Enchiridion Medicum: CONTAINING, AN EPITOME OF THE WHOLE COURSE of Physic: WITH THE EXAMINATIon of a Chirurgeon, by way of Dialogue between the Doctor and the Student. WITH A TREATISE CONtaining a Definition of all those Diseases that do chief affect the body of man: AND AN ANTIDOTARY OF many excellent, and approved remedies for all Diseases. Published for the benefit of young Students in Physic, chirurgeons, and Apothecaries. Herophilus. Morborum remedia si ab indoctis, usurpentur vevena, si verò à doctis & exercitatis, Deorum auxillaces manus. LONDON, Printed by Henry Ballard for George Potter, and are to be sold at his shop at the North door: of Paul's. Faults escaped in the first Book. Fol. 7. linea vlt. read distributiwm f. 38. l. 10. r. Avicen. f. 40. l. 22. r. Animi. f. 54. l. 3. r. volet. f. 57 l. 17. r. Drag. ij. half Rhubard. f. 58. l. 9 r. tragea. f. 63. rea pull. holland. Drag. half. f. 66. l. 8. r. Astringents. f. 71. l. 10 r. vein. f. 87. l. 6. r. drithe. f. 92. l. 6. r. Valescus. f. 93. vlt r. neruos. f. 98. l. 25. r. the right. f. 99 l. 19 r. aliquo. f. 101. l. 25. r. tapsus barbatus. f. 101. l. 16. r. folliorú, cod. l. 22. r. privatively. f 102. l. 13. r. of fect. f. 104. l. 4. r. nympheae. cad. l. r. alimentary. f. 107. l. 4. r Zedoaria. f. 109. l. 21. r. strife. f. 118. l. 13. 1. course. f. 124. l. 12. r. sambuci. In the Discourse of chirurgery. Fol. 25. l. 1. read virga. f. eod. l. 11. summitatum. f. 27. l. 12. r. Diachilon. f. 44. l. 13. r. alcacengi. f. 46. l. 12. r. altheae. f. eod. r. minij. f. 51. from sense to Cephalalgia superfluous. In the antidotary. Fol. 4. Lin. 2. r. enulae. f. 12. l. 16. r. citrinorum. f. 23. l. 2. r. betonicae. f. 35. l. r. galangae, f. 41, l 21. r. amili. AD ZOILUM. Dente Theonino quid carpis Zoile? nostra Si tibi displiceant, fac meliora precor. ORNATISSIMIS VIRIS GHORGIO BAKERO ARmigero, Thomae Thorney, johanni Gerardo, Christopher Frederico, josepho Fentonio, Richardo Maps Chirug. peruiss. Londinens. caeterisque eiusdem artis in eadem civitate professoribus Dignissimis. cum huic dere medica libello (qualiscunque tandem iste siet) mei excercendi gratia colophonem addidissem (viri dignissimi) non deerant ex interioribus meis nonnulli qui à me haud ignauè contendebant hunc prelo committere: quorum petitiones cum à me minimè frustratas iri denique curassem, mihi mecum consulenti, quem patronum huic libellulo deligerem, eccè, vos ipsioccurristis: quorum patrocinio eum statim dicare decretum habui. Illudque ipsum lubens ago, in vestramque tutelam hune accipi cò magis postulo, quòd unius eiusque (ni fallor) anti quissimae medicinae partis vos professores estis longè dignissimi. Nec me fugit vobis pernotum esse, ad exercendam praeclaram illam Chirurgiae artem neminem aptum fore, qui ad hanc medicinae partem aliquandiu non instructus fuerit. Quocirca vobis ipsis, caeterisque condignis rei Chirurgicae alumnis, inclytae civitatis huius incolis has meas exercitatiunculas devouere operaepretium existimani. A vobis iterum contendens, eas à vestro patrocinio protectas iri: quas si bene consultas gratéque habitas intellexero, ad maius aggrediendum opus, utilitatis vestrae gratiâ animum certè mihi dederitis. Quos interim cum pijs vestris conatibus, omnipotentis dei tutelae commendare non desistam. AN EPITOME of the whole course of Physic. PARS I. Doctor. SEeing you are desirous to be admitted to the practice of physic; let me hear how you know yourself fit and able to practise in so noble an Art; for every man is not sit to be a Physician, according to the proverb, Ex quolibet ligno non fit Mercurius: therefore tell me first, what manner of man a Physician must be. Student. A Physician must be learned, Medici doors. judicial, sober, of honest conversation, not full of words, but secret, chaste, truly Religious, not covetous, or given to wine; and finally, he must be a Philosopher, according to the saying, ubi desinit Philosophus, incipit Medicus. Doct. It is most true, and that is it which Hypocrates crieth out on, when he did perceive how hard a matter it was to be a perfect, Physician: vitae brevis, ars longa, occasio praeceps, experimentum periculosum, judicium difficile. As if he should have said, the whole life of man will not suffice to attain unto a full knowledge of the Art of Physic; for it spreadeth itself so large, that if it be compared with the course of man's life, the life is so short, that it is not sufficient to attain to a full knowledge of the whole Arte. And Galen himself affirmeth, in Libro De pulsibus, that he had spent many years in the practice thereof, and yet could not attain to a perfect knowledge of the same. If then this happened unto the Prince of Physicians (Hypocrates excepted) what may we think ourselves able to attain unto? If, I say, he spent so much time and labour in one part of physic, how much time and labour may be required to attain to a fulll knowledge of the whole art? And therefore it is a great error in such men, that do dream that the art of physic may be easily attined unto: so that if they have gotten two or three Chemical medicines, without any other grounds; they profess themselves to be great Doctors and cunning Physicians. But to let that pass; let me hear your definition of physic: tell me, what is physic? Stud. Physic is an art that doth preserve the body of man in health; and being sick, cureth the diseases of the same. Or physic, according to Hypocrates, is adjection, and subtraction: or according to Galen in his Arte paerua; It is the knowledge of things healthful, of things unhealthful, and of neither. Doct. Show me how that may be. Stud. It may be three ways, as the body, the cause, and the sign: as that is a healthful body which enjoyeth health; a healthful cause which worketh or conserveth health: that is an healthful sign which doth demonstrate health to be present: and that is said to be an unhealthful body which is sickly: and unhealthful cause, which worketh the disease: an unhealthful sign, which showeth the kind and greatness of the disease, or doth premonstrate the event thereof. We call that a neuter, that neither enjoyeth health nor sickness, which is not perfectly sound, nor yet sick. Or physic is the study of things natural, of things not natural, and of things against nature. Doct. Into how many parts is physic divided? Stud. There ●re in general fine parts of physic: the 1. is Physiologia, and searcheth out the whole nature and constitution of man: th● 2 is Hugiena, and doth study in the preservation of the health of man: the 3. is Pathologia, and is exercised in searching out the sickness & the cause: the 4 is Semcou●●e, and is exercised in hewing the sign either o●●ife or death: the 5. is Therapeutica, and that teacheth the order of curing, affects besides nature: and under this last part is comprehended three other parts, Dieta, compositio medicamentorum, and Chirurgia. Doct. I see you are reasonably well acquainted with the definition, and division of the art. But you told me but now that physic was the study of things natural, of things not natural, and of things against nature: tell me, what are those things that you term natural? Stud. Those things that are termed Res naturales. natural are seven: Elements, temperaments, humours, spirits, parts, faculties, and functions: in the knowledge of which Physiologia, or the knowledge of natural things is exercised. Doct. Tell me then, what is an Element? Stud. Element is a body most pure, and simple, & the least part of the same wherein Elementum quid. it is: which c●● not be divided into any other kind, and of it all things natural have their original beginning. This definition is taken out of Galen and Aristotle, and therefore cannot be denied. Doct. How many Elements are there? Stud. There are are four Elements: viz. the fire, which is extreme hot and moderately dry: the air extreme moist and moderately hot: the water extreme cold and moderately moist: the earth extreme dry & moderately cold. In heat the fire with the air, and in dryness with the earth, in moisture the air, with the water, and in heat with the fire; in coldness the water with the earth, and in moisture with the air; the earth in dryness with the fire, and in coldness with the water, do all consent and agree. And as the water to the fire is extreme contrary, so is the air to the earth: of the mixture of these Elements all natural bodies have their composition. And yet it is nothing necessary that they be equally mingled in the body, but according to that that hath dominion, the body is named choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, or melancholic; and have their denomination of the four natural humours: viz. choler, blood, phlegm, and melancholy, which take their qualities of the Elements: for choler is hot & dry according to the nature of the fire, and blood is hot and moist according to the nature of the air, phlegm is cold & moist according to the water, & melancholy in no point doth disagree from the earth. Doct. You have well declared how natural bodies are framed by the mixture of the Elements: let me hear how briefly you can show me the differences of temperatures. Stud. Temperatures are in number Temperamentum. nine, whereof there are eight do exceed; and therefore they may be better called distemperatures, than temperatures: the ninth is temperate, for it doth exceed in no quality. Of distemperatures there be four simple, and four compound: the simple are heat, cold, dryness, & moisture, of the which joined together distemperatures are made. The ninth is neither hot, cold, dry, nor moist, & it is framed of them all: and that is it which the Grecians do call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Bene temperatum, or according to the Arithmeticians, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Temperamentum ad pondus, a complexion measured by weight; because there are as many degrees of heat as there are of cold, of dryness as there are of moisture: the other which be distemperatures, be not measured by weight, but by dignity; as in the heart well tempered, heat doth exceed; in the brain well tempered, moisture doth exceed; in the fat well tempered, cold; in Temperamentum secund. justitiam distributivam. the bones well tempered, dryness: and this is called temperamentum secundùm justitiam distributivam, a temperature rightly measured or disposed with equality. Doct. But is it possible to find a body so complexioned that we may say, here is a body framed of the four Elements, ad pondus, that is, to a just & equal proportion? Stud. I am persuaded that it is altogether impossible for any man to find such a body, that the sour Elements may be said to be equally proportioned in him: for either heat or moisture hath still the predomination, or coldness and dryness. And yet I think it not to be impossible, but that there may be such a body. but hard to be found, as hard to come by as Quintilians' Orator, or the wise man which the Stoics defined: a man harder to come by then the rich jewel, the Philosopher's stone, which although divers brag that it may be framed, yet it can never be attained unto: so we may imagine such a man to be, as by the consent of nature was never framed, nor is ever like to be. But if there be any that can find a man that is neither too gross nor Definition of a temperate man. too slender nor very full of hair, nor yet smooth & without hair, nor soft, nor yet hard, black nor white, hot nor cold, dry nor moist: and to be brief, such a one that keepeth a mean without all excess, if, I say, we can find such a one, then are we sure we have a body complexioned ad pondus, and to just proportion. Doct. Then you conclude there can be found no body so framed, that it may be termed Corpus temperatum an pondus Stud. It is very true. Read fernel. L●onar. Tuc. & john Rolanus. Doct. Then show me the judgement and signs of Temperaments. Stud. That was I minded to perform if you had not spoken thereof: for it is to no end to know the differences of temperatures if we know not the signs of the same also. First then we know by the touching, heat from cold, moisture from drithe: and those that are of a soft disposition of body, the flesh being lax and thin, them we judge to be moist: those that have a thick and a hard skin, them we judge to be dry. Then we proceed as well to physical actions, as to moral, neither do we account physical only natural, but vital, and the animal also. Moral actions are assects of a body concupiscible, angry, and rational: for Galen in one book doth teach that Animimores sequuntur temperamentum corporis: that the disposition of the mind doth follow the temperature of the body. In men that by nature are hot, the heart, and the Arteries beat vehemently: but in men of a cold disposition, the heart and pulse beat remissly and slowly: men of an hot disposition, are very much inclined to lust and venery; the cold disposition is for the most part very flow or unable: notwithstanding it sometimes doth happen, that the hot complexion proveth unfit for Venus, because the members of generation are over cold. The hot complexion is prone unto anger, they are of a proud and haughty stomach, but the cold are fearful, sober, and of an abject mind: the hot complexion is crafty, subtle, and ingenious, but the cold is dull, slow and obtuse in understanding: the hot complexion hath swift motions of the mind, but the cold is of a slow and dull spirit: In like manner in hot complexions, the teeth do sooner grow and increase, then in the cold. We must also consider the form and shape of the body, whether it be fat or lean, because that leavenes doth argue an hot body, and the fatness a cold body: which is to be understood by nature, not by disease, or by custom, as in extraordinary cares, immoderate use of Venus, too vehement and often exercise, and long fasting, all these cause a lean and a thin body: so in like manner idleness, much banqueting, and delicious living, doth sometimes cause, that a body naturally given to be lean, may grow fat: And so also a cold disposition may grow lean, by grief, by cares, by hunger, & such like, for the body may be so macerated, that it may wax lean contrary to nature. Besides, the cold complexion is not so hairy as the hot, as may be perceived by Eunuches and women which are of a glaber and smooth skin. The sign that is taken from the colour of the hair is deceitful, because that the colour of the hair is changed with the age by the dominion of a red, yellow, black, or white humour: for in the first age the hairs that Calidi sunt vilosi et birsuti. are yellow, heat increasing through age, they wax black at the length, the same hear vanishing, and much slegme increasing, they wax white. In like manner, by things received into the body, the constitution is discerned: for the hot complexion is offended with hot things, as wine not delayed, vehement exercise, meats with hot spices, and they fall quickly into hot diseases, as into Fevers, and other choleric diseases; but those hot things are beneficial unto cold complexions. Moreover the temperatures of the principal parts, as of the heart, the liver, the brain, and the testicles, and of those necessary parts of life, as the stomach, and the lungs are known by their proper signs, as Galen teacheth in his Arteparua, of which, for the most part Oribasius, and Paulus, have written and set forth in their Synopses. Doct. Well, I would have you as Def. hum. Humour esl succus naturalis guo corpus totum nutritur, sovetur et conseruatur. briesly discourse of humours, to the intent we may not stand over long about this first part, which is called Physiologia. Stud. I have already said that there are four principal humours, blood, choler, slegme, and melancholy, & these are called Primogeniti filii quatuor elementoruin: for choler is of the nature of the fire, Omne liquidum & fluxile corpus humidum. phlegm of the water, the melancholic humour of the earth, blood of the air, for blood is hot and moist, as is the air. Doct. We will not stand long to discourse of humours, because I am persuaded that you are sufficiently studied therein: but tell me your opinion, is blood the only nourishment of the body or no? Stud. It is the opinion of Aristotle, that Sanguiaem solum my●●ire. blood is the only nourishment of the body, & preserver thereof. Although some are of opinion, that because some parts are spermatic, and other fleshy, that therefore the fleshy parts are nourished with the blond, & the spermarick parts with the seed, and the bones with the marrow, & the stomach with that which is called Chilus, that therefore blood is not the only nourisher. To which I answer, that all those parts are nourished with the blood, some immediately, as the sleshie parts, some mediately, as the solid parts: for the seminal liquor is nothing but blood, made white by the coction alterative of the solid parts. The marrow also is framed of the blood, and therefore according to the Logicians, Causa causae sit causa causati: for the blood is the material cause both of Causa causae sit causae causati. the marrow and the seed, and therefore it is not to be doubted but that all the parts are nourished with the blood; but the stomach to be nourished with Chilus, is affirmed by Galen tertino de naturalibus facultatibus: But there it is abused by the name of Nutrition: for it satisfieth the animal appetite by his quality, that is to say by his sweetness: but not the natural quality by his substance. And it may very well be perceived by the infant in the mother's womb, whose stomach is nourished and doth grow, not by Chilus, because he receiveth no such nourishment by the mouth, but materno sanguine, which the liver draweth by the veins of the navel: and therefore the stomach is nourished with that blood, which it doth contain in his veins, and not by Chilus. Doct. I am also of your opinion, but I pray you go forwards, and declare unto me the differences of humours. Stud. I will in no wise omit the differences of humours, which be in number eight, four natural, and four unnatural: I have already showed that the natural is blood, phlegm, choler, and melancholy, the unnatural is the same, turned by putrefaction, or else some otherwise from their natural qualities; but as for the generation of them, it is by the virtue of the liver, working upon the matter and substance of food received into the stomach for the nourishment of Generatio humorum. the body: And even as there is perceived in new wine, four differences of humours, viz. the flower or boiling of the wine, secondly the watery substance of the wine, thirdly the feces or dregs thereof, and lastly the pure and sincere wine: so of Chilus in the liver part is made blood, part waterish phlegm, part yellow choler, and part gross or black choler. Doct. What is blood? Stud. Blood is a temperate humour, hot, and moist, sweet, the apt and convenient nourishment of the body. Doct. What is phlegm? Stud. Phlegm is a cold humour, moist and without savour, as it were blood 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. crude, somewhat white, which is carried about with the blood, to the end to mitigate the heat of the same, and that it may be converted into blood, by the last digesture it helpeth the distribution of the humours, and doth nourish those parts that are agreeable or like unto itself. Doct. What is choler? Stud. Choler is an humour hot, dry, and bitter, which as it were the froth of the blood, is carried together with the same, that it may nourish the like members unto the same: it openeth the Meatus, and penetrateth: it is profitable to the nourishment of those parts, that have the like temperament. Doct. What is melancholy, or black choler? Stud. Melancholy or black choler is a natural humour, cold, and dry, thick, Melancholy. gross, black, and sharp part of which is carried with the blood, to the end to make the same the thicker, and to nourish the bones and the spleen, and it is as it were the dregs and sediment of the blood. All these four humours, as I have said, being made unnatural, they turn to the hurt of the body, as when melancholy is burned, it becometh vicious, and causeth madness: when it is mingled with too much phlegm, it causeth a doltish disposition, and worketh cold diseases. When blood becometh unnatural, it is made wheyish and waterish, and is very hurtful, as in the hydropsic: when red choler is burned, it becometh vicious and biting: when phlegm is made unnatural through a weak digesture, it is made a waterish humour, and so hurtful to the body. There is also another natural humour, and is Primogenius, the first and chief humour, called Humidum radical, which is Humidum radical. engendered in the similer parts or insited in nature: for from the first beginning the members of the whole body are filled with a certain dewy humour, or only moistness: truly the first thing that is engendered, having its beginning from the blood monstruall. This humour yieldeth nourishment to the natural heat; and therefore by the same it is consumed, and needeth restoration; which is performed by the accession of nourishment. Galen termeth this humour the solid substance of the similer parts. Doct. Now it resteth that you show me the seat or place of every one of these humours. Stud. These 4. humours which are engendered in our bodies, being mixed, they are contained in unamassa sanguinis: that is, in the fountain of blood which is said to be the better part of itself; and being exactly confused, they rest in the veins; which the Physicians do consider as it were the chief Elements of the body: but those humours which are by nature derived without the veins, whether it be yellow choler in the gall, or melancholy which the spleen draweth, or phlegm which is engendered in the stomach through crudities, or the matter which distilleth from the brain to the nostrils, and such like, they are in no wise to be accounted elements of our body, and therefore they be not humours but excrements, and so they are called: which nature, whiles it is in strength doth expel as unprofitable unto places convenient and the excramentall seat of yellow choler is the gall, from whence it is purged by urine and the stool: the receptacle of the melancholic humour is the spleen, by which being drawn, it is spartly conncertd into the nature thereof, & partly it is dejected to the stomach. Doct. Proceed now to spirits, and let me know what a spirit is. Despiritibus. Spiritus definitio. Stud. A spirit is a subtle flame, or rather an airy substance, giving strength and power to exercise proper actions in every member. Spirits be two fold, the one vital, the other animal; the vital spirit is a subtle flame engendered from the blood, and is dispersed by virtue of the heart into all the body, to give unto the same lively heat, and a power of motion and action. The efficient cause is a natural power in the heart; the matter from whence it proceedeth is blood, for it is engendered of the blood, which is in the left ventricle of the heart: the form is the flame itself, flying through all the Arteries. The final causes are two: the first is that it might give lively heat unto the body: the second is, that it may be the instrument of action and motion in the whole body. The animal spirit is as it were a starrebeame which is sent from the brain by the Nerves into all the body, to give motion, and sense, and all other animal actions unto the same. Doct. From whence is the Animal spirit engendered? Stud. It is engendered of the vital spirits, by the virtue of the brain elaborating and concocting the same. There are some that adjoin a third kind of spirit: that is Spiritus naturalis, in gendered in the liver; which is the thin substance of the blood, and is like unto a vapour: this spirit is carried by the hollow vein, together with the blood into the heart; where it is wrought by the natural strength of the heart, and so is made a vital spirit; and so the natural spirit is as it were the matter of the vital spirit, and the vital spirit is the matter of the animal spirit. De partibus. Doct. Go forward unto the parts of man's body, and tell me first what a part De partibus. is. Stud. Every member of the body is accounted for a part of the body: and Membra principalia. they are of two sorts; some principal, and some official: the brain, the heart, and the liver are accounted principal members; some also account the testicles amongst the principal members. The official members are the sinews, and they do serve to the brain: the arteries Membra officialia. which do serve to the heart; the veins which do serve to the liver; the spermaticke vessels, which be inseruient to the stones. There be also some parts that be called parts similares, or Homogenae; and some Dissimilares, or Heterogenae. The Similar parts are so called, for being divided, they remain in themselves such as they were before; and those are the bones, cartilagies, ligaments, tendons, fibres, membrans, the skin, and the flesh, with the fat, and such like. The members or parts Dissimilar, are the contrary. Some members are called instrumental, as the stomach, the reins, the bowels, with all the great sinews. Doct. It followeth that we speak of De faculta. tibus & potentijs. faculties, or powers. Tell me therefore how many sorts of faculties or powers are there? Stud. There are three sorts of powers, that is to say, Animal, Spiritual, and Natural: the Animal faculty (according to Plato, whom the Physicians do follow) is placed in the brain: the vital or spiritual is placed in the heart; the natural in the liver. Aristotle in secundo De Anima, rehearseth five faculties or powers of the soul: viz. Potentiam vegetativam, sentientem, Appetitivam, loco motuam, and Rationalem. Doct. What is that vegetative power? Stud. The vegetative power is that which doth nourish, increase, & strengthen the body; and therefore it doth contain these four faculties; that is, facultatem nutritivam, auctricem, generatricem, and formatricem. Doct. What is that nutrition or nourishment? Stud. It is the conversion of meat and drink into a spiritual substance, performed by the force of heat, that there may be a restoring of the same, which began to be decayed. The efficient cause of nourishment is natural heat. Materia ex qua, or the matter from whence it springeth, is the meat and drink received into the body. Materia in qua, or the subject, is man's living body. The formal cause is the same Assimilation or conversion of meat and drink into the similitude of enerie member to be nourished: for one part is turned into the substance of the bone, another into the substance of the flesh, etc. The end, is the restoring of the same which began to be consumed: for when the natural heat doth consume any thing, that same must be restored again by nutrition: even as in a Lamp, the oil being consumed, the same must be again increased. Therefore the final cause is Conseruatio individui. the conservation of that thing, which can not be divided: that is, of a man, or of any other living creature. Doct. What are the Organs of Nutrition? Stud. It is the mouth which receiveth and cheweth the nourishment: the Oesophage, that conveyeth it: the stomach turning it into Chylus, by the work of the liver: to which are admixed the rest of the humours, the veins carrying and conveying the blood to every member, in which there is made Assimilation, and application of nourishment. Doct. Let me know the faculties and powers of every member. Student The common Faculties which resteth in every member, are said 4. Facultates in singulis membris, Attractrix Retentrix, Concoctrix, Expultrix. to befoure: viz. the attractive, the retentive, the concoctive, and the expulsive; for every member hath a faculty to draw, to retain, to alter, and expel. As for example: the stomach doth first draw the meat: secondly, it retaineth it: thirdly, it doth alter it, that is, it turneth it in to Chilus: and four, it doth expel it. Doct. What is hunger and thirst? Stud. Hunger is a desire of meat, when as the veins Mesariaces being Fames. empty of nourishment, do draw from the stomach by a kind of sucking, and haling; the stomach is as it were Culina communis totius corporis, a common Kitchen of the whole body. Doct. What is thirst? Stud. Thirstines is an appetite of humectation, & cooling in drithe or heat: Sitis. the Organ of hunger and thirst is the mouth of the stomach, in which the same irritation or provoking is felt. Doct. Now show me how nourishment is made. Stud. The stomach doth concoct the meat, and turneth it into Chilus; the same Chilus, is sent per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in to the intestins, Duodenum, and jeiunum; from thence the veins Mesaraices plucketh it, and turning it into a more pure and liquid mass, sendeth it unto the liver, but the excrements slip down to the inferior intestins: the liver turneth the Chilus into the mass of blood, which consisteth of the four humours, blood, choler, phlegm and melancholy. And the blood is sent by the veins, from the liver part upwards, and part into the right ventricles of the heart, to nourish the heart and the lungs, and to engender vital spirits; part descendeth downwards, to nourish the inferior members: but the other humours which are separated from the blood, part floweth into the gall; as yellow choler; part into the spleen, as black choler: the watery Aquosa supersluitas or wheyish matter slippeth to the reins and bladder, and so becometh urine, or else it doth transpire by sweat. These be the excrements of the second decoction or digestion, which are made in the liver and the veins. Last of all, the third Decoction is made in those parts, to the which excrements do flow: which, as I say, do pass by insensible transpiration of the skin, and part with the urine and excrements. The blood doth nourish the members by apposition, and assimilation that is, when it sticketh to the members, and is adglutinated and waxeth warm, and so at the length, after many changes, it is made like unto the part, and is as it were turned into the same substance, and then it is called the second humidity: the Arabians do call it Cambium. From hence the digestions, or concoctions are numbered to be three, the first is performed in the stomach and intestins, the second in the liver and veins, the third in all the members and solid parts; and the rule is, Vitium prioris concoctionis, non potest corrigi per sequentes. Doct. I see you do briefly run over this first part of physic concerning things natural: let me hear you deliver the rest in as short a manner; and let me know how many things there be that are called not natural? The second part of things not natural, called Hugiene, and doth respect the conserua conservation of man's health. PARS 2. Stud. THere are six things necessary to the nourishment and preservation of man's life, and are called, not natural. 1 The Air. 2 Meat and Drink. 3 Sleep and watchfulness. 4 Exercise and rest. 5 Emptiness and repletion. 