〈…〉 BOOK 〈…〉 concerning the 〈◊〉 and ordering of 〈◊〉▪ Translated Gramatically, and also according to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of our English tongue, so far as Grammar and the verse will well permit. Written chiefly for the good of Schools, to be used according to the directions in the Preface to the 〈◊〉 of School 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 in the book called 〈◊〉 Learning or the Grammar school, Chap. 8. London, Printed by Richard 〈◊〉 for Thomas Man dwelling at the sign of the 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 16●0. TO THE RIGHT NOBLE AND WORTHY KNIGHT SIR GEORGE HASTINGS, brother to the right Honourable the Earl of Huntingdon. SIR, BOoks have ever sought out the fittest Patrons. Thinking seriously with myself, who might most justly challenge the dedication of this labour at my hands, which I trust shall ever bring some light and comfort to our Grammar Schools, I could find none to have thereunto a better title than yourself. Sith God hath indeed made you a worthy light, for the sound love and true advancement of virtue and good learning, and that even from your tender years. In as much as you (contrary to the course of the greatest part of the flower of the Nobility and Gentry of our age) have addicted yourself unto your studies, for the good (I trust) both of the Church and Commonwealth, in stead of following the excessive pleasures of the time; and have moreover in a singular manner manifested your affection towards them both, and towards all good learning to that end. Whenas out of that maintenance, which in regard of your high birth and noble line might seem far too little for yourself; you have yet separated and consecrated, as your first fruits, a portion thereof unto the Lord, towards the maintaining of sundry poor scholars in the University, by whom his glory may be advanced, and the good of his people perpetually procured. Concerning which, let me crave pardon of you (good Sir) and bear the blame, that (though contrary to your mind) I yet still desire, as I ought, that memorable love of yours to be known, for the good ensample and provoking of many others to the like: wherein one day they should find a thousand times more comfort, doing it with upright hearts, then in all that they shall bestow, not only in the overhote pursuit of their vain pleasures and delights, but even in sundry other kinds, which make the fairest show. As myself am ever bound in all places to acknowledge those great respects, which I justly owe unto yourself and that right noble house for myself and mine, so I hope our God will enable us to seek evermore to be answerable thereunto, as his Majesty shall vouchsafe us fit opportunities. What is wanting in us, his goodness (I trust) will fully recompense, that you may be ever honoured, walking with him in this world, and living with him in blessedness for ever in the heavens. And in this earnest desire, with my hearty prayers incessantly for you, that God may make you to increase daily in all true honour, I commend you to his heavenly grace, resting Yours ever most bounden, JOHN BRINSLEY. A plain Direction to the painful Schoolmaster and others, for the most profitable use of this and the like Grammatical translations. TO the end that all Scholars may find the several benefits of these translations mentioned in my Grammar-schoole, not only for sound understanding, true construing, parsing, getting without book, making and proving the same Latin, speedy turning either into prose or verse, but also for growth in our English tongue together with the Latin; and principally for causing Scholars to study of themselves, and to prepare their lectures at home, to bring them more perfectly, and keep them more surely; and all this with very much certainty, pleasure and ease both to master and scholar, I find this course most ready. 1. 'Cause every one to be well acquainted with their Grammar rules, and especially to be perfect in the rule of construing, that they may ever follow that direction. 2. Because the greatest part in every Form are commonly of the duller sort of wits and more negligent, and also hardlier drawn to take pains at home, unless they evidently see the way how they may do it with some delight; cause some pregnant scholar of their own Form, or of some higher, to read them their lecture overnight, only construing it over once or twice, and showing them the hard words and phrases briefly. 3. Direct them either to try first how they are able to construe of themselves, and find out a reason of every thing, why it must be so construed; and after to compare and try that which they have done, by the translation. On else if they have not sufficient leisure, and that they would do it speedily, or be not so well able to do it of themselves, direct them to read over the translation once or twice; first, that they may fully understand the matter whereby all the construing will be made most easy, and then advice them to examine carefully by themselves the reason of the whole construction. And so for parsing every thing in the same order as they construe: for these two so depend one upon another, that they cannot be separated. In a word, cause them so to study their lectures out of the Latin books and the translation together, that they may be able with their book under their arm, to deliver and pronounce the whole lecture either Latin or English alone, so also to construe and purse without book to deliver their lectures either in the plain Grammar order, or more elegantly, and so to give variety of phrase, and whatsoever is observed in the translation. 4. Be careful that they take not overmuch at a time, and then so many of them as are apt and painful, will the next day at any time, within an hour's space given them to meditate, be able to deliver their lecture (so as I said) viz. pronouncing it without book both in Latin and English▪ construe and purse without book, give variety of English phrase, and whatsoever can be required for the understanding and knowledge of every word. Hereby also they will be able to keep all that they have learned, not only to repeat each weeks work most perfectly upon the friday, but also their whole quarters work at each quarter's end, if they use to repeat it now and then, and so to keep their authors for every use, far more perfectly then by any other means. For these Eclogues and the book de Apibus, I have made choice of them to translate thus, as being the most familiar of all Virgil's works, and fittest for children's capacities: and in some of them I have made a plain Analysis or resolution, for the more easy and full understanding thereof, as namely of the first and last Eclogues, and so of that excellent book of the government and ordering of Bees, which is able to draw the very wisest into an admiration, for their policy, and the rare works of God apparent in them. The resolution of the rest I have omitted, as being for the most part but heardmens talk, or the matter not so fit, and so the translation of the latter part of the sixi Eclogue. In the first Eclogue I have given a little taste of the Rhetoric in Tropes and figures: for the rest I refer to M. Butler's Rhetoric, M. Far●abies tropes and figures, and to R●mus Commentary. The Eclogues being select Poems, I would have pronounced most exactly, as namely the 1. 3. 5. 7. etc. (like as Tully's Paradoxes, and some choice Orations for patterns of Themes and Orations) for that they may be most not able helps to an excellent pro●ciation, which is a principal ornament to all learning, and will bring the scholars much estimation with others, and delight in themselves. I have only proceeded thus far in translating, being fully assured upon certain experience, that children first entered well in Grammar, and having gone through but those parts of the authors which I have thus translated, will be able by God's blessing (if they proceed in a right order) to take their lectures of themselves, at least with very little assistance, in all the rest of Virgil and the higher Latin authors; by the means of the worthy Commentaries and other helps, which the Lord hath in this last age provided above all former times. As for that fear of making truants by these translations, which conceit arose merely upon the abuse of other translations, never intended for this end; I hope that happy experience in this kind, will in time drive it, and all like to it, utterly out of schools and out of the minds of all. Sith for myself, by the means hereof I find the clean contrary, in causing my scholars to give a reason of every thing why it must be so, and also almost double profit to that which I could otherwise. And finally for that I can hereby teach manies than I could without, and cause every one of them which are any thing diligent and apt, to render an account of that which he learns from quarter to quarter continually; and all with much ease and pleasure to myself, delight and contention among themselves, and great contentation to their friends. Try aright, and then give your sentence. The comforts which myself have found herein, without any of the furnised inconveniences, and the same approved and confirmed by many learned, do make me confident to desire to commend them to all. For all other objections I have answered than at 〈◊〉 in my Grammar school. Experience, I trust, will fully satisfy all sorts in time. Though the slips in this as in the rest, be very many, the difficulty of the labour to observe duly all the directions, both for Grammar, propriety, purity and otherwise, (as whosoever makes trial will soon perceive) and also my continual employment may plead for me, desiring, if the Lord vouchsafe that favour, to refine them all; like as I hope that he who hath thus far proceeded, will for his own glory and the good of his people, perfect the whole work in his due time. Whereunto craving thy love and prayers, I 〈◊〉 thee 〈◊〉 his grace, and rest thi●, in what his goodness shall v●chsafe unto me▪ I. B. THE ‖ Pastorals or heardmens songs. They are called Bucolica of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bubulcus or armentari●, whereof comes bucolicus, a, 'em, pertaining to neat or to beasts, or pertaining to herdsmen or pastoral: and so Bucolica (carmina) neatheards songs or heardmens songs, and by a Synecd. shepherd's songs. BUCOLICS OF PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO: The first ‖ These are also called Eclogues of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 electio, quasi electum poëma, a choice Poem: or here signifying, collocutio, because most of them are set down in manner of Dialogues, viz. in talk between two or more parties. Eclogue * To which [or whereto] the name is Tityrus. which is named ‖ The name Tityrus seemeth to be taken out of the Greek Poet Theocritus, whom Virgil specially imitates in these Eclogues, where it is the name of a shepherd most expert in country music. Thus is this first Eclogue named Tityrus of this feigned shepherd, whose felicity is here chiefly recorded, and under his name Virgil is meant. Tityrus. ‖ The matter of this Eclogue or the substance hereof. THE ARGUMENT. ‖ Melibeus a shepherd & familiar friend of Tityrus. MElibeus a shepherd, * By the name of whom we understand any Mantuan shepherd. under whose name we here understand any shepherd of Mantua, * Driven away from his bounds [viz. his fields or possessions.] being driven out of his bounds ‖ By an ancient soldier, viz. by one to whom his possessions were given for his long service. by an old soldier, * Deplores [or laments] bewaileth ‖ his misery or mishap: his calamity in this Eclog: * And exaggerates his own miseries by collation [viz. by comparison] of the felicity of Tityrus. & aggravates his miseries by comparing them with the felicity of Tityrus his neighbour. * Contrarily Tityrus who sustains the person of Virgil [viz. under whose ame Virgil is meant.] Tityrus contrarily, (who represents the person of Virgil,) being now ‖ Without care of fear. secure, * His farms [viz. his lands] being recovered. having recovered his possessions, * Lifts up into heaven Augustus' [Caesar the Emperor.] extols Augustus ‖ The principal cause of his peace. the author of his quietness with * Marvellous or wonderful. admirable praises even unto heaven. * About the end [or a little before the end:] Towards the end of the Eclogue, * night now imminent [viz. approaching apace:] it being now ne'er night, * he invites Melibeus to [his] entertainment [viz. to give him entertainment: he invites Melibeus to his house * with a certain countrey-like] or homely courtesy [or kindness.] with a kind of rural courtesy. THE FIRST ECLOGVE, which is called ( 1 Tityrus a feigned name of a shepherd, most expert in country music (as was said,) here signifieth Virgil the famous Poet restored to his possessions by the commandment of Augustus. ) TITYRUS. [The speakers are] ( 2 Melibeus a herdsman so called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because he had care of cattle, representing a townsman of Mantua, cast out of his possessions by the Roman soldiers, to whom their lands were given. ) Melibeus and Tityrus. Melibeus. a In this Eclogue (as was showed in the Argument) Melibeus laments his own calamity, and the estate of the rest of the townsmen of Mantua, by comparing their misery with the fortunate estate of Tityrus, which he admireth with a secret indignation: That he might lie at his ease under the shade, and play his country ditties upon his pipe. TItyrus, thou * Lying down [viz. lying at thy ease or resting quietly.] lying all along under the * Cover [viz. shade or shadow. ( 3 Tegmen] q. tegimen à tegend●. Syne●d. ge●. ) covert of * The beech tree spreading largely, [viz. with great arms or branches.] the ( 4 Patul●] à patendo. ) broad ( 5 Fagi.] Syn. spec. ) beech tree, Dost * Meditate. ‖ Tune. devose ‖ A song fit to be sung in the woods [or a rural or country song, or a herdsman's or shepherd's ditty. a wood-land ( 6 Musam] Metonymia efficientis. ) song * With a small oat. upon a slender ( 7 A●ena] Metalepsis, an oat for a pipe made of oaten straw, Met. materie & Met. 〈◊〉, and taken for any pipe, Syn. spec. ) oaten pipe. b When they contrarily were enforced to leave their country and pleasant fields: We ‖ Forsake, or are driven to leave or forgo. leave the * Ends or coasts. bounds of our country and [our] ‖ Pleasant grounds or lands. sweet ( 8 Arv●m ab arando, such a field properly as is ready to be sown, now ploughed or tilled, Syn. spec. ) fields: And glad to fly their native soil, ye● he lying at his ease under the cool shade, might sing his songs in praise of his love fair Amaryl, to cause the very woods with their echo to resound the same. We ‖ Fly from, or are driven out and banished from fly ‖ Our native soil. our country: [but] * Tityrus, thou being sluggish [viz. secure or lying at thy rest, or idle and careless. thou (Tityrus) lying securely in the * Shadow. shade, ‖ Makest. Teachest the woods ‖ To found back (as the Echo in the woods) fair Amaryl: viz. thy songs of thy love fair Amaryl: or to sing songs in praise of Rome and thy favourers there. to resound fair ( 9 Amaryllis a feigned love of Virgil's, having the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, splendeo, here it may seem to be taken for Rome, and Virgil having friends there; Metaphora, or being put for songs of Amaryl, it is Meton. subject. ) Amaryl. Tit. c Tit.] Tityrus answereth him, rejoicing that the Emperor Augustus, whom he called God, had granted him all that happy peace. Oh Melibeus [our] ( 10 By God he meaneth the Emperor Augustus who had granted him his lands and liberties, for so the Romans flatteringly made their Emperor's gods. Or he meaneth that he would honour him as God, for the greatness of the benefit which he received. Deus Deus, in the beginning and the end, Epa●lepsis. ) God hath * Made these rests to us. wrought this * Idleness [viz. quietness or security and freedom.] peace for us; For ( 11 Ille, illius] polyp●ton. ) he shall * Be ever a god to merviz. whilst I live and after my death. always be my god, d Yea that he would offer unto him many a sacrifice, as the manner of the Romans was to do to their gods. a ‖ Delicate, fat and young. tender lamb [fetched] from our * Sheepefoulds. folds shall * Imbrue, colour, moisten or pour about, viz be offered on his altar. sprinkle * The altar of him. ‖ his altar oftentimes. e For that he had granted him free liberty & safety for the keeping of his cattle where he would, and of playing and singing at his will. He hath ‖ Suffered my cattle. permitted my ( 12 Kine for any kind of cattle. Syn. spec. ) kine * To wander [viz. to leasow or to go where I will.] ( 13 Errare] Syn. Gen. ) to pasture freely all abroad, as thou seest, and myself too ‖ Sing. ( 14 L●dere] Syn. Gen. ) play what tunes I please, with my ‖ Country pipe. fielden * What things or what songs. ( 15 Ca●] Syn. spec. & Met. Mat. ) pipe. Melib. * Reed or straw, viz. on my country oaten pipe. f Melib. Replying, telleth him that he did not envy him, but rather admireth his felicity, considering what troubles were at Cremona & Mantua and in all the country about, by the Roman soldiers, to whom their lands were given: whereby the poor inhabitants were driven out. And he himself become very feeble, yet was fain to drive his goats far off whither he could, to find pasture for them, having nothing else left him; and had one of them so weak as he could hardly drag her after him. In truth I do not ‖ Grudge at or repine against thy happiness or prosperity. envy [thy felicity,] ‖ I wonder at it with delight. I admire it rather. * It is troubled so very greatly, viz. there are so very great troubles amongst us by the soldiers. We [of Mantua] ( 16 Turbatur [à militibus, 〈◊〉 turbamur. Enal. ) are miserably molested on every side in * In our whole fields, or throughout all our bounds or lands. all our grounds. * See or behold. Lo, I myself being ( 17 AEger, ago. Paran. ) feeble * Sick [viz. sorrowful▪ pensive or heavy.] do drive * Do. my goats ( 18 Protenus, [à porr● & tenus. longè vel procul. Adu. loci. ) far off, * [My] little goat's. and moreover, Tityrus * Far [from our coasts] or being so far before me that I cannot overtake them. I can scarcely ( 19 Ag●, duco Epanod. ) * And also. drag after me this weak goat. g Then gives the reason thereof, for that she had newly eaned upon a bare flint stone, in stead of some better place of succour, and had there left two twins the hope of repairing his flock again. For she having * I lead scarcely this [goat.] eaned even now (alas) upon a bare flint stone, hath left ‖ Two young kids. twins the hope of [my] flock, here amongst the thick hazels. h Afterwards he complaineth of their foolishness, that they could not be warned to pre●ent these mischiefs by so many prodigious signs: As having seen the oaks smitten with the lightning, which did portend some great evil to come unto them by the displeasure of the Emperor, as by the thunderbolt of jupiter himself. I remember the ( 20 The oak which sometime ministereth foody to man by the mast of it, was said to be in the protection of jupiter; and therefore by this divination was signified the displeasure of Caesar, to take away their fields, as of jupiter smiting the oaks. ) oaks * Enforced herself to bring forth, or brought forth erewhile. smitten from ( 21 Coelum pro aere, 〈◊〉 pro tempestate aeris. Metaleps. ) heaven * Touched▪ [viz.] scorched, or blasted, or smitten with the lightning or thunderbolt. to have foretold us this ‖ Out of the air. mischief oftentimes, ‖ Evil hap. if * To foretell ●s. that our mind If we had not been unhappy. had not been * Left, foolish. besotted. 22 Pr●. Metaph. i Also the Chough chattering from the hollow holm tree on the left hand, which he accounteth another prodigious sign. ( 23 S●pe, s●pe. Anaph. ) Oft times * The chough, crow, or daw on the left hand. Al. The chough hath foretold unhappy tidings from the hollow holm tree, [or unhappy things.] the ( 24 Sinistra cornix the chough sitting on the left hand, [viz. sitting North when they looked towards the East or Sun rising; which they accounted unlucky. ) unlucky chough foretold it from the hollow holm. This verse is omitted by sundry interpreters, as none of Virgil's, for that it seems contrary to the divinations of those times, wherein they took this sign to be lucky: unless it be attributed to the shepherd's rudeness. k Yet seeing there was now no remedy, ●e desireth to know who this god was. But ‖ Nevertheless. notwithstanding Tityrus * Give us [viz. show us.] tell us who this god is. Tit. l Tit. Tityrus in stead of answering directly, beginneth shepherd▪ like to extol the city where that god dwelled: describing it both by the name, & also the greatness and state of it, which he amplifieth by his own foolishness: That he was wont to imagine it to be like their city Mantua, whither they used to drive their lambs to sell, but only that he thought it somewhat bigger. Oh Melibeus ‖ I foolish shepherd I fool ‖ Imagined that, that city which men call Rome, was like this our city Mantua. though [that] city which [men] call Rome, to be like to this our [ 25 Mantua is a little city in Gallia Cisalpina, where Virgil was borne▪ ) Mantua] whither [we] sheepshead▪ * Ar● wont oft time's are often wont * To put away [or to drive away to be sold, or to the market] to drive * The tender young ones of our sheep, [viz▪ our lambs wained from their dams.] our tender lambs. m Even as he had known whelps like the dams, kids like to the goats, & had been wont thus to compare the greater things with less. ( 26 Sic, si●, Anaph. ) So * I had known or seen. had I known ( 27 Canibus catulos. Pa●sia. ) whelps like * To the bitches. to the dams, [and] thus [ * I had known. had known] ( 28 Catul●s, h●dos. Epa●dos. ) kids like * To their dams. unto the ( 29 Matribus. Metaph. 