A new Book of the natures and properties of all Wines that are commonly used here in England, with a confutation of an error of some men, that hold, that Rhennish and other small white wines ought not to be drunken of them that either have, or are in danger of the stone, the rheum, and divers other diseases, made by William Turner, doctor of Physic.  
Whereunto is annexed the book of the natures and virtues of Treacles, newly corrected and set forth again by the said William Turner.  
Imprinted at London, by William Seres. Anno. 1568.   

TO THE RIGHT honourable Sir William Cecil Knight, chief Secretary unto the Queen's Majesty, and master of her highness Courts of Wards and Liveries. etc. and sometime his Constudent in the University of Cambridge, William Turner wisheth all prosperity both of body and soul, through jesus Christ our Saviour.  
SIR, AFTER that I perceived that my age joined with continual sickness, would suffer me no more to be profitable to Christ's Church and common wealth, by my voice, words, and going abroad, thought it meet by such members and means as GOD hath left in me as yet unhurt and untouched, for that portion of living that I have, to profit the Church of God as much as I could. And therefore within these xii. Months I have translated one book out of Latin into English, and have written one homily against Gluttonye and Drunkenness, and other vices annexed thereunto, and have set them abroad, for the promoting and increasing of the kingdom of God. I thought also, seeing that God hath also endued me with the knowledge of bodily Physic, after that I had sought to promote the kingdom of GOD, to communicate some part of my knowledge that God hath given unto me in natural knowledge, unto my brethren that had need thereof. But when as I perceived that there was so much use of Wine in all cou●tries of England, and so many errors committed in the abusing of it, both of the most part of the laity, and also of some of the learned that profess natural knowledge, I thought I should do no small benefit unto the Church and Common wealth of England, if that I should set out a book of the natures of Wines, and confute the errors and ill opinions that all men have concerning the natures and properties of them. And this book have I now ended, and dedicate unto your Honour for a token of the good will that I bear unto you, desiring you also to be a Patron of it against all such babbling and unlearned Sophisters, as will speak against it, not being armed with learning, authority and reason, but only with their old Sophistry, which they learned in the time of ignorance and darkness. If these will be to busy in defending of their errors, and will go about to defend them, and confute the truth that I have taught in this book, if that I can have by the help of God, granted unto me any truce between me and my disease, I intend to put you to small pain in the defending of my Book, for I have been matched with as big men as these be, I thank GOD, and well have escaped without dishonour. But if my sickness will not suffer me to do it that I would otherwise do, than I must desire you and other of my friends to defend me so far forth as I defend the truth.  
Furthermore, whereas I set out of late a book, declaring at large the virtues and properties of the great treacle called Theriaca Andromachi, and of the treacle of Mithridates called Mithridatium, and also of the treacle Salt, and the book was negligently and falsely printed, and diverse honest men think it necessary to be printed again, & I purpose to do the same, & because it were necessary to have a patron for it, which it hath wanted hitherto: I dedicate and give this book also unto your learned Honour, desiring you also by your learning and wisdom to be patron unto it as I ●aue made you of my other book. No more at this time, but the Lord jesus increase you with the knowledge of his holy word, and with grace to live always according to the same, Amen.   

OF THE NATURES, properties, profits, hurts and helps that come of Wine.  
ALTHOUGH the order of learning do require, that every man that shall write of any thing, should declare & open by definition it that he intendeth to entreat of: yet need not I (as I judge) going about to write of wine, to take any great pain to make a definition of it, because all men, women and children, that are comed to any perfit age, know well enough that Wine is the juice of grapes pressed out, and put up into vessels, to be drunken afterwards at convenient times of men, for diverse ends and purposes that the Grape maker hath ordained it for. For many great causes, it shall be more necessary to divide Wine into his kinds and sorts, that thereby the reader may the better know what kinds of Wines are best for what ends and purposes. 
Wines may be divided into six sorts at the least.  Wines may be numbered and divided either by the country and places that they grow in, or by their colours, or by their youth, or age, and by their tastes, smells, and by properties that they have, and some of the manner of making, and every one of these kinds, may be divided again into certain other special sorts or under kinds.  
Some Wine is called Creticum of Creta, which is named in English Candie, some is called Graecum of Graecia, some Rhennish, because it groweth beside the Rhine, some Gallicum, that is French Wine, because it groweth in France, and some is called Rheticum because it groweth in Rhetia, and so a great sort of other Wines have their names of the countries, & places whereas they grow. But it is best as I think, first of all according to nature to entreat of new and old Wines, and of it that is a middle Wine between them both.  