6 The affects of the mind. Doct. Why are they called things not natural? Stud. Because they are not natural parts of a man, they are not within, but without the man, they are a necessary matter, and help for the preservation & keeping of the body of man, they are called non naturales, viz. such things as are not borne with us. Doct. What doth the Air concern the health of our bodies? Of the Air. Stud. THe Air by itself is hot and moist, and the Attraction thereof is so necessary to all living creatures, that to whatsoever thing the way of respiration is wanting, it presently dieth: and experience teacheth us, that the temperature, or distemperature thereof, doth change the constitution of the body; the air being sweet and wholesome, doth refresh and nourish the spirits. A gross Air maketh the body fat and strong, but the wit dull, and slow, such as Cicero writeth the Thebans to be: but a pure clear air, such as was at Athens, maketh men lively, and sharp witted. That is the best Air, that is pure, clear and thin, not gross, troublesome or cloudy. Hip. in lib. de flatibus, affirmeth that the air is not only the author of life unto mortal men, but also the author of diseases, and death. Galen in Art medicinale, saith, Ab air afficitur, mutatur corpus, quia aut caelefit, aut frigesit, aut exucatur, aut humectatur. Doct. What say you to meat and drink? Of meat and drink. Stud. Our bodies are nourished and refreshed with meat and drink, even as the lamp with oil, or wax: but in the use thereof there are two things to be observed, the first, that meat and drink be received at accustomed and convenient times: for whereit is too long deferred, the stomach being empty, is filled with evil humours: for the stomach doth not suspend, or intermit his natural action, wherefore, where it wanteth meat, there it falleth back again upon excrements. The second observation is, that we take so much meat and drink as may refresh the natural strength of the body, and not oppress it: for as Cicero in Catone Maiore saith: Nam cibi & potionis nimia copia menti & corpori obest. And how can a man have a good disposition of mind, whose body is overmuch filled with meat and drink? For which cause temperance doth very much avail for the garnishing both of the mind and of the body; for it is a mother and a sweet nurse both of health, wisdom, and many other virtues. Hypocrates saith, that abstinence is Mater sanitatis, the mother of health, and that labour and exercise doth cause a strong body. Syracke saith in Cap. 17. that abundance of meat beggetteth diseases, and that gluttony doth fill the body with vicious humours. Plato in his second Book De legibus doth forbid the use of wine, and especially unto children, until they be eighteen years of age, and giveth a reason, that, Non decetignem, igni adijoere. And these verses are worthy the consideration: Immodici sensus perturbat copia bacchi: Ind quis enumeret quot mala proveniant? Corporis exhaurit succos, animique vigorena Opprimit, ingemum strangulat, atque necat. Doct. That is very true: for we see what drowsy sots those common tosspots, & tavern haunters are, and how unfit to every good action, subject to every kind of disease, as Palsies, Apoplexies, Hydropsies, Epelipsies, gouts, & such like beside they are turned for the most part from men to monsters, and their minds are as full of filthy disires, as their bodies of soul diseases. But I pray you proceed unto the next, which is sleep and watchfulness: let me know how you do define the same. Of Sleep and Watchfulness. Stud. Sleep is a rest and quietness of De sonnio. the virtue animal, which happeneth when the profitable vapours of the nourishment do ascend up into the brain, where they do sweetly moisten, and every where flowing in the brain, do obstruct the Meatus and passages of the senses and moving Nerves, thorough which the virtue of the seness do by little and little fail. The Efficent cause is heat, which as Hippias saith, in sleep it flieth more inwards, to the end to help concoction, from whence it happeneth that the outward members do easily wax cold in sleep, and do require to be more warmer covered. The Material cause is a sweet vapour ascending from the nourishment into the brain, and stopping the Meatus of the senses and spirits, that the members forsake their motion. The Formal cause is the rest of the outward senses, that is, hearing, and seeing, in like manner local moving, as neither the hands, nor the feet do move any more, or perform their office. The Final causes are first a moistening and a recreation of the brain, and of the heart. According to Virgil: Fessos Virgilius. soporirrigat artus. Secondly, that the action of the stomach, and of the liver in concoction may be the stronger; drawing inwards the heat and the spirits: for to that end doth the animal faculties rest in sleep, to the end the natural may more stronger perform their office. Thirdly, that it may be the image of death, according to Ovid: Stulte quid est somnus, gelidae nisi mortis imago? Galen calleth it frater mortis, the brother of death: for as in sleep the body taketh its rest, and the soul watcheth; so also in death the body resteth, but the soul and spirit liveth. As concerning the order and length of sleep; we must consider how much and how long is convenient to every body: for long sleep is more convenient for them, that as yet have not attained to a perfect digestion; whether it happeneth through the eating of evil meats, or through the wrakenes of the virtue digestive. And forasmuch as sleep doth slacken, and make lax the animal powers, it is not so necessary for those that be fasting, or to such as do suffer much hunger; for thereby the head is filled with fuines and evaporations elevated from the feces, & superfluities retained in the stomach. But on the contrary, too much watching is hurthfull to the brain: it doth debilitate and weaken the senses: it doth burn the humours, and is the cause of sharp diseases: sometimes of frenzies, of madness, melancholy, and deliriums. In this therefore we must be careful to consider how much is sufficient: for as Hypocrates saith, both sleep and watchfulness, which soever it be, if they be immoderate, are hurtful. For the length of sleep, the most part of Physicians do agree, Length of sleep. that to strong bodies seven hours in the night is sufficient (for in the day time it is generally disallowed) and to those that are weaker eight hours at the most. Plato in Timaeo saith, when the world shutteth up hereie, we also should shut Plato. up our eyes: the eye of the world is the sun: therefore sleep is not long to be deferred after the setting of the sun, neither presently after supper can sleep be wholesome: for, as Galen saith, Lib. 4. Abhorismorum, Commentario 67. à cibis ad somnum connersis, caput impletur. A certain great man was wont to say, that he found nothing better for the preservation of his health then to read nothing after supper, to write nothing, nor to be long out of his bed: so, said he, I am very well able to arise in the morning, & with cheerfulness to follow my business. He that hath a strong stomach, let him lie first upon the right side; but he that hath a weak digestive faculty, should first lie upon the left side; and afterwards upon the right; for to lie upon the left side, doth better help digestion, and upon the right side it helpeth better for the distribution of the meat. Doct. The next thing not natural, is exercise and rest: how may that avail Motus & quies. for the benefit and health of the body? Of exercise and rest. Stud. A Great part of the preservation of the health of man's body doth consist in due exercise and rest; for both these are necessary both to the body and the mind; of which Ovid saith: Cernis ut ignawm corrumpant ocia corpus, capiunt vitium nimoue antur aqua. In these verses the similitude is of the body and the water. For as water that doth not move doth easily putrefy; so the body also groweth to corruption without exercise. In like manner of the mind and unstanding, Outd. V Trist. Elegia 12. saith: Add quòd ingenium long a rubigine laesum, Torpet, & est multo, quàm fuit amè munus. Where he calleth it Longam rubiginem, & otium ignawm, he meaneth that, whereby the whole force of the wit and understanding is overthrown; or at the least doth languish and is diminished: even as by the contrary it is refreshed and made sharp. There are three profits and commodities that ariseth by motion and exercise: the first is, it maketh the body strong. Secondly, it doth excite and increase natural heat. Thirdly, the spirits and the senses are thereby made more stronger and sharper. As concerning the times of exercise, the Aphorism of Hypocrates doth teach Lib. 6. Epi. Sect. 4. Aphoris. vlt. us 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 labours before meat, he calleth motion or exercise of the body, labours. Therefore before meat, and not after, the body must be exercised; for quietness after feeding, or very little exercise is to be used: lest that the natural heat which should be exercised about concoction and digesture, should be dispersed and so made weaker. Of Rest the same Ovid saith: Quod caret alt erna requie, durabile non est, Haec reparat vires. fessaque membra levat. And in his first book De Ponto: Ocia corpus alunt, animus quoque pascitur illis: Immodious contra carpit utrumque labour. Here is to be understood rest, that is fit and convenient, both to the body and mind; whether it be by relaxation and recreation, liberal or mean: for there is no man of so great strength, that he is able to endure continual stir, watchings, cares, and labours: but at the last both body and mind is dried and wearied, unless there be remission used. Of the manner of using exercise and rest, Cicero speaketh in the first book of his offices: Ludo, & joco, uti quidem licet, sed sicut somno & quietibus caeteris tum, cùm gravibus serijsque rebus satisfecerimus. It is a true saying, that confecto labour, dulce est quiescere. And Auicem saith, that whosoever he be that is of an hot and dry complexion, and by exercise is fallen into any notable disease, he is forth with recovered with rest. Doct. The next in order is, Emptiness Inanitio & Repletio. and Repletion. Stud. It is true, and look how much we may offend to defraud an hungry stomach; so much shall we offend to offer meat unto a full stomach; as Avicen saith in primo Can. sen. 3. Cap. De regimine Avicen. cibi & potus. For as the want of meat doth fill the stomach with evil humours; so that same plethoria and continual fullness causeth oppilations, putrefaction, apostumes, leprosy, and fevers. But this is to be observed, that if the Attractive faculty, and the Retentive do remain in their natural strength; that then repletion cannot by any means be hurtful: especially if a right order of meats and drinks be observed. And so in like manner, if the virtue digestive and expulsive be strong, emptiness cannot be hurtful; for thereby the body is avoided of his burdensome and hurtful humours, of which it is requisite that it should be cleansed and purged. But when these faculties are hurt and become weak, so that an emptiness cannot be suffered, and a repletion cannot nourish or profit the body: we must then take heed how we use the one or the other. Doct. But how are diseases proceeding of fullness remedied? Stud. By vomit, by flux of the belly, by flux of blood, at the nose, by urine, by spittle, by sweat, by insensible transpirations; which being unfelt by us, doth happen through the strength of nature. Moreover, sometimes there must be used the incision of a vein, scarification, the application of leeches, of cupping glasses and vesecatories. But sometimes it happeneth that none of these aforesaid evacuations may be used; then must be supplied exercise, labour, srication and rubbings, baths, abstinence, sleep, and such like (especially in the times of famine:) but in every of these there must be had a due consideration how much and how little is convenient, according to the state of every body. Doct. Now proceed unto the last of Animi Affectus. things not natural: which you say is Animi Affectus, the perturbations and affections of the mind. Of Affections of the mind. Stud. AFfects are the motions of the mind, by which it is either exhilarated, or disquieted for sorrow and anguish, with such like; are as it were Carnifices, & tortores annimi & corporis, the very torturers and murderers of the mind and body: but on the contrary, joy, hope, and a good conscience, are the sweet nurses of life and health, as Plato speaketh in 1. De Repub. Therefore it very much availeth both to the health of the body, & of the mind, to be able to moderate these affects in that order, that nature may not be hurt: for we have read of some, that with sudden joy have suddenly died, as Valerius reporteth of two women in Rome. And what affects arise by anger, may easily be perceived, when that some by extraordinary fury and rage do fall into the Apoplexy, the palsy, spasms, and convulsions, with diseases of the joints, and sometimes into a trembling of the whole body; neither doth there happen less evil unto bodies through terror or fear, as the syncop, & falling-sickness: even as on the contrary in some kinds of diseases, it is profitable to be terrified and made afraid. Sadness and anguish of mind work no small affects, and especially weighty cogitations, for it induceth unquietness, and watchfulness, which hurteth the senses, and diminisheth the strength of the whole body: wherefore as Hippias saith, a moderation in all those affects is very healthful and profitable. Pars 3. Doct. YOu told me in the beginning, that the Art of physic Pathologia was concluded under three things, which you termed natural, not natural & against nature: of the two first we have briesly spoken; let us proceed unto the third in like manner: and let me know of you what those things are, which are against nature. Stud. Those things that are said to be against nature, are in number three, viz. Sickness, the Cause of sickness, and Accidents that do follow sickness. And generally every disease is either of an evil complexion, an evil composition, or a solution of the continuity, which happeneth either in the similer members, or in the instrumental, or in both. And first a disease of an evil complexion happeneth sometimes from the excess or defect alone of some quality, as if either heat or cold doth abound in the body, than there is wanting the more of moisture and drithe. Sometimes also a disease happeneth from the abundance or defect of some humour: as if the body do abound with melancholy, or slegme, it hath the less of choler and blood, and so on the contrary. Secondly, a disease rising through an evil composition, is either from the form and figure of the parts of the body, from the quantity, from the number and situation of the same parts. Thirdly, the solution of the continnitie happeneth through some Apostume, wound, dislocation, rapture, fracture, convulsion, or excoriation. Furthermore, every disease is either Morbi acuti atque chronici. 2. Aph. 23. acute, or chronical. All acute diseases are hot, & are judged in 14. days, as Hippias doth testify. The latter sort of Physicians do call those acute diseases that have their termination in fourteen days, and those peracute which have their termination in 7. and those perperacute, which have their termination in four. chronical diseases are cold and dull, and are of longer continuance. In like Hip. 6. epid. li. partic. 1. Aph. 7. manner acute diseases are termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and sometimes they are changed into a chronical disease, as the Pleurisy, into the Gout, the Colic into the Palsy. And chronical diseases for the most part are determined with a daily consumption. Doct. What is Crisis? Stud. Crisis is a swift and vehement 〈◊〉 quid motion of a disease, either to life or death: and it happeneth about the supreme intention of a disease, that is, the Akmin or state. And we must observe that there are 4. Tempora morborum. four times of diseases, that is, the beginning, the increase, the Akmin or state, and the declination. The which times are so distributed of Hip. that if the increase be in the fourth day, the change happeneth in the seventh; but if the increase be in the filled, and seeventh, the Crisis happeneth in the ninth or the eleventh day: but if the disease do increase in the tenth day, the deliverance happeneth in the fourteenth day. In like manner saith the same Hip. the Physician should not be ignorant of the day that the Patient fell sick, nor of the hour in the which the body fell into an heat, or to wax cold etc. From whence it doth manifestly appear, that other times also are not to be neglected: for a little after, he saith, For this cause, saith he, shalt thou reckon the days unto thee, in which thou shalt expect eruptions, or apostums, in those times prescribed. 3. Prog. 3. & 4. Aphor. There is also a quaternall number of days to be observed in all diseases, which doth promise an end either to life or death, as the same Author witnesseth. Moreover, every disease is either in the superior or inferior venture, or in the veins, whose Crisis happeneth by spittle, by vomit, by flux of blood at the nose, by Apostuns, by siege, by haemorrhods, by menstruous, and by urine. And sometimes also a Crisis doth happen by sweat: and many diseases do transpire by insensible evaporation. 1. Of the knowledge of the disease. 1 Doct. How shall we come to the knowledge of the disease? Stud. Every disease is known either from things substantially inhering, as in the composition of members, what doth abound, or what doth want, or whether it be not sited in his right place. 2. From the operation of the member being hurt. 3. From the quality changed. 4. From things going out of the body. 5. From the times of the year. We must know also that every disease is either by essence, or by colligance and consent. Morous per essentiam & per consensum. It is by essence if the disease be of itself in some member. It is by consent, if it be derived from some member into another, by reason of the vicinity and colligance of the same; as the affect of the head from some vapour arising from the stomach: neither must we be ignorant, that sometimes a disease is not only essential, but accidental also, & a companion of other diseases, so sometimes a fever is an accident of A fever an accidens of a disease. many diseases, and of itself no disease: and so often times there happeneth Apostums, and Tumours. Doct. How shall we know the cause of the disease? Stud. Hip. affirmeth that there are three causes and beginnings of all diseases: for every disease springeth either from repleton, or from the intemperature of the heanens, or through some extern violence happening unto the body. Doct. What must we do, when we know the cause of the disease? Stud. The cause being known, we must proceed to medicines, and diet, and if need be to topical means and chirurgery, providing always a contrary medicine to the cause of the disease. We must therefore at the beginning use universal remedies, than we must proceed to particular, as the disease shall require; and the Physician must remember, that contraria contrarijs curantur: & similia similibus sibi Contraria contrarijs carantur. praebere adiumentum: so any kind of disease that doth proceed of repletion, will require emptiness, and so on the contrary: and a disease that doth proceed of dryness will require humectation and moistening: even as that same which doth proceed of heat will require refrigeration and cooling etc. Notwithstanding, we must take heed Repercussiva vitanda. that we do not apply any thing that is extreme contrary, especially Repercioussius, lest we cause hurt to some principal member. PARS 4. Doct. WHen we have found out a fit remedy for the disease, how must we proceed to the cure? Stud. It is to no end to find out a remedy, unless the same be used and applied wisely: for we may find some Physicians that are furnished with a world of remedies, and yet apply them without either wit or reason: there be others that be of good judgement, and yet notwithstanding are very barren of helps, but those which they have are very choice and good: and truly I know not how it doth happen, that there are so few sound and judicial Physicians in this our age. But to let that pass, in the administration of physic, these three circumstances are to be considered, viz. Quantum, Quando, Quomodo. For suppose Quanto, Quando, Quomodo. the remedy be hot or cold, a purger of phlegm, melancholy, or choler: it is the work of invention, the cause and kind of the disease being considered, to dispose the remedy in a just quantity: to prescribe the same in a convenient form, and when it becometh to offer the same according to judgement and reason. And surely, there is nothing so hard, or so obscure in the practice of physic, as to deliver a just dose of medicine: neither can the quantity of a remedy be defined, except we take the indication from things natural, as from the strength, nature, and temperature of the sick, the habit of the body, as fatness, leanness, thinness, fleshines, age, sex, and custom; Consuetudo, altera Natura. for that is another nature. In like manner from things not natural; as the time, the air, the region: from things avoided, and from things retained; and those things which are praeter naturam, against nature; as sickness, the cause, and the symptoms. For what wise man will give one & the same medicine to a weak man & to a strong, to a woman and to a man, to a child and to a young man, to an Englishman and to a Moor? The time of the year is also to be regarded, the month, the disease, the Paroxysm; the cause also is to be considered; besides the vehemency and violence of the symptoms; and according to the same, the dose of the remedy is to be increased or diminished; for great diseases require remedies in a greater dose. But commonly unto an Infant ij drag of Cassia is sufficient, of Manna iij. drag. of Rhubarbe infused ij scruples; but to those that be of strength may be given j ounce of Cassia; and of Manna an ounce and a half: & of Rhubarb ij. dra will scarcely suffice. But as I have said, these things can hardly be defined by art, but must be referred to the judgement and discretion of the learned Physician. Doct. Let me now know your medicines that you have to purge choler. Chologogon. Stud. I have to purge choler, Rhubarb, Cassia, Manna, Myrabalans Citrine, Aloes and such like. Doct. These are simple medicines; let me know your compounds. Stud. Then I have Diaprunum simplex, and Solutiwm, Elect. de succo ros. hiera piera Galeni, etc. Doct. What purgers of phlegm have you? Stud. I have Agaricke, Turbith, Colocinthis, Phlegmegogon. Carthamus, etc. Of compounds I have Benedictalax, hiera Ruffi, hiera picra, hiera logadij, Diacarthanni, Diaturpeti, Electuarum decitro, Diaphoenicon, Indum Maius, & Minus, etc. Doct. What Pills have you for that purpose? Stud. I have pilulas exagarico, cochiae, Pills. Lucis, Arthreticae, ex hermodactilis, ex cupatorio, è hiera, Alephanginae, ex euphorbio è castorio, è quinque myrobolanis, ex mezerco, etc. Doct. Now proceed to your purgers of melancholy. Melanagogon. Stud. Sonaorientalis, Epithymus, Eleborus niger, Lapis Lazuls, and Lapis Armeniacus, do purge melancholy. The compounds are Diasena, Diacatholici, hiera Ruffi, and trifera sarasenica. And it is to be observed, that hiera Ruffi doth purge the head, the stomach, and the whole body from gross and viscid humours, and withal black choler: wherefore it is given in Mania, in Epilepsia, in oris tortura, paralyss, & melancholia, flatus discutit, stomachi concoctionem innat, & est medicamentum conferens fistuiis, ulceribus cancrosis, & Lepra. Doct. What pills have you to purge melancholy? Stud. Pilulae è fumoterrae, ex ellebero, ex Lapide Lazuli, ex epithymo, pil. foetidae. All these purge melancholy. Doct. Tell me now the just dose of every one of these medicines. Stud. I have said already that that can hardly be declared, but must be referred to the discretion of the Physician: which for the most part do not exceed six drams of purging Electuaries; in which is no Scamony, nor above four drams of those Electuaries, in which is Scamony. As for pills, they never give more than a dram or four scruples. But we must note, that the colder the Region, the greater may the dose of purging medicines be. Doct. Doth not Confectio hamech purge melancholy? Stud. I must confess that Confect. humech, is good against sicknesses proceeding from black choler, and humours adusted, as in mania, melancholia, vertigine, oblivione, and in aegritudinibus cutanijs, as Scabs, Morphue, Leprosy, and such like. Doct. With what waters must we give those Electuaries that do purge melancholy? Stud. We give them in aqua fumoterrae, and in aqua lupulorum; both which doth respect the melancholic humour. Doct. With what pills do you purge mixed humours from the stomach? Stud. To purge mixed humous from the stomach, I use: Pil. De tribus fernelij. Pill ex hilicacabo, etc. And when I purge generally all humours, I use Pil. Aggregatinae, and Panchimagogon, etc. Doct. Let me know your remedies that you give in a liquid form: as Apozems, Syrups, Iulips, Potions, and infusions. Stud. You shall, and first it is to be obserned: that the Arabicks did invent Medicamenta liquida. those kind of remedies, rather to open then to purge. And this is the counsel of Hippoorates, Corpora cùm quis purgare vole, toportet fluida reddere. And if the disease be not too acute, and the humour do not abound, it is then the work of Physic to purge that which is digested and concocted; and not that which is crude, tough, and raw. The body is made fluxible by opening of the meatus and passages; by which the hurtful humours are drawn, and those gross humours are incided and made thin: for otherwise the expelling of crude and undigested humours, might cause a fretting and erosion of the intestines and bowels, and sometimes bloody fluxes: neither is any thing sent forth to any purpose; for when as all the humours are crude and dull, and unfit to be moved, by reason of the thickness and coldness thereof; it happeneth that all the narrow passages descending unto the belly, remain obstructed and stopped: neither is the gross matter itself avoided, but it is also an hindrance unto that which is attenuated & made fluxible: for which cause, as I have said, these kind of medicines were first invented. An Apozem may be made with roots, herbs, seeds, fruits, & flowers, with water and honey or sugar boiled together: or in this order, which is easy: Rec. Guaiacilib. ss Coquatur lento igne in vj. libris aquae ad tertias, Colaturae add Si vis parum Sacchari, ad gratiam & hydroticum Apozema feceris. For some inward grief, of which there is no manifest cause. Rec. Florum Chamomeli Apos●matis exemplum. P●ij more or less Coquantur, Colaturae ℥ iij you may add if you will Sacchari ℥ j Anodmum crit Apozema. And this is the difference between a syrup, & an Apozem; that the syrup is more gross in consistence, than an Apozem, for that is more clear and liquid: for syrups are made with more honey or sugar, & so boiled together, until it be brought into a light body, that it may hang upon the nail; or stick being dropped upon a marble stone. An Apozem is made by adding of lesser sugar honey, or syrups to a decoction; for they must not be boiled together, but to the intent it may be the clearer, and more grateful to sight: it is to be clarified with the white of an egg. In Summer time whom plants & herbs are in their strength & green, we use Apozoms: In the winter time we use Syrups, and therefore it is the duty of the Apothecary to prepare Syrups in the Summer time, against the Winter season. And the dose of an Apozem is four ℥ of decoction, adding thereunto ℥ j ss of Syrup. In framing of Syrups we add as much Sugar as Ioyces, and boil it to a consistence, as before. There is no great difference between a julep, and an Apozem; for unto ℥ ij, or ℥ iij. of distilled water or decoction, we dissolve ℥ j of Syrup, and so make a julep. As for example, if I do prescribe Syrupus. a julep, or an Apozem, in an hot cause, I say, R. Rad. Graminis & acetosae ana ℥ ij. Cichorij totius an M. ss Scariolae. an M. ss Endiviae. an M. ss Lactucae. an M. ss 4. Sem. frigid mayor. an ℥ ij. Florun violarum & nympheae an p. j Fiat decoctio in colaturae ℥ iiij. Dissolve Syrupi de Cichortosimpl. ℥ j ss fiat Apozema. Potus doth not differ from the same in matter, nor form, but in the end, because Potus. it is prepared to purge humours, but the Apozems and juleps to prepare them: as for example, if to the former decoction against choler, in the place of the syrup of chicory, we dissolve half an ounce of Daiprunum solut. or so much of Electuary de succo rosarum, we have made a potion to purge choler. Infusion is when divers medicines are beaten to powder, or whole, are laid Infiasio. to steep a certain space in some kind of liquor, or decoction: as for example in ℥. iij. of the decoction of chicory; or if you had rather in Sero Lactis, macerate for an whole night, ʒ. ij. ss of Rhubarbe, in the morning it is to be strained, and to the straining may be added if you please a little sugar, or syrup of violets, and so there is a sit potion to purge choler. Again, if you dissolve any purging electuary, in any kind of liquor, as barley water, broth, decoction of prunes, or some distilled water: we may make a purging potion; as for example: (potus. Re. Catholici X. dr. Dissolve in ptizanafiat Or Rec. Diaphoenici ℥ ss dissolve it in byaromel, or in the decoction of some other convenient herbs, as cephalicis, or spleniticis, fiat potus to purge phlegm. And after the same order, we frame potions to purge melancholy. Rec. Confectionis hamech Dr. ij. Dissolve in Dococto polypodij, in quo Dr. iij. fol. sennae hullierine cum Drageta cummuni. addendo Syrups de Epithymo, velde fumaria ℥. j fiat potus. Of medicines given in a dry form, viz. in powder, Trochisks, Lozengies and pills. Doct. LEt me know what those medicines are, that are given in a dry form. Stud. Those are powders, Trochisks, Lozenges and pills; as for powder, it is the common matter of all dry medicines, and of a mean consistence, and thereof are made Electuaries, as well solid, as liquid; Trochicks, and pills: as for example, if you will have a powder to stay evaporations and ascensions into the brain, A powder against the theume. I say Rec. Coriandr. praep. an. Dr. j Coralli. rhub. an. Dr. j Cornu Cerui usti. an. Dr. j Sacchari ros. tabulat. ℥ j ss. Misce & fiat pull. subt. This powder is to be taken presently after meat. In like manner, a powder for to break wind is prepared in this order. Rec. Anisi cond. ℥ iij. Feniculli ℥. ss Coriand. praep. ℥ ss A powder against wind. Cumini carvi. Sesel. in vino gene. mace. an. ℥ j Cort. Citri Sicc. cinnamon. Crassian. Scr. iiij. Sacchariros. tabulat. ad pondus omntum. Miss, fiat pulvis. Let the Patient take a spoonful after meals. But the Apothecaries should be very careful of those powders which they reserve in their shops, as well for their own profit, as their patients: for it is manifest, that the air doth diminish and decay the virtue and strength thereof, if it be of long continuance, or not close and warm kept, for which cause it is thought far better to preserve the Species, in the form of Trochisks and solid electuaries, as the speceis of Dia margariton frigid. diarrhodon Abbatis, trian Santalorum, Aromatici ros. and such like which may be better preserved in trochisks, then by any other ways, as some very good Apothecaries at this time do use, or taking. dr. j of the species to an ounce of sugar, with some convenient liquor or distilled water, they frame a solid Electuary, dividing the same in Tabellis, Rotulis, Lozengis, or in the form of Manus Christi. In like manner may be framed solid Electuaries, to purge, as a drag. of the species of Diacarthamum, to purge slogme, de succo Rosarum to purge choler. etc. Doct. How must we administer these medicines being thus prepared? Stud. We give trian santal for a hot liver, Diarrhodon to strengthen the stomach: and if we purge as aforesaid, than we say, Rec. Electuarij Diacarthami, cabellam. j pondore ℥. ss. more or less as it shall seem good to though Physician; let it be taken in the morning, being dissolved in some Ptisan or broth. In like manner, Rec. Pulueris Diamargarits frigd. dr. ij. Trochiscor. De camphura scr. j Lozenges in an hot distemperature. conseruaviolarum. ℥. j With sugar dissolved in aqua buglossae, make an Electuary solid in Lozenges, of the weight of j Dragm. a piece. In like manner, we may take species, or any kind of powder, & with some juice, syrup, liquor, or distilled water, make a mass to be form in to pills, whose dose at the uttermost doth not exceed above ser. iiij: as for example, if you take powder of Rhubarbe or Agarick, the weight of a dragm. with syrup of violets, you may make it into six pills. But our Physicians in these days do use pills ready prepared P. b. Agar. purgeth gross and phlegmatic humours. and corrected in the Apothecary's shops, which they prescribe after this manner: Rec. Massae pill De agarico vel de rhubarb. scr. iiij. De Rhaharb obstructions of the liver, & contrahydropem. Malax it with syrup of violets, and make V pills. Rondoletius doth prefer water, before either inyces, or syrups, because that by the two latter, the quantity is increased, which groweth loathsome to the Patient. Of those things that are taken in a mean form, and consistence. Doct. PRoceed to those medicines that are taken in a mean form. Stud. Those medicines that are given Electuaries and Opiates. in a mean form, are Electuaries liquid, which are commoly called Opiates: not because they consist of opium, but because they have that body that Opiates have, and they are prepared partly for purging, and partly for alteration of humours. And such Electuaries are Diaprunum simplex, and solutiwm, Diaphaenicon, confectio hamech Catholicon, which doth purge putrefied and rotten humours, even as Mithridat & Treacle which are great opiates, not only for their consistence, but also because it is confected with opium, & have a property to resist venom and