〈◊〉 Syn. spec. ) goat's: thus was I ( 30 Noram, sol●bam. Epanal. ) wont to compare great things ‖ With little. to small. n But now he acknowledgeth he saw indeed, that this city did so far exceed all others in state and greatness, But * This [city Rome.] this ‖ Hath so much advanced [or lift up the head above [all] other cities. hath lifted up the head * So much. so high ( 31 Alias inter. Anastrophe. ) amongst As the high cypress trees do the low shrubs. [all] other cities; * How much. As the cypress trees are wont among the * Bending or pliant, viz. limber. weak ‖ Bindeweede or shrubs. wild vines. Mel. o Mel.] Melibeus replying again, demandeth of him the cause, which made him so desirous to see Rome. ( 32 Ecquae pro quaenam, more antiquo. ) And what so great * A cause of seeing Rome hath been to thee. a cause hadst thou of seeing Rome? Tit. p Tit.] Whereunto Tityrus answereth, that desire of freedom was the cause, and also hope of recovering his lands, which he there obtained though long before. ‖ Even liberty [viz. a desire of liberty. Liberty: which * [Though it was] late [before it came] though it were long first, yet at length * Respected me] or behold me favourably. looked back unto me, being altogether ‖ Sluggish or slovenlike and unhandsome. * Rude and without art. unprofitable [before.] q And not until his beard began to be white, viz. that he was grown well in years. After that The sense is, After that my beard began to be white. ( 33 A white beard, either as the first down is whitish in many; or as some imagine by his years; or rather by cares for the loss of his lands; for that Melibeus calleth him after, fortunate old man. Which speech may yet respect the time to come: what he was like to be. Vid. infrâ. ) ‖ Yet nevertheless [liberty] respected me [viz. I became a freeman.] a whiter beard fell * To ●e p●ling [or barbing] viz▪ as the Barber was cutting my beard. from me in trimming. r Yet at length he obtained it after long looking and waiting. Notwithstanding ( 34 Respexit tamen] Epan. ) it looked back unto [me] & came ‖ A long time after. after a long while. s And then he showeth that since that time that he came in favour at Rome, he had left Mantua altogether. [But] ‖ Since that I began to be in esteem at Rome, I left Mantua. since that time, that Amaryllis * Hath us. hath got us, ‖ Mantua. Galatea hath left [us:] t And also giveth the reason of it: because whilst he was at Mantua he had neither hope of freedom, nor means of recovering or increasing his substance. * For. And why ( ‖ I will confess the truth. for I will confess) ‖ Whilst I abode at Mantua, whilst Galatea held me, ( 35 Nec, nec, Anaph. ) Neither * Was there to me hope of liberty nor care of my substance of estate. had I any hope of freedom, nor care of mine ( 36 A man's substance or goods was called peculium, because of ancient time it consisted chiefly in ca●ell, pecus. ) estate. u Although there 〈◊〉 many a sacrifice out 〈◊〉 his folds. Although * Much sacrifice [viz. many a lamb was fetched from my folds for sacrifice. many a ( 37 Victima, is properly sacrifice for victory obtained, à victoria. As hostia pro hostibus superandis, a sacrifice for the overcoming of enemies, viz. in hope to overcome. ) sacrifice went out of my ( 38 Septum à sepio. Syn. Gen. pro ovili. ) folds. And ‖ I made good fat cheeses. fat cheese And many a good 〈◊〉 cheese went forth of 〈◊〉 dairy to that ●full Mantua. was * Pressed. made [by me] for that ( 39 Ingratae] unthankful to the shepherds by whom it was maintained. ) unthankful ( 40 Vrbi. Syn. Gen. Met. subi. ) city: Yet still his purse came empty home. Yet * [My] right hand did not return to me home at any time loaden with money [viz. I never brought any store of money home for ●ine own self: or for mine own use, but ever returned empty handed, my right hand returned not home loaden with ( 41 Aere] because in old time they made money of brass. Met. Mat. ) money at any time. Melib. x Melibeus again applauding his happiness, telleth him that he wondered why his love Amaryl, so called upon the gods in such pensive manner for him. Oh ( 42 Amarylli] Apostrophe ad amicam. ) Amaryl, I wondered why thou * Being pensive] or sorrowful, or heavy, as forlorn, or sad. so pensively * Didst call. called'st upon the gods. ‖ For whose sake. For whom That he suffered his apples to hang upon his trees, not regarding to gather them, but pining away with longing after him. thou suffered'st [his] apples to hang upon * Their own tree. their trees: ( 43 Tityrus, Tityre, ipse, ipsi, ipsa. Anaph. Polypt. ) Tityrus was That the pine trees, fountains, and even the very groves did seem to call for him in mourning wise. ‖ far away from. absent hence: oh Tityrus the very pinetrees called thee: ‖ The very water springs. The fountains themselves [did call] thee: [yea] these same very ( 44 Arbustum is a grove of trees either for fruit or pleasure, or only for bearing up vines, to which the vines are said to be married: but chiefly of such trees as bear fruit. ) groves called for thee. Tit. y Tityrus answering, showeth him the cause of his going to Rome, and of his tarrying there so long. What For that he could never otherwise have gotten out of servitude; nor have seen the gods, (meaning the chief States of Rome, whom he flatteringly calleth gods,) in such manner as he now did being present with them, and to have them so bountiful unto him. should I do? for neither could I get out of * Was it lawful for me to go forth from [or get out of] service or bondage. slavery, Nor know ‖ The worthy nobles so favourable and so ready to help. the gods so present otherwhere. z There he telleth him, that he saw moreover that renowned Augustus whom he made his god: Oh Melibeus, here I saw ‖ We offer sacrifice twelve days every year, viz. at the Calends of each month * That young man [or that young gallant, viz. Augustus Caesar the Emperor who began his Empire very young. ( 45 Augustus Caesar the second Emperor of Rome, son to Octa●ius a Senator, and Nephew to julius Caesar, a wise and merciful Prince, in whose reign Christ was borne. ) that renowned Youth, To whom he offered sacrifices twelve times every year: From whom he received this comfortable answer, as from an Oracle: * To whom. for whom ‖ cattle. our altars smoke twice six days every year. ( 46 Hic, hic, Anaph. ) Here he first gave this answer to me * Requesting [or making suit unto him. humbly petitioning: That he should follow his cattle and his husbandry, enjoying them as he did before. ( 47 Puer is taken properly for a boy, viz as it is opposite to puella a girl. Secondly, it is taken for the childish age, and thirdly, for a servant or bo●dman which were commonly boys or young men: so it is here used. ) Ye * Boys or lads [viz. servants, slaves or drudges] servants feed [your] ‖ Happy old man that thou shalt be! oxen * As before▪ as in former time, 48 Submittite ta●s, q. sub i●ga mittite. ) * Put under [your] bull's viz. under the yokes, that is, yoke your oxen as before. yoke [your] bull's [again.] Mel. ( 49 Fortunate senex] Melibeus is thought here ●o call him thus in regard of the time to come, that be might live to be a happy old man. ) ( 50 Fortunate, etc. Exclamatio admirationis. ) ‖ Thou shalt enjoy thy grounds or possessions. O a Melibeus hereupon breaking out into an exclamation of wondering, calleth him fortunate old man, because he should enjoy his possessions and his grounds which were large enough for him, fortunate old man! * Therefore then ‖ Pastures sufficient for thy cattle. shall thy * Countries. grounds remain to thee, And ‖ Although it be fenced in with a stone wall & a fen ditch, or with stony hills or rocks or marish grounds, & not very great [or seeing that it is. etc. large enough for thee, Albeit they were compassed about with a stone wall & a fen ditch full of bulrushes, and were not very great. ‖ With slimy bulrushes [viz. with flags growing in the mud. although a bare stone and a fennie ditch * Compasseth about [viz. limiteth.] encloseth all [thy] pastures with 51 Limos● ienco, Syn. spec. sing. proplural. Epan. the slimy bulrush. b Yet hereby he should receive this benefit; that his cattle should not be endangered to receive hurt, by such grounds as they were not acquainted with; Al. [Yet] ‖ All [Therefore.] * Unaccustomed pastures, [or f●dder, or feeding. unwonted pasturing shall not * Tain●. annoy thy cattle ( 52 Foetas Metony●. adiuncti. ) great with young: Nor yet the Nor by the contagious diseases of other cattle, but might pasture by themselves. * Ill contagions, [or catching diseases. contagious diseases of [thy] * cattle near unto thee [or of the cattle of thy neighbour.] neighbour's cattle shall hurt [them.] c And further also admires his fortunate estate, for the pleasures which he should now enjoy: That he might spend all his days lying at his ease under the cool shade, and amongst the known rivers of his own country. O fortunate old man, thou * Shalt catch oft times here mayest catch here oft times ( 53 Frigus opacum. Met. adi●ncti. ) the cool air in the shade, ‖ Between Padu● and Mincius which were dedicated to the Nymphs. amongst the known rivers & the ( 54 Sacros propter Nymphas Naiades quibus s●crisunt. ) sacred fountains. d That on the one side he might hear the sweet humming of bees, feeding continually upon the palms of the sallow trees, in the hedges of his neighbour's bounds, which would oft ●ull him on sleep by their pleasant noise. * The shady cold. On the one side the hedge which is * From hence [〈◊〉 one part. on thy neighbours bound, ( 54 Hybla is a town of Sicily, and a mountain near unto it, where was store of thime and sallow trees, and so most excellent for bee●. ) being fed upon continually by the bees of ( 55 Depasta florem [h. e. secundum florem, Syn. membri. ) ( 56 Hybleis apibus [Syn. spec. ) Hybla, * From the near bound,] viz. on the next mere, or in the next fence, or the hedge between thee and thy neighbour. [for] the flower of the * Eaten upon [or eaten up] always by the bees of Hybla. * According to [or in regard of] the palms, [or flowers, or blooms of the sallow trees.] ( 57 Salicetum locus salicibu● consitus, & per Sy●copen salictum. ) sallow grove will * Persuade [or cause thee. move thee oftentimes * To go into sleep, or to sleep. to fall asleep with their * Light sound, [or humming noise. pleasant ( 58 Susurrus is any soft or still noise, as of leaves or branches of trees; and here of bees, a word feigned per ●nomatopeiam. ) humming noise. e On the other side he might hear the loppers of trees singing loud to the skies, so as to make the heavens to ring; as he lay at his ease under the rocks. * Fr● hence the lopper of trees [or corder of wood lopping and shred ●g of the boughs. On the other side ( 59 Frondator [qui frondes a●putat. ) the tree lopper shall sing * To the blasts [viz. aloud piercing the skies. aloud * From under the hi● rock [viz. lying under it.] from the high rock. * Neither yet. ( 60 Nec, nec, Anaph. ) Ney And that he might hear the ringdoves singing after their manner, wherein shepherds take chief delight. yet in the mean time the hoarse Stocke-doves * Being thy care, [viz. thy delight, or that in which thou delightest,] shall cease to sing. [which are] thy delight, Nor the turtle And likewise the turtles mourning continually in the high elms. shall cease ‖ To sing after her manner as it were mourning. to mourn from the * Airy elm, viz. the elm tree mounting up into the air ( 61 Aeria Meton. subj. high elm. Tit. f Tityr.] Tityrus answering professeth, that in regard of all this happiness which he enjoyed by Augustus, he would never forget him; which he amplifieth by three comparisons of impossibilities, and from the less to the greater. Therefore ‖ The Hart so light of foot. the * Light. swift stags shall feed first in the sky: And ( 62 Fretum à feruendo, a narrow sea between two lands here put for any sea. Syn. memb. or Syn. spec. ) the ‖ Seas. narrow seas * Shall be fed before, or shall feed, like a common. shall leave the fishes * Shall forsake or leave destitute. bare upon 1. That the stags should feed in the sky before. * Naked [viz. uncovered or dry in the shore or bank of the sea for lack of water. the shore. 2. That the seas should be dried up, and the fishes die for lack of water. * Either the Parthian etc. [viz. The Parthian outlaw [remaining in Parthia] shall drink of the river Sagona in France, & the German, etc. or the Parthian being driven out of his country. ( 63 Antè, antè, Anaph. ) [And also] ( 64 The Parthian in the Scythian language is said to signify an outlaw. ) the Parthian outlaw 3. That the Parthian remaining in Parthia should drink of the river Ara●is in France, and the German in Germany should drink of Tigris in Asia, the one of them running into the other, before he would forget him. Or that they being driven out of their bounds should wander about the farthest places of the earth. shall either drink of [the river] Araxis, or the ( 65 Germania pro Germano. Met. subj. ) German shall Al. The Parthians shall be driven into Germany, and the Germans into Mesopotamia, Friskiline. drink of [the river] ( 66 Tigris a river in Asia passing by Mesopotamia, and so running through Armenia. ) Tigris; * The bounds of them both being wandered through [viz. having traveled about them both, that is, the German having traveled through all the coasts of the Parthians, and the Parthian of the Germans. the bounds of both of them gone round about, ‖ Before we shall forget him. before * Then his countenance shall, etc. his countenance shall slide out of our breast. Mel. g Melibeus contrarily bewaileth the miserable estate both of himself, and of the rest of them who were driven forth, that they should be enforced to fly into all the quarters of the earth, some to Africa Southward; others into Scythia Northward, others into Crete which he maketh to be in the East; others into Britain remote from all the world Westward. But we shall go from hence, * Some [of us shall go or wander] to the thirsty Africanes, [viz towards the scorching South where Africa lieth, which is called thirsty in regard of the heat there. some unto the thirsty ( 67 Afro●. Syn. spec. Met. Adi. ) Africanes: Part [of us] shall ‖ Come in our travels into Scythia [viz towards the cold North. come into ( 68 Scythia put▪ for the North, Syn. spec. Oaxes is thought to be a swift river of Mesopotamia towards the East, put for the East part: named here a river of Crete, according to the shepherd's skill: or so called because the earth of it is chalky, as some think. ) Scythia, and [part] unto ‖ Oaxes towards the East. Oaxes the swift [river] of Crete: And [we shall come] * To the Britaines [viz. to the furthest parts of the Wes● separated wholly by the seas from the rest of the world [viz. from the continent or firm land of Europe and Asia. unto the Britain's being divided altogether from the whole world. h Afterwards he breaketh out into a new lamentation for the leaving of his houses and grounds, complaining that when he should see them again after many years he should never admire them, rejoicing in them as he had been wont. * Behold I seeing ever after a long time the coasts of my country: Lo, I ever beholding my country bounds After many years, or a long time after my leaving of them. after a long time; And ‖ Looking upon or reviewing. seeing after * Some beards or ears of corn: viz. sommers wherein they are ripe. some ( 69 Arista is properly the beard or the ●e of the corn; taken here first for the whole ear of corn, than the ear for the harvest, where in it is ripe; the harvest for the summer; the summer for the whole year, which make a Metalepsis, viz. many ●ropes in one, thus passing as by degrees from one to another. See Butlers Rhet. ) Summer, the top of my poor cottage * Heaped up with turf, viz. covered with turfs heaped one on another. thacked with turf, ‖ Which is now or was before to me as my kingdom. ‖ Shall I wonder being in love with it, as in former time? being [now] ( 70 Regna] Metap. ) my * Kingdoms. kingdom, ( 71 Mirabor pro admirabor. shall I admire [it?] i Thereupon he also bemoneth their lamentable estate, by an exclamation of commiseration: That now the impious soldier should possess those the● fields so finely husbanded and prepared fo● seed. And that the barbarous stranger should have their crops of corn. Shall the * The ungodly [viz. wicked or profane] soldier, shall he have these new broken up grounds so well ordered or tilled, or dressed, [viz. these fallow fields so well prepared for seed. impious soldier have these so well husbanded ( 72 Novaie, ubi satum f●it, & antequam secunda satione ren●vetur, qui●scit. ) grounds new broken up? * The barbarous [or rude soldier] or the rude fellow, or the barbarian [shall he have] these standing corn [viz. these crops of corn? Shall the barbarous stranger have these crops of corn? ( 73 En quo] Exclamat● commiserationis. ) k Thus he proceedeth complaining of their discord whither it had brought them, and for whom they had sown their fields. ‖ Behold to what a state, contention [or war] hath brought us the unhappy inhabitants of Mantua. Lo whither discord hath brought [us] miserable citizens! ( 74 En, en. Anaph. ) See for whom we have sown our fields! l Yet after by turning the speech unto himself, he comforts himself herein notwithstanding: That he might plant pea●e trees and vines otherwhere. Or rather complains of his folly in planting. O Melibeus, ( 75 Insere nunc,] Apostrophe, viz. a turning of the speech to himself. ) ‖ Plantor set peartrees. greift pearetrees now, * Set vines in order plant vines. m And then withal speaking to his goats which had in time passed been his chief delight, bids them farewell; lamenting this, that he might not see them any more to feed (as it were hanging) upon the tops of the rocks, like as sometimes he had done, lying under them in the green valleys far remote. * Go ye, or get ye gone. ( 76 Ite] Apostrophe to the goats. ) Farewell my [goat's] (a ‖ Sometime my happy cattle. happy cattle in time past:) ( 77 Ite, ite. Epan. ) farewell my little goats. * I cast down. ‖ I shall not hereafter lying all along in a green valley see you as I have been wont. I lying along in a green * Den or cave. valley, shall not see you hereafter ‖ To hang [viz. because the goats seem to hang upon the steep rocks when they feed on them. to hang [feeding] a far off upon the bushy rock. n He should sing no more songs following them, neither should they crop the flourishing trifoly, or bitter willows, or other such like shrubs, as they had been wont. I shall sing * No songs or verses. no more songs: Oh my goats ye shall not ‖ Eat or browse upon the blooming shrubs. crop the flourishing ( 78 Cythisus is a kind of trifoly called tetrifoly, a plant greatly increasing milk, and good against the rot in cattle, taken here for any such kind of herb or shrub, good for goats. Syn. sp●. ) cithise, and the ( 79 Amaras hominibus, capris su●es. ) ‖ Sallowes, which are bitter to our taste, though pleasant unto goats. bitter willows * Me feeding [you] viz. having me to tend you, or to follow you, having me to feed you. Tit. ‖ Not withstanding. o Tityru● here concludeth the dialogue, in●iting Melibe● to tarry with him all night, and to rest and refresh himself; and that by sundry reasons. Yet Tit. thou mayest ‖ Stay, tarry, or abide with me. rest here with me this night, ‖ Upon a bed made of tender boughs of trees, or leaves, or flowers, or upon the soft green grass, as shepherds in that hot country used. * Upon a green leaf. Upon green ( 80 Frond] Syn. spec. ) leaves * There are to us mellow apples. we 1. For the commodiousness of his lodging there upon the green leaves. have * Soft, ripe, or pleasant. mellow apples, * There are] soft chestnuts [viz. fully ripe, or very pleasant. dainty chestnuts, * And plenty of pressed milk, [viz. turned to cheese, or of curds and cream. and 2. Because he had good provision to give a shepherd entertainment, both of mellow apples, ripe chestnuts, & of curds and cream and cheese enough. good store of cheese. And now ‖ The chimneys of the towns and farms about do smoke as toward supper time. the highest tops of the villages do 3. For that it now 〈◊〉 towards night, which 〈◊〉 setteth out and amplifieth by the smoking of chimneys, the increasing of the shadows of the hills both in length and greatness, as they are wont to do towards the evening. smoke far off. And [likewise] ‖ The shadows waxing bigger do show it to be near tonight. For the nearer it is to the Sun setting, the greater the shadows are. greater shadows fall from the high hills. THE SECOND ECLOGVE * To whom the name is [viz, which hath the name Alexis. [CALLED] ALEXIS. THE ARGUMENT. ‖ A shepherd called Corydon. COrydon a shepherd * Being taken or caught with the love of the lad Alexis [viz. being exceedingly affectioned to him: enamoured on a youth called Alexis, * Pretermitteth nothing of those things [viz. overslippeth no opportunity or means.] omitteth nothing which may * Appertain or belong. help * To struck softly [viz. to win by smoothing or flattery, or to entice.] to allure his childish mind, and ‖ To gain from him mutual love [viz. to cause Alexis to love him again.] to get mutual love. But when he * understandeth himself, neither to profit any thing. perceiveth that he doth not any thing prevail, neither by complaints, nor by [his] * Flatteries or alluring words. fair words, * Or by his little gifts or presents. nor yet by his gifts; at length * Returning to himself [viz. be thinking himself better. coming to himself, and acknowledging his own * Madness. folly, he determineth * That he must return [viz. to return.] to betake himself again * To the intermitted [or omitted] care [viz. the care which for a time he had left off.] to the discontinued care * Of his household estate or matters belonging to his family or domestical business. of his private business at home: that he may ‖ Cast off or remove, or put away, or drive away. shake off by his accustomed labour, the * Tediousness [viz. weariness or grief.] ●kesomnesse of his ‖ Unfortunate love. unhappy love, which is wont for most part to * Grow or spring. come of idleness. * And [viz. and indeed or and also.] Moreover * We take [viz. understand] Virgil by Corydon. by Corydon (if we * Believe [viz. may give credit to.] give credit to Donate) we understand Virgil; * By Alexis [we understand] Alexander the boy of Pollio▪ [under the name of Alexis is meant, etc.] by Alexis, Alexander Pollioes. son, * Whom he received of him [viz. of Pollio] after for a gift [or a reward] viz. bestowed upon him freely. whom he received of him after given unto him freely. * Corydon a shepherd: THe shepherd▪ Corydon * Burned [viz. was inflamed with the love of fair Alexis: [or vehemently loved: impatiently loved ‖ Beautiful or well favoured Alexis: fair Alexis: Being the * Delights or dainties [viz. the only solace of his master. delight of [his] master; * Neither could he have what he might hope: [viz. yet he obtained not any thing but only a vain hope of him. but yet he could not have that which he hoped for. Only he came * Continually [viz. usually or very often, or day by day. daily among the thick beech's * Being shady tops [viz. broad & spreading, and so making a shade with their tops. [having] shady tops: there all alone ‖ He revolved, or rolled, or vainly uttered. he tossed these * [Verses] [viz. rhymes or words] ill set together, or ill composed or disordered. rude [metres] to the mountains and woods, * With a vain study [viz. vainly or all in vain.] with labour spent in vain. O cruel Alexis * Thou carest for nothing or not at all [viz. thou carest not for. thou nought regardest my * Verses. songs: ‖ Thou hast no compassion of me. Thou takest no pity of us: * To conclude. In a word, * Thou compelest me to die [viz. thou killest my heart.] Al. Thou wilt compel [viz. cause me to die or hasten my death.] thou causest me to die. Now * Also the cattle or the very cattle: even the cattle * Do endeavour or seek to take the shades and colds, [viz. shady and cool places or the shady cold. seek after shades & cool places. Now * The bushes of thorns, [viz. thorny places or shrubs] also do hide do the thorny thickets likewise hide the green ‖ serpents like newtes. lizards. And a Thestylis a country woman, Syn. spec. Thestilis * Doth stamp [or pun] together garlic and wild thime being strong smelling herbs. puns strong smelling herbs [as] garlic and ‖ Wild betany smelling like wild marjoram, or wild thime. wild betany for the ‖ Mowers or harvest men. reapers wearied * With the snatching heat, [viz. the violent or vehement heat. in the scorching heat. Al. But [yet] the groves [or thickets] do resound [my songs] with me, [together] with hoarse grasshoppers, whilst I spy on every side, thy footsteps under the burning Sun. Al. But the groves * Do sound back as the echo, [or do give an echo. do ring with me ‖ With hoarse singing grasshoppers, or grasshoppers singing hoarsly under the scorching heat. with hoarse grasshoppers [lying] under the burning Sun, whilst * I go about to seek or view every way. I spy out ‖ The tread or prints of thy feet. thy footsteps [on every side.] * Hath it not, etc. Had it not been better [for me] to ‖ Abide or endure. suffer b Tristes iras,] Met. Effecti. * The sorrowful angers, [viz. the frowning looks. the heavy looks of Amaryl,] And [her] proud * Disdains. disdain? * Whether or no Menalcas? [viz. were it not better to love Menalcas, or to endure Menalcas to frown upon me, or to disdain me. were it not better to endure Menalcas? Although he [be] ‖ Fowl, or at least not so fair, or of a swart colour. black, and albeit thou wert * White [viz. beautiful. passing fair. ‖ O well favoured youth. Oh fair boy, trust not thy * Colour [viz. fairness.] beauty overmuch! c Ligustra [Met. subj. pro floribus ligustri. * The white privet or prime-print: White privet flowers ‖ Fall down and are lost. fall, ‖ Violets of purple colour, near● to black, [or black hurtle berries, or bramble berries] are gathered. black violets are gathered. Alexis, ‖ Thou despisest me, and askest not after me. I am ‖ Scorned. despised of thee, neither Al. How rich I am in cattle, how plent●us in milk as white as snow. askest thou who I am, Al. ‖ What my wealth and state 〈◊〉. How rich [I am] * Of snowwhite cattle, viz. in sheep having their wool as white as driven snow, which he accounts most excellent. in cattle white as snow, * How abounding of milk [I am.] what plenty of milk I have. ‖ I have a thousand ewe lambs [viz. which are most excellent for breed. My thousand ewe lambs * Stray or wander, viz. feed at liberty where they will. pasture freely * In the Sicilian mountains. in the mountains of Sicily: * New milk [● not wanting to me] in Summer, neither is it lacking in the cold [viz. in Winter.] I want not new milk in the Summer, not yet in the cold. ‖ I sing the same songs, etc. I sing [the songs] which Amphion Dirce was wont [to sing] * If at any time [viz. whensoever he gathered together his herds or flocks of cattle. whensoever he called [his] d Armenta are herds of greater cattle. herds * In the hill Aracinthus butting on the shoar●, or being near to Athens, for so also the word Actctaeus may be taken. upon the hill Aracinthus butting upon the shore. Neither am I so ‖ Hard favoured. deformed: e He speaketh after the manner of shepherds, who in stead of a glass use oft times to behold themselves in the water. I saw myself of late [ * In the shore [viz. as I stood upon the sea shore, I saw my shadow in the water.] as I stood] upon the ‖ Bank or side. shore: When as the sea ‖ Was calm [viz. quiet, not stirred by the winds. stood calm from winds. I will not fear ‖ To compare with Daphnis ‖ for beauty, though thou thyself be judge Daphnis, thyself being judge, if the ‖ Likeness, or counterfeit, or image. shadow [in the water] do never ‖ Beguile us. deceive. * Oh that only it may like [or lift] thee to inhabit the country's base [or homely] to thee [but pleasant unto me] with me, [or to inhabit with me: Oh that it might but like [thee]▪ [to dwell] with me in the country [though] base to thee, * And to inhabit [our] low cottages. and in [our] low cottages, * And to fasten in the ground, [or to drive do●e] forked stakes, [or as some think, to s●ite through [viz. to kill] stags or hearts. and to pitch down f Cer●i are taken for forked props like hearts horns, to hold up their little shepherd's houses. forked stakes. And for to drive [my] flock of kids ‖ To the green marshmallows or water mallows, for so some take hibiscus. unto g Viridi hibisco, for, ad viridem hibiscum. the green * Bulrush. bulrushes. * Thou shalt imitate Pan, [that is, even Pan himself.] [Then] shouldest thou imitate h Pan is called the god of shepherds, because as the Poets say, he ordained first the shepherd's life, & was most excellent in such music as the shepherd's use. Pan, * In singing together with me. in singing with me in the woods. ‖ Pan devised piping, or the shepherd's pipe. Pan * Appointed or ordained. devised first to join together ‖ divers or sundry reeds. more reeds with wax. ‖ Pan is the Protector both of sheep and shepherds. Pan cares for sheep, and for the masters of the sheep. Neither can it repent thee ‖ To have put a pipe to thy lip [or to thy mouth.] to have worn * Thy little lip with a reed. thy lip with a reeden pipe. What did not Amyntas ‖ Try or assay. do, ‖ That he might learn this skill of piping. that he might know * These same things. these things? * There is to me a pipe compact [or framed] of seven unlike hemlocks, [viz. hollow stalks of hemlocks or reeds, whereof each was bigger than other in order, both in greatness and in sound. I have a pipe made of seven different reeds, which Dametas * Gave me for a gift or for a jewel. gave me long ago: And dying said; * This [pipe.] This hath thee now * The second [master, viz. thou art the second possessor of this pipe. the second. [Thus] spoke Dametas; foolish Amyntas ‖ E●ied, [viz. that I should h● this pipe. envied [it.] * There are to me moreover two kids [or young wild goats or roes,] found of me in no safe valley [or place, or not without some peril] their skin's also being sprinkled with white [viz. full of little white spots, like stars, or of diverse colours white and black. [I have] moreover two kids which I found in a perilous dale, whose skins are also speckled now with white. * They dry [or suck dry] either of them two teats of a sheep [viz. either of them anew] in a day, or suck twice a day. Each of which sucks dry two sheep's dugs every day, * Which [kids.] which I [also] keep for thee. Thestilis * Intreateth [or desireth] now of late, [or a good while ago.] entreated lately * To lead [or have them] away, [viz. that she might have them. to have them away from me: And * She shall do it. she shall, because ‖ Thou esteemest so basely of our gifts. our gifts * Are so base to thee [or with thee.] are so basely esteemed of thee. ‖ Come hither oh well-favoured youth. Oh fair boy come hither. ‖ Lo or see. Behold i Nympha is properly a new married wife, a Nymph: here by the Nymphs are meant goddesses of the meadows or woods. Amongst the heathens they were taken for goddesses haunting rivers, trees, mountains, meadows, or the like. the Nymphs bring thee ‖ Baskets full of lilies. lilies in full baskets: * White or fair Nais. beautiful k Nais is taken for one of the Nymphs or Fairies haunting the rivers and fountains. Nais * Cropping. gathering for thee pale violets * The heads [or tops] of poppies for thee. and poppy flowers, * joins [or knits together] Ties together the * Primrose peerless, or flower ▪deluce as some will. white daffodil and the flowers of pleasant smelling * Auisse. dill: Then * Weaving them in or making garlands of them. platting them with ‖ Cassia is commonly taken for Cinnamon, here it is taken for a kind of herb. cassia and with other sweet herbs, She * Paints [or sets pleasantly] soft violets with the yellow marigold. sets in fine order dainty violets ‖ With yellow marigolds. with the yellow marigold. I myself will gather * Hoary apples with a tender down [or cotton] [meaning quinces being hoary.] apples having cotton coats: And chestnuts which my Amaryllis ‖ Especially commended. loved. * I will add, or adjoin: or put to them. I will [withal] bring ‖ Plums as soft as wax, or fine yellow plums. plums as yellow as wax, * And honour shall be also to this apple, [viz. this apple shall be set by for his fairness,] or this quince by Synecd. or plum by a Metamor. and this apple shall be in high esteem. * And o● ye laurels, I will crop [or pluck] you. Oh laurels, I will pluck branches even from you: and * Thou next myrtle [viz. next to the laurel in sweetness. thou myrtle [which art] next in [sweetness ‖ I will pluck branches from thee also. I will likewise crop thee.] Because ye being * So put [or set in order.] so composed * Do mix or mingle. do make sweet smells. Corydon thou art * A rustic or rude fellow. a clown, neither doth Alexis regard [thy] gifts. * Neither can Iôlas grant [viz. suffer himself to be overcome of thee by gifts.] Ney will l jolas' was another▪ shepherd which strove for the 〈◊〉 of Alexis. jolas' yield [to thee] if thou contend with gifts. * What would I to me poor wretch, [viz. what meant I poor wretch. [Alas] for me poor wretch! what meant I▪ [for] being * Lost [or undone, or utterly cast away or out of hope. utterly forlorrie, I have * Sent in. let in the Southwind to [my] flowers, and the boars into my * Liquid [〈◊〉 〈◊〉] 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 clear waters. liquid springs. A● ‖ Mad youth. mad [Alexis] whom dost thou fly? for even the gods have ‖ Dwelled in. inhabited the woods, And m Paris the son of Pri●mus king of Troy, descended from Dard● the son of jupiter & Electrae, which Dardanus was the first builder of Troy, calling it with the country where it stood, Dardania. Paris descended from Dardanus. * Pall●s herself let her inhabit, [viz. delight in the towers or castles which herself hath built. Let Pallas delight in the towers which herself hath built: [but] let the woods ‖ Content us best. please us * Before all other things. above all [other] things. The ‖ Fell, fierce or terrible. stern lioness doth * Follow [in chase. pursue the wolf, the wolf himself [pursues] the goat, ‖ The lascivious or rank young goat. The wanton goat, seeks after the blooming cythisus: Oh Alexis, Corydon followeth after thee: * His own pleasure draweth every one, [viz. every one follows his own delight. every one's own pleasure draweth him. See, the bullocks * Bring back the ploughs, [viz. the ●mes [or ploughs] come home. bring [home] the ploughs hanged * To the yoke. to their yokes: And the Sun * Departing, [viz. going downward. going down doubleth [his] ‖ Increasing longer and bigger. increasing shadows: ‖ Although the heat of the Sun 〈◊〉, yet the 〈◊〉 of my love 〈◊〉 increased. Yet love doth still burn me for what measure * Can be to love. can there be in love? Ah Corydon, Corydon, what madness hath * Taken, viz. overtaken thee. caught thee? * There is to thee a vine. Thou hast a vine half pruned * In an elm three full of boughs or leaves. in a thick branching elm. But * Thou dost prepare rather. prepare thou rather at least * To wea●e or plot something. to make something, * Of those things whereof need requireth. whereof there is need: * With twigs and a soft bulrush. with oziers' and soft bulrushes. Thou shalt find another ‖ Love.. [companion] if this Alexis * Disdain thee, [or despise th●e.] do think scorn of thee. THE THIRD ECLOGVE * Which is ●tituled] Palemon▪ [viz.] PALEMON. THE ARGUMENT. [IN this Eclogue] [two] shepherds * Menalcas and Dametas being shepherds, first do strive by mutual taunts [or reproaches or scoffs] between themselves. Menalcas and Dametas do first contend by taunting one another: * Forthwith [or anon] Palemon coming between [as] a judge, by and by Palemon coming as a judge between them, * they dispute [or debate the contention for victory,] they try the mastery by the law of a verse ‖ A song [or rhyme] answered by turns, viz. first by one, than the other. sung by course: where neither [of them] is overcome, but * Either [or both of them] is made [or found] equal. one of them is equal to the other, by the ‖ judgement. sentence of Palemon. [The speakers are] Menalcas, Dametas, [and] Palemon. Men. * Dametas tell me whose cattle [is it?] or are they? TEll me Dametas, whose a Pe●, ●men collectinum pro grege. cattle are these? * Whether [is it, or whether are they the cattle] of Melibeus? [or Melibeus flock?] Are they Melibees? Dam. No, * But [they are the cattle] of Egon. but they are Egons' cattle; Egon lately * Delivered [them] to me [to keep] or to 〈◊〉 te●ding. committed [them] to me. Men. 〈◊〉. O b O●is for o●es. Sy●ecd. speci●, sing●l. pro plur. O semper 〈◊〉] 〈◊〉. sheep Al. O the cattle [or flock] of sheep always unhappy. always an unfortunate cattle! whilst ‖ I 〈◊〉 himself the master. he himself doth * Cherish [or make much of, or seek● to win the love of] Neera. woe Neera, and is afraid lest she should prefer me * To himself. before him. This fellow ‖ Keeping or tending another man● cattle. being another man's shepherd, milks his sheep twice in an hour: And both the c Succ● is the natural moisture that a healthful body receiveth from the meat. * juice or moisture is drawn away, flesh is plucked off * To [viz▪ from the cattle. from the ewes, and the * Milk [is drawn away or withdrawn] to the lambs. milk [is stolen] from the lambs. Dam. Yet remember * These things to be objected more sparingly to men. that these things ought to be more sparingly objected ‖ To such as I am. unto men. We know both * Who you. Ellipsis. who [saw] you, Al. Al. The corners of your eyes looking awry [or overthwartly] viz. when you looked a squint. [your] hegoates ‖ Disdaining. looking [at you] d Transuersa pr● transuersim, Adiecti●m pr● Aduerbi●. asquint, And in what chapel; ‖ Thou hadst the Nymphs f●ourable, which did not straightway be●ray thee, but only smile at thee. but the * Easy to be pacified. gentle Nymphs did [only] smile. Men. Then I believe, when they saw me [ ‖ Spoil. cut] * The grove of Mycon. Mycons' e Arbust● is 〈◊〉 such a grove o●▪ trees, ●s where 〈◊〉 grow up by trees. grove, And to * Cut, or cut off▪ viz. thee●ishly. spoil his * Very new or young. tender young vines with ‖ A bad vinehooke▪ [viz. marring the vines, or a hook thee●ishly used. a naughty hook. Dam. * Or [who saw thee] here, [or they smiled at thee here. Or here at the old ‖ Beech's. beech trees, when thou brakest ‖ Daphnis bow and arrows or shafts. the bow and arrows of Daphnis, which thou * Per●erseor froward Menalcas. peevish Menalcas * Grievedst for [viz. didst repine at with e●ie. grudgedst at, even when thou sawest them given to the boy: * And thou wouldst have died if thou hadst not hurt him some way. And if thou hadst not hurt [him] some way, ‖ Thou wouldst have burst with anger. thou wouldst have died [with spite.] Men. * What the masters shall do when thieves dare adventure such things? What shall masters do, when ‖ Thievish servants dare be bold to do [or attempt] such things, or play such pranks. thieves dare be so bold? O * Thou worst [or vile fellow.] thou lewd fellow, did not I see thee * To catch by craft the he-goat of Micon [or Micons gelded goat.] steal Micons goat, * His wolfe-dog [or band-dog] barking much [or loud.] when his f Lycisca a dog bred of a wolf & a bitch, with which they used to keep their flocks. wolfe-dog barked ●pace▪ And when * I cried. I cried out, whither now * Doth he snatch away [viz. get or convey himself so speedily] or whither trudgeth he? runs the thief? ‖ Ho Tityrus, look to thy cattle: thou hidest thyself behind the flags or sheere-grasse. Tityrus gather [thy] cattle: * Thou layest hid. thou lurked● behind the sedges. Dam. * Whether he being overcome in singing, should not restore [or give.] Should not he, being overcome ‖ In our trial for mastery in singing and piping. in singing, restore to me [My] goat, ‖ which my pipe * Which my pipe had deserved by [my verses, [viz. which I had won by piping and singing. had won by play? If thou knowest not, that goat was ‖ The reward of my victory. mine, and Damon himself confessed it to me, but denied * Himself to be able to restore [him] viz. the goat. that he had power to restore it me. Menal. * [deservedst] thou [or didst thou win] him by singing [viz. thou so unskilful, of him so skilful. Thou him by play? * Or was there ever to thee a pipe joined [or set together] with wax, [viz. any pipe that was aught worth? or ever hadst thou a pipe [but only] set together with wax? * Oh unlearned [viz. thou rude fellow.] Oh thou unskilful fellow, wast not thou wont * To lose altogether for nothing] viz. to play for nothing, as those do whom none regard. to lavish out [thy] * Miserable [or sorry or silly] sung [or verse.] pitiful * With a whizzing or hissing stubble. music * In places where three ways meet, [viz. in the comr●on high ways, or where country fellows use to meet, or sitting by the high way side. upon a creaking stubble pipe in the common cross ways? Dam. * Therefore wilt thou [that] we try by experience. Wilt thou therefore that we make trial between ourselves ‖ One after another. by course, what * Both [or both each after other. each of us can do? ‖ I will play with thee for this heiser. * I put down, viz. will stake down or lay for gage. I'll lay down this heifer to stake; ([and] jest peradventure thou shouldest ‖ Flinch, or despise the wager [or offer] any way. refuse,) ‖ She is milked twice [in a day.] she comes twice [a day] to the milking pail, [and beside] * She nourisheth two young ones with her udder [or paps, viz. with the milk in her udder.] she brings up two calves. * Say thou, or tell me. Speak thou, for what wager * Thou mayest strive, viz. try for the mastery is playing with me. thou darest play with me. Men. I dare not * Lay down [or stake down, viz. play for] with thee. lay * Lay down [or stake down, viz. play for] with thee. any thing with thee of my flock, * Any thing of [my] flock, or from my flock. For I have a father at home, [yea] I have a cruel stepmother, And both of them * And for [or, and why] ‖ They straightly count all my cattle that I cannot play for any one, but it will be miss. do tell the cattle twice a day, * For there is a severe or strait father to me, there is an unjust [or hard stepmother. and one of them the kids. * Do number [or count [our] cattle twice in a day. But (because tho● wilt needs be so lusty) [I will lay that which thou thyself shalt confess to be * And one of them [tells] the kids. far greater▪ [to wit, two] beechy cups, ‖ Which were cunningly carved by that excellent or famous workman Alcimedon. the carved works of [that] ‖ Excelling or most skilful. divine ●medon: * (Because [or sith that] it l●steth thee to be mad, [viz. that thou darest thus challenge me▪ or thou art disposed to be so lusty. In which a 〈◊〉 vine flourished 〈◊〉 with a fine g Tornu●] is a tool or instrument with which Turner's use to make things round. carving tool, * Greater than thy heifer by much. Doth deck the berries scattered over it here and there, with a pale envy branch. In the midst [of them * [To wit] Conon, [viz. the picture of Conon.] are] two * To which a limber vine added above [it] with an easy [or fine cutting.] turning tool. pictures h Conon a famous Egyptian Mathematician. The Poet brings in the shepherd speaking thus rudely, as most 〈◊〉 his ignorance. * Doth cloth [or co●er] the ivy berries spread [or scattered] abroad with a pale [or wa●] ivy. Conon; * The other man. and who was * Signs [viz. images graven [or carved. th● other? ‖ The famous Mathematician, who hath portrayed or set out in tables the whole world, to wit, Archimedes, or as some think, Hipparchus, or some other. [He] who hath described the whole world to the nations with [ i Radius is here taken for an instrument with which Geometricians use to measure, as the Jacob's staff, or the like: so called for the proportion it hath to the Sun beam, which radius signifieth more properly. his] * Geometrical instrument. Jacob's staff. * [Who also hath described [viz set out to the capacity of the h●bandman] ‖ The times both of sowing and harvest. The times which * The reaper or mower should have. the reaper [and] which the k The plough man is called crooked, because they commonly go crooked or sto●ping in holding the plow. crooked ploughman should have. * Neither yet have I moved [my] lips to them but keep them laid up. Neither have I l Put my lips to them, for, put them to my lips▪ Hypa●age. ‖ Drunk in them [or so much as put them to my lips. put my lips to them as yet▪ but reserve them laid up safe. Dam. * And the same Alcimedon hath made two cups for us [also▪] The same Alcimedon hath made likewise two cups for us, * And embraced [or compassed them] about the stoukes, viz. ears or handles. And bordered [them] about the stouks with * Soft bearefoot●. pleasant branke ursine. * And hath set Orpheus, etc. And hath set m Orpheus a notable Poet cunning on the harp, whom the Poets fain to have been able by his excellent music to draw wild beasts, woods and mountains after him. Orpheus in the midst, and ●he woods ‖ Following [him] viz. dancing after his music. following him.] Neither as yet have I put my lips unto them, put * Keep [them] laid up. reserve [them] laid ●p safe. [But yet] ‖ If thou compare them to my heifer, or in regard of the heifer. if thou look'st to [my] heifer, * There is nothing, [viz they are not to be compared to my heifer. there is no cause that ●hou shouldst ‖ Brag of. praise [thy] cups. Men. * Thou shalt ne●er sti● away to day. Thou shalt never [so] escape this day: I will come ‖ To what place, or to what judge soever. whither soever thou shalt call [me:] ‖ At least let even him that comes, hear these things [viz. our verses.] Let [any] hear these things, ‖ [Our neighbour] Palemon who comes. at least even he that comes [yonder,] lo Palemon. * I will make that thou never provoke any man hereafter in voice [or by thy voice, [viz. that thou darest not. I will make thee that thou shalt never hereafter challenge any man to sing. Dam. * But go to [or begin.] Go to then, if thou hast ‖ Any thing worth the hearing. any thing, there shall be no * Stay. delay in me. Neither * Do I fly or shrink from any man. fear I any man: only, neighbour Palemon, * [See that] thou lay up these things in thy lowest [or deepest] senses, [viz. mark diligently the skill of it severally. Weigh these things with thy best thoughts▪ the ‖ Wager, or matter of our contention. matter is not small▪ Pal. * Say ye [or speak ye, viz. sing ye.] Begin then▪ seeing that we sit together * In the soft her be. upon the 〈◊〉 grass: And now * Every field [bringeth forth] now every tree brings forth or buds. all the field [is beautiful,] now every tree, puts forth: Now woods * Bear leaves. wa● green, [yea] now * The year [viz. time of the year, is in the fairest hu●. the year 〈◊〉 [is] the faire● * Dametas begin thou. Begin Dametas, and then Menalcas thou shalt follow. You shall speak ‖ By mutual courses [viz. by turns. by [turns] one after another: the n Camoenae the ●ine Muses. Muse's love [songs] * First the one▪ then the other. that go by turns. Dam. ‖ I will begin my song from jupiter, viz. by calling upon and honouring jupiter, that I may have better success: or of jupiter. The beginning of my song [shall be] from jupiter: all things are * Full of jupiter, [viz. of jupiters' divine power. filled with jove. * He inhabits [or loves to inhabit] the earths or lands. He preserves the earth: * My verses [are] a care, [viz. of special regard] to him, he respects my songs. Men. And o Phoebus' a name of Apollo▪ from the brightness of the Sun, which the Poets call Phoebus. Apollo loveth me. * His own, [or the proper gifts to Phoebus, [viz. the gifts peculiar to Apollo] are always with me. Apollo's own gifts are evermore with me, * [To wit] bay tree, and Hyacinthus sweetly red. [Or thus, Laurels and Hyacynthus pleasantly red▪ being the proper gifts to Apollo, are ever with me. [both] laurels and the pleasant red p Hyacinthus is taken by some for a purple flower which we call Crowtoes, by others for the red lily. Hyacinthus. Dam. ‖ Galatea my lover. Galatea that ‖ Nice or toying. wanton girl * Seeks [viz. throws at me] with an apple. hits me with apples [oftentimes.] And [then] * Flies. runs ‖ Behind the willows or sallowes. too the sallow trees, * And she desireth her selfe to be seen before, [viz. whereby she shew●s her love to me.] but she desireth to be seen before. Men. But my love Amyntas offers ‖ Meets me. himself to me of his own accord: * That not even Delia is now better known. That ‖ Delia a name of Diana, to wit, the hunting Goddess. Diana is not now better known unto our dogs. Dam. * Gifts are gotten [of me] for my Venus. I have prepared gifts for my love: for why, I * I myself have noted [viz▪ observed] the place whither the airy stockdoves [viz. building in the air or abroad] have carried or heaped together [their nests.] myself have marked a place where the q Palu●bes seem to be called aër●ae, because they build and haunt in trees and in the woods▪ and not in houses as the pigeons. ‖ Ringdoves or stockdoves. woodculuers have made their nests. Men. I have sent to to the * Boy, viz. Amyntas. Youth what * I have been able [to get.] I could [get] * [To wit] ten golden apples [viz. oranges. ten fine oranges * Gathered or picked out of a tree belonging to the wood or wild. chosen out of a tree of the wood; I will send other ten to morrow. Dam. Oh how oft * And what things hath Galatea spoken to us? and what sweet speeches hath Galatea used to us! * O ye winds [I wish] that ye carry [or see that you carry.] or ye may carry. [The] winds carry some part [of them] to the ears of the Gods. Men. Amyntas, * What doth it profit [me] viz. what am I the better. what good doth it [me] that thou dost not ‖ Contemn [or think basely of me. despise me in thy * M●nd. heart: * If I keep the nets whilst, etc. If, whilst thou * Followest after in chase, viz. huntest or chastest. pursuest the boars in chase, ‖ I only keep the nets, and enjoy thee not further? I [only] keep the nets? Dam. q jolas' is said to be a name of Menalcas. jolas' * Send Phyllis to me. send me Phyllis, ‖ I now celebrate my birth day. it is my r Upon their birthdays they used yearly to feast for a remembrance thereof. birth day: * When I shall make with a young heifer [viz. shall sacrifice a heifer. When I shall s This sacrifice was called Sacrificium Ambervalle, because it was first led about the fields, and then sacrificed to Ceres. offer sacrifice with an heifer for my ‖ Corne. fruits, then come thou. Men. I love Phyllis * Before other [loves or maids. above [all] other [maids,] for she wept, * Me to depart, [viz. ‖ When I departed [forth of the city] or to think that I should depart. that I should depart; And said, * Oh fair jolas', a long farewell [be to thee] farewell. Oh fair jolas', t The first Vale is here put as a word of art, and so a Noun substantive neuter undeclined. farewell for ever, u The last vale hath short and vncut off by a Grecisme. farewell [jolas'.] Dam. The wolf [is] a * Sorrowful or grievous, viz. terrible or horrible. dreadful thing to the x Stabulum a stall or place where beasts stand. The general name of all places where cattle abide. folds, * The showers [are a dreadful thing] to the ripe corn, viz. corn when it is full ripe. the showers to the corn [full] ripe; The winds to the The winds [are horrible] to the trees: the angers of Amaryllis [are grievous] to us. [viz. Amaryllis displeasure or lowering. trees, the frowning looks of Amaryl to us. Men. The moisture [is] a pleasant thing to the * Fields sown, [viz. lately sown. [new] sown fields, y The Service is a tree bearing fruit much like to cherries or haw● the * Arbute [is pleasant] Service tree to the * Kids put from their dams. wained kids; The limber ‖ Sallow or osier. willow * [Is pleasant] or delight some. to the cattle great with young: only Amyntas [ ‖ Pleaseth, or delighteth me. is pleasing] unto me. Dam. Pollio loveth our * Muse, [viz. verse. song, though it be [but] ‖ Homely or unpolished. country like. Ye z Picrides] the Muses were called Pierides for the pleasantness and solitariness of the h●l Pierius for students. Like as they had sundry other names of other hills and fountains. Muses of the hill Pierius, feed a heifer ‖ For him that shall read your verses, viz. for