THE ENGLISHEMANS' TREASURE, OR treasure FOR ENGLISHMEN:  
With the true anatomy of Man's Body, Compiled by that excellent chirurgeon Master Thomas Vicary Esquire Sergeant Chirurgeon to King Henry the 8. To King Edward the 6.  
To Queen Mary. And to our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth.  
And also chief Chirurgeon to S. Bartholomewes' hospital.  
Whereunto are annexed many secrets appertaining to Chirur Chirurgery, with divers excellent approved Remedies for all diseases the which are in man or woman, with emplasters of special cure with other potions and drinks approved in Physic.  
Also the rare treasure of the English Baths, Written by William Turner, Doctor in Physic.  
Gathered and set forth for the benefit of his friends and countrymen in England by William Bremer Practitioner in Physic and Chirurgery.  
AT LONDON,  
¶ Imprinted by john Windet for john Perin dwelling in Paul's Churchyard at the sign of the Angel, and are there to be sold. 1586.   

TO THE RIGHT WORSHIP FULL SIR ROLAND HAYWARD KNIGHT, PRECEDENT OF LITTLE SAINT BARTHOLOMEWS' in West Smithfeilde, Sir Ambrose Nicolas Knight Sir Thomas Ramesay knight, with the rest of the worshipful Masters and governors of the same: William Clowes, William Beton, Richard Story and Edward Bayly, chirurgeons of the same hospital, wisheth health and prosperity.  
THE people in times past did praise and extol by Pictures and Epigrams the famous deeds of all such persons, whosoever in any virtuous quality or liberal science excelled. Sulpitius Gallus among the Romans was highly renowned for his singular cunning in Astronomy, by whose means Lucius Paulus obtained the victory in his wars against Persius. Pericles also among the Athenians was had in great admiration & honour for his profound knowledge in Philosophy, by whom the whole city of Athens was from care and woe delivered, when they supposed their destruction to be near at hand, by a black dareknes of some admiration hanging over their city. How honourably was Apelles the Painter esteemed of mighty king Alexander by whom only he desired to be painted. But amongst all other arts and Sciences, whose praise in times past flourished and shined most brightly, Chirurgery among the wise Grecians lacked not his praise, honour and estimation. For did not that worthy and famous captain of the Greeks Agamemnon's love dearly and reward bountifully both Podalerius and Machaon through whose cunnings skill in Surgery, thousands of worthy Greeks were saved alive and healed, who else had died and perished. And further here to speak of Philoneter, of Attalus, of Hiero, of Archelaus, and of juba kings of famous memory, who purchased eternal praise by their study and cunning in Physic and Surgery. But now in these our days envy so ruleth the roast, that Physic should be condemned, and Surgery desp●…sed for ever but that sometime pain biddeth battle, and care keepeth skirmish, in such bitter sort, that at the last this Alarm is sounded out, Now come Physic, and then help Surgery. Then is remembered the saying of jesus the son of Sirach: which is notable, Honour the Physician and Chirurgeon for necessity, whom the almighty God hath created because from the highest cometh medicine, and they shall receive gifts of the King. Wherefore we exhort the wise man that he in notime of prosperity and health, neglect these noble arts and mysteries of Physic and Chirurgery, because no age, no person, no country can long time lack their helps and remedies. What is it to have lands and houses, to abound in silver and gold to be decked with pearls and diamonds, yea and to possess the whole world, to rule over nations and countries: and to lack health, the chiefest jewel and greatest treasure of man's life and delight.  
Consider then we beseech your Worships, what praises are due to such noble Sciences, which only work the causes of this aforesaid health, and how much the weal-public are bound to all them, whose cares and studies daily tendeth to this end. Amongst whom here is to be remembered Master Vicary Esquire, Sergeant Chirurgeon to Kings and Queens of famous memory: Whose learned work of anatomy is by us the forenamed Surgeons of Saint Bartholomewes' in Smithfeild, newly revived, corrected and published abroad to the commodity of others, who be students in Chirurgery: not without our great studies, pains and charges, And although we do lack the profound knowledge, and sugared eloquence of the Latin and Greek tongues, to deck and beautify this work, yet we hope the studious reader shall thereby reap singular commodity and fruit, by reading this little treatise of the Anatomy of man's body, the which is only grounded upon reason and experience which are two principal roots of physic and Surgery. As it is granted by Galen in his third book De methodo medendi: and we who daily work and practise in Surgery, according to the deepness of the Art, aswell in grievous wounds, ulcers, and Fistules, as other hid and secret diseases upon the body of man, daily used by us in S. Bartholomewes' hospital, & other places, etc. Those poor and grieved creatures, aswell men and women, as children do know the profit of this art, to be manifold, and the lack of the same to be lamented. Therefore Galen truly writeth, saying, That no man can work so perfectly, as aforesaid, without the knowledge of the Anatomy: For (saith he) it is as possible for a blind man to carve & make an image perfect, as a Chirurgeon to work without error in man's body not knowing the Anatomy. And further, for as much as your Worships are very careful for those poor and grieved creatures within the Hospital of S. Bartholomewes'. etc. whereof Master Vicary was a member: We are therefore now encouraged to dedicate this little work of the Anatomy, being his and our travels, to you as Patrons of this book to defend against the ravening jaws of envious backbiters, which never cease by all unlawful means to blemish and deface the works of the learned, expert, and well disposed persons. Finally, we do humbly crave of your goodnesses, to accept in good part this treatise concerning the Anatomy, as the fruits of our studies and labours, whereby we shallbe much better encouraged to set forth hereafter other profitable works for the common wealth. Herein if your Wisdoms do vouchsafe to hear our requests, and to allow these our doings, as did noble Amasius king of Egypt accept the labours of his painful Artificers, We have not only to thank your worships for so doing, but also to pray unto the almighty God to requite your goodnesses, receiving you into his protection and keeping.  
Amen.   

To the Reader.  
Dear Brethren, and friendly Readeres, we have here according to the truth & meaning of the Author, set forth this needful and necessary work concerning the Anatomy of man's body, being collected and gathered by Master Thomas Vicary, and now by us the chirurgeons of S. Bartholomewes Hospital revived, corrected, and published. And albeit this treatise be small in volume, yet in commodity it is great and profitable. Notwithstanding if the things therein contained be not discreetly & wisely studied and applied, according to the true meaning of the Author, we have to tell you hereof, that therein is great peril, because through ignorant practitioners, not knowing the Anatomy, commonly doth ensue death, and sepa ration of soul and body. Furthermore whereas many good and learned men in these our days, do cease to publish abroad in the English tongue their works and traveles, it is for that if any one fault or blemish by fortune be committed, either by them or the printer escaped, they are blamed, yea and condemned for ignorant men, and error holder's. But now we cease here from these points, to trouble the gentle readerwith longer discoursing, for whose sakes & commodities we have taken these pains: wishing that men more skilful and better learned would have bome this burden for us. Craving only this much at your hands, for to correct our faults favourably, & to report of the Author courteously, who sought (no doubt) your commodities only and the profit of the common wealth without praise & vainglory of himself. Thus we the chirurgeons aforesaid, commit you to the blessed keeping of Almighty God, who always defend & increase your studies & ours.  
Amen.   

THOMAS VICARY TO HIS Brethren practising chirurgery  
HEreaf●…er followeth a little treatise 〈◊〉 Trea●…ure for Englishmen of ●…he Anatomy of man: Made by Thomas vicary Citizen and Chirurgeon of London, for all such young ●…rethren of his fellowship practising Chirurgéry: Not fo●… them that be expertly see●…e in the Anatomy: for to them Galen the 〈◊〉 of all 〈◊〉, hath set it forth in his Canons, to the high glory of God, and to the erudition and knowledge of all those that be expertly seen and learned in the noble science of Chirurgery. And because all the noble Philosophers writing ●…pon Chirurgery, do condemn all such persons as practise in Chirurgery not kno●…ing the 〈◊〉. Therefore 〈◊〉 have drawn into certain lessons and small Chapt●…rs, a part of the Anatomy, ●…ut touching a part of every member particularly: Requiring every man that shall read this little treatise, to correct and amend it where it shall be need, and hold me excused for my bold enterprise, and accept my goodwill towards the same.  

O Lord which ●…ade th●… lofty Skies,  
Work in our Rulers hearts,  
Always to have before their eyes  
Safeguard to godly Artes.    


Now he that is the perfect guide,  
doth know our helps were here alone  
By homely style it may be spied  
for rules in Rhetoric have we none.  
Our heads do lack that filled phrase,  
Whereon fine wits delight to gaze.  
If any say we deserve here blame,  
We pray you then amend the same.    

A TREASURE FOR English men, containing the Anatomy of man's body: Compiled by Thomas Vycarie, Esquire, and Sergeant Chirurgeon to King Henry the eight, to K. Edward the sixth, to Queen Marie, and to our most gracious Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth. And also chief Chirurgeon of S Bartholomewes' Hospital. for the use and commodity of all unlearned practitioners in chirurgery.  
HEre I shall declare unto you, shortly and briefly, the sayings, and the determinations of divers ancient Authors, in three points, very expedient for all men to know, that intend to use or exercise the mystery or art of chirurgery. The first is, to know what thing chirurgery is: The second is, how that a Chirurgeon should be chosen: And the third is, with what properties a Surgeon should be endued.  
The first is to know what thing chirurgery is. Herein I do note the saying of Lamfranke, whereas he saith: All things that man would know, may be known by one of these three things: That is to say, by his name, or by his working, or else by his very being and showing of his own properties. So than it followeth, that in the same manner we may know what chirurgery is by three things. First, by his name, as thus: The Interpreters write, that Surgery is derived out of these words, Apo tes chiros, cai tou ergou, that is to be understanded: a hand working, and so it may be taken for all handy arts. But noble hippocras sayeth, that Surgery is hand working in man's body, for the very end and profit of chirurgery is hand working.  
Now the second manner of knowing what thing chirurgery is, it is the saying of Avicen to be known by his being, for it is verily a medecinall science: and as Galen sayeth: he that will know the certainty of a thing, let him not busy himself to know only the name of that thing, but also the working and the effect of the same thing.  