putrefaction. Doct. How may these Electuaries be prepared? Stud. Upon necessity they may be prepared, taking some powder or species with some kind of syrup, as of conserves and Tabels, Trochisks, and such like; as for example: Rec. Conseruae Anthos ℥ j Opiata ad frig dam intemperiem vertriculi. Corticis catri conduit. ℥ ss Spec. Aromatici. ros. Spec. Diagalangaean Dr. ij. Cum syrupo conseruationis citri q. S. Ficut optata ad frigida intemperiem ventriculi. To this kind also appertaineth those Bolus ad renes. Medicamenta mollia, which are given in the form of Bolus: as cassia, and Catholicon. As Rec. Cassiae ℥ j add si vis Rhubarbari Dr. j Cum saccharo q. S. fiat bolus. Which tender bodies may take out of a spoon with some syrup of violets, nenuphar, Aithaea and such like or Rec. Cassiae noviter tract. ℥ ss Bolus ad govorrheam Pull holland. ℥ ss Tereb. ven. lot. in aquae plant. Sor. j Cum sacchar. q. S. fiat bolus. Of Clysters and their administration. Doct. THere remaineth that you De Clysteribus. show me the order of Clysters & their administration: what is a Clyster? Stu. A Ciyster is a certain liquor, injected into the belly for the remedy of some kind of disease: & this kind of medicine is not a particular, but a common remedy, not only for the diseases of the bowels, but it draweth from all other parts, as from the hollows of the liver, it draweth per vonam portam, it draweth melan choly from the spleen by his branches. In like manner it doth dinert, and draw from the upper parts; it cleanseth and scoureth the intestines, it is the best and safest medicine that can be given, especially being well appointed, for it purgeth without any trouble. Doct. How is that medicine to be prepared? Stud. In time past, they would take one pound of liquor, as hydromel to scour, milk, or the decoction of camomile to cease pain: in this age they prepare their cly sters of roots, herbs, and seeds, being artificially boiled, which they call decoction: in a pound of which decoction, they put one ounce of honey, of rose. to cleanse, of red sugar, to stir up excretion, with a dram of common salt, besides iij ounces of some kind of oil, to make it more lubric and stipperie, and with all some cathartick medicine to purge: as for example, if you will purge the belly: we say Rec. Decoctionis clyster is cumin. or remodientis. lib j Dissolve mellis & Sacchar. rub. an ℥ j Catholici. ℥ j ss Olei communis. ℥ iij. Fiat clyster. This I declare for examples sake, not to the intent that the matter should be followed but the manner; for sometimes we add in stead of the purging medicines those that be astringent, as Continodium, Plantago, Tapsi barbat an M j and so make a decoction. In one pound of the straining you may add some oil, juice: or if the patiented be rich, some a stringent syrup, as of Myttels or Quinces, iij, ounces: and so make an astringent clyster, contrary to the former. And we must observe, that sometimes the liquor is to be increased or diminished, according to the discretion of the Physician; as when the bowels are oppressed, as in the dropsy, and in women great with child: also when they are extended with wind; as in the Colic, and Enterocele, etc. Also when we would have the patiented to retain the matter longer than ordinary, we diminish the quantity. When we would have the clyster to ascend, as in the ulcers of the Ilion's, and pain of the reins; also in the Apoplexy, lethargic, the quantity is to be increased, & to be made more sharper. Sometimes also oil is hurtful: as Disenteria. in Dysenteria, where it maketh the ulcers soul and filthy; for then astringents, as oil of roses or quinces, aught to be added to comfort and strengthen. Doct. It hath been thought of some that clysters may be administered for nourishment; especially being made of broth, milk, eggs, wine, and other comfortable things, when as the patiented is not able through weakness or some other accident to swallow: let me hear what your opinion is in that point. Stud. It seemeth that Galen was of the contrary opinion, when he denied that the substance of the clyster was not carried beyond the intestinum jeiunum, from whence some have supposed that the sick patiented hath been refreshed with the vapour only. It is true indeed, that the animal appetite may be satisfied with the vapour of the nourishment, but the natural, will not be so satisfied, which delighteth only with substance, & not with vapours, which suddenly and speedily perish, and waste: but it is manifestly proved that the matter of the clyster to transcend the jemnum intestinum, even to the stomach, from whence the Mezerdicall veins do draw nourishment: and in thacapassio it hath been seen that oftentimes the clyster hath been cast up by vomit: who is he then that will deny that clysters nourish not, or come unto the stomach? Matthaeus Grad. an interpreter of Anicen doth affirm, that he had seen a maid, that had taken Suppositories, and forth with with the violent attraction of the stomach, fell into exceeding vomitings; whereby they were compelled to minister unto her fat broths and juices to dull the attractive faculty, whereby she was recovered. Doct. I am of your opinion, that clysters may be given to nourish, and have observed in divers patients; who through weakness could take no nourishment by the mouth, yet by Clysters nature hath been well refreshed, and the Patient in the end as well recovered. But I would now know of you the order that must be observed as well by the Physician in the administering of the clyster, as by the patiented in receiving of the same. Stud. You shall, and first for the time; it is thought that in the morning between Clysteria quomodo adnunistranda. seven and eight of the clock, the stomach being fasting, or in the afternoon about five of the clock, as the Physician shall think convenient, is the fittest time; having a great care that it be not administered too hot for the sensibility of the intestines. I have known some that have brought great torments to the patiented, by ministering of a scalding clyster. But after the patiented hath received the clyster let him by little and little turn himself upon either side; and if the affect be in the head or upper parts, let the patiented lie upon his back; if in the right side, let the patiented lie so much the longer upon the same, and so in like manner upon the left; retaining the clyster if it be possible the space of an hour. Afterwards when the clyster shall be sent forth with the excrements; let the patiented refrain meat the space of an hour, that so by that time the vapours dispersed through the body may be settled; otherwise, the fumes of the excrements may be hurtful, etc. Doct. Proceed now to the choice of De remedij delectu. the Remedy. Stud. The end of preparing physic is two fold: the first is, to preserve the present health of the body: the second, to reduce that which is lost. Health is preserved by a good diet, and sickness is recovered by physic: diet supplieth that which is wanting by the use of like things; and Physic being the curer, doth remove those things that are hurtful unto the faculties, by remedies that are contrary. There are three things Triasent quae actionem laedunt. that doth hurt the action that is, the cause, sickness, and the symptoms, or accidents that doth follow sickness. The cause do precede the disease, even as the shadow doth the body: the symptoms doth follow the disease; therefore the Physician must first endeavour to remove the cause, for otherwise there is little hope to cure the disease: and the outward cause doth profit very much to the knowledge of the inward: & as I have already said, the scope of the Physician must be only to remove the same. And this cause is twofold, either conjunct or remote; which is commonly called antecedent and consequent: we call that conjunct which immediately and forth with causeth the disease; as some humour praetor naturä affixed to the part, either by fluxion of congestion: we call that remote and antecedent, from whence the same conjunct cause springeth, and is nourished: that is to say, Plethoria or Cacochymian. Doct. What is that Plethoria or Cacochymian? Stud. We call that Plethoria when there is an imoderate fullness, through abundanre of blood, or of the 4. humours: the cure whereof doth consist in cuacuation; enim duae, saint prima & communes causae morborum: plethea, & cacochymia, sicremedia, sum m●ssio Sanguinis, & purgatio either by opening of a vein or purgation. Cacochymia is a vicious quality of all the four humours, or of some one of them: for either blood is distempered, or choler, or phlegm, or melancholy; and that body which is so distempered, is called corpus cachochymicum, a body of an evil complexion, juice or disposition. First therefore in the choice of the remedy, we must first be careful to deal with the cause, before the disease, or the symptom: the antecedent before the conjunct: the antecedent cause, as I have said, springeth from plethoria, or cacochymian: and the former is removed by phlebotomis, and the latter by purgation. In the choice of the remedy also we must consider in opening of a vein, what Remedy 〈◊〉 weine must be opened, as the Cephalica for the head; the Basilica for the natural parts; the Epalica, for the middle parts, and the diseases of the stomach and the spleen. In the choice of the remedy, we must also diligently consider the seat of that cacochymia, & whether it may be removed with Aloes & Cassia, or with some common Clyster, for to purge from the first region as from the stomach, from the lutestims, from the hollows of the liver, from the Mesenterio, and the spleen, it is sufficient oftentimes to use Rhubarb, Senna, & Agarick, with such like: but where it resteth in the parts more remote, we are then to use a stronger means, as Scammomack medicines, coloquintiáa, hermodactils, black helebor, & others of the same kind. In the choice of the remedy we must also consider the greatness of the disease: for a great disease doth require a great remedy; and a lighter, the lighter remedy: sometimes a small disease is cured only by abstinence, frication, exercise, and with light remedies. In the administration of a remedy, we must also consider the strength of the sick, and so dispose the medicine accordingly. And this is an observation, that the remedy must be alwares greater than the disease; and before the opening of any vein a clyster must precede, lest the crude humour which for the most part is contained in the first region, be carried into the places that are empty of blood. Doct. You have satisfied me well in the Theoric part: let us now come to the practice. Show me your method in the Therapeuticke, part: let me know how you will remedy diseases that proceed of blood; which we will comprehend under Synochus, or a continual fever. Go to, let me know your method for the curation of a continual fever. Stud. That shall I most willingly perform, and I hope to your full satisfaction and contentment. General remedies against diseases proceeding of blood under the example of a continual Fever. SYnochus is a continual Fever proceeding Signa. from blood: the signs are an unseparable redness in the face, an inflation or puffing up of the veins, arteries, and temples, with lassitude and wearisomeness of the whole body, with a sleepy disposition; the urine is red and gross, the patiented hath a difficulty of breathing, a full pulse, high and swift. The cause and the kind of the Fever being perspected, the cure will easily follow. Purgatio. The first intention is with a clyster, or some gentle purgation: only I except cassia, partly because of his humectation it increaseth the putrefaction, and partly because headache is familiar to this Fever, and by the use of cassia is increased, by reason of the abundance of vapours that ariseth from the same. Secondly, I open the basilica of the right arm, and according to the counsel Venae sectio. of Galen, I draw blood even to the fainting of the patiented. And because it sometimes happeneth that in a full body, a vein is hard to be found, and therefore blood cannot be drawn: I then cause your sanguisugae to be applied to the thighs, legs, & shoulders, or otherwise I provoke the Hemrrhods, the Menstrus, or bleeding at the nose. Then to resist putrification, I give syrupus de acetositaet. citri, De limonibus, De granatis, Oxysacharum simplex, with the waters of roses, sorrel gramen, and Cichory: Or, Rec. Syrupi de acetositate Curi. ℥ ij. Aquae graminis. ℥ viii. Fiat julep: which must be given inter pastu. The Syrups of bugloss, De lupulis, De fumaria, given in the waters aforesaid doth cleanse the blood. And forbeause the thinner blood by heat is apt to be turned in to choler, and the grosser into melancholy; we purge with Cholagogo, as Rhubarb, and with Melanagogo, as Sena with some refrigerant decoction, which doth also open and cleanse the blood; as for example: Rec. Radicum graminis. Acetosaean. Drag. iij. Cichorij totius. Endiviae. Scariolae an. M. j 4. Sem. frigid. malor. an. Drij. (sunt Diuretica.) Florum cordialium an. 〈◊〉. j Fol. Sennae mundat. ℥. j Fiat decoctio. In colaturae ℥. viii. infunde Rhabarbari Drag. iij. in lein expression dissolve syrupi De Cichorio simplicis syrupi de fumaria compos. an. ℥ j ss. fiat apozema in duas Doses. In the whole course of the cure must be repeated clysters that have a cooling faculty; as for example: Rec. Lactucae. Endiviae. Scariolae. Portulacaean. M. j Fiat decoctio in collaturae lib. j dissolve mellis & sacchari violati an. ℥. j Diapruni solut. Drag. vj. or confectio hamech. ℥. ss. velutriusq Drag. ij. olci violati ℥ iij. fiat clyster. And because the blood in the great veins doth putrefy, and is wont to move great heat and pain about the loins: we do apply ceratum refrigerans Gaseni, or that which is prescribed against the hot distemperature of the reins. The diet of the Patient must be thin, ●●…ctus. and such as may not increase blood, for bodies that are full and impure, by how much the more they are nourished, by so much the more are they hurt: in stead of wine, he must use aqua horaij, or aqua graminis: & if the patiented have difficulty of breathing, you may add thereunto liquorish, iniubes, or the root of ungula cabalina, to strengthen the heart, bugloss, borage; for the heat of the liver chicory, lettuce, purslan; for the heat of the reins, the cold seeds and Alcecengi, for costiveness, violets, pruna acida, Tanarinds. He must obstaine from eggs, wine, & if it possible may be from flesh, because it doth increase the blood, and so consequently the cause of the disease. Of diseases proceeding of choler, with their cure, under the example of a Fever tertian. Doct. PRoceed now to the cure of choleric diseases, which we Febristertiana. will comprehend under a tertian Fever. Tell me how will you cure a tertian Fever? Stud. As there is a common cause of all diseases, so for the most part there are common remedies: the heat of choler is first to all to be assuaged by the use of cooling medicines, as syrups of chicory, De endivia, De granatis, violarum Rosa. De lymomb. De nymphaa: and if the heat be great, we give them with the water of Lectis, Purssan Plantine, Cuscuta, Sorrel, and such like: Afterwards we purge with Rhubarb, infused in a decoction that doth both cool and open, as Rec. Rad. graminis. Acetosae an. dra. ij. Cichorij. Fndiute. Cuscutaean. M. ss. 4. Sem frigid mayor. an. dra. j Florum viol., rum & Nenupharis an. P j Fiat decoctio: in collaturae ℥. iiij. infunde Rhubarb. dra. ij. an levi expressione dissolve syrupirosarum solut ℥ j ss. fiat polus. In a tertian, we administer opening medicines rather cold then hot: Galen commendeth the decoction of Pulegium, and origanum Ad Glauconem. And towards the end it shallbe profitable to use Syrupus de quinque radioibus cum aquacichorij, or the syrup of cichory, with the decoction of the opening roots (and if you would temperate the heat) they must first be macerated in vinegar. Clysters must be prepared ex sero Lactis, Clysters. in which is boiled Letice, purslan, & violets: in the straining we dissolve Diapruni solutini, Drag vj. mellis & sacchari violati, an. ℥. j olei violacet & nenupharis, an. ℥. j ss. if the heat be great; otherwise oyse of violets ℥. iij. will serve. Galen in the most hottest fevers giveth counsel to draw blood even ad lypothimiam; Venae Seclio. because there is no better remedy for cooling. Howbeit, it is not expedient to open a vein before the third sit be past: and then if the urine appear red, high coloured, and gross, we shall commit no error to open the Basilica of the right arm: whereby the blood commixed with choler and putrefaction may be avoided: and although the urine be not gross and, yet high, it shall be necessary to draw blood, to avoid choler, & to cool the ebullition thereof. But this must be observed in bood-letting that at the first opening of the vein we may draw more blood then at the second; for the first is for evacuation: and the latter but for refrigeration and cooling. And this blood-letting is most fittest for young persons, such as have plethoric and full bodies, and strong; in whom this fervour & ebullition, by this means is easily assuaged. We must observe also, that vomiting, being not provoked, doth very much profit in the beginning of the Vomitus spontaneus. fit; neither is to be restrained, unless the patiented be debilitated & made weak thereby: and if it happen at sometimes that nature is flow to expel by vomit; the Physician is then to help nature, by administering of some medicine that may procure the same: which must be (as I Vomitus provocandus in varum simi pr●mipro Vomitus. have said) in the beginning of the sit; as for example: Rec. Aquae communis. ℥. iiij. Aceti & sacchaeran. ℥. j Alisce. Mix it, and give it being warm unto oxymel. the patiented. Some give unto the patiented Oximell ℥. iij. somewhat warm. But sometimes it happeneth that the patiented doth vomit too much; that nature is thereby very much weakened: against which, we must give such things as may corroborate, and strengthen the stomach: As Rec. Syrup. de agresta. ℥ vj. Syrupus. Which shall be given by little and little to the patiented in a spoon ij. hours before meat: but if that stay not the vomiting, prepare this powder: Rec. pulvis. Corallij rubei. Drag. iij. Zacchar. Drag ij. Canamomi. Scr. ss Misce. Of which powder let the patient take Drag. j mixed with two spoonfuls of the foresaid Syrup. A Sacculus may also be prepared to Sacculus contra vomitum. apply unto the stomach after this manner: Rec. Rosarum rubearum. Drag. iij. Coriandri praeparat. Menthaean. Drag. ij. ss Coraliijrubei. Balanstiorum an. Drag. j Conquassentur, & fiat sacculus. In like manner we take for the same Emplastrum ad stomach. matter bread toasted and infused in rose vinegar, beaten in a mortar; to which may be added of myrtels and red coral ana Drag. j of Cinnamon Drag. ss and so applied like a plaster upon the stomach. It is the duty of a careful Physician to observe diligently the motion of nature and to follow it as a guide, as Naturae motus. if it will help itself by vomit, by the stool, by urine, or by sweat; yea sometimes by haemorhogia to assist nature in her work. In the mean time we must regard the liver, for now he is in himself altogether hot, the gall in its vessel is fried and adured, so that we must apply an Epethem ex aqua cichorij ℥. iiij. cum eelectuarij triv Santali drag. ij. Doct. But sometimes it falleth out, that with all this labour, the Fever ceaseth not: what must we do then? Stud. Then we give this Apozem or the like, twice a day, in the morning and evening. ℥. xii. Rec. Tamarindorum subt. incis. ℥ ij. Hordei contus. Passularum mund. an. P. iiij. Pruna incisa & contus. num xv. Conseruae nenusaris. Conseruae viotrae. ana ℥ ij. Fiat Decoctio S. A. In libris. xii. aquae quoad lib. octo reliquae ficte Let it be strained, to which straining add of syrup of violets, and oxysacchari solut. & syrupi de avabus radicibus ana ℥ iij. fiat Apozema. Afterwards we administer this clyster Clyster. following, or the like: Rec. Succi becae lib. j Oletros. ℥ ij. Salis drag. j Sacchar. rub. ℥ ij. Cassiae sistulae ℥ j misce & fiat enema. Also if the Patient he dry or thirsty, Ad Ariditatem linguae. you may suffer him to bold in his mouth Electuarium Diadr agacanthi frigidi, or Damask prunes, or a cold apple, or to gargarise with rose-water and vinegar mixed together, or to lick some syrup of lemons of the citrens, violets, or such like. In the Patient be grieved through the heat of the summer, or because the fumes of choler do offend the heart, we may give him some cordial confection: as Rec. Conseruae rosaeros. rub. ℥ j Conseruae borrag. Confectio cordialis. Buglossae, Violarum an. ℥ ss Dioscordij drag. j Boti or rentalis drag. ss Syrupi acetocuatis citriq. S. fiat in forma opitae. Or for the richer sort: Rec. Diamargarit. frigid. drag. j ss Sem. citri, Sem. acetosi & bombacis ad drag. ij. Cum syrupo buglossi fiat confectio. Or Rec. confectionis hyacinthorum drag. j ss specier. Diamargarit. frigid. drag. iij. misce cum syrupo violarum fiat confectio. Of which you shall give unto the sick a spoonful, with water of bugloss & roses Sometimes it happeneth that the Patient is affected with exceeding headache, by reason of the sums that do arise from the stomach; wherefore the foresaid clysters must be often repeated, and frication and rubbings of the legs must be used: besides the feet must be often washed before sleep with this lotion following: Pedum lotio. Rec. Florum ros. rubrarum, Foliorum vitis & Camomillae an. M. ij. Florum chamomelae &. Meliloti, an. P. j Let all boil in common water, wherewith let the Patient's feet be washed every night, the thighs, & hips, are also to be bound, to the intent the sums may be retracted & so the pain of the head eased. The feet may also be rubed with some piece of course linen cloth, which may be moistened in some vinegar and salt. Also for watchfulness we may apply this unguent. Rec. Vnguenti populeonis ℥ ss. Contrae Vigilam. Requies Galeni. drag. iij. Misce & anoint the temples. But if the Patient sleep not with this means, you may administer this potion, two hours before midnight. Rec. Syrupi papavoris an. ℥. j Syrup. nenufaris Aquae Lactucae. ℥. ij. Misce, & bibat. Also may be administered this Nasale. Rec. Aquaenenufaris ℥ ss. Nasale Somniserum. Requiem Galenigran. iij. Opij gran. iiij. Acctimodicum. This being mixed together, wet cotton or bombast, & put them into the nostrils It often times happeneth, that in this tertian Fever, the reins to be inflamed, to amend which, we use this unguent. Rec. Ole rosatis magistri Arnoldi. ℥ j Aceti modicum. unguentum prorenbus. Misce. Or we may use unguento rosato santalato. And thus by the help of Almighty God, and the due administation of these medicines, the cure of a cholorick or tertian Fever shall be effected. Doct. I like this method very well, let me see how you will proceed in the cure of diseases proceeding of slegme, which we will comprehend under a quotidian Fever: let me know your method for the cure of a quotidian Fever? General remedies for diseases proceeding from phlegm under the example of a quotidian Fever. Stud. EVery Fever that repeatith itself every day, may not be termed a quotidian, for duplex tertiana, and triplex quartana, doth return daily, but the tertian with rigour, and exceeding cold, the quartan with horror, shaking, and shivering, and the quotidian with cold of the extreme parts. The quotidian doth not end in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 neither doth the fit of the quotidian end with sweat, as that of the tertain, because that slegme is hardly resolved into sweats, but choler is very easily and quickly: also the access of the quotidian is wont to be longer than that of the tertian. The cause and kind of the Fever is chiefly to be judged from things antecedent, as if the sick were given to gluttony, of a slegmatick constitution, & such a one that hath lead an idle life; whether it taketh him in the winter, or whether he liveth in a cold and moist air, or if he be a child or an old man; if it be a woman, or a fat man; for children through much feeding, old men, women, and fat men, through the defect of nature, do gather much phlegm. Also the Fever is to be adjudged from the adjuncts: as if the Ab adiunctis. A consequentibus. heat be felt with moisture, although through putrefaction it be some what sharp: also from the consequence, as the hurt action: if the pulse be small, phlegm oppressing the heat, both in quantity and quality. The Fever is also to be adjudged by its excrements: as if the urine be thin (for so it happeneth through obstruction, because the thin matter doth only pass away) also if it be white through rawness and crudity, or at the length turbusent, through the permixture of some gross humour The stools are also to be considered, whether they be liquid, crude, and fleg matick: no thirst, because the stomach abounding in phlegm doth repress heat and dirthe, which are the causes of thirst, unless it hap the slegme to be salt with putrefaction or admixion of choler. And as the cure doth proceed from Art, so we must be careful to distinguish the Spocies of the phlegm from the effects; as if it be sharp it provoketh hunger; if it be salt, thirst; if it be sweet, drowsimes, quia acida coquenda salsa mox vacuanda, dulcis naturae committenda. Therefore when we perceive that the Fever doth proceed from the domination of flog me, the first intention for the cure, is to prepare a clyster fit to draw the same from the stomach & intestins, the form whereof is in this order: Rec. Parietariae Enemae ad pituitam. Mercurialis Chamomeli Meluloti Puleqij an. M. ss add sivistantundem Hyssopi Thymi Origani Calamenthae Sem. anisi Sem. femiculian. drag. ij. Fiat decoctio, in colaturae libra una dissolu mellis anthosatis, & Sacchari rubri an. ℥ j Diaphaenici aut Hiaerae aut Benedictae laxativae drag. vj. Ole chamomeli & Anethiniana. ℥ j ss. The humour is to be prepared with syrups de hyssopo, de marrubio, de absynthio, de duabus de quinque radicibus, de Staechade, oxemebte composito, Scillitico cum decocto radicum. Aperientium, or with the waters Apij. saemiculi, Asparagi, petrosilins, Absintbijs, menthae, salutae, afterwards must be administered such things as do purge slegme, as Agaric. Diaphaenicon, Diacarthanins, or if you please, we may prepare an Apozen purging gross slegme, as Rec. Radicum aperientium, or Apzema purgans pituitam. Rad. enulae campanae Rad peoniae an. drag. ij. Ilissopi Thimi Absynthij. Gentianae. Chamedrios. Chamepitios' an. M. ss Seminum anisi. Sem feniculi an. Drag. iij. Florum anthos & Staechados an. P j fiat decoctio. In colature ℥. viii. infunde & bulliant agarici Drag. iiij. in expression dissolve Diaphaenici Drag. vj. oximelitis aut cuiusuis dictorum syrup. ℥. ij fiat Apozema in ducas doses. But because it happeneth sometimes that the patient cannot take a potion, but Pil. purgantes pwitam. had rather take pills: then for that purpose may be given Pil. Aureae, cochiae, de agarico, aggregativae; of those that are less purging, as hierae, stomachicae, & Alephanginae, which may be prescribed by themselves or which the others, whose dose is Drag. j Or, Rec. Massae pil. aurearum an. Sor. ij. Pil. de hiera. Cum syrupo de absynthio siant pillulae molles num. vj. Or, Rec. Agaricitrochiscati Sor. iiij. or of the Mass of pillulae de agarico Drag. j cum syrupo De menthae vel De hyssopo siant vj. pil. molles. About the beginning of the cold the fit approaching, it shall not be amisle to provoke vomit, to evacuace the phlegm which is contained in the stomach; especially if nature shall seem to require the same. To which purpose: Rec. Syrupi acctosi aut oxymèlitis simple. ℥. ij. Vomitus. Cum decocto corticis raphani & seminis Atriplaces rapham, in quo dra. ss. agarici bullierit, Fiat potio, Detur tepidè. Hypocrates doth very much commend vomit in this fever and writeth in Epidenijs, that the wife of one Theotimus was perfectly cured by the same. Also it is profitable to anoint the back with oil of flowerdeluce or Dil: the patient may also use hydromel in the decocti on whereof shall be boiled a little hyslop, as Rec. Hyssoppis P. ss. bulliat in tribus libris aquae ad perfectam despumatienem, seu consumptioneni tertie partis, audendo mellis ℥. j ss. cuius quantitas mir vatur siatque mulsa dilutior sicalor in praecordijs auctus videatur, ne bilescat. In the whole progress of the disease, our chiefest care must be for the stomach, that it may be strengthened by taking of some tables of Aromaticum rosatum, or Electuary of Diarrhodon, applying upon the the same Emplastrun stomachicum, with oil of nutmegs, Chemical oil of wormwood, & such like: also to give inwards is very much commended syrup of mints or syrup of worm wood. Some do affirm, that the juice of Gentian with warm wine taken before the fit, doth cure the fever: but it is most certain, that a Dr. of old treacle, or mithridate (the body purged) given in white wine one hour before the fit to cure the same. There be some that have sworn that only with the instilling of 3. drops of the juice of Mercury into the right ear, or nostril, to have done the same: but as it is an indifferent medicine, so those that are disposed may prove it; so that they neglect not other means: some others will, upon the drawing on of the fit to hold the feet in hot water, wherein have been boiled herbs of an hot quality. To a quotidian appertaineth that fever which is called Epiala, contrary to Lypiria, for Epiala Lypriiam. when the inward parts wax cold, the outward do burn, because the vitrios & glassy phlegm in what part it doth putrify, is incended, but the other gross sort doth wax cold, which requireth to be well prepared by such medicines as do vehemently incide and attenuate before it be purged. Gordomius counseleth in fevers proceeding of slegme, to give the patiented wine diluted: for, saith he, if Valesius do allow of opening roots, if of pepper, if syrups, De mentha, and De absynthio may be allowed, why not wine? And this is the method which I have observed for the cure of a quotidian fever; by which method I suppose all phlegmatic diseases of what kind soever, may be removed and perfectly cured. Doct. Tell me what difference there is between a quotidian, and an haemitritaeon, or half a certain. Of an Haemitritaeon or Semitertian. Stud. HIppocrates, primo Epidenion, De semetertiana. doth call a semitertian, horrisicam; not only because it doth invade with horror, but also because in the whole course of the disease the sick doth altogether tremble and shake: this fever is framem of a continual quotidian, and of an intermittent tertian. Phlegm putrefied in the greater vessels, causeth a quotidian, and choler putrisied in habitu, causeth a tertian; but it troubleth daily: besides also the third day the sick complaineth himself to be tormented for certain hours with watchings, unquietness, with thirst, with bitterness of mouth, with a feeling of lassitude, and wearisomenes: therefore from phlegm proceedeth the cold, & from choler a light succession, or shaking of the extern parts; but from both of them trembling: It is called a semitertian, not because we say he is half putrefied; but he is far more grievous than a tertian. Hypocrates saith, that this disease is deadly, for many causes: first, for the divers conflict of contraries: secondly, because it leaveth no time to nature to nourish the body, to concoct hurtful humours, and to repair the strength; by which cause it must needs heap up a great heap of excrements: thirdly, because it is twofold, and is framed from contrary causes: lastly, because it exerciseth the stomach and the Nerves parts; from whence arise often syncope, and soundings: notwithstanding, the remedies must be mixed against choler, and phlegm; the stomach must be strengthened with inward and outward means: the liver must also be cooled: for I know not how it happeneth that it taketh one heat from another, & the lesser is drawn from the greater. Doct. So, now you have satisfied my desire, proceed to diseases arising from melancholy, which we will comprehend under a fever quartan: let me know your method you have for the cure of the same Of diseases proceeding of melancholy, with their remedies, under the example of a quartan fever Stud. Afever proceeding from melancholy is called a quartan, Do morbis melancholicis. because that melancholy moveth every 4. day, as choler doth every 3. day, & slegm daily. That quartan is the safest, which doth invade of itself, and doth not proceed from some other disease. For those fevers that degenerate