Pollio. for your reader. Men. * And even Pollio himself. Pollio also himself maketh ‖ Stately heroical verses, which were w●nt to have a bull for their praemium. new songs: feed ye a bull, Which may * S●ake, viz. ●ub or push. put with his horn, and * Sprinkle abroad, or cast about, or throw about. scrape abroad the sand with his feet. Dam. Pollio, he that loveth thee, let him ‖ Attain that dignity. come [to that honour] * Whither he rejoiceth [thee to have come also. whereunto he rejoiceth [that thou likewise art come. * Let honey flow to him, [viz. let him have plenty of all good things, [or, I wish he may have.] Let him have honey abundantly, and let the ‖ Sharp or pricky. rough ‖ ●ush or shrub. bramble bear him ‖ Rose of jerusalem, or our Lady's gloves. Amomus. Mevius, let him that * Hates not. abhors not Bavius, love thy verses. * He that hates not Bavius, let him love thy verses [or songs.] And let the same man * And let the same man [that is delighted with thy verses.] yoke foxes together [for the plough] and milk he goats. Dam. Ye * join [or tie] fox's [to the plow. [viz. let him do th●se things which are most absurd. ‖ Children. boys that gather flowers and strawberries * Oh ye boys or lads. creeping * Growing. upon the ground: * Fly ye from hence. get ye hence, * A cold snake lieth hid, [viz. a venomous snake. The snake is called cold, because he makes the part cold which is bitten or stung by it. there is a cold snake lying hid in the grass. Men. [ * Al. Ye sheep spare [viz. be afraid] to go forward too far. The shepherds] * Spare. suffer not [ * [Your] sheep to go too far [towards the brink [of the river] it is not trusted well to the bank [viz. it is not safe trusting the bank. your] sheep to go too near the river, it is not good to trust the bank, [for] even the Ram himself now drieth [his] * Fleeces. fleece. Dam. Tityrus a Rejoice capellas. Pe● pro celeusmaticu● ex quatuor breuibu●. pro dactylo. or rather by a Syn●resis, reice capellas. * Cast away [viz drive far away] thy little goats seeding [or pasturing drive away [thy] grazing goats from the river side, * I myself. Myself will wash [them] ‖ Every one. all in a [fair] ‖ Spring. fountain, when time * Shall be. shall serve. Men. * [The] boy's. Lads gather [your] sheep, if ‖ The scorching heat of the mid day. heat * Catch before. dry up [their] milk, We shall * Press hard in vain [in milking] [their] paps with the palms of our bands. wring [their] teats in vain, as [we did] of late. Dam. * Alas how lean a bull is to me in fat pulse, [or in a fat field, [or rank pasture. Alas how lean a bull have I in such a fertile b Ar●o, some read er●o. Er●um is a kind of pulse good to fat cattle in a short space. field! The same love is * A destruction. a spoiling to the cattle * To the master of the cattle. and to their master [too.] Men. * Neither certainly love is the cause Certainly love is not the cause * To these [sheep] viz. love is not the cause of their lennesse. in these, * [Their skins] scarce cleave to [their] bones [for lack of flesh.] they scarcely hang together by the bones. * I know not. I wot not ‖ What witch with her malicious eye, what eye * Bewitcheth my tender lambs [to me] bewitcheth my tender lambs. Dam. c This is understood of a chimney, and thus propounded to make it more dark. Tell [me] in what * Earth's, or lands, or grounds. country the ‖ Compass of heaven, viz. the heaven space of heaven * Lieth open [or extends itself] three elnes. is three elnes wide and no more, ‖ And I will esteem of thee as of the oracle of Apollo. and thou shalt be [as] great d Apollo had principally the power of divining and declaring obscure matters. Apollo unto me. Men. [And] tell thou [me] in what country e By the flowers are thought to be meant Hyacinthus, or the red lily, so named of Hyacinthus being slain, & turned into a flower of his name, having as it were the first letter of his name written upon ●t, whereof we may see the fable in the 10. book of Ou●ds Met. For both these riddles see Ramus comment. flowers grow, * Written on [or entitled [according] to the names of kings, [viz. wherein are written names of kings] having written on them the names of kings, ‖ And then if thou tell me this, take thee Phyllis as thine own, for whom we contended before. * And thou alone have Phyllis. and thou alone take Phyllis [for thy labour.] Pal. No, * It is not of us, viz. in our power or ability. it is our Al. Thus some take the speech to be divided after Non▪ nostrum inter vos, etc. part to end so great a Al. No, [it is not your office, but] it is ours to compose so great controversies, viz. I to end so great a contention. strife. ‖ In my judgement both of you have deserved the heifer, [viz. the wager first offered.] Both thou [Menalcas] Palemon speaking of being afraid of sweet love, seems to aliude to those verses of Menalcas, Dulce satis humour, etc. and to speak it for Menalcas cause: and of the b●ter love for Dametas, who had said, Tris●e ●upus stabulis. art worthy of the heifer, and also he, and whosoever * Either shall fear sweet loves, or shall try by experience bitter [loves. shall either be afraid of pleasant love, or try the bitterness thereof. * Ye boys shut now [your] Lads, shut up [your] * rivers, etc. viz. we have had sport enough, now make an end. sluices now, the meadows have drunk enough. THE FOURTH ECLOGVE [named] Pollio. THE ARGUMENT. * A son is borne to Asinius Pollio Captain of the German army, the same year in which he conquered Salone a city of Dalmatia, whom he called Saloninus, from the name of the city taken. ASinius Pollio Leader of the German army had a son borne the same year in which he won Salone a city of Dalmatia; which son he called Saloninus by the name of the city which he had taken. a Those things which Sibyl prophesied concerning Christ, Virgil turneth and applieth to Saloninus Pollios' son now borne; and to the felicity of Augustus' government. * The Poet singeth a Genethliacum to him [viz. maketh a Poem of his nativity and future hopes,] in this Eclogue, wresting thither those things which Sibyl had sung of the future felicity of the golden age. Unto this [Saloninus] the Poet in this Eclogue singeth a Genethliacum, detorting to that purpose those things which Sibyl had prophesied of the future felicity of the golden age: yet ‖ Incidently or upon occasion. by the way, he ‖ Intermingleth or putteth between here and there. mixeth the praises of Pollio [ ‖ Father of Salonicus. his] father and also * Of Augustus himself. of Augustus then Emperor of Rome. The Poet alone. ‖ Ye Muses, or ye Goddesses of Sicil● viz. of Theocritus. YE b Sicelides, casus graecanicus pro Sicilienses. Sicilian Muses, * Let us sing greater things by a little, [viz. let us handle an argument somewhat more stately or lofty than our Pasiorals, and so written in a style somewhat more lofty, as two other Eclogues are. let us sing of matters somewhat more ‖ high. * Groves of trees, or thickets, or bushe● and shrubs, [viz. verses of such base matters. Groves and low * Wild Tamariske. heath ‖ All are not delighted in such base matters as our pastoral songs are. do not delight * All [men.] all sorts. [Notwithstanding] if we do sing of woods, ‖ Our pastorals. the [very] woods * May be worthy of a Consul [viz. not unmeet or unbeseeming a Consul. may beseem a Consul for to read. c The iron age▪ whereof Sibyl the Prophetess of Cuma writ long before, is now come and gone. The last * Of the Cumean verse [or song] viz. whereof Sibyl of Cuma writ in verse] or foretold. age of Sibyls song * Hath come now, and is as it were passed. is now already come. d The four ages of the world (which Sibyl is said to have set out by four kind of metals, viz the golden, silver, brazen, and iron age, whereof see Ovid in his Metamorphosis) are now beginning again. The great order of ages * Is borne from the whole, [viz. is begun or restored again anew, as it was from the very first beginning of the world, [or is renewed.] doth begin anew. e [Now] viz. now that Saloninus is borne. Now * The virgin also doth return [to the earth] to wit, justice being banished long before and gone to heaven. even f Virgo] by virgo here may seem to be meant the virgin Ma● bearing our Saviour, though the Poet take it for Erigone or Astraea, which as the Poets fain, was the last of these, which went to heaven, being placed among the hea venly signs. the virgin doth return, Saturn's * Kingdom's return. [viz. the golden age wherein Saturn first reigned. kingdom comes again. * Now [that] new progeny [viz. whereof Sibyl spoke] is sent down from the high heaven. Now is [that] new ‖ Issue. offspring sent down ‖ From God. from heaven. Oh chaste g Lucina] Diana, who is therefore named Lucina, because she and juno are said to bring forth the birth into the light. Lucina, ‖ Preserve. favour thou * The child being now in the birth, [or to be now presently borne.] the babe that's now in birth, * Who [being safely born] [or, who living and being in safety] by whom the iron * Nation [or people] shall end first. [age] shall first have end, and the golden age * Shall arise in the whole world. shall begin again in all the world. ‖ Caesar Augustus the true Apollo of this age. Thy [brother] h By Apollo he meaneth Augustus the Emperor, who was as it were the Apollo of that age, having then the chief Empire of all the world. Or because he was thought to be descended from Apollo. Apollo and Diana being the children of jupiter by Latona. Apollo now reigneth. ‖ And thus. And thus (oh Pollio) * This renown [or honour] of the age, viz. this golden age. this glory of the world ‖ Shall first begin. shall enter in, * Thee [being Consul] I say] thee being Consul. whilst thou art Consul, [I say] in thy Consulship, and i By the great months are either meant july and August, which before were called Quintilis and Sextilis, and had not yet taken their names of julius and Augustus, to maintain the memory in their names: or else thereby are understood the months of the great year, wherein all the stars should return to their first placing or constitution. the great months shall begin * To proceed [or go forward. to take their place. * Thee being Captain or guide. In thy reign the * Footsteps, tracks, or traces, or remainders. prints ‖ [Of the civil wars by Augustus, viz.] the punishments and plagues due unto us for our former wickedness of our wickedness, if any do remain, * Made void or frustrate [viz. purged. Being utterly taken away, shall ‖ Deliver all nations. free the earth ‖ From fear of vengeance, which was continual before. from perpetual fear. * He [viz. Augustus, or Saloninus Pollios' son. He shall ‖ Live as a God, or be made a God. receive the life of the [immortal] God's, and shall see the ‖ Worthy Nobles of Rome. Nobles [of former ages] * Mixed [or mingled] with the Gods. mixed in company amongst the Gods, * And he himself shall be seen to them. and shall himself [likewise] be seen of them. k This he understandeth of Augustus Caesar, that he should thus govern the world, subdued and quieted by julius Caesar his father, by whom he was adopted. And he shall * Rule the [whole] world being quieted govern the world being set in peace * By his father's virtues. by his father's ‖ Brought to quietness by the valour and wisdom of his father. valour. l These things which follow, the Poet meaneth of Saloninus, whose infancy he maketh the infancy of the golden age, wherein all good things should begin to abound of their own accord. * But, oh child, [viz. oh Salo●ine] the earth shall pour out unto thee her first little gifts with no tillage [or dressing] viz. of her own accord. But unto thee [oh child] the earth shall send forth [her] first gifts without any labour, [to wit] * Erring [or wand'ring ivies.] spreading ivies, with * Some call it Nardus rusticus: others, Sage of jerusalem, others London buttons. Lady's gloves, and Egyptian beans intermixed with * And [it shall pour forth] Egyptian beans, etc. pleasant branke ursine. * Smiling bearefoote. The little goats shall return home, * The little goat themselves shall be take [them] home [or bring backe [themselves] home, referent [se] domum. [having] their dugs strut out with milk: * Or the little goats shall bring home their udders [or dugs or teats] stret●ed out with milk [or filled with milk. the herds of cattle shall not fear the * Neither shall the herds of cattle fear, etc. ‖ Fierce or cruel Lions.] fell Lions. * Great Lions, [viz. Thy very cradle shall yield thee pleasant flowers. * The cradles themselves shall pour out to thee fawning [or flattering, viz. sweet] flowers. [That is, in the time of thy infancy shall be all pleasant delights. Both the serpent shall * Also. perish, * Die. and the deceitful * And the deceitful herb of venom [or poison] shall die, viz. all evil shall depart, as venomous herbs & serpents. venomous herb shall die; the Asfyrian vine shall grow * The rose of jerusalem [or our Lady's Rose, or the Grape of Armenia, [viz. all kind of most excellent plants shall spring up in all countries. every where. m Here Saloninus youth and first years are decribed by his studies and acts, and in it a second degree of the golden age by the adjuncts of it, viz. abundance of all good things. * Commonly. But so soon as * But as soon as th● shalt be able now to read the praises of noble men, [viz. men noble for the love of virtue, which were reputed half Gods. ever thou shalt be able to read the praises of worthy Nobles, * And the deeds of thy parent, [viz. his renowned acts. and the famous acts of thy father; ‖ To understand true and heavenly virtue. and to know what * Virtue. valour is: n Campu● pro arisr● campi flaues●ent. Hypallage. ‖ The tender ears of corn shall wax yellow in the fields by little and little of their own accord. The field shall wax yellow by little and little * With the soft beard of corn. The beard being put for the ear in the corn, and so for the whole corn, and finally for many corns. Metalepsis. with tender ears of corn: * And the red grape shall hang upon the great brambles unhusbanded [or untrimmed, or not cut] but wild. And the red grape shall hang upon * Sen●is is the great blamble or black berry bush. the rough bramble: The hard oaks likewise ‖ Shall drop. shall sweat * Dewy honey [viz honey made of the dew of heaven [shall hang upon the oaks] or honey falling with the dew. honey dews. o A third degree of the golden age followeth. * Yet a few footsteps of the old deceit [or fraud, or wickedness] shall be under [or continue closely. Yet [some] few prints of ancient guile shall secretly remain: * Old] viz. of the former ages. Which can ‖ Enforce men to go to sea through covetousness, or to use navigation again. command to try the p Thetys' a Goddess of the sea, wise of Neptune, put for the s●a. Met. 〈◊〉. Sea with * Which [prints] ships, * Floatboates or lighters made of pieces of timber pinned together for a shift. and compass towns with walls, [and] * Which [may command] to compass etc. which [will enforce] to till the ground. * Which may command to cut in furrows to the earth, [viz. to plow or trenh the earth. Then shall there be another q Tiphys was a notable shipwright, and governor of the ship which carried the noble Grecians into Colchis. Tiphys, and another * Then there shall be another Tiphys, etc. [viz. other notable shipwrights and mariners. Syn. spe. Argo too, which may carry the chosen Nobles; there shall be also * Argo was a famous ship, wherein Iaso● and 54 chosen nobles of Greece sailed to Colchis, [hear put for other excellent ships.] ‖ New wars. other wars: And * Great [or worthy] Achilles' shall be sent, etc. valiant Achilles ‖ There shall be valiant soldiers and renowned wars again. Syn. spec. shall be sent again to Troy. But * From hence [or afterwards] when [thy] confirmed age [or age confirmed, viz thy ●iper àge shall make thee a man. after this when thou shalt come to man's estate, * The very carrier [by sea] [or ●e that is car●ed.] Al. The * Shall give place to the sea. shipman himself * Neither the pine tree belonging to ships [or serving to make ships] shall change her wares. shall leave the Al. The conqueror by sea. sea. * Every earth shall bear [or bring forth] all things▪ viz all things shall grow every where abundantly. The r Na●tiça pinus pro ●aui, navis pro nautis. Metalepsis. ship of pinetree shall not change her merchandise; * Suffer or endure. every country shall bear all things. The ground shall not * Harrows, [viz. rakes, or any thing wherewith the clods are broken.] need * The vineyard [shall] not [suffer] the hook, viz the vinehooke. harrows, * Strong or lastie plougher [or husband man.] nor the vineyard the * The wool shall learn to lie [viz. to make show of, or be coloured into] diverse colours, that is, it shall not need to be died. pruning hook. And now the * N●w [or one while] shall change his fleeces with [or into] a purple colour sweetly red: now [or another while] he shall change 〈◊〉 fleeces] with a saffarnish [or saffron coloured] yellow. sturdy plough man ‖ Shall unyoke his bulls [or oxen] viz shall leave off his husbandry, for that there shall be no need thereof. shall lose the yokes from his bulls. Neither * shall the wool learn to counterfeit diverse colours. But the Ram himself in the meadows * shall L●tum is an herb wherewith yellow is died: some take it for the marsh marigold. one while change his fleece with a sweet red s Murex is a shellfish, of the liquour whereof purple is made, here put for the purple colour itself. purple, another while with t Cro●o luto for luteo ●roco. a yellow saffron colour. ‖ A fine red colour shall adorn [or beautify] of it own accord the feeding lambs, viz. the sheep shall change their colours of their own accord. u Sand● is a colour called Pa●se-red or Arsenic, made of Ceruse or white lead and ruddle, taken here for an herb. Sandix shall cloth the lambs feeding, of it own accord. x Parcaes are the three Ladies of destiny, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos, whereof the first is said to bear the distaff▪ the second to spin the thread of man's life, the third to cut off the same thread, according to that verse▪ Fert Clotho ipsa colum, Lachesis net, at Atropos occat. Called Parcae, à non parcendo, quia nomini parcant; or a pariu, qua●i partae, because they confer good or evil to them that are borne. They are said to be three, as there are three times, viz past, present, to come; or three principal ages, childhood or youth, middle age, and old age, in which they cut off man's life. * The three Ladies of destiny, or the Goddesses of life. The fatal Ladies agreeing in a stable * Divine power. decree of destinies, * Have said. have spoken to their spindle's [thus:] ‖ Spin ye, or draw ye out. Run ye out * Such ages. such like times. ‖ Oh the renowned son of jupiter. Oh dear of spring of the Gods, oh great increase of jove, * Undertake [or take in hand] [thy] great honour's. enter upon thy high renown, * The time [ordained] will be present now. now the time will be at hand. Behold the world [now] * Nodding, [viz. staggering, or inclining as ready to fall] with a weight bending downward, [that is, with the present evils.] reeling with a bending weight: Both the * Earth's or lands. earth and * The tracts [or coasts] of the sea. the sea coasts, and also the * Deep or profound. high heaven: Behold how all things do rejoice for this [golden] ‖ Time. age * About to come [or now coming] by thee, or with thee.] to come. ‖ Oh that I might live so long. Oh that the last part of [my] life may last so long to me: * And how much breath, [viz. so much breath as] shall be enough [or suffice] to tell thy deeds. [And] of my breath as may suffice to record thy worthy acts. * Neither the Thracian Orpheus shall overcome me in verses, [viz. in setting forth thy praises. Neither y Orpheus an ancient Poet, and very cunning on the harp: son to Apollo and Calliope, who as the Poet's report, could by his excellent music draw the wild beasts, woods & mountains after him, meaning that by his eloquence he could persuade all sorts. Orpheus of Thracia shall pass me [then] in song: * Neither Linus, although [his] mother [be present] to this, viz. to Orpheus, and the father [be presence] to this [viz. to Linus. Nor yet z Linus a most ancient Theban Poet, son to Apollo and Urania. Li●, although the mother of the one were by, and the father of the other. [To wit, ‖ Though Calliope one of the nine Muses, mother of Orpheus were present to help him, and glorious Apollo the father of Linus were present to assist him likewise. though] Calliopeia [were present] unto Orpheus, and fair Apollo to Linus. ‖ Yea though Pan the God of the shepherds and first inventor of the rural verse. [Yea though] Pan also * Should strive with me [in verse.] should contend with me, ‖ Arcadia [the country where Pan is worshipped, put for the Archadians who were excellent musicians. Arcadia being judge: Yet Pan would acknowledge himself overcome, even Arcadia being judge. * Oh little boy begin to know [viz to acknowledge] thy mother by laughing, [viz. by smiling at her, [so to comfort her after her weariness and pain. Begin [oh little boy] to know thy mother by [thy] smiling: ‖ Thy mother hath endured ten months weariness in going with child with thee. [For] ten months have brought long * Loathsomeness, as in loathing meat or drink. weariness * To [thy] mother. to her. ‖ Oh little boy ‖ Begin to comfort thy parents by smiling at them. begin, * [For] neither the God [Genius] hath vouchsafed] him [his table, nor the Goddess [juno] hath accounted [him] worthy of [her] bed, at whom [his] parents have not laughed [or smiled.] at whom [his] parents have not smiled, Neither God [ a The heathens ascri bed their pleasures and delights in feasting and belly cheer unto Genius, whom they made the God thereof: and the preservation of chill drens in their birth and infancy, unto juno, and likewise the marriage bed. Whence, as the most learned think, by the God here is meant Genius, & by the Goddess juno: That nei there of them vouchsafed the child a●y favour, because he lived not long after he was born. Whereupon also some think that these two verses were added by Virgil after the death of the child: and that God suffered him not to live, because the Poet, of so great authority, had turned and applied that to this child, viz. to Salonin● Pollio's son, which Sibyl had proph●d concerning Christ the Son of God. Genius [vouchsafed] him [his] table, nor the Goddess [juno] accounted [him] worthy of [her] bed. THE FIFTH ECLOGVE [ * Which is entitled. entitled] DAPHNIS. THE ARGUMENT. [IN this Eclogue] [two] shepherds, Menalcas and Mopfus, * Do bewail or mourn for. bewail the death of their friend Daphnis: and one of them sings his ‖ Verses to be set upon his grave or tomb, or his funeral song. Epitaph; the other ‖ His putting into the number of the Gods. his canonisation. There are * Who think Caesar the Dictator stabbed in with three and twenty wounds in the Court, a little before then that the Poet writ these things, to be understood [or meant.] that think that by Daphnis, Caesar is understood, who was stabbed in the Senate house with three and twenty wounds, a little before that the Poet writ these verses. Others do take Quintilius Varus slain in Germany with ‖ Three bands of soldiers. three ‖ A full legion consisted of 6100 footmen and 730 hors●n. legions [to be here meant.] Others * Will rother. think it rather of Flaccus Maro Virgil's brother, concerning whom there is extant that Distich so commonly used, but of an uncertain author. Oh learned Maro, whilst thou dost bewail the sorrowful destinies * Of thy [brother] Flaccus in Daphnis, thou makest equal thy brother [viz. thou makest thy brother nothing inferior] to the immortal Gods, or dost 〈◊〉 him for a God. of thy Flaccus under the name of Daphnis, thou equali●est thy brother unto the immortal Gods. The speakers are Menalcas and Mopsus. Men. a Here beginneth first a preparation unto the songs following. OH Mopsus, * Why do we not sit down here, [viz. why do we not rest us here a while, to delight ourselves in music? why sit we not down here among the elms ‖ Mingled. mixed with hazels? seeing we have met together, both of us * Good, viz. cunning. being skilful, * Thou being skilful to blow up, etc. viz. in piping. thou to blow up thy light pipes, [and] * I skilful to speak [or utter] verses, viz. in singing. I to sing in verse. Mop. Menalcas, * Thou art greater, [viz. elder, or more ancient or worthier, [or my better.] thou art mine ancient, * It is equal me to obey thee, [viz. that I should obey thee, or be ruled by thee.] it is meet for me to yield to thee. Whether [we * Succeed, [or go under] the shadows. go into] the shades being ‖ Unconstant or unstable. uncertain * By the West winds moving [or blowing] lightly. through the waving West