Of new and old Wine, and of it that is of a mean age that is neither to be called new nor old.  
THere are two sorts of new Wine, one that is called Must, 
Two kinds of new wine.  and that is but lately made or pressed out of the grapes, and is sweet in taste, troubled in colour, and thick in substance, and this sort is properly called in Latin Mustum. And another sort is called new Wine, which hath left his sweetness & gotten clearness, 
Galene.  but yet it is not long since it was made. 
New wine after Galen.  Galen in his book of making of medicines, seemeth to call all Wine that is not fully five years old, new wine, and it that is past five years until it he ten year old, wine of middle age, and it that is above the age of ten years, old wine, and Dioscorides writing of the nature of Wines in his fift book, calleth it Wine of middle age, that is more than seven year old, and Pliny writeth, not without an error of the scribe (as I guess) that Falerno media aetas incipit ab anno decimo quinto. But Valeriola a man otherwise well learned, 
Valeriola leaveth the authority of Galen.  leaving the authority of Galen, calleth it new Wine that keepeth still his Mustish and sweet taste, and as yet hath gotten no sharpness, and he calleth that Wine of middle age, that is no more sweet, but is clear, and saith that he and his countrymen take the most notable Wines of France for old Wines, before they be fully one year old. And this doth he hold enarrationum medicinalium, lib. sexto, enarratione septima. In the same place he reproveth Aloisius Mundella for saying that wine six years old was new wine after Galen, who although failed in exceeding one year beyond Galens numbering of the years of new wine, yet he went a great deal farther from Galens' mind than Mundella did. 
Must only hot in the first degree  Must when it is made even of ripe grapes, is but hot in the first degree. for Galen in his book of the powers of simple medicines, hath these words following. Vinum est ex fecundo ordine excalfacientrum. Sed quod admodum vetus est ex tertio, sicut quod mustum vocant ex primo, caliditatis eius proportioni respondet siccitas, that is, 
Very old wine hot in the third degree.  wine (that is to say of middle age) is hot in the second degree, but it that is very old is hot in the third degree, as it that is called Must is hot in the first degree. By these words their error is openly confuted, 
Non omne vinum esse calidum in secundo gradu.  that hold that every wine is hot in the second degree. Galen writeth truly that the Grapes that grow in very cold places, never come to ripeness, neither to sweetness, but when other wines are made, they are sweet & pleasant, but such Wines made of such grapes, are very sour and therefore cold, the words of Galen are these written in the second book de alimentorum facultatibus. In regionibus frigidis ne vuae quidem ipsae exquisite maturari queunt, nedum passarum quaepiam, ob id quòd resinam vinis immittant, ne acescant celeriter. That is. In cold countries neither raisins come to any perfit ripeness neither the grapes, 
Rosin preserveth small wine from souring.  and therefore men put rosin into the wines, that they should not shortly wax sour. And in the book of good and ill juice he saith thus. The Wines that are to old or to new, are to be eschewed. For the old do heat to much, and the new Wines as long as they are green, 
Very green and new wines heat nothing at all.  or very new, heat nothing at all, so far are they from helping of men to digest their meats, that they are very hardly digested themselves, and oft times they hang and abide still in a man's stomach, even as water. Dioscorides also who wrote before Galen, saith lib. 5. The sinews are hurt with old wine, and other instruments of the senses: yet for all that it is sweeter in taste than the other wines are. Wherefore a man ought to beware of it, that feeleth the weakness of any inward part. Yet when a man is in good health a little being delayed with water, it may be taken without harm. New Wine putteth a man up, 
New wine.  and filleth him with wind, and is hard of digestion and breedeth heavy dreams, and maketh a man to make water. It that is of a mean age between both, is free from the harms that may come of both, wherefore it is commonly used both of hole and sick men with their meat. Aristotel in his fourth book Meteorologicorum the ten 
New wine hath much earthliness in it, and therefore ill for them that are disposed to the stone.  Chapter writeth. That new Wine hath more earth or earthliness in it than old hath, whereupon a man may gather plainly that new Wine is very ill for them that are disposed to the stone, for it having so much thick earthliness in it, giveth matter whereof the stone may be made to hot kidneys, that the heat of kidneys may so bake it into stones as the heat of the Brick kill turneth the clay into Brick or tile stones. Wherefore I must needs dispraise the manner of our delicate Englishmen and women that drink the Rhennish wine only for pleasure, whilst it is as yet as thick as puddle or horsepisse. For beside that it giveth matter to make the stone of, I have known three within the space of one year in high Germany that took the falling sickness by drinking much new Rhenishe wine, and they died all three, and could not be helped with physic, one of them suddenly lost his speech and died within an hour after that he sickened, and the other two lived but a day or two after, and died miserably with great pain, and had grievous fits of the falling sickness at sundry times. I have marked that within these dozen years there have been more sick in the falling sickness, than had wont to be before. The cause whereof I judge to be, that men's wives, nurses, 
The causes of the rifeness of the falling sickness now in England  and children drink more Rhennishe Must, and other sweet wines unfined, brought out also of other countries as well as out of Germany: than they were wont to drink before in times past. Aetius a diligent follower of Galen, and a faithful gatherer of the writings of old Greek writers of physic, saith that wine (meaning thereby wine of middle age that is neither very new, neither very old) is hot in the second degree, 
The degrees of wines by their ages.  and that very old is hot in the third degree, as very new Must is hot in the first degree. Ye may see here once again, that they are more bold than learned and wise, 
Whether all kinds of new wines ought to be refused or no?  that hold that all Wines are hot in the second degree. Some peradventure will ask whether there is any kind of new Wine that may serve for any uses, and may be drunken at any time or no▪ To whom I make this answer by the authority of Galen in his book of good and evil juice, 
Si vina tenuia, alba & aquosae tutò bibi possint, errat Plinius qui vina tenuia & austera magis caput tentare asseverat. lib. 23. cap. ●  that ex recentibus vinis genus illud dumtaxat tutò bibitur, quod tenuis substantiae est, sicuti ex Italicis Cauchanum & Albanun. etc. quae sanc tenuia, candida & aquosa existunt. etc. That is. Amongst new wines only that kind may be safely drunken, that is of a thin substance, as amongst Italian wines are Cauchanum & Albanum. etc. which wines in deed are thin, white, and waterish, and therefore are called Oligophora, that is, wines that can abide but small menging of water with them. 
Fulua vinae quia calida sunt, caput cito replent, non igitur vini tenuitas, sed caliditas caput tentat.  And as redishe yellow Wines because they are hot in working, they fill the head by and by, so the other wines that are thin and waterish wines, and gently binding are not only not noisome unto the head, but oft times take away light head aches which come of humours gathered together in the stomach, 
Hic Galenus Plinium & eius discipulos manifest impugnat.  thus far Galen. Now some men that read this book, acknowledging themselves to be my scholars, peradventure would learn of me because I teach English men in this English book, what kinds of wines that are brought into England, 
Small wines helps the headache, but make it not.  are of this sort. I answer, that neither Sack, Malmsey, Muscadel, neither claret, French nor Gascone wine, though they be most used here in England at this time, are such Wines as Galen speaketh of here, but Rhennish wine that is racket and clear, and Rochel, and Sebes and other small white Wines that are clear from their grounds, therefore to them that are disposed unto the headache, amongst all new Wines these above named small Wines are least hurtful, and may be taken with less jeopardy. If any contend that French, claret and Gascone wine, and other wines as strong as Gascone is, do as little hurt to the head as these Wines do: I answer that the French, claret and Gascone wines are not thin and subtle, but strong, thick and hot, and not as Galen saith aquosa that is, waterish. Wherefore if the authority of Galen may take place, their opinion is here openly confuted, which commend so much French, claret and Gascone Wine, and despise and condemn Rhennish and such like White wines. 
Rhennish and white wines forbidden to be used of some new physicians.  The same men have forbidden all their patientes that are disposed to the stone, gout, and rheum, by name all Rhennish and white Wines, and say that white and Rhennish Wines make and engender the gout, holding that white and Rhennishe Wine drive so sore that they bring matter to the kidneys and bladder, 
That white wines bring the matter of the stone to the kidneys, and that therefore breed the stone by the argument of some sophisters.  whereof the stone is engendered. First I must reason against this unreasonable reason more largely than the argument of this book, in some men's opinion, requireth, because they have holden this opinion so long and without authority or good reason teach it so sliffelye still. For the better discussing of this matter, it is needful to tell what things breed and make the stone, and how many chief causes there be of it, and whether thin and waterish wines be the material or efficient cause of the stone, or no cause of it at all, but a preservative from the stone. Although the natural disposition that a man hath of his father or mother to the stone be a great and unavoidable cause of the stone, yet beside that, there are two common causes, of the which the one is the material cause, and the other is the cause efficient, or working or making cause, that maketh the stone, of the matter that is disposed to be a stone. Galen in the third book of norishmentes, writing of cheese in few words showeth both the material and efficient cause of the stone. Old cheese, 
Gross humours are the material cause of the stone, & burning heat the cause efficient.  saith he, is harder to digest and of worse juice, and therefore readier to breed the stone, Nam ubi succorum crassities cum ardenti calore iungitur, illic calculi generantur, that is, whereas there is grossness of juices joined with a burning heat, there are stones engendered. Galen I grant in his book of good and ill juices, writeth that the often use of such medicines that make thin and cut gross humours in pieces, 
Medicines that are ho●e and make thin, and cut gross humours, to much used, make the blood whai●ish, or choleric, or melancholic.  maketh a man's blood either whayish, or Choleric or Melancholic, for such kinds of Medicines do not only cut and make thin, but also heat out of measure. Behold and mark here that he speaketh not of Rhennishe and white wine, but of unmeasurably hot medicines, and he saith immediately after, ob idque solida membra exiccant, & crassum humorem reddunt, quo in renibus assato, gignuntur calculi, that is. They dry up the fast and sound members, and make the humour gross, whereof when as it is burned or roasted in the kidneys, stones are engendered. Thus far Galen. The same sentence and meaning hath Galen methodi medendi. 13. 
Meats of gross juice engender the stone.  libro in these words, qui crassi succi cibis vescuntur, calculi vitio vexantur. They that eat meats of gross juice, are grieved with the disease of the stone. Aetius writeth that the causes of the stone are continual crudities or rawness, or undigested humours whereof is gathered together great plenty of undigested and raw matter, when a burning riseth about the kidneys and bladder, which burneth them and maketh them go together in one, and maketh thereof an hard stone. Alexander Trallianus entreating of the stone, saith: Est materialis calculorum causa humor crassus, efficiens autem ignea caliditas, the material cause of the stone is a gross humour, and the efficient cause is a fiery heat.  
Now by these authorities that I have alleged, it is clear unto all them that can and will see that the matter or material cause of the stone is a gross or thick humour, and that the worker or efficient cause of the same is a great heat in or about the kidneys or bladder. If that be granted to be true, it followeth that those meats and drinks that are of grosser substance and hotter than others be, cause and breed the stone rather than other meats and drinks that are thinner, finer and of a colder complexion, but both French, claret and Gascone claret wine are of grosser and thicker substance, and hotter of complexion than white Rhennish wine and white french wines be of. 
claret wine whether it be of France or of Gasconie, and red wine with such like, breed more the stone, than white and Rhennish do, both concerning the material and efficient cause.  Therefore they breed the stone more than white Rhennish and white French Wines do. The Rhenish wine that is commonly drunken in gentlemen's houses and Citizens houses is commonly a year old at the lest before it be drunken, & therefore it is older than the common Clared wine, which dureth not commonly above one year, and if Rhennish wine be drunken within the year, it is commonly racked before it be drunken, therefore for two causes it hath fewer dregs and less terrestritie or gross earthliness than the Clared wine hath, and therefore breedeth the stone less than Clared wine that is commonly drunk in gentlemen's houses doth. If I can prove this that I have said, and also that Clared wine is hotter than white Rhennish and white French wines be, there is nothing to let me but I may conclude without any withstanding, that claret or red wines breed the stone more than white wines do. Which I will assay to bring to pass after this manner following.   

Of the difference of wines by the colours.  

Pliny maketh four principal colours of Wine.  PLinie in the xiiij book of his natural history writeth thus of the colours of Wine. Colores vinis quatuor. Albus, fuluus, sanguineus, niger, that is, wines have sour colours: white, reddish yellow, sanguine and black. The white is well known to all our countrymen, but the other are not fully known even unto some of the learned here in England. Wherefore I think it needful for the better understanding of it that I shall entreat of hereafter, to declare these colours, so that they may be known of all men that read this book. Aulus Gellius in his second book de noctibus atticis cap. 26. 
Fuluus.  writeth, that Fuluus color videtur de rufo atque viridi mistus esse. 
There are diverse degrees vini fului.  that is, the colour that is called in Latin Fuluus, seemeth to be minged with red and green, and there seemeth in some to be more green, and in other more red. And he writeth that the colour called Flaws 
Flauus colour.  in Latin seemeth to be made of the mengling together of green, red & white. And he writeth that the colour of the lion, 
Leo fuluus, Aurum fuluum.  gold, and sand is named Fuluus in Latin, thus far Gellius. Whereas Dioscorides writeth of wines he hath these words following. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which words Ruellius translateth thus. Giluum, utpote quod medium est, medias inter utrunque vires habet. But Cornarius in this place turneth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into fuluum. And in deed I like better the translation of Cornarius in this place, than the translation of Ruellius, otherwise an eloquent and learned man, whereunto moveth me the translation of Galen of our Linacre written in his xii. book de methodo medendi. Neque invenies ex alborum vinorum genere calidum ullum, quando austera & mediocriter alba, cum inueterauerine fuluiora quodammodo reddantur. Quod si aliter nominare fuluum colorem velis, licet voces igneum pallens. Quotquot autem in ipsis calidissima sunt omnia certè flava sunt. These words peradventure some learned Gentleman or other learned men, had liefer read in Greek than in the Latin or English alone, for whose sakes I will rehearse Galens own words in his own tongue, that men may judge the better of the nature of the words, and thereby of Galens' meaning, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Out of all these places of the authors that I have alleged, I gather that Fuluus colour is it that a man may call in English, reddish yellow, for as Virgil calleth Gold Fuluum, because it is reish yellow, our countrymen marking in gold both a roadnesse and also a yellowness, sometime say, that a thing is as red as gold, and other while, that a thing is as yellow as gold, as commonly they say that his eyes & skin that hath the disease that is called in Dutch, Die, and the Northern English tongue, that Guelsought, and in Southern English, the yellow jaundice, are as yellow as gold. This disease is named in Latin Aurigo of Cornelius Celsus, of the colour of gold. Galen seeming to doubt whether all men understood what he meant by this word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Hypocrates useth in this signification, taketh the pain to open and show by two other Greek words what he meaneth by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, saying that he thinketh that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Wine of a fiery colour, having mixed therewith the colour of yellow Ochar, which Ochar is not of a bright yellow colour as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is, but more darker, whereby a man may plainly know that Fuluum which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a reddish yellow colour, 
Fierish yellow.  as our Muscadine and Bastards are, when as they come to us are of. 
Vinum sanguineum.  Vinum sanguineum, that is sanguine, or blood coloured Wine, it is that we call commonly in English claret wine, but not the pale, or pallet (as some call it) Clared wine. Vinum nigrum, so named of Pliny, and called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Greek, is foolishly, but commonly called in English red wine, when as it ought to be called black Wine, of the black colour that it hath in comparison of other wines. And now after that I have showed what the four colours that Pliny maketh mention of, betoken in our English tongue, I will go forward to declare the natures of Wines by their natural colours.   