into a quartan, do sometimes continue for many years. Valescus reporteth, that he saw a man that had a fever every 30. day, & that fever did continue for the space of 30 years. The fever is chief to be known from things antecedent; as if the sick were Digmtio. melancholy, & in his declining age, and whether it took hold of him in Autumn; although that Hypocrates in libro De hebdomadibus writeth, that that fever doth chief invade in the flower of age: that is to say, from 25. unto 45. but he hath written many other things of a quartan, which daily experience doth show to be contrary. But to proceed: if the fit doth begin with trembling & shaking, & that his bones seem to be bruised, & feeleth pain in his lower parts, because the humour is cold, dry, & gross and therefore cannot be thrust out to the skin. Also from the adjuncts, as by the heat which doth not appear sharp & biting except the humour be of choler. From the consequents, as the hurt action, a small pulse by reason of cold; & Actiu lesa. slow by reason of the grossness of the humour. The fever is also to be adjudged from the excrements, as by little sweat, because the humour being earthy is very hardly resolved into sweats: the urine is thin and waterish, and the stools and dry. We must proceed in this fever as in others, in concocting the matter offending, and in purging; because he is of the kind of putrefied fevers; therefore we must begin with evacuation of common superfluities; and if the belly be bound, we give this or the like glister: Rec. Fol. Maluae. M. j Polypod quer. ℥ j ss. Epithimi. Apozem. Contra melancholiam. Carthami an. ℥. ss. Sen alex. ℥. j Sem. anisi. Femculi an. P. j Bulliant in sero Lactis adlib j in colat. dissolve mollis ros. ℥. j ss. olei violarum ℥. iij. & fiat enema. Also we may administer this Apozem. Rec. Radicum capparis. Tamaricis an. Drag. iij. Polypodij. ℥ ss. Lupuli, cuscutae, melissae, buglossae. Borraginisan. M. j Som. anisi, feniculi an Drag. ij. Florum genistae. P. j Fiat decoctio, in colat. ℥ viii. Dissolve Syrupi Defumaria simplicis vel compositi, syrup. de pomis aut regis sabor an ℥ j ss. fiat Apozema clarum in duas doses. In the same decoction may bec boiled Foliorum Sennae drag. iij in collatura ℥ iiij. dissolve catholici duplati, syrupy de Epithymo compsoti an. ℥ j fiat potus. The humour being prepared, aught to be purged with light and familiar medicines often repeated, for strong medicines do rather exasperate the humour, being before stubborn, then otherwise annoyed it, but for poor men, and strong bodies, may be given this medicine. Rec. confectionis hanicch. Drag. iij. Dissolve in decocto lupuli & scabiosae in quo ℥ ss foliorum sennae buluerint, Addendo oxymelitis Galeni ℥ j fiat potus. The powder of Sennae oriental, or of Epithymum cretensis Drag. ij. drunk in white wine, may suffice, or Drag. vj. thereof infused in sero lactis, or aqua violarum, if the humour be of black choler. Atrabil trius. If the body be full, the urine appearing red, we may open the basilica of the left arm, which if the blood flow clean and red, shall be forth with stayed, but if it appear black, we may draw in more abundance: in women we are to move the monstrous, and in men the haemorods, if it may possible be done: some there be that give council to open the saluatella (which is a vein between the little finger, and the next adjoining to the right hand, but in this case it must be opened in the left) in the paroxysm itself. Calen giucth us warning to look unto the spleen, as well by things in ward as outward, the remedies whereof he setteth forth in capite de obstructione Genis: for in the spleen saith he is the seat of melancholy, which is indeed focus febris. But Trallianus and Aetius ex Ruffo: saith that in a quartan proceeding of black choler we ought to have regard to the liver, rather than the spleen, which being obstructed, and by long heat of a cholorick Fever, is grown into a scirrhus hardness, which may be perceived when the hypocondre of the right side by the very touch itself is perceived to be stretched out and very hard. Vomit doth avail very much to avoid Vomitus. the humour offending, if it be provoked by fit medicines, two hours before the sit. White wine being given lukewarm in the beginning of the sit, doth procure vomit, and in the declination sweat. There be many that do commend bathing, because that the skin astricted and dry may be relaxed: but this I think not to be good in a cold quartan but in a hot. There be some also that do give counsel, a little before the sit, to anoint the spin of the back, and the feet (because from thence beginneth this fit) with the oil of juniper, of Scorpions, of cost, of Castoreum, cum unguento Arragonio, or with that wherein hath been boiled green frogs, for that is an alexterium of a malign humour sun also prefer this medicine following. Rec. Theriacae árag. j Nardi & caryophillorun an. Scr j cum aliquo ex dictis oleis aut cum vino generoso fiat lin mentum pro spina dorsi, for so the trembling which is the forerunner of the quartan is diminished, because that by heat nature is strengthened, & better able to resist cold, & also sometimes sweat followeth, whereby the access is diminished, & aportion of matter of the disease avoided Confectio alcermes, being given one hour before the access the body being before purged, doth profit very much. In like manner, the decoction of Agrimony, to which is added a little white wine, at the end of the decoction, is given in the access itself. I wonder of Rondoletius which doth so often persuade us that the use of white wine wherein sage is steeped for a night, to cure the quartan, and to be a certain remedy for all diseases which proceed of melancholy. But that is more wonderful, that Trallianus doth affirm, that a line Bitle hung Scarabcus. about the neck in a piece of linen tincted with saffron, should be a sure experiment to take away a quartan: some there are that do commend the worm that is found in the thistle called Labrum veneris, to be very good against a quartan, being hanged about the neck, of which you may read more in Trallianus. Trallianus. Valescus doth write, that the juice of Tapsus Harbatus being given three times an hour before the fit, to remove the Quartan. There are certain that do use this secret. Take the heart of an Hare, prepared as the lungs of a Fox, let it be divided into three equal parts, whereof give one part unto the sick, with wine, before the fit, and by the fourth fit he shall be cured. Things that do heat very much, as Diospoliticon, pepper, mustard, Diatrion piperion, and such like, must be avoided in a hot quartan, in a cold also they must be carefully and warily used. For those that use these remedies, as Aetius doth affirm, doth increase the force of the disease, for they make of a simple quartan, a double, but in the state before the fit may be given this medicine. Rec. Myrrhae piperis, & felliorum rutae viridum an. parts aequaìes cum melle, fiant pill. quarn Scr. j detur ante accessionem. Of diseases of Inanition or emptiness, under the example of a Fever hectic. A Fever Hectic is an equal distemperature, and therefore without Febris Hectica. pain, for he that is hectic doth not feel the disease but privately: quia solitas actiones obire non potest: besides the alteration groweth by little and little, neither hath it any essence in motion: when this disease doth begin, a fenerous heat doth invade the dewy or almentary humour, called Cambium, and it is said to be confirmed when it hath consumed the natural moisture, and the fixed spirits. This Fever hectic, followeth very often burning Fevers, colliquations, great evacuations, as aimorragian. Diarrhaean, lienterian, & also Empiomae, and Pthisis: that is less dangerous, which doth succeed some effect of the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the mother, and the reins. This disease is known by his heat, Dignotio. the urine is thin, crude, white, & at the last oily, from the colliquation; there is a dry cough, the pulse slack, hard, and it is called hectic by reason of the dry artery: they feel presently after dinner heat, especially in the hands and feet, because the dry heat is perfused in the nourishing humour, even as lime in water. The stomach almost sticketh to the ribs the face is leddy, because of the smallness of heat, & spirits; at the last he groweth like a ghost, the eyes hollow, the nose sharp, and then when the hairs do fall, the legs swell, and a slux of the belly happeneth: then judge that death is nic. The cure rather consists in diet, then in Curatio fere tota analeptica. Physic, but if the belly be bound, there may be administered a gentle clyster, or some calsia newly drawn, his meat should be hens fed with frogs, or with barley boiled with frogs, of which being beaten together, may be made a paste, & so cast unto the hens. Some there are that do very much commend the yolks of eggs poch, and coxe-stones boiled in milk, but that is more fit for the cause which is emptiness) then to the Fever, the Patient must use decoctions of french barley, a young cock stusfed with barley, cleansed and boiled, for broth is very good, if he shall be weary of the use of pusans, he may use white wine being made thin by delution. The Patient must avoid watchfulness, venery, and all other perturbations of the mind, which doth dry & attenuate, as anger, sorrow: bathing is thought to be good lukewarm so that it hath a cooling faculty, especially before the disease be confirmed, he may tarry in this bath 3. or 4. hours giving unto him therein Asaph's milk tempered cum saccharo, violato, or rosato, after he is out of his bath, he may be anointed with cerato refrigirante galeni, or unguento rosato, mesue oil of roses, violets, or Mympheae. Marasmus is not to be cured, and those that make their Marasmus. brags that they cure consumptions, doc much mistake: for it is rather leanness, and thinness of body, than any Hectic passion: for even as to pour oil into a lamp where is no week nor match, is nothing else but oleum & operam perdere, even so in vain do we strive to restore to nature that solid substance, being by heat consumed & taken away, because that through nourishment, a watery humour, & not an angry is rather supplied to the sick Patient. Common remedies for malign diseases, and contagious under the example of the Pestilence. THe Pestilence is a disease which De Tesie. doth happen unto many, and hath his beginning from a pernicious & unusual putrefaction, which doth very much exceed the condition of vulgar putrefaction. Sometimes this pernicious quality hath it beginning in ourselves, for it happeneth that sometimes the humours I could wish that our common Gardeners about London might be inhibited from planting such multitudes of Cabbages, or at the least might be compelled to bury deep under ground their rotten stalks and leaves from whence ariseth a pestilent vapour and unusual putrefaction at the latter end of the year of our body doth so much degenerate from the natural temperature, that at the length it taketh unto itself a pernitios & venemoes quality, & so is constrained to strive with deadly venoms. Sometimes it ariseth from outward means, as malign & putrefied exhalations which are communicated to the air; sometimes from dead fens, pools, and standing waters corrupted, such as is the waters in Moor fields at London, where no man was wont to walk in the evenings for stench, stinking channels, venomous dens, and mettalin spirits arising out of the earth: often times also it happeneth from the variable commistion of the Planets; and than it is the hidden and admirable scourge of the most just God for our sins; and than it is properly called the pestilence: but when it hath hit beginning from other causes, it is called Morbus malignus, or Febris maligna: those fevers that have their original from Venom are for the most part deadly, but not pestilential, because they are not contagious. The part affected is the heart, by Pars affect. means of the pestilent air which creepeth unto the same by the lungs; through necessity of respiration, whereby the vital spirits are assailed; and the humidum radical, and solid substance clean over thrown. We must in the beginning resist the external cause; the air is to be purged by fire, both abroad & in the house, for that doth separate & remove the putrefaction many ways: if it be prepared of sweet woods, as of juniper, it is more better & doth more refresh the vital spirits. The vital faculty itself is to be strengthened by cordials, as well inward as outward, the better to resist venom. Rec. Conseruae buglos. & borrag. an. ℥. j Corticis, & semenis citri, an. Dr. ij. Diamargirits frioidi. Alexiphar macon. Troch scorunde Camphora, an. dr. j Add si vis. boli armeni terrae sigillatae, tantunden, Rasurae Vnicornis smaragdt, ambrae an. gran. ss. cum syrupo conseruationis citri fiat opiata, vel cum saccharo in aqua violarum Buglos. scabiosae, cardut benedicti soluto fiat electuarum per tabellas: but if these things shall seem too hot for the summer; they may be temperated with adding of Roses, violets, and ; for the poorer sort may suffice the rinds and seeds of the citrens, cornu, cerui zedoaria dictaminus, angelica, tormentil, gentian, taken the quantity of Drag. j in aquae cardui or borragini To the heart must be applied Sacculus, fotus, Epithemita; the sacculus may be prepared with red roses, violets, flowers of bugloss, & the citren rind, & of their decoction or distilled waters, may be made fotus: and with adding of cordial powders may be framed an Epithema. There are always ready in the Apothecary's shops two Alexiterians against all venoms and venomous diseases: that is, treacle, & mithridate, the which our ancients have used with great profit, as well for preservative, as for expelling present sickness: they were wont to give one Dr. by itself, or else in some cordial water, and also to apply it outwardly in the form of a Linament upon the region of the heart, with some mice of Lemons, or mixed with some Cordial conserves, in the form of an Emplaster. Some learned men do agree that the same cacochymia is to be diminished by some gentle purge, which must be used with some cordial decoction; as for example: if choler be accended, and a poison may seem to possess all the humours, the signs show presently a choleric fever, although by reason of the same cacoethes and conjoined poison, it be increased: we may say, Rec. Radicis acetosae. ℥. ss. Scabiosae. Cichorij. Pimpinellae an. M. j Decoctio cordialis. Sem. citri & Cardui benedictian. Drag ij. Flor. cordialium an. P. j Fiat decoctio, in colaturae ℥. iiij. infunde Rhabarbari Dra. ij. ss. in expressione levi dissolve syrup. rosarum Solutivi ℥. j ss. add Camphorae grana quatuor & fiat potus: I dare not use any stronger purge as Diaprunum solutinum, and Electuarium, Desucco rosarum; lest nature should be disturbed: and therefore we must far less use Diacrydium, or Antimoni. Yet there be some Physicians that do affirm, that iiij. or v. grains of Antimoni being infufed in some cordial waters, to have been given with good success. In all epidemical diseases one doth administer this medicine: Rec. Diascordij. Drag. j Syrup. Delymonibus. ℥ ss. Aquae cardui benedict, ℥ ij. Spirit. vitrioli gut. 4. Misce & fiat haustus. Capiat & fudet. and so let him take ij. Nota. or iij. of the same draughts: if the fever seem to be a synochus, and the patiented have a plethoric body, a vein may safely be opened, but if it be but an Ephemera or hectic, then at no hand must it be enterprised. From hence aririseth that great complaint of letting of blood in a pestilent fever: one defending one way, and another, another way; and all strive by probable reasons: some do affirm, that no man doth escape that hath a vein opened: another saith, that very few die that do bleed, and that there is no more present remedy, than the same; but this first is to be ended by the distinction of fevers. Celsus doth commend bathing, and hydrotick means, that the Venum may have its passage thorough the skin: and therefore they hold it good to anoint the groin and arm holes, with the other Emunctuaris, with oil of Scorpions, that thereby the venom may be drawn forth. De Lue Venerea, or the Pox. Doct. Proceed now and tell me, what disease is the Pox? Stud The Pox is a contagious evil, which for the most part is gotten by the use of veneric. In times past we had no knowledge of that disease, but now it is grown to be the most commonest that reigneth; and it bringeth with it many detestable evils, and trouble some accidents. In the beginning it is but small, but in time, it groweth to that greatness, that it doth not only corrupt the humours and spirits, but also it doth offend the nerves, membrans, tendons, the flesh and bones: and at last it doth overthrow and consume all the other parts of the body, and perverteth the tempeature and whole substance thereof: from whence proceedeth divers and many kinds of excrements: it may well be called the plague of Venus, because that for the most part it is not gotten but by the use Let venerians look to themselves. of unclean bodies. This disease hath been known to lurk in the body many months together before it hath been mistrusted, and sometimes a whole year together. Doct. What part is there affected in the Pox? Stud. In this disease the part affected Pars affect. principally is the liver, as doth appear by the naturel actions hurt; for in the stomach there is evil concoction, whence ariseth a great alteration of colour, and dullness of the whole body: the appetite of venery is clean overthrown; and it is a disease perverting the whole substance, with the temperature; and by that means there ariseth divers kinds of excrements: it hath an analogy to the whole substance of the liver, rather than to the heart or brain; for it doth oppugn rather the natural spirits than the vital or animal; which being corrupted, must needs infect the Liver: from whence ariseth that same Pilorum Deflautum, or shedding of hair; and also sometimes there ariseth itchings about the privy parts, ulcerations, virulent Gonorrheas, and such like. Doct. What are the signs of this disease? Stud. In the beginning of the disease there doth appear those venereous bubos Signa. Bubones venerei. in the groin, and malign pustuls in the yard, and ulceration of the urinary passages; which after a time doth yield a kind of light sanies, and causeth a kind of distilling, and burning of urine: and withal there is adjoined a gonorrhoea, and shedding of seed. Sometimes there doth appear certain small spots over the whole body, now yellow, now red, and filthy; and as it were warts, which will not a way till the disease be cured. Finally, pain of the nerves, headache, pain of the shoulders, and the neck are common companions. Sometimes also those spots do vanish, and after a time do rise again, and in time do prove to be virulent, and do erode and eat the skin; so that there doth arise many foul fordid, and virulent ulcers and pustles, and they do very often grow in the palate of the mouth, and in the jaws, and the nose, and in time doth exulcerate the tongue, and the nostrils, because those parts are more tender than others. Often times in this disease also the Desantium pilorum capitty atque barbs. hair of the head and beard do fall away, the Patient cannot sleep by reason of exceeding pain, for this disease doth torment more in the night, then in the day. There doth also appear in the joints, & upon the shin bone, certain tophies, & tumours, hardly to be dissolved, and especially in the forehead, and other parts of the head, and sometimes also upon the shoulders, from whence arise uleers, of very hard curation, which in time doth erode and corrupt the bone, bringing to the Patient in tolerable pain, especially in the night time, as I have before said. And these are the common sigues of this disease of the pox, which in some bodies do appear after one manner, & in others after another, more or less, and not in every body alike. Doct. Tell me, what is the cause of this disease? Stud. The cause of this disease is a Causa. fordid and malign quality, containing in itself, a very deep contagion, communicated from one infected body unto an other, by unclean touching, whereby for the most part, the parts of generation are affected, by reason of their rare and tender substance. In like manner this malign quality is communicated to the apparel, to the mouth, and also to the skin: and sometimes it doth so much the sooner infect, by how much the natural virtues & faculties of the liver are the weaker. From thence also it doth sometimes happen, that many using one unclean woman, are in a manner all infected, but those that have their natural faculties strong, are very seldom infected. As in the pestilence, although the pestilent air be communicated to all, yet all are not alike infected, and the reason is, because some men have their vital spirits more stronger than others. Doct. What prognostics have you upon this disease? Stud. This disease being but newly taken, doth admit an easy cure, but being Prognest. old & confirmed, is very seldom or never cured, & the disease is contagious & infectious, to which women are more apt than men: and in this evil it happeneth that the infected cannot sleep, & they are troubled with continual sorrow & grief, and in the end do perish with a Fever. This disease also is transferred from the parents to the children, & bringeth with it often times, phtisis, the dropsy, asthma, and such like. Doct. Let us now hear what cure you have for this disease? Stud. I have said, that if the disease be Luis vene. reae cura. not very old, that then the cure is very easy: and therefore first of all I open a vein, afterwards I attenuat the gross humours with medicines appropriate for that purpose, especially such as may reserate and open the meatus & passages. Then I do purge the body, as necessity shall require, either with pills, or potions, afterwards I expel the reliquis of the disease, with such things as may procure Diaphoretica. sweat, and when the sick doth begin to sweat, he must cleanse and wipe himself with clean clothes, & before he entereth into his sweat, he must drink a draft of some decoction that hath property to open the passages of the neruos parts, in which the matter of the disease doth chiesly lurk, and so drive the matter from the inward to the outward and to that purpose we may use Decocto radicum feniculi, enulae campanae, lentium, vuarum, passarum sicuum. To this decoction may be added treacle, or mithridate: as if we take iiij. ounces of decoction we may add Scr. ij of mithridat, or treacle, with two drops of spirit of vitriol, and so may he sweat the space of iij. hours together: afterwards the sweat being clean wiped, he may commit himself to his bed, in which he may more pleasantly sweat at his pleasure: and this order of sweeting is often to be repeated. Doct. But what if these courses taken bring no profit to the patiented? Stud. Then we proceed to a more stronger kind of cure, as after blood-letting, to use the decoction of Guiacum, or of sarsaparilia, or of the roots of China: always provided, that the body be first well purged: and this decoction must be given hot, and the Patient well & closely covered with clothes, that he may the better sweat: after his sweat, he may rise and walk in his chamber, so that he keep himself from the injury of theaire: he may also 4. or 5. hours after the receiving of the medicine dine & sup, either with a chicken, or a little roasted mutton. But if for business or poverty the Patient may not use the decoction, we may in the place use the unction of mercury, & that with very good success, and also sometimes after the use of the decoction with great profit, for thereby shall the relics of the disease be thoroughly expelled, & we continue the decoction for the space of 30. days together. This evil also will require sometimes stronger engines, as suffumigijs of Cinabrium, which may be performed every third or fourth day: but this medicine is never to be put in use, unless we have in vain assayed all the former means: notwithstanding in the arms & legs it may safely be performed if there be either pain, aches, nodes, tophies, or ulcers: & for those which by reason of their business cannot keep home, we may use emplasters spread upon leather or upon new linen cloth, & place them upon the joints, which implaster may be removed twice a week. Doct. Show me what plaster it is that may be applied for that purpose? Stud. Rec. Emplastri de meliloto pro spleen lib. ss. Argentivivi ℥ ij. olei laurini, petrolei, terebinthinae an. Q. S. fiat cerotum. For the hard tumours, you may take the roots of Althaea, figs, and fenugreeke, which being boiled in wine, with capon's grease make an emplaster, & so apply it. And this may suffice for a discreet student, as concerning the cure of that foul contagious disease called the French pox. Doct. There is one disease more, which we call Scorbutus: let us finish our discomse with that disease: tell me, what is that Scorbutus? Of the Scorbie. Stud. Scorbutus is a disease obstructing De Scorbuto. the spleen, whereby the course & passage of melancholy is hindered: which being mingled with the rest of the blood, infecteth all the body with vild wastings and corruption, the groster part whereof falling down, staineth the legs with spots, like unto the colour of pomegranates, and the thinner part being carried up, doth desile the gums with sharp fretting, and loathsome overgrowing of the flesh. This disease is thought to be that which Pliny maketh mention of in lib. 25. of his natural history calling it 25. Lib. hist. naturalium. Stomocace and Sccletyrbe. Doct. What is the cause of this disease? Stud. The chief cause of this disease, is gross and corrupt diet, as may be perceived cap. 3. Strabo geograph lib. 16. Gross diet the cause of the Scorby. by those that travel by sea, by long voyages; and our fishers that travel to the Newfoundlands, wanting fresh and sweet waters, and using corrupt and stinking waters, & especially in an hot air, in which the waters will most speedily corrupt: in like manner, flesh tainted, and stinking, lard putrefied, and mouldy, venison tainted, fish of gross substance, bread twice baked and sub mucid, garlic, drinks engendering evil juice, bacon, martlemas beef, fish dried in the smoke, being over-salted, & such like. But above all things, a full diet, and delicate, using no exercise is the cause of this disease; and sometimes this disease doth follow the quartan Fever. Doct. What are the certain signs of this disease? Stud. The signs of this disease, is first Signa Sborbuti. an evil savour of the mouth, swelling and bleeding in the gums, looseness of the teeth, black & leadie spots of the legs, & sometimes in the face, also weakness of the joints, & disability to walk; difficulty of breathing, & chief when they move or stir, and when they offer to rise, or set up right, they are ready to die, and their spirits fail them, but when they lie down they are refreshed & breath more freely. In like manner the sick for the most part are greedy of meat, and do desire to eat often, & for the most part their stomach never fail them, also the belly for the most part is bound and the patiented goeth hardly to stool, and yet there are some that are subject to a continual slux. Moreover, the spots of the legs do sometimes swell and tumisie, in some the legs are so ulserated, that the shinbone doth often lie bare. And in a word, this disease in some bodies doth turn into a kind of leprosy, for the spots resolve into a black kind of scales, as is wont to be in the morphue, and leprosy of the Greeks: although in other some, it is but light, equal and shining. Lastly, those that die of this disease, are sound to be spotted over all the body, & veins of the legs, & about the tongue are filled & swollen with melancholy blood: & these are proper signs of this disease. Doct. Let me now know the manner of of your cure of this disease? Stu. Letting pass general remedies I will show you the particular cure of this disease, which must if there be Plethoria Cura. and fullness be begun with blood-letling, if strength, age, and other things permit: but it is not thought good to draw blood in abundance; but if it be possible to draw blood from the haemorrhodial veins, it is more convenient; and if the spleen be particularly affected, the vein called Lienaris or middle vein of the left arm is to be opened: but if the liver be more affected, and that the body is perceived to abound with blood, than we must open the liver vein of the right arm, or the Basilica or middle vein. But where the Physician is never or seldom called, until the disease hath Nota. taken deep root, and is become desperate: that is, when it hath spread itself into the legs, and other parts of the body; we must then altogether abstain from blood-letting. Doct. What course must we then take? Stud. Then we must purge the body lightly with sena, & such like; as for example: Rec. Senea Alex. Drag. iiij. Epithymi cretens. Drag. iij. Passular. Corinth. ℥. ss. Som. feniculi. Zuinziberian. dr. ss. Fiat infusio in ℥. viii. Seri lactis per noctem super cineres calid & mane fiat colat. & capiat. In like manner may be given half an ounce of this powder following: being infused as aforesaid. Rec. Senae ℥. j Epithymi, tartarivini albi an. ℥. ss. Cinamomis, Gariophil. galangae, sem. anisi an. Drag j ss. fiat pulvis subt. & servatur adusum. In like manner pills De fumoterra, and Diasena, are also profitable in this disease. Some use pills ex Lapide Lazuli, and Armeno: but they are not thought to be so good. Some give Confectio hamech, but with good caution: for this disease doth not admit any vehement purgations; for thereby the heart is easily affected and hurt. The body being lightly purged, we give the patiented twice a day: viz. in the morning, and at iiij. of the clock in the afternoon, the quantity of iiij. ounces of these juices following: Rec. Chochleariae, menthae aquat. Cardamines, sysimbriae, ●an. parts aequales: Bechabungae partem semis. These herbs being green, let them be beaten in a stone mortar with a pestle of wood, and then strained, and to every dose may be added a quantity of sugar to make it pleasant: & if it be possible let the patiented sweat after the taking thereof Doct. How may this profit in this disease? Stud. The Chocheleria, water-mints, and Cardamines, doth divide and extenuate and also purge by urine, and the Cresses doth moderate the strength of the rest: and these herbs may be diminished or increased, as the Physician shall think good according to the disease and body of the patiented: It may be given also in goat's milk, or for want thereof in Cowmilke, so that every day it be made fresh. It is approved to be very good when the herbs have been boiled in whey, & also in whit wine; but yet the ioyces being given, is much to be preferred above the rest. There may also be added amongst the said herbs, of our common wormwood, and sometimes fumoterra, and Germander: also to strengthen the bowels & the joints may be admixed Numularia. If the Physician will, he may make a greater mixture: they may make their choice of these things following: Myrobalan: Indorum: cort. radicis capparis corticis fraxinae: Cuscutae, Asari, Thymi: Epithymi, Capilli veneris, Matricaricae, Chelidoniae, Betonicae, Hyssopi, Agrimoniae, Scabiosae, Pimpinellae, Phyllitis, Cetrarchae, Tamarisci, acetosae, Radicum Valerianae, Bistortae, Enulae Campanae, Polypodij, Lapathi acuti, Peniculi, Petrosilini, Cichoriae, Borraginis, Buglossae, Rhapontic. Aristolochiae rotund. Lequiritiae, passularum florum genistae, florum sambuci, Anisi. sem. feniculi, 4. sem. frigid. viticis, and such like. Also divers have been cured by this remedy following: Rec. Fol. absint hij siccats gran. junip. an. M. j Lactis Caprini lib. iiij. Let all boil until the third part be consumed, then strain it, and mix with the straining of Saffron one Drag. then let it boil over the fire for ij. or iij. walmes, and again strain it: of this decoction you shall give three times in a day warm: viz. in the morning, and at three of the clock in the afternoon, and at the entrance into bed. In like manner Syrupus Sceletyrbicus described by Forestus shall much avail in this disease. Rec. Succichochleariae succi Becabungea an. lib. iij. sacchar. albis. lib. ij. clarificetur succus cum albumine ovi, and then boiled to the form of a syrup, and so let the patiented receive thereof in a spoon every day thrice. And thus have we finished our discourse of the scurvy; of which