winds: Or rather if we enter into [ ‖ Yonder cave [or hollow place.] this] cave: * We go under. See how the wild vine hath overspread the cave, * Behold [or l●] how the vine which groweth in the woods hath spread [or covered over] etc. with bunches of grapes dispersed here and there. Men. * With rare clusters of grapes [viz. with bunches scattered here and there] or thinly. Let Amyntas only try masteries with thee in [these] our hills. * What if he may try to excel [or surpass. Mops. * Only Amyntas can strive [or may try with thee.] viz. none but Amyntas [or I know no shepherd but Amyntas that] dare play with thee in our country. What if he * Can strive to thee. Graecismus. dare try to go beyond * Can strive or go beyond Apollo in song [or singing] [viz. in music] Apollo in singing? Men. Mopsus * Begin thou the former, or first [to sing.] begin thou first, if thou have either any * Fires [viz. burning, or raging, or mad loves, that i●, songs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 continent loves] of Phillis. loves of b Phyllis daughter of 〈◊〉 Ly●rgus, who 〈◊〉 herself for● by Demoph●n 〈◊〉 of the king of Athens, hanged herself, and was turned into a tree. Phillis, or the praises of c Alcon, or else the brawlings of d Codrus a King of Athens, who in war against the Laconians (having received this answer from the Oracle, that that side should get the victory whose King was slain) changed his attire, and rushed in amongst the enemies, wonderfully provoking them, and was killed by them. Codrus. Begin: Tityrus * Shall keep. shall ●end * Thy kids [now] pasturing [or feeding.] thy kids, whilst b Alcon an excellent archer of ●reete, who with an arrow slew a serpent wrapped about his son, and never touched the child. that they feed. Mops. Yea rather I will try [to sing] these * Verses. songs, which I wrote of late in the green bark * Of a beech tree. of a beech, * And tuning [these verses.] and tuning noted them * By course, [viz. one while tuning, another while noting. by course. Then bid thou * [That] Amyntas strive, [viz. try what he can do. Amyntas try. Men. * How much. As much as the ‖ Bending willow or osier. limber willow * Gives place. is inferior ‖ To the goodly olive tree. to the pale olive: [And] how much the Of these three stories see Ramus upon this place more at large. low ‖ Spike. lavender [gives place] to the * Red rose garden's. red rose borders: * Amyntas gives place so much unto thee in our judgement. Amyntas in our opinion is so far inferior unto thee. But * Oh boy cease [viz. leave off] [to speak] 〈◊〉 things▪ we have succeeded [viz. we h●ue approached or come under] the ca●. sirrah, cease [to add] more words; we are come unto the cave. Mop. f Here beginneth the Epicedion or funeral song for Daphn● as yet unburied: whereof are three parts: The first from the mourning of his mother, of the Nymphs, the cattle, and the very Lions. The Nymphs * Wept for. bewailed Daphnis * Extinct, or put out, [viz. taken away] perishing * By a cruel funeral. by a cruel death: * Ye hazels are witnesses, and ye rivers [are witness] to the Nymphs. ye hazels and ye rivers [too] are witnesses unto the Nymphs. When as [his] mother * Having embraced. embracing ‖ The woeful corpses. the miserable body of her son, * [Doth call] both the gods [cruel] and also calls the stars cruel. calls both Gods and stars ‖ Cruel, because they suffered her son to be so cruelly murdered. cruel. Oh Daphnis, ‖ No herdsmen. not any [herdsmen] drove their * Oxen or kine. cattle, * Being fed. having grazed, unto the * Cold rivers. [viz waters.] cool streams ‖ In those days when this slaughter was committed. in those days: neither did any fourfooted beast taste of the river, nor touch * An herb [viz. a blade or leaf] of grass. a chier of grass. [Oh worthy] Daphnis, both the ‖ Cruel, hard, or desolate. wild mountains & the woods * Do speak or say. report, * Even the Carthaginian Lions to have groaned [or sighed for] thy death, [viz. because of thy cruel death. that even the African Lions mourned for thy * Destruction. death. g The second part of the Epicedion of Daphnis, concerning his acts. Daphnis both ‖ Appointed or ordained first at Rome. ordained [first] ‖ To draw the chariot of triumph with Tigers▪ to tie the Armenian Tigers to the coach; [also he appointed] ‖ To bring in these at Rome: though it appeareth by histories, that the Bacchanalia were used in Rome long before julius Caesar's time. to bring in h Thyasus was a most filthy dance used in the 〈◊〉 of Bacchus. dances unto Bacchus. i In Bacchus' sacrifice they used to bear a iavelin wrapped with ivy, called Thy●sis. And * To weave in, or wrap about. to bind about the ‖ Bending, quivering, or shivering spears. limber spears with * Soft. pleasant leaves. k The third part of the Epicedion, from the honour and happiness which the Romans received by Daphnis while he lived, being adorned by four ●militudes. As the vine is the * Grace or ornament. honour to the trees, [and] as the grapes [ * Are [the ornament.] are] to the vines; And the bulls [are] to the * Flocks. herds; as ‖ The corn now ripe. the standing corn [ * [Are.] is] to the * Fat. fruitful fields: [So] thou art all the honour ‖ Unto thy family▪ or unto the Romans, whose Empire Caesar wonderfully enlarged: or else, unto shepherds. unto thine. l And amplified by the contrary evils that followed after his death. * After that the destinies have taken thee away [so cruelly.] Since that the fates have taken thee away, * Pales [the Goddess of shepherds] herself [hath left the fields,] and Apollo himself hath left the fields [likewise.] Pales herself and even Apollo too hath left the fields: * Unhappy or unlucky darnel [or tares.] Mischievous darnel and ‖ Light or unprofitable oats. barren oats * Do rule over all [or almost only grow and run over all▪] do bear the sway ‖ Upon the tilled land, where we have sown the best and greatest, or fullest corn. in the furrows, whereto ‖ Cast or thrown. we have ‖ Flower de luce, as some think. committed great barley oftentimes. * We have committed eft. For the pleasant violet, [and] for the purple * The thistl● [doth arise or grow] and the whit● thorn with sharp pricks springs up, for the soft violet, [and] for the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ‖ The holly tree, or rather 〈◊〉 or g●sce. Narcissus, The thistle and ‖ Scatt● [or co●er] the ground with flowers, [viz adorn the place of his sepulchre with flowers. white thorn grow▪ up with [their] sharp pricks. m Hitherto his funeral song, whereunto is adjoined his Epitaph, viz. verses concerning his sepulchre, to be set upon his tomb. [Ye] shepherds ‖ Hitherto his funeral song, whereunto is adjoined his Epitaph, viz. verses concerning his sepulchre, to be set upon his tomb. strew the ground with leaves, * Bring in the shades to the fountains, [that is, make gr●es about the fountains wherein his soul may dwell: [for they thought that the souls of such worthy nobles dwelled in the woods and about the fountains.] make shades about the fountains, Daphnis commands such things to be done for him. And make ‖ A sepulchre or hearse. a tomb, * And add above, this verse unto the tomb. and set this verse upon the same. * I am Daphnis known in the woods from hence even unto the stars or skies. Daphnis I am, known in the woods from hence unto the stars. A keeper [lo] of cattle [I was] a keeper of fair cattle, I myself being fairer [then they.] viz. the most renow●d Emperor of the noble Romans. fair, yet fairer am myself. Men. n Thus far 〈◊〉 the Epitaph of Daphnis: now followeth the commendation thereof by Menalcas: and then his deifying or canonisation, viz his referring of him into the number of the Gods, which Menalcas undertakes. Oh divine Poet, thy verse [is] * Such [or of such sort.] so pleasant unto us, * Of what sort sleep [is] to [men] being weary [lying down] in the grass, [and] of what sort it is [a man] to quench [his] thirst with a bubbling stream of sweet water. As sleep to weary [men] [lying] in the grass; [and] as in the heat, To quench [ones] thirst with a * Leaping river [or springing stream.] bubbling stream of sweet water. Neither dost thou match [thy] ‖ Master, viz. 〈◊〉, whom Virgil i●tated. master only * With [thy] reeds, [viz. thy pip● and playing thereon,] but with [thy] voice, viz. in singing. in thy pipe, but also in thy voice. Oh fortunate * Boy [or youth▪] lad, thou now shalt be * Another from him, [viz. the next unto 〈◊〉 i● skill of pastoral 〈◊〉.] the next to him. * Howbeit we will say these our [verses] to thee by course, after 〈◊〉 manner, and we will lift up thy Daphnis unto the signs of heaven [viz unto the stars.] Yet notwithstanding we will tune these songs of ours to thee again by course, ‖ As well as we can. in some fashion, and we will extol thy Daphnis to the skies. We will * Lift up. advance Daphnis unto the stars: [for] * Daphnis loved us also [or made much of us.] Daphnis likewise loved us. Mops. * Whether can any thing be greater to us. Can any thing be dearer unto us then such a verse? Both * The boy [viz. Daphnis▪ This cannot be understood of Caesar, who was slain in his man's estate.] the youth himself was worthy to be sung of: and ‖ Stimichon the famous Po●t. Stimichon commended these verses Al. ‖ A while ago, or not long ago, or of late. unto us, al. now of late. Men. * White [or shining Daphnis. Glorious Daphnis * Admires, or marvels at. wonders at the unaccustomed * Threshold or entrance 〈◊〉 heaven. gate of * Oly●pus a hill in Greece, so high that of the Poets it is used for heaven. heaven, and seeth the clouds and * Signs of heaven. stars under his feet. Therefore * Pleasure doth hold the merria woods. viz. the woods and countries do rejoice. pleasure doth possess the merry woods, ‖ And the rest of the countries [viz. all are quiet and plentiful.] and other countries, and Pan also & the shepherds, and ‖ The Ny●hs of the woods, which solace themselves amongst the 〈◊〉, whereof in the second Eclogue. those girres [called] Dryades. * Neither the 〈◊〉 doth 〈◊〉 wiles [or 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉] to the cattle, 〈◊〉 any nets device 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the stags [or h●rts.] * Al. merry pleasure doth possess. The wolf [deviseth] not any hurt unto the ‖ Foulds. cattle, nor any ‖ Hunters with nets do seek ●o catch the stags. nets intent deceit unto the stags; good Daphnis loveth * Quietness, viz. concord and rest. peace. Oh Menalcas, * The very hills unshorn [viz. full of green trees replenished with leaves.] cast up [or send forth] their voices, viz▪ do exceedingly rejoice. the hills unlopt lift up their voices with joy unto the stars: the very rocks [do sound out] verses now, the groves themselves * Do sound [he is] a God, he [is] a God. do ring; he [is] a God, a God [he is.] * Oh [Daphnis.] O be thou good and * Happy [or bountiful] to thine. viz. to them that adore and honour thee n●w made a God. gracious to thine. Behold ‖ Four altars erected. four altars. * Daphnis behold two altars for thee. Lo (Daphnis) two for thee, and the [other] two o Altar quod à terrae erectum & exaltatum est. Ara qua in terra sta●itur. Ara etiam 〈◊〉 dei, altar arthen▪ tici. altars for Apollo. ‖ I will offer unto thee yearly sacrifices two pots of milk, etc. * I will appoint. I will prepare for thee every year two pots ‖ Foaming full. foaming with new milk, and two * Goblets or ka●s. great cups of fat oil. ‖ And feasting merrily. And making ‖ Pleasant. merry banquets, chiefly * With much Bacchus. with good store of wine, Before the fire if it shall be cold, * If [it shall be] harnessed. if hot, [then] in the * Shadow. shade, Will pour but * New Nectar▪ viz. a pleasant liquor feigned to be the drink of the Gods. a new and pleasant drink [even] * Ar●isian wines, viz. of Aruisia, a place in the Isle Chi●. malmsey, with sacrificing cups. p Dametas and Egon two notable shepherds Dametas and Egon * Of Lyctus, which was a town of Crete, whence he had his name. of Crete * Shall sing unto me, viz. they shall play, and Alphesibeus shall dance. shall sing me songs: q Alphesibeus a feigned name of a shepherd, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, invenio, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, bos, velut inuentor boum. Alphesibeus shall imitate the dancing ‖ The Satire is a kind of beast in the furthest parts of Lybia, having the face of a man: they are called servants of Bacchus for their beastly wantonness, and named gods of the woods. Satyrs. r The time of his sacrifices, viz. twice solemnly every year. * These [holy duties] These [sacred rites] * Shall be always to thee. shall ever be [performed] to thee, both when we shall * Restore or give. pay our ‖ Wont once every year. solemn vows unto the Nymphs, and * When we shall view, [viz. when we ‖ Go about the fields with much devotion, as in the feasts called Amberuallia, spoken of in the second Eclogue. view the fields. s The perpetuity of his deity. * [Thy] honour and thy name and praises shall remain always, whilst the Boar [shall love] the top of a hill, whilst the fish shall love [or delight in] the rivers. Whilst the Boar [shall love] the ridges of the hills, [and] whilst the fish shall love the streams: * And whilst the Bees shall be fed with thyme, whilst the grasshoppers [shall be fed] with dew. And whilst the Bees shall be fed ‖ Upon the thyme flowers. with thyme, [and] the grasshoppers with the dew; [Thy] honour and thy name and praises shall evermore remain. The husbandmen * Shall vow. shall make vows yearly unto thee, like as unto Bacchus and to Ceres. And thou shalt also ‖ Condemn them [or hold them guilty] for not performing their vows: or bind them with their vows, that they perform them when thou hast granted their petitions, and punish them if they do not. charge them with their vows. Mopsus. t Mopsus to requite Menalcas, commends his verses of the deification of Daphnu, by three comparisons of the less. What [gifts shall I bestow on] thee? * What [gifts] what can I requite ‖ For this thy song. for such a song? * For ●either the hizzing [or whizzing blast] of the Southwind coming. For neither doth the whistling of the Southwind rising, so much [delight] me: Nor the shores * S●itten or dashed against with the wave. beaten on with the waves, do please me [so,] * Nor the floods which run downward. nor yet the streams which do run down amongst the stony ‖ Dales or banks. valleys. Men. * We will present thee before with this brittle hemlock, [viz. pipe made of hemlock.] We will first bestow on thee this brittle pipe: ‖ Upon this pipe I learned those two songs, viz. the second and the third Eclogue. This [pipe taught] us: Corydon impatiently loved fair Alexis. This same taught us: Whose cattle [are these?] * Whether are they the cattle of Melibee? are they Melibees? Mops. But Menalcas, take thou [ ‖ My shepherd's staff. this] sheephook, ‖ Being very fine [or tri●s.] being very fair, with * With even [or equal knots] and with brass, viz. either brazen studs or tacks, in every knot one, [or the hoop ●ade of brass, or with a hoop ●nd pike of brass. equal knots and studs of brass, which Antigenes * took not, or bore not away. could not obtain, * When he oft asked me it. though he oft requested it of me, ‖ Although he was well worthy to be loved. and [yet] was he then worthy to be loved. THE six ECLOGVE [ * To which the name is Silenus. called] SILENUS. THE ARGUMENT. IN this Eclogue [ ‖ Virgil in this Eclogue bringeth in Silenus, [and] him indeed drunk, as it became a bringer up of Bacchus, etc. the Poet] brings in Silenus drunk, (as it well became the schoolmaster of Bacchus) but yet ‖ He bringeth him in singing very skilfully. singing very skilfully according to the opinion of the Epicures, ‖ Of the beginnings of things, viz. the first forming or framing of things. concerning the beginnings of [all] things, and that ‖ To the grace or honour of Quintilius Varus. in favour of Quintilius Varus: * Who, Donate being witness, together with Virgil, gave his endeavour to this sect, under Silon the Philosopher. who, as Donate saith, gave himself to the study of this discipline, together with Virgil, under Silon the Philosopher. But because these things did not sufficiently * Agree. accord ‖ To the lowness, or low pitch of, etc. to the low strain * Of a Bucolicke verse. of a pastoral verse, * He prayeth for pardon straightway from [or after] the beginning: neither having tarried so much in that argument, be passeth straightway unto fables. he presently at his entrance craveth pardon; and not tarrying long in that argument, forthwith passeth unto certain feigned tales. The Poet himself is the only speaker in this Eclogue. Our [Muse] a Thalia is properly one of the three Graces, whose names were Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosune, supposed to be the daughters of jupiter and Venus. Thalia vouchsafed first ‖ To sing. to play ‖ In pastoral verse, in imitation of Theocritus, who dwelled in Syracuse a famous city in Sicilia. in b For Syracusio some write Syracosio, lest it coming of ou, should be contracted. And it is Syracusi for Syracusano after the manner of the 〈◊〉, as Sicelides for Sicilienses, Eclog. 4. Syracusian verse, and blushed not * To inhabit the woods. to dwell among the woods. * When I did sing. When as I sang of Kings and ‖ Battles or skirmishes. wars, * Cynthius, [Apollo is called Cynthius of Cynthus a mountain in the Isle Delos, where Apollo and Diane's were borne. Apollo * Puid [my] ear, and admonished me. plucked me by the care, and warned me: Oh Tityrus * It behoveth a shepherd to feed fat sheepa, and to speak [or sing] a verse drawn out, [viz. a pastoral song of a low or mean kind, drawn out small like wool in spinning.] it becometh a shepherd to fat [his] sheep, [and] to sing a teased verse. * Now will I meditate a fielden Muse, [viz. a pastoral song] with my slender reed. Now will I play a country tune with my slender reeden pipe: (for Varus thou shalt have ●now who will desire to (For, Varus, there shall be above to thee, [viz. there shall remain enough to thee] who may desire to utter thy praises. speak of thy praises, and * To build [viz. to set out or declare] thy sorrowful wars. to describe thy dreadful wars. I do not sing * Things vncommanded, without the command [viz. of Pollio or Augustus.] unbidden things: yet if any one shall also [read] these [verses,] if any one * Taken with the love of thee, or enamoured with the ‖ If any one be enamoured, let him read these things. love [of thee] will read them. Oh Varus, * Our wild tamariske [or lings] shall sing of thee. our heath shall sing thy praises. Every ‖ Grove or forest, most properly a grove for pleasure. wood ‖ Shall praise thy deeds. shall sing of thee: * Neither is there. for there is not any * Page [or book.] A page is properly a side of a leaf in a book. writing more pleasing ‖ To be learned. to Apollo, then that * Which hath prescribed the name of Varus unto itself, [viz. which is written in the praises of Varus] or hath the title of Varus. which bears the name of Varus. * Oh ye [nine] Muses borne in Pierius in Thessaly, go ye on. Ye Muses of the hill Pierius proceed. ‖ The two youths Chromis & Mnas. The lads Chromis and Mnasilus saw ‖ Bacchus' schoolmaster, a famous Poet. Silenus lying fast asleep in a cave, * Lying [overwhelmed or buried] in sleep. Having his veins blown up, * Blown up [in respect of his veins] with yesterday wine, as always. with wine the day before, as always [he was wont.] [His] garlands lay * Bacchus. [jachos a name of Bacchus, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a cry, groaning or belching, taken from the filthy noises which drunkards make commonly. a good way off, ‖ Only fallen down from his head, viz. otherwise whole, and not broken nor hurt. only slipped * A far off. from his head, * To his head. And a great ‖ A pot or jug that held a great deal of wine. can hanged by, having the ear all worn. [ * And a great [viz. a heavy or mighty] tankard, with the handle [or stouke all worn] hanged on his neck or at his girdle, near unto him. They] setting [on him] (for ‖ This old Silenus. the old man had oft times mocked * They invading or assailing him. them both ‖ Promising to sing them songs. with hope of a song) ‖ Bind him with hands made of the garlands themselves. cast bonds upon him [made] of his very garlands. Egle * Addeth herself a fellow. adjoined herself [as] a companion, * And came upon them being fearful, [viz. came (as we say) in the nick, or in the very fit opportunity, to help them, being timorous or doubtful. and came to help these timorous youths: [Even] Egle the fairest of the. * Naiads are the Fairies, haunting rivers and fountains. water Nymphs, ‖ And painted [both] his brows and temples with blood red mulberries, she seeing him. and painted [both] the forehead and the temples of the head [ * [To him, viz▪ to Silenus] now seeing [her] viz. being awaked, and looking on her.] of him] now ‖ seeing [her,] with bloody coloured mulberries. He laughing at [ ‖ Lose me, ye boys. their] subtlety; to what end knit you these bands? quoth he. ‖ The subtle jest. Ye boys, lose me: c Silenus makes himself a half God, which were seen but when they listed; and thus he speaketh as followeth. it is enough * Me to have been able to be seen [of you,] being seen but when I list. that I could be seen [of you.] * Know ye what verses you will. Choose ye what songs you will have, * Verses [shall be] to you. you shall have songs. * Another reward shact be to this [Egle.] She shall have another reward. * He begins withal. [And] so withal doth he begin. ‖ When Silenus began to sing. And then indeed you might behold both the ‖ The Gods of the woods. Fawns and wild beasts too, * To play [or skip] in number, viz. according to the harmony of the tune. to dance in measure and in time; then might you see the * Stiff oaks to move oft and shake sturdy oaks to wave their tops. * Neither the Parnassian rock, [viz. the mount Parnassus in Thessaly, consecrated to Apollo] So that Parnassus rock * Doth so much [delight and] joy in Phoebus, viz. Apollo. doth not so much rejoice in Phoebus: * Nor Rhodope doth wonder at so much, nor Ismarus [so greatly admire] Orpheus. Nor d Rhodope and Ismarus mountains in Thracia, wherein Orpheus was wont to play. Rhodope and Ismarus do so admire Orpheus. e The argument or subject matter of Silenus' songs. For he sang how the f The Epicures thought all these to be made of motes and such little bodies concurring. seeds * Of the earth's, and of the soul, and also of the sea, and withal of the liquid fire had been gathered together. of the earth and of the air, and also of the water, and likewise of the ‖ Clear or pure. liquid fire, were first gathered together * Through the great emptiness. through out the great vast space: Al. How all beginnings [growed up together] from these first seeds, and the very tender globe of the world growed together. how all things [took] their beginnings of the first [seeds,] and how the ‖ Young, pliant delectable, or tender at the first. ‖ Growed fast and strong in every part. tender globe itself of the round world did grow together: Then [lo] the earth began to harden and to separate * Nereus' [a god of the sea, the son of Oceanus, whereof the Ocean had the name. Here put for the Ocean. the Ocean sea from * Pontus' the sea between Meotis and Tenedos, so called of Pontus the son of Nercus. Pontus, ‖ How things began to be form of the earth. and by little and little to take the * Forms, viz. diverse shapes. shapes of things. * And now the earths [or lands] are amazed at the new Sun to begin to shine. And also how the earth is now astonished [to see] ‖ The Sun newly form with the other heavenly lights. the new Sun to begin to shine. And [how] ‖ The rain doth fall. the showers do fall * The clouds being removed more high [or very high.] from clouds removed on high [from th'earth,] ‖ How. When first the woods * Do begin. began * To rise [viz to spring up.] to grow up, * And when the living creatures do err [or wander] through [or amongst] the mountains, [viz when the mountains and valleys began to be replenished with new creatures.] and at what time the beasts wandered up and down throughout the unknown mountains. g Of the framing of the world in the beginning, and of the repairing it after the flood, especially for the repairing of mankind by Pyrrha and Deucalion, and so the other stories, see Ovid in his Metamorphosis. * After this [he reports or relates] the stones cast to Pyrrha [viz. of or by Pyrrha] [and also he relates] Saturn's kingdoms. After this [he sang of] the stones cast by Pyrrha, and of Saturn's kingdoms. * Also he reports [or shows] the birds of Caucasus and the theft of Prometheus. And withal he sings of the birds of the hill Caucasus and the theft For the rest of