Now the third way to know what thing chirurgery is, It is also to be known by his being or declaring of his own properties, the which teacheth us to work in man's body with hands: as thus: In cutting or opening those parts that be whole, and in healing those parts that be broken or cut, and in taking away that that is superfluous, as Warts, Wens, Skurfulas, and other like. But further to declare what Galen sayeth Surgery is. It is the last instrument of medicine: that is to say, Diet, Potion, and chirurgery: of the which three, sayeth he, Diet is the noblest, and the most virtuous. And thus he sayeth, whereas a man may be cured with Diet only, let there bee given no manner of medicine. The second instrument is Potion: for and if a man may be cured with Diet and Potion, let there not be ministered any chirurgery. The third and last instrument, is chirurgery, through whose virtue and goodness is removed and put away many grievous infirmities and diseases, which might not have been removed nor yet put away, neither with Diet, nor with Potion. And by these three means it is known what thing chirurgery is. And this sufficeth for us for that point. Now it is known what thing chirurgery is, there must also be chosen a man apt and meet to minister Surgery, or to be a Chirurgeon. And in this point all Authors do agree, that a Chirurgeon should be chosen by his complexion, and that his complexion be veri●… temperate, and all his members well proportioned. For Rasis sayeth: Whose face is not seemly, it is unpossible for him for to have good manners. And Aristotle the great Philosopher writeth in his Epistles to the noble King Alexander (as in those Epistles more plainly doth appear) how he should choose all such persons as should serve him, by the form and shape of the face, and all other members of the body. And furthermore they say, he that is of an evil complexion, there must needs follow like c●…nditions. Wherefore it agreeth that a Chirurgeon must be both of a good and temperate complexion, as is afore rehearsed. And principally, that he be a good liver, and a keeper of the holy commandments of God, of whom cometh all cunning and grace, and that his body be●… not quaking, and his hands ●…tedfast, his fingers long and small, and not trembling: and that his left hand be as ready as his right hand, with all his limbs able to fulfil the good works of the soul. Now here is a man meet to be made a Chirurgeon. And though he have all these good qualities before rehearsed, yet is he no good Chirurgeon, but a man very fit and meet therefore. Now then to know what properties and conditions this man must have before he be a perfect Chirurgeon.  
And I do note four things most specially that every Chir●…rgion ought for to have: The first, that he be learned: The second, that he be expert: The third, that he be ing●…nious: The fourth, that he be well mannered. The first (I said) he ought to be learned, and that he know his principles, not only in chirurgery, but also in Physic, that he may the 〈◊〉 defend his Surgeri●…. Also he ought to be seen●… in natural Philosophy, and in Grammar, that he speak congruity in Logic, that teacheth him to prove his proportions with good reason. In rhetoric, that teacheth him to speak seemly and eloquently: also in theoric, that teacheth him to know things natural, and not natural, and things against nature. Also he must know the Anatomy, for all authors writ against those Surgeons that work in man's body, not knowing the Anatomy: For they be likened to a blind man, that cutteth in a vine tree, for he taketh more or less than he ought to do. And here note well the saying of Galen the prince of Philosophers, in his Estoris, that it is as possible for a Surgeon not knowing the Anatomy, to work in man's body without error, as it is for a blind man to carve an Image and make it perfect. The second, I said, he must be expert: For Rasus sayeth, he ought to know and to see other men work, and after to have use and exercise. The third, that he be ingenious or witty: for all things belonging to chirurgery may not be written, nor with letters set forth. The fourth, I said, that he must be well mannered, & that he have all these good conditions here following: First, that he be no spousbreaker, nor no drunkard. For the Philosophers say, amongst all other things, beware of those persons that follow drunkenness, for they be accounted for no men, because they live a life bestial: wherefore amongst all other sorts of people, they ought to be sequestered from the ministering of medicine. Likewise a Chirurgeon must take heed that he deceive no man with his vain promises, for to make of a small matter a great, because he would be counted the more famous. And amongst other things, they may neither be flatterers, nor mockers, nor privy backbiters of other men. Likewise they must not be proud, nor presumptuous, nor detractors of other men. Likewise they ought not to be too covetous, ●…nor no niggard, and namely amongst their friends, or men of worship, but let them be honest, courteous, and free, both in word and 〈◊〉. Likewise they shall giu●… 〈◊〉 counsel exce●…t they 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and then say their adui●…e by good delib●…ration, and that they be well advised a●…ore they speak, ch●…efely in the presence of wise men. Likewise they mu●…t be as privy and as secret as any Confessor, of all things that they shall either hear or see in the house of their Patient. They shall not take into their cure any manner of person, except he will be obedient unto their precepts, for he can not be called a patient, unless he be a sufferer. Also that they do their diligence aswell to the poor as to the rich. They shall never discomfort their Patient, and shall command all that be about him that they 〈◊〉 the same, but to his ●…riends speak truth as the ●…ase 〈◊〉. They must also be bold in those things whereof they be certain, and as dreadful in all perils. They may not ●…hide with the 〈◊〉, but be always pleasant and merry. They must not covet any woman by way of villainy, and specially in the house of their Patient. They shall not for covetousness of money take in hand those cures that be uncurable; nor never set any certain day of the sick-man's health, for it lieth not in their power: following the distinct counsel of Galen, in the amphorisme of hippocras, saying: Oportet seipsum non solum. By this Galen meaneth, that to the cure of everysore there belongeth four things: of which, the first and principal belongeth to God, the second to the Surgeon, the third to the Medicine, & the fourth to the Patient. Of the which four and if any one do fail, the Patient can not be healed: then they, to whom belongeth but the fourth part, shall not promise the whole, but be first well advised. They must also be gracious and good to the poor, and of the rich take liberally for both. And see they never praise themselves, for that redoundeth more to their shame and discredit, then to their fame and worship: For a cunning & skilful Chirurgeon need never vaunt of his doings, for his works will ever get 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Likewise that they despise no other Chirurgeon without a great cause: for it is méet●… that ●…ne Chirurgeon should love another, as Christ loveth us al. And in thus doing they shall increase both in virtue and cunning, to the honour of God and worldly fame. To whom he bring us all. Amen.  

The Anatomy of the simple members.  
ANd if it be, asked you how many simple members somewhere be, it is to be answered, eleven and two that be but super 〈◊〉 of members: and th●…se be they, Bones, Cartilages, Nerves, Pannicles, Ligaments, cords, Arteirs, Veins, Fatness, Flesh and Skin: and the superfluities be the hears and the nails. I shall begin at the bone, because it is the foundation, and the hardest member of all the body. The Bone is a c●…nsimile member, simple and spermaticke, and cold and dry of complexion, insensible, and inflexible: and hath divers forms in man's body, for the diversity of helpings. The cause why there be many bones in man's body is this: Sometime it is needful that one member or one limb should move without another. Another cause is, that some defend the principal members, as doth the bone of the breast, and of the head: and some to be the foundation of divers parts of the body, as the bones of the Ridge, and of the legs: and some to fulfil the hollow places, as in the hands and feet, etc.  
The gristle is a member simple and spermaticke, next in hardness to the bone, and is of complexion cold and dry, and insen●…ible. The gristle was ●…rdeyned for ●…ixe ●…auses, or profits that I fin●…e in it: The first is, that the continual moving of the hard bone might not be done in a juncture but that the gristle should be a mean between the ligament and him: The second is, that in the time of concussion or oppression, the soft members or limbs should not be hurt of the hard●…: The third is, that the extremity of bones and joints that be grystly, might the 〈◊〉 be folded and moved together without hurt: the fourth is, for that it is necessary in some mean places to put a gristle, as in the throat bowel for the sound: The fifth is, for that it is needful that some members be holden up with a gristle, as the l●…ds of the eyes: The sixth is; that some limbs have a sustaining and a drawing abroad, as in the nose and the ears, etc.  
The ligament is a member consimple, simple, & spermaticke, next in hardness hardness 〈◊〉 the gristle and of com●…lexion cold and dry, and is fle●…ible and in●…ensible, and bi●…deth the bones together. The cause why h●… is flexible and insensible is this: If it had been sensible, he might not have suffered the labour and moving of the joints: and if it had not been flexible of his bowing, one limb should not have moved without another. The second profit is, that he be joined with sinew●…s, for to 〈◊〉 cords and Brawns: The third help is, that he be a resting pla●…e to some sinews: The fourth profit is, that by him the members that be within the body be sustained, as the matrix and kidneys, and divers other, etc.  
The Sinew is a 〈◊〉 member, simple and spermaticke, mean between har●… and soft, and in complexion cold and dry, and he is both flexible an●… sensible, strong and tough, having his beginning from the brain, or from Mynuca, which is the 〈◊〉 of the back. And from the brain cometh, 〈◊〉 pair ●…f Nerves se●…satiues, an●… from Mynuca cometh thirty. pair of Nerves moti●…s, and one that is by himself, that springeth of the last spondyl. All these sinews have both feeling and moving, in ●…ome more and in some less. etc.  
A Cord or Tendon is a consimple or official member, compound and spermaticke, sinewy, strong, and tough, meanly between hardness and softness, and meanly sensible, and flexible, and in complexion cold and dry. And the Cord or Tendon is thus made: The sinews that come from the brain and from Mynuca, and go to move the members, is intermingled with the ligaments, & when the sinews and ligaments are intermingled together, then is made a Cord. And three causes I perceive why the cords were made: The first is, that the sinew alone is so sensible that he may not suffer the great labour and travel of moving, without the fellowship and strength of the ligament that is insensible, & that letteth his great feeling, and bringeth him to a perfect temperance, and so the cords move the limbs to the will of the soul. And this Cord is associated with a simple flesh, and so thereof is made a brawn or a Muscle, on whom he might rest after his travel. And this Brawn is called a Muscle. Then when this Cord is entered into this brawn, he is departed into many small threads, the which be called will. And this will hath three properties. The first is in length, by whose virtue that draweth it hath might: The second in breadth, by whom the virtue that casteth out hath might: The third in thwartnes, in whom the vert●…e that holdeth hath might: and at the end of the Brawn those threads be gathered together to make an other Muscle. etc.  
Now I will begin at the Artere. This Artere is a member cons●…myle, simple and spermaticke, hollow and synowye, having his springing from the heart, bringing from the heart to every mem●…er blood and spirit of life. It is of complexion cold and dry. And all these arteries have two coats, except one that goeth to the Lungs, and he hath but one cote that spreadeth abroad in the Lungs, and bringeth with him to the Lungs blood, with the spirit of life to nourish the Lungs withal: and also that Artere bringeth with him from the lungs air to temper the fumous heat that is in the heart. And this Artere is he that is called Arteria venalis, because he hath but one cote as a vain, and is more obedient to be delated abroad through ●…l the lungs, because that the blood might the sooner sweat through him: whereas all other Arters have two coats, because one cote may not withstand the might & power of the spirit of life. diverse other causes there be, which shallbe declared in the Anatomy of the breast. etc.  
The vein is a simple member in complexion cold and dry, and spermaticke, like to the Artere, having his beginning from the liver, and bringing from the Liver nutritive blood, to nourish every member of the body with. And it is so to be understanded that there is no more difference between these two vessels of blood, but that the Artere is a vessel of blood spiritual or vital. And the Ueine is a vessel of blood nutrimental, of the which Ueines there is noted two most principal, of the which one is called Vena porta, the other is called venacelis, of whom it is too much to treat of now, until we come to the Anatomy of the womb. etc.  