disease if any man desire more knowledge, let him read Forestus his observations in diseases of the Spleen. FINIS. THE EXAMINATION OF A CHI rurgion, wherein is handled the whole course of chirurgery by way of Dialogue between the Doctor and the Student. By S. H. Imprinted at London by H. B. for George Potrer. ❧ THE DISCOURSE of chirurgery. Doctor. AS I have dealt with you in physic, so now I will examine you in chirurgery: toll me, what gifts must he be endued with, that will take upon him to practise as a Chirurgeon? Student. He that will take upon him to practise as a Chirurgeon, must be of honest and virtuous manners: he must be faithful and secret: he must be a wise man: and he must have a perfect knowledge of the figure, the situation, and connexion of all the parts of man's body, by knowledge in Anatomy: he must be well experienced in the Art, and such an one as hath gotten experience as well by the works of others as of himself. Doct. You have truly said: for such an one is indeed a fit man to be admitted to the practice of the art, that is endued with all those qualities: and I would to God that this city of London were altogether furnished with such chirurgeons; then should there not be so many ignorant and unskilful suffered to abuse so noble an art, and withal the King's liege people; in taking upon them the profession of that wherein they have no knowledge at all: but I leave that to them that have and onty to amend it. And as you have told me the inward qualities of a true Chirurgeon, so tell me how his body must be framed to be fit for the same profession. Stud. As concerning his body; it must be comely, well proportioned, and strong, his hand must be steady, not shaking; and be as ready with the left hand as the right; he must not want any of his senses, and especially his sight, that must be quick, for otherwise he shallbe accounted but a blind Chirurgeon, and not able to judge aright of his Patient's grief. Doct. What other things shall a Chirurgeon have need of in his practice? Stud There are many things which belong to a good Chirurgeon, as instruments of all sorts, medicines, a fit place to perform his works, light, apparel, servants, and some other assistants as necessity shall require. Doct. What instruments shall a Chirurgeon need? Stud. Those instruments that a Chirurgeon may not want, but must have always in a readiness, are these: Nonacula. Scalpellum. Forfices. Volsetla. Specicium. Latum specillum. Stylus. Acus. Canalicula forata. Habena ad membra laqueo intercipienda. Fascia. Pannicuh lmeis ad unlnera a abliganda. Lintea concerpta. Auriscalpium. Forcipes ad dentes evellendos. Ferramemtum quo erosi dentes. eradun tur. Vncinus, or (as Colsus calleth it) Hamulum retusum. Doct. What Medicines must the Chirurgeon have always in a readiness? Stud. A good Chirurgeon must have in a readiness Powders, Unguents, and Emplasters; they serve to stop bleeding, or to conglutinate wounds, or to cleanse foul and rotten ulcers, to mollisie hardness, to produce a cicatrix, and skin, to remove away excrescent and corrupt flesh, to cease pain, to strengthen Fractures and Luxations. As for powders which he ought to have in a readiness, they are of three sorts: one to stay bleeding, as that which is framed of Bolus Armeniae, Rosis. Mastiches, and Pollin. The second is for fractures of the skull, and hurts of other bones, and is called iuluis cephalicus and is framed ex Radicibus ireos, Are sto lichae. Ex myrrha. Atoe, and such like. The third powder is to remove away excrescent, and corrupt flesh: as Alumen ustum. Pul. praecipit. Mercury, and such like. Doct. Well, go forward, and tell me, what be the unguents proper to a Chirurgior? Stud. The Unguents that a Chirorgion ought always to have about him, are these: unguentum Basilicon, which doth humect, digest, and cease pain. unguentum Aurcum, called of some Regis, which doth incarnate and conglutinate wounds to either. unguentum Dtaithea simplex, which doth calesie, soften, humect, and also cease pain. unguentum album Rhasis, which doth refrigerate, cool, and dry. unguentum apostolorum, which doth deterge, mollify, dry and remove away corrupt and superfluous flesh: and of that faculty almost is Mundificatinum ex apio, and Aegyptiacum. Doct. Proceed, and tell me what the Emplasters are that are fit and necessary to a good Chururgion. Stud. The humplasters are these following: Diachilon composium, which doth ripen Apostumes, and doth mollify and resolve hardness, and doth digest, and also absterge. Diacalciteos commonly called Diapalma, which doth conglutinate ulcers, produceth cicatrix, and skin, and according to the opinion of Galen, is very sit in the curing of Phlegmon. Emplastrum de betonica, which is also called De lanua it doth unit and join together the fractures of the skull; it covereth the bones with flesh, it draweth out spleets and splinters of bones, it doth absterge, digest, and dry, with such like. Doct. You must tell me now what Chirurgery is; and afterwards your method that you have for the curing of wounds and ulcers: go to, tell me, what is chirurgery? Chiturgerie is an art which doth remove and cure diseases, by the artificial work of the hand, which is called chirurgical operation. Or chirurgery is a right orderly taking away of affects besides nature, with the work of the hand. Doct. How many parts hath chirurgery? Stu. chirurgery hath two parts: that is, Synthesis and analysis, composition & resolution: by composition things that were separated and disjoined against nature, are conjoined again and sited in their natural places, as happeneth in wounds, fractures, dislocations, & ruptures. By resolution, things that were conjoined and unired together, are separated and divided; either for preserving of health, or for the recovery of the same: and the species thereof are, fection, punction, dimulsion, and ustion. There are some that add a third part of chirurgery, which they call Fxaeresis; and that is exercised in extracting and drawing forth of such things as are sent into the body, as bullets, darts, arrows, and other warlike engines; of which parts it shall not be needful to make repetition at this time. Doct. Tell me, what is an wound? Stud. An wound is a solution of the continuity, newly made, fresh, and bleeding; and of wounds there are two sorts, simple, and compound. Doct. What is a simple wound? Stud. A simple wound is that which is made with some kind of weapon. only in the flesh, without either cutting of bones, sinews, muscles, or veins. Doct. What is a compound wound? Stud. A compound wound is a solution of the continuity, dividing or cutting the bones, sinews, muscles, veins, or Arteries: in which happeneth for the most part dolour inflammation, tumour, and oftentimes Apostomation. Doct. Let me know your method for the curing of a green wound. Stud. Every good Chirurgeon doth set down a fivefold scope or intention for the curing of wounds. The first is, to draw out that which is sent into the body, whether ballet, wood, bone, or stone, arrows, darts, & such like. The second is a conjunction, and uniting of parts divided. The third is a retaining of those parts united in their proper seat. The fourth is a conservation of the parts of the substance. The fifth is a prohibition and mitigation of accidents. Doct. How is the first intention performed? Stud. The first intention is performed, either with instruments of iron, or attractine medicines, where by things that are infixed are drawn out. A wise Chirurgeon will consider the form and difference of things infixed, and the nature of the parts affected: of which matters Taugatius hath written at large, and many others. The medicines attractive are: Radix aristolochiae. Arundinis. Anagallis. Thapsia. Ammoniacum. Saga penum. Liclamnum. Ranae combustae. Or, Emplastrum Auicennae, so much commended by Guydo. Doct. How is the second and third intention performed? Stud. The second and third intention is performed by binding & ligature, if the wound be simple and small, and in a place where it may sitly be performed, yea, although it be large so it may be easily bound, as in the museles of the arm, and such like; but if it happen that ligature will not serve, then must be added the help of the needle, being careful to handle the party gently, & to place it in his due seat. Doct. How is the fourth intention performed? Stud. The 4. intention is accomplished by appointing of a sit & convenient diet, according to the strength of the patiented and greatness of the affect & disposition of the whole body: for a thin diet & cold, doth very much are ail in resisting of Sypmtons, we also add blood letting & purging of humours to avoid accidents; also the part is to be contained in this due place, and a cataplaesme framed with the whites of eggs, and other cooling things are to be applied, and sometimes to be fomented with astringent wine. Doct. How do you finish the fift intention? Stud. The fift intention is in the correcting of accidents, which is flux of blood, dolour, tumour, paralysis, convulsion, fever syncope, delirium, and itching. But this is to be observed in the flux of blood: whether it hath flown sufficiently or no; if otherwise, the flux is to be suffered; for after a sufficient flux, the wound doth remain dry, and is so much the nearer cured and the less symptoms follow, as phlegmon and such like: and if the wound bleed not sufficient, we must open a vein for rewlsion, according to the greatness of the affect, and the nature of the wound: especially when through pain or other cause we fear inflammation or a Fever. Doct. So, you have now satisfied me reasonably in wounds: let me know your method in ulcers: tell me first what is an ulcer? Stud An ulcer is a solution of continuity, yielding forth sanies, pus, & matter. Doct. How many sorts of ulcers be there? Stud. As there are of wounds two sorts, so there are two sorts of ulcers, simple and compound. Doct. What is your method and intention of curing of an ulcer? Stud. The common indicanon and intention of curing of all ulcers, if only we consider, the ulcer, is exiccation; but if we consider the cause from which it is engendered or nourished, and symptoms, without removing of which it cannot be cured, it hath four intentions of curing. The first, that we prescribe a fit diet. The second, that we intercept the matter antecedent. The third, that we remove the symptoms, and dispositions joined with the ulcer. The fourth, that we dry the thin recrement of the ulcer, and deterge the gross. Doct. How will you perform your first intention, as concerning a sit and connenient diet? S. I prescribe a diet to the patiented either small or large, according to the strength of the patiented or abundance, or fewnes of humours; in the quality of meats I have consideration, of the temperament and humours redounding as well in the whole body, as the part affected: as if the humours be sharp & hot those we altar unto coldness, and with all correcting the Acrimony and sharpness. Doct. How do you finish the second? Stu. The 2 scope I also perform when I consider as wet the quality as the quantity of humours offending, as well in the whole body as flowing to the part affected, and so by evacuation and imersion, partly by purging medicines, partly by blood letting, if strength, age, and other things do agree: partly by binding, frictions, & fomenting of the parts opposite to the ulcer: partly by repellent medicines to intercept the flux, such as is unguentum ex boro and such like. Doct. How is the third scope finished? Stud. We perform the third intention when we remove, as I said, the manifold, and divers Symptoms, and evil dispotisions joined with the Ulcer: for sometimes there is joined distemperature, sometimes pain, sometimes tumour, and swelling, and sometimes contusion, often times Hypersareosin, but more often thickness of lips corruption of bone, virulent excrement, foul matter, hollowness, crooked windings, as in Fistulas with cacoethia and evil disposition, all which have divet scure. Doct. What is the difference between a Fistula and an Ulcer? Stud. A Fistula is a deep and hallow Ulcer, indurated with a strict and narrow orifice, which doth require handy operation as the common Ulcer doth; and the difference is, that the over hath callosity and induration, and the other hath not. Doct. Well, now we must proceed to tumours against nature: tell me, how many tumours be there against nature? Stud. The Physicians prescribe four kinds of tumours against nature, according to the four humours; the first is called Phlegmone, and is an inflammation, or collection of blood, and as Galen saith, is a simple tumour, and an affect of the fleshy parts, proceeding of a flux, which sweateth through the coats of the veins like unto a dew, wherein they gather together to themselves a tumour with heat, redness, stretching, pulsatine, or beating pain, which is proper to great inslammations. The second is called Erysipilas, and is properly an affect of the Skin, and doth proceed of pure choler, and is much hotter than phlegmon, and therefore is of some Physicians called ignis sa. or ignis S. Anthonij, and of some ignis Persicus, which names may also be applied unto or to his kinds. The third is called Oedema, and is soft, lose, and without pain, springing of thin slegme or vaporous spirits. The fourth is called Scirrhoi, or Scirrhus, that is induration or hardness, and is a tumour proceeding of a gross melancholic humour, and is hard without pain, and sometimes without sense, and sometimes also it happeneth of gross and tough slegme, and of the dregs of blood, sometimes also slegmon is turned into scirrhus by the application of medicines that do vehemently cool and bind. Doctor Let me know your method for the curing of flegmon. Student The curing of Flegmon, doth consist in a fourfold intention: the first doth consist in prescribing of fit and convenient diet, which is in the due use of those six things that be called not natural: In this affect therefore we must be very careful to make choice of a pure, clear, and cold air: also the diet must be cold, and a little drying, and that which doth procure and engender little blood; and therefore wine, eggs, and nourishing broths must be refrained, or very little used: the part affected must in no case be exercised: and there must also a mean be kept and observed in sleep and watchings; sleeping in the day time, and after meals must be avoided, the belly must be kept lose, either by clyster, or otherwise, the patient must avoid anger, clamour, & contention, & withal, he must fly from venery, and the use of women, as from a most deadly enemy. The second scope is in the restraining of the Flux of humours, which is performed as well by rewlsion, as by medicines repelling: therefore presently in the beginning we must open a vein in the beginning we must open a vein in the opposite part, so that the Patient have a plethoric and a full body; but where there is no fullness of body, and yet notwithstanding we fear the vehemency of the disease, through the greatness of the cause, and that withal the disease is in his augmentation, then for rewlsion we cuta vein not far from the affect: so likewise when the disease draweth to his state, if it be possible we open a vein near the effect. But this we must be careful of, that before phlebotomy the belly must be emptied, and the common excrements avoided, either by clyster, or some bowl of Cassia, or otherwise. The third scope is in curing of the matter, now conjunctly and impacted together, for that must be avoided. Therefore in the increase we have a twofold scope of curing: the one in repelling of the matter flowing, the other in discussing of the matter inhering unto the part. Doct. What medicines have you that do discusle and resolve? Stud. Medicines that do discuss which be of the gentler sort, are: Aqua calida, Vinum giluum ac tenue, Panis furfuraceus fermentatus, Adeps suillus, gallinaceus, anserinus, Anatinus, Oleum vetus, Oleun chamoemeli Oleum anethinum, Lana sordida, butyrnm, Furfur, hordeum, Lentes, althaea, Malua agrestis, chamoemeli, meliloti, Parietaria, Absynthium, brassica, Caricae pingues, The stronger medicines are: Farinae seminis lini: faenegraeca, lupinorum, Orobi; adipes, taurinus, ursinus, Leoninus; Olea larinum, Rutaceum, irinum, sicynium Nucum, Radices Ireos, aristolochiaerotund. Bryoniae gentianae, follia Hyssopi, Marioranae, Saluiae, Rutae, obrotan. pulegij, calameti, Origani, sem anisi, faeniculi, anethi, Dauci, carvi, flores, sambuci & Anthos, Gummi, Ammoniacum, B dellium, galbanum. Opoponax. But in all hot tumors we are to use the gentler remedies beforesaid, and in the increase we mix discussive medicines with those that be astringent. As for example: in a cataplasm we say: Rec. Farina seminis lini. ℥. j ss. Far. hordij. ℥. ij. Flor. cham. P. j Rostrub. Drag. iij. Fol. & bacchar. myrti. an. Dr. j ss. Let all be boiled in vinegar to the consumption thereof; then adding thereunto Pinguedinis gall. ℥. iiij. olei rosacei & chamaem. an. ℥. ij. fiat cataplasma. Doct. But what if the tumour will not give place to resolving medicines? what must we do then? Stud. Then we apply medicines to bring the tumour to suppuration, such as are framed with aqua calens. oleum dulce, butyrum recens; adipes, Medulla oesypus, pix sicca, resina, colophonia, thus, cera, Laudanum, styrax pinguis galbanum, crocus, farina triticea, viscum, caricae pingues, cepe coctum, radix lilij althaea, malua, branca ursina, tetrapharmacon ex farma triticea, oleo, & aqua mediocriter coctis cum tantillo croci. In like manner unguentum de althaea, de meliloto, basilicum, Diachilon simplex, and such like. Or for examples sake: Rec. Rad. lil. bryoniae, lapathi acutt, sub cineribus coctarum singulquartum ss. Bruise them, and mix them with the muscelage of Althaea, malua, and Figs an. ℥. j Farinae triticeae, hordij, & linian. ℥ ss. Auxungiae suillae sas● expertis. Q. S. Fiat cataplasma, and apply it. Doct. When it is come to suppuration & matter, what must we do afterwards? Stud. When the abscessus or tumour is come to suppuration, we then apply in the most convenient place some actual cauterize; or else we open it with a penknife: or this medicine following, although it were safer to use the cautery. Rec. Fermenti acris. ℥. ss. Cepae sub prunis coctae. ℥. ij. Stercoris columbim. Seminis canabis an. Drag. j Limaces num. iij. Saponis nigri. Auxung. suillae singul. Q. S. Make a plaster of the breadth of a groat, which must be applied upon the most eminent and softest place of the Apostume. Doct. After the Apostume is opened, how must we proceed? Stu. The Apostume being opened, we use a digestive framed ex olco ros. & vitellis ovorum, for three whole days together; for that assuageth pain, and helpeth to bring the residue to matter: afterwards we use medicines detergent and mundificative. Doct. Go now to the fourth intention, which is to remove accidence; and especially dolour and pain: how shall we do when the patiented crieth out for exceeding pain? Stud. Then we apply whites of eggs, or the whites and yolks together, being well wrought together with oil of Roses: or else we take Mieae panis triticei aqua calenti macerati & expressi lib. j vitellos ovorum num. ij. Lactis caprini ℥. iij. misce & fiat cataps. Doct. But what if the natural heat be extinct by application of narcoticke and stupefactive medicines? what must we do in that case? Stud. Then we presently scarify the place, and wash it with salt water; afterwards applying a cataplasm framed cum farine fabarum, and orobian. ℥. ij. boiled in oxymel. Doct. Go now to the cure of Erysipelas: what is your method for the same? St. Erysipelas hath a fourfold scope of curing: the first is in a cold order of diet, moist and engrossing: all fat things, sweet, sharp, and hot must be avoided, because they easily turn into choler. The patient may use in his broths, lettuce, purslan, sorrel, & such like, ptisans, made with the decoctions of barley, and cremor hordij is good to be taken in drink for cooling: rice may also be given to engross the blood: exercise watchings, anger, noise, and such like affects, and venery must be avoided. The second scope is in turning back of the matter; wherein we must diligently consider where the affect be small or great: for if it be small, and the body not very choleric, it shall not be amiss to open a vein; but if choler do much abound, it shallbe far better to avoid it per secessum, then by cutting a vein. And before the vein be opened, we must minister some Lenitine Cly sler; wherein I would wish the Chirurgeon to use the advice of the learned Physician. The third scope is in the application of topical medicines; as in the beginning, semperuiwm, portulaca, lactuca, lenticul. palustris, umbilicus veneris, psyllium, glaucium, crassula solnnun: of which we take the juices or distilled waters, & there with mix opium, or the juice of poppy, or henbane, or of mandragora, & such like; especially in the summer time. In like manner Galen & Avicen doth approve cold water & Oxycratum. We may also add to those juices the flower of barley or lentils, with some vinegar, and so make a cataplasm: or else unguentum Rosaceum ℥. j aquae ros. abluto: adding thereunto whites of eggs, for it hindereth inflammation, and is one of the best remedies. We may also mix with the same unguent, muccag seminis psyllis & cydom. cum succo in frigidante. Doct. What if Erysipilas should possess the face? what may we then do Stud. Then we are wont to take aquarum vel succorum plantaginis, rosarum, jactucae, semperuivi, of every one equal parts: mixing therewith a little wine vinegar, and so wetting linen clothes therein, apply them to the part affected; oftentimes moistening them that they dry not with the heat of the disease. Doct. But what if it will not give place to so easy medicines? Stud. Then we add to one pound of the waters or juices aforesaid, v. grains of opium, & of saffron vj. grains; or in the place of the opium, of the juice of henbane ℥. j And if it chance the head to be affected, we use Unguent. rosarum, with oil of violets, and such like. Doct. What if the pain be so vehement that the patient cannot endure the same? Stud. Then we take roots or leaves of henbane, being roasted under the hot embers, and mixed with Unguent. populion, or else we take sem. hyosciams Drag. j sem. pap. albi Drag. ij. cum unguent. popul. with the juice of henbave, or semperuitsum, or of Virgo Pastoris. Doct. Sometimes it happeneth, that by applying of overcooling medicines the life of the part is extincted: what course must we take then? Stud. Then we scarify the place, and wash it with Sea-water or salt water. Doct. But what if Ery sipalas do excoriate and turn into ulcers? Stud. Then we make a linament after this form: we take Sunimitatum Rubi, & solani an. ℥. j olei ros. ℥. iij. cerusae & Lithargirijan. ℥. ss. aceti paurum, and so make a linament. Or else we take Trochis. albar. Rasis Drag. j ss plumbi usti, & loti Drag. j caph (if there be any great inflammation) Ser. ss. olei rosarum ℥. iij. cerae quantum sufficit: & so make a linament. The last scope is in the correction of symptoms, which arise through the disease, as a fever, & through a fever, headache, watchfulness, and thirst: of all which the remedy is to be sought for from the learned Physician. Of Oedema. Doct. The next of tumors against nature is Oedema: let me know your method in curing of the same. Stud. The method in curing of Oedema is performed first by a dry order of diet, a little hot, and something attenuating; the air must be clear and dry, either naturally, or so framed by Art: no sleeping by day is allowed, & at night as little as may be: exercise before meat is commendable, and frications of the parts opposite to the part affected; the belly must be kept lax and soluble. As concerning topical means, in the beginning we may use those things that do meanly repel: for the humour for the most part being gross and thick by medicines that do overmuch repel, is made more thicker and grosser, & therefore we must mix with repercussive medicines, discussives: as when we apply to strong bodies, Oxicratum of two parts of vinegar, and one of water, moistening therein some new sponge, or prepared with Aphronitro; or some kind of salt; for the vinegar doth not only repel by his coldness, but it doth incide and attenuate, and by his dryness doth resolve: the sponge also either new, or prepared doth resolve. There be some that do apply bolarmonick, nuts of Cypress, & Alum: which they ought not to do without discussives, for the cause aforesaid. The same consideration is to be had of other Astringents, in the cold gout, which is an Oedomatous tumour. Wormwood boiled and heaten into the form of a cataplasm, is found to do very much good. The tumour is resolved cum oleo Irino, succo Ebuse, Diacholon by itself or mixed: Emp. de melitoto malaxed with the oil of camomel. You may add if you will Storax, or Ammoniacum dissolved in vinegar. If need require we may make a fotus ex hyssopo, thymo, pulegio, origano, calamentha, Ebulo, seminibus anisi, faeniculs, faemagraeci: fiat decoctio profotu The residence may be bruised, & there may be added unto it olcum chamomelinun, Irinum, Anethinum, or ex farina fabarum, orobi, lolij: with the juice of Ebulus sambucus, brassica, or with the foresaid oils, and so make a cataplasm. Stercus vaccae with butter or oil fried together, adding a 4. part of sulphur of slercu caprarum, columbarun, with vinegar and the lees of wine, doth very well, Doct. What if the tumour will not be discussed, but grow into abscessus, what must we do then? Stud Then as much as we may, procure it to suppuration, taking Rad. altheae ℥ iiij. Rad. lil. ℥ ij, caricarum par v. florum chamomels, & meliloti, sing. P. j farinae hord. & faenugraeci sing. ℥ j coquantur, terantur, addendo pinguedints, gall. butyri recent. olei lil. & chamo. sing. ℥ j make a cataplasm & apply it. When the abscessus is opened, we may give inwardly treacle cum aquis cardiacis, by which the heart is strengthened, & doth repel from itself the hurtful humour. When this tumour is a Symptom of an other disease, as of the dropsy, the phtisick, cacexia, it hath then no proper cure, for it is impossible to cure the same, unless the affect from whence it springeth be first cured. Doct. Go now to the last of those tumours against nature, which is called Scirrhus, and be as brief therein as the former: well, how will, you deal against that gross, hard, and melancolick tumour? Of the true Scirrhus. Stud. The first intention for the cure of Scirrhus is referred to a due order of diet, which must be but little, attenuating & somewhat hot & moist. The nourishment must be such as may breed pure and good blood, such as the Grecians call Euchyma. The bread must be of pure wheat, not too stolen or hard baked. Wine that is thin and pure, such as Gascoigne or white wine, may be allowed. New laid eggs, chickens, capons, cockerels, partridge, veal, & lamb may be eaten: also broth may be made with spinach, beets, borage, & bugloss. All goats flesh, beef, bulls flesh, hare's flesh, brawn, bacon, and all salt fish must be avoided. In like manner, coleworts, cabbage, beans, and peason, and such like pulse; old cheese, salt meats, and sharp with pepper, mustard, garlic, and onions must be refused: so the Patient must avoid anger, grief, vehement cares, with immoderate exercise, and watchings, for those are exceeding driers of the body; the belly must be always kept lax and soluble. The second intention is to purge the matter antecedent, to perform which may be prescribed some emollient clyster, or some bolus of cassia, and catholicon: also a vein may be opened, especially if the body be altogether melancholic, taking heed that the melancholic humour be not altogether alienated from the nature of the blood, for than we must abstain from blood-letting, & minister purging medicines. Doct. What medicines are fit to purge melancholy? Stud. To purge melancholy, Thymus, Epithym. Senna oriantalis, polypodium, quercinum, lapis lazuli, veratrum nigrum, catholicon, Diasenna, triphera, persica, confectio hamech, and hiera Ruffi, and such like, as we have before declared. Doct. Well, we will leave out the purging medicines, and in the mean time proceed to your topical medicines: tell me, what is your first intention or application? Stud. At the first application, I do not as some common Chirurginos do, to use repellent medicines, and so make that which is of itself cold, and gross, to be more cold and grosser, but I apply mollients and resolutives, and such things as may discuss and incide, by which the part is made strong and comforted: nevertheless, I do avoid those medicines that do too much mollify, lest the tumour thereby be turned into a cankerous ulcer. We must also beware of immoderate discussives, lest we discuss the thin matter, and leave only the grosser substance of the humour remaining, & so the tumour become uncurable. Doct. Tell me then, with what medicines that tumour is mollified? Stu. Mollifying medicines are Oesypus, lana succida, butyrum, oleum Amigdalarum, oleum chamomels, anethinum, liliorum, adeps Gallinaceus, ansermus, anatinus, suillus, ursi, medullae vituli, cerui, and the fats of other living creatures. Muccagines, propolis, cera, malua, althaea, hluns, branca ursina, caricae pingues Doct. Give me a stronger sort. Stu. The stronger sort is Ammoniacum dissolved in vinegar, bdellium, molle & pingue. styrax liquida, galbanum, & such like: to which may be added semen apij, cumini, radix ireos, anethum, ruta slos genistae, etc. Doct. Give me a composition or two, fit for that purpose. Stud. I will give you a plaster. Rec. Caricas pingues 12. coquantur & terantur, ammoniaci, bdellij galbani in aceto dissolute. sing. ℥ ij. styracis liquid ℥ j muccag. althaea sem. lins & faenugr. sing. ℥ ij. aesypi & butyrirecentis sing. ℥ j olci recint, vel de lilio ℥ iij. cerae Q. S. make an Emplaster. Or this ointment following. Rec. Rad. genistae, hyperici fol. cupressi, & scrophul. siccor. sing. Drag. v. Litharg. auri, ℥ j muccaginis sem. lini, & saenugraecae. sing. ℥ ij. olei vulp. & de lilio sing. ℥ iiij. cerae Q. S. fiat unguentum, adding thereunto a little vinegar. Also unguentum de althaea, to which may be added of the gums aforesaid, is very convenient. Doct. You have satisfied me reasonable well as concerning tumours against nature: I will now examine you in some particular cures, and then I will leave off to trouble you any farther. I am now to deal with you about the puncture of a nerve: what are your intentions in the same cure? Of the puncture of a nerve or sinew. Stud. There is a twofold scope in the curing of a puncture of a nerve, the first that we prevent phlegmon, or inflammation: for which purpose I prescribe to the sick a thin diet, cold, and dry; yet notwithstanding the air must be hot and moist, for a cold air is very hurtful to the sinews, and an over hot air may cause phlegmon. I cause him also to lie in a soft bed, placing the part softly and fitly, that the body may be quiet: also if need be, I open a vein, I cause him to go freely to the stool, either by giving a clyster, or some other laxative medicine, sit for the nature of the humours resting in the body. Then I proceed to topical medicines, in which I do observe the largeness of the orifice, which if I perceive to be but little & small, I delate and enlarge, to the intent the matter may more freely avoid out: if any thing remain therein, that I draw forth; then I remove accidents and especial dolour and pain, which I perform with somentations of wine and water, wherein is boiled some flowers of comomell: also I apply unto the wound and round about, oleum terebinth. or oleum hypericon, as hot as the patient may endure: all which do remove the pain, and avoid the matter. In the beginning also it is very good to apply Emplast. Auicennae, framed ex farina horaij fabarum, orobi, of either equal parts boiled together with syrup of vinegar and sixinium, or in stead thereof new wine. In like manner oleum Rutaceum parts 5. terebinth. partem unam & dimidiam. Or this medicine following: Rec. Musci quercini M. ij furfuris M. j Oubani ℥. j Let them be boiled in a little wine with half so much vinegar, to the form of a pultisse, and so applied to the place. Doct. Oftentimes there followeth Great dolour and pain, what must be done then? Stud. Then we apply fitly oleum de vitellis Ouorum, or oleum terebinthmae, mixed with oil of Roses, or with oleum Lumbricorum terrest. Or else a cataplasm framed of crumbs of bread, and milk with oil of Roses, Camomile, yolks of eggs and a little