Of the nature and properties of white Wines.  
DIoscorides saith, vinum album tenue stomacho utile, ac facile in membra distribuitur. That is, white wine is thin, and good for the stomach, and is easily conveyed into the members, 
White wine both in sickness & in health is rather to be chosen than other wines by the authority of dioscoria's.  and white wine both in sickness and in health is rather to be chosen than others. And Galen writing of the nature of white Wine, saith: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. That is, ye can find none of the white wines that is hot, meaning of the common white wines that were about where as he dwelled.   

Out of Galen in his fift book de locis affectis.  
furthermore, when as a certain young man being a Grammarian, as often as he did to earnestly teach, or devise of any matter, or waxed hungry or angry, was taken with the falling sickness, by reason of the to much quick feeling of the mouth of his stomach: I commanded to give unto him bread well prepared in the third or fourth hour alone, if he did not thirst. But if he were troubled with thirst, to be moistened in wine, 
White wine measurably binding hurteth not the head.  and that in white wine which measurably bindeth, for such wine, as it strengtheneth the stomach, so it hurteth not the head as hot wines are wont to do. Thus far Galen. Out of whose words we may gather how unreasonable and unlearned they be in Galens' works, that say that all white Wines whether they be Rhennishe or French, or of like nature with either of both, are hurtful for the rheum and other diseases of the head, and forbidden their patientes to drink them for a table or common drink to be taken with meat, when as Galen alloweth it for them that have the falling sickness, and saith that it doth not hurt the stomach, neither trouble the head as hot wines do, of which sorts they allow some for their patients for common table wine, as diverse kinds of Clared wine, whereof every one of them is hotter and more heady and fumish than the common Rhennishe and French wines are, of the which matter we will talk hereafter more largely, if God will. That the thin, small and waterish wines do not hurt the head, so that they have a little astriction, Galen declareth plainly in his book de euchymia & cacochymia, in these words. And even as firish red wines, seeing that they are hot of nature, by and by fill the head, 
Fierish red wines fill the head by and by, because they be hot.  even so those wines that are thin and waterish, and gently binding, are not only unhurtful unto the head, but also sometime they take away those small head aches which come of humours gathered together in the stomach.   

Out of Aetius.  
OF all wines, 
Which wines hurt least the head and sinews.  white wines are least hurt, waterish wines neither breedeth the head ache, neither hurt the sinews. Wines that are white in colour, nourish lest of all other Wines, if they be thin in substance, and after a manner like unto water. 
Aetius alloweth white wine for a preservative against the stone.  Aetius also prescribing a diet for them that are delivered of the stone, how that they may be preserved from falling into the disease of the stone again, alloweth a small wine that provoketh water, and is not very old. And the author of the book of healing of the stone which is ascribed unto Galen, and judged of many to be his, in express words faith as followeth here. Vinum sit tenue admodum & album, non ita vetus, dulcia verò & nigra vina, calculosis sunt inepta. That is, let your wines be very small and white, 
Red that is claret wine is not good for the stone.  and not so old, but sweet wines and blackish red wines are very unmeet for them that have the stone. And the author sayeth in the same book a little after. Vinum tibi convenit tenue & album, quod misturam non ita patitur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, nam eiusmodi facile descendit, & succos qui sunt in nobis attenuat & secernit per urinas, virtutemque roborat. That is, white and small wine is good and meet for you, which being small, cannot abide to be minged with much water, for such wine doth easily go down, and maketh subtle or fine the juices or humours that are in us, and sifteth them out by the water, and strengtheneth the power of man.   

Of the natures of white and divers other wines, taken out of Actuarius the last of the noble Greek writers of physic.  
Gross and thick wines nourish much, 
Gross or thick wines.  
Thin or subtle wines.  and are cause of gross blood, and of the stopping of inward parts, but thin or subtle wines which drive out water, are of a contrary nature, 
Redish yellow wines are hottest of all. Wines in colour red, are next in heat to readish yellow. Least hot of all are waterish and small wines, and they trouble the head least. A small white wine is best for a common table wine.  for they engender fine or thin blood. Some wines that have a little astriction, are better for the stomach but nourish less, but sweet wines are of the contrary nature, but white wines are less hot than other wines. Of wines are hottest of all reddish yellow, and next unto them are hottest, Wines of red colour, they are least hot that are waterish, which are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because they will not suffer to be delayed which much water, such wines as these do trouble the head least. But strong and well coloured wine are more fit for them that labour for to be of a good plight, and to look well. But for thee that carest only for thy simple health, and for thy lively spirit, it may seem that a weak wine which is white and thin should he sufficient for thee, and thou ought therewith to be content, except thou be compelled to fly for needs sake to use hotter wines when as thou art to much cooled in thy body.   

Of the nature of red wine, which here in England is commonly called claret wine, and of the nature of black wine which is called commonly in England red wine, out of Galen in his third book de alimentis.  

Red wine and thick wine.  IF that whatsoever doth nourish, be meat, them is wine to be placed among the number of meats (that is of things that do feed and increase the body. 
No colour of any wine is liker to blood, than it that we call claret wine, for the black wine that we call red wine, is blacker than it may be compared unto blood. Rufa atque crassa vina. Deinceps nigra. Rufa aut nigra crassa & adstringentia. ) Of all wines red and thick wines are most meet to make blood, as such as need little changing to be turned into blood, after these follow in order black wines, gross and sweet, and also those which in colour is red and black, and in substance or composition are thick, joined with a binding quality. The same sentence hath Aetius in these words following. Rufa itaque & crassa ex omnibus ad sanguinem generandum commodissima sunt, ut quae parva egeant in sanguinem transmutatione. Deinceps nigra simul dulcia ac crassa. Deinde colore quidem rufa aut nigra, compage vero crassa, & habentia simul adstringentem qualitatem.   

Out of the fourth book of Galen de savitate tuenda.  
REfuse and fly thick and black wines, because they make an evil juice, and enter thorough and go very slowly down, and in the fift book he saith. Such wines as tarry long in the belly, are none of them fit for an old man, and that black wines that are gross and thick, and are binding, tarry and abide long in the belly and stir up flowings in it. But they that are black and thick, and have no astriction, in deed they tarry shorter while in the belly. But yet they stir not a man to make water, some take them before meat but they are not good for old men, neither any other which make a thick juice, for these stop the liver, milt and kidneys, whereby it cometh to pass that some old men using these more largely, fall into the dropsy, and other fall into the stone.   