The flesh is a consimiler member, simple, not spermaticke, and is engendered of blood congealed by heat, and is in complexion hot and moist. Of the which is noted three kinds of flesh's: that is to say, one is soft 〈◊〉 pure flesh: the second is muskulus, or hard & brawny flesh: the third is glandulus, knotty, or kurnelly flesh. Also the commodities of the flesh be indifferent, for some be common to every kind of flesh, and some be proper to one manner of flesh alone. The profits of the flesh be many, for some defend the body from cold as doth clothes: also it defendeth the body from hard things coming against it: also through his moisture he rectifieth the body in summer, in time of great heat. Wherefore it is to be considered what profitableness is in every kind of flesh by himself. And first of simple and pure flesh, which fulfilleth the concavities of void places, and causeth good form and shape: and this flesh is found between the teeth, and on the end of the yard. The profit of the Brawny flesh or muskulus flesh, shall be spoken of in the Anatomy of the arms. The profits of the Glandulus flesh are these: First, that it turneth the blood into a colour like to himself, as doth the flesh of a woman's paps turn the menstrual blood into milk: secondly, the Glandulus flesh of the Testikles, turneth the blood into sperm: thirdly, the Glandulus flesh of the cheeks, that engendereth the spittle. etc.  
The next is of Fatness, of the which I find three kinds: The first is Pinguedo, and it is a consimilar member, not spermaic, and it is made of a subtle portion of blood congealed by cold: and it is of complexion cold and moist, insensible, and is intermeddled amongst the parts of the flesh. The second is Adeppes, and is of the same kind as is Pinguedo, but it is departed from the flesh besides the skin, and it is as an oil heating and moisting the skin. The third is Auxingia, and it is of kind as the others be, but he is departed from the flesh within forth about the kidneys, and in the entrails, and it helpeth both the kidneys and the entrails from drying by his unctiositie. etc.  
Then come we to the skin. The Skin is a consimile member or official, partly spermaic, strong and tough, flexible and sensible, thin and temperate, Whereof there be two kinds: One is the Skin that covereth the ●…utward members: and the other the inner members, which is called a Pannicle, the profitableness of whom was spoken of in the last Lesson: But the Skin is properly woven of threads, Nerves, Veins, and Arteirs. And he is made 〈◊〉, because he should be a good déemer of heat from cold, and of moistness from dryness, that there should nothing noy nor hurt the body, but it giveth warning to the common wits thereof. etc.  
The Hairs of every part of man's body are but a superfluity of members, made of the gross fume or smoke passing out of the viscoves' matter, thickened to the form of hair. The profitableness of him is declared in the Anatomy of the head. etc.  
The Nails likewise are a superfluity of members, engendered of great earthly smoke or fume resolved through the natural heat of humours, and is softer than the Bone, and harder than the Flesh. In complexion they be cold and dry, and are always waxing in the extremity of the fingers and toes. The utility of them are, that by them a man shall take the better hold: also they help to claw the body when it needeth: Lastly, they help to divide things for lack of other tools, etc.   

The Anatomy of the compound members, and first of the head.  
BEcause the head of man is the habitation or dwelling place of the reasonable soul of man, therefore with the grace of God. I shall fi●…st speak of the Anatomy of the head. Galen saith in the 2. Chapter De iwamentes, and Avicen rehearseth the same in his first preposition and third chapter, proving that the Head of man was made neither for wits, nor yet for the Brains, but only for the eyes For beasts that have no heads, have the orgayne or instruments of Wits in their breasts. Therefore God and nature have reared up the head of man only for the eyes, for it is the highest member of man: and as a beholder or watchman standeth in a high Tower to give warning of the enemies, so doth the eye of man give warning unto the common Wits, for the defence of all other members of the body. Now to our purpose. If the question be asked, how many things be there containing on the head, and how many things contained within the head? As it is rehearsed by Guydo, there be but five containing, and as many contained: as th●…s, The ●…ayre, the Skin, the Flesh, the Pannicles, and the Bone, neither rehearsing vein nor Artere. The which Anatomy can not be truly without them both, as thou shalt well perceive both in this Chapter, but specially in the next. And now in this lesson I shall speak but of Hair, Skin, Flesh, Veins, Pannicles, and Bones, what profit they do to man, every of them in his kind. Of the Hair of the head (whose creation is known in the Anatomy of the simple members) I do note four utilities why it was ordained: the first is, that it defendeth the Brain from too much heat, and too much cold, and many other outward noyances: The second is, it maketh the form or shape of the head to seem more séemelier or beautifuller. For if the head were not heyred, the face & the head should seem but one thing, and therefore the heir formeth and shapeth the head from the face: The third is, that by the colour of the heir is witnessed and known the complexion of the Brain: The fourth is, that the fumosities of the Brain might ascend and pass lightlier out by them. For if there were a sad thing, as the skin or other, of the same nature as the heir is, the fumosities of the brain might not have passed through it so lightly, as it doth by the hair.  
The Skin of the head is more lazartus, thicker, and more porrus, than any other Skin of any other member of the body. And two causes I note why, One is, that it keepeth or defendeth the brain from too much heat and cold, as doth the hair: The other, it discusseth to the common wits of all things that noyeth out wardly, for the heir is insensible: The third cause, why the Skin of the head is more thicker than any other Skin of the body, is this, that it keepeth the brain the more warm, & is the better fence for the brain, and it bindeth and keepeth the bones of the head the faster together.  
Next followeth the Flesh, the which is all Musculus or Lazartus flesh, lying upon pericranium without mean. And it is made of subtle Will, and of simple flesh, Sinews, veins, and Arteirs. And why the flesh that is all musculus or lazartus in every member of a man's body was made is for three causes: the first is, that by his thickness, he should comfort the digestion of other members that lie by him: The second is, that through him every member is made the more formelyer, & taketh the better shape: The third is, that by his means every member of the body draweth to him nourishing, the which others withhold to put forth from them, as it shallbe more plain spoken of in the Anatomy of the womb.  
Next followeth Pericranium, or the covering of the bones of the head. But here it is to be noted of a vein & an Artere that cometh between the flesh and this Pericranium, that nourisheth the utter part of the head, and so entereth privily through the commissaries of the skull, bearing to the Brain and to his Pannicles nourishing: of whose substance is made both Duramater, and also Pericranium, as shall be declared in the parts contained in the head. Here it is to be noted of this Pannicle Pericranium, that it bindeth or compasseth all the bones of the head, unto whom is adjoined the Duramater, and is also a part of his substance, howbeit they be separated, for Duramater is nearer the brain, and is under the skull. This Pericranium was made principally for two causes: one is, that for his strong binding together he should make firm and stable the feeble commissaries or seams of the bones of the head: The other cause is, that it should be a mean between the hard bone and the soft flesh.  
Next is the Bone of the Pot of the head keeping in the Brains, of which it were too long to declare their names after all Authors, as they number them and their names, for some name them after the Greek tongue, and some after the Arabian, but in conclusion all is to one purpose. And they be numbered seven bones in the pan or skull of the head: the first is called the Coronal bone, in which is the Orbyts or holes of the Eyes, & it reacheth from the brows unto the midst of the head, and there it meeteth with the second bone called Occipissial, a bone of the hinder part of the head called the Noddle of the head, which two bones Coronal and Occipissial be divided by the Commissaries in the mids of the head. The third and fourth bones be called Parietales, and they be the bones of the sideling parts of the head, and they be divided by the Commissories both from the foresaid Coronal and Occipissial. The fifth and sixth bones be called Petrosa or Mendosa: and these two bones lie over the bones called Parietales, on every side of the head one, like scales, in whom be the holes of the ears. The seventh and last of the head is called Paxillarie, or Bazillarie, the which bone is as it were a wedge unto all the other seven bones of the head, and doth fasten them together. And thus be all numbered: the first is the Coronal bone: The second is the Occipissiall: The third and the fourth is Parietales: The fifth and the sixth is Petrosa or Mendosa: and the seventh is Parillari, or Bazillari. And this sufficeth for the five things containing.   

In this Chapter is declared the five things contained within the head.  
NExt under the bones of the head withinforth, the first thing that appeareth is Duramater, then is Piamater, than the substance of the Brain, and then Uermy forms and Retemirabile. But first to speak of Duramater, whereof, and how it is sprung & made: First it is to be noted of the Ueine and Arteire that was spoken of in the last Chapter before, how privily they entered through the Commissoris or seams of the head, & there by their union together, they do not only bring and give the spirit of life and nutriment, but also do weave themselves so together, that they make this pannicle Duramater. It is holden up by certain threads of himself coming through the said commissoris, running in to Pericranium or pannicle that covereth the bones of the head. And with the foresaid vein and Arteire, & these threads coming from Duramater, is woven and made this Pericranium. And why this pannicle Duramater is set from the skull, I note two causes: the first is, that if the Duramater should have touched the skull, it should lightly have been hurt with the hardness of the bone: The second cause is, that the matter that cometh of wounds made in the head piercing the skull, should by it the better be defended and kept from Piamater, and hurting of the brain. And next unto this pannicle there is another pannicle called Piamater, or meek mother, because it is so soft and tender unto the brain. Of whose creation it is to be noted as of Duramater, for the original of their first creation is of one kind, both from the heart and the liver, & is mother of the very substance of the brain. Why it is called Piamater, is, for because it is so soft and tender over the brain, that it nourisheth the brain & feedeth it, as doth a loving mother unto her tender child or babe, for it is not so tough and hard as is Duramater. In this pannicle Pia matter is much to be noted of the great number of Veins and Arteirs that are planted, ramefying throughout all his substance, giving to the brain both spirit and life. And this Pa●…nicle doth 〈◊〉 or lap all the substance of the brain: and in some places of the brain the veins and the Arteirs go forth of him, and enter into the divisions of the brain, and there drinketh of the brain substance into them, ask of the heart to them the spirit of life or breath, and of the Liver nutriment. And the aforesaid spirit or breath taketh a further digestion, and there it is made animal, by the eleboration of the spirit vital is turned and made animal. Furthermore, why there be more pannicles over the brain than one, is this, If there had been but one pannicle only, either it must have been hard, or soft or mean between both: If it had been hard, it should have hurt the brain by his hardness: if it had been soft, it should have been hurt of the hard bone: and if it had been but meanly neither hard nor soft, it should have hurt the brain by his roughness, and also have been hurt of the hard bone. Therefore God and nature hath ordained two pannicles, the one hard, and the other soft, the harder to be a mean between the soft and the bone: and the softer to be a mean between the harder and the brain itself. Also these Pannicles be cold and dry of complexion, and spermaticke.  