saffron. Doct. But sometimes all these means will not serve to cease the exceeding pain: what shift will you use then? Stud. Then if there be no remedy, we fly to stupefactines, as a pultisse framed with the crumbs of bread and papavere alb. yea and if need be cum opio. Or, Rec. Farinae tritici ℥ ij. succi foliorum hyos. ℥ iij fiat pulls quaecalens applicetur. Doct. What if convulsion should follow? what must be done then? Stud. If the patiented be in danger of convulsion, or that there be convulsion: then presently we foment or anoint the head, the neck, the spin of the back, the shoulders, and arm holes if the wound be in the hand; or if the wound be in the foot, we anoint the slanckes privities, and the knees with hot oil of lilies; or cum oleo Laurino, vel costino, vecspicato, ud oleo ex pulegio, or with common oil wherein is decocted some Castoreum, or Euphorbium. Doct. But what if there be inflammation? how shall we remove that? Stud. In that case Guydo teacheth us to make an Emplaster ex farina orobi, fabarum, & hordij cum Lyxivio & syrupo acetoso, coctis, or with wine and a little vinegar: or to make a cataplasm ex lumbricorum ℥ ij. porrorum tritorum ℥. j & olei sufficienti quantitate. Which must be applied hot. Doct. After the generation of matter, what must be then done? Stud. Then to cleanse the wound we use this unguent following: Rec. Farinae hordij & fabarum an. ℥ ss farinae lupinorum & orobi an ss ij. pui. lumbricorum Dra. j vinidecoctions. caudae equina & prassiac matricariae Q. S. Let all boil together, & then add of melrosarum ℥ ij. sarcocol, sagap. in praedict. vino dissol. sing. Dra. j and so make an ointment. Sometimes it happeneth that through these punctures of the nerves there proceedeth exceeding putrefaction; so that we are driven to apply caustic medicines; as unguentum Aegyptiacum forrum candens, and such like. Of wounds in the head. Doct. I will now proceed to wounds of the head: tell me your method to cure those wounds. Stud. For the curing of wounds in the head, we prescribe to the patiented a thin diet, until such time that we be safe from inflammation and other accidents: and if necessity be, we open the Cephalica vein, if strength may suffer it; so that a gentle clyster be first injected. We are always careful to keep the belly loose: we also forbidden the patiented such meats as do cause fumes and vapours; and while we are curing the wound we cause the air to be warm; neither do we suffer the patiented to lie upon that side of the head that is wounded, until such time as there flow sufficient matter. Digested, than we admit him to lie on that side; for by that means shall the matter avoid more easily. Doct. What if the skull be fracturde? how shall we perceive that? Stud. To try that, if the wound be not large enough, we open it with a razor or fit knife for that purpose, in the form of the letter X. and being discovered, we apply stuphs moistened in vinegar to stay bleeding; then we search diligently where the rift or scissure be there or no; which being doubted of, we frame a linament with the white of an egg, & mastic, which we do apply; and at the next dressing we observe diligently whether the linament be drier in one place then in another; which if we find so to be, than we judge undoubtedly that there is some rift, or scissure in the skull. In like manner in a confusion without a wound, the head being first shaved, we apply the same medicine: which if we perceive to be drier in one place then in another, we may then suppose that there is some fracture. Or, Rec. Cerae, thuris, Ladani, an. ℥. ij. terebinth. farinae fabarum, acetising. ℥. j and so make a cataplasm, which must be applied to the part that is shaved, and there will appear the same signs as before. Doct. What must be done when the skull is fracturde? Stud. Then if the fracture be large enough that the matter may avoid, we have no need to apply the trepan, or other instument to make it larger. But if it be so small that the matter cannot flow out fitly, than we must make passage by some instrument, and so provide that the rough fragments of the bone may not hurt the crassa meninx, we may make way in the form of the letter X. or in the form of a cross; which being performed, and the skull discovered, we apply stuphs moistened in the white of an egg, & so let them rest for a day: the next day following we apply the trepan; declaring first, the danger and perall of the patiented. Neither do we unadvisedly apply the trepan, in the full of the moon, nor upon the commissures; & we open the skull in the most decliningst place, if there be nothing that may hinder it. If the fracture be great, we do not dissever all, but as the matter may flow out; we draw forth by degrees the fragments of the bones that are likely to hurt the meninx, and that we do with as much speed as possibly may be; neither must we defer that business beyond the 3. or 4. day, lest we be intercepted with a fever & other symptoms. Doct. When these fragments are removed, how must we proceed? Stud. That work, as I have said, being performed, we dip a piece of red sarsnat in honey of roses, made hot, & we apply it between the meniux & the cranium, Guydo in the beginning doth admix one part of honey of roses, with 3. parts of oil of roses; but that is in great pain: but being free from pain, he useth honey as aforesaid. johan. De Vigo, in strong bodies doth mix in the beginning honey with aqua vitae, for neither oil nor any other humecting thing is convenient to the head, as Hippias doth witness. Afterwards we apply over the rest, stuphs moistened in melie rosarum, & to the other parts of the wound we apply linaments framed ex vitello ovi & olio rosaceo to digest the wound: & if perhaps some spell or fragment of the bone stick, so that it cannot be drawn out with ease, than we perfuse oil of roses, the more easier to draw it out. Doct. Must not the head be kept exceeding warm during the cure? Stud. There be many that bind the head with the application of many cloth, which is nothing else but a burden & load to the head, which doth increase the heat, & hinder transpiration: but it is sufficient to apply so much warmth as may keep the brain from the injury of the air; and the overwarme keeping of the head was found fault with by Hip. Doct. This is the first intention of the cure: how must we proceed to finish it? Stud. After the first two or three days as aforesaid, we leave our digestives (unless there be great pain & dolour) & proceed to other medicines, and so apply this unguent: Rec. Vngnent. Regis ℥ iij. mellis rosacei ℥. j terehinthivae lotae ℥ ss Pulueris myrrhae, corticis thuris, sacocoilae, ireos singul. Drag. ss olei hiperici aliquantum, fiat unguent. With which we must dress the wound: always provided, that we apply a piece of red sarsnat between the Crassa meninx and the Cranium: but when the mennix shall be covered, we may use the powder of myrrh, Aloes, thus, mastic, & sarcocol mixed together; as for example: Rec. Kad aristoloch iridi, slorent. corticis thuris, sarcocol. sangu. Draconis sing. Drag. j Nucis cupressi, myrti sing. Dra. ss centaurij minoris Scr j coralli Scr. ij farinae orobs Dra. j fiat puivis tenuissimus: which must be applied with the linaments & Emplast. de betonica laid over, or else Emplostrum de caprifol. of which I will speak afterwards. Doct. But what if the crassa meninx tumisie and swell, and arise through the passage made by the trepan? what remedy have we for that? Stud. Then we apply oleum de viteslis avorum, & a piece of linen or a sponge dipped in a decoction of roses, camomel, & melilot: but if there be an excresence of flesh, than we apply upon the same Alumen ustum, or pulvis mercury praecip or hermodact. or else unguentum apostotorum; but the best medicine to cleanse the wounds of the head, is mell rosarium mixed with aquavitae, terebinthin, or the oil thereof, with the powder of sarcocol, and gran. tinctorum, as much as shall be thought meet; but that which is more gentle is framed of melroes. ℥ ij farinae hordei ℥ j sarcocol. drag. ij vitello ovi, & oleorosato. But when there is but a small contufion without a wound and the skull not fractured, the head is first to be shaven, and then fomented with oil of roses warmed, upon which shallbe sprinkled the powder of myrtles, and so remain for that day, and the next day shall be applied this cataplasm following: Rec. pulueris myrti ℥ j nucum cupressi, sumach Balanst. rossing. drag. ij. olei ros. vel camon, quantum sufficit: make a cataplasm which is also profitable to a contusion, with a small fracture in the skull, or where the same is suspected. It shall be sufficient to resolve and discuss, if in the end we add squinantium, absynthium, lentium, farinam fabar. for than we have an excellent medicine, both to discuss and strengthen: neither in the mean time must be pretermitted. Rewlsions and Dirivations, with the opening of a vein, & applying of cuppings if need shall require. Sometimes also through a contusion, the skull is rather depressed than fracture, as may be often seen in children by reason of their tenderness. Doct. How do you proceed then? Stu. Then we do apply this Emplaster. Rec. Cerce novaesordidae & mellis communisan. ℥ iij. lapidis magnetis ℥ ss. lapidis pumicis drag. iij. absinthij. cumlui●, sulphur. sing. Drag. salis ℥ j furfurs P. j vin● optimi ℥ iiij. mix them and make an emplaster which shall be applied hot, the head being shaven in that place where the depression is, and so let it rest for 15. days. It hath a marvelous virtue in raising up, and reducing the skull that is depressed: or else this emplaster following: Rec. Mellis communis lib. ss fermenti lib. j furfuris drag. ij. salis ℥ ss cuniut, absinthij sing. ℥ iiij. fiat Emplastrum, which must be applied as aforesaid. Doct. But sometimes it happeneth that the head is grown very weak, by reason of the wound, so that it receiveth many excrements, and sometimes 40. days after there happeneth inflammations, and other symptoms, yea & death also: what shall be done in that case. Stud. Then towards the end of the cure (not in the beginning) we administer this decoction following, which maketh the humour thin, and avoideth it by urine. Rec. Raà Graminis Rusct, Asparagi, & feniculi, sing. ℥ ij. fol. beton. scorphil. philipend pilosel, sing. M. j Rad. ireos & aristoloch an. ℥. j chamed. M. ss sem. halicacabi, aloecengi nuncupant ℥ ss sem. milij solis drag. ij. seminis anisi ℥ j quatuor sem. frigid. maiorum sing. drag. vj. florum stachaà. & ros. sing. P. j macerontur diem & noctem in libris iiij. vini albi & aquae, & coquantur, addendo mellis lib. v. then strain it, and let it be aromatized with cinnamon, & let the Patient take thereof ℥ iiij. in the morning, & so much at the entrance into bed for the space of 9 days. And here I cannot but reprehend the error of some chirurgeons, which in a small sissure or rifit in the skull, although it doth not penetrate, will presently apply the trepan, & look how much of the skull he doth take away, so much the more he glories, as if he had performed some great and excellent matter. The most part are so blind and ignorant in their operations, that they perceive not that they protract the cure by the same application; and withal, they bring to the sick manifold symptoms, by reason of the air offending the brain, and finally they bring death to the Patient. But as I have said before, when the wound is large enough, so that the matter may be freely avoided, there shall be no other need of section, but to remove the sharp spells, and splinters of bones, and other things which are against nature. Doct. I will now end my discourse with you in fractures and dislocations: tell me how many intentions be there in the curing of a fracture? Stud. There be four scopes or intentions in the curing of a fracture: the first is, that we reduce the parts of the bone fractured into its natural form: the second is, that being so reduced, they may so remain, being laid strait without removing: the third is, that the broken bone being reunited, may be adglutinated with Callos: the fourth is, that we defend the part from symptoms, and accidents which do usually happen. Doct. When the bones are reduced into their form, what must we do first? Stud. Then we apply a defensive for certain days, of oil of roses, & myrtles, of each a like, with the white of an egg. Doct. What afterwards? Stud. Then we comfort the member with that cerot described by Vigo, whose description is as followeth. Rec. Olei myrtini, olei rosatis, omphacini an. lib. ss succi radicis althoae lib. ij. Rad. fraxini & foliorum eius, Rad. Zymphiti minoris & fol. mirthi. fol. salicis an. M. i. j bulliant omnia aliquantulum contusa in vini nigri, & aquae aequals mensura ad medias, cum mirrhae, thuris ana Drag. ss colaturae add seu● hircini liquefacti lib. j ss terebinthin: ℥ ij. mastiohis drag. j bulliant ad consumptionem decoctionis. Colaturae add lithargirij auri & argenti an. ℥ iij. boli Armeni triti terrae sigillat. an. ℥ ij nonis drag. X. coquantur lento igne & conunuo agitentur spatula, & fiat cerotum cum cera. Doct. It is very good; I have known that cerot to have helped many: but is this all the order that is to be observed in fractures? Stud. I truly, so that first we be careful in placing and reducing the bones into their right seat: secondly, that we defend the member from defluxtion of humours and inflammation: and thirdly, as I have said, that we comfort the same part fractured. Doct. Are there any herbs that have an hidden property to cure Fractures? Stud. Sophia, as well crude as decocted doth that, so doth Radix Symphiti boiled in wine, and applied, cause a callos, and Aristolochia and Serpentaria. FINIS. A Definition of all those Diseases that do chief affect the body of man. And first of the head, De Apopiexia. APoplexia, is a disease, wherein the fountain and original of all the sinews are affected, whereby every part of the body doth suddenly lose both moving & sense. It is caused of a phlegmatic humour that is cold, gross, and tough; which doth at one time abundantly fill the ventricles of the brain; which humour overmuch crudittie and drunkenness doth engender: somrimes it is caused by a fall or a blow, which doth shake and bruise the brain, and so causeth humours to flow thither. Also a very cold air, which doth thicken and congeal the humidities and excrements of the brain: it may come also of a grosle melancholic humour. Paralysis, or Resolutio, in English the Palsy, it is a disease wherein the one half of the body, either the right side, or the left doth lose both sense and moving, & then it is called general: also sometime the palsy chanceth in one member only, as in the hand, the leg, or the tongue, and such like, and then it is particular: but we must note, that whereas in the Palsy sometimes sense only is lost, and sometimes moving alone, and sometimes both sense and moving, it is especially called Resolution of the sinews or palsy: this disease is caused through abundance of gross & clammy humours which stop the sinews, and hunger the animal faculty, that it cannot come from the fountain of the members. It may also be caused through immoderate cold. It may be caused also by an inflammation, or some scirrbus chancing in the back bone, or in parts nigh adjoining, or in other sinew parts whereby the sinews are crushed and pressed, and so stopped that the animal faculty cannot pass: sometimes it is caused through a Fever, and is chief engendered of melancholy occupying the mind, and changing the temperature of it. It is caused three kind of ways, for sometimes it is caused of melancholy itself, sometimes by the alteration of the blood in the brain, and lastly it may spring through inslammation and evil affect about the stomach and sides; as for the signs they are many, as fearfulness, sadness, hatred, strange imaginations, and such like. Vertigo or Scotoma, is a disease wherein the Patient doth imagine that his head is turned round about. There is another disease not much unlike unto the same, which is called tenebricosa vertigo, and then the Patient doth think, that all that he seethe turneth round, and so dainly his sight doth fail him, supposing that he is encompassed about with mist and darkness, and that is it which the Physicians do call Scotoma. It is caused through the brain itself, being either distempered or evil affected, or of the mouth of the stomach, offending the brain. Ephialtes, or incubus, it is a disease, whereas one thinketh himself in the night to be oppressed with a great weight, and doth believe that something doth come upon him, and lying heavy upon his stomach, so that the Patient doth think himself strangled: it is called in English the Mare; and is caused of excess of drinking, and evil diet, by which proceedeth crudity, and rawness of the stomach, from whence do ascend gross vapours, and cold, filling the ventricles of the brain, and so do let the faculties of the brain to be dispersed by the sinews. Epilepsia, called also morbus comitialis, morbus sacer, morbus herculens, and morbus lunaticus: it is a convulsion, drawing and stretching all the whole parts of the body, with hurt of the mind and sense. There be three differences in this sickness or disease, the first is, when it is caused from cephalalgia, as an uninersall pain of the head; the Arabicks do call it soda, and it doth contain under it as well cephalia as hemicrania. It proceedeth either of the primary affect of the head, or by the consent of some other member, or by both; but the matter of the disease, is either blood, choler, phlegm, or melancholy, or else sometimes vapours arising from the same. Anchor, or Furfur, it is a kind of ulceration of the head like a scurf, or dandruff and is like unto bran or oatmeal. It springeth through too much humidity and moistness of the brain, and sometimes through melancholy, or some salt humour: it is not much different from Faws, which is also a kind of scaly matter in the head. Phrenitis, or Frenisis, is the Frenzy or madness: some affirm that it is bred in the pellicles of the brain, called Pia matter, either by inflammation, or impostumation: it causeth alienation of the mind, and loss of memory. There is an other kind of Frenzy, which doth follow as accidents of some disease, as with a Fever, the Pleurisy, and such like. Lethargus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, an other disease which doth take his name from the forgetfulness of all things. It happeneth with the alienation of the mind, and a sleepiness not to be resisted. It is caused of phlegm which cooleth the brain overmuch, and moisteneth it, and thereby doth provoke sleep: it is derived of Lethe oblivion, and of argos hebetudo, that is, dull oblivion. Caros, or subeth is a deprivation of a man's sense and motion. It doth differ from Lethargus, because that those that be affected with the Lethargre will answer to a question demanded; but those that are affected with this disease, are occupied with a deep sleep; and if they be stirred or pricked, although they feel, yet they will say nothing, nor once open their eyes. It is caused of a cold gross and viscous phlegmatic humour, filling the brain. Melancholia, and mania, is an alienation of the mind, troubling reason, and waxing foolish, so that the Patient is almost besides himself. It doth come without a wound, or an ulcer, either in the brain, or in the marrow of the back, or in any particular sinews. Torturaoris, called of Almansor contractio: it is untruly named the palsy, for it is more nearer a cramp, for because it doth contract the sinews of those parts. The chief cause of this disease springeth as of that of the Palsy, or else of cold, or some angry passion. Spasmus, or convulsio, in English the Cramp, it is a disease in the which the sinews are drawn and plucked up against one's will: there be of it three kinds; the first is called by the Latins Distentio, and is when the neck doth remain altogether immovable, and cannot be turned any way, but must be holden right forth: the second is called in Latin Tensio ad anteriora; in this disease, the head and the neck be drawn down to the breast: the third is called tensio ad posterioria; in this disease the head is drawn down backward to the back and the shoulders. The causes by Hypocrates are said to be two, that is, fullness and emptiness of the sinews in the body, & sometimes it doth come with the biting or stinging of some venomous beast: some are also of opinion, that the extraordinary use of Venery, and used upon a full stomach may cause this disease: also debility and weakness, and the want of blood, may be an occasion of this disease. Catarrhus, is a distillation of some rheumatic matter, unto the lower parts; as when it doth descend to the nostrils, and cause oppilation, it is called Coryza; or when it doth descend to the parts of the throat, it is called Branchus; or when it doth descend unto the breast, or to the lungs, than it is called the catarrh: from whence this verse doth arise: Si fluit ad pectus Rheuma, tuicc dico catarrhun: Ad fances, branchon, ad nares dico coryzam. The catarrh is also caused either through some outward coldness, or heat, sometimes by evaporation of meats, sometimes by the smell and odor of hot and cold things, by the immoderate use of Venery, oucrmuch sleep, violent exercise, or too much rest or repletion. There are many other diseases which do spring from the brain, as palpitatio membrorum, tremor, and stnpor, with such other like, which for brevities sake I do omit. CHAP. II. Of the affects of the eyes. THe affects of the eyes are opthalmia, the cataract, lippitudo, leucoma, glaucoma, Aegilops, suffusiones, and such like. The opthalmia is an inflammation, or an hot impostume in the eye. It is caused of some distillation from the brain, or else of the corruption of blood mixed with choler, and sometimes accidentally by a stripe, or blow, the smoke, dust, the sun, etc., The cataract, of some called suffusio, is a disease in which the Patient doth imagine oftentimes that he seethe black things: it is a corrupt water, congealed like a curd, engendered of the humours of the eye, distempered betwixt the tunicles, & set before the sight of the eye, & the crystalline humour. The causes hereof may be a fall, stroke, heat, cold, pain, by whose means the humour is drawn and gathered together; or the cause may be vapours, and humours ascending to the brain, and from thence descending to the eyes, which in process of time, and by reason of cold are changed into water, and in the end is become thick and congealed. Lippitudo, bleare-eyes, it is when the under lid of the eye is subverted. Rasis doth affirm that to be lipitudo when the white of the eye is turned to redness. It is caused of some salt humour, or of superabundance of rheum, with corruption of blood. Leucoma, a kind of web, the which is rooted in & upon the eyes. The cause is a viscous humour, or some rheumatic matter: sometimes also it may come of a stripe or bruise. Glaucoma is used in two senses: for it is taken unproperly for a web, cataract or spot which is gathered and dried round about the apple of the eye: but there is a difference between the cataract and Glaucoma; for the cataract is a collection and an heap of other humours then of those which are natural in the eye, slowing unto it from some other place: but Glaucoma is properly used when the crystalline humour is dry and thick, and the colour of it is green, whereupon the eyes seem green or pale. Aegilops, is a little fistula in the corner of the eye near unto the nose, out of the which doth issue continually phlegm or a thin humour arising of some former disease, as of anchilops suppurated, but either not speedily opened, or negligently dressed; or rather it doth arise of some slimy matter, or moist medicines, or the air which hath altered and rotten the bone in that part. CHAP. III. Of the diseases of the ears. Dolour aurium, pain in the ears, is caused of some, through cold taken in journeying by cold winds: sometimes it is caused of cold baths, and medicinal waters; also it doth chance to many through hot distemper: sometimes through inflammation: sometimes sharp and biting humours do cause pain in the ears. Sovitus aurium, sound and noise of the cares, is for the most part engendered of a windy vapour, or of gross and clammy humours: sometimes it is caused through weakness of the members. When it doth chance in the recovery of a disease, some humour is taken into the sinews of the cares; it may be caused also of outward things, as of cold, heat, or a blow on the head. Surditas & gravis auditus, deafness and slow hearing: it doth begin sometimes at ones birth, and sometimes afterwards, which doth chance either through choleric humours flying upwards, or through crude and gross humours stopping the hearing. Parotides, be inflammations which are wont to issue out in the kernels which be by the ears. It is caused of abundance of hot blood, which is either mixed with choler, or phlegm, or melancholy: and sometimes it is caused of humours compact in the head; and sometimes of the rest of the body by sickness, and especially by fevers. CHAP. FOUR Of diseases of the nose. OZenae, are certain ulcers in the nose that be deep and rotten, out of the which doth breath a loathsome and stinking savour: the cause is sharp and rotten humours, which flow to the nostrils. Proflwio sanguinis ex naribus, flux of blood at the nose is caused by a two fold means, as internal and external: external as some fall, a stripe, vehement exercise and tarrying in the sun. Inward causes, as plenty of blood, or thinness of the same, and sometimes great drinking of wine. Polypus, is a fleshy matter growing in the nostrils, like unto a kind of caruncle. Hypocrates doth affirm, that it is incurable: sometimes it is caused through gross humours descending to the nostrils, and sometimes it ariseth through a melancholic humour. Coryza. Read before in the description of Catarrhus. CHAP. V. Of the affects of the mouth and teeth. Foetor oris, stinking of the mouth: it is caused for the most part through putrefaction of the gums or teeth, or through meat sticking still in the teeth: many times it cometh through hot distemper of the skin of the mouth: sometimes also through corrupt and rotten humours sticking in the mouth of the stomach: sometimes ulceration of the mouth or lungs, is the occasion of the stinking of the breath. Acola, and apthe, are certain ulcers bred in the uppermost part of the mouth, and have a certain burning heat: some are whitish, and some are of a red colour, and some are black, and they are the most perilous: they engender for the most part in infants and sucking children, when either the nurse's milk is nought, or the child cannot well digest it. These ulcers sometimes chance to them that be of perfect age, as well through great flux of vicious and corrupt humours to the mouth, as also through sharpness of those things that are eaten and drunk. Dolour Dentium, the toothache: it is caused sometimes through hot or cold distemper: sometimes through flowing, of humours out of the head unto the roots of the teeth; which through their sharpness either do gnaw about them, or else with their abundance they engender grief in the teeth: as if inflammation be about the fleshy parts. Pain in the teeth is sometimes without inflammation of the gums: sometimes in the sinew wherein the roots be planted. Dentes denigrati & molles: teeth that be black and lose, happen through the flowing of vicious humours, and sometimes through a stripe or fall: sometimes through flowing of moisture, which doth lose the sinews and ligaments, and so doth make the teeth lose; or else gnawing and weakness of the gums in which the teeth are set, are the cause of looseness. There are many other infirmities of the teeth and mouth; as Apostumes in the tongue, inflammations, chaps, and such like, ulcers of the gums, with the excrescence of flesh: all which I overpass for brevities sake. CHAP. VI Of the affects of those parts that serve to the voice. TVmer unulae, the swelling of the vulva: sometimes the vulva is inflamed, and sometimes it falleth down. It is caused either of rheum, or else of some hot humour; but if the vulva do fall, it doth proceed either through great labour, or heat, or else through great sickness or weakness. Squinantia or angina, it is an Apostume of the throat. Hypocrates in 3. prog. 17. describeth four kinds, and Celsus doth approve but three kinds; and the first kind doth seldom appear outward, and for the most part is mortal: the three other be not so dangerous. It is caused through some flux of humours that do descend from the head to the throat; and sometimes it doth come through evaporations, ascending from the stomach to the throat. Bocium, the Greeks' call it Bronchocelen, the Latins call it Hernia gutturis: it is a great round tumour in the throat: it settleth itself between the skin and the sharp Artery, in the which sometimes gross flesh is included, as it were a kind of humour like unto honey, fatness, or like to cheese and eggs sodden together. Tonsillarum inflammatio, the inflammation of the Tonsils: some do call them amygdalae, the Almonds; they are often times inflamed, for their places are hot and moist. Those which are most vexed with this evil, have abundance of blood, and children and infants which do suck, through the drawing of the milk: sometimes it happeneth to men and women by the drinking of strong wines, and through greedy devouring of meat; especially if they be eager or sharp: sometimes there are ulcerations of the Tonsils, which happeneth unto those that do abound with vicious humours. CHAP. VII. Of the affects which are incident unto the breast and lungs. OF the Catarrh we have already spoken of, in the infirmities of the head. Tussis, the cough: Galen in lib. 1. cap. 2. de symptomatum causis, doth affirm, that a cold distemper of the instrument of breathing, to be the cause of the cough. Also a humour distilling from the head to the trachoea arteria, and sharpness only of the upper skin of trachaea arteria going about within, doth provoke the cough: sometimes it is caused through cold or phlegm, descending upon the lungs: sometimes it happeneth through heat, dissolving the superfluous matter of the brain and so through a catarrhall distillation the cough is excited. Asthma, is a disease in the which the patiented hath difficulty of breathing; and it is caused when as gross and clammy humours in abundance be gotten into the gristles & lappats of the lungs; or when as there is some swelling, like unto a botch: sometimes a pestilent air, and the fumes of quick silver may be the cause. The disease hath a threefold division; for first when it is but small, and that there is no danger of suffocation, at is called Dyspnaea: secondly, when it doth grow more vehement, and that the patient cannot breathe without wheesing or difficulty, it is called Asthma: thirdly, when the patiented is not able to lie in his bed for fear of swooning, or suffocating, it is then called Orthopnaae. Pleuritis, the Pleurisy, or Laterau dolour. It is an inward inflammation or apostumation of the upper skin girding the ribs, called Pleura. It is caused of abundance of hot blood, flowing unnaturally. To the aforesaid upper skin within there is adjoined difficulty of breathing, the cough, a continual fever, a vehement pricking pain, and a hard and sharp pulse. Peripneumonia, is an inflammation of the lungs with a sharp Fever and difficulty of breathing. It is caused of strong distillations, falling to the lungs, or else of the Squinancy, or the Asthma, or of the pleurisy, or of other diseases: sometimes a simple inslammation is the cause of this disease. Sputum sanguinis, spitting of blood. It is caused many times of an outward cause; as of falling from an high place, or a stroke, or with riding, or leaping, or of some heavy thing fallen upon the Breast: Sometimes immoderate cold or heat breaketh the veins, as Hypocrates doth witness: sometimes fullness and abundance of naughty blood doth gnaw asunder the veins, and breaketh open the heads of them: sometimes also sharp humours falling from the head to the lungs doth gnaw asunder the veins. Empiema, or suppuratio, it is a spitting of a kind of matters caused when an aposteme or botch, being in the upper skin of those which do gird the ribs inwardly, or else in some upper skin of the breast; and being broken, it is shed and powered into the empty place of the breast, which is between the lungs and the upper skin girding in the ribs. It is sometimes caused through some eruption of blood; and sometimes