Of the nature of wines of divers and sundry colours out of Galen de methodo medendi, sexto & .12.  
IN the sixth book. Whatsoever Wines be sweet, and also of a readish yellow colour, all such are sharp or biting, and hot above measure. 
Wines good for them that swounde.  In the twelve book. To them that swoon by the reason of yellow gall that vexeth the mouth of the stomach, a cold drink is to be given unto them, yet for all that wine that is hot of nature, and doth further the conneyance of juices into the body, aught to be offered to all them that are vexed with swooning, for it is plainly our will, that the nourishment that is taken in, should be dealt and conveyed into the body, and that it should not tarry in the stomach, but it is openly known that of wines they ought to be chosen that are yellow in colour, 
Wines yellow in colour and fine in substance are best for fainting or swooning.  of a fine substance and old, and such must needs be of a good smell.  
To them that fall in a swooning by to much plenty of raw humours, gross thick wines are noisome, and watery wines as unprofitable are to be eschewed. Therefore we must choose out those that are middle wines, which, as is before said, are yellow and white. But so many wines as are the hottest of all, are bright yellow in colour, as is the wine called Cecubum in Italy.  
Of other kinds of wine they that are sour with astriction, 
Austera alba.  and méetelye white and thick, are not fit for the conveyance or leading of juices into the body. 
Vina austera alba antiqua.  But if they be old enough, if ye have no other, ye may use them, for all such when they are old are good for the stomach. 
Redish yellow wine trouble the head.  Furthermore all wines that smell well and are reddish yellow, so much as is of their nature altogether, they trouble the head when a man is vexed with both kinds of swooning, that is of it that cometh of yellow gall, and also it that cometh of great plenty of raw humours falling into the mouth of the stomach, and there is no convenient wine as is required, and thou art needs compelled to use some wine, thou must fly as I have said before, all sour astringent wines, and new wines, 
Old thin or waterish wines are lightly carried into the body.  and thick wines, and chose waterish wines, and of them such as are old, for such wines although they do not mightily heat, yet they are led or carried lightly into the body, wherefore these do all alike convey and deal the nourishing juices into the body, 
Both red yellowish and old small wine convey and deal the juices into the body alike.  as red yellow wines do, yet there is a difference between them, that is, that the reddish yellow wines are more profitable for the digestion that is in the stomach, and in the veins, because they do heat more. Moreover, they are easy to be tempered (or else as Linaker translateth it, to be mixed) & therefore are profitable to make good juice. But there is none of all these things in waterish wines, for very little of the substance of these is turned into the kind of blood. 
Redish yellow wines smite the head.  But when as reddish yellow wine smite the head, they that are waterish do never trouble it, and they beyond all other drive out water. Next unto the which are reddish yellow wines that are most thin and subtle, 
Small waterish wines drive out piss most of all other wines.  which also ought to be chosen most chiefly against swooning. Yellow wines that are grossest in substance are conveyed into the body more slowly than these be, howbeit they are more piercing than all sour and binding wines, but these reddish yellow wines again do nourish more than thin wines, and correct faulty juices, of all other wines most speedily engendering a good blood. Thus far Galen. Now after that it is often enough proved by the best authors that ever wrote of Physic, that all red wines as are our Clared wines, and all black wines, which we call red wines, are hotter and grosser in substance than small white wines be of: and both drive out water less than small white wines do: It followeth that claret and red wines are more, both the material and efficient causes of the stone, than small white wines are.  
Where as some argue that such wines as drive most, bring humours most of all other to the kidneys, 
The argument of them that hold that Rhennish and white wines breed the stone more than other wines do.  water vessels, and bladder, whereof the stone is engendered there. But small Rhennish wine and other small white wines drive humours most to the places before named, therefore they breed the stone more than other wines that drive not so much as they do: I answer unto the mayor, that not every wine that driveth most humours unto the kidneys, water vessels & bladder is the greatest breeder & engendrer of the stone. For although small and waterish white wines drive more than Clared, yet it followeth not that they breed the stone more than red and claret wines do. For although they drive some kind of humours unto the places above rehearsed: yet do they not leave them sticking fast in those places, but they drive them quite thorough all the water vessels into the chamber pot or urinal, for the which cause they are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, drivers forth of water and urine, and such things as are in the urine. Which name they have not, because (as some men do dream) they bring many humours whereof the stone is made, to the kidneys and bladder, and let them lie there, as it were rotting in a dunghill, but as a fair and thin water casten into a canel of a street if it have one to drive it forward, not only carrieth itself away forth of the town into the common sink that is without the town, but also the filthiness that hath been in the canell long before, even so that small white wine that hath a nature to drive forth itself, and with it other things that are necessary to be driven out by the urine, breedeth not humours in the water vessels, but driveth them quite away, and suffereth them not to tarry there, how then can white wine that after this manner scoureth the water vessels be an ingendrer of the matter of the stone, when as it driveth the same matter away, and will not suffer it to tarry in those places where as the stone useth to be engendered. When I was a scholar in Cambridge, there was there a stinking butchery, and very noisome to them that went by it, or through it, what if a man should have been hired for. xl.s. in the year to keep the butchery, & the rest of the town sweet, by carrying out of the puddings, guts, and stinking blood? if this fellow should carry out all the filthiness out of the butchery once in the week unto the market hill, and let it lie there, should this man justly be called a succourer or cleanser of the town, that carrieth the filth thereof from one place only to another, & not quite out of the town? I think no. Even so if small white wines should drive humours from diverse places of the body, and should not carry them forth by the water vessels, but let them lie stinking there, it ought not to be called a succourer but a defiler, & an hurter of the body. If the master of the pudding cart before named, would let the filthiness of the butchery tarry so long there until it stank so sore, by reason of long continuing in that place, and for lack of carrying out betime, that both they of the butchery, and all the neighbours about were grievously vexed with the foul stink of that filth that tarried so long there, if an other carter offered for the same wages every second day to carry out all the uncleanness of the town, which of these two men were more worthy to have the office and name of the townescourer? Small white wines scour and drive out the uncleanness of the body as much as it is possible to be done by them, and red and claret wine stop and hold back, and fill the body full of ill humours, now which are most profitable to be taken most commonly of a man for the keeping of his health? But although small white wine by nature hath such properties to drive out by urine unprofitable humours, that are commed within the compass of their working, yet the virtue of it is hindered, either if the man by eating and drinking to much continually fill the body with so many excrements, that nature even being helped with white wine cannot drive them out, by reason of the overflowing plenty of them, also if that the meat lie to long in the stomach, and the excrements to long in the guts, and go not down at convenient times to the stool. 
White wine sometime cannot drive out humours sufficiently if it be hindered by ill diet.  Than the white wine for lack of help, can not do his office. And it is plain, that banqueting and much eating and drinking and keeping of the meat to long in the stomach, and the excrements unscoured out of the belly, give the most part of the material cause unto the stone, which thing may be easily proved by the authority of Aetius writing of the stone, in these words. 
The material cause of the stone.  Ye must beware of such meats as are hard of substance, and are not esie to be broken with chowing, and also them that have much substance, 
Holding of humours to long in the body, is the cause of the stone, and not the driving of them forth daily in good season.  and nourish very much, and those that are conveyed in by heaps into the body, before they be fully digested, or made ripe, also meats of an heavy quality, and are hardly changed and swim above, and go to slowly down to the belly, & fill it full of wind. Fly also such as stop the ways and veins of the body, or otherwise abide to long in the bellies, for the belly being made weary with such meats, sendeth them forth either as yet raw, or half sodden to the liver and kidneys, and so it that was brought in by heaps raw, is sifted or strained unfitlye and against nature, and with an hasty rage is carried to the kidneys, and by and by it groweth together, and is thickened, and standeth there still. Thus far Aetius. Of whom we may learn plainly how the stone is made, and of what causes, and that neither small white wine, neither any other wine, will preserve a man from the stone, except he keep good diet withal, and empty out the excrements of the belly daily. And the same saith afterward, ventrem semper probè laxum habere oportet. Hic enim si bene subierit, puriora lotia prodibunt. That is, ye must have your belly always well loosed, for if the belly work well downward, your water shall come forth the fairer and cleaner.  
If so often emptying of the belly as nature requireth, maketh a man's water clear and fair, than the to much stopping of the body maketh a foul, drowsy or dreggy water. But such foul gear breedeth the stone, therefore to much stopping of the belly is oft the cause of the stone. For when as such plenty of filthy matter cometh forth by the water, there must needs be much above in the kidneys and bladder, whereof the stone may be engendered, if there be any excessive heat in the kidneys and bladder. All men therefore may plainly see that small white wine is falsely accused to be a breeder of the stone, when as ill diet and the stopping of ill humours within the body, is the cause thereof, and that wines that are hotter and stronger than white and Rhennish wines be, engender rheums, and breed the gout more than the white small wines do, as it is by places above alleged, fully proved.   

