¶ The order of the great turks court, of his men of war, and of all his conquests, with the sum of Mahumetes doctrine.  
¶ Translated out of French.  
1524.  
Ricardus Grafton excudebat.  
Gum privilegio ad imprimendum solum.    

To the reader.  
IF that good prophet jeremy so bewailed the beating down of the walls of jerusalem and woeful captivity of the people thereof, that he was constreigned to confess that he wanted water to power out of his yies for the just lamentation of that woeful case, what streams of tears may seem sufficient unto us, to testify the inward grief that we ought to have, when we consider how far and how wide Antichrist hath dilated his kingdom by other his instruments, and namely by Mahumet that pestiferous false prophet? For not only castles, towns and cities have been blasted with the deadly breath of this poisoned serpent, but also whole and sundry provinces, realms and nations, have so drunken in his cankerde venom, that it hath been hard for the very choose to escape his terrible stynges. And where as other adders do only corrupt the bodies, this hell viper with his forked fiery tongue hath pierced even the very souls of men.  
Read Mahumettes acts who so lust, and he shall find such pride and arrogancy such ambition, such bloudynesse and cruelty, such hypocrisy and superstition, briefly such a mind to deface, abholyshe and destroy the kingdom of the son of the living God (I mean jesus our saviour) as in the chiefest member of Antichrist, he calleth himself the most excellent Prophet and counsellor of God: he denieth that Christ died (in whose only death standeth our whole hope of remission of sins) he taught his disciples to fast all day, and at night to give theimselues too immoderate eating and drinking: he was not ashamed to say, that God spoke to him from heaven and gave him licence to abuse as many wemennes as could fantasy him: he counted his wicked laws so good that no Christian man might open his mouth against them without shedding of blood: he was a treytoure and made insurrection against his prince. There are many other false, devilish and abominable doctrines which this monster taught and meynteyned: but it is more necessary for us to lament the miserable case of Christ's people and to fly to god's mercy for aid then to rehearse his deceits, gyles, delusions treasons and conspiracies against the true and everlasting Messiah and his choose believers. For we aught to know that for our sinful living and open contempt of God's holy word, this cruel wolf hath been suffered so piteously to have stained his mouth with Christian blood. Nevertheless, if we which profess the name of Christ (the promised seed of David) earnestly considering these miseries, would return to our merciful father with unfeigned purpose to change our lives and to embrace with all reverence his blessed word, he would shake of from our brethren's necks these intolerable yokes. Let us remember that he hath not only promised deliverance to them that cast away their unfaithfulness and earnestly cry upon him for help, but also hath performed it in deed heretofore that we should in no wise doubt of his prompt and ready goodness.  
When the Israelites were cruelly and miserably oppressed of the Egyptians, and cried faithfully to God for succour, he stirred up Moses and Aaron to be their captains, and to lead them out of that fiery furnace. Likewise, when the Emperor Julian tormented the good Christians, at the continual prayer of his repentant servants: God without any delay plucked from them that terrible tormentoure: For at what time Julian took his journey into Persia threatening the Christians, that at his return he would sacrifice their blood to his false gods: by the provision of the true God, he was led aside by a man of Persia, into a wilderness where he received his deaths wound, and was constreigned to confess with his blasphemous mouth, that it was the manifest plague of God. For he took clottes of blood and threw them up to the skyewarde, saying: thou hast overcomed O Galilean, thou haste overcomed, calling Christ a Galilean, because he was brought up in Galilee.  
There is also another later example, which seemeth more notable than that I can overpass it. When the Saracens with their captain zulimus, grievously assaulted Constantinople in the time of the Emperor Leo, a great pestilence also piteously waisting the town in extreme desperation of man's help, they wholly fled to the merciful goodness of God, leaving their superstitious religions, and buyrying all their abused images of the town, and apointing all the rest in their kingdom to the fire. Then our merciful God saying their repentant hearts, deferred no longer from them his present help. For all these things forthwith came together upon the Saracenes, cold, hunger, pestilence, seditions among theimselues, the death of their captain, their ships partly brent up with fire from heaven, partly bonged and drowned with an horrible tempest.  
These examples ought to move us, both to abhor and detest our wickedness and superstition, and also to conceive a sure trust, that God will shine upon us with his favourable countenance and deliver us from our most cruel enemies, if we begin a new life and turn unfeignedly unto him. And if there be any man that earnestly doth not consider the miseries and calamiteis of Christian people, let them read this little treatise, wherein they shall perceive, how mighty Mahumettes superstitious impietee hath preveyled: how ample regions the Cristians have lost, in what bondage they live, and whereunto that base and vile nation the turks have increased, through our sins. Upon the consideration whereof they and all other may be stirred to call upon our heavenly father, that he will send his living spirit among us, to work true faith and repentance in all men's hearts to raise up true preachers of the kingdom of Christ, to confound Antichrist with all his heretiquall and damnable sects, and to deliver his people from miserable bondage.  
Amen.   


The estate of the court of the great turk. The order of his army, & of his yearly revenues.  
Item a brief rehearsal of all conquests and vyctories that the turks have had, from the first of that stock, to this Solyman the great turk that now reigneth.  
Translated out of French into english.  
1542.  
Ricardus Grafton excudebat.  
☞ Cum priviilegio, ad imprimendum solum.    