this Eclogue, I refer the ingenuous Reader to Ramus and other Commenters. of Prometheus, etc. THE SEVENTH ECLOGVE [ * To whom the name i● [viz. which is entitled or named.] called] Meliboeus. THe Argument of this Eclogue is taken from the * B●coliasts. Pastorals of Theocritus. And here the Poet brings in * Melibeus a shepherd, [or rather a neatheard.] the shepherd Melibeus reporting * A strife [or trial for masteries] of Corydon and Thyrsis, etc. a Pastoral▪ contention between Corydon and Thyrsis, whereat by chance (as he sought a goat which had * Wandered away. strayed from his flock) * He had came between by chance. he was present, * Sent for of Daphnis. being called [thereto] by Daphnis the judge of the * Contention. mastery: whom he * Nods too [or signifies by the beckoning of his head] to have pronounced according to Corydon. intimates to have given sentence with Corydon, whenas he saith at the end of the Eclogue: * I remember these things. These things I remember, ‖ And Thyrsis being outmatched, to have contended in vain. that Thyrsis overcome, contended all in vain. The speakers are Meliboeus, Corydon, Thyrsis. Mel. * By hap [or by chance] Daphnis had ●it down together. DAphnis as it fell out, sat down under a * Shrill by the moving of the leaves. whizzing The holm is a kind of oak. holm: And both Corydon and Thyrsis * Had driven together▪ [or had gathered together] their flocks into one [flock.] had gathered their flocks into one, * Thyrsis [had gathered his] sheep, [and] Corydon [had gathered his] little she goats stretched [or strouted out] viz. having their udders full of milk. Thyrsis [his] sheep, Corydon his goats bagd with milk. * Both of them [were] flourishing in their ages, viz. flourishing youths. Both of them flourishing in age, ‖ Both of them borne in Arcadia, and right Arcadians▪ for their music, [viz. very skilful musicians. both Arcadians. * And equal to sing, and ready to answer [viz. in verse] whosoever should challenge them. Also matches in singing, and prepared to answer [one another by turns.] * The man [or husband] of the flock [viz. the high goat] himself had wandered away to me [viz. from me] hither, whilst I defend [viz. do fence] [my] myrtle trees from the cold [viz. my young myrtles. Whilst I was fencing my tender myrtles from the cold: the goat himself the leader of the flock, had strayed from me hither: * And I see [or behold] Daphnis. and then I spied Daphnis: * He (when he seeth me against [him]) saith quickly [or very quickly.] who when he saw me over against him, * Or spoke, O Melibeus come hither quickly. spoke quickly [thus unto me.] * O Melibeus come hither [thy] goat is safe for thee, [or the he goat to thee is safe] and [thy] kids [are safe.] Come hither Melibeus, thy goat is safe, and so likewise thy kids. And if thou canst * Cease any thing [viz. if thou have any leisure.] stay any whit, rest [with me] under the * Shadow. shade. * The very bullocks will come hither, etc. The bullocks will come hither to drink, through the meadows of their own accord. Al. Here a Mincius is called green, for green trees & reeds with the sedge growing about it. the green Al. Here Mincius hath covered his green banks with a tender re●d, [viz. with young reeds.] river Mincius hath covered his banks with tender reeds: and the swarms of bees ‖ Make a humming noise from the oak consecrated to jupiter. resound from the holy oak. What should I do? for neither had I Alcippe [my wife] nor [my daughter] Phillis al. at Al. Which might shut up at home [my] lambs weaned from [their] milk, [viz. from their dams.] home, which might ‖ Shut up [within the folds.] shut up [my lambs] * Driven away from the milk. weaned from the milk. And there was * A great contention [or strife for masteries. a great match to be tried * Corydon [did strive [or play for a wager] with Thyrsis, or to Corydon with Thyrsis. b Prolepsis implicit●. between Corydon and Thyrsis. * Nevertheless I set after mine own earnest matters to their play, [viz. I preferred their sport before mine own serious [or weight] business [of seeking my goat.] Yet set I mine own serious [businesses] after ‖ Their contention in music. their sport. Then ‖ Corydon and Thyrsis. both of them began * To contend. to try with verses sung ‖ One after another by turns. by course. The Muses would have [them] record c In this Eclogue they sing by turns, either of them four verses, like as in the third by couples, 〈◊〉 two & two, and in the fifth by twenty five a piece. [their * Verses by course. songs by turns. ‖ Corydon began, and rehearsed the four first verses. Corydon [rehearsed] * These [verses.] these [first, and] Thyrsis related in order those [that follow.] C. O Nymphs of d Lybethris a fountain where those Nymphs are worshipped. Lybethris, * Being our love [or delight.] [who are] our chief delight, either grant unto me [such] a verse as [ye vouchsafed] to my Codrus; (for he makes [verses] ‖ Almost equal to Apollo's verses. next unto the verses of * Phoebus. Apollo:) or if all of us cannot [make such,] My shrill sounding pipe shall ‖ I will hang up the instruments of my profession, as having served out my time. hang here upon [this] ‖ The pine tree consecrated to Cybele the mother of the Gods. sacred pine. Th. e Poets were crowned with ivy, either as being consecrated to Liber, and inspired with a furious spirit, as in the feasts of Bacchus; or else because as ivies are always green, so verses deserve eternity, as Servius thinketh. Ye Arcadian shepherds, ‖ Deck ye, viz. crown, with a pastoral garland of ivy, though not with a laurel crown. adorn with ivy ‖ [Me your] Poet. [your] Poet growing [in his skill,] ‖ That Codrus may burst for envy, [viz. that I should be preferred before him for my music. * That the small guts may be bursten to Codrus with envy. that Codrus guts may burst for envy: f The heathen feared to be praised overmuch, especially of enemies, thinking that praise to have the force of witchcraft, against which they accounted the herb Bacchar to have special virtue. ‖ Or if he shall be enforced to praise me. Or if he shall praise [me] * Beyond [his] liking. more than he would willingly, * Gird about [my] forehead. compass ye my brows about with ‖ Lady's gloves. ‖ Codrus [or Corydons] evil tongue. Saint john's wort, lest [his] ill tongue should hurt [me] * About to be a Poet, [viz. which ar● in hope to be a Poet, or, your Poet that shall be. now ready to be a Poet. Cor. g Corydon to the end that he may obtain his desire for Poetry, offers unto Diana the sister of Apollo and Goddess of hunting, these gifts befitting her th●s set out. * Oh Delia. Oh Diana [thou hunting Goddess,] [my] little Mycon ‖ My little son Mycon. [ ‖ Presents or gives. offers] unto thee this head of the bristly h The Boar and the Stag are amongst the principal beasts of the chase in hunting. boar, and [these] branched horns i Pli●ie and others report that the Stags live very long. of the long lived Stag. ‖ If this victory or praise shall be mine, that I shall be next unto Codrus in music or Poetry. If this [wager] shall be mine own, ‖ I will make thee a picture of marble. thou shalt stand [made] * Whole. wholly of smooth marble k E●incta sur●s foe [usque] sur●s, Synecdoche. or, secundum sur●s. * Tied about [even unto] the calves of the legs with a purple buskin. in purple buskins. Thyrs. l Priapus the god of the gardens or orchard Priapus, ‖ I hope thou wilt be contented with me, if according to my poor estate I offer unto thee a bowl of milk, etc. it is enough for thee to expect every year a bowl of milk and these cakes: thou art [but] the keeper ‖ Of the simple garden. of the poor orchard. * We have made thee a picture of marble. Now we have made thee of marble ‖ For the present. for the time: * But if bringing forth of young, shall supply [or fill] [our] flock: but if increase of young shall store [our] flock, ‖ Then thou shalt be golden, viz. have a picture made of gold. [then] be thou all of gold. Cor. O Nymph Galatea, daughter of Nereus, sweeter to me ‖ Then the honey of Hybla, of which before in the first Eclogue. then the thyme of Hybla [to the bees,] Whiter than the swans, fairer ‖ Then the fairest 〈◊〉. than white ivy. So soon as ‖ The cattle being filled shall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. the bulls being fed * Shall seek again their stalls, [or go again unto their stalls.] shall return unto their stalls, * Come tho● if any care of thy Corydon ha●e [or possisse] th●e. if thou have any care of thy Corydon [then] come thou. Th. Yea let me seem to thee more bitter than m These herbs of Sardinia are taken for a kind of Crowfoote, which being eaten do take away the understanding, and do shrink up the sinews in the face in such sort, that a man shall seem to die laughing: whereupon came that Adage of the Sardinian laughter. the * Sardois pro Sardinijs, Casus Graecus. ‖ The herbs that grow in Sardinia. Sardinian herbs, * More horrible. more rough to touch than ‖ Butcher's broom is a prickly shrub. butcher's broom, more ‖ Contemptible. vile * Then sea weed cast forth [of the sea.] than n Alga, is called of some Laver or Sea-girdle, it seemeth to be a sea herb growing on the rocks, having leaves like lettuce, though here it is taken for whatsoever weeds the sea casteth out. wreck cast up on shore, If that * This light. this day be not * Now. already longer to me then a whole year. O bullocks fed [enough;] go home, * Go ye [home, if there be any shame [too you.] if you have any shame, be gone. Cod. ‖ Oh fountains [or springs] green over with moss. Oh mossy springs, * And oh herb more soft [or pleasant] to sleep, [viz. unto sleep. and [thou] O grass o Mollior some no, for ad somnum. most fost to sleep [upon,]; And that green * Arbute, or sernice tree, or crab tree. wilding tree, which covereth you ‖ With the shadow of her branches spread here and there. with her thin * Shadow. shade, * Defend ye [or keep away] the solstice to the cattle, viz from the cattle: that is, save the cattle from the heat of the Sun in the solstice. Hypallage. Met. Effic. Keep off p The solstice in the Summer, is when the Sun ascends no higher towards us: of Solis statio, which is about the 11 or 12 of june: like as contrary the Winter solstice, when it is at the lowest from us. the vehement heat from the cattle: now the ‖ The vine buds. scorching Summer comes, now ‖ Burning heat. the gems * Do swell. break forth in the * joyful [or rank●] vine branch. pleasant vine branch. Th. Here [is] an hearth and q Teda is taken most properly for the middle or the heart of the pine tree, which (through the liquour in it) being kindled burneth like a torch, and generally for any kind of fat and gummy wood, and so for a torch, or whatsoever the torch is made of. fat gummy wood, ‖ Fat torches. here [is] ever * Very much fire, a great fire. good store of fire, and the posts black with continual ‖ Smoke. soot. ‖ Here by reason of our good f●ors. Here care we for the * Colds. cold of the Northwind so much as either the wolf cares for the number [of the sheep,] or * The floods running violently, [or vehement, or boisterous. the raging streams [care for] the banks. Cor. Both the juniper trees stand [full of fruit] and also * The rough chest-nut trees [stand full.] the rough chest-nuts [ ‖ Are plenteous, or wax ripe. do abound.] * Their own several apples lie every where scattered under the tree. The apples lie every where strewed under their trees: * All things do laugh now, [viz. do seem to rejoice because of the plenty and our prosperity. Now all things laugh: but is fair Alexis ‖ Should depart. depart from these hills, ‖ Thou shouldest then see the very rivers dry. [then] thou mayest * Also the floods dry. see the very rivers dried up. Thyrs. The field * Is dry [or is parched with heat, or is very dry. is parched, * The herb [viz grass] dying through the felt [or unseasonableness] of the air [or weather] thirsteth [for rain.] the grass thirsteth, dying through the distemper of the air. Bacchus ‖ Hath grudged, or denied, or disdained. hath envied * The shadows made of the vine branches, [viz. the vines have lost their leaves through the scorching heat. the shades of the vine branches to the hills. [But] every ‖ Grove [or all trees.] wood * Shall be green [again.] shall wax green [again▪] At the coming of o●r Phillis, [viz. if she shall come unto us.] by the coming of our Phillis. * And very much jupiter, [viz. sweet and pleasant air. And good store of r jupiter is put for the 〈◊〉, by a Meton. Effic. which ●ire being thickened, tur●eth into rain. s jupeter q. iwans pa●, or iwans ac●. pleasant air shall [then] descend * With a merry [or joyful] shower, viz. with rain making 〈◊〉 joyful and merry. with comfortable showers. Cor. The poplar three [is] * Most acceptable [or best pleasing, or dedicated. most pleasing to t Alcides' put for Hercules. Patronym. ab Alc●o 〈◊〉. The poplar is dedicated to him, because being crowned with poplar when ●e went down to hell (as the Poets fain) part of the leaves which stuck close to the temples of his head, remained still white, but the outward part of them remained black with the soot of hell, which colour still abides in the leaves * Alcides. Hercules, * The vine [〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pleasing] or most delight s●ms. the vine to * jacchus. Bacchus, The myrtle tree to * Fair. beautiful Venus, The laurel being Apolloos' own tree. his * [Is most pleasing] to Apollo. own laurel * To Ph●bus. unto * Overcome, [viz. go beyond in estimation.] Apollo. [But] My love. Phillis loveth The ●ilberd tree. the hazels; whilst Phillis shall love them: Neither shall the myrtle three * Nor the bay 〈◊〉 of Apollo [shall pass them. surpass the hazels, * The fairest [three growing] to the woods. nor the laurel of Apollo. Th. The ash tree is * The pine three [is the fairest tree.] the fairest in the woods, * The poplar [is the fairest tree.] the pine tree in the orchards. ● Gardens. * In the 〈◊〉, [by the ri●ers side.] The poplar tree * If 〈◊〉 see 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●ft. upon the river banks, the ●ir tree in the high mountains. But oh fair Lycidas, * if thou oftener visit● me, The ash in the woods * Shall yield [viz. shall be inferior to thee. shall stoop to thee, [and] the pine tree * In the orchards [shall yield to thee.] in the orchards. Mol. * I remember [well] these [songs.] These things I remember [well,] and Thyrsis * Being overcome, to contend in vain. over-matched to have contended all in vain. Since that time * Corydon is the noble conqueror,] viz. Corydon is for us, [viz. Corydon is for our money,] or in our judgement. Corydon, Corydon is for us. THE EIGHTH ECLOGVE [Entitled] * Pharmaceutria of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, venenum sine 〈◊〉, unde 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, veneno inficio, medeor, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, veneficus, 〈◊〉, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 venefica 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Pharmaceutria, [or the Witch or Sorceress.] THE ARGUMENT. THere are two parts of this Eclogue. In the * Former [part.] former, Damon a shepherd being * Taken with the love. enamoured with the love of a [certain] girl [called] Nisa; whenas she had preferred ‖ Mopsus a feigned name of a shepherd. Mopsus before him, * He 〈◊〉 forth. breaks out into diverse complaints * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. through impatience of love. The latter part is almost wholly taken out of an ‖ Idyllium is a Poets work consisting of few verses. Idyllium: of Theocritus ‖ Called Pharmace●tria. of the same name: * In which. wherein a certain Witch al. endeavours * To call back●. to recall the mind of Al. Ende● by medicines and incantations to recall. her husband, of whom she was despised, unto the love of herself [again] * By drugs [or remedies] and incantations or ●antments. by medicines and charms. [The speakers are] the Poet, Damon, and Alphesibeus. The Poet. [ * We will speak of, or relate. We will record] a song of [two] shepherds, [to wit] of Damon and Alphesibeus; * Whom stri●ing [viz. contending in singing.] whom as they were trying masteries [in singing] ‖ A h●fer forgetting her grass, [or lea●ing off to eat] marvelled at. a young heifer * Of herbs. much wondered at, unmindful * With the vers● [or song,] of which [two] the Lynxes [were] amazed. of [her] grass; * The floods or streams. at whose song the Lynxes stood amazed, And * Rested [viz. slaked, as enforced to rest. the rivers being ‖ Turned or having changed their courses. changed * We will speak of. stayed their courses. * The flies. We will record the song of Damon and Alphesibey. Thou▪ [oh ‖ Al. Renowned Pollio. great Augustus, shalt be ‖ Made famous by my verses. extolled] of me, whether ‖ Thou passest o●r. thou goest beyond * the rocks of great b Timaws a river of Venice, or the river Brenta near Aquileia in Italy. Timaws. Or whether ‖ Thou gatherest near unto, or passest by the coast. thou sailest [near] the coast of the * Illyrian. Sclavonian sea; lo, shall there ever be That day, * When it may be lawful for me to speak of thy worthy acts [or deeds.] when I may record thy acts? Lo, shall there be [that day] * That it may be lawful for me, when I may * To carry through the whole world, bear throughout the world, ‖ The verses written of thy renowned acts. Thy verses * Being alone worthy of Sophocles buskin, viz. to have been penned in Sophocles stately style. which alone are worthy of c Because Sophocles tragedies were acted in buskins, therefore his lofty style is termed by this name, by a Metonumie of the Adjunct. Sophocles buskin? d He promiseth in all his verses to set forth the praises of Augustus. The beginning [ ‖ Of these my songs. of my song hath been] ‖ Of thee, or by thy command. from thee; it shall end * To thee, viz. to thy praise. of thee: accept [my] verses ‖ Undertaken. begun * By thy commandments. at thy command, ‖ Let this garland made of the branches of the ivy and laurel, be set upon thy head. and suffer thou this e Some apply this to Pollio, because he was an excellent Poet (to whom the ivy garland appertained) as well as a worthy governor. ivy to creep Ivy in respect of the Poet's work, Laurel for Augustus' famous victories. about the temples of thy head, amongst the triumphant laurel boughs. ‖ The night (wherein it is ordinarily more cold then in the day, through the absence of the Sun) was scarcely passed, and the day n●w appearing. The cold shadow of the night had scarce departed * From heaven. from the sky, Whenas the dew * In the tender herb. upon the tender grass, is most pleasing to the cattle, Damon ‖ Leaning sheepheard-like upon his staff. * Leaning upon [or against] a long smooth olive. leaning upon his f Teres, tereti●, signifieth any thing long, smooth and round. long smooth olive staff, began thus. Dam. ‖ Oh Daystar. O Lucifer arise, and coming before the * Nourishing, because it is most nourishing and comfortable to all creatures. comfortable day, ‖ Bring it forth after thee. bring it [with thee,] whilst I complain, being deceived ‖ With the love of Nisa, which she was unworthy of. with the ‖ Unkind love. unworthy love ‖ Of Nisa whom I thought sure unto me to be my wife. of Nisa my wife, * And although I have profited nothing, they being witnesses, yet I dying speak unto the Gods in my last hour. and still even ‖ About to die with grief. dying do speak unto the Gods at my last hour, although I have not been any thing helped ‖ That they are my witnesses that she had so o●t sworn by them that she would be my wife. This he seemeth ●o speak according to the judgement of the Epicures, who held that the Gods cared not for mortal things. by having them my witnesses. * My pipe begin Menalian verses with me. My pipe begin [to sound] g By Menalian verses the Poet meaneth excellent verses, such as were sung in Menalus, a hill of Arcadia. So that there is in it a Metalepfis, Menalian for Arcadian, and Arcadian verses for excellent verses. viz. Syn. membri & M●t Subj. Menalian tunes with me. ‖ In the hill Menalus shepherds do always sing of their loves, whereby the woods do ring, and as it were answer to their voice, or Menalus hath ever the trees sounding by their rustling with the winds. Menalus hath evermore both a shrill sounding wood, and speaking pine trees, it always hears the loves of shepherds: * And [it hears] Pan, viz. the God of shepherds, who is said to have invented the fielden music. And Pan himself who first of all * Suffered not, etc. [viz first invented pipes of reeds. endured This verse oft repeated by Damon in his complaint, is called versus intercalaris, a verse oft interlaced, like the foot of a song. not the reeds [ ‖ To lie idle. to be] unskilful. My pipe ‖ Began to play Menalian tunes. begin [to sound] Menalian * Verses. tunes with me. ‖ Nisa that fine 〈◊〉 is gi●en in marriage to that ill-favoured lubber Mopsus. Nisa is given to Mopsus. * What [we] loving may not hope. What may not [we] lovers i Some take here sperem●s for timeamus, by a Catachresis, as in the first of the Eneads, At sperate Deos memores fandi atque nefandi. hope for? ‖ Griffins shall now be, etc. Now k Griffins are like unto Lions, save that they seem to have the head and wing● of Eagles, being most spiteful against horses, and are dedicated to Apollo. Some think them to be merely fabulous, like as the Pegasi. Griffins shall be joined [in love] with horses, and in the age * Following. succeeding, * Timorous Bucks or D●es. The fearful Deer ‖ Shall associate or sort themselves. shall come * To pots [viz. to banquet, or to drink at the water. to drink with dogs. O Mopsus ‖ Prepare or sharpen pieces of gummy wood, that they may better kindle and burn. cut new l Faces were pieces of gummy wood cut like torches, wont to be used in stead of torches at weddings solemnised and kept at nights. torches: * A wife is married to thee [viz. thou must wed a wife for others] thou m Carrying torches & throwing nuts about the house, were amongst their ceremonies used at marriages. marriest a wife. Thou married man * Sprinkle nuts, viz. cast nuts amongst the boys, [or scatter walnuts at the thresholds. cast nuts abroad; n The stars do seem to rise from the tops of most high mountains. the evening star ‖ Doth rise over Oeta. [viz. the evening is come, now that the evening star is risen. doth leave mount o Oeta is a mount of Thessaly, so high that the stars do seem to rise there. Oeta * To thee. for thy sake. My pipe * Begin with me. begin [to sound] Menalian * Verses. tunes with me. Oh [Nisa] * joined [viz. married to a worthy husband. p All these things are spoken in flouting and scornful manner. matched to a worthy man, whilst thou despisest all [others.] And whilst * My pipe is a hate to thee. [viz odious, or out of favour. thou disdainest my pipe; * And whilst my little goats. yea whilst my silly goats, and * Hairy ‖ eyebrows. rough eyebrow, and also * My long beard. my beardgrowne in length, ‖ Are a hate, [viz. contemned or despised.] [are all scorned of thee,] Nor yet believest * Any God [or any of the Gods] to care for mortal things [viz. to be avenged for thy perjury.] that any God regards the things of mortal men. My pipe begin with me [to sound] Menalian * Verses or songs. tunes. q Damon complaineth of his error in falling in love with Nisa, which he setteth out by the occasion, time and place, and by his own age and stature. I saw thee ‖ When thou wast but a little one. being a little one gathering * Bedewed apples [wet with the dew in the morning, lying under the trees in our orchards.] apples wet with dew in our hedges, with [thy] mother (I was your guide.) * The other [viz. the second] year from eleven had even then taken me. I than began to be about thirteen years of age. I could * Now [viz at that time.] then ‖ Reach the boughs of the trees as I stood upon the ground. touch the brittle boughs from ground. * As [viz after that] I beheld [thee] how perished I? [viz. how was I cast away, or utterly undone? So soon as ever I saw thee, how was I utterly distract? how did * That ill error [viz. raging love] carried me away, [viz. made me besides myself.] that mischievous error carry me quite away? * My pipe begin [to sound] Menalian tunes with me. Begin my pipe with me Menalian tunes. Now know I ‖ What a cruel thing love is. what love is. r Damen inveigheth against the savage nature of love, by the procreant causes thereof, because of the many miseries which it brings. ‖ Ismarus and Rhodope are hills mentioned before in the 6 Eclogue. Ismarus, or Rhodope, or else * The utmost Garamants. ‖ The Garamants are a savage people in the utmost parts of Africa. the Garamants who dwell in the uttermost parts of the world, * Do breed [or bring forth] that boy [viz. Cupid the God of