Next is the Brain, of which it is marvelous to be considered and noted, how this Piamater divideth the substance of the Brain, and lappeth it into certain sells or diuis●…ons, as thus: The substance of the Brain is divided into three parts, or ventrikles, of which the foremost part is the most: the second or middlemost is less: the third or hindermost is the least. And from each one to other be issues or passages that are called Meats, through whom passeth the spirit of life too and fro. But here ye shall note that every Uentrikle is divided into two parts, and in every part God hath ordained and set singular and several virtues, as thus: First in the foremost Uentrikle God hath founded and set the common Wits, otherwise called the five Wits, as Hearing, Seeing, Feeling, Smelling, and Lasting. And also there is in one part of t●…is Uentrikle, the virtue that is called Fantasy, and he taketh all the forms or ordinances that be disposed of the five Wits, after the meaning of sensible things: In the other part of the same Uentrikle is 〈◊〉 & founded the Imaginative virtue, the which receiveth of the common Wits the form or shape of sensitive things, as they were received of the common wits withoutforth representing their own shape and ordinances unto the memorative virtue. In the midst sell or ventrikle there is ●…ounded and ordained the Cogitative or estimative virtue: for he rehearseth, showeth, declareth, and deemeth those things that be offered unto him by the other that were spoken of before. In the third Uentrikle and last there is founded and ordained the virtue Memorative: in this place is registered and kept those things that are done and spoken with the senses, and keepeth them in his treasury unto the putting forth of the five or common wits, or organs, or instruments of animal works, out of whose extremities or lowar parts springeth My●…uca, or marrow of the spondyles: of whom it shallbe spoken of in the Anatomy of the neck and back. Furthermore it is to be noted, that from the foremost Uentrikle of the brain springeth seven pair of sensitive or feeling sinews, the which be produced to the Eyes, the Ears, the Nose, the Tongue, and to the Stomach, and to divers other parts of the body: as it shall be declared in their Anatomies. Also it is to be noted, that about the midst ventrikle is the place of Uermi formis, with curnelly flesh that filleth, and Retemirabile, or wonderful call under the Pannicles, is set or bounded with Arteirs only which come from the heart, in the which the vital spirit by his great labour is turned and made animal. And ye shall understand that these two be the best kept parts of all the body, for a man shall rather die, than any of these should suffer any manner of griefs from without forth, and therefore God hath set them far from the heart. Here I note the saying of Haly Abbas, of the coming of small Arteirs from the heart, of whom (sayeth he) is made a marvelous net or call, in the which call is enclosed the Brain, and in that place is laid the spirit of feeling, from that place hath the spirit of feeling his first creation, and from thence passeth to other members etc. Furthermore ye shall understand that the brain is a member cold & moist of complexion, thin, & meanly viscous, & a principal member, & an official member & spermatik. And first, why he is a principal member, is, because he is the governor or the treasury of the five wits: And why he is an official member, is, because he hath the effect of feeling and stirring: And why he is cold and moist, is, that he should by his coldness and moistness abate and temper the exceeding heat and drought that cometh from the heart: Also why it is moist, is, that it should be the more indifferenter and abler to every thing that should be reserved or gotten into him: Also why it is soft, is, that it should give place and favour to the virtue of stering: And why it is meanly viscous, is, that his sinews should be strong and meanly tough, and that they should not be letted in their working through his overmuch hardness. Here Galen demandeth a question, which is this, Whether that feeling and moving be brought to Nerves by one or by divers? or whether the aforesaid thing be brought substantially or radically. The matter (sayeth he) is so hard to search and be understood, that it were much better to let it alone and pass over it. Aristotle entreating of the brain, sayeth: The Brain is a member continually moving and ruling all other members of the body, giving unto them both feeling and moving: for if the Brain he let, all other members be let: and if the Brain be well, than all other members of the body be the better disposed. Also the Brain hath this property, that it moveth and followeth the moving of the Moon: for in the waxing of the Moon the Brain followeth upwards, and in the wane of the Moon the Brain descendeth downwards, and vanisheth in substance of virtue: for then the brain shrinketh together in itself, and is not so fully obedient to the spirit of feeling. And this is proved in men that be lunatic or mad, and also in men that be epulentike or having the falling sickness, that be most grieved in the beginning of the new Moon, and in the latter quarter of the Moon. Wherefore (sayeth Aristotle) when it happeneth that the Brain is either too dry, or too moist, then can it not work his kind: for than is the body made cold: then are the spirits of life melted and resolved away: and then followeth feebleness of the Wits, and of all other members of the body, and at the last death.   

The Anatomy of the Face.  
THE Front or the Forehead containeth nothing but the Skin and Musculus flesh, for the pannicle underneath it is of Pericranium, and the bone is of the coronal bone. Howbeit there it is made broad as if there were a double bone, which maketh the form of the Brows. It is called the Forehead or Front from one ear to the other, and from the roots of the ears of the head before unto the brows. But the cause why the brows were set and reared up, was, that they should defend the Eyes from noyance withoutforth: And they be ordained with hair to put by the humour or sweat that cometh from the head. Also the Brows do help the eyelids, and do beautify and make fair the face, for he that hath not his Brows heyred, is not seemly. And Aristotle sayeth, that over measurable Brows betokeneth an envious man. Also high brows and thick betokeneth hardness: and Brows with little hair betokeneth cowardness: and meanly signi●…eth gentleness●… of heart. Incisions about these parts ought to be done according to the length of the body, for there the Muscl●… goeth from one Ear to the other. And there if any incis●…on should be made with the length of the Muscle, it might happen the Brow to hang over the Eye without remedy, as it is many times seen, the more pity. The Brows be called Supercilium in Latin, & under is the ●…yelids, which is called Cilium, & is garnished with hairs. Two causes I find why the eyelids were ordained: the first is, that they should keep & defend the Eye from du●…t & other outward noyances: the second is, when the eye is weary or heavy, than they should be covered & take rest underneath them. Why the hairs were ordained in them, is, that by them is addressed the 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 of vi●…ble things unto the apple of the ey●…. The ear is a member seemly and grystly, able to be folden without, and is the orgaine or instrument of hearing: It is of complexion cold and dry. But why the 〈◊〉 was set up out of the ●…ad, is this, that the sounds that be very f●…itiue, should lurk ●…nd abide under his shadow, till it were taken of the instruments of hearing: Another cause is, that it should keep the hole that it standeth over from things falling in that might hinder the hearing. Th●… sinews that are the organs or Instruments of h●…aring, spring each from the Brain, from whence the seven pair of sinews do spring, and when they come to the h●…le of th●… Care, there they writhe like a wine press, and at the ends of them there be like the head of a worm, or like a little ●…eate, in which is received the sound, and so carried to the common wits. The Eyes be next of nature unto the s●…le: for in the Eye is seen and known the disturbances and griefs, gladness and joys of the Soul, as love, wrath, and other pa●…ions. The Eyes be the instruments of fight. And they be compound and made of ten things: that is to say, of seven Tunicles or Coats, and of three humours. Of the which (saith Galen) the Brain and the head were made for the Eye, that they might be in the hyghe●… place, as a beholder in a tower, as it was rehearsed in the Anatomy of the head. But divers men hold divers opinions of the Anatomy of the Eyes: for some men account but three tunicles and some six●…. But in conclusion they mean●… all one thing: For the very truth is, that there be counted and reckoned seven Tunicles, that is to say, Sclirotica, Secondyna, Retyna, Vnia, Cornua, Arania, and Coniuncti●…a: and these three humours, That is to say, humour Vitrus, humour Albigynus, and humour Crystallinus. It is to be known how and after what manner they spring: You shall understand that there springeth of the brayny substance of his foremost Uentrikles, two sinews, the one from the right side, and the other from the left, and they be called the first pair, for in the Anatamie they be the first●… pair of sinews that appear of all seven. And it is showed ●…y Galen, that these sinews be hollow as a reed, for two causes: The first is, that the visible spirit might pass freely to the Eyes: The second is, that the form of visible things might freely be presented to the common wits. Now mark the going forth of these sinews: When these sinews go out from the substance of the Brain, he cometh through the Piamater, of whose substance he taketh a Pannicle or a Coat: and the cause why he taketh that Pannicle is to keep him from noying, & before they enter into the skull, they meet and are united into one senewe the length of half an inch: and then they depart again into two, and each goeth into one eye, entering through the brain pan, and these sinews be called Nerui optici. And three causes I find why these Nerves are joined in one before they pass into the Eye: First, if it happen any diseases in one eye, the other should receive all the visible spirit that before came to both: The second is, that all things that we see should not seem two: for if they had not been joined together, every thing should have seemed two, as it doth to a worm, and to other beasts: The third is, that the Senewe might stay and help the other. But here upon Lamfranke accordeth much, saying, that these two sinews come together to the Eyes, and take a Pannikle both of Piamater and of Duramafer, and when they enter into the orbit of the Eye, there the extremities are spread abroad, the which are made of three substances: that is to say, of Duramater of Piamater, and of Nerui-optici. There be engendered three Tunikles or Cotes, as thus: Of the substance that is taken from Our amater is engendered the first cote that is called Secondina: and of Nerui optici is engendered the third cote that is called Retina: and each of them is more subtitler than other, and goeth about the humours without mean. And it is to be understood, that each of these three Tunicles be divided, and so they make six: that is to say, iij. of the par●…s of the brain, and three of the parts outwards, and one of Pericranium that covereth the bones of the head, which is called Coniun●…iua. And thus you may perceive the springing of them: as thus, of Duramater springeth Sclirotica and Cornua: of Piamater springeth Secondina and Unia: and of Nerui optici springeth Coniunctiva. Now to speak of the humours which be three, & their places are the middle of the Eyes: of the which the first is Humour Uitrus, because he is like glass, in colour very clear, red, liquit, or thin, & he is in the inward side next unto the brain: and it is thin, because the nutritive blood of the Christalin might pass, as water through a sponge should be cleansed & made pure, and also that the visible spirit might the lightlier pass through him from the brain. And he goeth about the Cristaline humour, until he meet with Albuginus humour, which is set in the uttermost part of the Eye. And in the midst of these humours Uitrus, & Albuginus, is set the crystalline humour, in which is set principally the sight of the Eye. And these huinors be separated & involved with the Pannicles aforesaid, between every Humour a Pannicle. And thus is the Eye compound and made. But to speak of every Humour and every Pannicle in his due order and course, it would ask a long process, and a long Chapter, and this is suffici●…nt for a Chiru●…gion. Now to begin 〈◊〉 the Nose: You shall understand that from the brain there cometh two sinews to the holes of the braiupan, where beginneth the concavity of the Nose, and these two be 〈◊〉 properly sinews, but organs or instruments of smelling, and have heads like teats or paps, in which is received the virtue of smelling, and representing it to the common wits. Over these two is set Colatorium, that we call the Nostrils: and it is set between the Eyes, under the upper part of the Nose. And it is to be noted, that this concavity or ditch was made for two causes: The first is, that the air that bringeth forth the spirit of smelling might rest in it, till it were taken of the orgaine or instrument of smelling: The second cause is, that the superfluities of the Brain might be hidden under it, until it were cleansed: And from his concavity there goeth two holes down into the mouth, of which there is to be noted three profits:. The first is, that when a man's mouth is