The estate of the court  
YOu have often requysred, & yet require that I would write to you the estate of the court of the great Turk, which thing you know as well or better than I: For I am certain, that you have seen and read all that both the ancient authors and also men of our time have written thereof, which have so largely entreated of this matter, that it may seem arrogancy and presumption for me, once to open my mouth after them. Nevertheless, the friendship which hath been 
What thing moveth the author hereof to write this treatise.  between us from our childhod well deserveth, that I should accomplish your pleasure, and satisfy your request, not only in this thing, but also in all other, which shall lie in my power to do.  
Wherefore, you shall first understand, 
Where the Turkekepeth his residence  that the great turk keepeth his ordinary residence in Constantynople, which the Turks call Stamboll. And he hath his house called Saray, sytuated upon the See coast of Asya, over a 
The name & situation of the Turk's palace.  against the castles called Scutary Where in times paste stood the city of Calcedon. And there is but a little passage by the see, from the one to the other, which straight of ancient time was called Bosphorus 
Bosphorus, a straight of Thrace.  of Thrace, now named the straight of Constantynople.  
In the foresaid Saray, (which 
The descripcy on of Saraye the palace royal.  is the palace royal, of great circuit and compass) there are many chambers richly apparelled, and principally that which is appointed 
By whom the Turk is served in his chamber.  for the great turks own person. In which he is served with vi. young spryngaldes. Of which two of them keep the watch all 
How ii young men watch the Turk night lie.  the night, one at the beds head another at the feet, each of them holding ii torches burning in their hands.  
These springaldes every morning make him ready, & put in the pockets 
The money that is put daily in the Turks pockettes.  of his roobe, called Castan, in the one twenty ducats of gold, in that other a M. aspres, which be little pointed pieces of silver more square 
thirty Aspres make a ducat And a ducat is worth u s. sterling so that every. x Aspres maketh xii d. sterling.  than round: of which l make a ducat. And they have nothing graven in them but only letters neither yet their ducats which they call Altum & Altumler. For they use no arms nor crowns, though our peynters attribute to them tharmes of Constantinople. Which are a cross of gold in a read field of gules, with four irons such as we strike fire withal out of a tinder box, but they are not yrones, but four greek, B. that signify Basileus Basileon, Basilevon Basileeis, that 
The signification of the superserypeyon of the Turks coin.  is to say: king of kings, reigning over kings. The foresaid money is to be employed on small trifling pleasures of the said great turk. And if it chance 
How every day the Turk hath so much money newly put into his pocket or purse, and to whom the money remains if he spend it not.  that he spendeth them not that day they remain to them, which did put them in the pockettes. For they that apparel him, put in other the next day. These vi spryngaldes wait upon him, whether soever he goeth, but he changeth them as oft as him listeth: and going forth with him, every one hath his office. One is Odabassi, that is 
The office of that vi spryngaldes.  chief master of the chamber. The second Cheocadar, bearer of the rob. The iii Silichter, bearer of his bow and arrows. The four Sarapter, bearer of the pot or vessel to drink water in, for the said great turk drinketh no wine. The. five Chinctar, which carrieth his shoes because the custom of the turks 
The turk always drinketh water  is to put of their shoes when they go into their houses. Which houses for the same purpose have the 
The custom of the Turks is to put of their shoes when they go into their houses.  flowerths covered with thrommed carpettes, as it were matted: and some bemade with payinted rysshes or bentes, according to the haby lytye of every householder. The office of the vi called Chemligi, and 
The trimming of their flourthes.  he beareth stoles or chayers for the said great Turk to sit in.  
In the said Saray, the Turk holdeth his court, which they call Capy that is to say: the port or gate in which be the officers hereafter following  
And for the better understanding how they be entretained, & paid 
The Tureke useth two manner of payments.  you shall know, that in the state of the great Turk there are ii manners of payments or wages. One is called Olopha which are sure & ready paimentes, after our manner of paying by the hands of treasurers The other is 
The first payment.  called Timar which is as it were an 
The second payment.  assignation of lands, heritage's, & possessions or revenues, dimes, & ꝓ fettes in form of pension. And they which enjoy these kind of pensions are called Timariotes the other Olophagi And theridamas are many officers which have both paimentes, as I will show hereafter by name, & I will begin at 
Three captains of the porters that hath each of them x. s. sterling a day.  the entrance of the court  
first in the gate of the said Saray, there are iii Capigibassi, that is to say captains of the porters. Of which one hath an. C. aspres, a day. And there are under them ii C & l Capigis 
Two hundred and fifty underporters that have every one of them viii. pennies or ix pennies a day. st  or porters, which have seven. or viii aspres a day. Of the captains, one is alway at the gate, with lx. porters, & they change from day to day  
Moreover, there is a captain of the gate called Capagas, which 
another captain of the gate that hath. vi s. sterling a day.  is a geided man, and he hath every day three score aspres.  
One called Saraydarbassi a gelded man also, which is the captain of the palace in the absence of the great turk, hath l aspres a day 
The captain of the palace hath u s. the day sterling.  These ii have xii gelded men under them. Of whom, the one part hath ten, and the other fifteen aspres a day.  
In this place of Saray, there are brought up about u hundred young spryngaldes, from viii years of age to twenty, which the 
How the turk in his palace bringeth up. five, L▪ young men in learning  great turk causeth to be instructed as well in learning as in feats of arms. Chiefly, he procureth them to be taught to write & read, and to know their law, to ride, to shoot, and to learn other exercises of war, and of scyencis, 
The teachers of that young men  according as they been found apt & meet. They which are appointed 
The teachers of the young men.  to teach them, been old doctors in their law called Talismans'. And the foresaid springaldes been new appareled twice a year, at their two solemn feasts or Easters, 
How these young men have ii liveries a year.  which they call Bayram, half of silk, and half of woollen clot. And they go not out of the Saray, until the great Turk seethe that 
What time the young men go forth of the Saray.  they be in age to do service, and to have offices. Then he maketh them his Spagoglans or Selichtars, or setteth them in some other state or degree, according as he findeth them sufficient, or as he favoureth them. They are divided in the said Saray by ten and ten, and over every 
The division and captains of the young men.  ten a gelded man is captain.  
They lie all in one hall separated one from an other, and be wrapped 
The lodging of the young men.  every one in a Sclavine, which is a thrommed carpet, and dare not come one to another. In the mids 
The lodging of the gelded men.  of the said hall lie the gelded men, in which hall there are great lamps burning all the night  
In the said Saray is a fair & large garden, kept and trimmed 
The garden pertaining to Saray.  by xl or l gardeners called Bastangis, & they have a captain Bostangibasi, which hath l Aspres a day. 
The captain of the gardeners.   
The Bostangiz or gardeners have some iii some four or five Aspres according to their qualities. And they have a lyverey one's a year of 
The gardyners' lyucrey.  blue cloth or watchettes. They are jannisserotz which is a diminutife of Iannissaire: For when they go out of the garden, they are made 
jannissairers been such pages as appeteth hereafter in this book.  janissaries. In the said garden they been divided by ten and ten, and over every ten there is an head called 
The devisyon of the gardyners & their captains.  Adabassi. Moreover, there is a lyevetenaunt of Bostangibassi, that they call Protogero, which is a greek name, and in their language Checa●a, 
The lieutenant hath ii s. sterling a day.  and he hath twenty aspres a day.  
near to the said garden upon the see, are two foystes or barges, in which the gardeners carry the 
The barges that attend upon the great Turk.  great turk for his pastime at his pleasure into Asia, unto the castles, Scutari, or whether it shall please him.  
Further, there are in the said Saray an. C. jannisserotes, appointed 
There is an hundred jannisserotes appointed to catye wood.  to bear fire wode, which they carry in charettes, and their wages is iii or four aspres a day.  
There are also ten jannisserotes or 
There are ten jannisserotes that carry water.  base janissaries called Sacca, which bring water upon horses in goats skins, like as they carry wine in the mountains of Awergne or Limo sin, or as the budge men do in London, 
The manner of their carrying of water.  & they have semblable wages.  
In the kitchen of the Saray, there is one called asbassis head of the coo●es, which hath xl aspres a day, 
The Master cook.  ●nd under him there are l cooks which have every one vi or viii ●spres a day.  
There is also a clerk of the ke●hyne 
The Clerk of the kitchen.  named Mutpachemin, which hath xl aspres a day, and under him a clerk, that hath twenty aspres a day. 
The under clerk.   
The Sewer called Casnegir●assi, which hath the charge of the 
The Sewer.  meats, and serveth dishes before the great Turk hath lxxx aspres a 
The office of the Sewar.  day, and under him are an. C. called Casneger, which serve in semblable office, and have some forty, & 
The Sewer hath under him an hundred.  some lx aspres a day.  
Moreover, there belongeth to the said Saray a stable with ii hundred 
The stable with the number of horse men.  horses, & an hundredth men to keep them, which have some six some vii aspres a day.  
There are other small officers 
Note that every officer is not recited nor yet all the chief & princyyall that is in the turk his court.  pertaining to the turks court but it shallbe sufficient to have named part of the principal. And now I will speak of them which be without the said house, & first of his guard.  
In the guard of the great turk there are xii M, janissairs, which 
The turks guard.  they call jannissarlar (& jannissar one jannissayre) all slaves of the great turk, & christian men's children 
These jannissaerlars are christian men's children.  as I will show hereafter. I have learned of some of them that we & they writ this word jamogla false, and that it cometh of Cham, which they pronounce Tcham, & signifieth a lord or 
The interpretation of Cham and yeser.  Prince, & yester signifieth a slave, not such slaves as they buy & cell for they are called Coul, and Coullar but such as are appointed to wait upon the king. The said Iannissaire go a foot, under a captain called jannissaraga or simply aga, which 
The janissaries wait upon the turk a foot. The captain of these men.  signifieth a staff, Which captain hath a. M. aspres a day. & vi M ducats yearly of Timar that is of pension by revenues. And he is of so great authority, that often he marrieth the daughters or sisters of the great Turk. 
The authority of this captain. The great captain hath under him an other. The clerk of the jannissaries. Wages of the jannissaries.  Under him there is a Checaya or Protogero, which hath ii C. aspres a day and a clerk called jamnissariazigi the is to say clerk of the jannissayres.  
The said janissaries have some eight Aspres a day more or less, and they been divided by ten and ten. Over every ten there is an head called Odabassi, that is to say chamberlain, or head of the lodgings. 
The division and captains of the jannissaries.   
And over every. C. a Centeiner or captain of an hundred, which they call Boluchassi that signifieth head of a band of men. The captain 
The captain over ten.  over ten hath xl aspres, and the captain over an. C. hath lx a day. These captains do always ride. And the said janissaries are 
The liveries of the jannissaryes.  appareled twice a year with a livery of course blue clot. They which be married, continue with their wives: they are lodged in 
Note that these men are not always resident in the turk his court.  certain houses appointed unto them, in the countries and quarters of Constantynople, and live viii ten twelve. or more of them together They which are of lower estate & 
The living of the jannyssayres.  have less wages, serve the other that have larger stypendes for the recompense of that, that they be not abl● to bear the expenses and charges by equal portions with the other.  
When the said janissaries ar● become old, and be no longer fy● to serve in the guard of the turk 
How the jan nissaries are used when they be aged.  they are sent as men nigh deaths door, in to certain places and castles: and they been called assarer.  
And the captains over tens and over hundreds being aged: are 
How the captains are used.  made kepars and captains of the said places, having of the pension Timar, as much as their wages came to, that they had before.  
Among the said janissaries a. C. & 
How an hundred l of the said jannissaryes go a foot about the person of the said Turk  l. been choose named Solachlar, which the Greeks call Solachi, & they likewise go a foot about the person of the great turk, and some of them have xu some twenty aspres a day. 
The Solachtars.  And their ii captains named Solachbassi have each xxx aspres a day and they obey to the Aga captain 
The. two captains of the Solachtars.  of the janissaries. Solach signifieth lyftehanded, and it is said that they bear their weapons in their lyfthandes.  
In the guard of the said great turk are three, M. men called 
The signification of Solache.  Spachoglan which have a captain called Aga of great estimation and authority, and under him a lieutenant called Checaia with a clerk. 
In the turks guard is iii M. Spachoglans, over whom is a great capiteine called Aga, that ride on the right hand of the great turk  The captain hath five hundred aspres, the lievetenauntan hundred the clerk. thirty, and the said Spachoglans' thirty or forty a day, and they serve with four or five horses, riding on the right hand of the great turk.  
Other three thousand Selichtars with their captain Aga lief tenant, and clerk, have as many horses, and as much wages as 
another company which ride on that left hand of the turk.  the Solaches, and they ride on the lift hand of the turk.  
All the which Spachoglans, and Selichtars, had their finding and bringing up in the palace of the Great turk, as I have said before.  
Furthermore, there are lxxx Mutaseracha, which bear spears before the great turk. Among whom: he that hath most wages hath fourscore aspres a day, 
The spear men that wait on the turk.  the other less, and they also were brought up in the Saraye, as is above said.  
This is the most certain and 
The number of the turk his guard is xxxviii M. footmen and horsemen.  surest strength that the turk hath, which are twelve thousand footmen, and about five and twenty thousand horsemen.  
There is also a captain of hunters, and fauconers, named Sechmenbassi, which is as it were the 
The captain of hunters & fauconers.  chief hunter, and he hath an hundred aspres a day, and under him there is a great number of janissaries.  
There is further a Sagarzibassi, 
The Master▪ of the hounds.  that is a master of the hounds, which hath fifty aspres a day, and under him there been many janissaries.  
Also ii chief falconers called zaniligibassis, which have each an. C. 
Two head faulkeners.  aspres a day. And they have xxv lieutenants with two hundred falconers called zaniligilars, of the which a hundred have ten aspres a day, the other have pension of Timar, and they been exempted from subsydyes.  
Further, the turk hath about 
The turk hath forty lackeys.  xl. lackeys, and runners a foot, called Peyche, and they been ever about him to do his messages: both in peace & war, beside the posts, which they have appointed in certain places as we have whom they call Vlach.  
He hath also an interpreter called Dragoman, to speak to strangers, 
The Turks interpreter.  which hath so much authority and credit, as he hath wit, and knoweth how to behave himself best for his own advantage. And he hath u hundred ducats a year, and asmuch more of 
The exspences of the interpreter.  the pension Timar besides his avails, and gifts of ambassadors and strangers.  
The aforenamed officers are all of his court, but in war he hath other, which in like manner are ordinary, (as the chief christian princes have). Namely Asapagar captains of Asapis, which are 
The officers of the turk that are extraordynarie.  extraordynarie footmen.  
Two capitains of Caripoglan which are extraordinaire horsemen and the said Captains have lxxx aspres a day, their lyevetenauntes thirty, their clerks twenty, 
The officers ordinary and extraordinary.  and the said Caripoglans have some twelve, some sixteen aspres a day.  
One called Olophagabassi, capitain of the Olophages hath ii hundred and twenty aspres a day, his tenants, clerk, and Olaphages, like estate as the afore said, and they been ordinary horsemen.  
He hath a captain of artillery 
The interpretation of Topgibassi.  called Topgibassi. For Top signifieth in their language a gone, and Tophec an hachushe. And the said Topgibassi hath three score Aspres a day, with the lieutenant, and clerk which have each five and twenty aspres a day, and there been two thousand Gonners called Toagilars, 
The turk hath two. M. gonners.  which have some seven, some eight aspres a day, and go a foot.  
The Arabagibassi, that is a captain of the charettes (for Araba 
The captain of the charettes.  signifieth a charette,) hath forty Aspres a day. The Checaia, or lieutenant, and the clerk have twenty Aspres a day, and the three thousand charrette men have every one, four or six Aspres a day.  
There are two masters of the horse called Bracarbassi, a great and 
Two masters of the horse.  a less, the great hath five hundred aspres a day, and the less hath two hundred: with lieutenauntes and clerks.  
And these have rule over the horse keepers, mule keepers, sadellers, spurryars, and over them which conduct the camels, and horses, and they have under their charge four thousand choose horses that always are in readiness.  
There is a Chambassi (captain of Chiaus,) which are as it were hui shers) & the said Chambassi, is as it were master of the household. Which 
The authority of the master of the turks household.  hath so great authority, that if he go to any of the great turks subjects, of what estate, quality, or condition so ever he be (high or low, great or small) and wheresoever he be, though it were to one Bacha, or to one Beglerbey, and he say that he is sent to have his head to carry it to the great turk, he is obeyed though it were in the plain field without showing any further commission or commandment.  
There is a Mechterbassi, which hath charge of tents, pavilions, hangynges, & of the great turks 
The keeper of the Turks palace and the officers to him belonging.  lodging. Which he setteth up, trymmeth, and prepareth when he is abroad. And he hath xl aspres a day, and his lieutenant five and twenty. And lx Mechters, which been under him, have every one five aspres a day.  
There is an other Mechterbassi, captain of the trumpets, cornets 
The captain of the trumpets.  and waits, tabrettes, and other instruments of war, which hath xxx aspres a day.  
And his lieutenant and clerk have xii a day. And under him be about xii hundred Meghters, partly on horse, & partly a foot, which have like wages as the aforesaid  
There is an Imralem Aga, which beareth the great turks banner, where there hangs an horse 
The bearer of the turks banner.  tail, for the remembrance of Alexander the great, as I have hard of them, which did bear it upon his helmet, and in his cresset. And so have also the ancient captains done as Vergile saith of Geneas Christaque insignis equina, that is to say: notable with a crest of horse hear. And the said Imralem, 
The stipend of the standard bearer  hath ii hundred aspres a day, and is captain of all the Mechters.  
There is an Arpaemyn, which hath charge of hay, chaff, barley, oats, poulse and other provisions 
The forenger  for horses, both in peace and war And he hath lx aspres a day, his lieutenant xxx and his clerk xx. under the same there been twenty men which have viii or ten aspres a day One called Saremyn deputed to prepare & make clean the ways both 
A skavenger, with his company under him  in peace & in war, hath l Aspres a day. And under him there are four C men which have four or u Aspres a day.  

