaineth some piece of flesh in their jaws, or in the roof of their mouth, or on some place or other of their beak which marreth their beaks, so as it is enforced to fall away in slivers & pieces. This happeneth for want of wiping their beaks as they ought to be after their feeding, by mean whereof both her claps grow so much, as at length it falleth to breaking and riving if it be not remedied in time. And thereof breedeth this disease which we call (Formica Corrosiva) whereby the beak becometh brittle, & is utterly marred. Master Amé Cassian appointeth this remedy following. Look into your hawks beak, coping it and keeping it very clean, and if you find any Formica corrosiva there, remove it. That done, anoint the horn of her beak with the blood of a snake or an adder, & the blood of a hen mingled together, to make it to grow the more speedily. Also let the meat which she eateth be cut in small pellets, for otherwise she cannot feed. And yet for all that, cease not to flee with her. Within 15. days or three weeks after, when ye see her beak begin to grow again, cast your hawk handsomely, and cope her neither clap that the upper clap may join orderly unto it, as it should do of his own nature.   

Of the falling sickness which happeneth to hawks as well as to men, and other living things.  
THe chief Falconers say, that the falling sickness happeneth to hawks through a fuming heat that ascendeth up frour the liver to their heads, and maketh them to fall down upon the sudden. M. Mallopin saith, that to remedy this disease, the hinder part of their head must be perused and sought, where a man shall find two little pits which must be cauterized with a wire of brass. And if that help not, then must you cauterize her daintily upon the head with the foresaid round iron, or else you may hap to kill her. This done, dry red Lentils in an oven, and make them into fine powder: then take the filing of iron the finest of it, as much of the one as of the other, & mingle than both together with honey, & make it in little balls of the bigness of a pease. Then give your hawk two or three of them, putting them as far into her gorge as you can, and hold her upon your fist at the fire, or in the sun till she have made a mute or twain, and let her have no meat till noon, and then serve her of a Pigeons wing, dealing so with her seven or eight days together: In the night let her be kept always abroad, and in the day times in the dark with water continually before her.  
M. Amê Cassian teacheth another medicine: that is to wit, that the skin of their heads must be lanced right over against the foresaid pits, where there are little veins which must be taken up with a silk thread, and anointed over with the blood of a chicken. Which being done, ye must give her the foresaid pills seven or eight days together, taking good heed that ye set her not near any other hawks, and that your hawking glove be very clean. For that kind of disease is contagious, and will soon pass from one hawk to another by feeding on the glove whereon another hath been fed before. And by night let her stand in the wind and open air, & by day in dark places, with water always afore her, as is already taught you.   

Of another falling evil, which first breedeth in the neck and in the gorge of a hawk.  
IF you perceive your hawk to have a swollen neck & gorge, & that she panteth more strongly in the mornings at one time than at another: assure yourself that she hath the falling evil. Martin saith, that you must take Sanguis Draconis, nutmegs, that kind of Mirabolans which are called Kebulme, cloves, cinnamon, and Ginger, of each two penny weight, and making it all into fine powder, strew a quantity of it every morning upon her meat, supping her every night with a rat or a mouse three or four days together, and that will make her whole and sound.   

Of the Fistula, a grief that proceeds through pain of the head.  
YE shall perceive when your hawk hath the Fistula by the running of her nares, & by the streaming down of the humours from her head. For the which disease Martin alloweth this remedy. ye must cast your hawk handsomely, and deplume her head behind in the backer part, and anoint it with butter and swine's blood together. And you shall find a vain that cometh down to her eyes which you must cut, & knit it again with a red silk thread, anointing it well & thoroughly with butter & swine's blood for nine days together, and then it will recover her.   

For the swimming in the head of a hawk.  
IF your hawk gape much and beat her wings, then be ye sure that she hath the swimming in the head. The remedy whereof is this. Take a fine needle that is sharp pointed, and when ye have well heat it in the fire, pierce her nares with it through on both sides, and beware that ye go not awry, for so ye may do her great harm. Then anoint it with oil and butter together, and it will recover her by mean of the vent that you shall give the humour by the nares.   

For all manner of diseases in the head, and specially for the ache that is in a hawks head.  
Whensoever your hawk hath any great disease, or pain in her head, take six grains of pepper, four of stavesaker, and five cloves, & beat them together into fine powder, & feed her but three days together with warm meat mingled with it, and she shall recover. And for want of that ye may use the fine powder that is mentioned heretofore. And if your hawk will not be fed with it, let be conveyed into cotton or into a hen's skin to take away the sent of it, and feed her with none other than warm meat, and such as is light of digestion. For the diseases of the head do so weaken her appetite & stomach that she cannot put over, nor endue her meat. And to the end she may the better indew it, give her but small meals till she be thoroughly recovered. And if she will eat the yolk of an egg, drop upon it some of the said powder, and give it her with hot meat, and so ye shall reccover her. Here are sundry receipts and medicines which I never have proved, and therefore I can warrant little of them: but nevertheless I find them in my French Authors, and therefore am so venturous to place them here in this collection of remedies for hawks: leaving them over to the desirous Falconer that hath a will to practise upon his hawk. For store (they say) is no sore, and among many there must needs fall out some good and wholesome receipts. Wherefore judge discreetly of all: and make proof of such as you like: Experience is the mother of skill.   

Of the stone, and how, and whereof it cometh.  
YOu must understand that Theridamas are 3. sorts of diseases in hawks called by the name of the stone, & scarcely doth the one come without the other. The one keepeth beneath in their tuels, and the other in their bowels & panels: & they may be cured both together. Some call this disease the Cray. And M. Amè Cassian saith that the stone or Cray cometh by the eating of filthy flesh & by mean of soul feeding. For it burneth and drieth in their bowels (as I said heretofore in the diseases of the head) because the filth which they have gathered in their panels inflameth their liver, which doth so dry up the substance of the guts, that they cannot mute, but must needs die of it if they be not cured. Some say that this disease cometh of giving them washed meat hot before it be thoroughly cold, & that is like enough, for a hawk likes not of water & blood both together at once. The stone in the fundament cometh of the filth which the hawk should mute, which thickneth and lies baked at the tuel: by means whereof she becomes so poor that she cannot mute or stise from her, and so must needs die. Yet notwithstanding I have often seen that when a Falcon is high & lusty, she wilstise it out well enough by mean of her strength. And ye may perceive when she hath the stone by that she muteth with pain & by drops, which is a sign that she needeth to scour that matter whereof the stone doth grow. And when she muteth at twice, & a third time after that, it is a token that the stone is thoroughly confirmed in her guts and panel. Moreover, when ye see that her tuel is chafed, & but little drops from her, and that the feathers of her train are much filled with her muting, and that she is evermore picking with her beak about her tuel, be ye sure she hath the stone in her tuel, which we call the stone Cray. Again, when she muteth & maketh as though she would iouke upon your fist, & in her eyes is more troubled than of ordinary: doubt not but that she hath the stone cry. And because she cannot rid it, she is in danger, if she be not looked too in time. The remedy thereof by the judgement of M. Ame Cassian is this: take a slice of lard (or a pellet of soap, wet in salet oil) of the bigness of a goose quill, and an inch long, and put thereon the powder of Aloes Cicotrine: which done, cast your hawk handsomely, & convey it into her tuel as ye would give a man a suppository, & if the lard be too tender and soft to handle, stick it upon a hen's feather, so as the feather appear not through the Lard, (for so may ye do her great harm with the feather,) and so convey it up into her tuel drawing away the feather gently, and leaving the lard behind, and have snails in a readiness to give her immediately after ye have applied the said devise. And for lack of snails, give her the forementioned pill of lard, mingled with marrow and sugar, and set her in the Sun, or by a fire, without feeding of her till one hour after noon. And if thee endure well to be by the fire, or in the Sun, let her alone, for the heat is very good for her. After this, give her somewhat more than half a gorge of a young pullet, or if ye can come by any mice or rats, nothing is better. But let her not stand in the air or in the wind except the weather be fair & warm. At night when she hath endued well, give her four or five cloves of mace broken, and lapped up in a little cotton, or in the skin of a hen: and do so three or four days, saving the suppository or pellet aforesaid, for it will serve twice well enough. And thus shall you scour your hawk thoroughly. Look well to it that she cast not up the cloves of mace, for they be singular good for hawks in all respects, specially for all humours that surcharge their heads and generally for all Filanders and worms. And if you mind to rid a falcon clean out of the cry, and of the said disease: give her meat steeped in goat's milk, or in other milk, and do so four or five days together: for the said milk is very good against the cry. In the book of the Prince, there is another receipt for this disease of the cry or stone. That is to wit: Take the gall of a pig of three weeks old, and convey it into your hawks beak, so as she may take it and swallow it down whole without breaking, and take heed that she cast up none of it again. Afterwards, give her a little piece of the pigs flesh, of the bigness of a bean, and let her stand empty panneld upon the same until night, setting her in the Sun, or by the fire. This medicine is very good for all birds of prey that are encumbered with the Cray or Stone. Nevertheless, if a goshawk or a sparrow-hawk have that disease (so it be not too sore) give it her no more but once. But as for other hawks that are of stronger metal, ye may give it them thrice. And when evening is come, feed your hawk with a pullet or with mutton, or with small birds, and the next morning steep her meat in goat's milk, or woman's milk, feeding her so three days together with small gorges, and she shall be sound. And if you will not or cannot use the said receipt, ye may take a little oil olive, and somewhat less honey, and wet your hawks meat therewith, for it is good to help that disease. Some put the said things into a hens gut lied fast at both ends, because a hawk will take it the better: and naturally she likes not oil with her meat.  
Master Michelin sets down another medicine which is this. Take Lard, marrow of beef, Sugar clarified, and once boiled and Saffron in powder, of each a like quantity, provided that the lard be first steeped in vinegar four and twenty hours, and the water shifted three or four times, & set abroad in the open air. Of the which things confected together, ye must make pyls of the bigness of a bean, whereof you shall give your hawk one or two, setting her in the sun, or by the fire, and feeding her with poultry or with mutton, allowing her but reasonable gorges four or five days together, and giving her maces as afore: for they cannot but do the hawk great pleasure in every condition and part. Master Michelin teacheth another receipt for this disease, specially for goshawks, and sparowhawks which I have tried oft.  
Cut a sheeps heart in small pieces, and when ye have let it lie steeping all night in asses milk, goat's milk, or woman's milk, put a little boiled Sugar into the milk, and gorge your hawk reasonably therewith three days together. And assure yourself that this medicise is very excellent for the Cray, & without danger for all manner of hawks. M. Martin saith in avouchment of this matter, that when a hawk cannot well mute with her ease, it betokeneth and plainly showeth that she hath the stone Cray. For remedy whereof, take the heart of a hog, & a quantity of his suet minced very small, & make them into powder together, & give it the hawk in her meat three days successively. Again, I have seen some take the whit of an egg, or the whole egg, with a little saffron in powder well coiled and beaten together, which being bestowed upon the hawks meat, hath cured her.  
Mallopin sets down yet one other receipt more. Put the juice of (water Cressyes) in a hens gut of one inch long, tied at both ends, and force your hawk to receive it. Which done, set her in the sun, or by the fire, and feed her not till noon, at which time give her but half a gorge of hot meat, because of the medicine which hath set all her body out of temper. Let this be done two or three days, and if you find the medicine to have scoured & taken much at the first of your hawk, give her less & less, and so shall she recover. The book of Princes setteth down yet one other remedy for the same disease, that ye might put it in ure which soever liked you best. Take a penny weight of Persly seed, as much of Smallage seed, a dram of boiled sugar, a penny weight of stavesaker, of wheaten bran one dram, and half the shell of an egg. Put them altogether into a good large posnet full of water, & seeth it till it be consumed to the one half, & then strain it through a cloth. Then take of Cassia Fistula one dram and of Turbith one penny weight, of Hermodactils two penny weight, & of Aloes Cicotrine three penny weight. Beat all these into fine powder, & put them into the water wherein the other mixture was boiled, & make thereof a clyster in the bladder of a pig.  
Then take a great quill of a goose, or of some other bird, and thereof make the neck of your Clysterbagge fast tied to the bag that nothing may issue out of it, and so give your hawk the Clyster as you have seen it given to men at their need. This done set your hawk in the Sun, or by the fire, and keep her empty till noon, at which time give her a pullet's leg, and so she shall recover no doubt.   