love.] have bred that boy * In the hard cliffs, [viz. rocks of stone, of which whet stones are made. amongst the hard rocks, ‖ Being of another nature different from us. being neither of our kind nor blood. My pipe begin [to sound] Menalian * Verses. tunes with me. ‖ Cruel Cupid. Cruel love taught ‖ Medea, who being despised by jason, slueher own children. the mother * To defile [stain or soil.] to imbrue * Her hands with the blood, etc. her hands in the blood of her [owne] children. ‖ Thou Medea waste cruel as well as Cupid the blinded boy. Thou likewise [waste] a cruel mother, Whether [was] the mother more cruel, or that boy more * Mischievous or naughty. wicked? ‖ Cupid was wicked, enforcing thee. He [was] a wicked boy, and thou * Also. likewise a cruel mother. My pipe begin with me [to sound] Menalian [tunes.] ‖ Now let the whole order of nature be subverted. Now * The wolf also of his own accord let him fly from the sheep, the hard oaks let them bear golden apples, the alder tree let it flourish with Narcissus [or the white Daffodil.] let even the wolf fly from the sheep of his o●ne accord: let the hard oaks bear oranges; let the alder tree flourish with Narcissus. * The wild tamariske [or heath] let them sweat, etc. Let shrubs ‖ Drop down gummy amber out of their barks. sweat fat amber from [their] barks: * The owls let them contend [in singing] with swans, viz. let them excel the swans. And let owls contend [in song] with swans, let Tytirus [now] be Orpheus. ‖ Let Tityrus with his fielden pipe, pass Orpheus with his harp amongst the wild beasts, and Arion amongst the Dolphins, [viz alluring them with their harmony. [Let him be] Orpheus in the woods, [and] Arion amongst the Dolphins. My pipe begin with me [to sound] Menalian * Verses. tunes. * All things now let them be made even midst of the sea, viz. let waters cover me with all other things. Let all things [now] be made main sea; * Live ye. farewell ye woods. * I will be carried down. ‖ I will cast myself down headlong into the sea from the top of some high mountain, to dispatch myself. I will be thrown down ‖ Ready to die with grief. headlong into the waves, from * The highest top, from whence men may look round about. the top of an * High in the air. high mountain. [Nisa] * Have thou. take thou this last gift of me [now] ‖ Cease [now.] dying. [My] pipe leave off [to sound] Menalian * Verses. tunes, [my] pipe [at length] ‖ Thus far Damon. leau●ff. s 〈◊〉. ‖ Each of us.] Damon sung these [songs:] t Of the Muses called Pierides, see before Eclogue 6. ye Muses of Picrius [now] * Say ye. report what Alphesibeus answered. * We all, viz. ‖ All of us cannot do * All things. every thing. Alph. u Here begin the verses of Alphesibeus, b●nging in a witch seeking by her forceries to allure her lover again, who had began to forsake her. And that she speaketh to her maid. * Bring out. Bring water, and ‖ Bind about, or gird. compass these altars with a soft fillet. And also ‖ Do sacrifice with burning sweet things, as fat vervain, burn fat vervein, ‖ And the best frankincense. and male frankincense, ‖ That I may make an experiment or essay: That I may try ‖ To turn away from others to myself: to turn away * The sound senses, [viz. that I may enamour him, or bewitch him with mad love.] the right wits of my husband by magical * Sacred things [or sacred rites.] ceremonies. ‖ All other things but charms are prepared [or ready] Nothing but charms are wanting here. * My verses. My charms bring [ ‖ My husband or lover. Daphnis] home from the city, bring Daphnis [home.] * Charms can draw down the Moon even from heaven. Charms can even ‖ Fetch down. draw down the Moon from heaven. Circe [the witch] * Changed the companions of Ulysses [into swine] with her enchantments, [or the companions to Ulysses. changed the companions x Vlysseus▪ ei & contractè Vlissi. 2. declin. vel mutavit Vlyssi. 3. declin. y For this story see Ovid's Metamorph. with Sab. annotations in the 14. book. of Ulysses with [her] charms. The cold snake in the meadows * Is bursten by singing▪ [viz. by charms or enchantments.] is burst by charms. My charms bring [Daphnis] home from th' City, bring Daphnis [home.] First of all * I compass about [or I tie fast about] to thee. I twist for thee * These three threads of the shuttle wherewith the sel●edges of the web are made. these t●e seluedge threads, * divers with a threefold colour. being of three diverse colours, and I draw thy ‖ Image or counterfeit of wax or clay. picture thrice ‖ Round about. about these altars: God * Rejoiceth [or is delighted] in an unequal number, [viz. an odd number] as three, five or seven. delighteth in an odd number. My * Verses [whereby she did charm or inchant.] charms bring [Daphnis] home from th' city, bring Daphnis home. z The witch thus speaks unto her maid. O Amaryl knit three [diverse] colours * With [viz. on three knots. in three knots. Amaryl Al. knit Al. Knit the knots. [them] a Some books have nodos, where, if it be so, ●. must be cut off, by a Grecisme, and no in nodos be short: but it is to be read modò. * Even now or straightway. by and by, and say, I knit * Bonds of Venus, or Venus' bonds, [viz. to procure love again.] truelove's knots. My charms bring Daphnis▪ home from th' city, bring Daphnis [home.] b The witch having made two pictures of Daphnis, one of clay, the other of wax, and setting them before the fire, thus she conjures. As this same ‖ Slime or mud. clay * Doth wax hard. doth harden, and this same wax doth soften, By one ‖ The same heat of the fire. and self same fire, ‖ So let Daphnis be hardened against all others, and melt in love to us. * So Daphnis [let him be hardened and softened] by our love. so Daphnis by our love. * Sprinkle [or strew about] meal and salt. c With meal and salt they did use to sprinkle their sacrifices. Cast meal about, and ‖ Kindle. set on fire these brittle bay boughs with d Bitumen is a kind of clay like pitch, & something of the nature of brimstone, burning like it. ‖ Slime. brimstone. That * Evil or wicked. naughty Daphnis ‖ Tormenteth me with love of him. burneth me; [I will burn] this * Laurel or bay. laurel bough * In Daphnis, [viz. upon hi● in●age or counterfeit, to be revenged of him, in making him feel like torment to mine. upon the picture of Daphnis. My * Verses. charms bring [Daphnis] home from th' city, bring Daphnis [home.] * Such a love let it hold Daphnis what a one [is,] or doth hold a young heifer] when the heifer, etc. Let such a love possess Daphnis,] as when a heifer being weary in seeking a bull, through the woods and high groves, * Being lost [or undone, or cast away with love.] having lost herself, doth lie down * For [or because of] a river of water. near a river side in the green * Reed or sea-grass. sedge, * Nor doth remember, and doth not remember * To give place to the late night, [or the dark night.] to depart away because of the late night. Let such a love possess [ ‖ Daphnis. him,] * Neither let there be any care to me to cure [him.] and let me not have any care of his relief. My charms bring [Daphnis] home from th' city, bring Daphnis [home.] That * Perfidy or false of promise. faithless [Daphnis] * Left these spoils [viz. apparel] to 〈◊〉 once [or in time past.] left me these garments long ago, * Being dear pledges of him [or remembrances of his love.] as dear pledges of him: ‖ Which garment▪ which now O earth ‖ I betake or commend to thee, burying them in thee. I commit to thee * In the very threshold, [viz. at the entrance of my house. at the very threshold: these pledges ‖ own Daphnis. My charms bring [Daphnis] home from th' City, bring Daphnis [home.] ‖ Meris a notable sorcerer. Meris himself gave [me] these herbs, and these * Do owe Daphnis, [that is, do make it evident that Daphnis is mine, due only unto me, and shall bring him back to me▪] enchanting drugs gathered * poisonful or venomous herbs serving for enchantments. for me in Pontus: * To me. very many of them do grow in Pontus. I have oft times [seen] Meris * Very many do grow. to become a wolf ‖ By these herbs or enchantments. by these, * To be made a wolf [viz. to seem to be changed into a wolf.] and to hide himself in woods, [and] oftentimes * And [I have seen him] to hide. to raise up e Thus they were deluded by devils appearing, which they took to be the souls of the departed. souls out of the deepest graves. And also I have seen [him] * To call out souls out of the lowest graves, [viz. the souls of the dead] or spirits. to convey f Messes, harvests, for the sown corn, is a Meto●. of the effect, or adjunct. the corn new sown, from one field to another. My charms bring [Daphnis] home from th' city, bring Daphnis [home.] * Carry the ashes without the doors. O Amarillis, * To carry over [viz. to remove] the sown harvests other where, [viz. from one place to another. bring ‖ The ashes [of the enchanted fire.] the ashes forth, Al. and Al. Carry them to the flowing river. cast [them] ‖ Over thy head backward. over [thy] head * To the flowing river [or water.] into the running stream: g To look back, [viz. to behold the Gods, or rather devils in such kind of working, was thought to be dangerous. See Ramus Com. Or to look back, the Gods forbidding or disliking. * Thou shalt not look behind thee, [or thou shalt not look back.] see thou look not behind thee. ‖ I will assay to bring Daphnis. I will set upon Daphnis * By these [enchantments or means.] with these: * He cares for the Gods nothing, he cares for verses nothing. [viz. he thinks they can do nothing. he nothing cares for Gods nor charms. My charms bring [Daphnis] home from th' city, bring Daphnis [home.] See, the very ‖ Imbers. ashes * Hath taken hold of the altars. have caught hold upon the altars with trembling flames, of their own accord, whilst * I tarry or delay, [viz. prolong or protract the time, or linger [to bear [them o●t.] I defer to carry them forth: * Let it be good [luck.] good luck may it be: surely I know not ‖ What [luck] viz. whether good or bad. what it is: * And also our dog barks in the threshold, [viz. at some body coming towards the door. and also [our] h Hylax is a feigned name of a dog, which we may call Ring, chanter, or barker, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, latro. dog barks at the door. ‖ May we believe. Do we believe [that he is coming?] or ‖ Do they who dote with love, imagine things which are nothing so, [viz. as they would have them. do they that love fain dreams unto themselves? * Spare ye. Cease [my charms,] i The witch supposing that Daphnis was come home, and entering into the house, at whom the dog barked, thus stays her charms. Daphnis comes from the City, cease now [my] charms. THE NINTH ECLOGVE [ * Whereunto the name [is] Meris. called] Meris. THE ARGUMENT. WHen after the victory at ‖ Philippi a city in Thessaly, where Caesar and Pompey fought, and also Augustus with brutus' and Cassius, as saith Servius. Philippi, in the distribution of the lands, which were divided by the commandment of the ‖ Trium viri were magistrates in Rome, which being three together, had equal authority. Triumvirs, beyond the river ‖ Padus is now called Po, a river in Italy. Padus▪ Virgil had likewise lost his ‖ Lands and possessions. farms, [he] going to Rome, both by the favour of his wit, and especially * Pollio helping him. by the help of Pollio ‖ Precedent or Lieutenant of the region beyond the river Po. governor of the country beyond Padus, received again his possessions. But ‖ Arrius a Captain over an hundred soldiers. Arrius, to whom by chance Virgil's grounds had fallen for his portion, taking that grievously, * It was away [but] a little, [viz. he had been in danger to be slain.] it wanted but a little, but that he had been slain by the angry soldier. Therefore being to go again to Rome, he commanded [his] * Him to whom he had committed the charge of all his business. bailiff that he should be dutiful unto Arrius until his return, * With the very lest his detriment he could, [viz. with as little hurt to Virgil. with as little damage as he could. * He therefore, viz Meris, Virgil's bailiff or o●erseer of his goods. He therefore goeth to Mantua, by the * Commandment. appointment * Of his patron. ▪ of his master to offer * Some little gift. some little present of kids to Arrius. Lycidas a shepherd followeth Meris, enquiring the cause of his journey. There Meris * Having gotten occasion, laments for the calamity [or misery of those times.] taking occasion, bewaileth the calamity of those times. And then going to Mantua, they ease the weariness of their journey by diverse songs. The speakers are Lycidas and Meris. Lyc. * Oh Meris, whither [do] thy feet [carry] thee? whether whither the way leads, into the city, [viz. to Mantua] Meris, whither goest thou? [Goest thou] whither [this] way ‖ Directs. leads, into the city? Mer. * O Lycidas, we have come alive, that the stranger being the possessor of our little field (which we never feared) should say, These [goods] are mine: ye old inhabitants flit ye. O Lycidas, we have lived unto this unhappy day, ‖ That strangers possessing our lands, should drive us out, [viz. the Roman soldiers. that the stranger (which we never feared) being made the possessor of ‖ Our farms or fields. our little land, should say: These things are mine, ye ‖ Ancient husbandmen [or farmers] old inhabitants ‖ Get ye out. pack ye hence. * Now we being overcome [and] sad (because chance turns all things upside down) do send these kids unto him, (which present) let not [God] turn well, [viz. God grant he may have no good of.] Now quite overcome, full sad (sith fortune turns all things upside down) a These kids were sent for a present to Arrius the Captain, who had their lands. we send him these kids; * Which [gift.] which yet we pray that he may have no great good of. Lyc. ‖ In truth [or certainly] I had heard reported. I in very deed had heard * Your Menalcas [viz. Virgil] to have kept all things by his verses. that your Menalcas had preserved all by his verses, * From what [part] the hills begin to withdraw themselves, and to send downward their top [viz. to descend] with a soft [or easy] turning bank, [viz. with an easy descent or going down. from whence the hills begin to abate their height, and to bow downwards with an easy descent, * Unto the water, and to the tops of the old beech tree now broken [or decayed.] Even unto the ‖ Myncius. river and the late broken tops of the old beech tree. Mer. * Thou hadst heard [it,] and the fame hath been, [or it was the fame. Thou heardedst it, and [in truth] the ‖ Talk, noise, or report. fame was so: but O Lycidas, our verses do so much avail ‖ Amongst warlike weapons [or amongst soldiers in war.] amongst the b Martial darts for weapons of wa●re, and they put for the soldiers using those weapons, and also for the time of war. Metalep. Martial darts, * How much they say the pigeons of Chaonia [to prevail] the Eagle coming. as men do use to say that the ‖ Doves. pigeons of c Chaonia a region of Epeirus. Chaonia do, when as the Eagle cometh. d Of this prediction by the chough on the left hand, see the first Eclogue. The chough at the left hand, and the crow at the right hand, are said to be lucky, forewarning dangers to avoid them. ‖ That unless I had been admonished by a happy divination [or prediction] by the chough sitting on my left hand, foreshowing some danger towards me, and therefore to cut off all new occasions of contention, etc. That unless the chough sitting on my left hand had admonished me before from the hollow holm tree, to cut off new contentions by any means whatsoever I could, * Neither this thy [old friend] Meris [should live] nor Menalcas himself [viz. Virgil my master] should live [could have escaped the soldier's hands.] Neither this thy Meris nor Menalcas himself had lived. Lyc. * Alas, doth so great a wickedness [or so foul a deed] fall upon any man [viz. that he should intend to kill Virgil, or think of such a matter?] Alack, can so great a wickedness fall on any man? Alack, Menalcas thy ‖ joys or comforts. solaces [had bene] almost * Snatch away to us, [viz. from us.] plucked away perforce from us together with thyself. For, ‖ Who should celebrate [or extol] the Nymphs in song [or verse.] who should sing of the Nymphs? who should * Sprinkle [viz. set or deck] the ground with flourishing herbs? or who should bring in [viz. cover or enclose] the fountains [or springs] with a green shade? [viz who should sing of the ground so strewed, and the springs so covered? strew the ground with pleasant flowers? or who should cover the fountains with shade of green trees? * Or [who should sing those] Or [who should sing those] * Verses which I stole away being silent [or holding my peace] of late, when as thou didst carry thyself to Amaryl our dainties, [viz. our love, kind to us both?] songs, which I closely stole from thee of late, When as thou goest to Amarillis our ‖ joy.. delight? ‖ O Tityrus ●end [or keepe] O Tityrus feed * My little goats. my goats till I return, (the way is short,) * And also▪ And likewise Tityrus * Drive them to drink being fed: and between to do [viz. as thou art driving them, drive them to the water when they have fed well: and as thou drivest them, Take heed * To meet often the high goat. of meeting the master goat, ‖ He will tub [or rush] with his horns. he striketh with his horn. Meris. Yea [who should sing] these [songs] ‖ Which Menal● as himself did sing, etc. which he did sing * To Varus. of Varus, * Not as yet perfect, viz. not fully finished. not perfected as yet? Varus, the singing swans shall bear thy name aloft unto the stars, so that [our city] Mantua may remain ‖ For us [to inhabit.] to us. Al. e The Poet thus laments Mantua, because it came to be spoiled by means of the nearness to Cremon. O Mantua, too Al. Oh Mantua, too near to Cremon, alas [for thee] poor miserable [city.] near (alas) to miserable Cremon. Lyc. So let thy swarms of bees ‖ Keep far from the yeugh trees which are hurtful to bee● of a venomous nature, and dangerous in some parts to sleep under. fly from * The Cyrnean yeugh trees. the yeughs of f Cyrne is an 〈◊〉 of the Tyrrhene sea, called Corsica: it signifieth also an yeugh tree in Greek. Cyrne. So let thy kine full fed ‖ With the best grass, stuff their udders [with milk.] with g Cithysus a kind of trifoly or three leaved grass much increasing milk. See before. Cithyse, * Stretch forth their udders or dugs. strut out their teats. ‖ Begin to sing some songs. Begin, if thou have any thing; [for] * The Pierideses: see before in the third Eclogue. the Muses of Pierius * Have made me also a Poet. have made me a Poet too: * There are both verses. Both I have verses, and the shepherds call me * A Prophet. a Poet; * But I am not credulous, [viz. easy to believe them, or I do not believe them. but I give no credit to them. For neither do I seem as yet * To speak [or sing songs] worthy of Varus, [or I do not seem so to Varus,] nor to speak things worthy of Cinna [viz. worthy for Cinna to read,] but to make a noise [as] a goose amongst the shrill swans. to sing any songs worthy the reading of Varus or Cinna, but to gaggle as a goose amongst sweet singing swans. Meris. * I do that in truth, [viz. I prepare myself to sing.] I do so indeed: and Lycidas, * I being silent revolt it with myself, [viz. am thinking of it in silence. I secretly ‖ Meditate [or am bethinking myself of it.] think of it with myself: * If I could call it to mind [or recall it.] If I could remember it: neither is it * An unnoble song▪ [or of no estimation, or mean] viz. that which he writ concerning Galatea. any base song. * Galatea come hither. Come hither Galatea; ‖ See what sport here is in the waters. for, ‖ what sport is [here] in the waves? Here is ‖ The spring flourishing with purple flowers. the purple Spring: * The ground doth power out here diverse flowers about the streams. the ground ‖ Here grow abundantly. doth here afford sundry sorts of flowers round about the rivers: here ‖ The white poplar tree hangs over the cave, covering it. the white poplar hangs over a cave, and limber vines * Wove little shadows, [viz. make a pleasant shade. make shade●. Come hither, * And suffer [that] the, etc. and let the * Mad [viz. outrageous or exceeding great] waves strike the shores. raging waves dash against the shores. Lyc. What [sayest thou of those songs,] ‖ Which I had heard thee singing alone in a p●re [viz. a clear or bright] night or evening. which I heard thee singing all alone in a fair clear evening? I remember * The nabers [viz. the rhyme or note] if I could hold the words. the t●ne, if I could call to mind ‖ The ditty or song itself. the words. Meris. h These verses were made in the praise of julius Caesar or of Augustus. O Daphnis, why dost thou * Look upon [or so carefully observe. behold the ancient risings of the i The signs consist of many stars, of which sort 47 are observed in the whole heaven. 20 Northern, 12 of the Zodiac, 15 Southern. * Signs. stairs? Lo, * The sign [consisting of many stars] the sign * Of Caesar [descended] of Dione the mother of Venus, and so of Aeneas, of whom they say julius Caesar came. k At the plays made at the funeral of julius Caesar, a blazing star appeared about eleven a clock of the day, and continued for 7 whole days, being thought by the Romans to be the soul of julius Caesar. of Dioneus Caesar * Hath gone forward [or the month of july is now begun] which was so called of julius Caesar. is come abroad. l The sign under which the corn and grapes begin to be ripe, meaning in july, having the name of julius Caesar, or August, having the name of Augustus Caesar. The sign in which the standing corn * Might joy [do make men to rejoice] in their [ripe] fruits. rejoice in [their ripe] fruits, and wherein * The grape draws [her] colour, [viz. the grapes begin to ripen.] the grape gathers her colour in the * Lying open to the Sun, not shady. sunny hills. Daphnis ‖ Plant orchards, [viz. give thyself to planting. graft thou peartrees, [ ‖ Thy posterity. thy] nephews * Shall pluck thy apples, [viz shall gather the fruit of thy planting.] shall gather thy fruit. Age m Fert pro au●ert. ‖ Deprives us of. taketh away all things, * And also [it taketh away] the mind. even the very understanding and memory: * I remember myself being a boy, to hide oft times long suns with singing, [viz▪ to be able to sing all the day until after sunset.] I do remember [that I have been wont] when I was a boy, oft times n Condere pro abscondere. to spend long o Soles pro diebus. Met. ●ffic. days in singing. * Now so many verses [are] forgotten of me. Now p Oblitus is here used pasaively, as oft in Deponen●s. I have forgot [those] so many * Verses. songs: * Also the voice itself now doth fly Meris, [viz. I have now lost even my voice by reason of my age, no otherwise thenof the wolves had spied me first. and even voice itself doth now fail Meris: q This seemeth to have been a received observation, that if the wolf espied the shepherd first before he spied the wolf, that then his voice was taken away for the present that he could not ●rie against the wolf; and contrarily, that if the shepherd spied him first, than the wolf was weakened & scared by a certain antipathy: whence came the proverb, Lupus est in fabula, which we use when he comes in, of whom the speech is, & so the speech is cut off. the wolves have spied Meris * Being the former. first. But yet Menalcas shall oft enough ‖ Relate, or record to thee. rehearse to thee these [songs.] Lyc. * Lyc. Thou drawest on our loves into a long [time] by alleging causes [or making delays] by knitting causes, viz. excuses, that thou may est not sing. Thou increasest our longing, by making excuses; * Also now all the sea being laid, [viz. made calm] is silent to thee, [viz. to hear thee sing. And now every sea being calm, keeps silence for thy cause: * And (behold.) Yea (see) [how] all the blasts * Of the windy noise [viz. the winds making a noise] have fallen [viz. are now laid and down. of th' stormy winds have fallen. * From hence moreover is the mid way to us [viz. we are now in the mid way to Mantua. Moreover, from hence we have but half the way to go: for why, * The sepulchre [or grave] of Byaenor [who built Mantua, and called it by the name of his mother Mantus. ‖ I see Byanors tomb. Byanors tomb begins t'appear. * [Let us sing] here where the husbandmen do bind [or do lop and cut down] the thick boughs, [viz. do cord wood, or make faggots] Meris let us sing here. Here where the husbandmen do cord thick boughs, here Meris let us sing. Here lay down [ ‖ The kids which thou bearest. thy] kids, yet we shall come [ ‖ Time enough, or soon enough. betime] into the city. Or if we be afraid, ‖ Lest the night gather rain before. lest it prove rainy towards night, We may go singing * Continually [till we come there.] all along, ‖ The way will be less grievous. the way will hurt [us] less. That we may go singing, I will ease thee of this * Bundle, [viz. I will carry thy kids.] burden. Meris. * O lad cease [to say] any more things. O lad leave off to urge me any more; and now ‖ Let us look to the business we have in hand, [viz. to deliver our present in time. let us do that * Which is instant. which we have in hand. * We shall sing verses better than when [Menalcas] himself shall come. We shall sing better then, when ‖ Virgil. he himself shall come. THE TENTH ECLOGVE [entitled] Gallus. THE ARGUMENT. COrnelius Gallus was * A choice Poet. an excellent Poet, and the first ‖ Precedent or Lieutenant. governor of Egypt, who when as ‖ He was even mad with the love of Cytheris an harlot or where. he * Desperately or outrageously loved. out of measure affected an harlot called Cytheris, * One who was lately a servant, now set free. late servant of Volumnius, whom the Poet here calls Lycoris: * Neither she answered his mutual love, [viz. loved him not again. and she answered not [his] mutual love, * But he being despised▪ she had followed Anthony into France, [viz. Anthony's army. but despising him followed Anthony into France; * He is believed, or credibly reported. is thought to have taken that repulse most grievously. ‖ Whereupon. Therefore Virgil comforts him in this Eclogue, but yet so, as that he doth not depart from pastoral persons and ‖ Uplandish, rural, homely, or taken from matters of the country. rustical comparisons. * And also this whole. All this argument likewise is almost taken out of ‖ The first Idy●ion of Theocritus called Thyrsis. Thyrsis of Theocritus, where he ‖ Follows or sets out. prosecutes the like love of Daphnis. In this Eclogue the Poet himself is the only speaker, though he after seem to bring in Gallus comforting himself that the Arcadians should sing of his loves. a The Poet in this last pastoral being to celebrate the memory of another famous Poet called Cornelius Gallus, invocates the Nymphs of Syracuse to help him * Oh Arethusa. ONymph of the fountain ‖ Arethusa is a fountain of sweet water of Syracuse, where Theocritus lived. Whereby he meaneth the Muses of Syracuse and of Theocritus, whom he invocates to help him therein.] Arethuse, grant me this last labour. * A few verses are to be said [or sung] to my Gallus [or of my Gallus] [viz. of the loves of my Gallus towards Cytheris, whom here he calls Lycoris.] I am to utter a few verses to my Gallus, but which Lycoris herself may read. Can any one deny verses unto Gellus? 