☞ The treasurer's and their offycyes.  
Now it shallbe convenient to speak of the Treasurers & their offices. And after that we will speak of his counsellors, and of the governance and conveyance of his affairs.  
first you must understand, that the turk calleth his treasure 
The names of the turks treasure  Casnas, and his imposytions, subsydies, toulles, tributes, and other revenues Caraz.  
The first office of his court over the said treasures is Casnadarbassi 
The treasoret of the palace of Saray.  treasurer of the money lying in the palace of Sarai, being as treasurer ordained of the spare money. And he is a gelded man, & here mayneth in the said Saray having for his wages lx aspres by day.  
There are ii Defierder, that is ge 
The treasoret of that profits of the country a longest the river.  general receivers. One of them having the charge of the money that cometh of the countries about the river Dunce, or Danube, as Seruie, Bulgarie, Bosne, Walachie, and other, with the countries of Asya, Syria, and Egypt. And he hath of the pensyon Tymar, x. M. ducats a year, besides his advantages & profits which are very great  
The second receiveth the treasures 
The treasurer of Grece  of all Grece, which when the Turk goeth to war, abideth in Constantinople as his levetenaun This man hath u thousand ducats of the pension Tymar, and other great profits. 
The authority of the treasurers and stipend of their clerks,   
their offycees are of great authority. And they have under them l clerks to write, and to keep account of the said treasures, which have each of them. thirty or xl Aspres a day. 
Two over seers of the clerks.   
Two Rosumanegis, that is chief heads ofyee said clerks have xl Aspres a day. And there are many other receivers and collectors for the receit of the said treasures.  
There are ii Vesnadars which be 
Two wayers of money.  appointed to way ducats and Aspres, & have each twenty Aspres a day.  
Syxe Serassiers as it were banquyers are ordained to judge and deserve 
Syxe triers of money  gold, silver, and other money, which have semblable wages and state, as the aforesaid.  
Two forayn Casnadarbassi where of one is of Grecia, another of Asia, which are the bryngers in of the money, & each of them hath l Aspres, 
The colecters and bryngers in of the money.  a day. And under every of them there are ten Casnadars, that have each of them ten Aspres a day.  
Two Desteremyn, one of Grekeland, another of Asya: have the office 
Collectors of the pension  of gathering the pension Timar, and give account of the Tymariotes, each hath l Aspres a day, and ten clerks have xu a day  
They have showed unto me that the ordinary revenues of the turk doth amount to the some of xu Millions of ducats, which 
The yearly revenues of the turk doth a mount to xxxvii. C. thousand, and l M pound stir.  maketh xxxvii hundred l thousand pound, sterling.  
Now hereafter, we will speak of his counsel and governance of the countries, which are subject unto him, & of the order that he keepeth.  
The great turk hath none other counsellors but the four Bacha which they call Visirbacha, that is to say: a counsayloure Bacha, and Bach in their language, signifieth captain or head, by the which they may be interpreted captains or rulers. Many times there are of them but three, as it chanced lately. That was Aias Bacha, born in Cimera, about the isle of Corphou, in the old time called Corcyra, Cassin, Bacha▪ of Croace: and Ibraim 
The chief rulers under the turk  Bacha, of Parga Albanois, which the turk put to death, all these iii being the sons of Chrystyen men.  
And this aforesaid Ibraym, because he was brought up in the Saray with the great turk, came to sooe great creadence and authority, that he commanded and ordered all things absolutely, the great turk meddling nothing therewith. And his father was a christian in Constantinople, an unprofytabe fellow, a tavern haunter, a druncarde, and one that would lie by the streets like a best. from which naughty life Ibraim could never revoke him: nyether 'cause him to put on any honest apparel notwithstanding that he laboured therein diligently.  
Of late the great turk hath made another Bacha, which is called Ayredenbey whom we call Barbarousse And I have herded but a little while sense, that the Turk hath made him another counsellor named Mehemeth Bacha, of these iii or four Baches 
The pension of the rulers  some have xxiiii thousand ducats a year out of the pension Timar (as Ibraim Bacha had) & other xuj. or xviii. M, beside other daily profits & advantages which amount to twice as much as their former pension, & there are of them that hath vi. thousand ordinary men found of their wages. And all they keep households with their wives and servants like as the great turk doth.  
Wherefore in time passed there 
Other counceloures that hath been in Turckye  were other counsellors, as Perybacha, which governed the great turk in his youth, Farethbacha, which was the lieutenant of 
The governor of the turk in his youth.  Syria or Syrie: and Achimath Bacha, governor of Cayre and of Egypt, which willing to make himself a souldayne was slain by the turks that were with him.  
These Bachaz go into the chamber of the said great turk, & 
The chief counsellors of the great turk  consult and dispose all things concerning the estate and governance of his affairs  
next unto these is the Mosey which is as it were their bishop, declarer & expouner of their law & meddleth with none other thing  
Two Cadiz Leskier Talismans' are two doctors in their law, to see justice executed, and they are as it were presydentes, one of Grece, and the other of Asya. These men ordynarelye follow the turks court: and for honour go before the Viserbaches, though they have not so great authority.  
They both institute and put down (if it seem good,) and if 
Two presidents.  the case so require the Cadiz, which are the judges of the provinces. And each of the said Cadiz leskier, hath vii thousand ducats a year of the pension Timar, & two. or iii hundred servants, & ten clerks paid by the said turk.  
Moreover, there is a Massangibassi as it were chaunceloure, which signifieth the letters with the 
The chancellor.  great Turks seal, whose office also, is of great authority and rereputation, his place is next the Beglerbey, and he hath viii thousand ducats of the pension Tymar a year, and more other proffettes, and he is accompanied with a great number of horses and servants.  
The Baretemyn, which destrybuteh letters and commandments 
The clerk of the hamper  hath xl Aspres a day, and he hath under him ten clerks, & two Protogeroes.  
But for as much, as I have spoken before of the janissaries affirming them to be the chief strength of the turk, ere I go any further I will show you what people they be, and from whence they come.  
In Constantynople there is a captain of janoglans or Azamoglans in which are the children of tribute. And somesaye that jamoglans signify innocent, simple, and ignorant folks or learners. But other say that it should be pronounced Chamoglan that is the kings pages. And they may be in number u or vi thousand. Their captain hath. lx Aspres, a day.  
And it is to be noted, that every fourth year the great turk sendeth into the countries of Grece, and of Anatolie: (that is the east Asya the less) too take up Chrystyanne men's male children, which are subject to this kind of debt and danger, how be it, all are not in such bondage.  
But often times, that he may receive of them more largely, he charges the said Chrystyans with such great and importable subsydyes that they which be not subject to this tribute of children, because 
The turk hath sometime ten thousand christian men's children.  they be not able to pay the said subsydyes: are constrained to give their children. Sooe that some time he hath ten thousand children and more.  
Of which he chooseth the good liest to be in his Saray, The rem naunte he causeth to be dystrybuted to labourers and shepherds about Burcia and Taramania, where 
The turk putteth christian men's children to plough  they are taught to till the ground and to keep cattle, or to do some other husbandry or service to accustom and harden them to pains, and to learn the Turckyshe language.  
And after four year, when he hath sent to take up other, these are commanded to come to Constantynople, and to be delivered to the captain of the Chamoglan, where they are brought up and have two liveries a year, and been instructed in sundry occupations.  
So afterward they are divided to the jannissayres to serve them and in process of time they become jannissayres themselves, and from janissaries to Salachlars, Silechters, and other offycyes.  
And as long as they abide in the said countries of Bursia and Carmania, they spend nothing of the great turks, because they to whom they do service doth find them meat, drink and raiment.  
I said before, that in the Saraye, or where the turk keepeth his residence, there be a bout u 
The wives of the great turk.  hundred young spryngaldes.  
But there is also another Saray where his wives and his children be.  
His wives are called Sultanes that is queens. And they are 
The wives children of the great Turk  divided one from another with their children. In their guard and service there are a great meinie of gelded men, and about threhundred young maidens, governed by the elders, which teach them too esowe, and work with the needle.  
The said maidens have some twelve, some fifteen Aspres a day. And they are appareled twice ayeare, at their two solemn feasts all with silk.  
And if it chance that any of them please the great turk, he useth that woman as his wife and giveth her at every time ten thousand Aspres: and separateth her from the other, augmenting her wages and estate.  
When the maids be come to the age of five and twenty, and that it please not the great Turto retain them any longer for his service, he marrieth them to the Spachoglans, and other of his servants and pages of honour according to their qualytyes and conditions.  
And in their places new are sent into the Saray, In which there are captains, Capygiz, & all other officers like as is in the place where he keepeth his residence  
About the town of Pera, which is by Constantynople, having only an haven between them. For Pera is as much to say, as beyond. There is another Saray, where there are four hundred 
Another place where are found four C. children.  young children with all officers as the aforesaid have.  
At Andrinopoli, or Adrinopoli there are two places, the old and the new.  
In the old, there are brought up three hundred young children. In the new which is upon the 
Another place where the children are brought up.  river Marissa called some time He brus, are three hundred jannisserotz, and all officers like as in the other.  
Out of these two Sarayes, and out of that which is at Pera some are ever choose to be put into the great Saray, as they lack, or sand away the elder.  
On the coast of the said Pera 
The place where the Turk hath his ships made.  upon the see bank, there is aplace called Tersenal, where they make galeys, and ships.  
In which ordynarelye two hundred Masters work and 
Shypwryghtes  have every one ten Aspres a day.  
And there been fifty overseers, which have when they work twelve. aspres a day, and when they sojourn, they have but six. Also the chief clerk, which hath ten other clerks under him, hath xxv aspres a day, and the other ten.  
And to the service of the said Tersenal, there belongeth a great number of handy workmen, which have four aspres a day.  
They have asmuch wood to make ships as they desire, and 
The turks have no cunning in making ships.  that very good, but they have not the cunning to make them to the purpose, specially galleys. For they make them nothing so good nor so light, as the christian men do, but boisterous, heavy and evil 
The christian men help the turks to make their shpppes.  to govern. Notwithstanding that they have some christian masters, and give them as much wages, as they will require.  
Over the said Tersenal, and all the offices thereof, there is a general capiteyne called the Beglerbey 
The admiral  of the see. which hath also charge of the army on the see at their going forth. And the custom was, that ever the capiteyne of Callipole what so ever he were, should be the general captain or admiral.  
But a little time sithence the turk committeth the charge there of to barbarous. Which hath 
The barbarous is the turks admiral.  for this office, out of the pension Timar. xiiii. M. ducats a year, assigned out of the Isles of Mechelni Rhodes, and Nigrepont, whereout he gaineth and exacteth three times asmuch.  
Before that the barbarous took upon him this charge, the turks knew little or nothing touching the science and knowledge of the see, except a few out runners. And yet to this day, when they will address an army of the see, they go into the mountains of Crece, & Natolie, to take up herdsmen which they put in galleys to row or to serve in other vessels, to which purpose they been so unapt, that they can scarcely stand on their feet, so far of it is that they can row or do service. Which causeth that the turks never did any notable act upon the see Nevertheless, the said Barbarousse hath somewhat amended them.  
I have spoken sufficiently of Constantinople, and of the court of the great turk, & if I have not showed every thing accordingly, it is no marvel. For it requireth a better wit than mine is, to search out so great a matter.  
Hereafter I will declare how the great turk doth govern his and the order appointed unto his souldyars, asmuch as I myself could inquire, and know.  
In every province, there is a governor that they call Beglerbey, that is 
Beglerbey what it is.  to say a lord of lords.  
The first is, the Beglerbey of Grece, under whom been all the countries, which the great turk hath in Europa. And he is above all other, and hath xvi thousand ducats a year of the pension Timar, but he exacteth thrice asmuch.  
Under him there is a Defterderler, that is to say, a treasurer. Which hath iii thousand ducats for his yerlye wages, to whom there been subject an hundred clerks which 
The stipend or pension of the Beglerbey of Grece.  keep the counts and registers of the pension Tymar, and of the Tymariotes. Under the charge of the said Beglerbey, there are xxx Sangia clars, captains of the souldyars, which are divided by bannyers, called in their tongue Sangiac.  
Which Sangiacs have viii ten, and some xii thousand ducats of the 
The pension of the Sangyacs.  pension Timar a year, and they are lodged in the principal towns of the province, to keep them in peace, and obedience.  
Under them are four hundred Sobassis or more, which are as it were lyevetenauntes, abiding in 
Sobassis, what they are.  small towns for the same purpose and they have every one a thousand ducats a year, with many Flambolers, which also signify heads and captains, of ii three four or five hundred horses, which are sent by the Beglerbeys or Sangiacs, in to sundry places as the case requireth, to make speedy expedition of their affairs.  
Under the said Sangiacs, there are xxx thousand Spahis, which serve with iii or four horses a piece and they have ii hundred ducats a year, and they been all Azamoglan, that is to say, the pages of the great turk.  
Moreover, in the said country of Grece, there been twenty thousand Tymariots or horsemen, which have but xl ducats a year, and been subject to the said Sangiacz.  
Besides these, there are lx thousand Akengiss, as it were adventurers, which are horsemen without enye wages or payment, but therefore they only be free and exempted from all subsidies. And that towns been bound to sustain their charges, upon their way, when they go in the service of their prince.  
In the countries of Asia, there been vi Bsglerbeyes. The first is the Beglerbey of natoly, which hath 
The first.  charge of the countries of Pontus, Bythinia, Lydia, Phragia, Mernia, Caria, being all comprehended under this name of natoly. And he hath xiiii. thousand ducats a year out of the pension Timar. Under him been xii Sangiacz, of which some have iiii. some vi thousand ducats a year with Sobassis, and Flambolers, & twelve. thousand Spachis.  
The second is the Beglerbey of 
The second.  Caramanie, which comprehendeth Cilicia, Licia, Lycaonia, and Pamphilia. Which capiteyne hath vi thousand ducats out of the pension Tymar. And under him been seven Sangiacz, and seven thousand Spahis, having such wages as the former.  
The third is the Beglerbey of Amasia, and Toccat, which comprehendeth 
The third.  Cappadocia, Galatia, Paphlagonia, He hath eight thousand ducats a year, of the pension Tymar. iiii c Sangiacs, and four M. Spachis, with the wages aforesaid And the City Trebisonde is under him.  
The four is the Beglerbey of Anandule or Aladule, which are mountains 
The four  of Armenia, called in old time mount Taurus, and now Cocas, on the side of the mountains called Caucassus. The Beglerbey hath of the pension Tymar, x. thousand ducats a year, and under him seven Sangiacs, and vii M. Spachis, having wages like the aforenamed.  
Further, there are ordained in the said countries xxx thousand horsemen serving without wages, free from subsydyes, as are the Akangis of Grece.  
The u Beglerbey, is of Mesopotamia, whereof the principal city is 
The. fift.  Edissa, called in the holy scripture: Rages, and of the frenchmen Rohaiz.  
Under this governance part of the great armeny is comprehended. For the rest is possessed of the Sophy, and by the Cordins and Beduins, which are warlike people, dwelling in mountains called Tarquinians, and in old time Medes, joining upon Bandras, a town of Assiria, which some suppose to be Babylon, and other Ninive, the head city of Assiria.  
This Beglerbey hath (as the fame is) xxx thousand ducats of the pension Timar, twelve Sangiacs, and xxv thousand Spahis, which have more wages and provision than the other, because they lie upon the costs and borders of the said Sophy.  
The vi is the Beglerbey of Damascus, Syria, and jury, which 
The sixth.  hath xxiiii thousand ducats a year out of the pension Timar. twelve. Sangiacs, and twenty thousand Spahis, paid as the forenamed.  
The Beglerbey of Carie, or of Egypt: 
The captain of Carie.  hath thirty thousand ducats of the pension Tymar, syxetene 
The wages of the Sangiacz.  Sangiacz, and twenty thousand Spahis, the said Sangiacz have every one eight thousand ducats 
The wages of the Spahis.  a year, and the Spahis two hundred.  
This governance extendeth unto the red sea, and unto Mecha, where Mahumettes body lieth. 
The place where Mahumet his body lieth.  It containeth part of Arabia the desert, and part of araby the rich. Howbeit, they are not holy subjecteth to the turk. 
Arabia is not wholly subject to the turk.   
For there are many lords, of which: some take part with the Sophy, and some with the turk, and there are some again, which acknowledge neither of them both.  
The other side joining to the country of Assiria, called now Azemye is under the Sophy, and is extended a long by Mesopotamia unto Liverous, 
The second strength of the turk standeth in Spachys.  some time called Hileri. The second strength of the great turk is founded in these Spahis, which force should be great, if the said Spachis were all good. And as touching footmen beside the janissaries, the turk hath none, any thing worth. For they know not how to keep any order and it is against their nature to learn.   