Of the natures of wines after their tastes.  
THe wines that are commonly brought into England, named by their tastes in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that in Latin, vina dulcia, astringentia, austera & acerba, and such like as are acria and acida, for the most part whereof we have never one proper name in English, though we can name dulce vinum well in English sweet wine: but what shall we call acre, austerum and acerbum in common used English? surely I cannot tell, for I cannot give to every one of these words one several used English word, without circumlocution, wherefore seeing that the proper English words are so hard to be found: and the meaning of the words are as little known of the most part of all men, I think it shall be necessary to show by the authority of some old learned writer, what these words adstringens, austerum and acerbum, acer and acidus do signify and betoken. If any man say that I need not to take this pain, because the great and costly book, called Thesaurus linguae Romanae & Britannicae, that is, the treasure of the Latin and English tongue, hath done that thing already: I answer that I asked counsel of that great book, and in deed as I found great plenty both of good Latin words, and fine manners of speaking, gathered with great pains, and ordered with no small learning and judgement: but in the English, as I found to much plenty of light, and new inkhorn terms: so in some places I found such scarcenesss, lack, and want of proper and true English names, that the author is feign to give one name to diverse Latin words, for when I looked how he englished Acer, he englisheth it thus. eager, sharp, tart, sour or fell. Lo, here is great plenty of words, and yet we can not tell what acer in taste doth properly signify, and a little after he writeth these words, acer, acidus succus, vitrvuius, eager. By this book we may English lac acidum, eager milk. And afterward where as of purpose he expoundeth what Acidus betokeneth, he englisheth it, eager, sour, sharp, and he englisheth acidula pira, four pears, he englisheth Acerbum, unripe, sour, displeasant, and Acerbitas, sourness of taste, sharpness or grievousness of time. He englisheth Austerus, sour, sharp, unpleasant, and gustus austerus a rough or sour taste.  
Now how shall a man know by this book what difference is between, acer, acidus, austerus and acerbus, when as he calleth them all sour, and putteth so small difference between one and another. Surely we have but small help of that book in declaring of these words, & many such other, that are much occupied in physic and philosophy, and in other both liberal and mathematical sciences. Wherefore I wish, to the end that the book may be in deed as it is called: that one learned physician & philosopher like unto Linaker, one old and learned grammarian like unto Clemond, and one perfit Englishman like unto Sir Thomas Moor, had the amendment and making perfect of this book committed unto them. But now as Terence sayeth, quoniam hac non successit, alia aggrediendum est via. Galen in the first of his books that he writeth of the powers of simple medicines saith. Cap. 39 If any man do taste quinces or apples, or meddlers, or myrtles, doubtless he shall know that there is an other feeling that is moved unto us of these things in the tongue, and another of bodies astringentibus, that is, that are only binding, for those things that are binding, appear to drive inward that part of us that they touch in all places equally or in like, as pulling, stopping, as drawing together. But austera seem to go down even unto the bottom, and to move a rough and unequal feeling and drying up and wasting all the moisture of feeling bodies. Furthermore when as that body which is moved unto our tongue doth mightily dry and draw together, and maketh it rough even to the bottom, as choke pears that are not ripe, and cornelles, every such is called acerbum, differing from austero in the excess of these qualities. That is to say, austerum in many things is like unto acerbo, but acerbum is in all those things wherein they are something like, much stronger and mightier than austerum is: and Galen in another place writeth, that astringent is weaker than acerbum and austerum, in all those properties that they have any likeness in. And Galen in the ix book de simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus, sayeth that adstringentia draw together, bind together, and do make thick our substance, and therefore upon whatsoever part of our body they be laid without, by and by they make it full of wrinkles, and draw together. Furthermore after the doctrine of Galen, we may perceive in some kinds of pears, marked at diverse times, gustum acerbum, austerum & astringentem. When the pears are newly grown, if ye taste of them at the first, ye shall perceive that they are hard and dry, and are very rough in taste, and then they are called acerba, but after that they are more than half ripe, when that hardness and dryness is gone, then become they moister and softer, and are in taste austera. And when they are full ripe, they are astringentia, with a sweet taste joined therewith. By this description, I trust wise and learned men by taking of some pain in reading of old English writers shall come by the knowledge of right and proper English words for these three Latin, or else at the least I judge that men shall understand what difference is between astringens, austerum and acerbum. In the mean time until that we may speed better, we may english astringens, binding, austerum, sour binding, and acerbum, rough and binding like choke pears. And Galen lib. 1. simple. medic. facultatibus. cap. 39 and in diverse other places maketh an open and plain difference between acre and acidum, contrary to it that is alleged of vitrvuius, who maketh them both one. For Galen sayeth, that acria are calida, and that acida are ●old.  
Acer may be Englished biting sharp, and acidum may be named sour as sorrel, and sour milk, and divers other things. Actius writeth, that wine that is sour with an harrish binding, so that it be well smelling withal, hurteth the head, but it which is waterish, 
Waterish wines neither breed the headache neither hurt the sinews, then when as the gout is the hurting of the sinews and joints how engender small waterish wines the gout?  neither breedeth the headache, neither hurteth the sinews. Galen also saith that sour binding wines stop flowings, and strengthen the stomach, and hurt not the head, but that they help not them that are fallen into a swounde.  
Wines that are rough and binding in taste like unto choke pears, stop vomitings and flowings of the belly, and they cool and dry. Moreover they go hardly down, when as those things that are only of a sour taste, go easily down.  
I have learned by experience (sayeth Galen) that all those things that bind, and are also sour, are manifestly cold.  
Simeon Sethi sayeth, wines that are a little and gently binding, & are in colorred, and in substance thin, are good for them that are of a good and a mean complexion and temperature. But they are of a good complexion and of a mean temperature that are neither to hot nor to cold, neither to moist nor to dry, of the which sort I ween we shall find as few at this time almost, as we shallbe able to find citizens of Plato's common wealth in every parish of England. And Galen a man of more authority than Simeon Sethi is of, writeth in the book of good and evil juices, that as fiery red wines, for as much as they are hot in working, by and by fill the head, even so those wines that are thin and waterish, and do lightly bind, not only are not unnoysome unto the head, but also take away small headaches, and he saith afterward, all wines that are binding, are comfortable for the stomach, and that such as are sour and cold, be of subtle parts, but they that are binding, are of gross parts de simply. med. facultatib. lib. 4. cap. 2.  

Of sweet wines.  Whatsoever things are sweet, cannot be cold, therefore sweet wines are of an hot complexion: and Dioscorides saith, sweet wines hath gross parts in it, and doth breath out of the body more hardly, it filleth the stomach full of wind, it troubleth the belly, and the guts as Must doth, but it maketh not a man so soon drunken, but it is most fit of all other for the kidneys & the bladder.   

To whom wine is ill, and unmeet and very hurtful.  
aristotel sayeth that wine is neither fit for children, nor nurses, and Galen counseleth that children shall taste no wine at all: and would, that not even springolds that are full grown, should take wine but in small quantity, because that it maketh them fall headlongs into wrath and into lust of the body, and maketh the reasonable part of the mind dull and drowsy. Wine is ill also for them that are of a hot burning complexion, and have any inflammation within them in their bodies, or have any burning agues. It is also generally ill for them that have a great rheum and the gout, or either an half or hold palsy. The wine that is minged with Gipso or with Alibaster, as Sack is, hurteth the sinews, and maketh the head heavy, & setteth it on fire, and is very ill for the bladder. Wine that is minged with cute, as our Malmsey is, fill a man's head and make him drunken, breath out more hardly, and trouble the stomach, which words I judge, aught to be understanded of such a wine, as hath very much cute put into it.   

To whom and for what purposes wine is good.  
THe holy scripture sayeth, that wine maketh the heart of man merry, and that it is good to be taken of them that have a weak and a feeble stomach, and the xxxj chapter of the proverbs hath this saying, O Lamuell, give not unto kings, I say, unto kings, wine to drink of it, or to princes strong drink, lest they, after they have drunken, forget the law that is appointed, or overthrow the causes of all poor men's children. Give strong drink unto them that are condemned to die, and Wine to them that have a sorrowful heart, that after they have drunken, they may forget their poverty, and remember no more their misfortune.  
Galen in his first book de sanitate tuenda, sayeth that wine molsteneth and nourisheth whatsoever is before made dry out of measure, and also suageth and overcometh the sharpness of bitter gall, and furthermore, emptieth out by sweat, and driveth forth by water.   

Out of Dioscorides xj chapter of the fift book.  
GEnerally every wine not mixed, and is only simple of himself, and is of nature in taste sour and binding, maketh hot, is easily conveyed into the body, it is good for the stomach, it maketh a man have an appetite, it nourisheth and maketh a man sleep, strengtheneth and maketh a good colour, and if it be plenteously drunken, 
Wines good against divers poisons.  helpeth them that have taken Hemlock, or Coriander, or the poison called Pharicum, or that poison called Iria or Opium, which is the juice of Poppy, or Litharge, or Yew, or Wolves bain, or choking muhrooms, or todestooles. It is also good against all the bitings and stingings of all creeping beasts, which after they have stinged or bitten, kill a man with cold, or overthrow the stomach. It is good for the long continuance of windiness of the midriff, and against the bitings of the stomach, and hitchcocke or yesking, and against bending or stretching out of the stomach, and against the flowing of the guts and belly. Wine is also good to them that sweat much, 
Wine good for them that sweat to much.  and are made faint with to much sweeting, and especially such as is white, old and well smelling. Hitherto Dioscotides. Whose words when as he speaketh of the holesoninesse of wines against poisons, and the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts, must be understanded of Muscadine, Sack, Malmsey and Bastard, and such hot 〈…〉 which by reason of their heat, enter farther into the body, and more speedily, and are better against cold poisons than colder wines be.   