close, or when he eateth or sleepeth, that then the air might come through them to the Lungs, or else a man's mouth should always be open: The second cause is, that they help to the relation of the form of the Nose: for it is said, a man speaketh in his Nose when any of these holes be stopped: The third cause is, that the concavity might be ●…ensed by them when a man snuffeth the Nose, or draweth into his mouth inwardly. The Nose is a member consimple or official, appearing without the face, somewhat plicable, because it should the better be cleansed. And it is to be perceived that it is compound and made of skin & lazartus flesh, and of two bones standing in manner trianglewise, whose extremities be joined in one part of the Nose with the coronal bone, and the neither extremities are joined with two gristles, and another that divideth the Nostrils within, and holdeth up the nose: Also there be two concavities or holes, that if one were stopped the other should serve: Also there is in the Nose two muscles, to help the working of his office. And Galen saith, that the Nose shapeth the Face most: for where the Nose lacketh (saith he) all the rest of the face is the more unseemly. The Nose should be of a mean bigness, and not to exceed in length, or breadth, nor in highness. For Aristotle saith, if the Nostrils be too thin, or too wide, by great drawing in of air. it betokeneth great straightness of heart, and indignation of thought. And therefore it is to be noted, that the shape of the members of the body, betokeneth and judgeth the affections and will of the Soul of man, as the Philosopher sayeth. The temples be called the members of the head, and they have that name because of continual moving. And as the science of the Anatomy meaneth, the spirit vital is sent from the heart to the brain by Arteirs, and by veins and nutrimental blood, where the vessels pulsati●…es in the temples be lightly hurt. Also the temples have dents or holes inwardly, wherein he taketh the humour that cometh from the brain, and bringeth the eyes asleep, and if the said holes or dentes be pressed and wrong, then by trapping of the humour that continueth, he maketh the tears to fall from the Eye. The Cheeks are the sideling parts of the face, and they contain in them Musculus flesh, with Veins and Arteirs, and about these parts be many Muscles. Guido maketh mention of seven. about the cheeks and over lip. And Haly Abbas sayeth, there be twelve muscles that move the neither jaw, some of them in opening, and other some in closing or shutting, passing under the bones of the temples, And they be called Temporales: And they be right noble and sensitive, of whose hurt is much peril. Also there be other muscles for to grind & to chew. And to all these Muscles cometh Nerves from the brain to give them feeling and moving: and also there cometh to them many Arteirs and veins, and chiefly about the temples, and the angles or corners of the Eyes and the Lips. And as the Philosophers say, the chief beauty in man is in the cheeks, and there the complexion of man is most known, as thus: If they be full, ruddy and meddled with temperate whiteness and not fat in substance, but meanly fleshly, it betokeneth hot and moist of complexion, that is, Sanguine and temperate in collar. And if they be white coloured, without meddling of redness, and in substance fat and soft, quavering, it betokeneth excess & superfluity of cold and moist, that is phlegmatic: And if they be brown in colour, or cytrin, yellow, red, and thin, and lean in substance betokeneth great drying and heat, that is choleric: And if they be as it were blown in colour, & of little flesh in substance, it betokeneth excess and superfluity of dryness and cold, and that is Melancholy. And as Avicen sayeth, the Cheeks do not only show the diversities of complexions, but also the affection and will of the heart: for by the affection of the heart, by sudden joy or dread, he waxeth either pale or red. The bones or bony parts, first of the cheeks be two: of the Nose outwardly, two: of the upper Mandible, two: within the Nose three: as thus, one dividing the Nostrils within, and in each Nostril one, and they seem to be rolled like a wafer, and have a hollowness in them, by which the air is respyred & drawed to the Lungs, and the superfluity of the Brain is purged into the mouthwardes, as is before rehearsed. But Guydo and Galen say, that there be in the face nine bones, yet I cannot find that the neither Mandible should be of the number of those nine: for the neither Mandible accounted there, proveth them to be ten in number. Of which thing I will hold no argument, but remit it to the sight of your eyes. The parts of the mouth are five, that is to say, the Lips, the teeth, the tongue the Uuila, and the Pallet of the mouth. And first to speak of the lips, they are members consimile or official, full of Musculus flesh, as is aforesaid, and they were ordained for two causes, one is, that they should be to the mouth as a door to a house, and to keep the mouth close till the meat were kindly chewed: The other cause is, that they should be helpers to the pronouncing of the speech. The teeth are members consimile or official, spermaic, and hardest of any other members, and are fastened in the cheek bones, & were ordained for three causes: First that they should chew a man's meat, ere it should pass down, that it might be the sooner digested: The second, that they should be a help to the speech, for they that lack their teeth do not perfectly pronounce their words: the third is, that they should serve to beasts as weapons. The number of them is uncertain, for some men have more, and some less, they that have the whole number have xxxij. that is to say, xvi. above, and as many beneath, as thus: two Dwallies, two Quadripulles, two Cannines, eight Morales, & two Cansales. The Tongue is a carnous member, compound & made of many Nerves, Ligaments, Veins, and Arteirs, ordained principally for three causes: The first is, that when a man eateth, the Tongue might help to turn the meat till it were well chewed: The second cause is, that by him is received the taste of sweet and sour, and presented by him to the common wits: The third is, that by him is pronounced every speech. The fleshly part of the tongue is white, and hath in him nine muscles, and about the root of him is Glandulus, in the which be two wells, and they be ever full of spittle to temper and keep moist the tongue, or else it would wax dry by reason of h●…s labour, etc. The Uuila is a member made of a spongeous flesh, hanging down from the end of the Pallet over the gullet of the throat, and is a member in complexion cold and dry, and often times when there falleth rawness or much moistness into it from the head, than it hangeth down in the throat, and letteth a man to swallow, and it is broad at the upper end, and small at the neither. It was ordained for diverse causes, One is, that by him is helped the sound of speech, for where the Uuila i●… lacking, there lacketh the perfect sound of speech. Another is, that it might help the prolation of vomits: Another is, that by him is tempered & abated the distemperance of the air that passeth to the Lungs: Another is, that by him is guided the superfluities of the brain that cometh from the coletures of the Nose, or else the superfluities should fall down suddenly into the mouth, the which were a displeasure. The Pallet of the mouth containeth nothing else but a carnous Pannikle, & the bones that be underneath it have two divisions, One along the Pallet from the division of the Nose, & from the opening of the other Mandible unto the neither end of the Pallet, lacking half an inch, and there it divideth overthwart, and the first division is of the Mandible, and the second is of the bone called Paxillarie or Bazillarie, that sustaineth and bindeth all other bones of the head together. The skin of the Pallet of the mouth is of the inner part of the stomach and of mire, and of Ysofagus, that is the way of the meat into the stomach. The way how to know that such a pannicle is of that part of the stomach, may be known when that a man is touched within the mouth, anon he beginneth to tickle in the stomach, and the nearer that he shall couch unto the throat, the more it abhorreth the stomach, and often times it causeth the ●…omacke to yield from him that is within him, as when a man doth vomit. Also in the mouth is ended the uppermost extremity of the Wesande, which is called mire or Isofagus. And with him is contained Trachia arteria, that is, the way of the air whose holes be covered with a lap like a tongue, and is gristly, that the meat and drink might slide over him into Isofagus: The which gristle when a man speaketh it is reared up, and covereth the way of the meat: and when a man swalloweth the meat, than it covereth the way of the air, so that when the one is covered the other is discovered. For if a man open the way of the air when he swalloweth, if there fall a crumb into it, he shall never cease coughing until it be up again. And this sufficeth for the face.   

The Anatomy of the Neck.  
THE Neck followeth next to be spoken of. Galen proveth that the neck was made for no other cause but for the Lungs, for all things that have no Lungs have neither neck nor voice, except ●…sh. And you shall understand, that the neck is all that is contained between the head and the shoulders, and between the chin and the breast. It is compound and made of four things, that is to say, of Spondillus, of Seruicibus, of Gula, and of Gutture, the which shall be declared more plainly hereafter, and through these pass the way of the meat and of the air, but they be not of the substance of the neck. The Spondels of the neck be seven: The first is joined unto the lower part of the head, called Paxillarie or Bazillarie, and in the same wise are joined every Spondel with other, and the last of the seven with the first of the Back or Ridge: and the ligaments that keep these Spondels together are not so hard and tough as those of the back: for why? those of the neck be more féebler and subtler: The cause is this, for it is necessary other w●…ile that the head move without the neck, and the neck without the hea●…, the which might not well have been done i●… they had been strong and boisterous. Of these aforesaid seven Spondels of the neck, there springeth seven pair of sinews, the which be divided into the head and into the Uysage, to the shoulders, and to the arms. From the hole of the first spondyle springeth the first pair of sinews, between the first spondyle and the second, and so forth of all the rest in like manner as of these. Also these sinews receive subtle will of the sinews of the brain, of the which will, & sinews, and flesh, with a pannicle, make the composition of Muskels, Lazartes, & Brawns, the which three things are all one, and be the instruments of voluntary moving of every member. The muscles of the neck after Galen are numbered to be xx. moving the head and the neck. Likewise it is to be noted, that there be three manner of fleshes in the neck: the first is Pixwex or Seruisis, and it is called of Children Gold hair, or yellow hair, the which are certain longitudinales lying on the sides of the Spondels from the head down to the latter Spondel. And they are ordained for this cause, that when the sinews be weary of overmuch labour with moving and travail, that they might rest upon them as upon a bed. The second flesh is musculus, from whom springeth the Tendons and cords that move the head and the neck, which be numbered twenty, as is afore declared: The third flesh replenisheth the void places, etc. The third part of the neck is called Gutture, and it is the standing out of the Throat bowl. The fourth part is called Gula, and the hinder part Ceruix, and hath that name of the Philosophers because of the marrow coming to the Ridge bones. It is so called, because it is as it were a servant to the Brain: For the neck receiveth and taketh of the Brain influence of virtue of moving, and sendeth it by sinews to other parts of the body downwards, and to all members of the body. Hear you shall understand, that the way of the meat, and Mire, or Isofagus is all one thing, and it is to be noted, that it stretcheth from the mouth to the stomach, by the hinder part of the neck inwardly, fastened to the spo●…dels of the neck, until he come to the fifth spondyle, and there he leaneth the spondyle and stretcheth till he come to the foremost part of the breast, and passeth through D●…afragina till it come to the mouth of the stomach, and there he is ended. Furthermore, it is to be noted, that this Wesande is compound and made of two Tunikles or Cotes, that is to say, of the inner, and of the utter. The utter Tunikle is but simple, for he needeth no retentio●… but only for his own nourishing: but the inner Tunikle is compound and made of Muscuius longitudinal Will, by which he may draw the meat from the mouth into the stomach, as it shall be more plainly declared in the Anatomy of the stomach. Furthermore, Cana pulmonis via trachia arteria, all these be one thing, that is to say●…, the throat bowl, and it is set within the neck besides the Wesande towards Gula, and is compound of the gristle knit each with other. And that pannikle that is mean between the Wesande and the throat bowl, is called Ismon. Also ye shall understand, that the great veins which rame●…e by the sides of the neck to the upper part of the head, is of some men called Gwidege, and of others Vena organices, the incision of whom is perilous. And thus it is to be considered, that the Neck of man is compound and made of skinny flesh, Ligaments and bones. And this sufficeth for the Neck & the throat.   