Now, there rests to speak of the nature of the turks in general, of their manners and condition, of their belief, and living. Which thing I will do as 
Whereof the Autour will entreat.  briefly as I can, and after I will speak some what of the complexion of their King, which now reigneth.  
THe turks worship one only god, which made heaven and earth, 
The belief or faith of the turks.  and sent them their law by the Prophet Mahumet written in a book, called Alcoram, that is to say, the true law. The said Mahumet was in the year of our lord two hundred and. xx, in the time of Heraclius the 
The time that Mahumet was in.  Emperor, which succeeded Phocas Daugobert reygninge in France, & the Lomberdes in italy. And as we are called Christyanes', so they been called Musulmanss, that is to say saved. And they call us in their language Caours, specially the Grecians which they regard not: because they were so easily subdued, faintly defending themselves by reason of their secret hatreddes, divisions, and discords. But they have the Italians in good estimation, & count them valiant men of war, calling them french men 
The turks have the Italians in good estimation.  For a great time they knew no difference of those nations and tongues.  
The foundation of their law standeth upon these words Lahila ha', Hilaalla, Mahumet, Resulalla, Tangri, by'r, Beremberac, that is to say, God 
The foundation of the turks law.  is God, was, and shallbe God, and Mahumet is the messenger or counsellor of God, there is one God only and one true prophet. Which words if a christyane pronounce unawares, or otherwise in their country, if it be heard, he shall be constrained to receive their law or to die without fail. In that stead 
How by speaking of certain words a christian man sha●be compelled to receive their faith or else to die. How the turks are circumcised.  of Baptism they been circumcised as the jews are, howbeit, they pass not greatly of it.  
For their children are often six or seven years of age or more, before they been circumcised, and many die without circumcision, at the which they make a great feast and an assemble. Their priests been called Mesen, & their churches 
The cause of their going to church and what they do there.  Meschet, in to the which they never entre, unless it be to pray unto God, and to make their inclinations or bovinges, which thing they do five times a day.  
The first in the morning, the second 
The times of their going to church.  at none, the third about three of the clock, the fourth about six, the fift, when they go to bed. And they are not bound to go to church to make their inclinations, but if them list. Only they spread upon the ground where they are, an handkerchief or a white linen clot, and bow themselves five times, their faces upward, having their hands upon their breasts. The said hours been showed to them by their Talismans', which go up upon the towers of their 
How they are called to church.  churches, and cry out a loud the words before written, stopping their ears with their fingers.  
The women go not in to the churches with the men, because 
The women go not to church with the men.  they been not circumcised. Wherefore they been counted unclean. For which cause they say also, that they shall not enter into paradise, 
The foolish opinion of the turks.  but shall tarry at the gate with the Christyanes', which have well kept their law.  
It is a great despite among them when they call one Sunet▪ that is uncircumcised. They have our lord jesus christ in great reverence, 
The opinion and reverence that the turks have jesus christ in.  and they hold that he was born of the virgin Marry, whom they call Murgen Ana, Mary the mother, and jesus christ yesse Berember, that is jesus the prophet conceived 
How they name Christ and our lady.  by the spirit, & breathing of God. If any man hath blasphemed Christ, be he turk, jew or Christyane, he shallbe punished in like manner as if he had blasphemed 
The Turks will not suffer Christ to be blasphemed.  Mahumat. The punishment is forty stripes with a staff, and a mercement of money.  
They believe not that he died 
The punishment due for blasphemy.  through the hands of the jews, but that it was another which they took in his stead. For they say that he was to good a man, & to great 
The Turks believe, that christ was not crucified of the jews.  a prophet, to suffer such outrage of the myscheveous jews, which they count to be the vilest nation of the world. They so despise them, & hate them that in no case they will not 
How the turks abhor the nation of the jews  eat in their company, neither marry a Jewess: howbeit, they marry often times chrystien women, which they suffer to live according to their own law, and they have pleasure to eat with the chrystyans. And moreover, if a jew will deny his law, & become a turk, he shall never be received, whiles that he were first baptized, and made a christian. Among their scriptures they have our Gospels which they call Ingel: but they take away the passion, saying: that the jews 
How the Turks have that books of the Evangelists. The turks have noon images.  added it to mock the chrystyans. They have neither pyctures images nor any carved or graven thing, which they defend out of the law of Moses.  
And they say the Pater noster as we, translated into the Arabic tongue almost word for word. They call the devil Seythan, and 
The turks say the Pater noster as we do.  dread and abhor him as we do. Before their prayers, and inclinations, they wash their feet, hands, 
The turks abhor the devil.  and faces and all their body when they be in secret places, as oft as they may. Also they wash 
The ceremonial or superstitious custom of the turks  themselves after every purgacy on of nature, in which point both the men and the women keep so great honesty, that they have great shame to be seen or found in that act. And they reprove the christyans 
The cleanliness of the turks  for their negligence therein calling them Chunup Caour, that is filthy chrystyans.  
They have two lentes every year 
The turks hath two lentes. The manner of their fasting  and they fast every time a month Albina the day, they eat nothing, all the night they make good cheer At their Easters they send salutations one to another, and give gifts wishing one another a good 
The turks give gifts at their Easters as we do at Newyers time.  year, as we do the day of the cyrcumcysyon of christ, or newyears' day as we call it. And the said easter feast is not ever at one time, but once in the summer, & another time in winter, or in the spring time & in harvest, which thing chanceth because they count not the year after 
The Ester of the turks hath no time.  the course of the son, but after the moan, which they call Hay, & have her in great reverence. They salute and great her assoon as they see her 
The turk a worship the moon.  first, specially in war with great cries & gone shots & sound of trumpets. And the women, & children bear the figure of the moan hanging about their necks, calling 
Women carry about their necks the figure of the moon.  it Nalcha, because it resembleth an horse-shoe. Besides their priests Mesen & Calismans' they have Deruiz Sophiz, Dencher Serifz, & other manners of 
What sects are among the turks  religion, differing in appparel & ceremonies, as our Monks and Freers' did  
And the turks are naturally superstitious believers of dreams, 
The turks are superstitious.  prophecies, & Divinations, which I have seen them use with wax meltted, and cast into water, and beans with marks upon, and they have many other superstitious manners  
And they hold predestination for a sure thing, & that the hour 
The turks opinion in predestination,  of their deaths is written in their foreheads, which they reckon to be impossible to avoid. Wherefore they entre beastly into perelles, at the lest the base people, for the great men have not that opinion And they have Saints, which 
The turks call upon sayintes.  they call upon partyculerly in certain necessaries, and syckenesses  
Of our saints they acknowledge none but saint George which they call Dereletz Bozatle, that 
The turks knowledge noon of cure saints but ●s George.  is a knight upon a white or grey horse.  
And I think they esteem him for none other cause, but that he is painted as a man of war, whom they have in great honour and reverence. If there be any goodness among them, it is in this point only, that they are pity 
The turks are pytyful to the poor  full to the poor, and great founders of hospytalles.   

The manner of feeding and living of the turks.  
AS touching their living, 
The gross ● rudeness of the Turks  & eating they are rude and uncleanly. They sit on the ground, their legs 
The sitting of the turks.  laid a cross above a little round table very low, covered with le therlyke spanish skins.  
In rich men's houses, they are gylted wrought & with little 
The manner of their tables.  flowers, as we trim our books in the out side. And i other means houses they are all plain, which table hath hanging about it, a linen clot long & narrow which serveth in the stead of napkins to wipe their hands. Their dainty meats are pasties & hacked flesh with many onions & spices, and every day they eat rice and honey for pottage. They are forbidden by their law to drink wine, but 
The pottage of the turks  they make their drikee of prunes honey and raisins, which they use 
The turks may drink no wine by their law, but yet often times they do and are drunken  that are of riches and substance ye, and they drike wine too, when they may get it, and become very drunken namely the soldiers, neither count they it any reproach to them, but rather do it of set purpose 
Against the turks shall fight, they drink drunken  chiefly when they shall fight, or make an assault: than if they fid no wine they eat an herb called 
Of an herb that the turks eat.  Afyon, of the apothecary's Opium which maketh them lose all thought remembrance & fear. They have one custom or use with them, that they will never put any paper (if it have any thing written therein) to any 
The turks will put writings to no filthy use.  filthy use or purpose no not sooe much as to wrap gold in it, fore fear, lest the name of God be written therein wherefore: also they fear to tread upon written paper. 
The turks sunday is our friday.   
Our friday is their sunday, which they call jumar howbeit, they cease 
The turks work on they Sabbath day  not to work, at that least, in the after none. And oursonday is their market day. As pertaining to their houses 
The turks may keep as many women as they will, but they may have but one wife.  & families, it is permitted unto them to have as many women as they are able to keep, nevertheless they have but one whom they take for their wife, which bringeth her husband no dowry, but contrary wise the husband giveth money to the father, and the mother to apparel their daughter, and they make a great feast and assemble at their marriages. Howbeit they have liberty afterward to be divorced 
The turks may be divorced from their wives if they cannot agreed with them.  the man to leave the woman, and the woman to forsake the man if they cannot agree together, and to marry other.  
The women never go abroad 
The women when they go abroad have their faces covered,  their faces uncovered. And after that they be married, they keep no more company with their father's brethren, or kynnesmen, but they may visit their mothers, sisters & kynswomen. They die or stain 
The women die their hears, hands & feet.  their hear and the outside of their hands & feet with an herb called Cna, resembling the leaves of a Myrrh tree, and they temper it with the juice of oranges, or Limmons, 
How the women die themselves.  where of their hear, hands and feet become very red, chiefly their nails, which thing I have seen them do often times. 
How the women die themselves  And that colour dureth but xu days, or iii weeks, but that it must be renewed again, and they count this a great beauty. Their robes and all their garments are open before unto the foot, except their smocks: which may be seen when they go, and are commonly of 
The apareyl of the women  some coloured Taffeta, and welted about with parsement, and wrought with golden threads about the collar. The poor women do were them of chequered or plain linen clot, having a border about the neck of some rybban. And they are girded about with a broad girdle, as it were an horse girth, which goeth twice about their bodies. Their said robes differ nothing from the men's garments, saving that they be a little more pinched, and have as 
The apparel of that men.  it were little playtes upon the breast and they have likewise long sleeves, straight and hanging.  
The men count nothing so strange in our garments as the codpeces of hosen which seemeth 
The turks abhor the fasyon of our codpieces.  to them very dishonest. Likewise the Grecians were them not. And if they find any Christian man in any place where they may overcome him, they cut of his codpiece, specially the men of war.  
furthermore, they are very gelouspeople, presumptuous, & great boasters and generally all so proud 
The pride of the turks.  that they think no nation in the world to be like them: ye, that they are able to subdue the whole world to themselves.  
They love men of war chiefly nobility. For if a christian receive their law and make them believe the he came of a noble stock they do him honour, and call him Cheliby, that is a gentle man. They have pleasure to be well and rytchelye appareled, and among other things to have their sweordes 
Wherein the turks delight.  and weapons garnished with gold and silver. They are of nature heavy, gross, slouggish, reckless, and vile people, and commonly gluttons. For they will sit three days & more at the table without 
The nature of the turks.  rising except it be to make water. And if sleep come upon them they couch themselves in that same places. Howbeit, they make no very good cheer, except they have wine though it be forbidden them, whereof they have enough.  
For the jews and the chrystyans cell it them. As much as I have seen and known they be like the Almains in beauty of parsonage 
The turks resemble the Almains in some things  pronouncing of their language and for the pride that they have in their wars, saving that they have no learning, ne books, but only of their law. Nevertheless, the great turk hath some books of Arystotles' philosophy translated into the Aribique tongue which he readeth some times, and so did 
The turks for the most part are unlearned.  his predecessors. They bear in war great rolls of paper written, and in the writing there are figures of sweordes, holbards, bows, arrows, daggers, and they have a phansye that those things 
The superstitious mind of the turks.  shall keep them from being wounded.  
All manner of riot is permitted unto them, where unto they are greatly inclined. And they go not to war but by force, and beatynges, chiefly if they perceive danger to be in it. And they are the most coveteouse men of all 
The false hearts and cowardness of the turks  other nations. Their houses are small & low, well trimmed with household stuff, having the floreths covered with carpettes as I have said before. Wherefore, they go not in with their shoes, but leave 
The description of their houses.  them at the doors, for they are easy to put of & on, like as our slippers are, & they call them Pasmach but those shoes that they go in when they journey are like unto ours, and them they call Papouch.  
They lie upon great quyltes 
The manner of the turks lodging.  made of fine will, covered with velvet, & other clot of silk according to their ability, for they use 
The turks use not to lie on feathers  no feathers. Their sheets are of course linen cloth, wrought over with silk of needle work, so that you cannot see the linen. Which 
The sheets of the turks, whereof they are made  is a goodly thing to look upon for they are all of crymosyne colour, at the lest, I have seen none other. And there were many found in the city Modon, when our galleys took it. They eat in vessels of tinned copper large and deep  
They have no great regard of building or purchasing lands, specially they that are in service with the great turk, because when they die, the said great turk taketh the third part of all their goods, and often times altogether, as when they are made great officers, namely Baches, or Beglerbees, and to their children he giveth wages of the pension Tymar.  
The turks have other customs, and manners of living, which now shall not be needful to rehearse, for as much as daily you shall here more, wherefore, after that I have spoken a few words of the said great turk I will make an end of my letter.   