Simeon Sethi of the nature of Wines.  
SOme use wine for profit, some to make them merry withal, and some for pleasure, and some for all these purposes. Wine doth not only nourish, but also maketh the meats to go well down, and stirreth up the natural heat and increaseth it. And the most part of them that use it soberly, when as their body is withered before, they come into a good plight, and look well. Wine hath this property, that it carrieth and leadeth the meat unto every small part, and through strait ways by the proper thinness or subtleness of his parts, & it heateth the members and small parts, and maketh a good digestion, & driveth forth water. Wherefore it fifth forth the most part of superfluities, but the greater power and working of wine may be spied more plainly in cold and withered bodies, and wherein is less natural heat, as in old men, and in such as are amended of their sickness. But wine worketh not only these things which we have spoken of before, in men's bodies, but also showeth certain changings wonderfully in a man's mind. For it maketh men merry, and to have a good hope, to be manly and liberal, and many that we see before, cowards, after the drinking of wine, to be made bold, cheerful, of a good courage, and a good hope, and some that were niggards and filthy pinchers to be made liberal, and free givers. But wine if it be used out of measure, overthroweth and drowneth the lively soundness and strength, and the natural colour, and it bringeth the hole palsy, the half palsy, the falling sickness, and the trembling of the members, it noyeth also the godly and principal part of the soul, because they that gull in wine so, have misty and dark senses, and their mind is not clear. Hitherto Simeon Sethi. white small wines that have no great smell, are good for the sinews that are wounded. Wine is good to wash the moist flesh that is in old sores. 
Some wines to be given in some agues at some times.  Waterish wine is necessary for them that have the ague, and have thin juices therewith, & it may be given in divers agues, as Galen saith in his book de methodo medendi, when as the rage of the ague is not great. 
Wine good for the gout, occupied without.  And although wine when it is taken inwardly hurteth both the sinews and joints, because it fumeth up into the head, and breedeth rheums which fall down unto them, yet for all that, if it be laid outwardly upon the joints, it strengtheneth them, and maketh them fast when as they are lose by melting away or resolving the moisture that is in them, and for that purpose serveth best of all other black wine, for the more that it is binding, the more it strengtheneth.   

Out of the book of Galen which teacheth that the manners of the soul, and the complexion of the body follow one another.  
WIne driveth away sadness, and pensiveness, but it is ill if it be to largely taken. But if a man will use it wisely, it will digest, and distribute or convey the nourishment, increase blood & nourish, & it will also make the mind both gentler and bolder. Plato in the two 
Plato de legibus.  book de legibus, forbiddeth all children wine that are under twelve hours old, for that intent that they should not be driven therewith into madness, he suffereth them that are full grown in age, to use it, because it is a remedy against the grievousness of age, and driveth away sorrows, & suageth the hardness of manners, the age of springolds or of growing children, is hot and full of much blood, contrariwise the old age is cold, and wanteth blood, therefore the drinking of wine is profitable for old men, but to them that are in growing, it is exceeding hurtful, moreover Plato did not suffer that the soldiers should drink any wine in the camp, neither bondmen in the city, neither princes nor governors in the commonwealth, neither judges, neither any other that should enter in the counsel about any matter, because that wine as a certain tyrant doth rule & overcome the powers of the soul. Hitherto Galen. But because it hath been diverse times said, that wine is good for old men, and it is not as yet fully showed what manner of wine that should be, it shallbe best to teach men by Galen what wines are best for old men. Galen lib. 5. de sanitate tuenda, saith: All your counsel must go to this end in choosing of wine fit for old men, that it may be very thin or subtle, in colour reddish yellow, or yellow, or pale yellow, which is of a middle colour between bright yellow and white. 
The warming of all the members in old men's bodies.  There are two profits that come to old men by the use of wine, one is, that it warmeth all the members of their bodies, and the other is, that it scoureth out by the water all the whayishnesse or thin waterishness of the blood, and because it doth so effectually, 
The scouring away of the whaiish waterynesse of the blood.  it is best for old men. But such wine is it that is thin in substance, & driveth forth water, and is yellow in colour, for that is the proper colour of hot wines, and so also which have been from the beginning very white, and have gotten a certain yellowness when they have waxed old, whereupon they begin first to be a little yellowish pale, and afterward to be plainly yellow pale. But such wines as are either pale yellow, or bright yellow, and a fat substance increase the blood, & nourish the body by reason whereof they are now & then good for old men, to weet, at such times when as they have not much wheyish moisture, & would be more plenteously nourished, but for all that, aged men had more need for the most part, such wines as make a man piss much, because they have such plenty of waterish excrements.  
Now good reader seeing that almighty God our heavenly father hath given thee this noble creature of wine, so many ways profitable for our bodies and minds, thank him with all thy heart, not only for it, but also for that he hath sent learned Physicians to tell thee how, in what measure, and in what time thou should use them, and not use them, and for what complexions and ages they are good, and for what complexions and ages they are evil. If thou take any harm by misusing this noble creature of God, blame not him, but thine own self, that hast abused it, contrary to his will, and to the learning of his officers & servants that taught thee the right use of it. Honour be given to God for ever. Amen.   
FINIS.   

This Book showeth at large the powers, commodities, virtues, and properties of the three most renowned and famous preservatives or Treacles: to weet, of the great treacle called in Latin Theriaca Andromachi: of the treacle Salt: and of it that is called by the name of the first finder out and maker, Mithridatium: Gathered out of Galen and Aëtius, by the labours and pains of William Turner, Doctor of Physic.  
Newly corrected and amended.  Mellis si nimia est copia, bilis erit.  

William Turner to the gentle Reader.  
forasmuch AS both Christian charity, and the common civil love that every man oweth to his country, would and doth require that all Christians and men living civilly together in one common country, should one help another with such gifts, either of the mind, as learning, knowledge, wisdom, and cunning, or with bodily gifts, as riches, strength and all kind of man's help, if they be more richly replenished therewith than their neighbours be: methinks we that profess the science of Physic, and can show great help and comfort unto our brethren and countrymen, as well as men of other countries, to weet, Italians, Germans, and Spaniards have done, might justly be accused of unkindness, if none of us (being so many) would take in hand to declare in the English tongue, the manifold and worthy virtues of the great treacle made by Andromachus: and of the treacle Salt, which is called in Latin Saltheriacalis. Wherefore seeing that hitherto I have not perceived any man to have taken that labour in hand, for the love that I own unto almighty God and his people, my countrymen of England, I will adventure as well as I can, to declare the nature, virtue, property and operations of the forenamed treacle, and also of the treacle Salt. And because I am not minded to bring out any new thing of mine own invention, I intend for to gather the sum of this whole matter out of an old Grecian, named Galen, the most famous writer of Physic that wrote this xiiij hundred year in all Europa, Asia, or Africa, and out of another famous Grecian named Aëtius, a man of great learning: who gathered into a book that is now abroad in Latin, all the most notable compositions that his predecessor (noble Galen) lest behind him, and a great number of compositions of medicines, written before Galens' time by noble Physicians, whereof Galen made no mention: and also of no small number of excellent compositions of medicines invented by learned Physicians after Galens' time. If this my pain taken in this matter shall be perceived to be thankful unto thee, and to be well taken, if God send me longer life and health, I will set something more forth to the profit of all my country men, both my friends and foes also. The manner of making of the great treacle, and treacle Sale, and Mithridatium, may be had both in Galen to Piso, and also in Aetius. Wherefore if there be any Apothecaries of London, that dare take in hand to make these noble compositions, they may know now where to have them: or if that for lack of some simple medicines, not easily to he had in England, they dare not adventure upon the making thereof: they may have them made already from Venice, as faithfully compounded at this time, as ever any Treacles have been made there these xl years. But now let us rehearse the virtues and properties of these excellent medicines. And first of the great treacle.   