For the disease called the Filanders which happen in the bodies of hawks: and first of such as are in their gorge.  
THe chief Falconers say that all hawks have the Filanders at all times, & are never without them, like as it is said that no horse is without the bots. There are four kinds of Filanders, and one other kind of Filanders, of which I will speak hereafter in their due places. And with all these sorts of Filanders, some hawks are more pestered than other some. The cause of them is either their feeding on gross & foul meats, which engender & increase those filanders in them, or else for that in flying either the field or the river, they break some small veins within their bodies, at the encounter, by seizing too violently upon their prey. By reason whereof the blood bursteth out into their bowels, & there drieth and clottereth, whereof breed the said Filanders in great abundance. Afterward by reason of the stinch of the said blood so clottered and baked, being corrupted & putrefied in the bulk, because it is out of the proper vessels & veins where it ought to be, the Filanders run about seeking the cleanest places of the body to shun the said noisome stinch, and creep up either into the hawks heart, or into her gorge, so as she dieth of it. Again, some men say, that their hawks die of the diseases of the head, or of the Cray, when in deed they die of the Filanders, or (which is worse) of the (Aignilles) a kind of Filanders, for which we want an English term. I will speak first of those Filanders that crawl up to the hawks gorges, and from thence to the holes in their palates, whereat the hawks do breath, and by them into their brains whereby they be in danger of death. Ye may perceive this inconvenience in the gorge by this, that when you have fed your hawk, the Filanders feeling the sweetness & taste of the flesh, do stir and crawl about in such wise, as you shall see your hawk oftentimes gape. By reason whereof it cometh to pass that now and then she casteth her gorge. Again, ye may know by this, that your hawk will be straining at them with her talons. Therefore cast her gently, and look into her throat, and you shall see them crawling there. To kill the said Filanders, M. Amè Cassian saith thus: take a great Radish root, and make a hole in it, and fill it with water, & set it in embers very hot, putting fresh embers to it continually by the space of half an hour or more, till it be thoroughly well boiled, and as your water diminisheth, fill it always up again, howbeit that the radish yieldeth water enough of his own nature. Than put the radish into a dish, stamp it and press out all the juice quite and clean. This done, put the quantity of a Pease of saffron made into powder into the said water, and wash your hawks meat therewith when ye feed her, and give her but half a gorge. And if she will not feed on it, let her be kept empty till she be very greedy and eager: do thus to her three or four days together, and you shall kill the Filanders and make your hawk sound. [If you wash your hawks meat in the distilled water of savin, 
Additio  it will kill the Filanders in any part whatsoever, or any other worms.]   

Of the Filanders that are in hawks bowels, and in their rains.  
YE shall discern that the Filanders are in her bowels, and guts, by her heavy cheer and plaint in the night, for she will cry, and make a mournful noise. Also ye may perceive it by this, that when ye take her on your fist in the morning, she will stretch herself more strongly than she is wont to do of ordinary, and sometimes she will make as though she would iouke upon your fist, & she will be busy with her beak about her back right over against her rains. When ye see these signs, assure yourself that either the Filanders or the (Aignilles) do trouble her: and if she have not help of them betimes, they will kill her, for I have seen many die of that disease: Master Amè Cassian giveth this remedy for that mischief.  
Take lentils of the reddest that you can find, and parch them at the fire, and make fine powder of them, with the powder of worm seed, less by one half then of the powder of Lentils, and mingle and temper them well tothether, and make thereof a plaster, driven (upon cloth or leather.) Then deplume your hawk in the place where her grief is, and lay the plaster to her panel, changing it every day for four or five days space together, and she shall be cured.  
If ye like not that receipt, Master Michelin giveth you another which is this. Take the leaves of a Peach tree, of Rew, & of wormeséed, and of those three being brayed together, strain out the juice, & afterward take the powder of wormwood, and put it into the juice, and lay it upon your hawks reins plasterwise twice a day evening and morning for four or five days together, & it will kill the Filanders, & save your hawk.  
Master Amè C●ssian telleth yet one remedy more. Take (saith he) a clove of garlic peeled, and give it your hawk in a hen's skin, and it will heal her.   

Of the Filanders or worms that are in hawks legs & thighs, which the Frenchmen call Vers.  
THere is another manner of Filander called the (verse,) which cometh sometimes upon hawks that are lately taken, by setting them upon a perch unhooded or unséeled, for they fall to beating of themselves with so great force that they break the veins of their legs. And this happeneth specially rather to haggard hawks than to soar hawks. By means whereof the blood of those veins so broken, poureth and distilleth along their legs and panels between the skin & the flesh, and there lying in lumps doth convert to worms, whereof the hawk dieth. This disease may come also by her bating overmuch upon the fist, where through she bruiseth herself violently: and sometimes he that beareth her furthereth it by his rashness & impatience. And ye may perceive that the filanders & worms are in your hawks legs or bowels by this: They plume themselves oftentimes, yea, & the pendant feathers of their thighs & of their panels fall off voluntarily M. Mallopin saith that the remedy for this disease, is to wash your hawks thighs and belly twice a day for four or five days together, with the foresaid medicine of the leaus of the peach tree, of rue, and of wormséede, and with the wormeséede itself.   

For the disease called in French the (Aiguils) an evil worse than the Filanders, for which I know no apt English term, and therefore must borrow the French term of mine Author.  
THere are found a kind of Filanders which are called (Aiguilles) because they be sharp like a needle, shorter & more perilous than are the great Filandes, for as much as in seeking the cleanest parts of the body to shun the stinch and filth, they pierce the bowels & creep up to the heart, so that your hawk perisheth of them if she be not regarded in time. Ye shall perceive this disease by her shrinking and sniting upon the lure, as also by her grasping with her foot more strongly in the morning, than she was wont to do, & again by the often picking, & beaking in her braile feathers, & near her tuel. M. Mallopin giveth this remedy following. Take stavesacre beaten into powder, the herb of Barbary, otherwise called in Greek Pestora & Aloes Cicotrine, of each a like quantity, coiled altogether into powder, & give your hawk the quantity of a bean thereof, lapped up in some part of a hen's skin, or in cotton. Which done, set her in the sun or by the fire, & at noon allow her but half a gorge. You may give her of this powder three or four days, so she be not too low already: for if she be not somewhat high in flesh and in life, she will not be able to bear and brook it. And if this medicine cure her not, take this that followeth, which is of M. Malopins devise also. Burn Harts horn well raked in the embers, & when it is waxed cold, bent it into powder. Then take that like quantity of Lupins made into powder, as ye had of the heart's horn, & as much again of the powder of wormséed, as of both the other, & half as much Aloes Cicotrine, as of the hearts horn, and half as much treacle as of Aloes. Mingle all these together with honey by little & little, & force it to that thickness, that ye may make balls of it to the bigness of a nut, whereof ye shall give your hawk every day one by the space of five or six days allowing her but half a gorge after it. And if your hawk cast it again, let it be lapped in a little cotton, or in a hen's skin the she feel not the bitter taste of it. M. Amò Cassian giveth yet another remedy which is the medicine made heretofore for the filanders, that is to wit, rue & wormwood, of each alike, & as much of the peachtrée leaves as of them both, with a little powder of wormséed infused in the juice of the said herbs. Then fill a hen's gut of an inch long therewith tied fast at both ends, & give it to our hawk.  
You may use any of all these at your own discretion and pleasure.   

When a hawk gapeth inordinately up on the fist of her keeper.  
A hawk will now and then fall to gaping, either upon her keepers fist, or upon the perch, and specially when she is set in the Sun being somewhat hot. And this gaping may be understood and construed two ways. The one is when she doth it of her own nature, but that is not so oft as the other which cometh by mischance, and that either of cold that she hath taken, or of some moist humour that distilleth down into her gorge. Some are of opinion that the hawk which useth it often is diseased with the Filanders which creep up & down in her gorge before she be fed, or after she hath endued, as I have declared in the chapter of Filanders of the gorge.  
The remedy by Master Amè Cassians advise, is to take the powder of wormeséede and of wormwood, of each alike, and one quarter less of Aloes Cicotrine, and of these three powders mingled together, to give your hawk the maintenance of a bean in her casting, lapped up in a hens skin, or in any such like devise.   

Of Apostumes that breed in hawks.  
WHen a hawk hath any Apostume in her body, ye shall know it by the stuffing of her nares, & by her inordinate panting, which accident cometh sometimes by rushing rashly into bushes, or by bating too much upon the perch, and moreover, by over free encounter with her prey. Now when she is so bruised and chafed, and taketh cold upon it, Apostums breed thereby, because the mischief is not known and looked unto aforehand. Mallopin in his book of the Prince, giveth this remedy.  
Take the white of an egg well beaten, and the juice of Coleworts well bruised, as much of the one as of the other, & give it your hawk in the morning in the small gut of a hen, and set her by a fire, or in the Sun, and at noon feed her with mutton, or with a pullet. The next day take Rosemary dried, and beaten into fine powder, and bestow it upon her meat reasonably. For other three days give her sugar, and three days next after that ply her again with her said powder, letting her stand warm day and night, and feeding her with good meat: and the likelihood is great she shall be recovered.   

Of a hawk that hath her Liver inflamed.  
THe inflammation of the liver happeneth sometimes through the negligence of such as have the keeping of hawks. For they feed them with gross and naughty flesh, such as is state and stinking, without making of it clean, by means whereof proceedeth the said inflammation of the liver. Also it happeneth for want of bathing when need is, & for lack of water, which they ought to have, or with overfléeing of them, when they be empty paneld. Ye shall perceive this disease by their feet: for they will be chased, and the colour of their chaps will be changed, and look whitish through the heat of their liver. And if ye find her tongue scorched and scalded black, it is a sign of death. To remedy this mischief, make the medicine of snails steeped in ass' milk, or goat's milk, mentioned in the chapters of the diseases of the head, & of the stone: and give your hawks of it three or four days in the mornings. And if ye cannot get that medicine, ye may use the other that is made oflard, marrow of beef, & of boiled Sugar, with a little Saffron, four or five days together every morning, as is said before. For the scouring of her will rid and abate her heat. And all that while for seven or eight days feed her with poultry, or with mutton steeped in milk: for milk is very good for the heat of the liver. And you must beware you feed her not with Pigeon, nor with other gross flesh for breeding her to inordinate heat. M. Amè Cassian saith yet further, that to allay the said heat in hawks, it is very good to steep or wet their meat in endive or Nightshade water: and likewise in white whey newly and lately made. And that this manner of feeding must be continued four or five days till the hawk be well scoured. And that if the hawk have a desire to bouse the said whey, ye must let her take her fill. Master Amé Cassian saith moreover, that when your medicine hath scoured your hawk after that manner, & her tongue is not aught in the better tune, ye must take oil olive washed in two or three waters, and bathe her tongue & throat therewith with a feather three or four times in the day, for four or five days together, & gently scrape her tongue and throat with a devise of silver or of other metal for the purpose. And although she neither can feed nor will, yet she must not be given over, but have meat gently conveyed into her gorge by small morsels and thrust down low enough with a fine stick that she may take it: for she cannot swallow her meat by reason of the swelling of her tongue, & therefore she must be assisted in manner aforesaid. M. Michelin saith furthermore that to comfort and strengthen the liver withal, ye must stéep rhubarb in a dishfull of cold water all night, and the next morning wash her meat therewith, continuing so by the space of four or five days together.  
Martin giveth yet one other medicine which is this: Take a pullet's gut thrice the length of your little finger, & cutting it in three pieces (which you must tie fast at either end) fill them with oil of Almonds or oil olive, & thrust them into her throat, so as she swallow them one after another: & within an hour after gorge her reasonably with a young pullet. And the next morning take the seeds of rushes and the scrapings of ivory, and the dung of Sparows, of each two penny weight and make thereof a powder, and season your hawks meat therewith, and it will pleasure her. And these two medicines are to be used when a hawk is not very fowl within, for if she be, then are the other former medicines better.   

Of the Canker which breedeth of overgreat heat in the Liver.  
IF a Canker happen in the throat or tongue of a hawk, by means of the heat of the liver: Make her the foresaid medicine of snails, or that of lard, as it is devised before, giving her her meat soused in milk, or oil of sweet Almonds or oil olive: and let the Canker be washed twice or thrice a day, till it wax white and ripe, Then with your Instrument scrape it clean away that nothing of it rewayne. And if there happen to be any dead flesh in it, put powder of Alom, or the juice of lemons in it, and ply it still with the said milk or oils, till she be thoroughly recured. And to make new flesh grow up again, put to it a little honey of Roses.   