THE great turk 
The name of the great turk.  which now reigneth is called Sultam Soleyman, that is too say: king Soleiman. For Sultam or Sultan in Moresque sygnyfyethe a King or Prince. So the Turks call him when they speak of him family 
How the Turk is called of his subjects  arly, but when they speak of him reverently, they call him Vnghyar, which is to say, the kings majesty.  
Some time they call him Sultam Soleyman Cham, which they pronounce Tchaam which signifieth Lord.  
But it is the Tartarysche language and not the Turckysche. I have heard him named among the turks Badicaa. The said king 
The age of the turk.  Soliman at this present is about the age of l years, and he hath along body, little bones, he is lean, and evil proportioned, his visage is brown and writhen, his head is shaven, saving a tuft in the top, as all the turks have, that their Tolopan may sit the better, that 
The description of the great Turk.  is an ornament of linen which they were on their heads, he hath an high forehead and a large, great yies and black, he is hawk nosed he hath a long neck, small and stooping, his beard is clipped and not shaven, he is dumpyshe, and speaketh and laugheth seldom but he is very choleric and is an evil favoured man and evil proportioned, and taketh no pleasure in any exercise. Further he is reputed among them virtuous, and a good keeper of his law, moderate, loving peace & rest, more than any of his predecessoures have done, which the turks impute to him for cowardness, & fault of courage.  
He is esteemed of them gentle and courteous, nevertheless he pardoneth not offenders lightly. His pastime is to read books of philosophy, and of his own law In which he is so instructed that his Moftie or bishop can teach him nothing at all. He is not counted very liberal, but rather more sparing then his predecessors.  
He suffereth himself to be ruled of them whom he loveth, and in whom he trusteth, though he be sometimes obstinate, and opinatyve: thrice a week he hath red before him the histories of his predecessors. In which he suffereth no lie to be written, nor flatteries, but only the bore acts. And he is satisfied with no treatises or enterprises, but with those which were done among their neighbours and other nations about them, faithfully and truly declared, concerning the conduycte of their affairs, he hath a son called 
The great turk hath a son of the age of xxviii years.  Mustapha, about xxviii or xxx years old, and he is governor of Iconie, and of all the sea costs of Magnesia, over against that Isles of Chio and Methelin, towards the Rhodes, where he keepeth his continual residence.  
To conclude, because many have marvel that the great turk winneth daily, & loseth nothing I will show you what order he setteth in the countries which he conquerethe, and in what state he leaveth them.   

The order of the countries.  
WHen the great turk hath won a country, first he beateth down all the fortresses, which seem not unto him of importance and profit, and the walls of all the towns there about.  
And if there been any rich or strong houses in the said countries, the inhabytauntes whereof have alliance with some great lords being straungiers, he taketh those men away, and sendeth them to devil in some other place of his other countries, being already established in obedience. But he suffereth every man to live according to his own law & belief constraining no man to deny his faith, which thing he doth, because he will not destroy them, neither bring them to desperation, besides that, by their law such constrayntes been defended. After this he sendeth his Sangiacs and Spahis, 
How the turk ladeth his people with taxes and imposityons.  and charges the people with so great taxes and impositions, that it is impossible for them at any time to rebel.  
Also he leaveth them no harness nor weapons of war, nor suffereth them to go out of the country, neither to serve any but himself, ye he constreineth them to abide in their houses, that they may be ever found ready, when he hath need of them. And he useth them in his armies for dychers, handecraftesmen, finding them only meat and drink.  
justice is there rigorously administered as in his other countries by the Cadiz and Sobassiz. But weigh 
The ministration of juslyce.  tie and great matters are handled by himself and the Baches, for the great turk speaketh seldom to his other subjects.  
He heareth gladly messengers and ambassadors strangers, chyefely if they bring him presents. But he practyseth nothing with them, but only heareth them declare the cause of their coming. To which he answereth nothing or if he answer, he saith only, I have heard thee, resort to the Baches, and they shall despatche thee, after this they see him no more.  
His custom is not to sand ambassadors first. But if any hath begun to send unto him he is content to entreteyne them, and to send his own again.  
By these things afore rehearsed, you may perceive that the turk hath no good footmen.  
That in his camp there are a 
A somme or brief rehearsal of that which is before spoken.  great number of Christyanes'. That his armies on the sea bene evil furnysshed both of men and good ships, that he is not accompanied but with pages and slaves, that his principal countries are inhabited of Christyanes', of whom he maketh his warryers', and that in the countries there are no fortressed places.  
Wherefore, it is to be thought that his strength is permitted of God, which for our sins suffereth this estate so far swerving from all good policy: so to prevail and not that it is maintained by their wisdom, strength, or virtue.   

The conquests or victories of the turks.  
I Thought verily that I had 
The preface of the writer into the conquests.  been discharged, & that I had satisfied you, at that lest so far as my knowledge & power would stretch, concerning the matters of the great turk. Nevertheless, now you demand of me their petigrees particularly, how I say they have proceeded to the conquest of so many countries, which they now possess. But you consider not the affairs, that I have in this palace, which as you know been of such quality and importance that it is right hard for me to employ my short memory to any other thing than my present business doth require. Wherefore, if I shall not say so much as you desire hold me excused, for there is no remedy but I must accomplish your will, be it never so rudely done.  
IN the year of our lord 
The year of our Lord. M iii C.  a thousand and three hundred, when the emperor Henry the seventh purposed to sow in italy parcialytyes and dyvisyons between the Guelphs, and the Gibelins, and Phylippe the fair reigned in France, there were found in Natolie or Asia the less certain captains of the turckyshe nation. For there they dwelt after the journey of Godfrede of Bologne Duke of Boullen, and were there 
The first gathering of the turks against the christyanes.  before, but then they came forth, and gathered themselves against the christian armies before the town of Nice, called in old time Antigonia, under a capitain named Soliman.  
After this, there passed an hundred years and more, and no mention was made of them, unto the time aforesaid, when there were sundry captains in natoly, and a 'mong other Othman, Caraman, and Assan, surnamed Begy, or Bey, which signifieth lord or master. Howbeit, they take away the letter. y. & say Othmanbeg. etc.  
Othmanheg which was a great 
Othmanbeg entered alliance with. two Grecians & a turk.  adventurer, entered alliance with two Grecians, that had denied their faith, and with a natural turk. Of the said Grecians, the one was named Michali, the other 
The names of the Grecians.  Mark. And of the said Michali came the Michalogliz, of which stock: there remain some unto this present day, and likewise of Mark came the Marcozogliz. 
The name of the turk.   
The turk was called Auramy, of which lineage none remaineth that any man can tell of. Their successors are counted of the blood royal, and the empire of the turks pertaineth unto them, if the said lineage should fail. By the aid of these iii the 
The first victoryyes of Othmanbeg.  said Othmanbeg came in credit and puissance, and conquered certain towns bordering upon the great sea costs called Pontus Euxinus, and among other the town Sivas, called Sebaste, & Augusta. Caraman went toward Cilice, to which country he gave his name. And Assam went into Persia & Assiria. These ii & their successors have ever been pursued by the said Othman, and his successors, 
Of this Othman descendeth all the great turks.  so that they have discomfited Caraman, & taken his country. But Assambeg which is the Sophi holdeth his own yet, & liveth in perpetual war & hatred with the Othmen. The 
The Sophi keepeth his kingdom to himself, & is not subject to the turk.  said Othman reigned xxviii years, until the reign of Philip of Valoys & he was so surnamed of a town or castle called Othmenach, which is between Sinope and Trebisond, he left a son called Orcan: which succeeded him.  

Orcan the son of Othman married 
Orcan the son of Othman.  the daughter of Caramambeg. But afterward, he made war with him & put Caramanbeges elder son to death, his wives brother, whom he took in battle. He conquered the city Bursia, or Prusias. In which time it chanced that Andronicke Paleologo, emperor of Constantinople at the hour of his death made tutor of his children Caloianne, & Andronique, one of his familiar servants named johan Cantacusane, which man though he behaved himself well & wisely in the said tuition, nevertheless he was put out of his office through the envy of the patriarch of Constantinople & an other parsonage of base condition, but of great credit about the young emperor Caloianne.  
Howbeit, he found the means afterward to return, and to become the myghtyest in Constantinople. And for the assurance of his estate, he procured that his daughter should be married to the said Emperor Caloianne.  
Notwithstanding, they could not live in peace, and therefore the Emperor withdrew himself secretly into the isle of Tenedo. Whether the army of the Genevoyes' come to seek him with iii score galleys, and brought him again to Constantinople, and chased away Cantacusane, which ran for secure to the venetians, with whose aid he came to assault the Genevoyes', being in the Canal of Constantinople, called sometime Propontis.  
Nevertheless, the Genevoyes' had the victory, and the town remained to Caloianne, which gave to the captain of the Genoese, Frauncies Cataluz, the Isle of Methelni, or Lesbos Which they did hold to the reign of Mahumet, the second, which took it from Nicholas Cataluz the last duke thereof. This little division caused 
The cause of the war between the Genoese and the Venetians  great wars between the Genevoyes' and the Venetians. Which brought the Vevetians to an extremity, in somuch that they would have yielded themselves to the Genoese.  
But afterward, the Genoese contrariwise, were brought to utter destruction & bondage, wherein they continued unto this day.  
For they were constreigned to give themselves to the archbishop of Millean, than governor of the said town. And after that to sell their lands & lordships to the communalty of S. George, which is in their town. And then they ran for secure to the king of France, which gave to them duke johan of Calabrie, son of king Rene.  
Again, they returned to philip duke of Milan, & afterward left him, so that they knew not, to what saint they should vow themselves. But the most mischief was, that the said wars were an occasion of the loss of Sirya, & of the realm of jerusalem, and that they opened a gate unto the turks in to Grecelande, and Europe, as I will declare hereafter. And it was about that time, when Joys of Raviere, & Federike of ostrich were at variance for the empire of Almanie.  
The said Orcan reigned xxii 
The reign of Orcan.  years, to the beginning of king john of France, which was the year of our lord a. M iii hundred and fifty. And he left his son Amurath to be his successor.   

AMurath, which the Hungariens call Ammerat, and the turks Moratheg or Morathey, and Norathegby, which signifieth Morath, the lord, he succeeded Orcan, when Cantacusan pursued the Emperor Caloianne his son in law, with the aid of Mark Carlovich, lord of Bulgarie.  
He was favoured also of certain Barons and lords of Grece enemies of the emperor Caloianne Which forbecause he perceived himself to weak, he was constreygned to ask help of the said Amurath, & he did send to him xii M. horsemen, with the which he pacified all his matters, & afterward gave them licence to depart. But they having seen and tasted of the goodness & pleasantness of the country 
Amurath his journey into Grece.  of Grece (persuaded as it was easy to do) the said Amurath to go into Grece, like as he did in deed, accompaigned with lx thousand men, with whom, by the aid & means of two merchants ships of the Genoese, which had of him lx. thousand ducats, he passed over the strayct, in old time called Hellespontus, and now called Callipolly or the castle, by reason of two castles being there at this hour where sometime were wont to be ii towns Sestus & Abydos. And they 
The two castles Sestus and Abydos.  took the town of Calipoli, being near to the said straight. And afterward Adrianopoli now callled Andrinopoli, and Philippoli, sometime called Olimpias. They also overran all the country of Thrace, called of some 
How Amurath overran all Thrace.  Romanie, even to the mounteyn of Rhodope, called by the Greeks Basilissa, yt is the queen of mounteynes. Othersome doth call it that mounteyn of silver, by reason of divers mines of silver that there are. They discomfited in battle the said Mark Carlovich, & took 
The dyscomfyture of Mark Corlovich.  prisoner the Earl Lazare of Seruir, which is Misia the less (called of Frossarde the earldom of Lazaran) and caused him to be behedded, in the mean time the Emperor Charlys' the fourth being greatly hindered and damaged with the resistance of the children of Joys of Baviar, some time Emperor, and in defending himself from Ferray or Federic Marquis of Mysue, & from the Earl of Wirtenberge his pursuers, he was constrained to leave the Empire after him to his son Lancelot, and to cell the towns and lordeshyppes of italy as Milan to vicountes and diverse other.  
Finally, the said Amurath was slain by a servant of the said 
The death of Amurath.  Earl of Lazare in revenging of his master's death. In the year of our Lord athousande, three hundred three score and thirteen, after that he had reigned three and twenty years, even near too the beginning of the reign of Charlis the fift king of France, leaving two sons behind him, the one named Pazait and the other Seleyman   