¶ Galen writeth to Piso this.  
THE treacle Devised by Andromachus the elder, is very good against the biting of all wild beasts and Serpents, against poisoned medicines, against diseases of the stomach, shortness of wind, against the Colic, against the jaundice, the dropsy, the consumption of the lungs, all kind of cramps or drawings together, the pleurisy, sores of the bladder, stopping of water, pains of the kidneys, pestilent diseases, and also the biting of a mad dog, if it be taken in the weight of the Bean of Egypt, with three ciathes of warm water: that is about the measure of four ounces and a half. It is also good against the long during pains of the head, dizziness of the head, and hardness of hearing: it mendeth the dullness of the eyesight, it helpeth the falling sickness, and them that cast out blood, if a man will give it with the broth of Comfrey. It draweth out the worms in the guts, it helpeth those that have diseases of the liver and milt, it helpeth thoroughly the bloody flux, and the common flux that cometh of the slipperiness of the guts and stomach, and the turning torments of the guts, especially if the guts have no inflammation or great burning heat in them. Besides this, when as the body wasteth away with to much sweeting, and his strength is brought to weakness, & the nature of the disease will not suffer the use of wine, this treacle drunken, stayeth or stoppeth the sweat, and restoreth the strength that was weakened before. It doth also provoke down to women their sickness that hath been long stopped, and it doth now and then open the stopping of the issue of the mother and of the Emrodes: for seeing that it is endued with sundry and mingled qualities or properties, therefore it spreading abroad something & making them thin, draweth them together, that they may be sifted out. It useth for to stay other things that flow above measure, by reason of the weakness of the strength of the body, or the power retentive or holding power, and therefore restoreth the strength again: and also it helpeth all diseases of the joints, when as the time of increasing the disease is past, and it is come to the highest, for than thou shalt give to drink this treacle after thou hast made fometations upon the aching place, the which in deed shall drive away the flowing humours that are stuffed in, and shall drive back those that would fall in afterward. This treacle is good also for them that are of perfit health, if they take it oft. With the use of this treacle, I have oft times helped those that have the disease called in Greek Elephantiasis, and (now commonly called the leper or leprosy, which is not in deed the leper of the old Grecians, neither it that the scripture maketh mention of.) It is not only good for the body, but also for the mind, for if it be oft drunken, it healeth melancholic diseases, and wasteth away black choler, by reason whereof it is also good for the Fever Quartain which cometh of black choler, 
But it may not be given in the beginning of a Quartain.  otherwise called melancholy. I have delivered many very easily that have been sick of the Quartain, with this remedy. For I use first to purge the sick person by vomiting, which is done after meat, and the next day I give him to drink the juice of wormwood, and then two hours before his 〈◊〉, I give him this treacle, and oft times the patient is by and by delivered from his fit. This medicine hath accustomably taken away the fear of water, which of all diseases is the worst, and useth to come to a man after he is bitten of a mad dog. They that have this disease, are afraid of water, and for the great dryness that they have within them, they are desirous of moisture, but they forbear or hold themselves from drink, because that they are departed from their right mind and understanding, and consider not what would help them or do them good. And therefore it cometh to pass that they flying & eschewing water, wither, and are drawn together with a deadly cramp, by the reason of a hot ague that they are inwardly burnt with, and so at length die the wretchedst kind of death that can be. I have used sometimes to put some portion of this treacle mingled with rose oil, into the wound that the mad dog hath made, that it might after the manner of a boxing glass, suck and draw out from the bottom the venom, in so much that the treacle is not only good to be taken in, but also to be laid outwardly upon the wound, which as soon as the dog hath made with his teeth, must be lanced and cut round about and kept open, for the space of four days, that the venom may thereby breath out, that the wound be not stopped or grown up again. And for this purpose ye may make a cauterisation in the wound to keep it long open, but because the most part of men can better abide the achings than the burnings. If the wound can be kept open with only cutting, it shall be better to let it abide so, in tender and weak persons, but if it will needs grow to, then must it be kept open with burning or cauterisation. A man cannot find a better remedy than this treacle against the pestilence, which being also as it were a wild beast, bred of the corruption of the air, leaping upon men by the inbreathing of that ill breaths which destroyeth, wasteth, and maketh havoc not only of one man, but of whole towns and Cities.  
And as Hipocrates drove away the pestilence out of Athens with great fires made of spice woods, and sweet flowers, changing the temperature of the air, that men by this means might draw in with their breath the purified or cleansed air, for a remedy against the common evil that reigned there then: Even so this treacle like a scouring or purging fire, will not suffer them that take it in before they be infected, to be infected at all: and delivereth them that are infected already, if they take it in afterward, changing the malicious poison of the air which they have received by breath. And suffereth not the disease to spread any further. Wherefore I counsel thee, even when as thou art in thy best health, to use oft this treacle. But especially when thou makest thy journey in the winter. And this treacle strengtheneth also the wits or senses. It quickeneth the mind or understanding, and so defendeth the body, by reason of the mixture, that it suffereth not the body to be overcome by any poison or venomous drink or potion. As it is reported of king Mithridates, who defended himself so, not with the great treacle, which at that time was not, but with a preservative of his own making, which after his own name was called Mithridatium, that he could not be overcomed with any poison, a man must use this treacle after he hath perfitly digested. Sometime in the quantity of a bean of Egypt with three ounces & a half of water. And sometime when he hath more time to digest the medicine, he may take the quantity of a Hazel nut, with four ounces & a half of water. But I would counsel no body to take this treacle in the heat of Summer. Neither ought it to be taken oft and much, of them that are of flourishing or lusty age, neither of them that are of hot natures or complexions: I counsel also that they whose years turn towards age do take it oft and much, not with water but with wine. Children in no case ought to receive this medicine, because it will dissolve or lose in pieces their bodies. For I remember that I saw once a little boy, who by the unseasonable using of this treacle, fell into a palsy.  

Of the treacle Salt.  
THe treacle Salt is a medicinal Salt, made of divers excellent herbs, and of  Salt and  Vipers, or else of the trochisks of Vipers being burnt. And the composition of this Salt, is found both in Galen and also in Aëtius. Galen writeth thus of the treacle Salt: not word for word but in sentence, as I am ready for to prove, if any man hold the contrary. The treacle Salt (saith Galen) is good for the same diseases, poisons, bitings and other things that the great treacle is good for, but it worketh not so effectuously nor in so short a time. Some peradventure will think that the virtue of treacle Salt shall soon vanish away, because the Vipers which are the principal ground of the medicine are burned, and thereby lief their strength: but that is not true, for many things by reason of the fire are made better, or else declare their nature that lurketh. We melt or try gold by the fire, and it that is counterfeit gold, is bewrayed thereby, and it that is good gold, is declared to be good, by the trial of the fire. And iron also is made soft by the fire and bowable, and so is made fit for many things necessary for man's life. Are not also many things that we receive inwardly for the nourishment of our bodies made better by the help of the fire?  
Galen rehearseth examples of diverse other things which are made better by burning of them in the fire. And so he saith, that all Vipers burned whole, do put away their poison that they had before, & are made wholesome by the fire. Although the treacle Salt be good for many other things, yet properly and especially it helpeth those diseases that rise in the uttermost part of the skin: as the scurvy evil that goeth through the skin into the flesh, and maketh it of a white colour, the common lepre of the Grecians and scripture, and the Wild scabby or scurvy evil. And it driveth away lice that breed of corruption, and besides these, it scoureth the teeth very well, and suffereth them not to be eaten thorough, and it strengtheneth the gums that are lose, and holdeth down or stoppeth the flowing and the rotting of them.   