The Anatomy of the Shoulders and Arms.  
AND first to speak of the bones: It is to be noted, that in the shoulder there be two bones, that is to say, the shoulder bone, and the Cannel bone, and also the adiutor bone of the arm are joined with the shoulder bones, but they are not numbered among them, but amongst the bones of the arms. In the composition of the shoulder, the first bone is Os spatula, or shoulder blade, whose hinder part is declined towards the chin, and in that end it is broad and thin, and in the upper part it is round, in whose roundness is a concavity, which is called the box or coop of the shoulder, into which entereth the Adiutor bones, and they have a binding together with strong flexible Seine wes, and are contained fast with the bone called Clavicula, or the Cannel bone: and this Cannel bone stretcheth to both the shoulders, one end to the one shoulder, and another to the other, & there they make the composition of the shoulders. The bones of the great arm, that is to say, from the shoulder to the ●…ngers e●…des, be thirty. The first is the Adiutor bone, whose upper end entereth into the concavity or box of the shoulder bone: It is but one bone having no fellow, and it is hollow and full of marrow, and it is also crooked because it should be the more abler to gripe things, and it is hollow because it should be lighter and more obedient to the steering or moving of the Brawns. Furthermore, this bone hath two emynences, or two knobs in his neither extremity, or in the juncture of the Elbow, of the which the one is more rising than the other, and are made like unto a Polly to draw Water with, and the ends of these bones enter into a concavity proportioned in the uppermost ends of the the two Focel bones, of which two bones, the less goeth from the Elbow ●…o the Thumb, by the uppermost part of the arm, and the greater is the neither bone from the Elbow to the little finger. And these two bones be con●…eyned with the Adiutor bone, and be bound with strong ligaments, and in like manner with the bones of the hand. The which bones be numbered. viii. the four uppermost be joined with the four nethermost most towards the hands: and in the third ward of bones, be five, and t●…y are call●… Ossa patinis, and they are in the palm of the h●…nd 〈◊〉 to them be joined the bones of the fingers, and the 〈◊〉, as thus, in every finger in bones, and in the Thumb two bones, that is to say, in the fingers and thumb of every hand, xiiii. called Ossa digitorum, in the palm of the hand●…, called Patinis, and between the hand and the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Racete, and from the wrist to the shoulder iij. 〈◊〉 all which being accounted together, y●… shall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bones in 〈◊〉 hand and arm●…. To speak of sinews, Lega●…ntes, C●…rdes, and Brawns: Heer●…●…rst ye shall understand that there cometh from My●…-ca through the 〈◊〉 of the neck ii●… sinews, which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cometh in to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 into the 〈◊〉 part and one into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 another into the utter 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉, and they bring from the brain and from 〈◊〉 both feeling and 〈◊〉 into 〈◊〉 arms, as thus: The 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 brain and from the Marrow of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, when 〈◊〉 come to the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they are 〈◊〉 with the Ligaments of the self 〈◊〉, and there the ligaments receive both feeling and moving of them, and also in their meddling together they are made a 〈◊〉 or a Tendom. Three causes I find 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with the Ligaments, The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is, 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉, which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 made 〈◊〉 by their continual 〈◊〉, should be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is, that the littleness of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 be 〈◊〉 through the quantity of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the 〈◊〉 of the Senewe And thus it is to be understood, that of vena Sephalica springeth vena occularis, and of vena Bazilica springeth ve na Saluatella, and of the two veins that meet springeth ve na Mediana, and in rame●…ing from these five principal Weines springeth innumerable, of the which a Chirurgeon hath no great charge, for it sufficeth us to know the principals.  
To speak of Arteries, you shall under stand, that where soever there is found a Ueine, there is an Arteir under him: and if there be found a great vein, there is found: a great Arteir, and whereas is a little vein there is a little Artery: For wheresoever there goeth a Ueine to give nutriment, there goeth an Artery to bring the spirit of life. Where fore it is to be noted, that the Arteries lie more deeper in the ●…eshe then the Veins do: for they carry and keep in them more precious blood than doth the vein, and therefore he hath need to be further from dangers outwardly: and therefore God and nature have ordained for him to be closed in two coats, where the vein hath but one etc.  
The be'st or Thorar is the Ark or che●… of the spiritu●…ll members of man, as saith the Philosopher: where it is to be noted, that there be ●…oure things containing, and viii. contained, as thus, The four 〈◊〉, are, the Skin, Musculus flesh, the Paps, and the bones: The parts contained, are, the Har●…e, the Lungs, Pa●…icles, ligaments, Nerves, Veins, Arteries, Mire or Iso●…agus. Now the skin and the flesh are known in their anatomy: It is to be noted, that the flesh of the Paps, differeth from the other flesh of the body, for it is white, glandulus, and spongeous: and there is in them doth Nerves, veins and Arteirs, and by them they have Coliganes with the heart, the liver, the brain, and the generasive members. Also there is in the breast, as old Authors make mention, lxxx. or xc. 〈◊〉, for some of them be 〈◊〉 to the Neck, some to the shoulders, and to the Spades, some to diafragma or the My●…riffe, some to the Kibbes, some to the back and some to the Breast itself. But I find certain profitableness in the creation of the Pap●…, aswell in man as in woman: for in 〈◊〉 it defendeth the spirituals from annoyance outwardly: and another, by their thick●…s they come for't the natural h●…te in ●…nce of the spirits. And in women there is the 〈◊〉 of milk: for in weo●…en there cometh from the Matrix into their Breasts many veins which bring into them 〈◊〉 blood, the which is turned through the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from red 〈◊〉 into white like the colour of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, even as Chylley coming from the 〈◊〉 to the liver is turned into the colour of the liver. Now to speak of the bones of the breast: they be said to be triple or 〈◊〉, and they be numbered to be seven in the Breast before, and their 〈◊〉 is according to the breadth of the breast, and their extremities or ends be grisly, as the 〈◊〉 be And in the upper end of Thorax is an hole or a contavitie, in which is set th●… foot of the Furklebone or Canel bo●…e, and in the neither end of Thorax, against the mouth of the stomach, hangeth a gristle called Ensiforme, and this gristle was ordained for two causes: One is, that it should defend the stomach from hurt outwardly: The second is, that in time of fullness it should give place to the stomach in time of need when it the. etc.  
Now to speak of the parts of the back behyndefoorth: There be twelve Sp●…ndels, through whom passeth Mynu ca, of whom springeth xii. pair of Nerves, bringing both feeling and moving to the muscles of the Breast aforesaid. And here it is to be noted that in every side there be twelve Kibbes, that it is to say. seven. true and v. false, hecause these the Brain, and there he is turned into a further digestion, and there he taketh another spirit, and so is made animal, and at the liver nutrimental, and atthe te●…ticles generative: and thus it is made a Spirit of every kind, so that he being mean of all manner operations and workings taketh effect. Two causes I find why these Arteries have two coats, One is, that one cote is not sufficient nor●…ble to withstand the violent moving and steering of the spirit of life that is carried in them: The second cause i●…: that the thing that is carried about from p●…ace to place, is of so precious a treasure that it had the more need of good 〈◊〉. And of some Doctors, this Artery is called the Pulsative vain, or the beating vain,: for by him is perceived the power & might of the Hart. etc. Wherefore God and Nature have ordained that the Arteries have two coats, Also there is in the Heart three Pelikeles, opening and closing the going in of the Heart blood and spirit in convenient time. Also the heart hath two lit●…e Ears, by whom cometh inand passeth out the air that is prepared for the longs. Also there is found in the Heart a Cartilaginus Auditament, To help and strength the self Harte. Also the Heart is covered with a strong Pannicle, which is called of some Capsula cords, or Pericordium, the which is a strong case, unto whom cometh Ner●…es, as to other inward members. And this pannicle Pericordium springeth of the upper Pannicle of that Midriff. And of him springeth an other Pannicle called Mediastinum, the which departeth the breast in the midst, and keepeth that the Lungs fall not over the Heart. Also there is another Pannicle that covereth the ●…ibbes inwardly, that is called Plura, of whom the Midriff taketh his beginning. And it is said of many Doctors, that Duramater is the original of all the Pannicles within the body: and thus one taketh of an other,   

The Anatomy of the Lungs.  
THE Lungs is a member spcrmatike of his first creation, and his natural complexion is cold and dry, and in his accidental complexion he is cold and moist, lapped in a Nervous Pannicle, because it should gather together the softer substance of the Lungs, and that the Lungs might feel by the means of the pannicle, that which he might not feel in himself. Now to prove the Lungs to be cold and dry of kind, it appeareth by his swift stéering, for he lieth ever waving over the heart, and about the heart. And that he is cold and moist in reward, it appeareth well, that he receiveth of the brain many cold matters, as Cataries, and Rumes, whose substance is thin. Also I find in the Lungs three kinds of substance: One is a Ueyne coming from the Liver, bringing with him the Crude or raw part of the Chytle to feed the Lungs: Another is Arterea venealis, coming from the heart, bringing with him the spirit of life to nourish him with: The third is Trachia arteria, that bringeth in air to the Lungs, and it passeth through all the left part of them to do his office. The Lungs is divided into five Lobbes or Pellikels, or five portions, that is to say, three in the right side, and two in the l●…fte side. And it was done for this cause that if there fell any hurt in the one part, the others should serve and do their office. And three causes I find why the Lungs were principally ordained: First, that they should draw cold wind, & refresh the heart: The second, that they should change & alter, and purify the air before it come to the heart, lest the heart were hurt & noyed with the quantity of the air: The third cause is, that they should receive from the heart the fumous superstuities that he putteth forth with his breathing, etc. Behind the Lungs toward the Spondels, passeth Mire or Isofagus, of whom it is spoken of in the Anatomy of the neck. And also there passeth both Veins and Arteirs, & all these with Trachia arteria, do make a Stoke, replete unto the Gullet with Pannikles, and strong Ligaments, and glandulus flesh to fulfil the void places. And last of all is the Midriff, and it is an official member, made of two Pannikles, and Lazartus flesh, and his place is in the midst of the body, overthwart or in breadth under the region of the spiritual members, departing them from the matrix. And three causes I find why the Midriff was ordained: First, that it should divide the spirituals from the nutrates: The second, that it should keep the vital colour or heat to dissend down to the nutrates: The last is, that the malicious fumes reared up from the nutrates, should not noy the spirituals or vitals etc.  