PAzait, or Bazait, after the Turks which never pronounce the letter. P was called of froissart king Basant the son of Lamorabaquin & some time Amorabaquin after his father's name Engner: & master Nycole giles, which gathered and compiled the chronicles of France, doth call him king Basaac.  
This man was hardy, 
The hardiness of Bazait.  diligent and a great enterpryser he slew in one battle Mark Carlovich, in the which also were slain all the nobles of Seruie and Bulgarie, and thereafter over ran all the country of Thessaly, & Macedon, now called Thumenesie, and Albainie  
He destroyed all Grece, even too Athenes called of some Cuthine he spoiled Bosue which is the upper Misia, Croace, and Sclavonie, which are Dalmacia and Liburnia. The Emperor 
The deposing of the Emperor Lancelot.  Lancelot, son of Charlys' the fourth, then living, was sooe peasyable and quiet, that often times he was imprisoned by his own subjects, and was deposed of his Empire, by the Almains 
How the Almains chose two. Emperors.  which did elect two others, that is to wit joce, his neveive, and Roberte of Bavyere called Rueprech which signifieth in their language Trouble peace.  
For too return again too Bazait, he entered into Hungary and dyscomfyted king Sigismound which afterward was made Emperor called by Engnarran, Sagemont in the famous battle of Nicopoli 
The battle of Nycopoly.  which was lost, because the French men would not believe the said Sigismonde nor tarry upon the approchinge of his battles nor of the Almains, which was reckoned to their great pride and arogancye as sayeth Frossarde.  
In the which battle were taken the Earl of Nevers, John afterward duke of Burgoynie the son 
The noble men taken by Bazait, in the king doom of hungary.  Philippe the first duke. Philippe of Arthois earl Deu, constable of France. John the Maingre called Boucincalte, and diverse others, to the number of vii or viii which were sent to Bursir, all the rest were slain to the number of a thousand spears. The which battle was on the vigil of saint mighell in the 
The time of the battle  year of our Lord xiii C. lxxxxvi  
The said prisoners were after ward redeemed (not without great raunsons) by the diligence of one called james of Hely gentleman 
The raunsoming of the prisoners.  of Pycardie, which was taken with them, and who also before, was well beknowned and trusted in the court of the said Amorabaquin.  
After this battle Bazait assyeged 
Bazait besieged Constantynople.  the town of Constantinople, and had taken the same, had not been, that a great prince of Tartarye did enter in the Lanatolie, which was called Tamerlan or Tamburlam, by the turks called Demirlenge, and by some hystoryans of France named Tacon of Tartary, but he was called of his own Temircuthlu, that is to say: fortunate or happy sword, or happy iron. And was the son of Cham of Tartary called zaym Cham of the Horde, or multitude of zanoltha, and Czahaday, being be between the rivers of Rha & Volha, which enter in the see of Abacuth, which the Latinistes call Mare Caspius or Hircanum.  
And this zaym, was the very same, whom they of Pole called in their histories Bathy the first Mahumetyst, 
Bathy the first Mahumetiste of Tartary  of all the Tartaryans. Tamerlan soon after, was lord of all Tartary precopy called by them Prezelzoth, which signifieth ditches or trenches lying betwixt the rivers of Tana, called Tanais, and called of the Bory sehenes Nepar, and by the turks Decoz, the which country in old time was Scythia the less, beingnowe in the possession of the turk.  
And the said Tamerlan held his siege in the great town of samarcand upon the said see of Abacuth & 
The surname of Tamerlan  made himself to be surnamed the ire or wrath of God, but his title & style was Vluchan, that is to say, the great lord. To Bazait now, was convenient to leave the seeging of Constantinople, for to come unto the said innumerable army. So that both the armies did meet toward the town of Angory, in old time called Ancira, near to the mountain called Stella, & by Enguarran of Monstrelet called Appady, where some time Pompee the great, discomfited king Mithridates. And the said Bazait, was vainquished, & taken in battle by the said Tamerlan, which 
The taking of Bazait.  made him to be bond & fettered with chains of gold, & kept him in a caige, like as he were a Lion, & so caused hinto be carried about with 
How Bazait was bound with fetters of gold & kept in a cage  him, throughout all the country of Asia, so long as he lived, which was ii years or thereabout, so that he died in the year of our lord. M. iiii C after that he had reigned xxvii years 
The death of Bazait.  unto the xxvii year of the reign of king Charles the vi This very same Tamerlan made him to be called Yldrens 
The surname of Tamerlam  that is to say: thunder out of this battle and press. Certain sons of the said Bazait did escape, who thinking to pass into Europe 
How the sons of Bazait fled.  fallen into the hands of the Emperor of Constantinople, which made the passage of the sea to be straightly kept. By chance, one of the said brethren called Cyris, whom some did call Calepin or Calapin, passed through and came to Andrinopoli. And as I do judge, the error of 
The error of his surname.  that surname is come of this that some called him Cyris Chelebi, which is a title of honour and nobility given and attributed to the children and sons of the great turks, as Achmat Chelebi, that is to say gentleman, like as the Spaignardes' saith Don Alonso or Don Rodrigo, and as the frenchmen saith Charles Mounsire that is is my lord Charlys', or Joys my Lord, which be titles of the blood royal. This Cyris did reign vi years, or thereabout, and left a son called Orcan, & three of his brethren, the cyldrens of Pazait Moyse, whom they called Musach Mehemet, and Muscapha, which went forth of Constantinople while the Emperor came to seek aid and help of the said king Charles the vi against the said Cyris. Musach killed Orcan his' nephew, & in recompense 
One murtherar destroyeth another.  thereof, he himself was slay by Mehemet his brother. Then began a custom & use among them one to slay another, which since that time they have metly well observed.   

MEhemet the first of his name having slain 
Mehemet the first of that name.  Musach his brother possessed the empire and recovered all the country of natoly, which Tamerlan had taken with Bazait, and removed his see from Bursye transporting the same to Andrinopoli. He warred upon the country of Valachie, called by some French historians Valaigne, and of others Blaquie, which in the old time were called Buss and Triballi. He vanquished the Emperor Sigismonde 
How Mehemet vaynquisshed Sigismunde.  in the plain fields of Silinubes, and was the first of his nation, that ever did pass over the great river of Danowe who also took Bosue & made 
Mehemet was the first of the turks that came over Danow  war against Caraman, and died in the year of God. M. cccc. xviij. & in the xxxviij of the said king Charles the uj after that he had 
The death of Mehemet.  reigned xviij years, comprehending therewith the time of Cyris, which some others do not reckon. And he left a son called Amurath.   

AMurath the second of 
Amurath the son of Mehemet.  that name, called also Moratbeg, was i natoly when his father deceased: who assoon as he was advertised thereof, went into Europe, notwithstanding that the Emperor of Constantinople did that was in him to stop him of the same, sending against him Muscapha his uncle, the son of Bazait whom as yet he did retain with him after the taking of his father (as I have declared before.) But the said Muscapha not being strong to resist his power was disconfited and slain in battle by the said Amurath, who ardently intending to revenge him 
The purpose of Amurath.  of them Emperor of Constantinople spoiled, and brent all the country of Thrace, and of Grece called Romanie & took from the Venetians the good town of Tessalonyc called Salomachis which Andronye Paleologo sold unto them for very spite of the Emperor Constantyne his brother. After the said Amurath entered into Serine, or Rascie where he constrained George Vucovich deputy or lord of the said country, to give him in marriage his daughter called Iriny, that is to say, Peace, surnamed Cathacusine. And yet nevertheless after that he came against him, so that he fled into Hungary toward that Emperor Albert the son in law of the last Emperor Sigismond, leaving his son George to keep his country which afterward was taken by that said Amurath, whose yies he caused 
The cruelness of Amurath against his brother in-law.  to be thrust out, notwithstanding, that he was his brother in law. After the death of the said Albert, Lancelote brother to the king of Pole was choose by the Hungarians to be their king. Howbeit the said Albert left Elizabeth his wife great with child which after his disease was delivered of a son called Lancelot being brought up & nourished in the custody of the Emperor Frederic the third, which was the occasion and cause why that the said Lancelot of Pole durst not take in hand to meddle with the turks, ner once to assail them fearing that if the said Emperor perceiving him any other where troubled or occupied should in the mean time restore the said Lancelote the just and righteous king of Hungary to his own realm. In this mean while Amurath which could not abide at the siege of Belgrado which they call Mandoralba, and Alba Greca, called by the Hungariens Chrieschisch, in old time called Taurunum, lying betwixt the two rivers of Danowe and Saua toward that part, whereas both the said rivers do meet together. The which town the said George Vucovich had changed for other, with the said emperor Sigismonde, because it is the key and chief entry of Hungary. A little after, at that request of the said deputy George Vucovich the forsaied 
How Lancelot prepared an host and prevailed.  Lancelot prepared a great army, by the which he recovered the country of Seruie and Rascie, and restored them again to the said George Vucovich. By reason of the which Amurath sent against him Carabey, (that is to say, the black lord) with a great army and power, so that both the armies did meet near unto the mountain of Costegnaz, in old time called Hemus where the said Carabey was discoumfited & taken prisoner, the which two victories 
The taking of Carabey.  with many other, both afore & after did come to pass through the vailliantenes & noble feats of john of Huniad called by Enguerran of Monstrelut and Philip of Comynes the white knight of Valaigne, and by the Hungariens Lanco Ban, or Vaivod, that is to say, governor of Transsiluana now called Moldavia, and by that Hungariens Sibenburge, that is to say Septem Castra, or the seven Castles, called in old time Dacia. The which john Huniad was father of Mathias king of hungary that did reign in our time.  
After this battle was a truce 
A truce concluded between the turks and the Hungaryens.  taken for ten years between the turks and the Hungaryans', by reason whereof Carabey was delivered, paying for his ransom fifty thousand Ducats. The 
The breaking of the truce.  which truce was soon after broken, by the said king Lancelot, (at the instance and persuasion of the Bishop of Rome, Eugene the forth) which chanced to his great mischief, for he was slain in battle near to the town of Verne, which is 
The death of Lancelot king of hungary  called Dionysiopolis, on saint Martyns day the xi day of November in the year of our Lord. M. cccc. and xliiij Out of which battle John Huniad did escape. Of this victory Amurath did nothing rejoice, for asmuch as he bought the same very dear, he took also the Sophy capitalle of Bulgarie, Scopie, and Novomont. He ran thorough the country of Acarmania now called Ducat or Dutch, and the country of the Cymera or Eperotee called Epirus 
Epirus.  from the river of Achelon's, called at this day Pachicolam, near unto the mountains, now called the mountains of the Demble, in old time called Acrocerannii which are a part of the mountain called Pindus, he took the port of the Velon, sometime called Aulon, and passed over the gulf of Larta, called the Ambracius Beye and went to the town of Oricus, now called Rigo and from thence toward Cataro called Risonicus Beye or gulf, which is about twenty-five. miles of length from Ragusa, which was called Epidaurus. He constrained john Castrioch deputee & governor of Cymeria to render to him the strong town of Croya, and to give his three sons in pleage whom he made to be come turks, the youngest of them named George, was but ix years old or there about, and was surnamed Schanderbegge, that is to say the Lord Alexander, which did become a right valiant captain and worthy to be compared unto Pyrrhus & to others his predecessors: for under Amurath he conquered Saruie, & took a great part of the country of Caramanie, returning afterward to the Christian faith, he caused to be taken from the said Bazait, first the country of Seruie than Croya. And all the countries, towns and castles, which appertained to the late John Castrioth his father, besides twenty or thirty battles which he had against the turk, in the which he at all times had the victory, in so much that Amurath the great turk could never say any thing to his reproach, save only the good cheer, that he made to him the time he was under his power, calling him his unthankful son and child, by diverse his writings sent to him, full of many amiable & favourable good words. The said Schanderbeg feared him so little, that he left his own country, to go and help Ferdinand king of Naples, against 
How Schanderbeg left his own country to go & help Ferdinand king of Naples.  john duke of Calabre. The which Ferdinand he did set into his realm and thrust out thesayde duke whom he conquered. For thewhiche pleasure thesaide Ferdinand called his sons being spoiled of their goods by Mehemet the second, after the death of their father, and gave unto them great substance and riches, somuch that they were made Marquesses of saint Ange. Of this stock was Ferdinand Castrioth Marquis of saint Ange, which died in the battle of Pavye. Amurath afterward occupied the country of the Moree, thewhyche in the old time was called Peloponesus, by the variance and discord of two brethren Thomas and Dimitre or Demetrius deputies of thesayde country and brethren of Constantyne Peleologo the last Emperor of Constantinople, for because that the Albanoys made war upon them, and therefore they ran for succour to thesaide Amurath, and he made them his trybutoryes. And forasmuch afterward as they re-refused to pay that which they had ꝓinysed him, he chased them. Dimitre he returned again toward him, and Thomas went to Rome to the bishop thereof, where he died and left behind him two sons and two daughters. Amurath being come to extreme age, 
How Amurath would have been areligeous man and gevenover his rule and dominion.  weary of the world and of his victories, withdrew himself with certain heremytes and religious personnes of their law, to th'intent to live from that time forth in solytarynes and rest. Having set in his place his son Mehemet which was very young, & therefore he committed the rule & governance of him to Haly Bacha, which sometime is called Caly Bacha. But when afresh, John of Huniad and the Hungarians had sent a great army to assail them, he was constreygned at the desire of his said son and of thesayde Haly Bacha to take again his administration (because they could not be obeyed) & to set an order in these affairs▪ going against the 
How Amurath took upon him again, the rule and dominion of Turckey:  Hungarians, whom he vaynquyshed and drove back. And afterward he went and asseged Croye against Schanderheg, but he could not get it. And then in his returning by the mounteignes, he was rob and spoiled of the Paysans, which 
How Amurath was rob and spoiled.  slew many of his people. So that what with the great grief & displeasure that he then took, and also for age, he died the. M. cccc. & 
The death of Amurath.  li. year of our Lord, being of the age of lxxu years, & the xxxii year of his reign, and the xxvi of the reign of Gharles the vij king of France. And he was the first that ordained the jannyssaryes.   