Of the Pantas of the gorge.  
BEcause many men speak of the disease of the Pantas diversly, and yet know not what it is: I will show three manner of Pantases wherewith hawks are diseased. The first in the gorge, the second cometh of cold, and the third is in the reins and kidneys. The first kind of Pantas cometh of bating upon the perch, or upon the fist of him that beareth them, by means whereof some little veins of the liver break, and the blood poureth out upon the liver, which drieth and cloddeth into small flakes, and those rising up afterward when the hawk bateth again, do stop the passages and windepipe, and thereof cometh the Pantas. And sometime when the hawk bateth, those flakes do so ascend into her throat, and he overthwart it that she presently falleth down dead: insomuch that some hold opinion, it is the Pantas that maketh hawks to die suddenly. For proof whereof, open your hawk when she is dead, and ye shall find this malady in her throat. Master Amè Cassian giveth no Medicine to this Pantas in the gorge, because it cannot be ministered to her, neither by her throat nor otherwise. For the disease holdeth her in the very windpipe, whereby the breath passeth in & out. Nevertheless his counsel is to close up the hawk in some convenient chamber with lattice windows, so as ye may not get out, and to set her two or three perches, that she may flee from one to another, and have the Sun shine in upon her if it be possible, and she must have always water by her. And when ye feed her, her meat must be cut in small pellets, and have neither feather nor bone in it, lest she strain herself in tiring, and she must have but half a gorge at once, and but once in a day. This is his counsel and advise for this mischief.   

Of another Pantas that cometh of cold.  
ANother Pantas cometh of cold when hawks take wet in fleeing the field, or the civer, and are not weathered afterward, nor set in a place where they may stand warm. Again, this disease cometh by standing where smoke or dust may annoy them. And ye shall know the Pantas by your Hawks panting, for that she cannot draw her breath as she should do. Malopin saith, that to remedy this disease, ye must take the filings of iron, and meal of Lentils, of each like quantity, which you must temper together with honey till it be like past, that ye may make it in little balls as big as a pease. Whereof you shall give your Hawk two or three every morning, and after noo●e feed her with good meat, but not with beef: which diet you shall allow her three or four days. And if she amend not, season her meat with powder of Orpiment two or three days.  
M. Michelm giveth this medicine following: Take maidenhair which groweth lightly at the heads of ponds and pits, and therewithal the roots of Persley, the roots of Smallage. Of all these take like portions, and boil them in a good big pot that is new. Then strain the water through a Colander, and put thereto a quantity of clarified sugar with a little marrow of beef, and stir them altogether, and thereof give your hawk a portion in the morning, and as much at evening with a small tunnel, or otherwise with a spoon or other fit device four or five days together, & let her not feed till noon be past, then give her of pullet's flesh without blood, dipped in oil of sweet Almonds, or oil olive washed in two or three waters: and when ye have so soused her meat, let it also be seasoned with a little Saffron and Sugar. And four or five days after, if need be, give her on her meat the powder of Orpiment without oil, other three or four days. And afterward ye may return again to your oil of Almonds, or oil olive, till your hawk be thoroughly recured.   

Of the Pantas that is in the reins and Kidneys.  
IT happeneth sometimes that when a hawk hath been recovered of some great grief by good keeping and intendance, afterward she waxeth evil again, and falleth to panting, whereof breedeth this disease of the reins and kidneys, in manner of a canker, as big as a bean, which swelleth bigger & bigger, in such wise that she falleth to casting some part of her meat. This Pantas differeth much from both the other: for it will leave her seven or eight days, & then vex her again more strongly. And sometimes it will take her but from month to month, so as she shall bear it out a whole year. It is discerned by this, that when she panteth, she stirreth her reins more than her pinions, whereas in the other she stirreth more her pinions than her reins. Again, to know it truly when it cometh and goeth every seven or eight days, if your hawk chance to die, rip her and you shall find a knubbe of the bigness of a small bean full upon the reins and the small of her back whereof that disease proceedeth.  
Master Cassian giveth this remedy for it. ye must take the roots of Capers, of Fenel, of Smallage, and of Parsley and boil them together in a new pot, to the consumprion of a third part. Then take an old tile, the older the better, and make powder thereof. When you serve your hawk, feed her with flesh steeped in the water of the said roots, a quarter of an hour, or thereabouts afore hand. In the morning when ye give her of that washed meat, give her none of the powder, and at night wash not her meat with the said Water, but besprinkle it with the powder, so competently as she may receive it, and give her not at any time above half a gorge: let this be done nine or ten days or more. If ye see that your hawk amend not, continue it still: for than was the disease very much confirmed, and the hawk had borne it out long, & it is hard to be cured. But if ye take the disease when it is new and green, ply her diligently with this Medicine, and it will help her.   

Of the hawk that is morfounded by some mischance.  

Morfound is the French word which doth signify in English the taking of cold.  SOmetimes it falleth out that hawks are morfounded by some mischance, and sometimes also by giving them too great a gorge, specially when they be wet. For than they cannot indew, nor put over their gorges, and so they surfeit, because their meat converteth into slime, and gross humours which overthrow their appetite, by means whereof they come oftentimes to their bane. ye shall know the disease by this, that if ye give your hawk a great gorge, specially over night, the next morning she will have no list to her breakfast, but becometh cold, and so falleth into great disease. Mallopin in his book of the Prince, giveth this medicine for it. When ye perceive her to be so morfounded, and to have lost her appetite, give her no meat that day, but set water before her, and let her bowze or bathe at her pleasure. When she hath bathed and is weathered again, throw her a live Pigeon, and let her kill it, and take as much of the blood of it as she lifteth, but let her not eat past one of the legs at that time. Afterward set her down on some high thing with water by her, and beware of giving her any great gorge. Then for four or five days together give her five or six cloves of maces lapped up in a hen's skin, and that will recover her.   

Of the disease that is called the privy and hidden evil in a hawk, for which we have no special term.  
SOmetimes hawks perish for want of knowledge of some secret disease that happeneth to them, and therefore I will tell you how you shall know it. The hawk that hath that disease is always greedy to feed, insomuch that when ye have given her a great gorge in the morning, she will have endued it out of hand, and if ye give her another at noon, she will put it over by & by, and if ye give her the third at night, she will dispatch that quickly also, and the more she feedeth, the more greedy & nippie she is. This disease cometh of this, that when your hawk is very poor & low in state, and you desirous to set her up quickly, thinking to bring her in good plight with great gorges, you feed her with Pigeons and other flesh which she cannot indew by reason of her poverty & weakness, for want of heat in the liver: the heat whereof is the cause of all kindly digestion & enduing. Also you may know this disease by her often muting which is waterish & thin, and beside she doth slice further than she is wont to do by reason of speedy enduing her meat. M. Mallopin in his book of the Prince saith, that for remedy of this disease ye must steep a sheeps heart cut in small pieces all one night in ass' milk, or goat's milk, and the next day give your hawk a quarter of it in the morning for her beaching, as much at noon, & the rest at night, forcing her to receive as much of the milk as ye can, and continue it five or six days together till ye see her mute kindly. Then feed her reasonably with good meat, steeped in oil of sweet Almonds, continuing it for three or four days space twice a day. And as ye find your hawk to mend, so increase her meals by little and little, till she be in as good plight as she was before, always continuing the said milk: for some are of opinion that milk is good for all diseases of a hawk. Master Amè Cassian saith, that to remedy this disease, ye must take a tortoise of the land and not a water tortoise, and steep the flesh of it in woman's milk, ass' milk, or goat's milk, and give your hawk a quantity of it for a beaching three or four times, and a little more at her feeding times six or seven days together. Afterward feed her with sheeps hearts steeped in woman's milk, by little and little at once till she be recovered: and let her not stand in a dampish or moist place, but in warm places in the winter, and in cool places in Summer, and always hooded.   

Of the disease and weakness in there ynes.  
WHen your Hawk cannot jump the length of her lines and creance to your fist, or from your fist up to the perch, nor bate with her wings: Ye may well think that she hath the disease of the reins. Therefore M. Cassian willeth you to chop a hare's skin hair and all in very small and fine pieces and to mingle it with cat's flesh, and to feed your hawk with it seven or eight days together: and if she indew it, she shall recover of her disease.   

Of hawks that have the ague or Fever.  
TO know whether your hawk have the Ague: mark whether her feet be more swollen than they were wont to be or no: if they be, then hath she the ague. To remedy this mischief, Michelin sayeth, you must mingle arsenic and capon's grease together well sprinkled with vinegar, whereof you must make a little ball, which you must cause your hawk to take by casting her, and use it in such wise as she may keep it, and it will rid the Ague.   

Of the hawk that voideth worms.  
IF a hawk void worms, by master Martin's advise ye must make this medicine following. Take of the fine filings of iron and strew it upon your hawks meat, which (if you do well) must be pork: and feed her so three or four days with that kind of flesh so seasoned, and it will cure her.   

Of the Teynt in a hawks feather, and how many kinds of it there be.  
HItherto ye have read of the inward diseases of hawks: Now I will tell you of the outward accidents: and first will speak of the Teynt which the French Falconers call Taigne, the Italians Zignuole and Tarmae, whereof there are three sorts. The first is when their principals or long. Feathers begin to drop off, by means whereof many hawks are marred and cast away without knowledge how to help it. Master Amè Cassian sayeth, that this cometh sometimes of the liver, and of the excessive heat of the body, by means whereof small pimples rise upon their wings, or on their trains, which afterward cause their Feathers to droppe-off, and when they are gone, the holes where they stood do close again, where through the hawk doth perish, if she be not remedied. This disease is contagious, and one of them will take it of another, and therefore ye must not let the hawk that is affected with it stand near a hawk that is sound, neither must you touch or feed a sound hawk on the glove whereon a sick hawk hath been fédde. And ye shall know that she hath that disease, by her often picking with her beak upon her principal feathers of her wings and train and by their dropping away. Therefore cast your hawk, and let her be well perused, and ye shall find the said disease. For remedy whereof, Master Martin, and M. Cassian say, you must cast your hawk, and when you have found the small pimple whence the feather dropped first, you must get a little stick of fir, which is by nature gummy and fat, make a little peg of it, not sharp at the forend, nor thrust it in with violence, but softly as you may. And if ye can get none of that wood, then take a grain of Barley and cut off the forepoint of it, and anoint it with a little treacle, or oil olive, and convey it into the hole, so as it may stick a little out, and the hole not close together, and stop again. Then with a small lance or Penknife, you must slit the pimple, and let out the red water, which you shall find there. After this, take Aloes Cicotrine in powder, and put it into the gall of an ox, coiled in a dish, and with those two mingled together, anoint the slit round about: and beware that there come nothing in the hole where the feather grew, for it might do the hawk great harm. This done, take of the reddest lentils that you can come by, and less than half so much of the filings of iron, and mingle them together with honey, and thereof make pills as big as a Pease, and then give your hawk two or three of them every morning. Then set her by a fire, or in the sun and after noon give her a reasonable good gorge of a Pullet, or of mutton, and if ye list ye may give her of those pills towards the evening also. Let her meat be steeped in milk as is said heretofore five or six days together, and look always to the incisions that ye made, and she shall be recovered.  
An other remedy Martin giveth for the same disease. Anoint the place with some good balm where the feathers fell away, and the Teint will die out of hand, and fresh feathers supply the place again. And he saith moreover, that you must take the powder of Petre of Alexandria, which is sold at the apothecaries, and mingle it with Vinegar, and anoint the diseased place with it three or four times, and it will be whole.  
The second kind of Teynt which fretteth the principals of a hawk to the very Quill, cometh (as the chief Falconers affirm) of ill keeping, when they have not their due intendance, being neither bathed nor scoured, nor kept in whole some places And therefore we are forbid to keep a Hawk in a sluttish corner. Again, sometimes both in the mew and out of the mew it happeneth that by feeding them with filthy and loathsome flesh, they become full of filth both within & without, whereof breedeth such a sort of worms, as do utterly fret asunder and mar their feathers. The three chief Falconers say, that for this second teynt which fretteth the feathers of a hawk in sort that they become like sticks, ye must take vine shreds, & make thereof as strong Lie as ye can, and wash your hawk once a day with it thoroughly: & when she is weathered again, anoint all her feathers with honey out of the comb. Then make powder of Sanguis Draconis, and roch alom very small, and powder the foresaid quills therewith, & your hawk shall be recured. Or else take a Mole of that sort which breedeth in meadows, & put her in a new earthen pot well covered, & stopped, & set it on the fire one whole day: which done, take her out again as she is, & make her into powder very small. And when ye have bathed your hawks feathers throughlie with the said lée, by and by bestrew her feathers which the powder of the Mole a certain time together, & it will pleasure her.  
The third kind of Teynt is known in hawks by the riving of their principal feathers throughout alongst the upper side of the web of them. And that happeneth commonly for want of clean feeding and due attendance. To remedy this, Mallopin saith, that ye must take a green reed, and clean it all alongst, and scrape out the pith of it, and wring out of it as much juice as ye can, wherewith you must moisten the said riven feathers all alongst the rifts of them, and they will close and shut again as before. And if any feather happen to be dropped away, let a tent made of fir or of a grain of Barley as is said heretofore be put into the hole of it, and use it after the foresaid manner, and a new feather will grow again out of hand. It this devise, to cause a feather to grow again be not to your liking, you shall in this collection find such as may content you.  
Martin giveth another medicine and advice for the same, which is this: Take two penny weight of Orpiment, & nine grains of pepper, and make it into powder, and cast it upon her meat which must be reasonable warm. Again, take three slices of bacon of that which is nearest the skin, and let them be so small as your hawk may swallow them with ease: sauce them with a little honey, and strew of the powder of the filings of iron upon the honey, and give your hawk thereof three days together. After which time take a young chicken, & before ye boil it in wine, bruise the breast of it, and open it with a sharp knife or other instrument that the blood may follow. Then feed her with the said pullet's flesh warm, steeped in goat's milk, or other milk. Practise this two or three days, and afterwards thereupon give her good warm meat, and she shall recover.   