Of the treacle Salt: out of Aëtius.  
THe treacle Salt is good for all things that the great treacle is after a moderate manner, and showeth his profit by continual using of it: howbeit there are some that deny utterly that it hath any power to help or do any good, alleging that the property of the Vipers is destroyed by the burning, but I dare affirm that although the treacle Salt hath not so great virtues as the great treacle hath: Yet nevertheless that it loseth not his strength by the coming into the fire. For there are many things which are found and perceived to be better for that they have been in the fire, as gold, lime, and such like. For Vipers burned whole in the fire, put away by the reason of the fire, their more strong and hurtful property, and take of the fire their wholesome temperature and right property. The treacle Salt is chiefly commended in helping the diseases of the skin, as the white Morphew, that Lepre of the Grecians, and Scripture, the wild scurf, and the sickensse now commonly called the Lepre, which in deed is not the Lepre, but Elephantiasis, the black morphew, wild scabs, thinness and falling of the hear, for it doth away by and by such evils or griefs of the skin and driveth away very well sharp excrements, being in plenty under the skin. The use of this Salt driveth out sweat of many, and so by the sweeting, the rotten substance is emptied out: in so much that certain draw out louse in the beginning, within .14. days after the use of this medicine at the most, & afterwards there appeared no more any louse, but some in stead of louse, cast out flemmy spitting, beginning first with the casting out of the Salt: and then within a little while after, when the spittle is purged out, it is stopped. Ye may use it as well at dinner, as at supper, with what soever kind of meat ye list to take it, neither shall ye need to provoke any man further, to the receiving of it. For there is such pleasantness in it, that a man might say, it were rather made for pleasure, than for other intentes. A man may take the quantity of three spoonfuls in one day, especially if the meat be well digested in the stomach before. They that eat it have a better digestion, and a greater appetite to their meat, and they have a more flourishing or lusty body, and all their wits or senses lustier and fresher. It dissolves suffusions that are yet beginning, and not fully grown together. Neither shall any man be in danger of suffusion that useth them daily. The same provoketh the monethlye disease of women, that are stopped by reason of a clustering or stopping congeling of the blood, the same stayeth and stoppeth the outrageous and large flowing of the same. Whosoever will take it afore hand, shall overcome all the lying in wait of beasts that cast out poison, neither when a man is hurt with the venom already, & take the Salt by and by after, shall run into any danger thereby, especially if he have prepared, or as it were seasoned the complexion of his body a long time before, by the using of this Salt. It is good to fly for succour unto this helping medicine, which driveth away the evil in the beginning of the Pestilence, especially if thou menge withal some part of Tamariske. Furthermore the treacle Salt is good physic for the most part of all diseases, and especially for such as are in the kidneys, for it breaketh the stones that are in them, 
Suffusion is the running of a noisome humour in the eye which if it be not stopped, engendereth haw and pearl in the eye, and some name this disease Cataracta.  and when they are sore weakened, restoreth and maketh them fresh again. There can no like medicine be given, to help the dizziness of the head, & headaches, and to the falling sickness, unto this if a man will take it plenteously, for the space of a year, I have known old jaundices, and those that have had ill miltes, and men diseased with the colic, which fell oft into that disease, to have been helped by this Salt. And I have dried up the dropsy with it, especially it that goeth between the fell and the flesh. And I have driven away the disease of unsatiable hunger, which is called in greek Bulimos, with this salt: & also if it be eaten, it helpeth those that go in cold air, that they take no harm thereby. It stayeth continual quiverings or shaking, that come to one by courses, and drieth up moist horse and coughs. This Salt spinkled upon the meat bringeth them that were consumed with a consumption, to their right state again, and maketh them that are loosed by weakness, to amend again. For I know many that have had all their members loosed, that is to say stricken with a palsy, restored to their perfit health again. This etable Salt a man would think that it were only made for them that begin to have the gout, and for all them that have any disease of the joints, it helpeth them so speedily. A man can not well express how much this Salt will stay and hinder old quarteyns, and dotings or madness, that rise of melancholy, if it be taken before the fits, or in the space between the fits, it killeth also all kind of worms, it is also very good to rub the teeth, specially the great teeth, for it doth make the teeth not only the whiter, but also strengtheneth them, so that no tooth shall move or be loosed after, nor eaten thorough, nor set on edge.  
It draweth also out of the head the great plenty of humours, & purgeth it and maketh the eyes lighter. The physician must occupy this treacle Salt after divers manners and ways: as for an example. If he will give this Salt to one that spiteth blood, let him put the sixth part of Comfrey bruised and sifted, to one proportion or quantity of this Salt: as to five spoonfuls of the Salt, one of Comfrey. In the curing of them that are sick in the consumption of the lungs, called the phthisic, and them that have matter running out of their breasts: the physician must put also to one part of the Salt, six parts of Oris powder, or Dittamy of Candy. To them that are diseased in the liver, Ground pine, to them that are diseased in the milt, the root of Swine's bread, called Cyclamem, or the barks of Capers, or put unto the sixth part of pepper. If thou wilt dress it for them that have the gout, take away the half of the prescribed weight of Satirion, taking good heed that thou stirrest not up furious pleasures, & such as lose the joints in them. But the Salt will break the stone in the kidneys, most of all if it have mixed with it the fruit of Balsamum or Grummell sede. If thou wilt make a stronger power against poisons, thou shalt double the quantity of Scordium, otherwise called Water Germaunder, and Horehound, in the making of the Salt: and beside that, thou shalt add dried Ducks blood. It will be better for them that are bitten of a mad dog, if they put unto it the roots of Peony or  Crabs. The Salt will be good for them that have their necks grown backward, by reason of drawing together of the sinews, if they can abide to have a little Castoreum, and Opopanax, mixed with it. It cleareth and maketh sharp the eye sight, if thou put in thy Salt the leaves of Malabathrum, in double quantity. It helpeth the digestions of meat, if there be put in it a sufficient quantity of Cassia, and Costus, for the swelling that cometh of wind. Put Commin to it, it will provoke brine or water in greater plenty, if thou put of the seed of Dancus to it. It will deliver a man sooner from the quartein if right up growing Vervin and agrimony, and the juice of Cireneik or Laser itself be mixed with it. But to tell the sum of the matter shortly. Whatsoever thou knowest to be wholesome and good for the diseased member, mix that with the Salt: either in the making of it, or in the quantity that thou intendest to give in. But we must not give it to them that are with child, nor to sucking children, neither to other little children, neither to them that are of a hotter complexion, and especially not in Summer, neither to them that have a sharp and a dry ague in any case. Hitherto have I written of the great treacle and the treacle Salt: but because there are many excellent virtues, helps, and remedies that may be had also of the noble preservative medicine called Mithridatium, bearing the name of Mithridates the king, who invented it, I think I shall do well also to declare to such as understand no Latin, the virtues, properties, remedies, and helps, that may be had of that preservative: which may be taken with much less jeopardy, than the great treacle can be taken. Yea may take at the most, the quantity of a hazel nut of this medicine. They that are come to full age may take the quantity of a bean of Graecia, which is called Lotos. This quantity may be increased or diminished in the middle ages, and they that have no ague may take it with wine, or with honeyed wine, or sugared wine, or with spiced wine, if that they have a stopped liver. But they that are agewish, must take it with water, or Mede. It is very good for old rheums that flow down into the stomach and breast, and for all impostumes, and deep old exulcerations or wearing of the skin that are far and deep in the body. It is good for them that are in a consumption, and them that have great plenty of wind in their bellies, and it helpeth the common flix, it mendeth the dull appetite, and bringeth a fresh appetite again. And maketh a man's body have a good colour, it breaketh the stone, it helpeth them that cannot but with great pain make water, and suffereth not melancholy to be gathered together. It sharpeneth their sight that receive it, if it be taken afore hand, it hath a great power to hinder or let that a man be not hurt with any kind of deadly poison, for the which cause it was first ordained and invented of King Mithridates.   

AN ADMONITION OF William Turner to the Reader.  
ALthough both Galen and Aëtius hath given sufficient warning unto all men & women, at what times, in what ages, complexions, and in what diseases these medicines may be hurtful or wholesome to the receivers of it: yet marking the great dull grossness of many English men that cannot understand it, that is plainly spoken, and the foolish hardiness of other some that care not for sufficient warning, but will boldly become murderers of themselves, by misusing of God's creatures, not using them by the advise of almighty God's servants and officers the learned Physicians, but out of time, and out of measure take them in, without all discretion, following only their own advise or else the counsel of some doting old Gooddame, or some craking Cremer, or prating runagate Pedlar, I cannot think myself sufficiently discharged, except I give warning to all men and women that will use these medicines, that they take them not in rashly and unadvisedly, without the advise and counsel of a learned physician, who may tell them, whether they be agreeing for their natures and complexions and diseases or no. The which thing if they will not do, neither will learn in what quantity they ought to be taken, neither what persons, of what ages, neither at what times they ought to be taken, doubtless, I think that it will chance sometime, that the most precious medicines shall turnen to their own destructions. Let no man now say but he is sufficiently warned. The great treacle & the Mithridatium may be had well, even of the best making, of the most part of the Apothecaries of the city of London: and sometimes of other that travail to Venice, all these three sorts are now lately made and dressed in the famous City of Venice.   

THE NAMES OF Disease's and griefs that may be healed by the great treacle, called Theriaca Andromachi, as Galen writeth in his book unto Piso.  

THE biting of all venomous beasts and serpents.  
All kind of poisons and poisoned drinks.  
The diseases of the stomach.  
Shortness of wind.  
The Colic.  
The jaundice or Guclesought.  
The Dropsey.  
The consumption of that Lungs or phthisic.  
All kind of Cramps, or drawings together, or shrinking of sinews.  
The pleuresey or side ague with a stitch, and spitting of blood, and ulcerations.  
Sores of the bladder.  
Stopping of water or urine.  
Pains of the Kidneys.  
Pestilence, and pestilent diseases.  
The biting of a mad dog.  
Old headakes.  
dizziness of the head.  
Hardness of hearing.  
The dullness of the eye sight.  
The falling sickness.  
Vomiting of blood.  
Worms in the guts.  
The diseases of the Liver.  
The diseases of the Milt.  
The bloody flix.  
The common flix.  
The turning torments of the guts.  
Wasting away with to much sweeting.  
The stopping of women's monthly sickness.  
The stopping of the mother.  
The stopping of the Emrodes.  
All superfluous flowings of the body.  
All diseases of the joints.  
Poisoning, and falling to perilous diseases.  
The common Lepre called Elephantiasis.  
The disease of the mind that came of melancholy.  
All melancholic diseases.  
Plenty of choler: called melancholy.  
The quartain ague.  
The fear of water after the biting of a mad dog:  
The weakness of the wits or senses.    

THE NAMES OF THE diseases and griefs that may be healed by the treacle Salt: according unto the learning of Galen and Aëtius.  
All the diseases of the skin, but chief these that follow.  

THe white Morphew.  
The Lepre of the Grecians and scripture.  
The wild scurf.  
The common Lepre, called in Latin Elephantiasis.  
The black morphew.  
Wild scabs.  
The falling of the hear.  
Thinness of the hears.  
Stopping of sweat.  
Overmuch plenty of phlegmatic excrements.  
Lack of digestion.  
Lack of appetite.  
Dullness of senses or wits.  
Suffusions that breed the haw, and pearl in the eye, called of some Cataracta.  
Stopping of venomous diseases.  
The outrageous flowing of venomous diseases.  
The bitting of venomous beasts and serpents.  
The pestilence and contagious air.  
The disease of the kidneys.  
The debility and weakness of the kidneys.  
Old headaches.  
The falling sickness.  
Old jaundice.  
The diseases of the Milt.  
The Colic.  
The dropsy.  
The unsatiable hunger called Bulimos.  
The cold that a man taketh in cold weather.  
Shakes and tremblings, that come before agues.  
Consumptions, Ptisicks, and wastings of the body.  
The Palsy and weakness of the joints, and other members.  
The Gout.  
All diseases of the joints.  
Old quartans.  
Dotings, and madness that come of melancholy.  
All kind of worms that breed within a man.  
The rotting & other diseases of the teeth.  
Rheumatic humours in the head.  
Certain diseases of the eyes.    

THE NAMES OF THE diseases that may be healed by the noble preservative medicine called Mithridatium, as Galen and Aëtius and all other learned Physicians, that wrote after them of such matter, do bear witness in their writings.  

THe stopping of the Liver.  
Old rheums flowing down into the stomach and breast.  
Impostumes.  
Deep ulcerations, and of scraping of the skin that are far in the body.  
Consumptions and Ptisicks.  
windiness in the body.  
The common flux.  
The dull appetite.  
Evil favoured colour of the face and other places of the body.  
The stone.  
Hardness and painfulness in making of water.  
Gathering together of melancholy.  
Dullness of the eye sight.  
All deadly poison.    
FINIS.   

¶ Imprinted at London by William Seres, dwelling at the West end of Paul's, at the sign of the Hedge-bogge.