The womb is the region or the city of all the Entrails, the which reacheth from the Midriff down unto the share inwardly, and outwardly from the Keynes or Kydnes, down to the bone Pecten, about the privy parts. And this womb is compound and made of two things, that is to say, of Syfac and Myrac. Syfac is a Pannicle, and a member spermatik, official, sensible, senowy, compound of subtle will, and in complexion cold and dry, having his beginning at the inner Pannicle of the Midriff. And it was ordained because it should contain and bind together all the entrails, and that he defend the Musculus so that he oppress not the natural members. And that he is strong & tough, it is because he should not be lightly broken, & that those things that are contained go not forth, as it happeneth to them that are broken, etc. Myrac is compound and made of four things, that is, of skin outwardly, of fatness, of a carnous pannicle, and of Musculus flesh. And that it is to be understanded, that all the whole from Syfac outward is called Myrac, it appeareth well by the words of Galen, where he commandeth, that in all wounds of the womb to sew the Sifac with the Myrac, and by that it proveth that there is nothing without the Sifac but Myrac. And in this Myrac or utter part of the womb, there is noted eight Muscles, two Longitudinals. proceeding from the shield of the Stomach unto Os Pecten: two Latitudinals coming from the backwards to the womb: and four transuersè, of the which two of them spring from the Ribs on the right side, and go to the left side, to the bones of the Haunches, or of Pecten: and the other two spring from the ribs on the left, and come over the womb to the right parts, as the other before doth. Here it is to be noted, that by the virtue of the subtle will that is in the Musculus longitudinal, is made perfect the virtue attractive: and by the Musculus transverse is made the virtue retentive: and by the Musculus latitudinal is made the virtue expulsive. It is thus to be understood, that by the virtue attractive is ●…rawen down into the entrails all superstuities, both wa●…r, wind, & dirt: By the virtue retentive all things are withholden and kept, until nature have wrought his kind: And by the virtue expulsive is put forth all things, when Nature provoketh any thing to be done. Galen sayeth, that wounds or incisions be more perilous in the midst of the womb then about the sides, for there the parts be more tractable than any other parts be. Also he sayeth, that in wounds piercing the womb there shall not be made good incarnation, except Sifac be sewed with Mirac. Now to come to the parts contained within: First, that which appeareth next under the Sifac is Omentum, or Zirbus, the which is a Pannicle covering the stomach and the entrails, implanted with many veins and Arteirs, & not a little fatness ordained to keep moist the inward parts. This Zirbus is an official member, & is compound of a vain & an Arteir, the which entereth & maketh a line of the utter tunikle of the stomach, unto which tunikle hangeth the Zirbus, and covereth all the guts down to the share. Two causes I find why they were ordained: one is that they should defend the nutratives outwardly: the second is, that through his own power and virtue he should strength & ●…omfort the digestion of all the Nutrates, because they are more féebler than other members be because they have but a thin womb or skin etc. Next Zirbus appeareth the entrails or guts, of which Galen sayeth, that the Guts were ordained in the first creation to convey the dross of the meat & drink, and to cleanse the body of their superfluities. And here i●… 〈◊〉 ●…o be●… noted that there be six portions of one whole gutie, which both in man and beast beginneth at the neither mouth of the stomach, and so continueth forth to the end of the fundament. Never the less he hath divers shapes and forms, & divers operations in the body, and therefore he hath divers names. And here upon the Philosophers say, that the lower womb of a man is like unto the womb of a swin●…. And like as the stomach hath two tunikles, in like manner have all the Butts two tunikles. The first portion of the Guts is called Duodenum, for he is xii. inches of length, and covereth the neither part of the stomach, and receiveth all the dross of the stomach: The second portion of the Guts is called jeiunium, for he is evermore empty, for to him lieth evermore the chest of the Gall, beating him sore, and draweth forth of him all the dross, and cleanseth him clean: The third portion or gut is called Yleon, or small gut, & is in length xv. or xvi. Cubits. In this gut oftentimes falleth a disease called Yleaca passio. The iiij. gut is called Monoculus, or blind gut, and it seemeth to have but one hole or mouth, but it hath two, one near unto the other, for by the one all things go in, and by the other they go out again: The fift is called Colon, and receiveth all the dross deprived from all profitableness, and therefore there cometh not to him any veins Miseraices, as to the other: The sixth and last is called Rectum, or Longaon, and he is ended in the Fundament, and hath in his ●…ether end four Muscles, to hold, to open, to shut, and to put out, etc. Next is to be noted of Mesenterium, the which is nothing else but a texture of innumerable veins Mifer aices, ramefied of one vein called Porta epates, covered and defended of Pannicles and ligaments coming to the entrails, with the back full of fatness & glandulus flesh, etc.  
The stomach is a member compound and spermaic, seno●… 〈◊〉 sensible, and there in is made perfect the first digestion of Chile. This is a necessary member to all the body, for if it fail in his working, all the members of the body shall corrupt. Wherefore Galen sayeth, that the stomach was ordained principally for two causes: The first, that it should be to all the members of the body, as the earth is to all that are engendered of the earth, that is; that it should desire sufficient meat for all the whole body: The second is, that the stomach should be a sack or ●…hest to all the body for the meat, and as a Cook to all the members of the body. The stomach is made of 〈◊〉 panmcles, of which the inner is nervous, and the utter Carneous. This inner pannicle hath m●…sculus longitudinales that stretcheth along from the stomach to the mouth, by the which he draweth to him meat and drink, as it were hands. And he hath Tranuers will, for to withhold or make retention. And also the utter pannicle hath Latitudinall will, to expulse and 〈◊〉 ou●…: and that by his heat he should help the diges●…iue virtue of the Stomach, and by other heats given by high neighbours, as thus. It hath the Liver on the right side, cha●…ing and heating him with his lobes or figures: and the Splen on the left side with his fatness, and veins sending to him melancholy, to exercise his appetites: and above him is the Hart, quickening him with his Arteirs: Also the brain, sending to him a branch of Nerves to give him feeling. And he hath on the hinder part, dissending of the parts of the back many Ligaments, with the which he is bound to the Spondels of the back: The form or figure of the stomock is long, in likeness of a gowrde, crooked: and that both boles be in the upper part of the body of it, is, because there should be no going out of it unadvisedly of those things that are received into it. The quantity of the stomach commonly holdeth two pitchers of water, and it may suffer many passions, & the neither mouth of the stomach is narrower than the upper, and that for three causes: the first cause is, that the upper receiveth meat great and boisterous in substance, that there being made subtle it might pass into the neither: The second is, for by him passeth all the meats, with their chilositie from the stomach to the liver: The third is, for that through him passeth all the dross of the stomach to the guts. And this sufficeth for the Stomach etc.  
The liver is a principal member, and official, and of his first creation spermaic, complete in quantity of blood, of himself insensible, but by accidence he is sensible, and in him is made the second digestion, and is lapped in a Senowy pannicle. And that he is a principal member, it appeareth openly by the Philosophers, by Avicen and Galen. And it is official as is the stomach, and it is of spermatik matter, and senowy of the which is engendered his veins. And because it was little in quantity, nature hath added to it crudded blood, to 〈◊〉 ●…omplishment of sufficient quantity, and is lapped in a senowy pannicle. And why the liver is cruded, is, because that Chile which cometh from the Stomach to the liver, should be turned into the colour ofbloud. And why the liver was ordained, was, because that all the nutrimental blood should be engendered in him. The proper place of the liver is under the false Kibbes in the right side. The form of the liver is gibbous or bunchie on the backside, and it is some what hollow like the inside of an hand. And ●…hy it is so shapen, is, that it should be plyeable to the stomach, like as a hand doth to an apple, to comfort her digestion, for his heat is to the stomach as the heat of the fire is to the Pocte or ●…auldron that hangeth over it.  
Also the liver is bound with his p●…llikles to the Diafragma, and with str●…nge ligaments. And also he hath Colyg●…s with the Stomach and the entrails, and with the Heart and th●…●…ynes, the Testicles and other members. And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in him five Pellikles like five fingers. Galen calleth the liver Massasanguinaria, containing in itself fo●…e substances, Natural and Nutrimental The naturals is sent with the blood to all parts of the body to he engendered and nouri●…hed. And the 〈◊〉 and sent to places ordained for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 These are the places of the humours, the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 in the chest of gall, Melancoli●… to the 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the Lungs and the Iun●…ures, the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 and the Uesike. And 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and sometime they putrifle and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 put 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the skin, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by 〈◊〉, by 〈◊〉, or by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 all 〈◊〉, that is to 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉, and Phlegm, be 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 in this manner: First 〈◊〉 shall understand that 〈◊〉 the Spermatike, matter of the Liver 〈◊〉, there is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 two great veins, of the which the first, & the greatest is called Porta and cometh from the concavity of the liver, of whom springeth all the small veins Miseraices, and these Miseraices be to Vena porta as the branches of a tree be to the stock or tree For some of them be contained with the bottom of the stomach somè with Duodenum, some with jeiunium, some with Yleon, and some with Monoculus, or Saccus. And from all these guts they bring to Vena porta the succozitie of Chiley going from the stomach, and distribute it into the substance of the liver. And these veins Miseraices be innumerable. And in these veins is begun the second digestion, and ended in the liver, like as is in the Stomach the first digestion. So it proveth that Vena porta and Vena Miseraices serve to bring all the succozitie of the meat and drink that passeth the Stomach to the Liver, and they spread themselves through the substance of the Liver inwardly, and all they stretch towards the gibbos or bowing part of the Liver, and there they meet and go all into one unity, and make the second great vain called Venaculis or Concava, or Vena ramosa, all is one, & he with his roots draweth out all the blood engendered from the Liver, and with his branches ramefying upwards & downwards, carrieth and conveyeth it to all other members of the body to be nourished with, where is made perfect the third digestion. And also there goeth from the Liver veins bearing the super●…uities of the third dig●…tion to their proper places, as it shallbe declared hereafter.  
Now to speak of the ●…al, or the chest of the ●…al: it is an official member, and it is spermaic and 〈◊〉, and hath in it a sub●… will, and it is as a purse or a pa●…cular ●…esike in the hollowness of the liver; about the middle peric●… or lobe, ordained to receive the Choleric superfluities which are engendered in the liver. The which purse or bag hath three holes or necks: by the first he draweth to him from the liver the choler, that the blood be not hurt by the choler: by the second neck he sendeth to the bottom of the stomach Choler to further the digestion of the stomach: And by the third neck be sendeth the choler regularly from one gut to another to cleanse them of their superfluities and dross: and the quantity of the purse may contain in it half a pint, etc.  
And next is the Splen, or the milt, the which is a spermaic member, as are other members, and official, and is the receptorie of the melancholious supper fluities that are engendered in the Liver. And his place is on the l●…fte side, transuersly linked to the stomach, and his substance is thin. And two causes I find why he was ordained there: The first is, that by the melancholious superfluities that are engendered of the liver which he draweth to him, he is nourished with: The second cause is, that the nutritive blood should by him be made the more purer & clean, from the dross and thicking of melancholy, etc.  