Of the hawk that indeweth not, ne putteth over as she should do.  
IT falleth out sometimes that a hawk cannot well indew, nor put over her meat as she should do, & that is only because she is fowl within, or hath taken some surfeit, or else that when she was low and poor, her keeper being desirous to set her up again too hastily, gave her too great gorges which she by reason of her weakness was not able to put over, and indew, where through she surfeited and forewent her appetite of feeding altogether. For remedy hereof, Maliopin saith, ye must feed her with light meats, & little at once, as with young rats and mice, or with great rats, for there is more substance in them than in the other, whereof ye must give her but half gorges, that she may the sooner indew them, and put them over. Or else feed her with Chicken, or mutton dipped in goat's milk, or otherwise. And for want of those, take the yolk of an egg, & give her a quarter of a gorge thereof, and when ye feed her with the flesh of any live bird or fowl, steep it well in the blood of the same fowl, and it will do her much good. So shall your hawk mount of her flesh apace: if besides that, you do also scour her with pills made of lard, marrow of beef, sugar and saffron three mornings together, & two hours after give her a reasonable gorge.  
Another receipt which M. Michelin giveth, saying. When a Hawk indews not her meat, ne putteth it over as she ought to do, but hath surfeited and wanteth natural heat: Take very pure white wine, and steep her meat in it lukewarm, giving it her by little & little oft times in the day, always changing her meat, and see that it be light of digestion. Do thus to her till she be in better tune again, giving her five or six cloves of maces in the evening wrapped in a little cotton, or in some other such like devise: for that will warm her head, & all her other parts very well, and let the cotton be dipped in odoriferous old wine.   

Of the hawk that can neither cast up her meat nor endue it as she ought.  
ANother mischief is wont sometimes to light upon hawks namely, that by taking overgreat gorges, they can neither indew nor cast it again, & also that many times a hawk soareth away with her prey, and feedeth so greedily upon it by reason she was kept over eager and sharp, that she can neither get it up nor down, and thereupon falleth in danger of death. Wherefore all men ought to use discretion in feeding their hawks, that they over-gorge them not.  
M. Cassian saith, that for remedy thereof, ye must set clean water in a vessel before your hawk, & let her houze thereof at her plasure. And if she list not: then take the quantity of a bean of pork, of the fattest of it, and two parts less of powder of Pepper, with a little salt brayed very small, and when ye have mingled them altogether, make a little bal of it as big as a bean, and put it in your Hawks beak, so as she may receive it. Then set her by the fire, or in the Sun, and you shall see her cast her gorge. But let not the hawk be too poor to whom you intent to allow this pill, for if she be too low, she will hardly bear it.   

Another medicine to make her cast her gorge.  
RUb the roof of her mouth with a little vinegar and Pepper, and she will cast by and by, And if ye list, ye may also convey two or three drops of the same into her nares, and it will make her cast her gorge out of hand. And if ye see that the vinegar and Pepper do vex and distemper her too much after the casting of her gorge, spirit a little fresh water with your mouth into her palate and nares.   

Of the hawk that casteth her gorge over much, and cannot indew as she should do  
MAny times it cometh to pass that when a hawk hath fed, she cannot keep her meat but falleth to casting, as soon as she hath received it. This cometh of feeding her with gross fowl, & unwholesome meat not washed: or else for that she is foul in the panel, and so cannot indew by reason of the great store of filth that is within her. Therefore ye must beware that ye cut not her meat with a foul knife, or with a knife that hath cut onions, leeks, chibbols, or such other like things. To remedy this inconvenience, give not your hawk great gorges. And to bring her well in tune again, scour her with the forementioned pills of lard, marrow, sugar, and saffron by the space of three days. And above all things, let not the hawk that hath cast her gorge be fed a good space after it, but let her stand empty in the Sun with water before her to bows at her pleasure, for that will do her much good. And when ye feed her, give her at the first time but a quarter of a gorge, and at the second somewhat more, if she keep the first: and her meat must be some live fowl, and good of digestion, till she be brought again to her natural plight. But if she keep not all her meat, give her young rats or live mice: and for want of those, give her small birds till she be recovered. If these foresaid things boot not, then by Mallopins advise, take Coriander seed beaten in powder, and temper it with warm water, straining it through a cloth, wash your Hawks meat therewith four or five days together, and if ye have no Coriander séed, take the juice of Coriander. And if your hawk mend not yet for all this: fellow the counsel of Master Michelins here ensuing. Boil bay leaves in white wine till half the liquor be wasted, and then let it cool with the leaves still in it. Which done, force a Pigeon by devise to bows so much of the wine that she may die of it. Then immediately feed your hawk with the same Pigeon, and let her not eat more than a leg of it.   

Of the hawk that hath lost her appetite and will not feed to make her eager without bringing her low.  
A Hawk doth sometime lose her appetite of feeding by some misfortune, as by taking too great gorges towards evening, which she cannot well endue, because the nights are colder than the days. Also she may lose her appetite by being foul in the panel, and diverse times by coldness, or by some other disease which cannot be perceived out of hand. For remedy whereof, Master Mallopin sayeth, ye must take Aloes Cicotrine, boiled Sugar, and marrow of beef, of each a like, saving that there must be least of the Aloes, and when ye have mingled them together, and made them in little balls or pills as big as beans, give of them to your hawk, and hold her in the sun till she have cast up the slime and filth that is within her. And if it happen to scour downward, let it not trouble you, for it will do her much good: and feed her not till noon, at which time give her good meat, and serve her so three days together.  
For the same disease Michelus saith, you must take common pills that are given to purge men withal, & give one or two of them to your hawk in the morning, keeping her hooded by the fire, or in the Sun, looking to her that she cast them not, (if it may be) to the intent they may cause her to scour downward. And the book of the Prince saith, that it is good giving of those pills to hawks in the beginning of September. For if they have the Filanders, or any other inward disease, it scoureth them, and riddeth them of all mischiefs that may ensue. Three or four days after you have given your hawk these pills, if she have yet no lust to feed, cast the filing of iron upon her meat three or four days together.  
M. Amè Cassian saith, that for the same disease, when yond perceive it you must give your hawk a live stockedove, allowing her leave to seize and tyre upon it, & to take the blood of it at her pleasure. And for want of a stockdove, small birds are good, and so be rats and mice, so she have them alive. And if you will have her to endue them quickly, give her but half gorges.   

When hawks are low brought, a remedy.  
IT happeneth sometimes that Hawks are brought so low, that a man shall have much a do to set them up again. And that cometh through the fault of unskilful keepers, rather than any other thing. For some give them ill meat, cold, & unwashed. Also Hawks do happen to grow poor by some disease that their keepers are not ware of. Again, sometimes it happeneth that a hawk soars away, and is lost four or five days, and so becomes poor for want of prey. M. Cassian saith, that if ye will set her up again, ye must feed her a little at once and with good meat, such as rats and mice are, for they they be light of digestion, or else with small birds which are good likewise, and of great nourishment. Poultry also is good but it nourisheth not so much of his own nature as Mutton doth.  
Again, ye may set her up (when she is low) in this manner following. Take a spoonful or twain of honey, three or four of fresh butter, boil them together in a new pot of water, them take pork well washed, & steep it in that water, giving your hawk a good reasonable gorge of it twice a day, warming your said water when you intent to feed your hawk. And if ye can find any snails that breed in running waters, give her of them in the morning, and they will both scour away the gross slimy humours that are in her panel, and also be a great help to set her up again, (for they nourish very well.) And if ye mind to make your hawk eager, and sharp set, without bating herself, take the heart and liver of a Pie, and when ye have made it into powder, make your hawk to eat it, and it will set her sharp and eager. These are the opinions of the French Falconers. You are to consider of them all, and to use the most probable at your election and pleasure.   

Of a hawk that hath no list to flee, and is become unlusty, or slothful.  
NOw and then it happeneth, that a hawk hath no list to flee, either because she is in evil keeping, that is to wit, of such as know not how to give her her rights: as bowzing, bathing, and such other things, whereof sometime she hath great need: or because the hawk is too high, & full of grease, where through she becometh coy: or contrariwise, because she is too low and poor: or else by reason of some mishap or disease which she hath that is unknown. Therefore M. Cassian saith, if a hawk be unlusty to flee, she must be viewed and perused by some one of good skill, and have such remedies ministered to her, as she hath need of, as well for bathing as for bowzing: For in any wise water must be set before her. And if she be high and not well enseamed, her meat must be thoroughly washed, that it may scour her the better. Or else if ye list, ye may give her the foresaid medicine of lard, Marrow, and saffron. And if ye perceive your hawk to be sick or diseased, ye may use the remedies set down heretofore, according to the several natures of the diseases, till your hawk bae in good plight again as she was before. [But truly there is nothing better for this evil then to give herein a morning three or four handsome pyls of Seladine well washed. 
Addition. ]   

Of the hawk that hath broken her wing by some mischance.  
IT happeneth somewhile that a hawk breaketh her wing by mischance, as by bating against the ground, or otherwise. Master Mallopin saith, that when a hawk hath her Wing broken after that manner, ye must take Sanguis Draconis, Bole armoniac, Gum arabic, white frankincense which is called Olibanum, mastic, Aloes Cicotrine, of each of them a like quantity, and a reasonable quantity of fine meal flower. Make a powder of all the said things, tempering it with the white of an egg, and make thereof a plaster, and lay it to the hurt when ye have first set it right again. Then cross her wings one over another, as though they were not broken, and mail her well and fast, so as she may not stir them, and let the meat that you give her be cut in small Pellettes. Remove not the plaster for seven or eight days, and when ye lay on another, in any wise beware that that wing be not removed: For if it be never so little removed or displaced, your labour is lost, and your hawk marred for ever.  
Therefore keep her in that order by the space of 14. or 15. days, setting her upon a very soft cushion, and let her meat be good and new killed, and give her meetly good gorges of it, for she needs not to be kept low to recover her health the better.   

Of a hawk that hath had some blow or stripe upon her wing.  
SOmetimes a hawk hath a stripe on her wing by some mishap, so as she cannot afterward hold it right, but it hangeth always down, and lolleth. Master Cassian saith, that ye must take Sage, mints, and Pelamountaine, and boil them altogether in a new earthen pot full of good wine, and when they be well sodden, take the pot and set it upon hot embers as close stopped as may be. Then make a round hole of the bigness of an Apple, in the cloth that your pot is stopped withal, for the steam to issue out at. Which done, take your hawk upon your fist, and hold out her hurt wing handsomely a great while over the hole, that it may take the fume which seemeth up out of the pot. Afterward let her be well dried by keeping her warm by the fire, for if she should catch sudden cold upon it, it would become worse than it was before. Use her thus twice a day, for three or four days together, and she shall be recovered.   

Of the hawk that hath her wing out of joint.  
WHen a hawks wing is out of joint, ye must take her handsomely, and put it up, so as ye may set it in his right place again. Which done, lay a plaster to it, made of Sanguis draconis, Boli Armoni, mastic, and flower tempered together with the white of an egg, and mail her up letting it lie by the space of five or six days, and it will be whole.   