MEhemet the second of 
Mehemet the second of that name.  that name (called by Enguerrand and other historigraphiers) France's Morbesan, and I am in doubt whether they would say Morbesalem, which is asmuch to say in the Syryan & Moresque speech as these words of the Gospel (Vade in pace) in english, go in peace: the son of Amurath & of Iriny Vucovich the daughter of George deputy of Seruie, began to reign the xxi year of his age, and with in two years after, he wan the 
The winning of Constantinople.  siege of the town of Constantinople which was in the. M. cccc. & liij year of our Lord, where was slain the Emperor Constantyne. And it 
The first and last Emperors of Constantynople was named Constantyne  came so to pass, that like as one Constantyne the son of Helen was the first Emperor of Constantinople so another Constantyne being the son of another Helen was the last Emperor thereof. This Mehemet was neither Christian, nor mussulman or Mahometist, for in his youth he was instructed in the Christian faith by his mother, and after he learned this doctrine of Mahomet: so that when he came to age and discretion, he neither kept the one nor the other. In the beginning 
Turckyshe tyranny.  of his reign, he caused to be slain two young brethren that he had, the one of the age of xviij months and the other of vi Notwithstanding some say, that in the place of the elder was put another child, and he that was his brother was sent to Constantinople, and from thence to Venyce and so to Rome to Calyxte then bishop of that see, which caused him to be baptyzed and named 
How the brother of Mehemet was Christened.  Calixte Othman, to whom the Emperor Frederick the third gave great gifts and substance in Austria. Mehemet having taken Constantinople, as I have said, he turned him to the realm of hungary and besieged Belgrado, from whence he was driven by John Huniad, which was within the same with the Cardinal of saint Ange called John, and a grey freer named also john, and surnamed Capistram.  
From this siege, Mehemet fled shamefully, for he was hurt, & lost his artillarye and other baggages without hope of the recovery of hungary. So that he was constrained to pass unto Moree which the Venetians had taken from him and newly repeyred the Examilo, which is a wall conteigning vi. miles, or two leagues long, from the gulf of Patràs, called the bay of Corinthiacus, unto that of Legine, which was called the bay of Megaricus, where sometime was the town of Corinthe, which now is brought unto a little village called Corintho, the which Examilo, Amurath his father had beaten down that he might enter the easilyer into the Moree. Mehemet coming the Venecyens thought to withstand 
Mehemet discomfyted the Venetians.  him, but they were vaynquyshed, and lost that battle, in the which was slain a great number of good captains of the Italians, after whose taking & the very same time, was taken also the Isle of Negrepont called Eubeia, joining to the said land, enclosed with a bridge. And afterward the ysles of Stalimene or Stalmini, in the old time called Lennos, and Methelim, called Lesboos, the which perteigned to Nycholas Cataluz genevoye: afterward also saint Maurye, called Nerytus, and by some Leucas and Leucadia, Imate in the old time name zacynthus and Cephalenie called Chifalonye. And recovered again Croya, after the death of Schanderbeg, he took the town of Scutari or Scodra from the lord Arinth Comino or Connenus, surnamed Gollent, that is to say Chevelu, father of the lord Constantyne, that governed the Marquis of Mountfarrat after the death of the Duchess his niece, the same time that king Charles the eight came from Naples. afterward he entered into Bosue and took the lord or deputy named Stephyn Hierchec (and of some historiphiers the duke of Latic) whose head he commanded to be stricken of, and caused his son to deny his faith and to be circumcised and surnamed Achinath. He took from the Genevoys the town of Capha, which is called Theodosia, set in precopy, which is Taurica Chersonessus, which in manner is as long as the Moree, and on the one side thereof is the gulf of Nigropila called the bay of Carcinites, and on the other side the black seea called Bicis Palus, and near unto it, is Meotides Paludes which at this day is called the gulf of Tanais. Being thus cumbered and troubled with all these cares and provyuysyons of war, and travailing and labouring in all these countries lying so far one from another, he was assailed in Natolie by Piramet Caraman, which constreigned him to leave his entreprises, 
How Mehemet was assailed by Piramet Caraman.  and yet notwithstanding before that he parted, he took the strong castle of Mancup, situate upon the straight, which by land encloseth precopy, that in the old time was called Taphie. This thing done he passed into Anatolia driving back Caraman, and entered into his country, a great part whereof he wan & brought under his subjection. In his coming back, he took Sinope the head of Paphlago sytuate upon the great sea, and Trapezus called Trebisonde which is an Empire: and he caused to be slain the Emperor David Conyno or Commenus which was a Christian, of the lineage of the valiant Isaac Conyno, the which from a captain, become Emperor of Constantinople, next after the Emperor Mychael. And all these things aforesaid came to pass 
Note, that the discord between Christian princes provoketh the turk to war.  in the time that the Hungaryans' & them of ostrich made war against the Emperor Frederycke, because they would have had Lancelot the son of Albert their lord and king which was in the keeping of the Emperor, and he would not deliver him to them, because he was not of leeful age. And strait upon these victories aroase a new enemy of thesayde Mehemet, which was the 
How the king of Persye assailed Mehemet.  king of Persie, called Vsuncassan or Assembeg, which was accompaigned with a great army of the Persians' (whom the turks call Keselbach, that is to say red heads, because they use to were red caps or hats) he entered into Capadoce and Trebisonde, and in the first battle Mehemet was dyscomfyted, in the second Assamheg had the worse and lost a great part of his country. The which Assembeg was of the lineage of David Conyno the Emperor of Trebisonde, like as before I have made mention, and he reigned in the year of our Lord. M. cccc. and lxxii Mehemet being delivered of this trouble, returned into Caramanie, after the death of Piramet Caraman, and constreigned Abraham his son to seek aid and secure of the Christians and of Pius the second bishop of Rome which bishop minding to go in his own person against him caused himself to be carried to Ancone, where he prepared a great army by the seea, and there died, while he tarried the coming of the Venetians which should have accompaignyed him in this voyage. Then it came to pass he be ing dead, that the army scattered and so departed without taking any effect, the Almeignes being then in war with the Hungaryans', they found Caraman alone without help or aid, whom the said Mehemet caused to be slain. And by this mean, the stock of Caraman was destroyed 
The discomfiture & death of Caraman.  and their country remeyned to Othmans. Mehemet being sure of this quarter he sent to Marbeye, Samgiac of Bosue, which was the son of a Genevoye, to spoil the country of Istrie, called Liburnie, of Craine or Carnie, called Corinthe, & of Stirie, which they call Steirmarck, & in that old time called Valeria, which all are comprised within Illyria, and so passed forth to Friol, which was called the merket of julii, & traversing betwixt 
The great rivers Gue and Nou.  Gue and Nou the great rivers, dyscomfyted the Venetians which he found before him, where were slain and taken prisoners, all the rest of the good captains of italy. On the other side, Mehemet sent Achmath Bacha surnamed Ghendich, (that is to say: to the great tooth, the son of Stephyn late deputee of Bosne of whom I have spoken before) with a great army by seea into italy, & he took the town of Otranto called Hydruntus, and in old time japiginum, in the country of Poville or Apulia. Before this also Mesithba Paleologue (which was of the lineage of the Emperors of Constantynople) had assieged the town of the Rhodes, and could not get it. And not content with these three armies, Mehemet went himself against the Soudiane of Egypt, but being arrived very nigh to Nicomedie, (which some at this day call Comedy,) he died in the year of our lord. M. cccc. lxxxii, being about th'age of 
The death of Mehemet.  liv. years and the xxxi year of his reign. He was called by the Turks Mehemet Boiuc, that is, the great. And he left behind him two sons named, Pazait and zizimi, which doth signify love, for Muscapha Laisne governor of Icony, called Iconium died soon after the second battle of Ambassag, in the which he bore himself well and valiantly.   

PAzait, or Bazait, the second 
Pazait or Bazait the second of that name.  of that name, & the youngest of that three brethren, (by the aid and help of the jannissaryes, specially of Laga, that is to say a captain, which was nigh kin to him) he ceased or possessed the Empire. And zizimi his brother had possessed himself of a 
Pazait the turckysh tyrant assaileth his brother.  town called Bursye, wherewith he was well satisfied and contented, yet notwithstanding Pazait with the army that his father had prepared to have go against the Souldyan, he assauted his brother. To the which Souldyan the forsaied zizimi fled, and was by him aided both of money and men: but he lost two battles and was dyscomfyted by Achmath Ghendich Bacha. Wherefore, not thinking enye more to recover, he withdrew 
How zizimi the son of mehemet fled to the Rhodes for succour.  himself to the Rhodes for to have succour of the Christians, and zizimi was of the age of xxviij years Pazait being advertised hereof sent great presents unto the chief master and counsellor of the Rhodes desiring him to keep and cherish well his brother, for the expenses and good entreaty of whom he would pay unto him yearly forty thousand ducats, that so long as he was gently entertained of them, he would make none enter prize or war with the christians. The which things he kept and observed with them. And the said z zimi for the more surety, & for that he was always kept in fear & subjection of the said Pazait he was sent into France, where he lived a great while in one of that houses pertaining to the Rhodians called Bourgamnensis: afterward he was given to Innocent bishop of Rome the eight of that name & sent to 
How zizimi was under the keeping of the B. Rome.  Rome where he was that time that king Charlies the eight went to Naples, which desired to have him, hoping by his 
How the emperor desired to have zizimi.  aid to have recovered the Empire of Costantinople, but Alexander the. vi, bishop of Rome, delivered him to the Emperor empoysened, (as some say) in such sort that he lived not past. three, days after, and 
How the bishop of Rome poisoned zizimi.  died at Tarracina. Pazait dyspatched of his brother, went about to conquiere that Transiluana, afterward, he took Moncastro, and Lithostomo the one upon the river of Neper or Boristhenes, 
How pazait being despatched of his brother, beginneth a new to war upon christendom.  that is to say Moncastro, and Lithostomo upon the mouth of the Danowe. afterward, he caused to be put to death his good captain Achmath Ghendich Bacha, which he might have said had been equal with any excellent man of war, and he was the son of his near kinsman Stephin depute of Bosne as I have said before,  
This being done, Pazait to go forward with the enterprise of his father, and to avenge himself of the Soudian which had favoured & meynteyned zizimi his brother against him, he sent a great army 
How Pazait prepareth again the Soudian.  into Surie, of the which the Mameluches being advertised, did assemble theimselfes at Antioch and came toward the turks to the mount Amanus, called at this present mount Negro, or the black mountain, where they encountered and defied the said turks, between the said mount and that gulf Laiaffe, which was called the bay of Issicus, where sometime Alexander the great disconfited king Darius and there was taken Chirseogli being the son in law of Pazait, and was brought before that Soudian in the town of Kair, which the turks call Misir. But forasmuch as I am fallen from my matter by the reason the Mammaluches, it shall not be far out of the way to tell you what is meant by a Mammeluch. Mammeluch in the Syrians tongue, which also is Affricane, by us called Moresque: but for the better understanding, it signifieth in our vulgar tongue, a servant or soldier. And you must understand that the Souldyan and the Mammeluches are one manner of religion, and they profess chastity. Upon their other apparel they were a roobe of white 
Mammeluches are much like the knights of the Rhodes.  Buckram bright and shining. And likewise as the great turk hath weyting upon him four Visir Baga, so the Souldyan hath four Emyr Quiber, that is to say chief or head admyralles. Beside this, he hath a great or chief Constable, which they they call Derdart Quiber. The said Souldyan is made and choose by the foresaid 
How the souldian is elected and choose.  Mammeluches among theimselfes as the knights of the Rhodes those among theim selfes their great master and most commonly is one of the Emyrs or head admiralles and he that is choose, doth give unto every of the said Mammeluches for his welcome an hundred ducats for a present. The which Mammeluches were all christian men or 
The Mammeluches were christian men  Christian men's children, that denied their faith and profession, like as are the jannyssaries, for by no means they will receive into their company, either turk Moore or jewe. The which Mammeluches the Tartres took & sold them by heaps to the foresaid Emyrs, which when they had bought them brought them up and made them Mammeluches and they were made the most vyllaynes and slaves of all other men, and greatly given to the feats of arms, specially on horseback, keeping the law of Mehemet. This religion began in the time 
When the mammeluches began.  that king Lewis was taken at Damiate, which some call Heliopolis, and the first Soudian was named Melech 
The first Sultan.  Sala, whom the Mammeluches slew, which caused that the said Lewis was the sooner & easilyer delivered.  
But for to come again to Pazait, this discomfiture that the turks had at Laiasse by the Mammeluches, was the greatest that ever he had. And therefore the said Pazait seeing 
How Pazait returned into Sclavony  that his business framed not in that quartre, returned into Sclavonie, & took the town of Duraz, of old time called Dyrrachium and Epidamnus, which was the Carlevichs, whom they say came out of the house of France, & of Charles of Duraz surnamed of the peace, the son of Peter duke of Gravine, the son of Charles the second king of Naples, brother to the forsaied Lewis.  
In the year of our Lord a thousand four hundred xciii Pazait sent eight thousand horsemen, conducted by Cadum Bacha to run between hungary and Sclavonye: against whom came certain lords of the said country of hungary, of Croace, and of Sclavonye, & they met together upon the river 
The discomfiture of the Christians.  of Morava, of old time called Moschus, where the Christians were scattered and dyscomfyted. five years after, Haly Bacha Albanoys Monouc sent a great army by seea unto jara or jadera, being upon the gulf of Venyce, called Mare Adriaticum, on the coast of Sclavonye. And then for asmuch as the army of the Venetians, which was very great followed them, they durst not assail it, wherefore Haly Bacha then knowing that the Venetians were afraid, took, spite of their beards the town of Lepantho, called in old time Naupactum.  
In the xu C. year, Pazait came himself to Modon, which was called Methone, being in the Morce, and took it. After that, king Lewis the twelfth, and the Venetians were of alliance, against Ludovic Sforce, surnamed the Mor●●, calling himself the duke of Milan, Pazait at the request and desire of the said Ludovic cast of ten M. horsemen of the turks within Fryol, thewhyche came unto Triviz and within the sight of Venyce, wherefore the Venetians prepared & set forth by seea a great and mighty army. With whom the galleys of France did meet, being under the charge and governance of the Lord of Ravestaing and Gonsalo Fernando, surnamed the great captain, with the galleys of king Ferdinand Daragon, called of the frenchmen john Gippon. The which army took again the ysles of Chifalonie and of saint Maure, which afterward was given again to the turk by the said Venetians upon the conclusion of peace made between them, by the entreaty of Maistre Androwe Gritti afterward duke of Venyce. The galleys of France went forth to the isle of Methelin, where they could do no good. About this time began the renounie and fame of Siach Ismail king of Persye named Sophi, as was his father, and he was the son of one of the daughters of Vsuncassan, and of one named Seichayder, that is to say: the good Seich. For he was counted for an holy man, and as a prophet. And he was called Sophi of that sect, or as I 
The Sophi.  should say, that religion, which they call Sophi or Sophilar, of the which I have spoken before, but some say that it is because the country which they possess is so called, but neither the turks ner yet the Persyans know what Sophene is.  
The foresaid Seich after the death of thesayde Vsuncassan was slay by jacobbeg his brother in law, for envy of this, that the people of Persie were more inclined and affectionate to him, fearing lest they would have made him king.  
Siach Ishmael being then of the age of eight years, fled and remained a long time in the town of Leziam, upon the seea of Dabbaccuth until he came to man's state. afterward he returned into Persie, and found the means to get unto him thrye hundred men, with whom he took the town of Sumach, being then the chief or head town of Mesopotamie: afterward, the number of his people increasing, he took Taurus, and and then Syras, the chief city of Armenia: he vaynquesshed and caused to be put to death Aluant which was made king of Persie, and he slew jacobegge the son of Vsuncassan and uncle of the foresaid Siach, which made alliance with Aladule or Alnaudule and the Soudian of egypt, by whom he was stirred and persuaded to make war upon Pazait, against whom also he had many times prevailed. And about this time Selym the youngest child of the said Pazait departed from Trebisonde, of the which he was governor, and without the knowledge of his father, he married the daughter of Chan of Tartaire precopy, with the favour of whom, and with the help of a great number of horses which his brother in law (whom the turks call Chamogli or Canogli) had sent to accompaignye him, and having also on his side the jannyssaryes: he compelled his father to give over his realm unto him, the which while they carried him 
The death of Pazait which was poisoned by his son Selym who also destroyed his own brethrē●… is the father of Solyman the great turk that now reigneth.  back over the great sea to have lived there the rest of his days, he died by the way, poisoned by his said son Selym, as some judge because they drank together at their departing. Pazait reigned thirty. years, and he lived lx years and he died the. M. D. & twelve year, and the xiiij from the reign of Lois the twelfth. And he left behind him three sons, Selym, Achmat and Corcuth.   