through flux of the head and other parts falling thither, which doth sometimes change into the squinancy. Ptisis, or Tabes, it is an exulceration of the lungs until there followeth spitting of bloody matter. It is caused through a sharp and gnawing humour, flowing to the lungs from the head. It is caused also through blood and matter that doth remain after the bursting out of it in them that have the Pleurisy, Peripneumonia, or Empiema. They which have this disease, their flesh doth wash away, their eyes are hollow, they are vexed with a cough, and the fever hectic, they have difficulty of of breathing, with a pale and swore countenance. Chap. VIII. Of the affects of the heart and breasts. PAlpitatio and tremor cordis is the panting and trembling of the heart: it is a corrupt motion of the heart, or a stretching out of it against nature: our modern Physicians do call it Cardiaca. It is caused through some distemperature or an evil humour which doth rest in the celles about the heart, or else some tumour or swelling against nature: sometimes imbecility and weakness may cause this disease; and sometimes it ariseth through a gross melancholic blood. Syncope, is a swift failing of the strength, and is caused through much excretion and avoiding of blood; also throng infection about the brain and the heart, causing oppilations; or else through some great sickness: it may also come through great heat, and sudden cold: it may come through vehement sweeting and other immoderate evacuations: sometimes also fear, dread, and such like perturbations of the mind may cause swooning. Chap. IX. Of the tumour of the Paps. THE tumour of the Paps is of manifold causes; for sometimes it proceedeth of cold: sometimes through concretion of milk: sometimes through inflammation: sometimes through a stroke or blow: sometimes there is an hard tumour which is cancerus, and doth arise of some inward cause, as the stopping of Menstrus, unnatural melancholy, and such like. Concretio lactis, curding of milk, is caused through abundance of milk, which is not drawn forth. It is caused also of some hot distemper, when that through overmuch heat the thinner part of the milk is digested and dissolved, and the rest groweth together and turneth into curds: it may also be caused of cold which may cause the milk to congeal and turn to curds. Inflammatio mammarum, the inflammation of the Paps, is caused of abundance of hot blood flowing to the Paps: sometimes through milk curdled and turned to suppuration and matter. CHAP. X. Of the affects of the stomach. Dolour stomachi, pain of the stomach, is caused when naughty, venomous, and gnawing humours be kept in the stomach, whereby it doth chance that through intolerable gnawing, they cause swooning, which they call stomachica. Imbecillitas stomachi, weakness of the stomach, is caused through distemper of the working qualities, without any flowing of humours: sometimes it is caused of an humour being contained in the bosom and large space of the stomach, which hath power either to heat, or cool, or to moisten, or dry, or two of these qualities mixed together. And sometimes also it is caused of an humour stuffed and drowned in the films and coats of the stomach. Vomitus & nausea, vomiting and disposition thereunto, proceedeth of a naughty and wicked motion of the expulsive faculty of the stomach. It is caused of a vicious humour contained in the stomach, being either hot or cold: which humour either swimmeth in the concavity and hollowness of the stomach; or it is stuffed in the films thereof, cleaving like bird-lime: sometimes great exercise after meats, sailing on the seas, and overfat meats may be the occasion of vomit. Eructatio, belching, is caused either of ventosity, or of some sharp and four humour: sometimes it proceedeth of an hot cause, and that is perceived when either there is bitterness in the mouth, inflammation, thirst, or that the patiented receiveth remedy by cold causes, as Gal. affirmeth, Si à materia calida sunt cum siti si à frigida cum fame. Singultus, yelking or hicket, is a motion of the stomach, as it were a cramp raised of the expulsive faculty, which goeth about to expulse evil and hurtful things. It is caused for the most part either of fullness or emptiness, as is affirmed by Hypocrates: also sometime it is caused through the biting and gnawing of sharp humours: also coldness of the mouth of the stomach, is oftentimes the cause of yelking: sometimes it is engendered in fevers, when either the stomach or some other bowel is inflamed. Sitis, thirst, hath a two fold cause: the one is through want of moisture, and partly through abundance of heat; also through much drinking of old strong wine: sometimes it is caused through salt humours, or eating of very salt meats: and sometimes the stomach is dried by the consent of the whole body, as it happeneth in burning Fevers. CHAP. XI. Of the affects of the liver and spleen. Imbecillitas jecinoris, weakness of the liver, is caused of distemper, either hot, cold, moist or dry: a hot distemper doth burn up, as well the humours which were before in the liver, as also those humours which are carried to the liver, by the veins mesenterij. But cold distemper doth make the phlegmatic and raw humour, which is already contained in the liver, tough and hard to be moved, and the humours that be carried to the liver, it doth leave them half digested. A dry distemper doth make the humours drier, and thitker. Moist distemper doth make the humours thin, & more watery, therefore those which have a weak faculty of the liver, are called Hepatici. Obstructio jecinoris, obstruction and stopping of the liver, is caused of vapours & windiness, hard to digest: sometimes it is caused of gross and viscous humours in the ends of the veins, springing from the flat part of the liver, by which veins, nourishment is sent from the stomach and bowels to the liver. Inflammatio jecinoris, Inflammation of the liver, is caused as other inflammations in other members. Apostema hepatis, the Apostume of the liver, hath a twofold cause, as external, and internal: external, as a fall, bruise, and such like; internal, as gluttony, indigestion of the stomach, weakness of the virtue digestive of the liver, humours gathered together in the liver: sometimes it happeneth through inperfect cleansing of the gall, spleen, rains, and intestines. Scirrhus lienis, hardness of the spleen, it is caused of a certain humour, which cleaveth stubbornly to the spleen: and sometimes it happeneth after an inflammation of the spleen, if it be not rightly cured. Obstructio lienis, stops of the spleen, is not caused only of the weakness of the attractive virtue which is in the spleen, but also through stopping of the passage, by which the dregs of melancholy are derived from the liver unto the spleen; by which means, the same unpure excrements of blood are dispersed into all the parts of the body, which causeth a kind of corrupt and unnatural colour in the whole body, which doth incline to blackness; and if there be not speedy remedy, there doth not only follow the black jaundice, but also that same most dangerous disease called Scorbutus, after the which do follow most dangerous and uncurable ulcers. Scorbutus, the Scurvy, is caused through obstruction of the spleen, whereby the course and passage of melancholy is hindered, which being mingled with the rest of the blood, infecteth all the body, with vile wasting corruption; the gross part whereof falling down, staineth the legs with spots like unto the colour of pomegranates; and the thinner part being carried up, doth defile the gums, with sharp, fretting, and loathsome growing out of the flesh. This very disease is thought to be that which Pliny maketh mention of in lib. 25. of his natural history, calling it stomacaco, and sceletyrbe. Icteritia, the jaundice, which is a shedding of yellow choler, or melancholy all over the body: sometimes there chanceth shedding of choler to the skin, the liver being safe, as in the crisis of diseases: many times the jaundice is caused, & doth chance when the blood is corrupted, without a Fever, of some external cause, as it falleth out by the biting of some venomous beast. Also it may be caused through inflammation or change of the natural temperament of the liver. Sometimes it is caused through weakness of the bladder, that receiveth the choler, which doth not draw it from the liver unto him, and so doth leave the blood unpure: also sometimes it is caused through obstruction and weakness of the vessels, whose mouths are derived from the gall to the liver, and for that cause cannot draw the choleric humour. Sometimes it is caused through obstruction of the passages that do go to the bowels. Cacexìa, evil state of body, which is a waterish disposition of the whole body, whereby it waxeth lose and soft, it is engendered for the most part, of some long sickness, after the scirrsosytis and hardness of the liver and spleen. Hydrops, the dropsy: there are 3. kinds of them, the first is called Ascites, the second Tympanites, and the third is called Anasarca, yposarca, Sarcites, and Leucophlegmatia. Ascites is when much watery humour is heaped up between the skin, or film called Peritoneum and the bowels. Tympanites is when much windines and superfluous vapour is gathered in the aforesaid places of the belly. Anasarca is when the humour is dispersed throughout the whole body, that all the flesh doth appear altogether moist and wet like a sponge. The dropsy is caused through great coldness of the liver, or through other parts overmuch cooled, which doth bring the liver into the same affect. The liver is affected through the spleen, being cold, and by the stomach and the bowels; also by the lungs, the rains, & the midrisse; also it doth chance through unmeasurable avoiding of the haemorrhoas, or through woman's flux, or retention of the menstrus, or through some other great affect of the womb. Some fall into the dropsy after the gout, and the great pain called Sciatia: and sometimes also the dropsy doth follow the jaundice; but howsoever, it is the coldness of the liver, & weakness thereof, that doth cause the dropsy. CHAP. XII. Of the affects of the belly and intestines. DIarrhea, is a great flux of the womb, without exulceration, and inflammation. It is caused through weakness of the instruments that serve to digestion, also through abundance of nourishment, and meat that is moist and viscous, and through corrupting of the same meat. Moreover, gnawing and biting of those things that are contained in the bellic: also flowing of some things from above to the belly, and also weakness of the retentive virtue. Lienteria, is a certain lightness, or smoothness of the bowels, or a flux of the belly, in which those things that are eaten and drunk are avoided, even in the fame order that they were received, that is, before it be changed or digested: it is caused often times through a grievous flux, Dysenteria preceding, which causeth deep exulceration of the bowels: also sometimes it is caused through weakness of the virtue retentive, for being weakened, the meats be neither digested, nor distributed, but they are cast forth crude, moist, and nothing changed: also sometimes it doth engender after long flux of the womb: sometimes also when dropsy water is avoided by the belly. Dysenteria, is an exulceration of the bowels, the Latins call it tormina, because through it the bowels are tormented and fretted very much with pain: there is joined with this inflammation & excretion of bloody matter, & dreggie; the belly and the intestines are vexed with grief. Gordonius saith, that it is a bloody flux, with excoriation, & exulceration of the intestines. It is caused through exulceration of the bowels, also through drinking of naughty medicines, as scamonie and such like; also through eating of fruit, & sour meats, or through sharp & gnawing humours flowing, from the whole body to the belly, or engendered in the belly itself. Tenasmus, is a continual desire to go to the stool or siege, which the Patient cannot avoid, and yet there is no excrements avoided, except it be a little blood, or filthy matter, like unto snivel. It is oftentimes caused through cold, or sharp and choleric humours, or salt slegme, or impostumation, or inflammation engendered in the rectum intestinum: sometimes excrements baked in the blind gut, do cause Tenasmus. Colica passio, the cholich or pain which is bred in the gut called colon: it is caused many ways; for sometimes it is engendered through gross and slegmatick humours fallen down within the thin skin of the gut colon. Also sometimes through windines, which may not go out. Sometimes it is engendered through sharp and gnawing humours, which do afflict the foresaid bowels vehemently. Sometimes the baking of the excrements in the intestines, is the cause of that grief. Iliaca passio, the Iliac passion is a disease, causing most grievous pain in the small guts: this disease is called of the Latins Volwius and Conuoluulus. It is caused through continual corruption and crudity of meats, but especially of fat meats, which do engender obstructions in the small guts; also vehement cold, restraining and withholding of the excrements. In like manner much drinking of cold things; especially if it be taken when they sweat. CHAP. XIII. Of the affects of the reins and bladder. MIctus sanguinis, pissing of blood, is caused through weakness of the reins which be not able to divide the urine. Sometimes blood is pissed forth through breaking of a vein in the reins, as sometimes it doth happen to those that have lifted some great weight, or leapt violently, or fallen from some high place. Sometimes it doth chance through gnawing of the veins of some sharp humours flowing from above. Renum inflammatio, inflammation of the reins. It is caused through corrupt humours and medicines that do engender inflammation of the reins, and especially continual and vehement ridings. Calculus renum the stone in the reins, is caused through continual crudity and rawness of the stomach, whereby abundance of gross and earthy humours are heaped together, and burning of fiery heat about the reins parcheth the humours, and so baketh them together, and hardeneth them into a stone. Diabetes, is a continual disease about the reins, causing much thirst; and also whatsoever is drunk, even as it is taken, is pissed out again. It is caused of weakness of the retentive faculty of the reins; but there is such strength of the attractive virtue, that it sucketh from the whole body through immoderate heat. The patiented is troubled with a marucilous thirst, neither is it avoided by receiving of any kind of liquor. Ulcers of the reins is caused through rapture and breaking of the veins in the reins: also it is caused through rotting of inflammations, and through sharp and gnawing humours carried into the reins. Inflammation of the bladder is a most grievous and mortal disease: it proceedeth for the most part as other inflammations. Stillicidium urinae, the strangury, is a disease when as the urine doth distill down by drops, or by little and little, and causeth a continual provoking and desire to piss. It is caused through the sharpness of the urine, or by the exulceration of the bladder, or by an impostume of the iiver or the reins, which being broken doth send the filth & matter to the bladder, through the sharpness whereof it doth cause a continual desire to piss. Dysuria, is a disease wherein the urine is hardly pissed out. It is caused through weakness of the bladder, and through a cold distemper, which hurteth the actions thereof. Sometimes it is caused of gross and slegmaticke humours, which do stop the neck of the bladder. Iscuria suppressio urinae, it is a disease in the which the urine of the patiented is altogether letted and stopped. It is caused sometimes through weakness of the bladder: sometimes it chanceth by the stopping of the neither passages of the bladder, or of gross humours, or of a stone congealed. Sometimes it is caused through inflammation, or of or hardness of some swelling against nature, as the caruncle, and such like; which doth make the passage straighter, or stop it altogether. Also matter sent down from the liver and reins, or some other place causeth stopping of the urine. Sometimes gross and clammy humours fill up and stop the passage, so that the urine is stopped and hindered. Priapismus, is a disease wherein the yard is extended in length and bigness, without any lust or desire to the act of generation at all. It is caused either through immoderate opening of the mouth of the Arteries, or of some vaporous spirit, engendered in the hollow and sistulous sinew. Sometimes this disease chanceth to them which have abstained long from carnal copulation contrary to their custom, especially to those in whom blood doth predominate, and using little or no exercise. Satyriasis, is a continual erection of the yard, with a desire and appetite to carnal copulation: the causes are as of that of Priapismus. gonorrhea, is a disease in which the seed or sperm is shed against the patients will. It is caused through imbecility and weakness of the retentive virtue in the vessels containing the sperm, or through some other disease that moveth the parts of the vessels of sperm: also sometimes it is caused through flux of the spermaticke vessels: the seed that cometh forth is waterish and thin, without appetite of carnal copulation and for the most part without feeling of it: but sometimes it doth come forth with a certain pleasure. There is another kind of gonorrhea, which those men are subject unto, whose liver, reins, and seminary vessels abound with heat: full bodies like to goats, who in their nightly dreams lying upon their backs, shed forth a spermatic matter, and effusion offeede: of which the Poet Lucretius speaketh: Irritata tument loca semine, fitque voluptas Eijcere id quo se contendit dira libido. Incitat, irritans loca turgida semine multo. Idque petit corpus, men unde est sancia amore. There is yet another kind of gonorrhea, and that is virulent, and is a symptom that doth follow lues venerea. Ischias, called sciatica, is a grievous pain of the hucklebone, which the Greeks' call Ischion. It is caused through a gross slegmatick humour, which being congealed abideth in the joint of the hucklebones. For which cause crudities and rawness, with unmeasurable using of venereous acts must be avoided. Also violent exercises and walkings, with stopping of the haemorrhodes, with other accustomed evacuations, as the purgation of the menstrues, & other ordinary exercises may be an occasion of this disease. Arthrites, weakness and pain in the joints, is engendered of continual crudities and drunkenness, with the immoderate use of lechery: also through vehement and swift deambulations, and walkings, through long standing and often riding, also by suppression and stopping of accustomed excretions, and fluxes, and of letting slip of accustomed exercises; sorrows, cares, watchings, and other perturbations of the mind, do not only engender this evil, but do also breed hurtful and corrupt humours. Sometimes also the colic is turned into the gout when it is not well cured. Thus have I briefly touched those chief diseases that are incident to man's body. I will now proceed to the definition of fevers, and so draw this book to an end. Febris, a fever: the original or matter of a fever in general, is from the abundance of the four humours, for from the redundance of blood is engendered a continual fever. From the superfluity of choler is engendered the fever tertian. From the domination of slegm is engendered the fever called Ephemera or quotidian; and from melancholy putrefied is engendered a continual quartan. And generally the Physicians do define a fever to be an unnatural heat kindled in the heart and liver, distempering the whole body and hurting the same. Some define a fever to be an unnatural heat kindled in the heart and liver, distempering the whole body, and doth proceed from the spirits and blood by the arteries and veins into the whole body, and so doth hurt and let the operation of it. This we must note, that there be 3. kinds of simple fevers. The first is called Ephemera, and doth continue but one day, for if he continue any longer, he is changed into some other kind. The second is called Putrida, and Humuralis, or rotten fever, and is in the four principal humours, as blood, choler, phlegm, and melancholy. The third is Febris hectica, and is in the solid and radical members, and of all others is most dangerous; for it doth consume the natural humidity in man: that is to say, the blood, and so consequently nature. From these three are derived all other kinds of Fevers. FINIS. The antidotary. Pills for Alopecia, proceeding of Phlegm. Rec. ALoes Hepatici Diagridij an. Scr. ij. Pulpae colocynthidos Scr. j Mastiches, bdellij, an. ℥. ss. With the juice of wormwood make a mass, of which you may give one dram, or half a dram in three pills, according to the strength of the Patient, after midnight. Rec. An ungueut for alopecia. Euphorbij. Seminis Nasturlij an. Scr. ij. Sulphuris vivi. Ellebori Elleborialbi velnigri, an. Scr. j Cerae Scr. vj. Olei laurini Q. S. make an unguent, with the which anoint the place. Pills for Cephallagia, and pain of the head. Rec. Pil. aurearum Scr. ij. Pil. de fumo terrae drag. ss. Mix them with the syrup of violets, and make v. pills. And if it chance that the pain do proceed from morbus Galicus, you shall after the takiug of these pills, take this potion following, for the space of twenty days together, and so sleep upon it. Rec. Decocti ligni guiaci Secundum artem facti. lib. vi. Fol. senae alex. an. M. ss. Betonicae an. M. ss. Staecados Arab. an. M. ss. Polypodij querc. an. M. ss. Tum byth' boni an. Drag. Agarici elect. ij. ss Mix them, and boil them all together, until the third part be consumed, then let it be strained; and take of the straining ℥. vj. Oximellis simplicis Drag. ij. Let them be mixed for one dose. Let him continue this manner, and there is no doubt but he shall grow well. Unguents for anchor, and ulcerations of the head. Rec. Sulphuris, foliorum Parietariae. an. ℥. ss Saponis Galici ℥. j Mix them with the juice of Parietaria, and make an unguent. An other. Rec. Litargirij ℥. ij. Foliorum rutae virid. ℥. j Staphisagriae ℥. ss Vitrioli Drag. ij. Mix them together in a mortar, with vinegar and oil of myrtles, until it come to an unguent, and there with anoint the place. A water called aqua Booeoartica, or a water against the Pestilence. Rec. Cardui benedicti Radicum cnulae an ℥. j Zedoriae Imperatoriae Carlinae Diptami albi Angelicae an. ℥. j ss. Gentianae Pimpinellae Tormentillae Sandalorum omnium an. drag. vj. Petasite Serpentariae an. ℥. j Valeriana ℥. ss. Let all these be bruised very finely, & then add Musci optimi Ser. j & gra. v. Camphorae Scr. ij. & ss Theriacae Mithridati an. ℥. ij. ss. Let all be infused for two days in seven. pints of aqua vitae or of wine twice distilled, and then let it be distilled in a alembic, with a gentle fire, and then will it be a most perfect water against the Pestilence, and other venom, whose dose is Some make an infusion for 3. or 4. days, making afterwards an expression, and it is more delectable. ij. ounces, or one ounce and a half, with sorrel water and the water of Cardu: benedictus, and for a presetuative, half a spoonful is enough at a time. A distilled water against the falling sickness, called aqua Epileptia. Rec. Florum lilij convallij. M. vj. Infuse them in one measure of the best white wine, and so let it stand for ten days; then let it be distilled at a gentle fire in a alembic, in balneo mariae, afterwards take Florum lavendulae M. j Florum anthos M. ss. Garyophillorum Scr. ij. Macis drag. ss. Cubebarum Scr. j Visei quercini Radicis diptami alb. an. drag. ij. ss Let these be infused for four days in the aforesaid distillation, then let all be distilled again by a alembic. The dose for preservation is one or two spoonfuls to be taken once or twice in a week, the day before the new moon, and the full of the moon, and in or after the Paroxysm or fit, so much also. And with this water and sugar may be made Manus Christi, against the falling sickness, caros, subeth, and the Apoplexy. A distilled water against the Apoplexy and Palsy. Rec. Florum primulae veris. an. M. j Florum rorismarini. an. M. j Florum maioranae. an. M. j Florum ivae artheticae. an. M. j Speciarum Diamusciamar. an. ℥. ss. Diapliris. an. ℥. ss. Diambrae. an. ℥. ss. Confectionis anacardinaes. ℥. j Cubebarum. Ligni alocs. Nucis Muscatae. Gariophillorum. Macropiperis. Carpobalsami an. Drag. j Radicum acori Ireos Aristologiae rotund. an. ℥. j ss. Seminum sileris montani, Poeoniae Faemiculian. Drag. j Aquarum herbae paralyfis Saluiae. Betonicae an. lib. j Aquae florum tiliae lib. j ss. Serapini, opoponacis Myrrhae Gummi juniperi. an. Drag. j ss. Let all be bruised and mixed together, and let to stand in infusion for eight days: afterwards let there be a threefold extraction in hot ashes, or by vapour, or Balneo sicco. It is of marvelous virtue, in the preservation from the Apoplexy, and all other cold sicknesses of the nerves. It cureth the Palsy, tortura oris, spasmus, and doth marvelously restore speech. A water that doth strengthen the memory. Rec. Aquarum buglossae Betonicae Florum tiliae an. lib. j Aquae arden's opt. lib. ss. Florum anthos Rosarum rubearum Maioranae Buglossae an M. j Specierum confectionis Anacardinaes ℥. ij. A Cordial water. Rec. Rosarum rubearum M. ij. Florum Borraginis M. ss. Cinamomis drag. ij. ss. Xyloaloes' drag. j Spicae Indicae Garyophil. an. drag. ss. Radicum ireos ℥. j ss. Ben albi & rubei, an. drag. j Sandalorum rub. & citri. an. drag. ss. Corallorum rubeorum drag. j Corticum citri drag. ss. Seminum ocimi Garyophi lati drag. ss. Galliae muscatae drag. ij. Margaritarum Scr. ij. Zedoriae drag. j Zinziberis albi drag. ss. Camphorae gra. seven. Croci orientalis Scr. ij. Moschi Scr. ss. Aquae rosarum lib. ij. Vini maluatici lib. ss. Aceti ros. lib. ss. Let all be finely bruised and mixed for viii. days, and afterwards distilled in Balnea mariae. A water against the syncope or swooning. Rec. Aquae rosat. lib. ij. Acetirosatis lib. j Maluatici lib. ss. Florum rorismarinae Maioranae an. Dra j ss. Zedoariae Dra j Coriandrorum Scr. ij. Cubebarum Nucis Muscatae Macis Garyophillorum singl. Dra. ss. Cinamonti Scr. ij. Ligni aloes Dra. ss. Specierum Diamusci Drag. j Camphorae Scr. ss. Ambrae Gran. iiij. Let all be bruised and mixed together with the liquors, and let it infuse together for four days: then let it be distilled in Balnea Maria. You may add to these: Aquarum nympheae Violarum Lavendulae an. ℥ ij. Aquae ultaes ℥ iij. It is a most effectual remedy astainst swooning in the pestilence. In like manner three branches of pentiy-royall, infused in two ounces and a half of vinegar of Roses, and one ounce of Rose water: for only with the smell of this the spirits are revived. A restorative water. Take a Capon or Pheasant or a Pertridge, the bowels being pulled out, and let him be cut into small pieces & washed: then with Rose water and vinegar, add one dram of Cinnamon. Of Cloves Ser. ij. Manus Christi Cum perlis ℥. ss. Succiarantiarum ℥ ij. Acetositatis citri ℥ iij. Let all be put into a glass, or into some earthen vessel, and let it be boiled with a strong fire in Balneamaria, until half beconsumed; & then strain it, & preserve it, and drink thereof twice a day. A Cinnamon water. We make Cinnamon water either by distillation: the Cinnamon being grossly bruised, and infused in as much borage water, or Rose water as shall suffice, and so distilled in Bolneamaria. Or else we take two drams of Cinnamon, being finely powdered with sine ounces of the best sugar, being put into a measure of the water of the decoction of Barley, being very hot, and so to remain until it be cold; or else with three drams of Cinnamon, one handful of Barley, Reasons of the sun being washed, one ounce, Anisseed two drag. of white sugar Candie two ounces and a half, running water six pints: and so let it be boiled at a gentle fire until half be consumed, and then strain it. A water in the oppilation of the Liver and jaundice. Rec. Caponem Deplumatum. Et evisceratum being cut into small pieces and boiled, and then bruised with the flesh and bones in a mortar: then add thereunto Aquaeviolarum Betonicae Endiviae Lupulorum Cuscutae Sichorijan. ℥. iij. Succipomorum Redolentium ℥. iiij. ss. Decoctionis caponis Macri lib. j Sandalorum citrimorum Dr. j Scr. ij. Spodij Drag. j Cinamomi Dra. ij. Camphorae Gran. v. Let all be put into a vessel of tin close stopped, and placed in a vessel of water, and so boiled for four hours space, then let it be strained, and put the straining into a Limbeck, and so distilled by Balnea Marinae. A wine against the oppilation of the liver, spleen, reins, and the evils of the bladder. Rec. Scolopendriae M. seven. Adianti M. iiij. Chamae pyteos M. iij. Roris Marinae M. ij. ss. Cyperi ℥. ss. Radicis liquiritiaerasae ℥. ij. Rhapontici ℥. j ss. Passularum lib. ss. Alkakengi M. iiij. ss. Let all be put into an earthen vessel well glassed, and being close stopped, and so let there be put into a piece of fine linen, of Calamus aromaticus Drag. iij. Gariophillarums Drag. ij. And so let it hang in the vessel in the midst of the wine for four and twenty hours: then distill it by filter as we use to distill hippocras, still letting the Calamus aromaticus, and cloves hang in the vessel. A wine that is laxative. Rec. Fumiterrae M. j Foliorum scolopend. M. ij. Fol. senae alexander. ℥ j Polypodij Drag. v. Turbith electi Drag. ij. Cinamomis Drag. j ss. Garyophillorum Scr. iiij. Zinziberis Drag. j Rhabarbari cum scrupulo uno squinanti in petia. Ligati Scr. v. Florum violarum Borraginis an. M. ss. Let all boil in an earthen vessel with three pints of white wine, and so let it stand for a night; in the morning let it be strained, in which shall be dissolved four ounces of sine white sugar, one white of an egg, and with ij. scruples of Cinnamon, and half a dram of Cloves tied in a piece of fine linen, in the boiling let it be clarisied. The dose for those that be of ripe years is iiij. ounces and a half, in which may be dissolved five scruples, or two drams of Diaturbith. Against the retention of the Menstrus. Rec. Baccarum Lauri ℥ ss. Roris marini M. ss. Granorum juniperi num. xi. Cinamomi fracti Scr. v. Croci integri in petia ligati Gran. v. Let all be boiled in one pint and a half of white wine, and let the patiented drink every morning a good draft hot against the time that nature seeketh to expel the matter. In like manner you may take Trochis. de myrrha subt. pulu. Drag. j in a cup of white wine being warm, in the morning fasting. Or, Rec. Boraces mineralis. Dra. ij. Cassiae ligneae Scr. ij. Croci Graen. iij. Let all be made into fine powder, and with v. ounces of aqua matricaria. Let it be given once in a week. A Diuretic decoction in the stone. Rec. Capillorum veneris M. j ss Crithami marini M. ss. Radicum apij & remorae an. ℥ i. Liquiritiae rasae Drag. ij. Corticum radicis scolymi ℥. j ss. Seminum saxifragiae Dra. j ss. Damasonij Drag. ij. Alcacengi num. xvij. Radicum graminis Drag. iij. Let all be cut bruised, and boiled at a gentle fire in three pints and a half of running water, until the third part be consumed; then make a strong expression, in which shall be dissolved one ounce and a half of syrup of Violets, & of fine Rhubarb two ounces: then let it be clarified with the white of one egg. The dose is ℥ iiij. & ss. A decoction against the strangury and burning of the Vrin. Rec. Flordei integri M. j ss. Liquiritiae Drag. j Seminum anisi Drag. ij. ss. Dactilorum incisorum num. v. Sebesten incisorum num. xv. Let all be boiled in two measures and a half of running water, in an earthen vessel being glazed, until the barley break, then let it be strained, and take three ounces and a half of this decoction. Syrupi de papavere ℥. j Syrupi liquiritiae ℥. ss. Pulueris glandum Drag. j Let it be mixed, and given at the entrance into bed. A julep against the Apoplexy and Vertigo. Rec. Florum Lavandulae M. j Violarnm Rosarum Sticados Arabici Origani an. M. ss. Radicum Poeoniae Acori Pyrethri an. ℥. ss. Squilla Drag. ij. Cubebarum Drag. j Cardamomi Cinamoni Gariophillorum an. Scr. j Let all be boiled in one pint and a half of Betony water, and one point of Marioran water, and let it be strained, and with seven ounces of sugar, make a julep according to Art. Or if you will, you may dissolve in your decoction for your daily use, the syrup of Sticados. A pectoral julep. Rec. Cinamomi