Of a hawk that hath her pinion broken.  
IF a hawk chance to have her pinion broken by treading upon her, or by striking against some thing, M. Mallopia sayeth, that there is no better remedy, than the foresaid receipt made for her wing broken: and that if need be, she must be mailed, that it may the better join together again, and the plaster renewed every five days. Or else let the hurt be splented by and by, and bound up with convenient devices for the purpose, giving her her meat cut in small pellets, and let her continue mailed, that she trouble not herself with tiring.   

Of the hawk that hath her leg or thigh broken.  
TAke fir or frankincense, pill off the bark of it, & beat it into powder, and mingle it with the white of an egg: & if ye can, put in also a little Sanguis Draconis, & make a plaster of it. Then deplume your hawks thigh, and lay the plaster to the broken place, taking good heed that ye bind it not too strait for fear of flux and repair of accidents to the place, for so ye may do her great harm. And for want of fir, or frankincense, take the bark of an oak: for fir is not to be had in many places. Afterward renew your plaster every five or six days, till your hawk be thoroughly whole, always cutting her meat to her as aforesaid, and keeping her hooded. And if it be broked beneath the thigh, lay the same plaster to it, taking good heed that ye bind it not too hard: for in so doing ye may make her foot to whither away, and mortify the member, which is a very great negligence. For hawks are dainty birds, and daintily to be dealt withal.   

Of the hawk that is wounded with a stripe, or some other misfortune.  
IF a hawk hap to be wounded by an Eagle, or any other bird of prey, by crabbing together, or by encounter in fleeing: or by a job with the trunk of a Crane, Hearon, or other water fowl: or by taking some great blow against a tree or ●ocke, whereby she is greatly pained, and in danger to be marred, if there be not skill to help her with speed. By M. Am Cassian advise, take the juice of the herb called culverfoot, otherwise named herb Rebert: and if ye find your hawks stripe to be great and black, and yet that it hath no great gash, you must make incision, and slit the skin a little more by your discretion, that ye may the more easily convey in the said juice. That done, lay a leaf of the same herb upon the wound to cover it, spreading the feathers handsomely again over it, and let it not be removed 24. hours after. And know ye, that the said herb hath such virtue, that what wound soever you lay it on, it shall never swell nor rankle. For want of the herb itself, take of the Powder of it, and put it into the wound, keeping it always clean by washing it with a little white Wine, as is aforesaid. And if ye see that the juice or powder of that herb do no good, take the medicine that Mallopin speaketh of. Take oil of Roses, and capon's grease, of each alike quantity, with a little less oil of Violetes, and less of Turpentine by the one half, and confect them altogether. Then take mastic and frankincense in powder, of each alike: and if ye can find the said herb called culverfoot, dry it, and beat it into powder also: and when ye have serced your powders, put them into the said Capons grease, and stir them together with a stick, till they be thoroughly incorporated, and so shall your unguent be perfect. And the chief Falconers say, you must make handsome tents of Cotton, bebestowing on them this unguent, and so apply them to the wounded places of your hawk from time to time till they be recured. And if the hawks skin be much broken or torn, ye must sow it up handsomely, leaving a little hole in one side for an issue, which you must keep open with a tent nointed with the foresaid unguent till it be throughlie whole.  
Master Michelin setteth down another medicine, saying, that if a hawk happen to have a stripe or a wound, you must pluck away the feathers round about the hurt place, and that if the wound be so deep, as it can by no means be stitched up: ye must put of the powder hereafter following into it. Take Sanguis draconis, white frankincense, Aloes Cicotrine, and mastic, and of those four being all in like quantity, make a fine powder, and lay it upon the wound, and afterward anoint it round about with oil of Roses, or oil olive warm to comfort it. And if the wound be not so large but that it may well be stitched: sow it together again leaving a little hole for an issue. Then make a plaster with the white of an egg, and having first anointed it with the said oil, lay of the powder upon the sore, and put a tent in it dipped in the said unguent to keep the issue, and lay your plaster upon it, dressing it after that manner still, till your hawk be sound.  
There is yet another medicine very good and available, which is this. Take the powder of fine Canell which is nothing else but cinnamon, & put it in the wound, supplying it afterward with good oil of Roses, or oil olive.   

Another medicine of Master Cassians making.  
TAke half an ounce of mastic, a quarter of an ounce of Bolo armoniac, half an ounce of Roses, an ounce of capon's grease, an ounce of oil of Roses, an ounce of oil of Violets, and a quarter of an ounce of virgin wax. Of all these, let the things that may be melted, be melted together: and let those things that are to be beaten into powder, be beaten to fine powder. And when ye have strained all your liquors into a new pot, put your powders into them, stirring them about which a stick till they be well incorporated together, taking good heed that ye put not too much fire under your pot, and so shall your unguent be perfect. Which you may use in handsome pleggets for your hawk, tenting her with small tents dipped in the same unguent, after the manner mentioned in the former receipt, till she he thoroughly recured.  
And if your hawk be hurt or bruised without any skin broken, take the powder of Mummy mingled with the blood of a wood Culuer, or of a Pullet, and convey it into her throat so as she may receive it down, and two or three hours after give her a reasonable gorge of good meat. If the bruise be apparent, anoint it with good oil of Roses, and if need require, for the largeness or soreness of her wounds, let her be mailed, as is afore said, for her more quiet, and more speedy recovery.   

Of the hawk that hath swollen feet.  
IT happeneth divers times that hawks have a swelling in their feet, & that cometh by chase of their feet in fleeing their prey, & in striking it, & by taking cold upon it, for want of rolling the perch with some warm cloth: or else because they be full of gross humours, and fowl within, which humours being removed by their labour and travel in fleeing, drop down upon their feet, and there swell, specially in Sacres more than in any others. For they be of their own nature very heavy hawks and have gross feet. Again, it happeneth sometimes that a hawk pricketh herself upon a thorn by rushing into hedges and bushes over ventrously, whereupon follow such swellings as are dangerous, and hard to be cured. Therefore Master Cassian sayeth, that when a hawk is in that taking, she must be scoured three mornings together with the Pyls of Lard, marrow, Sugar, and Saffron, and set in the sun, and fed two days after with some good meat. Then must ye take Bowl armoniac, & Sanguis Draconis, less by one half, & make it in powder, & temper them well together with the white of an egg & Rose-water, and anoint her feet with it three or four days twice a day, setting her upon some cloth to keep her feet warm. And if this medicine do her no good, take this that followeth.  
Mallopin sayeth, that if a hawks feet be but swollen, and have not any knubs in the ball of the foot, take a pair of sizzers or coping irons, & cope the talons of her swollen foot, till the blood follow: which done, take Capons grease, oil of Roses, & oil of Violets, of each alike, & twice as much of Bele armoniac. When ye have mingled them all well together, make thereof an unguent, & anoint your hawks feet therewith twice a day till they be thoroughly whole, always setting some soft & warm thing under her feet. And if this do her no good, then try the receipts above mentioned till your hawk be thoroughly recured.   

Of the swelling in the legs or thighs.  
SOmetime a hawk hath her legs swellen, and sometime her thighs & not her legs: & that cometh either by over-laboring herself in fleeing, 
How to make oil of agges.  or by overmuch seizing her prey, and by taking cold upon it. Also by like labour and bating, the humours being stirred within her, drop down to her thighs & legs, and thereof cometh this swelling.  
Wherefore first let your hawk be scoured with the pills made of Lard, marrow, Sugar & Saffron, than roast nine or ten eggs hard in their shells, & when they be cold again, take the yolks of them, & break them with your hand in an iron possenet over the fire. Then take an iron Laddle, and stir them handsomely without ceasing, and when ye see them become black that ye would think they were marred and burnt, boil them still: which done, gather them together and press out the oil of them, than heat them again as before to press out as much oil of them as is possible, and put it up in a glass. And when ye mind to use it for the said disease, ye must take ten drops thereof, put thereto three drops of vinegar, and three of Rose-water, and mingle them well together. This medicine is singular good against all swellings of their thighs, legs & feet, and moreover it supplieth and mollifieth their sinews. But first ye must anoint the swellings with a little Adiantum, and afterward with your oil prepared as aforesaid till your hawk be cured.   

Of the swelling in a hawks foot which we term the pin, or pin Gout.  
diverse times there rise up knubs upon the feet of hawks as upon the feet of Capons which some call galls, and some Gouts. They come sometimes of the swelling of the legs and thighs, which I have spoken of before, or of other diseases that breed of the abundance of humours within the hawk, which must first be scoured with the last mentioned pills three or four days together And Master Amè Cassian saith, that when a hawk hath the said pings and gowtines in her feet, ye must make round matches of paper as big as the agglet of a point, and fear or cauterize the pin round about. And if the knub stick far out, ye may slit it mannerly with a hot sharp knife, and put a little slice of fat Lard into the slit to keep it open, and set your hawk upon a little heap of very fine salt. And if there grow any dead flesh it in, lay the powder of glass, and two parts of Hermodactels upon it, and when the Sore is scoured, anoint it with swine's grease and honey together, always laying salt under her feet to the end of your cure. And to remedy the same, Mallopin in his book of the Prince saith, that when a hawk is gouty or hath the pin on her feet, ye must take of Rew three ounces, of Barberies three ounces, of Colewort leaves three ounces, of oil of Violets a reasonable quantity, of Turpentine two ounces, of sheeps suet as much shall serve, of the fat of a young Pullet one ounce and a half, of virgin wax one ounce, of mastic one ounce, of white frankincense one ounce, of Opopaner one ounce, and of Allom two ounces. First strain out the juice of the said herbs brayed together, then put thereto all your other mixtures made into powder. Which done, melt all your sewets together in a new earthen pot, and put your juices and powders thereunto, stirring them continually with a stick over a soft fire, and so cooling them by little and little, whereby your unguent will become perfect, and you may keep it two years good. And when ye occupy it, spread it plasterwise upon leather, or linen cloth, laying it upon the pin gout, removing it each other day till it be whole, for 15. days together. And if the pin open not of itself, slit it and open it with a little sharp lance of steel made hot, then cleanse the filthy matter and quitture, and so shall your hawk recover assuredly.  
Master Cassian setteth down another good and well tried receipt for the same which is this: Take a quantity of Turpentine, half as much white soap, making the soap into powder. That done, make ashes of vineshreds, and take thereof somewhat less than of the powder of the soap. Set these three mixtures together upon the coals in a new pot, and stir them softly with a stick till they be incorporate together. Then make plasters thereof, and bestow them on the pume-gowte so as they may not fall off, nor be removed by the hawk, shifting them every two days till fifteen days be past, and that the disease grow to maturation. Alterward you may slit the pin, drawing out all the matter and quitture clean, but let your lance be somewhat hot wherewith you slit it, and if the pin open of itself, it is better. After this you must apply another plaster of Draculum magnum, which you shall find at the apothecaries: or it is a great drawer, and if it have any dead flesh in it, lay a little Verdegréece to it, for that is a corrosive and a fretter.  
Martin sayeth, that to soften the pin on the hawks foot and to make it grow to a head, ye must take the roots of Flower deluce which bears the blue leaf, dry it and beat it into powder, and make thereof a salve with honey of Roses, and lay it to the pin till it be thoroughly whole.  
Master Cassian saith further, that if your hawks feet be chafed, and fall to swelling, take the filing of iron beaten into powder to the maintenance of a bean or twain, and the quantity of a bean of a gad of steel filed into powder, and twice as much of the bark of an oak, as of the filing of iron, of which bark of the oak, you must take away the uttermost part, and of the rest make fine powder, féered through a cloth. When ye have mingled all these powders together, boil them in a new pot with a potsle of good vinegar, to the consumption of a third part. Then let it settle, and put the clearest of it alone by itself, and the grounds of it also by itself in a long narrow bag that the hawk may rest both her feet upon it. And with the water ye may use to bathe, her feet every day three or four times a day. Likewise ye must wet and refresh the bag with the same water, that the grounds may lie the closer under the feet of the hawk, which must stand upon it night and day till she be recured. And truly this is good for all manner of griefs and swellings of the feet.  
Martin is of opinion that ye must take half an ounce of Aloes and the white of an egg, with half an ounce and two penny weight of glue, mingle them all together, and put them in press, so as all may be residence, and make thereof a plaster, and lay it to your hawks feet till there be some issue and vent, then anoint them with soft soap. And when there happeneth any rapture, take Saltepéeter and Allom, of each two penny weight, making it into powder, bestow it upon the broken place to fret the dead flesh away, for this is a good corrosive for that purpose.   