SElym being come to 
Selym the son of Pazait.  the realm by the means aforesaid intended before all other things to dispatch his brethren, and first of all he caused 
How Selym sought the destruction of his brethren.  to be slay Corcuth, which was fled along the seea coast, near to the Rhodes, where he hid himself, waiting for a ship, to have go to the great master of the Rhodes, but he was betreyed by one of his 
The death of Corruth brother of Selym.  own folks and was taken and strangeled with a bow strenge. Achmet died the like death, but he was taken in battle (accompaignyed with a great army, which he had made out, by the aid of Siach, Ismail, sophy and of Campson Ciauri Sultan) forasmuch as he was so fat and gross, that he neither 
The death of Achmath the other brother of Selym.  could save himself by flying, ner endure to ride.  
Selym being thus delivered & dispatched of his father and brethren, purposed to make war against the Sophy, aswell for the old enmity which was between them, as also for the dyspleasoure that he did in aiding his brother to make war against him. And the more easily to bring to pass this his purpose and intention, he found the mean to have peace with Lancelot king of Hungary and to refresh and renew again (for 
The coming of the Sophy against Selym.  his more surety) the alliance which he had with the Venetians: & then he took the way of pierce. And as the foresaid Sophy was come unto him with a great number of horses armed and barbed even unto Assyrie, he was scattered and dyscomfyted with the artillery of the Turks, with which the horses of that Persians had not been accustomed. And the battle was made in the plain of Calderam between Tauris and Coye, where, as I have said is the town called Artaxata, and this battle is painted or portured in the hall of the council of Venice, where I have seen it, and some say that the said Selym sent it to them. After this battle the said town of Tauris came into the hands of the turks with a great part of the realm of Persye: but it remained not long, for Siach soon after recovered it again and it is kept at this day by Taanas his son. Selym going back again from Persye, did wyntre in Trebisonde, and the summer next following, he assailed the lord Amandule, which bordreth upon that Sultan toward the town of Aleph called of the frenchmen Halappe, of the turks Aldephe, 
Aleph is the first letter in the Hebrew alphabet, and thereof was the town named the first in Syria.  and in the old time Epiphania. And it is called Aleph, forasmuch as it is the first town of Sury. On the other side toward Amasie is joined to the turk Coney otherways called Icony, and to the Persians' by the little Armenia. All the country of the said Amandule was taken, and he himself also, whose head Selim caused to be smitten of Then remained there none, but the soldan, which came with a great strength against Caythbey Emyr of Alep, that did rebel and disobey him, being accompaignied with xxviij. thousand horsemen which were for the most part Mammeluches that nothing regarded nor feared the turks because they had many times before beaten and vaynquisshed them, as is aforsaied. Selym feigned him to go against the Sophy making the bruit to go so a broad. And as he did come unto the town of Aman in old time called Apamea, being somewhat betwixt Ale and Damas', he was prayed and desired by the said Caythbey of aid & secure against the Sultan, where unto most willingly he did agreed seeing it was the thing that he most earnestly desired, and the mean & occasion also that he greatly looked for, howbeit, he dared not open, nor declare his mind thereupon, seeing these two armies in the fields, for fear lest they should have agreed to have fallen upon him, watching and seeking a mean how he himself might bring them both to destruction, wherefore he did incontinently join and associate himself with the said Emyr Caythbey, and they defied the Sultan Campson Ciaury, which died in the battle like as did Cathbey, than Selim remained lord of Surie, of Damas' of Jerusalem and of judee. The Mammeluches which could escape & return into Egipte, with them also that remained at home chase another Sultan, named Tomombey Emir of Alexandrie. Selim following hotly this fortune & victory, entered into Egipte, and vaynquished Tomombey in another battle, and took the town of Cairo, which of some is called the wrong full Carra, and by some others by more apparent reasons Memphis. And as the said Tomombey saved himself by passing over the river of Nile, he was pursued by Canogle, who following him, passed over the said river to Nou with ten thousand horses of Tartary, because he found the bridge that was made of boats broken and destroyed by the jannissares: so that the said Tomombey was taken and brought back again to Selim which caused him to be hanged, whereby the said Selim did remain king of Egipte which was in the year of our lord a. M. D. and eighteen.  
Selim being returned again to Constantinople & willing to go to Andripoli, died, by the way at the village of Ciorlich, where as I have said he had assailled his father with the Tartarians. And he died in the year of our Lord a thousand five hundredth and twenty, being forty & two year of age, and the eight year of the reign of Francoyes the French king that now presently doth reign, after that he had put to death these three Baccha Chenden Baccha, because that he would have made business with the jannissaries moving them to riot at his entering in pierce. Boscangi, or Constantin Baccha his son in-law, for dyuer● robberies and enormitees, which he had committed, and janus Baccha none can tell why or wherefore, save only but that he thought him to proud or arrogant. This Selym left one son only called Soliman & by the turks Seleyman, leving him in the custody of Peribaccha which did govern him in his young age.   

THe tyrant Seleiman the which now hath the dominion and rule of the turks at this present time lord and governor over the turks began his reign the xxviij. year of his age who in the year next following by counsel of Peribaccha besieged Belgrado & wan and took the same from Lois king of Hungary, the son of Lancelot of Hungary, which then was very young the princes and lords of the hole country being at great debate & variance for the government both of the king and his realm, whereby it so chanced that they took no heed to provide for any aid or secure of the said place. And the next year after he went against the Rhodes, lystening and watching at all times according to the custom of his predicessours where he might hear or perceive any division or dissension that should chance to be among the christian princes, the which enterprise he did take on hand without the counsel and advise of the said Peri Baccha, which did reckon the same to be very doubtesome and to great an adventure. Nevertheless it came to pass according to his own desire and that in that year of our lord a. M D xxvij when Italy was in wars and troubles Seleiman entered into Hungary with favour as he saith of john of ziphs Vaivod of Sibens 
This child is it (the son of John) who hath now occasyoned the war in Hungary, and by whom the turk maketh claim thereunto.  borge, which pretended the said royalme to appertain unto him. So that it came to pass that the young king Lois was slain as he came to the battle, and thereafter deceased the said john, leaving a very young child behind him which not long ago together with his mother were taken by the said Seleiman & scent unto Costantinople as it is reported. As concerning such things as are chanced of these last years, it is not necessary to write to you of the same, seeing that the same is manifestely known how he hath recovered Coron, Patras, Castelno & other places, which the emperors army and navy by the sea had taken from him. The great enterprise of the Barberousse, which by great craft and subtlety took the town of Tunis in Africa, that we call Barbary the which is even at our doors, or near unto us, & there is not (if a man may say it) but one river to pass, between us and the realm of Tunis. The which realm of Tunis at this present time is in hold of the emperors majesty, who did most victoriously conquest the same in the year of God. M. D. xxvi, chasing Barbarousse from the said realm, the which he did before most wrongfully hold, possess & occupy, to the great hurt and damage of all Christians.  
How the great turk not long ago hath discomfited in battle the army of Ferdinand king of hungary, not by no valiant feact, but thorough chaunse of variance & debate betwixt the almains & hungarians whom he found fighting the one against the other in their own camps. Like as the veniciens were constraigned to render to him, the strength and fortress of Naples, of Romanie, that was called Nauplias. And it is to be thought that he shall not keep them, forasmuch as he believeth them and letteth them do what they wil  
You have caused me to enter in this matter which requireth to be set forth more largely, and by one of a greater wit and knowledge than I am of. And also I have lightly and briefly over passed the same. And it shall be expedient too know, that not only a king, as is this king of hungary, but a small lord, and in manner asimple gentleman, had had strength and power enough not only to resist and withstand the assaults and entreprises of this nation, but to have driven them away, in destroying and taking them, and that in the chiefest of all their strength and courage. Wherefore it is not unpossible but that we may even now in this time do as much and more, when it shall please God to encourage us thereunto    

THe laws of Mahumet contain some things very mad and disagreeing from all reason and some worthy to be abhorred and detested of all men, some foolish and like old wife's tales etc. Some have such colour of honest & wisdom that a man would think them right holily made. Some be so like Moses law and the evangelical doctrine, that you would judge them to have been derived out of the spring of the heavenly oracles. For Mahumet crieth out against the unfaithfulness of the jews, he affirmeth constantly that Christ was conceived of the holy ghost and born of a pure virgin, he calleth Christa great prophet of God, the word, the soul & the spirit of God which shall judge all the world Neither would Mahumet seem to be that enemy of Christ, or to abholishe his doctrine, but only to correct those things which were corrupted, and privily put in by other men. Mahumet also fighteth strongly against certain doctrines damned by God his word, as of the Anthiopomorphites, which fashion the God head with a manes body & form.  
Item, he abrasethe the superstition of the heathen and denieth the pluralite of Gods, and saith that images be not to be worshipped. Briefly this is the sum, and chief head of Mahumettes religion that there is one God, which made, preserveth & governeth all things, and that Mahumet was his principal ambassador, and one of his privy counsel, and that he brought forth nothing to be observed & believed, which he drew not out of the mouth and heart of the true God. So that to believe the master of truth is to believe God, which used Mahumet familiarly, and to despise him, is to despise God which sent so heavenly a doctor. And that the followers of Mahumetes learning, be the lawful sons of faithful Ahraham, heirs of god's promises. And that in the earth they shall have the fruition of all good things and in the world to come they shallbe the indwellers of Paradise, & that their they shall have sweet waters, pleasant fruits and fair women. And whosoever despiseth the laws published in the Alcoran, as ungodly personnes, shall not only be punished here temporally, but also in the world to come everlastingly, when in the resurrection the souls shallbe called again to their bodies, he denieth that Christ was put to death of the jews, & farther he saith plainly that Christ died not. Mahumetes do ctryne hath no hold of the head Christ, it is a plantation which the heavenly father hath not planted and therefore shall Christ pull it up by the roots. The foundation of everlasting truth is builded upon jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified, and died under Ponce Pilate, the savour of the world, chief of the faithful.  
Now saying that the turkish profession denieth this thing, and fighteth against it. The everlasting truth constraigneth us to grant that this infinite multitude, (which is an horrible thing to think) of Mahometans, Turks, Saracenes & other, standeth in danger of most grievous damnation. To which sect they that cleave freely & unconstr eynedly, they entre not in to the way of true salvation, but throw theimselfes headling in to extreme darkness, in to the company of the devil, in to eternal death, in to the helpitte of horrible calamity, here thou hast what to be thought & judged of the Mahometans.