Scr. iiij. Thymi P. j Liquiritiae drag. j ss. Radicumireos drag. ij. Enulae drag. j Passularum ewcle. ℥. ss. Let all be boiled in a double vessel, with eight ounces of fennel water, iij. ounces of hyssop water, half a pint of Scabios water then let it be strained, & in the straining dissolve 7. ounces of fine sugar. Cinamomi Scr. ij. Gariophilorum Scr. j Ireos drag. ss. in Petia ligati boil the julep to a thickness and with the white of an egg let it be clarified. A Cordial julep of wine. Rec. Vini Rhenensis lib. j Aquaerosarum ℥. ij. ss. Gariophilorum Contus. Ser. ij. Cinamomis drag. ss. In petia ligatorum Saccharisim. ℥. iij. Let it be boiled at a gentle fire, to a thickness of a clear julep, & let it be given in the morning, and evening, two spoonfuls, against swooning. A julep for the stomach. Rec. Foliorum scolopendriae M. iiij. Cuscutae M. ss. Menthae P. j Galangae Xyloaloes an. drag. ss. Seminum anisi Scr. ij. Gariophilorum drag. ij. Cinamomis drag. j ss. Vini albi lib. j Aquae absinthij lib. ss. Aquae chamomillae ℥. iij. Let all be boiled in a double vessel, then let it stand for a night; afterwards make a strong expression, then with v. ℥. of fuger let it be boiled to the thickness of a julep: it is used in the pain of the stomach, through the oppilation of the entrails, and from a cold cause. A julep in the intolerable pain of the stomach, and colic. Rec. Conseruae rosarum ℥. j Opij the baici opij. gr. ij. justi ponderis Croci orientalis. gra. iij. Let it be dissolved in four ounces of chamomel water, and then strained and drunk three hours before supper. It doth extinguish heat and pain of the stomach and colic without any harm: it doth also provoke sleep, especially if the cause proceedeth of heat. A julep for melancholy, a quartan Fever, and the French Pox. Rec. Fumiterrae M. j ss. Scolopendriae Cascutaean. M. ss. Adianti M. j Foliorum & folliculor. Senae Drag. vi. Polypody ℥. ss. Corticum myrobalanor. Indorum Drag. ij. Paffularum enulcat. ℥. j Florum borraginis Buglossae an. pugil. j Epithymi Drag. j Ellebori nigri Drag. ij. ss. Radicum capparorum Drag. ij. Let all boil in three pints of common water, to the consumption of the third part, then let it stand for two hours, and then make a strong expression, which shall be afterwards twice distilled by filter, than afterwards with two Scr. of cloves, and one dram, and a half of cinnamon tied in a linen cloth, and with Sacchari ℥. ij. Syrupi de pomis Velregis sabor. ℥. j ss. Let it be boiled to the thickness of a clear julep: the dose is v. ℥. and for strong bodies there may be in petia ligati Agarici Drag. j ss. Cum duobus scrupulis zinziberis, in the last decoction. A julep for Dysenteria, and the bloody flux. Rec. Rosarum rubearum M. ss. Sumach Balaustiarum an. drag. j ss. Seminum lappatiae Acutae drag. j Myrtillorum drag. ij. Antherae drag. ss. Radicum torm●ntillae drag. ij. Let it boil for the space of half an hour, in one pint of the water, of the flowers of the slow tree, & seven ounces of plantain water, then let it stand eight hours, and make a strong expression, in the which shall be dissolved one ounce and a half of the juice of plantain being purified, three ounces of fine white sugar, with two scruples and a half of the powder of nutmegs, and half a dram of cloves, tied in a piece of fine linen, and so boiled to the thickness of a clear julep. A julep for the Sciatica, gout, and pains in the joints. Rec. Chamaepyteos M. j ss. Asari M. j Betoniae Chamedrios Sticados Arab. an. M. ss. Capillorum veneris Rutae an. M. j Turbith alb. gumosi drag. ij. ss. Polypodij querc. ℥. ss. Foliorum, & folliculorum Senae sine stipitibus drag. vj. Hermodactilorum drag. iij. Seminum anisi Faniculi an. drag. j Passularum enucleat. ℥. j Let all boil in three pints of running water, until the third part be consumed; then let it stand for an hour, and make a strong expression, which shall be twice distilled by filter, in which at the last shall be put of Agarick Scr. iiij. Zinziberis Scr. v. Caryophilorum Scr. ij. ss. Being bruised & tied in a piece of linen, with three ounces of fine white sugar, and so again boiled to the thickness of a clear julep: the dose is ℥. v. A powder against poison, and the Pestilence. Rec. Zedoariae Euphorbij Corallinae Tormentillae Gentianae Diptami vulgaris Terrae sigillatae Boli armeni Corallorum rubeorum & alborum Spicaenardi Masticis Herbaegaryophillatae Centaurij minoris Sandalorum rubeorum Ossis de cord cerui Camphorae an. parts equales Let all be made into fine powder, of which give one dram with the water of sorrel, or of wine and sorrel boiled together. An experimented powder, in the fit of the falling sickness. Rec. Seminum nigellae Scr. j gra. v. Maioranae gra. vj. Nucis muscatae Radicum poeoniae Mumiae an. Scr. ss Make all into fine powder, and let it be blown up into his nostrils. For the Vertigo, Palsy, Apoplexy, Scotoma, & for the memory lost. Rec. Radicum acor● Pyrethri Poeonia an. Drag. j ss. Galanga Costi an. Drag. ss. Cileris montani Drag. ij. Roris marini Drag. j ss. Florum saluiae Lavendulae Betonicae an. Scr. j ss. Cubebarum Cardamomi Baccarum lauri an. Scr. ij. Macis Scr j Nucis muscatae Ganyrphillorum an. Drag. ss. Cinamomis Drag. j Sticados' Arab. Foliorum rutae an. P. j Seminum amisi Sem. faeniculi Ameos Caruian. Scr. ss. Piperis longi Carpobalzami an. Scr. j Let all be mixed and made into a fine powder, and with sugar dissolved in the waters of maioram and sage, make Lozenges, or with the syrup of sticadoes, or honey clarified, you may make an Electurie. Lozenges for the same. Rec. Specierum Diambrae scr. iiij Cinamomis Drag. j Garyophillorum scr. j Musci gra. j Ambrae gra. ij. Cubebarum scr. ss. Pinearum praeparatarum Drag. iij. Sacchari ℥. iij. ss. All being made into fine powder, and with as much of the Epileptic water before written, and rose water as much as shall suffice, make Lozenges. Lozenges comforting the brain, and the heart Rec. Ambrae griseae. scr. ij. Cinamomis Drag. ij. Sacchari candi ℥. iij. Aquae rosarum Q. S. make Lozenges they are of a most pleasant taste. Lozenges for pain of the head, singing of the ears, and Vertigo. Rec. Nucis muscatae nu●. i. Cimini Seminum anisi Faeniculi carvi Cubebarum Piperis longi Gary●phillorum an. Drag. i. Pulegij sicc● Foliorum maioranae an. scr. i. Specierum diacimini ℥. ss. Mix all together, and make a fine powder, give one dram with fennel water: or with five ounces of sugar, and aqua epilleptica, and rose water, Q. S. make Lozenges. A pectoral confection. Rec. Cinamomis Drag. i. ss. Liquiritiae Scr. ij. Thymi P. j Radicum ireos Scr. iiij. Let all be bruised, and let it boil Cum aqua foeniculi ℥. ij. Scabiosae ℥. j Rosarum ℥. j ss. Then let it stand one quarter of an hour, and strain it, and take so much of the same straining as shall suffice to dissolve two. ℥. ss. of white sugar candy, and of Pennidice j ℥. and so let it boil to a thickness, and then mix therein, of cinnamon in sine powder half a scruple. Radicumireos' Scr. j Dragaganti alb. Scr. ss. Margaritarum Praparat gra. vi. Seminis bombicis Enucleati Scr. ss. Fol. aurinum. 4. And therewith make pectoral rolls. Rolls for the cough and Asthma. Rec. Pinearum praep. Drag. ij. Radicum ireos Liquiritiae rasae au. Scr. ij. Dragaganti Drag. ss. Seminum anisi Scr. j Feniculi Vrticae an. Scr. ss. Rad. angelicae Drag. ss. Cinamomi Scr. iiij. Storacis calamitae Scr. ss. Sacchari Penidij & candi an. ℥ j ss And with the water of Scabios, and fennel, as much as shall suffice, make rolls. Restorative Lozenges. Rec. Pinearum praepara. Drag. ij. ss. Fisticorum viridium Drag. ij. Specierum Diambrae Scr. ij. Cinamonu Drag. ss. Galangae Scr. j Garyophillorum Drag. ss. Nucis muscatae Scr. ij. Zinziberis albi Drag. ss. Xiloaloes' Scr. ss. With iiij. ℥. and a half of sugar, dissolved in rose water, with the species and other things, make a confection in Lozenges. Lozenges for the oppilation of the Liver, evil state of body, and the Dropsy. Rec. Specierun aromatici rosatis. Drag. j sc. ss. Specterum Dialaccae Drag. ss. Macis Scr. j Squinanti carvi Radicum asari an. scr. ss. Cinamomi scr. iiij. Sandalorum citrin Rubeorum an. Drag. ss. Cyperi scr. j Limaturae eboris scr. j Fisticorum viridium scr. iiij. Seminum melonum Excorticat. scr. ij. With vj. ℥. of sugar in the water of Agrimony and roses Q. S. dissolved, make a confection in Lozenges. A Tragea for Dysenteria, and the bloody Flux. Rec. Margaritarum scr. ij. Carabe Xyloaloes an. scr. j Chermes Garyophillorum an. Dra. ss. Nucis muscatae Corallornm praeparat an. scr. j With one ounce and a half of manus Christi sandalini, being finely powdered, make Tragea: it is also very good against Abortion. Manus Christi sandalini. Rec. Specierum trium sandalorum dr. j ss. Margaritarum praep. Scr. ij. Corallorum amborum an. Scr. j Seminum mclonum Excorticat. Drag. j Conseruae rosarum ℥ j Sacchari in aqua Rosarum dissoluti Q S. Make a confection in rolls; it is good against a hot distemper of the liver and stomach, and other diseases that spring thereof. Tragea. Against involuntary pissing. Rec. Coriandri Drag. j Carabae Drag. ss Corallorum rub. Xyloaloes' an. scr. j Glandium quercus Drag. ij. Nucis muscalae Scr. v. Sandalorum rubeor. Scr. ij. ss. With v. ℥. and a half of sugar, make Tragea, and let it be given at the entrance into bed. Against the superfluous flux of the Menstrus, and of the womb. Rec. Granorum chermes Scr. v. Sandalorum rubeorum Drag. ss. Carabe Scr. j Nucis muscatae Scr. ij. Fragmentorum sinaragdi. gra. v. With three ounces of fine white sugar make Tragea. Against ache and pain of the joints. Rec. Chamedrios Chamepitheos' Gentianae an. Drag. iij. Foliorum rutae siccae ℥. iiij. Make all into fine powder, this must be administered after evacuation, the body being well purged, and there is used to be given, one spoonful in the winter time with white wine, and in the summer with some distilled water. Hermes composed the like powder ex Chamedrios. Gentianae an. ℥. iiij. Aristologiae rotund. ℥. j Seminum rutae siccoe lib. ss. The dose is one spoonful, with Hydromel. Vide Gal. 14. meth. etc. Tragea de tartaro. Rec. Foliorum senae ℥. j Tartari albi de vino potenti ℥ ss Turbit albi & gummosi●m. ℥ ss Cinamomi Zinziberis an. Dra. ss. Gariophillorum Drag. j Sacchari ℥. j Fiat tragea A laxative powder. Rec. Polypodij Scr. ij. Zinziberis Scr. j Agarici trochiscat Drag. ss Rhabarbari Drag j Folliculorum senae Scr. j Garyophiliorum Turbit Cinamomi an. Dra. ss Make all this into powder for the delicater sort of people. For those that be stronger there may be added of Diagridium one scruple. The dose is one Drag. given in four ounces of Claretum laxatinum. Laxative Lozenges. Rec. Foliorum senae mund. scr. ij. ss Cinamomi Zinziberis Garyophillorum an. scr. ij. Hermodactilorum scr. iiij. Rhabarbari Drag. j Turbit electi Drag. ij. ss Diagridij Drag. i. scr. ij. ss Squinantij Gran. v. Galangae Nucis muscatae an. scr. ss With eight ounces of sugar dissolved in the water of Endive, make a confection in Lozenges. The dose is from three Drag. unto six Drag. An Electuary against the Epilepsy and vertigo. Rec. Diacori ℥ j ss Conseruae maioranae Lavendulae Rorismarini an. ℥ j Conseruae sticadoes ℥ ss Specierum diambrae scr. v. Caryophillorum Cinamomi Cardamomian. scr. ij. Cubearum Drag. ss Nucis muscatae Golangae an. Drag. ss Visci quercini scr. ij. Corallorum rubeorum scr. j With sugar dissolved in the water of Lavender, make an Electuary. An Electuary for the conservation of the sight. Rec. Conseruae Euphragiae ℥ j ss Conseruae rosarum ℥ j Galangae Drag. ss Macis ser. ij. Cubebarum scr. j Garyophillorum Drag. j Cinamomi scr. iiij. Seminum rutae Faniculi an. Drag. ss Nucis muscatae Scr. ij. Pulpae Chebulorum Conditorum Dra. iij. Nucis muscatae. Conditae ℥ ss Let all be brought into fine powder & cum Brodio emblicorum conditorum, or of Ginger condite, make an Elexuatie. An Electuary for spitting of blood. Rec. Conseruae rosarum vet. ℥ ij. ss Betonicae ℥ ss Electri albi Scr. iiij. Corollorum praeparat. Drag. j ss Cornu cerui usti Drag. j ss Gummi Arabici Scr. ij. Rob. deribes Dra. vi. With the syrup of purslane, as much as is sufficient make an Electuary. An Electuary for trembling of the heart. Rec. Conseruae rosarum ℥ iij. Conseruae florum Tunicae ℥ j Conserua melissa ℥ ss Specier um margariti Frigidi Scr. iiij. Galangae Scr. j Cinamomi Scr. iiij. Garyopbillorum Scr. ij. Doronici Scr. j Succini alb. Drag. ss. Nucis muscatae conditae Drag. ij. Zinziberis conditi ℥ ss Corticum citri Pinearum praeparat. an. Drag. ij. Seminum melonum Drag. j Manus Christi cum Perlis ℥ ss Margaritarum prap. Gran. v. Foliorum aurinum. iiij. With the syrup of Acetosus cirri make an Electuary. A restorative Electuary. Rec. Conseruae rosarum ℥ ij. ss Conseruae cichorij ℥ ss Sandalorum citrinorum Xyloaloesan. Scr. ss Galangae Scr. j Cinamomi Scr. ij. ss Calomi aromatici Conditi Drag. ij. Radicum cichorij conditi Drag. iij. Zinziberis conditi ℥ ss Fisticorum viridium scr. v. Seminum melonum excort. Dra. j With the syrup of the roots of Cichorie conduit. make an Electuary. A restorative Electuary for those that are hectic, and in a consumption. Rec. Carnis de pectore perdicis optimè Decoctae lib. ss Which being cut into pieces, let it be well beaten in a stone mortar; then let there be added. Cinamomi an. Drag.j. Cardamomi an. Drag.j. Garyophillorum an. Drag.j. Folij an. Drag.j. Cubebarum. an. Drag.j. Zinziberis an. Drag.j. Draganti an. Drag.j. Gummi Arabici an. Drag.j. Galangae an. Drag.j. Nucis muscatae an. Drag.j. Croci an. Drag.j. Maci●an. sor. ij. Let all be beaten together, then add Amili. Liquiritiae Pinearum mund. Amygdalarum dulc. Passularum Sebesten Fisticorum viridium an. ℥ ss Incisorum grosso modo Seminum cucurbitae Melonum Cucumeris. Papaveris albi Lactucae Portulacae an. Drag ij. Penidiarum ℥ ij. ss Let all be mixed together with the flesh in a mortar; then afterwards take Sacchari albissimi lib. iij. ss being dissolved in the broth of a Partridge, or a fat young Cockrill, and being added to the rest, make an Electuary. An other, called Eiectuarium regal. Rec. Conseruae rosarum ℥ j Conseruae violarum ℥ ss Fisticorum viridium Drag. vi. Pinearum mund. ℥ j Amygdalarum dulc. ℥ ss Galangae Scr. ij. ss Cinamomi Garyophillorum an. Drag. ij. scr. ss Macis Ligni aloes an. Scr. ij. And with sugar dissolved in Malmsey. the nuts being finely beaten, make an Electuary. A Loch for the Catarrh, proceeding of an hot cause. Rec. Conseruae rosanum recentium ℥ iij. Conseruae violarum ℥ j Muscillaginis psilly Et maluae an. ℥ ss Seminum maluae ℥ j Pinearum praep. Dra. iij. ss Fisticorum Dra. ij. Passularum Drag iij. Seminum melonum Succi liquiritiae an. Drag. ij. Seminum faeniculi Seminum urticae an. Drag. j ss Draganti Gummi Arab. an. sor. v. Carnem unius dactili Cinamomi Drag. iij. Rad. ireos Drag. ij. ss Let all be cut and beaten together, and with syrup of Scabios make a loch. Rec. Loch ad catarrhum subtilem. Capillorum veneris M. j Seminum papaver is albi ℥ ss Letoy is be macerated for a night in running water, then let it be strained, and boil the straining to the one half, cum Aqua de semini bus psisijs. Cidoniorum Portulacae Dragagantian. Drag. ij. Gummi Arab. Scr. v. Make a Mucilage, in the which dissolve Anili Drag. vi. Sacchari candi ℥ j ss And make a Loch. An Electuary for pain of the stomach, proceeding of a cold cause and wind. Rec. Conseruae rosarum ℥ j ss Specierum Diagalange Drag j ss Seminum anisi carvi an. Scr. ss Caryophillorum Scr. j Xyloaloes' Scr. ss Calami aromatici Conditi Drag ij. Zinziberis conduit. Drag. iij. Cinamomis Drag. ss Seminum melonum Scr. iiij. Cum Brodio Zinziberis: make an Electuary. For pain of the stomach proceeding of wind. Rec. Theriacae Drag. iij. Diptami Drag. ss Amcos Daucian. Gran. vi. Galangae Garyophillorum an. Scr. j Lignialoes' Corallorum an. Scr. ss Conseruae rosarum ℥ j Conseruae menthae ℥ ss Make a mixture with the syrup of Mints. There may be added, if need require, two grains of Opium. For the oppilation and obstruction of the Liver. Rec. Mellis passularum ℥ ij. Fisticorum viridium Drag. ij. ss Seminum melonum Scr. iiij. Cinamomis Drag j ss Garyophillorum Scr. ij. ss Limaturae eboris Raccepraep. an. Drag. ss Radicum asari Scr. ij. Cyperi Scr. ss Seminum anisi Macis an. Scr. j Cardamomi Squinanti an. Scr. ss Calami aromatici Conditi Drag. iij. Zinziberis conditi ℥ ss Diacalamenti in Rotulis fracti ℥ j With the syrup of agrimony and Calament minus amar.. make an Electuary effectual in Cacexia and Hsposarca. An Electuary for the dropsy and oppilation of the Liner. Rec. Rhabarbari electi Drag. j Laccaepraeparat. Drag. ij. Xyloaloes' Cinamomi Aristologiae longae an. Dra. ss Passularum enucleat. Fisticorum an. ℥ j Squinanti Asari an. Dra. j Croci Scr. ss With the syrup of chicory cum Rhabarbaro, make an Electuary. For the superfluous flux of the Menstrues. Rec. Athanasiae Nicolai Drag. ss Philonij Persici Scr. iiij. Garyophillorum Nucis muscatae Cinamomi Smaragdi an. Scr. ss Granorum chermes Scr. j Cum modico acetositatis Citri, make an Electuary. The dose is from one scruple to two, to be taken at the entrance into bed with wine of the infusion of Chermes and Sanders. Pills for the plague. Rec. Aloes rasatae Drag. iij. Agarici trociscat. Scr. ij. ss Zedoariae Angelicae an. Scr. j Garyophillorum Dra. ss Radicum eryngij Scr. ss Rhabarbari Scr. ij. Croci Smaragdi an. Oran. v. Trochiscorum Alhandal Scr. j Cum theriaca in aqua vitae aurea dissoluta fiat massa. Pillulae de tribus. Rec. Aloes Rosati Agarici trociscat. Rhabarbari an. parts equal. Cum syrupo de Rhabarbaro nostro fiat massa. Pills for the dimness of sight and weakness of the brain. Rec. Calami aromatici Cubebarum Nucis muscatae Spicae Squinanti Carpobalsami Epithymi. Macis Masticis Asari Garyophillorum Myrobalanorum citrini an. Drae. j Euphragiae Dra. ss Rhabarbari Sor. v. Turbit. Colocy●thidis an. Drag. j ss Agarici Drag. ss Aloes Drag. iij. ss Cum succo faeniculifiat mossa. The dose is from one dram to siue scruples. Pills against melancholy, and the French Pocks. Rec. Eleborinigri Drag. iij. Turbit albi & gummosi Drag. ij. Agarici albiss. Sor. v. ss Polypodij quere. Epithymi cretens. an. Scr. ij. Dtagridij Drag. ij. ss Trociscorum alhandal. Drag. j Specierum hierae simple. Drag. ij. Garyophillorum Scr. j Let all be incorporated with two Dra. ss of old treacle and a little water of Fumiterra, and make a mass. The dose is from a Drag. unto sour scruples. Pills to provoke the Menstrues. Rec. Corticum cajsia lignae Myrrhae Cinamomi Aristologiae long. an. Drag. j Borraces Scr. ij. Croci Scr. j Nigellae Drag. ss Let all be incorporated cum succo sabinae, and given in the water of pennyroyal or Camomile; it is an expert medicine. Pills against the worms. Rec. Aloes Scr. ij. Rhabarbari Myrrhae an. Scr. ss Trociscorum alhandal gran. iij. Pulueris corallinae Drag. ss With the juice of Wormwood make ix pills; one scruple is sufficient for a child. Trocisci sub lingua in Paralysi. Rec. Radicum acori veri Drag. j Pyrethri Scr. ij. Zinziberis Garyophillorum Nucis muscatae an. Drag. ss Cubebarum Scr. ss With Sage or water of Lavender make Trocisks of the bigness of a Lupin. To make oil of Hypericon. Rec. Florum hypericonis ante. Solis ortum M. iiij. Let them be bruised, and boiled in three pints of red wine, almost to the consumption of the wine. Then let the juice be strained out, and put into a glassen vessel; and let it stand in the sun for eight days space, and then add thereunto, Olei veteris lib. j Terpentinae ℥. iiij. Succi scabiosae Succi millefolij Centaurij minoris agrimony Barbae siluanae an. ℥ ij. Sanguinis humani Rec. nt extracti ℥ iiij. Vermium terrestrium lot. Vino num. xv. Myrrhae Masticis Sarcrcollae Opoponacis an. Drag. ij. Let all be mixed together, and boiled to the consumption of the juices. Oleum ranarum. Rec. Ranas maiores excoriatas Cum capitibus num seven. Florum Camomillae M. j Let it be boiled in one pint of common oil until the flesh be dissolved from the bones, then let it be beaten, and adding a little more oil, let it be again boiled. Then make a strong expression, to the which shall be added of Turpentine washed ℥ iiij. Let it be mixed hot in a mortar one ounce and a half of this oil, with so much of unguentum de succo Ebuli, mixed together, is good against the gout, pains of the joints, and Nerves. An oil for the Sciatica and pains of the joints. Rec. Petrolei Olei philosophorum Succi Ebuli Terebenthinae an. ℥ ss Lumbricorum Drag. vi. Vini matuatici ℥ ss Boil all together at a gentle sire and anoint the place grieved hot. unguentum de succo Ebuli. Rec. Succi radicum ebuli Succi rutae an. ℥ iij. Lumbricorum lot. lib. j Olei Camomislae lib. ss Olei rosatis lib. j Let the worms be cut and boiled to the consumption of the juices; then let it be strained, and add unto the straining Terebinthinae ℥ ij. Cerae ℥ iij. Make an unguent for the pain of the back and Nerves, the gout, & sciatica. An unguent for the French pocks. Rec. Auxungiae canis ℥ j Auxungia porc. ℥ j ss Theriace veteris ℥ ss Mithridati Drag. iij. Argenti vivi cum succo Mercurialis extincti Drag. seven. ss Masticis Olibanian. Drag. ij. Pimpinellae Drag. j ss Succi Lapet alij acut. De radice expressi Olei laurinian. ℥. j With a little wax make an unguent. Some use to mix with these kinds of unguents Oleum de euphorbio, because that then there is no evacuation by flux at the mouth or vomit, but by feege and sweat. another unguent for pain of the joints and muscles, proceeping from Lues venerea. Rec. Olei irini De keiri Laurini an. ℥. iij. Auxungiae porc. Mascul. lique fact. & colatae ℥ ix. Succorum Radicis ebuli Absinthij Rutae agrestis an. ℥. iiij. Vini maluatici aut. Albi odoriseri & opt. lib. j ss Let all boil together, to the consumption of the juices and wine at a gentle fire, then let it be strained, and add to the straining Bdellij dissoluti in Aceto Drag. ix. Olibani pulis. sub. ℥ ij. Drag. ij. Euphorbij Pyrethri subt pull. an. Drag. uj, Cerae Q. S. Let all be put together, and placed upon the fire until the wax be liquified, then remove it from the fire, and still stir it up and down until it be cold: then add Mercurij extincti ℥ j ss And being well mixed together, make and unguent; of which, being hot, anoint the members grieved, or tumors, in the morning: then let the patiented rest in his bed being well covered, for the space of three or four hours, and let him sweat thoroughly: then let the sweat be wiped away, and so let him rest for an hour, until be he somewhat cool. The patient must be of a spare diet until the cure be ended, which will be in run or twelve days. This unguent is of such excellency, that it doth not procure any pain in the throat or month; so that the body be well cleansed before by purgation and phlebotimie. Emplastrum de succo Ebuli. Rec. Vnguenti de succo ebuli ℥ ij. ss Olei hypericonis Drag. v. Terebenthinae cum vino Lotae ℥ ss Make an Emplaster: it is good against the pain of the Nerves, convulsion in the muscles, arms, and feette. another Emplaster for pain of the Nerves. Rec. Oleorum Camomillae ℥ iij. Hypericonis ℥. j ss Verbasci ℥ j Benzoi ℥ ss Croci Drag. j ss Masticis Drag. ij. ss Camomulae Scr. v. Ping●edinis caponis ℥ j ss Medullae vituli Drag. v. Storacis liquidae ℥ ss Terpentinae ℥ ij. Picis colophoniae ℥ j ss Cerae albae ℥ ss Make an Emplaster. S. Ae. An Emplaster for the Squinancy and Apostumes of the throat. Rec. Lithargirij ℥ j Upon which pour as much oil of Violets, and Oleum sesaminum as may make it in the form of an unguent: then take Muscilaginis psyllij Seminum altheae & Marubij an. ℥ ss Gummi amygdalarum In fusi in aqua coriandri Dic ac nocte, & colati ℥ j Put thereunto of the flowers of Camomile and Melilot finely powdered, of either dram two: at the last let all be mixed well together, and adding thereunto three new laid eggs, being well mixed together, and so apply it. An Emplaster that doth consolidate and mundify. Rec. Tut●●e praeparat. Drag. ij. Cinabaris aut minij ℥ ij. ss Lithargirij auri ℥ j ss Cerusae ℥ ij. Sanguinis draconis ℥ ss Camphorae Scr. v. ss Olei rosatis lib. j Cerae albae ℥ iiij. Make an Emplaster, and let it be malaxed with Rose water. Rec. Cerotum stomachale. Masticis pull. ℥ iij. ss Terbenthinae cum aqua Mentae lotae ℥ j ss C●rae albae ℥ iij. These being mixed in a hot mortar, let it be spread upon leather; then cast this following powder thereon. Rec. Garyophillorum Scr. v. Xyloalo●s Drag. j Calami aromatici Nucis muscatae an. Dra. ss Corallorum rubeorum Scr. ij. Menthae Scr. ss Make it into powder, and then let it be covered over with red sarsnat, and inter-bast it▪ and so apply it. In like manner Mastix being wrought in a hot mortar with a pestle, may be spread for a Cerot to be applied for the stomach: but it is best if there be added a quantity of oil of mints, to bring it into the form of a Cerote. A Declaration of the quality of certain seeds, herbs, flowers, roots, and waters. The four greater hot seeds. ANisseede. Fenelseed. Cominseed. Caraway seed. The four lesser hot seeds Yellow Caret seed. Smallage seed. Ameos and Amonie. The four greater cold seeds. The Gourd seed. The Cucumber seed. The Melon seed. And the Citron seed. The four lesser cold seeds Endive seed. Cichorie seed. Lettisse seed. And purslan seed. The four hot ointments. unguentum martiaton. unguentum de althaea. unguentum Arragon. unguentum Agrippae. The four cold ointments. unguentum album. unguentum citrinum. unguentum populion. unguentum resumptiwm. The five opening roots. The Smallage root. The Fenell root. The Parsley root. The Sperage root. The Kneeholme root. The four waters that do comfort the heart. The water of Endive. The water of chicory. The water of Scabios. The water of bugloss. The eight herbs that are laxative. Mallows. Mercury. holy-hock. parietary. Violets. The Colewort. Branckursin, and Beets. The three common hot flowers. Camomile. Melilot. And the Lily. The four common cold slowres. Violets. Red Roses. borage. And bugloss. ¶ A Table of those simples that are appropriate for all the chief parts of the body. Comforters of the head and brain are: CVbebes, Lignum aloes Balm called Melissa, Acorus, nux Mistica, Roses, Peonia, Spicke, Melilot, Francumcense, Castoreum, Galengall, Maioran, Staphy sagre, Musk, Rosemary, Stoechados, Hyssop, Camomel, Rue, Laudanum, Capparis, and such like. Things good for the eyes. eyebright, Fennel, Cloves, agrimony, Celendine. Things good for the heart. Chyperus, Safferne, Cloves, Lignum Aloes, Macis, Myrobalans, Nutmegs, the bone of the stags heart, Rosemary, Spodium, Terra Sigillata, bugloss, Maioran, Cinnamon, Coral, Amber, perils, Balm, Musk, Olibanum, Pistacia, Roses, Stoechados, Zedoaria, Borage, and such like. Thing good for the Lungs. Enula campane, Horehound, Liquirish, juiubes, Figs, Penidice, Dates, Hyssop, Scabios, Reasons of the Sun, maidenhair, Sebesten, Tragacantum, Almonds, Pistacia, and such like. Things comforting the stomach. Wormwood, Cassia lignea, Calamus aromaticus, Cyperus, Safferne, Cuscuta, Fumus terrae, Cloves, Lacca, Lignum aloes, Mints, Nutmegs, Origanum, the inward skin of the stomach of a Cock, Spodium, Olibanum, Coral, agrimony, Galengale, Gallia muscata, Levisticus, Mastech, of Balm, Myrobalans, Pistacia, Quinces. Things profitable for the liver. Wormwood, Safferne, agrimony, Cloves, Origanum, Liverwort, Cichory, the greater Plantain, both kinds of Dragons, Spicke, Fenell, Cassia lignea, Cuscuta, Fumus terrae, Gallia muscata, Pistacia, Endive, Schaenanthos, Polium, Reasons of the Sun, Anisseeds, . Things profitable for the spleen. Walwort, ivy berries, the Ashe-tree, Heart's tongue, Tamarix, Polytrichon, Calament, Cyperus, Acorus, the yellow Caret; Madder, Capparis, Asarum, the Elder tree, agrimony. Things good for the obstruction of the Liver. Cassia lignea, maidenhair, red Phetches, Dodder, agrimony, Fumus terrae, Horehound, Dragons, Asparagus, Stechados, Polium, Rhaponticke, Rhubarbe, Smallage. Things good for the obstruction of the Spleen. Rhapontick, maidenhair, Capparis, Dodder, agrimony, Fumus terrae, Horehound, Tamariske. Things profitable for the Matrix. Savin, Sothernwood, juniperburies', Maioran, Penniroyall, Staphy sagre, Hypericon, Acorus, Fenell, Saxifrage. Things profitable for the reins and bladder. Asparagus, Saxifrage, Milium solis, Asarum, Acorus, Filipendula, Genista, parsley, Polium, Dodder, Fennell. Things profitable to the joints. Polium montanum asarum, Acorus, Amonium, Sage, Calament, Pellitory of Spain, Stoechados, cost. Of syrups concocting Choler in the head. Syrupus De Nymphaea simplex. De Nymphaea compos. Head. Choler. Syrupus De Papavere simple. De Papavere compos. Of syrups concocting yellow Choler in the breast. Syrupus Infusionis violarnm. Breast. De succo violarum. Syrupus violarum. De Imubis. Syr. granatorum Dulc. In the stomach. Syrupus acetosus simple. Stomach. Granatorum acid. Oxisacchara simple. Oxisacchara comp. Syrupus De agresta. Syrupus insusionis rosarum. Syrupus De succo rosarum. Mitta cotoneorum. Syrupus De succo myrtil. Syrupus myrtinus. In the heart. Syrupus De succo acetosae. Acetositatis citri. Heart. Arantiarnm, & limonum. These syrups purge choler simply. Infusion of Roses. Purgers of choler. Infusion of Violets. Ex Floribus Persicorum. De Cichorio cum Rhabarbaro. De Rhabarbaro solutiws. Mel. mercurial. Syrupus De Bryonia. Purgers of phlegm. Syrupus De Hermodactylis. Oxymel juliani. Oxymel Elleboratum. Syrupus Diasereos. Syrupus Diacnicu. In the head. Digesters of phlegm. Head. Syrupus De Betonica compos. Syrupus De Staechade Mel anacardinum. De Hyssopo. De prassio. In the breast. Capillorum veneris. De Betonica. Glycyrhizae. De Calamentho. Syrupus. Scabiosae, etc. In the heart. Syrupus Bisantinus. Heart. In the stomach. Stomach. Aqua mulsa. Syrupus De absinthio. Syrupus De mentha. Mel Rosarum colatum. Oxymel simplex. Oxymel compositum. Oxymel scilliticum. In the Liver. Syrupus Acetosus simplex. De Duabus radicibus. Liver. De quinque radicibus. De eupatorio. The Matrix. Syrupus De Artemesia. Matrix. Syrupus De Calamentho, etc. Syrups concocting melancholy in the heart: are Syrupus De pomis. Melancholy. Syrupus De succo Borraginis. Syrupus De succo Buglossae. Digesters of melancholy in the Liver and Spleen. Syrupus De Epithymo. Liver and Spleen. Syrupus Lupulorum. Syrupus Splenicus. Syrupus De fumo terrae. Electuaries that doepurge Choler. Electuarium De succo rosarum. Choler. Electuarium rosarum mesuae. Electuarium De psislio. Diaprunum solutiwm. Purgers of phlegm. Benedicta laxativa. Phlegm. Diaphaenicon. Electuarium Indum maius, & minus. Electuarium Elescoph. Diaturbith maius. Diaturbith minus. Hiera picra. S. Hiera picra Constantini. With all the other kinds of Hieros. Purgers of melancholy. Diasena, confectio hamech. Melancholy. Diapolypodion magistrale. Hieralogodium. Purgers of mixed humours. Catharticum imperiale. Diacarthamum. Diaturbith cum Rhabarbaro. Hiera ruffis. Hiera abbatis. Electuarium de eupatorio. Vomitorium Andreae. Vomitiwm Nicolai. Pills purging Choler from the head. Pilulae aureae. Head Pillus. Pilulae Arabicae. etc. From the Liver. Pilulae ad bilem. Liver. Pilulae ad febres, Pilulae ex Rhabarbaro. Pilulae sabelliae. Pilulae De eupatorio. Pills purging phlegm. From the head. Pilulae cochiae. Pilulae hiero cum Agarico. Pilulae ex colocynthide. Pilulae alhandal. Pilulae ex sex rebus. Pilulae ex octo rebus. From the breast. Pilulae hierae cum Agarico. Pilulae ex Agarico. Pilulae Bechichae, etc. From the stomach. Pilulae Alephanginae. Pilulae ante cibum. Pilulae mastichina. Pilulae stomachicae. Pilulae ex turbith. Pilulae communes. Pilulae contra pestem, etc. From the joints. Pilulae De hermodactilis. Pilulae arthreticae. Pilulae foetidae Pilulae ex sagapeno. Pilulae ex oppanace. Pilulae De sarcocolla. Pilulae benedictae. Pilulae De nitro, etc. Pills purging melancholy from the Liver and Spleen. Pilulae ex Fumaria. Melancholy. Pilulae Ind. Pilulae De Lapide lazuli. Pilulae De lapide armeno, etc. Pills purging serous and waterish humours. Pilulae De mezaereo. Waterish humours. Pilulae De euphorbio, etc. Pills purging mixed humours from the head: as Pilulae sine quibus. Pilulae Lucis maiores. Pilulae Lucis minores. Pilulae cochiae, etc. Pil. de hiera simplici Gal. From the stomach. Pil. Assaieret. Pil. Ex turbith. Pil. De aloe & mastic. Pil. imperiales. Pil. pestilentiales. Pil. Aureae ex turbith, etc. Pil. De tribus. Pil. Ex halicacabo, etc. Liver. Pills purging all humours: are Pilulae aggregativae. FINIS. A Table expressing the signification of the weights and measures contained in this Book. A Barley corn. Gran. A Scruple Scr. ℈ A dram Drag. ʒ An Ounce ℥ A Pound Lib. A Half ss A Handful M Of every one a like ana.