Of the hawk that careth away her own feet  
THis inconvenience happeneth to Merlions in chief, above all other hawks, and to few or none else that I can read of. Master Cassian saith, it is a kind of Formica which maketh them to eat their feet in that order. For remedy hereof, make your hawk a collet of Paper to convey about her neck, so as she may not touch her feet. Afterward, take an ox gall, mingle it with a reasonable good quantity of Aloes, and anoint your hawks feet therewith twice or thrice a day, four or five days, and it shall do her pleasure, and preserve her from this evil. If that do her not good, then by Master Cassians advice, take swine's dung, and putting it on a tile, set it to the fire or in an oven, bake it till ye may force it into powder. Which done, wash your hawks feet with the purest & strongest vinegar that ye can find, afterward bestow her feet in the same powder, doing so twice or thrice a day for 14. or 15. days till she be thoroughly recured.   

The manner of the taking up of hawks veins when an humour droppeth down too fast on their feet.  
WHen ye intent to stop the veins that feed ill humours in your hawks feet, let her be handsomely cast then away with her pendant feathers. After that, force her leg a little with your finger, and you shall see a good pretty big vain under the knee. Having found the vain, take a needle and raise up the skin a little, and make an issue at your discretion: but take good heed that ye touch not the vain. That done, take the Clee of a Bittor, or of some other bird whatsoever, wherewith do lift up the vein, and draw your silk thread under the vein upon the Clée, and knit it on the side towards the leg to the knéeward for if ye cut it towards the thigh above the knot, ye spoil your hawk. Do no more to her but let it bleed as much as it will, remembering the next morning to anoint it with oil or capon's grease. And be ye sure that the taking up of veins is good and needful. For afterward the humours power not down upon their legs and feet. I thought good to set ye down this manner of taking up of veins, because I have used it myself, and recovered many hawks thereby. For when a hawk hath the veins of either thigh once taken up, the disease can no more return for want of the wont supply of moist humours, and crude matter that flowed unto the place.   

The manner of scouring and using your hawks when they are to be cast into the mew.  
WHen the time is come to cast haws in the mew, it is requisite and needful to scour them, & to make them clean. For divers times we see, that foul feeding of hawks in luring and fleeing time, engendereth the Filanders and other diseases in them, whereof they perish for want of care and cure in due time. Wherefore Master Michelin saith, that when ye intend to cast your Hawk unto the mew, ye must make three pits of the bigness of a bean, of the foresaid mixture of Lard, marrow, Sugar, and Saffron, which you may giur her three mornings together, not feeding her in two hours after, but suffering her to gleam. Then give her some good flesh and reasonable gorge, setting her all the while at the fire, or in the sun. And for other three mornings, after that, you must give her the maintenance of a bean of Aloes C●ostrine when she hath cast, keeping her likewise by the fire, or in the sun, and she will cast the Aloes with gross slime and filthy stuff. Likewise Aloes being given towards night enwrapped in her casting, is very good against the Filanders. This done and performed, as I have told you, ye may cast her into the mew.  
M. Amè Cassian saith, that for the same purpose ye must convey the quantity of half a hazel nut of Jerapigra into a hens gut, knit feit at both ends, and force it into your falcon's throat, holding her on the fist by the fire or in the sun, till she have scoured, and so keep her empty and void till noon, at what time she must be allowed of some good hot meat a reasonable gorge: the next morrow feed her well, and after those two days cast her into the mew without any more ceremonies or circumstance.  
Artelowch adviseth you, that the mewing of a hawk naturally with young rats, Mice, dogs flesh, Pigeons, rabbits, and other wholesome fowls, is far better than to use any art in the matter, or such superstitious practices, as you may perhaps read some, and hear of many. Truly I am of his opinion, and so do persuade you, that will mewe your hawks in good order: for haste in that case maketh waste, as in all other things.  
The best thing that you may do, when you mean to cast her into the mew, is first to scour her well after that manner that I have showed you in this book, to cope her well and to set her up in flesh before you cast her into the mew to discharge her of all disease as near as yond can, to rid her of mites & life being once in the mew, to set her water sometimes, to feed her with liquid and laxative meats now and than, and to omit none of those instructions which I have collected for you out of the Italian Falconers: for they are very good observations, specially for soar hawks and Niasses.  
But in the French man Artelo●ch, I find one necessary note for a Haggart, which is this.  
The Haggart (saith he) is not to be cast lose into the mew, but to be mewed on the fist, for otherwise she would become too coy and strange, and if she fall to bating and beating herself for heat, then must you hood her up, or bespowt her with cold water, the next way to make her leave bating. Thus must you continue her on the fist till she begin to shed her feathers, then shall it be good to set her down, and tie her to a stone or perch as you do the rest. And after she hath mewed, and comes to flee, then if you let her stand on a block or billet cased and rolled with cloth, you shall do very well.  
goshawks, Tiercels and Sparowhawks must be mewed as Falcons, save that they will not be borne on the fist, but be at liberty in the mew, and very cleanly served.  
Before you draw your hawk out of the mew fifteen or twenty days, you must begin to bate her of her diet, the sooner and better to enseam her, by restraint of her full feeding, which she had before, for otherwise there would follow surfeit and repleation, than which there is no more dangerous evil.  
It is no slender part of skill so to use a hawk in the mew as she may be quit of all mishaps that befall her in the mewe, if she be not well attended and regarded, during the time she is in the mew.   

The manner how to deal so with a hawk in the mew, as she may avoid the mischances of the mew which sundry times do happen, as well diseases as other harms.  
IT happeneth divers times that when hawks are in the mew, some do mew well and some ill, so as some of their own nature, and some by mishap do fail to be diseased, or otherwise break their feathers, and cast them not all the year long. As touching this matter, Master Mallopin in his book of the Prince saith, that when your hawk meweth not well and kindly, go in May to a slaughter house where sheep are killed, and take the kernels that are under their ears right against the end of the jaw-bone, of the bigness of an Almond. Chop ten or twelve of those kernels very small and give them to your hawk with her meat, finding the means by some way or other that she may receive them and put them over. And when she once gins to cast her feathers give her no more of them.   

Another way.  
WHen ye mean to further the mewing of your Hawk, take of the snails that have shells, stamp them shells and all, straining them through a cloth, and with the oil that comes thereof wash her meat two or three times. Also take of the snails that lie in running streams, give your hawk of them in the morning: for that will both scour her and nourish her greatly, and setteth her up, & maketh her to mew apace. Master Michelin in his book of the King of Cyprus, saith thus: Cut an Adder in two parts and seeth him in water, and with that water and wheat together feed your pullet's, Pigeons, Turtles, and other birds which you intent to allow your hawks that are slack to mew, and soon after they shall mew their feathers apace.  
M. Cassian saith, that when a Falcon will not mew, ye must take of Backs, otherwise called rearmice, and dry them so at the fire or in an oven, as ye may make them into powder which you must bestow upon your hawks meat. Also take little sucking whelps, and feed your hawk with the flesh of them steeped in the milk or renet which you shall find in the maws of them: afterward shred the maw itself in small pieces, and force her to take it, and she shall mew very well and timely. Likewise all manner of live birds make a hawk to mew well, for it is their natural feeding, and therefore best for them.  
Martin sayeth, that to mew your hawk well, ye must set water by her once or twice a week, and also roast frogs in the fire, making them into powder, and bestowing it upon her meat. Likewise small fishes chopped, and given with her meat, do further a hawks mewing very much. Thus do the French Authors writ, I leave them to your experience that list to follow the French fashion.   

The manner of dieting and keeping hawks in the mewe.  
WHen ye intent to cast your hawk into the mew, ye must see the mew very clean, then furnish your hawk with all her implements, setting her two or three times in the Sun, taking good heed that her furniture of her legs be not so straight and uneasy, as she be driven to be ever tearing at it. Also you must cast her into the mew high, lusty, and in good plight, well scoured, and fed with good hot flesh. Again, ye must now and then give her small fishes, specially to goshawks, sparowhawks, & all other round winged hawks, because those fishes be (as my Author termeth them) laxative, and good to scour, setting them water twice or thrice a week. For now & then they will bowze, by means whereof they discharge their bodies of humours, and also their bathing in it, maketh them the better penned and the firmer. Young rats, Mice, and swallows are very good feeding for a hawk, for they ●ée nourishing meats, and will keep the hawk in good plight. Therefore let your hawk be mewed in a place that is clean, handsome, and well kept, for she will rejoice and delight greatly in it. Thus have ye the manner of mewing your hawk after the opinion of the French.   

The manner of drawing hawks out of the Mew.  
WHen ye draw your hawks out of the mew, ye had need to take heed that they be not too greasy: for sometimes when they be so, and set upon the fist unhooded, they so take on and heat themselves with bating, that they break their grease within them, putting themselves in great danger of death. Wherefore my counsel is, that all mewed hawks should be well attended and fed with washed meat, fourteen or fifteen days before they be drawn out of the mew to breed resolution of glitte and gross matter which is in their panels, whereof they shall scour the most part by doing as is aforesaid, and so shall ye quit them of all danger.  
Mallopin speaking hereof in his book of the Prince, saith, that if a hawk be huge and greasy, when she is new drawn, a man must not bear her unhooded. For ye may well understand, that if she feel the sun, the air, or the wind; she lightly falleth to bating and stirring, by means whereof she heateth herself inordinately, and so runs in danger of death, & spoil by taking cold upon it. Whereupon the Petty falconers and novices which know not what it meaneth, say that the hawk perisheth by mean of her me wing and thorough default. And therefore when a hawk is to be drawn out of the mew, she must be well attended and looked to, that hernie at be washed, and regard had that she be not overgorged. And if happily she lose her appetite, and list to feed, take Aloes Cicotrine, and the juice of Barberies, and fores her to receive it in the gut of a hen. Which done, hold her upon your fist until she have scoured, keeping her empty till noon: At which time give her some hot meat or bird, and the next day give her of a hen, setting her water to hath: & assure yourself that this medicine is good against all worms and Filanders that may breed in the body of a hawk.  
Mallopin saith, that when ye draw a hawk out of the mew, ye must wash her meat, feeding her therewith by little & little, and allow her such flesh as is laxative, that she may have the less joy to keep it long or stand upon it, and to the end she be not proud or overhaught of her drawing out of the mew. And there withal she must be daily plied and borne on the fist. Within few days after she is thus drawn, ye must scour her and enseam her with the foresaid medicine of Lard, Sugar, Mace and Saffron with a very little Aloes, for if ye confect it with too much Aloes, ye shall bring her ●ouer low. Therefore give her of it every day a pill for three days together: & thereupon set her in the sun or by the fire, keeping her empty two or three hours after, then give her a reasonable gorge of a pullet, or of mutton.  
M. Cassian saith, that some Falconers after they have enseamed their hawks in manner aforesaid three or four days before they intent to flee, do give them a pill of the bigness of a bean made in manner following. They use to take a little lard with the powder of pepper and ashes sisted and serced, of each a like much, and a little fine salt, and a quantity of Aloes Cicotrine in powder. They mingle them all well and thoroughly together, and make thereof a bal, and convey it into the hawks beak, so as they enforce her to take it down, if she will not otherwise. Which done, they hold her hooded by the fire or in the sun, making her to keep the pill as long as they can, & afterward do let her cast it at her pleasure. By this mean ye shall see that she will g●●● and slegmatick humours whereby her panel and vowels will be discharged of much glit, and she become sound and cheerful, and ready to flee her prey. And an hour or twain after this, they feed her with a live thicken: for ye must 〈◊〉 the pill which she hath received hath distempered h●● very much. Nevertheless I must give you warning that you must 〈◊〉 so deal with a poor & low hawk, as ye would wish a hawk that is high and in pride. In doing after this manner your hawk shall be lusty, & enjoy her all the year after. For hardly shall that hawk do her part in fleeing that year which is not well scoured, & carfully enseamed.   

When Aloes is to be given to hawks that are fleeing.  
MAny are of opinion that when hawks are fleeing, they must have Aloes Cicotrine given them from month to month, conveying the quantity of a bean thereof into their meat, or into a hens skin, to take away the bitterness thereof, that they may keep it as long as may be before they cast it, then setting them all the while by a fire, or in the Sun, till they have cast the slimy and gross humours with the Aloes. And if ye mind to keep your hawk from the worms and the Filanders, give her the maintenance of a pease of Aloes every eight days in her casting. Again, ye must remember that whensoever you perceive your hawk wax any thing cold, to give her five or six cloves of maces, and they will scour her head of all watery humours: moreover, being given at evening in a little cotton as ye give the Aloes, they be very good and available against all manner of Filanders.   