And next of the reins and Kidneys: It is to be understood, that within the region of the Nutrites backwards, are ordained the Kidneys, to cleanse the blood from the watery superfluities, and they have each of them two passages, or holes, or necks: by the one is drawn the water from Uenakelis by two veins, which are called vena emulgentes, the length of a finger of a man, and issueth from the liver: and by the other is sent the same water to the Bladder, and is called Poros urithides. The substance of the Kidneys is Lazattus flesh, having longitudinal wil And their place is behind on each side of the Spondels, and they are two in number, and the right Kidney lieth somewhat higher than the left, and is bound fast to the back with Ligaments. The Philosopher sayeth, that man's Kidneys are like to the Kidneys of a Cow, full of hard knots, having in him many hard concavities, and therefore the sores of them be hard to cure. Also they are more harder in substance then any other fleshly Member ber, and that for two causes, one is: that he be not much hurt of the sharpness of the urine: The other is, that the same urine that passeth from him might the better be altered and cleansed through the same. Also there cometh from the heart to each of the kidneys an arteire, that bringeth with him blood, heat, spirit, and life. And in the same manner there cometh a vain from the. liver, that bringeth blood to nourish the kydeneys. called blood nutrimental, The grease of these kidneys or fatness is as of other inward members, but it is an official member, made of thin blood, congealed and cruded through cold, and there is ordained the greater quantity in his place, because it should receive and temper the heat of the kidneys, which they have of the biting sharpness of the water. Now by the kidneys upon the Spondels passeth Venakelis, or venacava, which is a vein of great substance, for he receiveth all the nutrimental blood from the liver, and from him passeth many small pipes on every side, and at the spondyl between the shoulders he divideth himself whole into two great branches the one goeth into the one arm, & the other into the other, and there they divide themselves into many veins, and branches: as is declared in the arms.   

The Anatomy of the Haunches, and their parts.  
THe Haunches are the lower part of the womb, joining to the Thighs,, and the secret members. And three things there are to be noted thereof, the first is of the parts containing: the second is of the parts contained: and the third is of the parts proceeding outwards, The parts containing outwardly, be Myrac and Sifac, the Zirbus and the bones. The parts contained inwardly, are the Vezike, or bladder, the spermaic vessels, the Matrir in women Longaon, Nerves, Veins, and arteries, dissending downwards, The parts proceeding outwards, are The Buttocks, and the Muscles descending to the these of which it is to be spoken of in order. And first of the parts containing: as of Myrac, Sifac, and Zirbus, there is enough spoken of in the Anatomy of the womb. But as for the bones of the Haunches, There be of the parts of the back three Spondels of Ossa sacri, or of the Haunches, and three cartaliginis spondeles of Ossa caude, called, The Tail bonne. And thus it is proved, that there is in every man thirty. spondyles, and thus they are to be numbered: In the neck seven, in the Ridge twelve: In the Reins five: and in the Haunches six, And it is to be noted, that every spondyl is hollow in the midst: through which hollowenesse passeth Nuca from the brain, or the marrow of the back. And some Authors say, that Mynuca is of the substance that the Brain is of, for it is like in substance, and in itself giveth to the Nerves both the virtue of moving and feeling. And also every spondyl is holed on every side, through the which holes both arteries and veins, do bring from the Heart and the liver both life and nourishment, like as they do to the Brain: and from the pannicle of Mynuca or the Marrow of the back, through the holes of the sides of the Spondels, springeth forth Nerves motives and there they intermeddle themselves with the strong Ligaments that be insensible, and so the ligaments rece●…ue that feeling of the Nerve, which the Nerve taketh of Mynuca. And by this reason many Authors prove, that Mynuca is of the same Substance that the Brain is of, and the Pannicles of the Nuca is of the same Substance of the Pannicles of the Brain. etc. And each of these spondyles be bound fast one with an other, so that one of them may not well be moved without another. And so all these spondyles together, contained one by another are called the Ridgebone, which is the foundation of all the shape of the body. They with the last spondyle be contained or joined to the bones of the Haunches, and they be the upholders of all the spondyles. And these bones be small towards the tail bone, and broad towards the Haunches, and before they join and make Os pectinis. And so they be broad in the parts of the Isles, and therefore some Authors calleth it Ilea. And each of these two bones toward the Liver hath a great round hole, into the which is received the bone called Vertebra, or, The whirlbone, Also besides that place there is a great hole or way, through the which passeth from above Musculus, veins, and Arteirs, and go into the Thighs. And thus it is to be noted, that of this bone Pecten, and the bone Vertebra, is made the juncture of the Thy.  
Now to speak of the parts contained, the first thing that cometh to sight, is the bladder, the which is an official member, compound of two nervous Pannicles, in complexion cold and dry, whose neck is carnous, and hath muscles to withhold, and to let go: and in men it is long, and is contained with the yard, passing through Peritoneum, but in women it is shorter, and is contained within the Vulua. The place of the bladder is between the bone of the Share and the tail gut called Longaon, and in women it is between the foresaid bone and the Matrix. And in it is implanted two long vessels coming from the Kidneys, whose names be Porri urichides, bringing with them the Urinal or water from the Kidneys to the Bladder, which privily entereth into the holes of the pannicles of the bladder, by a natural moving between tunicle & tunicle, & there the urine findeth the hole of the neither tunicle, and there it entereth privily into the concavity of the bladder, and the more that the bladder is filled with urine, the straighter be the two tunicles comprised togéether, for the holes of the tunicles be not even one against another, and therefore if the bladder be never so full, there may none go back again. The form of it is round, the quantity of it is a pitcher full, in some more, and in some less, etc. Also there is found two other vessels called vaza seminaria, or the spermaic vessels. And they come from Uenakelis, bringing blood to the Testikles, as well in man, as in woman, in the which by his further digestion it is made sperm or nature in men. They be put outward, for the Testikles be without, but in women it abideth within, for their Testikles stand within, as it shallbe declared hereafter.  
next followeth the Matrix in women: The Matrix in woman is an official member, compound and nervous and in complexion cold and dry. And it is the field of man's generation, and it is an instrument susceptive, that is to say a thing receiving or taking: & her proper place is between the bladder and the gut Longaon, the likeness of it, is as it were a yard reversed or turned inward: having testicles likewise, as aforesaid, Also the Matrix hath two concavities or sells, and no more, but all beasts have as many sells as they have paps heads. Also it hath a long neck like an urinal, and in every neck it hath a mouth, that is to say, one within, and an other without. The inner in the time of the conception is shut, and the utter part is open as it was before: and it hath in the midst a Lazartus pannicle, which is called in Latin Tentigo. And in the creation of this Pannicle, is found two utilities: The first is, that by it goeth forth the urine, or else it should be shed throughout all the Vulua: The second is, that when a woman doth set her thighs abroad it altereth the air that cometh to the matrix for to temper the heat. Furthermore Furthermore, it is said, that of this Embreon is engendered the heart, the liver, the Brain, Nerves, veins, Arteirs, cords, Ligaments, Skins, Gristles and bones, receiving to them by kindly virtue the menstrual blood, of which is engendered both flesh and fatness. And as writers say, the first thing that is shapen be the principals, as is the heart, liver, and Brain. For of the heart springeth the Arteirs, of the liver the veins, and of the Brain the Nerves: and when these are made, Nature maketh & shapeth bones and gristles to keep and save them, as the bones of the head for the Brain, the Breast bones and the Ribs for the heart and the liver. And after these springeth all other members one after another. And thus is the child bred forth in four degrees, as thus: The first is, when the said sperm or seed is at the first as ' it were milk: The second is, when it is turned from that kind into another kind, is yet but as a lump of blood, and this is called of hippocras, Fettus: The third degree is, when the principals be shapen, as the heart, liver, and Brain: The fourth and last, as when all the other members be perfectly shapen, than it receiveth the soul with life and breath, and then it beginneth to move itself alone. Now in these four degrees aforesaid, in the first as milk it continueth seven. days: in the second as Fettus ix. days: in the third, as a lump of flesh engendering the principals the space of ix. days: and the fourth unto the time of full perfection of all the whole members, is the space of, xviii. days: So is there, xlvi. days from the day of conception unto the day of full perfection and receiving of the soul, as God best knoweth.  
Now to come again to the Anatomy of the Haunches: Then come we to Longaon, otherwise called, The tail gut, whose substance is panniculer, as of all the other bowels, the length of it is of a span long, stretching nigh to reins, his neither part is called Annis, that is to say, the Towel. And about him is found two Muscles, the one to open, the other to shut. Also there is found in him fyu●… veins or branches, of veins, called Vena Emoraidales, and they have colliganes with the bladder. wherefore they are partners in their greens. And when this Longaon is raised up, than ye may see the veins and arteires, and sinews, how they be branched and bound down to the ne their parts. The parts proceeding outwardly, are, Didimus, Peritoneum, the Yard, the Testicles, and the Buttocks, And first it shallbe spoken of the Yard, or o fmen generative members, the which dureth unto tha t part that is called Peritoneum, the which place is from the cods unto the Fundament, whereupon is a seam. Wherefore saith the Philosopher, Man's yard is in the end and term of the share. The yard is an official member, and the tiler of man's generation, compound and made of skin, brawns, Tendo●…, veins, arteirs, sinews and great ligaments: and it hath in it two passages, or principal issues, one for the sperm, and an other for the urine. And as the Philosophers say, the quantity of a common Yard is, viii, or, ix. inches, with measurable bigenesse proportioned to the quantity of the matrix. This member hath, as saith Avicen, three holes, through one passeth insensible polissions and wind, that causeth the yard to rise: the other two holes is declared before. Also the yard hath a skin, & about the head thereof, it is double, and that men call Prepusium, and this skin is movable, for through his consecration the spermaticke matter is the better and sooner gathered together, and sooner cast forth from the Testicles: for by him is had the more delectation in the ●…ing. And the foremost part of the head of the yard before is made of a Brawny flesh, the which if it be once lost, it is never restored again, but it may be well s●…nned. etc. he is without a fellow, and he is full of Marrow, and is round at either end: The roundness that is at the upper end is called Vertebrum, or Whorle bone, and boweth inwards, and is received into the box or hole of the hanche bone: and at the lower and towards the Knee there it hath two rounds, which be received into the concavities of the bone of the leg, at the knee, called the great Fossels. There is also at the knee a round bone called, The knee pan. Then followeth the leg, wherein is two bones, called Focile mayor, and Focile minor, the bigger of them passeth before, making the shape of the shin, and it is called the shin bone, and passeth down making the inner ankle. The less passeth from the knee backwards, dissending down to the utter ankle, and there formeth that ankle. etc. The bones of the foot are, xxuj. as thus, first, next the ankle bone is one, called in Latin Orabalistus: next under that towards the he'll is one, called Calcany: and between them is an other bone called Os Nauculare: In the second ward there be four bones, called Raceti, as be in the hands. In the third and fourth ward be, xiv. called Digitori: and v. called Pectens at the extremities of the Toes, next to the nails. And thus be there in the foot, xxuj. bones with the Leg from the Ankle to the Knee, two in the Knee, and one round and flat bone, and in the Thy one. And thus shall you find in the whole Leg and Foot, thirty. bones. And this sufficeth for young Practitioners.