Of the hawk that hath her talons broken.  
A hawk doth sometimes break a talon by some mischance and often by the rudeness and churlishness of the Falconer in unseazing her roughly from her prey, insomuch that her talon tarrieth behind in the thing that she seized on, and sometimes is quite broken or slived from the flesh, by reason whereof she is in danger of spoil, or at least wise of lozing her talon. When a hawks talon is so slived off, as there remaineth nothing but the tender part that was within it: make a little pretty leather glove of the bigness of her stretcher or clea, and fill it with capon's grease and dr●w it on, tying it handsomely to her leg with two pretty strings, renewing it every other day till the point of her stretcher be well hardened again.  
And if a hawk happen to have but a piece of her talon broken off, so as some part of it remaineth still behind, let it be anointed with the fat of a snake, and it will grow again as the others. And if the hawk be hurt by violence, so as the talon is become lose from the flesh, and falls to bleeding: then first of all cast the powder of Sanguis Draconis upon it, and it will staunch the blood out of hand: and if it swell or rankle after it, then dress it and anoint it with capon's grease or honey of Roses till it be thoroughly recured.  
In these hurts of hawks talons, Martin giveth this counsel following. Make little matches of paper, and sere therewith the stretcher that hath lost his talon, and bind the cindre of the same paper with a little honey to it, and let it so rest nine days together. And if the talon be quite bereft, put on the foresaid glove with capon's grease, till the pownce be grown again, and let the hawk rest till she be thoroughly sound. And if the hawks foot or leg chance to rankle and grow to further inconvenience, confect the unguent of capon's grease, oil of Roses, oil of Violets. Turpentine, powder of frankincense, and Mastic, and anoint the swelling therewith, and let her rest till she be thoroughly recured.   

Of the hawk that lays an egg in the mew, or out of the Mew.  
SOmetimes hawks are with egg in the mew, and eft without the mew, whereby they fall sick, and are in great danger if there be not remedy had for it: which thing you shall easily perceive by them in May & April, at which times they are wont to be with egg. To remedy this inconvenience, let the hawks meat be washed in the urine of a man-child of six or seven years old, eight or nine days together, and that will keep her from laying. But if the eggs be already full fashioned within her, then to break and dispatch them, ye must (as Master Martin sayeth) give her the yolks of a couple of eggs rear roasted with butter, twice or thrice a week: and that must be done during the months of May and April. For besides that, it will break and waste away the eggs within a hawk, it is good also to set them up when they be low in state, howbeit you must remember that whensoever ye minister this medicine, ye must give them flesh withal, for it is of great nourishment.  
Again, Mallopin saith, that to break eggs in a hawk, ye must take of the liquor that bleedeth or oozeth out of wines in March when they be cut, and with that liquor wash your hawks meat nine or ten days, and the eggs will consume and waste away by that means, how great soever they be.   

The manner of taking hawks in the Eyree.  
FIrst you must beware that you take them not before they are somewhat waxed: for if ye do so, and bring them into a cold and moist place, they will have a disease in the back, so as they shall not be able to stand on their feet, and moreover they shall be in danger of utter spoil. Therefore they must not be taken till they be somewhat strong, and can stand well on their feet. And you must set them upon some perch or bail of wood, that they may by that means the better keep their feathers unbroken, and eschew the dragging of their trains upon the ground, for so shall they be the better sunned. Michelin saith further, that to keep Eyesse hawks from that inconvenience, specially when they be taken over little, they must be kept in a dry and clean place, & ye must strew every where under them the herb that in (French is called Yeble) which hath a seed like Elder. This herb is of nature hot, and good against the gout, and the disease of the reins which might befall them: Wherefore if ye will keep hawks well that are new taken from out of the nest, if ye take them in the morning, ye must let them stand empty till noon: and if ye take them in the evening, ye must not feed them till the next morrow. And when ye feed them, give them tender flesh, and after that, let them not stand empty any more too long for hindering their feathers, and tainting them.   

Of hawks that have lice, mites or other vermin.  
IF ye will know whether your hawks have lice or mites set her in the warm sun out of the wind, and by and by ye shall easily perceive it: for they will crawl out upon her feathers and swarm there. For remedy hereof, take a quantity of Orpiment beaten into very fine powder, and having mingled it with half as much powder of Pepper, let your hawk be cast handsomely that she break not her feathers then powder first the one wing, and so the other gently, and finally, all the whole carcase of her: after which, set her upon your fist again, bespowt her, and squirt a little Water on her with your mouth, and set her by a fire, or in the sun till she be thoroughly weathered. Afterward when ye intent to feed her, wash her beak to take away the savour of the Orpiment, and beware that your hawk be not poor, when you intent to use Orpiment. Having thus done, you shall see that all the mites and lice will discover themselves upon ker feathers and die, either the Orpiment alone, or the Pepper alone are as good as both of them together, to spoil the mites. But here is the odds, the Pepper maketh the mites to show themselves, and then the Orpiment murdereth them. When ye use the Pepper alone, put thereto a third part less of Ashes, to abate the force of the Pepper, and so shall your hawk be rid of those vermin. And assure yourself that no hawk which hath the mites (be she never so good) is able to do her duty and play her part by reason of the annoyance which she feeleth in her feathers by them. And if ye would rid her of the mites without washing her, than my author bids you take a very old Mavis or black bird, & having taken out all the grease that ye can find in her, anoint your hawks feet, and the perch whereon ye set her therewith, for all the vermin will repair down to it: & therefore shift her out of her place twice or thrice in the night, that she may be no more troubled therewith.  

Addition.  [But your best medicine of all, is to wash her in a warm bath made with water, black soap, stavesacre, pepper and Orpiment, having care to keep it out of her mouth, eyes and nares.   

Of the hawk that holdeth not her wings up so well as she should do, but lolleth them.  
IF a hawk that is newly taken be set straightways upon a perch or upon the fist of one that hath no skill to use her, she overheates herself with bating, and afterward catcheth such cold upon it, as she cannot recover or truss her wings close to her again, nor be able to flee well. Mallopin saith, that to remedy this mischief, you must take of the best vinegar that is to be gotten, & with your mouth spirit it upon, and betwixt her feathe as till she be thoroughly wet, taking good heed that none of it come in her nares, and afterward set her by the fire or in the Sun, serving her so two or three days together. And if she recover do nothing else to her, but if she recover not, let her bathe, either of pleasure or of force, and she will truss up her wings to her by mean of striving with herself. Then let her be set very warm by a fire or in the sun: for if she should i'll upon it, she woulb become worse than before.   

Of the Crampgout.  
MArtin saith ye shall discern the Crampgowt by your hawks holding of her one foot upon the other, and by her often knibbing and jobbing of her foot with her beak. For remedy whereof ye must east her handsomely & let her blood on the vein that is between the foot and the leg, and afterward anoint the vain with capon's grease, or with oil of Roses.   

To keep a hawk from all manner of gouts, the French man's opinion is this.  
BY Martin's advise, if ye doubt that your hawk shall have the gout, you must fear her and cauterize her, as hereafter followeth. Take a small iron with a round button at the end as big as a pease, heat it red hot, and fear her therewith, first above the eyes, then upon the top of her head, and thirdly upon the balls of her feet. And this violent kind of dealing with her, is the next and assuredst way to do good in such desperate diseases, if any help be to be had. But my Italian Author Sforzine giveth over a hawk that is troubled with the gout, and thinketh there is small credit to be gotten by the cure, because of the impossibility.   

For the biting of a venomous beast or worm.  
IF your hawk be bitten or stung of a venomous beast, or worm, make her to receive a little treacle, and powder of Pepper, and afterward feed her with hot meat two days: and beware that she touch no water for twenty days after. Or else burn a frog and beat her into powder, and put thereof upon cat's flesh, and yive it your hawk.  
These are strange remedies and rare, and of the French devise. Give your judgement of them, and by trial you shall know what they will do. I find them in my Author, and therefore do set them down, and not for any experience I have had of them.   

For the wound or biting of any beast.  
IF your hawk be hurt by any mischance, and the mouth of the wound very small, rip it larger, and scour it with white wine, laying thereon a plaster of white frankincense and mastic, and annoini it round about with butter, oil of Roses, or oil olive.   

A Treatise and brief discourse of the cure of Spaniels when they be any way overheat: devised & written by M. Francisco Sforzino Vicentino the Italian Gentleman Falconer.  
HOw necessary a thing a spaniel is to falconry, & for those that use that pastime, keeping hawks for their pleasure and recreation, I déem no man doubteth as well to spring and retrieve a fowl being flown to the mark, as also divers other ways to assist and aid Falcons and goshawks. Wherefore, seeing that hitherto in my collection I have spoken altogether of hawks both for the river and field, and in my conceit have left few néeefull points for a good Falconer untouched or treated of: now I shall not do amiss, nor wander over wide from my purpose, if I say somewhat of Spaniels, without the which a Falconer, (specially using to flee the field) cannot be without maim of his pastime, and impair of his gallant glee. And again, for that they are subject to many diseases and plagues, (as we commonly term them) for dogs, and longer than they are without infection we may expect from them no pleasure, assistance or recreation: I will only in this treatise describe you their harms with cures due to the same. Among all which I place the mangy first, as the capital enemy to the quiet and beauty of a brave spaniel, wherewith they poor dogs are oftentimes greatly plagued, both to the infection of their fellows, and the no slender grief of their masters.  
The way to cure and discharge a spaniel of the mangy, is to anoint him either at the fire, or in the sun, 
The cure for the mangy.  thrice every other day with an unguent made of Barrow, flicke one pound, common oil three ounces, Brimstone well brayed four ounces, salt well beaten and bruised, ashes well sifted and fierced, of either two ounces, boiling all these in a Kettle or pot of Earth, mingling them well together till the barrow flicke be incorporate and well compounded with the rest. With this unguent thus made and confected, anoint and besmear all the body of your spaniel, and every other part of him, shifting his litter and kennel often, the oftener the better. And lastly, having thus done, wash him over and over with good strong lie, and it will mortify and kill the mangy.  
But if perhaps (as commonly it falleth out) the Spaniel lose her hear, though it proceedeth not of the force of this unguent and strong medicine, yet it shall be very good to bathe your Spanell, shredding his hair in this order, with the water of lupines, or hops, and to anoint him with stolen Barrowes flicke.  
This medicine, over and beside that, it cureth and quitteth the mangy it also maketh the spaniels skin beautiful and fair to look to, and kills the flies, the dogs disquieters and enemies, to his ease.  
But when this foresaid remedy is not of force sufficient to rid the mangy, but that it spreddes and getteth greater power and dominion over your Spanell: then doth it behove you to dovise a far stronger medïcine, which is, to take of strong Vinegar two quarters, or as much as will suffice, common oil six ounces, 
Another remedy more strong.  Brimstone three ounces, sut of a chimney or pot, a quantity of six ounces, brayed salt and serced, two handfuls: boil all these aforesaid in the Vinegar, using the former order of anointing your Spanell in the Sommertime.  
If neither of these remedies aforesaid will serve the turn, then for a last refuge, you must be driven to practise with a far stronger, than either of both. But in any wise, this medicine must not be ministered in the cold of winter, for it will then put the Spanell in great hazard of death.  

A very strong medicine for the mangy.  Take quick silver, as great a quantity as shall suffice, and mortify it with stolen Barrowes flicke, or lard, as if I should set you down this proportion: Of quick silver two ounces, Barrowes grease ten ounces, mingle them well together, until they be incorporated: with this unguent anoint your Spanell in the sun, tying him afterwards for the space of an hour in the Sun, to the end the unguent may sink in, and pierce the deeper. Then wash him twice with black soap, and observing this order of anointing him every other day twice or thrice, assuredly you shall rid him of all manginess, whatsoever it be.  
But I must tell you this by the way, that this unguent of quick silver will cause her hair to fall away. Wherefore it shall be requisite every third or fourth day to anoint him with stolen Bacon grease, for that will presently make his hair to grow and come again.  
If a spaniel be not very much infected with the mangy ' than is it an easy matter to cure it in this sort. 
A way to cure the mangy without any unguent.   
To make a kind of bread with wheaten bran, and the roots, leaves and fruit, or flowers of the herb which we call agrimony, beating it well in a mortar, and making it into a past or dough baking it in an oven, and so made to give your Spaniels of the said bread as much as they list to eat, and none other bread at all for a time. With four or five of these loaves of bread, made in manner as I tell you, have I cured my Spaniels of the mangy, and some other of my friends.  
Though every body for the most part do know these common herbs, yet nevertheless I will follow mine Author, & set it down with the same description as he doth.  
agrimony is an herb that grows in meadows & fields, near unto some root of a tree, and upon the mouth of saw pits, and other old unclean and unoccupied places. The leaves of it do spread upon the ground, they are a shaftment in length, jagged on each side, like unto the leaf of Hemp, divided into five or more parts and branches, indented round about. It brings forth one or two blackish stalks, upon which there are certain boughs standing one distant from another, on which there are yellow flowers, and those flowers being through ripe, do yield certain round berries, as big as a pease or Fetch which will cleave and hang to a man's garments if he once touch them. This description doth my Italian Author make of the herb agrimony, whereof he would have this bread made to cure the mangy Spaniel. I leave it over to thy use and discretion till thou need it. [But when all these medicines shall fail, or to be sure not to fail in your cure, take only a pint of strong wine Vinegar, 
Addition.  & mix therewith a good quantity of gunpowder well bruised, and therewith anoint the dog all over, and you shall spare all other experiments.]   

Of diverse accidents that happen to dogs, and first of that ill which is called For●ica.  
EVery man doth know that there is a kind of vile disease that lights upon spaniel's ears, which doth greatly vex them in the Summer time especially with the flies, and the scratting and tearing themselves with their own feet. We term it in English, a kind of mangy, but but both the Latimst and the Italian term it Formica. The French man he calleth it Fourmye●, which in troth is in English nothing else but an ant or Pismire, applied here in this place to a dogs disease for some likelihood and property betwixt the Pismire and the mischief, which is accustomed to exéepe and go further and further with his infection, to the great annoyance of the poor spaniel, even as the Pismire is ever busy travailing to and fro, and never unoccupied.  

The Cure.  The way to rid this vile disease and mischief, is to bestow upon the infected place a medicine made of gum Drag aganthe four ounces infused in the strongest vinegar that may be gotten by the space of eight days: and afterwards bruised on a Marble stone, as Painters do their colours, adding unto it Roch Allom and galls beaten to powder, of either two ounces. Using these things as I have showed you, you may make a powder of marvelous force: for this purpose, laying it upon the Member where the mangy lies. This no question will kill the Formica.  

Of the swelling in the spaniel's throat.  Sometimes there befalls this mischief upon poor Spaniels. There droppeth down an humour from their brains, by mean of which their throats and necks do swell unreasonably. For remedy of this, I will advise you to take nothing more than to anoint all the place without with oil of camomile, then washing and embroching the dogs throat round about the grief with vinegar not overstrong, and with salt. If you do this you shall recover your spaniel, and drive away this distillation of ill humours, that fall out of the spaniel's head, causing the great swelling in the throat.   

Of a kind of worms breeding in the hurts and mangy parts of a spaniel.  
SOmetimes when a Spaniel hath taken a hurt or wound, there do engender in the wound certain worms that do hinder the cure of the hurt, causing it to continue at one stay, or to grdw worse and worse. Wherefore it shall be very necessary to endeavour to kill them which you shall do assuredly if you convey into the wound nothing but the gum of ivy called in Latin (Gumma Hederae) keeping it there for the space of one day or two, washing the wound with Wine, 
The cure.  and after that anointing it with Bacon grease, oil of earthworms, and Rew.  
Moreover, a juice made of the green pills, and rinds of Walnuts, or the powder of dried lupines is very good. Likewise powder of wild Cucumbers is excellent to kill those worms: and not that alone, but it will play the part of a corrosive fretting away the dead flesh, and increasing the good.  
But when the worms grow within the body of a Spaniel, 
Of worms within the body. The Cure.  they must be killed in this manner with an inward receipt.  
cause your spaniel either by love or force to eat when he is fasting, the yolk of an egg with two scruples of good Saffron beaten into powder & confected with the said egg, 
When a spaniel is bitten by a fox or mad dog.  keeping him after it from meat till night.  
When a Spaniel is hurt as long as he can come to lick the wound with his tongue he needs no other remedy. His tongue is his surgeon. But when he cannot possibly lick it, than such wounds as be not venomous, you may resolve with the powder of Matresilua dried in an oven, or in the sun. And if it be the bite of a fox, it shall suffice to anoint it with oil, wherein earth worms and Rue have been boiled together.  
But if it were bitten by a mad dog, it shall be best presently to thrust through the skin of his head, and pol with a hot iron just betwixt the ears, so as the fire may touch both sides of the hole made: And after that with your hand to plack up the skin of the dogs shoulders and flanks backwards, thrusting it through with the hot iron in like manner.  
The giving of this vent to the wound will greatly pleasure the Spaniel, and is a ready way to cure him.  
Besides the application of this cautery and fire, there is one other approved remedy, and that is, to cause your Spaniel to lap twice or thrice of the broth of Germander, and eat the Germander itself boiled. I need not to describe the herb it is so well known: but my Author sets down his proportion & flower. It bears a jagged leaf, and hath a purple or blue flower, and in shape it is like a little oak.  
This herb Germander sodden and confected with salt and oil, 
To help a Spaniel that hath lost his sense of smelling.  either simply bruised together, or made into a paste, and given unto a spaniel, will do him very much good in the cure of the bite of a mad dog.  
Now and then Spaniels by mean of too much rest and grease, and some other accident beside, do lose their sense of smelling, so as they cannot spring or retrieve a fowl after their accustomed manner. In this case it shall be very good to scour a Spaniel in this manner. 
The Cure.   
Take Agaricke two drams, Sal gemma one scruple, beat these into powder and incorporate them with oxymel, making a pill as big as a nut, convey the pill into butter, and so give it the spaniel either by love or force, as he may swallow it. This will bring him to a quick sent and sense again, as I have oftentimes approved.   

To cut off the tip of a spaniel's tail or stern.  
IT is very necessary to cut off a little of the spaniel's tail, when it is a whelp for sundry occasions: for in so doing, you shall deliver him, and be a mean that no kind of worm or other mischief shall greatly offend that part of your Spanell: Which, if it be not cut a little at the very point and top, is subject to many evils and inconveniences, and will be a cause that the dog will not dare to press overhastily into the covert after his game. Besides the benefit of it, the Dog becomes more beautiful by cutting the top of his stern: for than will it bush out very gallantly, as experience will teach you.  
It shall be good when Spanell whelps are one month old or somewhat more, to worm them under the tongue: 
To worm a Spanell.  for there have they a string very like to a worm, which must be plucked away by some devise or other. This is the order of it: If it be a whelp of a month old, they take him and open his flew and taws with a man's hand: but if it be a bigger Spanell, then do they convey a round stick into his mouth, to keep it wide open: which done, they pluck out the dogs tongue, and with a sharp knife of purpose for it, they slit the tongue all alongst where the worm lies, on both sides, and so very artificially with the point of the knife, they raise up the worm the better to pull it away. But in this case there must be care used, that the worm be not cut asunder, but had clean away, without leaving any part of it behind.  
Some men do use (in the taking away of this worm in a spaniel's tongue) a needle or such like instrument with a double twisted thread hanging to it, two shaftments in length, thrusting the needle quite underneath the worm just in the middle of it, drawing the needle so far until the double twisted thread be level with the middle of the worm, then drawing it hard with the hand, they pull it out (but by drawing the thread artificially, many times the worm breaks in two pieces, and then it is a very hard matter to come by that part that is slipped and left behind. Wherefore in mine opinion, the first is the better way to dispatch him clean. For when this worm is once quite drawn out, the Spanell will become far the fairer, and wax the fatter. Many times the want of worming doth keep a Spanell poor, and out of flesh, so as he can not prove. And (as ancient writers affirm) the worming doth discharge the Spanell of madness and frenzy (which I can hardly credit or believe: the infection and biting of an other mad dog being so venomous, as it is able to work great effect in the dog that is bitten.)  
Thus much I thought good to write of spaniels, and their diseases and cures, for that they are superintendants, and necessary servants, both for the hawk and the Falconer, without whom, the sport would be but cold, and the toil far more than it is to the man. Wherefore it shall not be amiss for a good Falconer, always to breed and keep of the best kind of spaniels that he may come by, and so to respect them, as they heat not at any time: Or if they do by misfortune or negligence of your lackey boy; then to regard their cure, which may be done in manner as I have here set down: And withal to use due correction to the boy. For a good Spanell is a great jewel: and a good Spanell maketh a good hawk, and a cursed master, a careful footman. Farewell. (∵)   
FINIS.   

 

  

   

❧ The Epilogue unto the Reader.  

LO Reader here, the end of this my book,  
Though not the end of my good will and love,  
Bestow thy pains hereon a while to look,  
As I employed my head for thy behove:  
It shall suffice if thou do not reprove  
This slender work, compiled for thy delight,  
Whose friendly look my labour shall requite.   

I count my toil and travail but a game,  
I deem the days not long or spent amiss,  
If so I may unto thy fancy frame  
This book of mine which all of Hawking is,  
Than which there can be found no better bliss  
In my conceit to such as love the glee,  
And force the fields where bravest pleasures be.   

I must confess, my Hammers have but hewed  
That royal rock, which others found of yore,  
I do but tread the path which others showed  
Unto their friends, to make their skill the more:  
I but translate a garment made before:  
Which if I do with gallant shape to view,  
I deem as much as if I made a new.   

For hard it is to stalk in others steps.  
He thinks himself a thrall that marcheth so:  
He jumps in joy that at his pleasure leaps,  
And is not forced in others feet to go:  
Nothing more lief than liberty you know,  
Which no translator hath I undertake,  
Unless that he his authors sense forsake.   

Which vaunt I dare, I seldom here have done,  
Zforcino knows, and can control me then,  
Italian borne, whose book I overrun,  
And Giorgies eke compiled with learned pen,  
Assuredly these two were skilful men,  
And wistfull well what hawks and hawking meant,  
And all things else that further this intent.   

To Tardiffe eke the Frenchman I appeal,  
To Malopyn, and Mychelyn, cunning wights,  
Let Artelow●he be witness how I deal,  
In field affairs, or else in river flights,  
And dioclesian eke who well of hawking writeth:  
All these I wish as judges in the case  
Where I corrupt or alter any place.   

Some men perhaps will wonder that I wrote  
Of slately hawks, and birds of rare delight,  
And blazed it out but in so base a note,  
As scarce will please the gallant courtier's sight,  
Who ways no gold that is not burnished bright:  
His curious ear but hardly will digest,  
Sweet musics sound, that is not of the best.   

For mine excuse and for my simple pen,  
To answer thus, I fear I shall be feign,  
Sith charge of hawks committed is to men,  
That Nobles serve for yearly hire, and gain,  
(Who are not fine but homely mates and plain)  
My purpose was, to set them down the trade,  
To man their Hawks, and how they might be made.   

For peers (I know, and you must needs agree)  
Regard no more but only to behold  
The fleeing hawks, their joy is but to see  
The haughty Haggard worth her weight in gold,  
To slay the fowl at brook with courage bold,  
With hawks they never deal in other sort,  
Their servants feed, and they enjoy the sport.   

Which if be so, the low and plainest style  
Doth best agree the Falconers mind to fit,  
To carp it fine with those that have no guile,  
A jest it were and sign of slender wit,  
The writers ought the readers vain to hit.  
This was the cause I wrote my book so plain,  
I told it erst, I tell it now again.   

The modest mind I know, will rest content,  
With this excuse, and brook mine answer well,  
Of other some perhaps I shall be shent.  
Whose sullen breasts with secret envy swell,  
Who pleaseth all, deserves to bear the bell.  
But if the Courtier fancy this my book,  
I scorn the proud disdainful Momus look.   

Falconers farewell, at pleasure do peruse  
These leaves and lines, each picture and each page.  
Readers adieu, I have no farther news,  
I can but wish you ancient Nestor's age,  
Unto whose dooms my writings here I gauge:  
To cure your hawks or make your cunning more,  
If ought be here, I clap my hands therefore.  
My Muse, and I, have done the best we can,  
To learn you how your hawks to lure & man.  
George Turbervile.   
Livor, edax rerum, tuque in vidiosa vetustas,  
Omnia destruitis.  
FINIS.