1 The fountain Arethuse is numbered among the wonders of waters, that it having the head in Peloponnesus is thought to run marvelous far under the sea, and to break soorth again at this fountain. * So bitter Doris [viz. the bitter or brackie sea] let her not intermingle [or mix] her wave [viz her water] to thee [viz. with thy sweet water] whenas thou shalt slide under the Sicanian floods [or streams] [viz. the waves of the sea of Sicily. ‖ As thou shalt favour and help us, so let thy sweet● waters be kept pure from the salt waters of the sea, which th● ruest under. So let not bitter 2 Doris a Goddess of the sea, daughter to Oceanus, and wife of Nere● mother of the Nymphs, put for the sea by a Me●. 〈◊〉. Doris intermix her streams with thee, when thou shalt run under the 3 Sicani people of Spain or Sicily, which came from Spain, from whom the sea is so-named. Sicanian waves. b Here first begins the proposition of the Eclogue, wherein the Poet stirs up himself and his Muse to sing some songs of Gallus and his careful loves. And this from the time and his leisure, and also from the audience which they should have. * [O Nymph] begin, let us speak of [or report] the careful loves of Gallus. Begin, let us record the careful loves of Gallus. Whilst that the little flat nozed goats ‖ Do nip or browse the young shoots, or twigs, or new sprouts. do crop the tender sprigs. We sing not to the deaf, the woods * Do answer all things [by their echo, or by other shepherds.] do answer every thing. c Secondly, he accuseth the Muses that they were so careless of Gallus, to let him so to leave his studies, and to perish in such unbeseeming love, that they could not be found to reclaim or pity him, no not in any hill, nor about any fountain. * O ye girls [called] Naiades, [viz. ye Nymphs of the fountains. [These were Fairies haunting about such places.] O Naiades, ye Nymphs, what ‖ Groves. woods or what ‖ Forests or parks. lands * Had you, [viz. kept you away.] held you, when Gallus perished ‖ By unbefitting or disdainful love. by unworthy love? * For neither the ridges of Parnassus [have made or caused delay] to you, for neither any [ridges] of the hill Pindus have made delay to you [or stayed you,] nor Aganippe [the fountain of Aonia or Boetia. For neither any tops of 4 Parnassus is a mount of Phocis. Parnassus, nor yet of 5 Pindus' of Thessaly, both consecrated to Apollo. Pindus stayed you, no nor 6 Aganippe a fountain o● Boetia, dedicated to the Muses. Aganippe [the fountain] of Aonia. d When all things seemed to mourn for him, both bay trees, shrubs. * Even the laurel trees [have wept for] him, and also the tamaruke [or beath] have wept [viz. bewailed his misfortune. Yea the very laurel trees [bewailed] him, and even the low shrubs wept for [him.] * Also Menalus bearing pine-trees [bewailed] him. And in like manner mount Menalus full of pine trees [made moan for] him, lying under ‖ A solitary rock, or a bare rock, all alone. a Hills. lovely rock, yea and And sheep. the ‖ Rocks. stones of cold ‖ Lycaeus' a mountain of Arcadia, dedicated to Pan. Lycaeus' Of which, by an Apostrophe, he professeth himself not to be ashamed, like as the sheep were not ashamed of him. And so moves Gallus not to be abashed of tending sheep, for that Ado● is did the same. [ * Have bewailed him. bemoaned] him. The sheep likewise stand round about; * Neither doth it repent [or shame] them of us, [they are not ashamed of ●s to tend them▪ [or it repeats them not to mourn for our cause] or by an Hypallage, it repeats not us of them. they are not ashamed of us. * Neither. Ne yet oh divine Poet, * Let it repent thee of cattle, [viz. be not ashamed or grieved to tend cattle.] be thou ashamed of cattle. * Also fair Adonis fed sheep at the rivers. For even that fair After he shows how shepherds came. ‖ Adonis' son of Cinyra king of Cyprus, beloved of Venus for his beauty. Adonis ‖ Tended. grazed sheep by the river's sides. There came also * The shepherd. 7 Vpilio pro opilio, & opilio q. ovilio, qui o●es custodit. the shepherds, the slow Neat-heards. ‖ Herdsmen. Al. neat-heards [likewise] Swineheards, [or those who looked to ●eed swine] as Menalcas who came wring wet. came. Al. Swineheards or hogheards. [ * Menalcas being wet [or all wet] came from the Winter acorne [viz. from gathering acorns in the Winter for his swine. And] Menalcas wring wet, came from gathering Winter acorns; All these wondered at this mad love of Gallus, enquiring whence it was. ‖ All of them ask how Gallus should fall into this frantic love. All ask, from whence this love [should be?] e Yea the Gods themselves who had had experience of the power of love, came to comfort him; as Apollo, who in rebuking wise asks him, why he did so torment himself, seeing Lycoris was run after another man, viz. after M. Antonius a Captain into France. [and even] Apollo came to thee: * [And] said, Gallus, why art thou mad? Gallus, why art thou mad, quoth he? * Lycoris [all] thy care. Thy love Lycoris Follows another [man] both ‖ Over the Alps, where snow lieth almost all the year long. through the snow and through * The horrible camps [or tents of 〈◊〉 soldiers.] the dreadful camps. Syluanus also came Secondly Syluanus the God of the woods, who is described by his Adjuncts, how he came adorned with a garland on his head, and shaking ferule branches and lilies in his hand. ‖ With a garland on his head, which is the pomp [or honour of the country] with the country honour of [his] head, ‖ Shaking in his hands branches of ferule. Shaking flourishing ‖ The ferule is a kind of shrub or big herb like unto fennel giant, with the branches whereof schoolmasters used to i●rt children on the hands, whence came the name of the F●rula. Ferulaeque tristes, sceptra paedagogorum. Mart. ferule branches, and * Great lilies. fair lilies [in his hand. Pan the God of Arcadia Thirdly, Pan the God of shepherd's music came likewise to comfort him, who is set out also by his Adjuncts: how he was painted all red with elder berries and with vermilion. Who comforts Gallus as Apollo did, rebuking him lovingly: That sorrow was no means to cure love, but the more he wept, the more he might. And this he illustrates by three similitudes or arguments à pari. That as grass cannot be satisfied by rivers running by, nor bees with the flower of Cythisus, nor goats with tender sprigs of trees, so nor love with tears. came [withal,] whom we ourselves saw * Being red with bloody berries of the ebull [or low elder,] [it is a tree like the elder tree in leaf and berry, but not so big in growth.] [Coloured] read, with blood-red berries of the ebull tree, and with ‖ Red lead. vermilion. * And what measure shall there be, quoth he? And will there be no measure, quoth he, [of this thy heaviness?] ‖ Love is nothing moved with sorrow or grief. Love regards not any such things. Neither [is] cruel love [ ‖ Content or satisfied. satiate] with tears, * Nor the grass [is satiate.] nor grass * With river's watering them. with water streams; Nor yet the bees are ‖ Filled or satiate, satisfied * With Cythisus [viz. with the flowers of it.] Of this herb in the first Eclogue. with Cythise flowers, * Nor the little goats [are satisfied] nor little goats * With a bough or tender sprig of a tree. Syn. sp▪ with tender sprigs of trees. f Hither to hath Virgil spoken in his own person: now is Gallus brought in answering, and comforting himself. First, that the Arcadians the only skilful musicians of the world, should record his loves, and then how sweetly his bones should rest thereby. * But he [viz. Gallus] being sad [or pensiu●] said, ye Arcadians, etc. But yet, quoth he, [though] very pensive▪ ye Arcadians shall sing these [songs] in your mountains; ye Arcadians [I say] * Being alone skilful to sing [or in singing:] ch how softly the bones may rest to me then, [viz how sweetly shall my bones rest [in my grave.] being the only cunning musicians; oh how sweetly shall my bones rest then, if that your ‖ Song. pipe ‖ May speak of. may record my loves * In time to come, or hereafter. in future times? ‖ I would to God. And I do wish I had Secondly, that Gallus detesting his own estate, wisheth that he had been a countryman, either a shepherd or a dresser of vines, for the delights and company which such have to sport withal, as of Phillis and Amyntas. That although Amyntas was black, yet so are violets and bramble berries also. been one of you, and either * A keeper. a tender of your flock, or * A gatherer of your ripe grapes, [viz. a dresser of your vines. a gatherer of [your] ripe grape's. * Certainly [or surely] whether Phillis were [a lover] to me, or else Amyntas [were] [a lover,] or whatsoever fury [or raging love, viz. lover causing raging love] (what then if Amyntas be brown [viz. swart or black?] Certainly whether Phillis were my love, or else Amyntas, or any fury whasoever: (what then, though Amyntas be black? Both violets are black, and * The berries of the great bramble. hurtle berries too [are] black.) And he could delight himself with them. ‖ Should rest. He [yet] should lie down with me amongst the willows, under the limber vine. Phillis should make him garlands, Amyntas should sing. * Phillis should gather garlands for me, [viz. flowers to make garlands for me.] Phillis should gather me garlands, Amyntas should sing [me songs.] Thirdly, he in a new and sudden passion of love, turneth his speech to Lycoris, whom he seeketh to call back by the pleasantuesse of the places where he was. As cool fountains, sweet meadows and woods. * O Lycoris [my love] here [are] cold springs. Here, O Lycoris, [are] * Cold as ice. cool springs; ‖ Here in the country. here are * Soft meadows. pleasant meadows: here [is] * A wood. a grove: here * Here I could be spent with thee for eternity [or for ever] I could wish to spend [even] all my days with thee. g Nunc insanus, etc.] Here Gallus breaks ou● to bewail the misery both of himself and of Lycoris his love. That as she was now, so his heart was with her in the midst of the enemies and wars: and thus he falleth into exclamations, commiserating her hard heart and woeful case, by an Apostrophe, turning his speech unto her. Now * I could be consumed. raging love * Mad love. keeps me * Detains [or holds] me, [viz. in affection or my affections.] in arms of warlike Mars, amongst * In the weapons [viz. among the weapons of hard [viz. cruel] Mars. the midst of weapons * And adverse enemies, [viz. violently bend against us.] and enemies bend against [us.] * Thou (ah hard) [Lycoris.] Thou (oh hard and unkind love) being far off from thy country ( * Let it not be for me to believe. which I wish that I could not believe) [and] That she was now in France, far off from her country, or about the Alps, ready to perish by the coldness of the country, caused both by the snows and frosts, and rivers, and none to care for her. alone without me dost only see * The snows of the Alps [viz. of mountains whereby Italy is divided from France and Germany,] called Alps, q. albes, because they are almost always white with snow. the Alpine snows, and the cold of the river Rhine. ‖ Ah, let not the cold hurt thee! * Ah [take heed] lest the sharp ice cut the tender soles of the feet to thee. Ah, let not the And so persuades her in regard of the cold & sharpness of the countries, rather to return into Italy again. sharp ice cut thy tender feet! h In the 12 next verses Gall● propounds unto himself the remedies which he will use for the ●uring of his love, by contrary studies. * I will go, and will tune [or play] the songs which are made of me in Calcidian verse, with an oaten pipe of a Sicilian shepherd. I will be gone, and will tune * With an oat. with ‖ By the Sicilian shepherd, ●e meaneth Theocritus. a Sicilian pipe, * Songs which are made to me, [viz. of me.] songs which I have made ‖ In the verse of Euphor●on the Poet of Chalchis, whom Gallus translated forth of Greek into Latin. in Calcidian verse. * It is determined [of me] to will rather to suffer [any misery.] I am determined rather As first by giving his mind to the study of Poetry, wherein he propounds to imitate Euphorion and Theocritus. And so to live solitary in woods, there to write his songs of love, and to ca●e them in trees, that they may grow up with the trees. to endure [any misery] in the woods amongst the dens of wild beasts, and * To cut in [or car●e] my loves, [viz. songs of my love] in tender trees [viz. barks of trees.] to write my loves in tender trees: the [tree] will grow, [and so ye my] love's shall grow. The second remedy of his love, should be by his travelling, and seeking new loves. * In the mean while I will view the hills called Menalus, the Nymphs being mixed, [or frequent there.] In the mean time I will view the mountain Menalus, where the Nymphs frequent. The third remedy, by giving himself to hunting, and by enduring therein whatsoever annoyance; and this is set out by the places and delights which he seemed to enjoy in the very conceit thereof. Or I will hunt * The fierce bears. the fierce wild boars: * Not any colds shall forbid me to compass about the Parthenian lands [or forests] with dogs. no colds shall hinder me to range about the ‖ Parthenius is a mountain of Arcadia, so called of the virgins which used to hunt there, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Parthenian lands with dogs. ‖ Now me thinks I go, Now I seem unto myself to go ‖ Through [or amongst] the rocks and sounding groves [viz. sounding with the Echo.] by th' As going amongst the rocks and groves, shooting with most excellent bows and arrows, that so he may assuage the fury of his raging love. rocks and sounding groves; * It listeth me to whirl [or shoot forth] Cydonian darts with a Parthian horn, [viz a bow tipped with horn:] as if this may be the medicine of our fury, [viz. the remedy of our furious [or over passionate] love.] I take delight to shoot 8 Cydon is a city of Crete, where are most excellent reeds to make arrows. Cydonian arrows with a 9 The Parthians were most notable archers. Parthian bow; as if this were the medicine of our raging love. Or else that ‖ Cupid the God of love. that God may learn * To wax mild by the evils of men, [viz. by our miseries.] to become more gentle by th' mishaps of men. i Here the Poet suddenly disliking the former remedies, setteth out the inconstancy of love, and that no remedies can cure it, neither the pleasures of the woods, no● the study of Poetry, no no● any music, no● yet any toils can assuage the rage thereof▪ * Now again neither the Hamadryades [do please us,] nor [our] verses themselves do please us. [But] now again neither ‖ Hamadryades are Nymphs breeding and dying with the ●akes. those Nymphs of the woods, no nor our ‖ Songs. verses themselves do give us any content: ye very woods * Yield ye [to love] [viz. because ye cannot cure it.] give place again. ‖ All our toils and travels cannot change [or turn] Our labours cannot change * Him [viz. Cupid] that is, cannot assuage our love.] that God of love. Nor enduring of any hardness, set out 1 by drinking up the coldest river. Neither * If we both drink. if we should both drink up the river ‖ Hebrus the river of Thracia. Heber * In the cold, being in the midst [or in the midst of the cold, or amidst the cold. in the midst of Winter. * And undergo, [viz endure to travel in the snows of Scythia in the Winter. And should undergo And secondly by abiding the deepest snows▪ ‖ Al. Snowes of Sithon a mountain of Thracia. the Al. Scythian snows of the watery Winter [season.] * Nor if we oft turn about [viz. do tend] the sheep of the Ethiopians under the sign of Cancer, [viz. in the hottest scorching heat. No nor yet if we Thirdly, by suffering the most scorching heat in the hottest countries of the world, near the burning line, and in the patching Sun, when all things seem to begin to die with heat. should tend the sheep of the Blackamoor's, when the Sun is in Cancer; ‖ Whenas the highest trees do seem to scorch and die with heat. whenas the bark dying, parcheth in the high elm. Love overcometh ‖ Every thing [viz. every living creature, to make them yield to satisfy it.] all Whence Gallus concludeth that love overcometh all things, and therefore he must needs yield to love. things, ‖ Let us yield to love, [viz. let us also suffer ourselves to be overcome by it, or we may also yield to love. and [therefore] let us [likewise] yield to love. k Here Virgil speaks himself, and concludeth this Eclogue with an Apostrophe and invocation of the Muses, that Gallus might accept of his homely verse; that the Muses themselves would make these verses meet for Gallus, whilst ●e is still making up his wicker stuff, viz. perfecting his other Pastorals. Oh ‖ Ye Muses. ye Goddesses, ‖ It shall suffice that your Poet [Virgil] hath sung these songs [viz. verses.] it shall [now] be enough for your Poet to have sung these [sonnets.] * Whilst he sits and weaves [or plaits] a little pannier [or maund] with a slender bulrush. Whilst he sits still, and makes a little basket of small limber twigs. Oh Muses of ‖ Of the Pierideses see before in the 3 6. and 8. Eclogues. Pierius, ye shall make these [my] * Greatest [verses] viz. fit and meet for Gallus, [viz. that he may receive them with the like affection as I have written them.] chiefest [songs] [most acceptable] unto Gallus. l And thence he laboureth to express his love to Gallus, how his love towards him did increase continually; & this by an argument à pari. That is increased as much each hour, as the alder trees shoots forth in the prime of the Spring. To Gallus [I say] * The love of whom increaseth so much to me in hours, [viz. every hour.] whose love grows so much in me every hour, * How much the green alder three subjects itself [viz. grows spreading abroad downward and each way] in the new spring [or in the beginning of the spring, or in the flourishing spring.] As the green alder tree spreads itself abroad in the prime of the Spring. m Afterward taketh occasion to end this Eclogue from the danger of the place where he sat, viz. under a juniper tree, the shadow whereof is especially hurtful, as the shadows of all trees are to things growing under them, and therefore he should arise. Let us arise: the shade is wont to be * Grievous to [men] singing, [viz. to shepherds when they sing, lying under the shadows of trees.] noisome unto them that sing; The shadow of the juniper tree is ‖ Noisome [or hurtful, [viz. is especially hurtful. grievous: shadows [of trees] do hurt * The fruits also, [viz. corn or whatsoever groweth under them.] even the very fruits. n And finally he shuts up all by turning his speech unto his goats, that they might now go home, both being full, and the evening star now showing itself. [Oh ye my little goats] * Being full. full fed, go home, * The evening star comes, [viz. doth show itself.] the evening comes, * Go ye [my] little goat's. Ite, ●te. Apost●. & Epan. get you gone [my] goat's. THE FOURTH BOOK OF VIRGIL'S * There are four books of Virgil called Georgica, meaning Georgica carmina, or documenta georgica, that is, instructions of husbandry, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, terra, whereof is made 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, opus, of which comes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, agricola, an husbandman, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ●gri colendi peritus, viz. skilful in husbandry. The first of these books is concerning corn; the second of trees, especially of vines; the third of cattle; this fourth of Bees. Georgics. THE ARGUMENT. THe * [Virgil] doth prosecute most copiously the care of Bees, and the reason of mellification in this fourth book. Poet in this fourth book doth prosecute most fully the ordering of Bees, and the manner of making honey; which part was the last in the general proposition of the whole work. And whereas ‖ The subject matter of this book. this argument * Was so strait [or narrow.] was of so small an extent, that it might be * Consumed or spent. contained within a few verses, 〈◊〉 ‖ Enlargeth it. dilates it by diverse ‖ By matters [from the point.] digressions, an● amplifies and adorns it by most pleasant ‖ Borrowed speeches and comparisons. translations. For he assigns even to the Bees their certain Commonwealth, giving unto them Kings, camps, * 〈◊〉 of their chief 〈◊〉, or common halls. Princes, courts, Cities, people, offices, * Studies or delights. exercises, and manners; and that with so great fitness, that he no where * Exceeds. departs from his purpose, as * ●dfull of. forgetting * His 〈◊〉 translations. his borrowed speeches [and comparisons.] * And this book. This book may also be * Cut. divided into two parts: * For he prosecutes the care of defending, etc. in the former part of it. fo● in the former part of it, he prosecutes▪ the care of defending and preserving Bees: * He prosecutes [or accomplisheth] the reason [or way] whereby they may be repaired again, when they shall die utterly, in the latter [part.] in the latter he sets down the way by which Bees may be repaired again when they shall be * From the foundation. utterly dead and gone. He makes one Aristaeus a shepherd the author of this invention; * Who is believed to have repaired first his lost Bees, [viz his Bees being dead.] who is thought to have first repaired his Bees being lost, * Forthwith [or now afterwards] the kingdoms smelling again [or sweet smelling kingdoms.] by certain yokes of oxen which he had killed [to that end.] Another Argument of Herennius Modestinus * Of ●iery huny [viz. falling from, or made, or gathered in the air. a Lawyer. THe Poet shows * And also the Bees of Hybla, Syn●d. next after, the fragrant kingdoms * Chosen. of honey distilling from the air: * [He shows] also the moist honey combs, being heavenly gifts. Moreover the Hyblean Bees, & ‖ By the means of certain beasts which he killed, and used to that purpose. the waxen houses of their hives. ● Their honey combs. And withal what flowers [are to be * made choice of] for Bees, and ‖ What swarms of Bees. also ‖ A Counsellor at the Law. what swarms are to be chosen. And finally * [he shows] the dropping honey combs, Gods heavenly gifts. a These words contain 〈◊〉 proposition of this fourth book, according to the distribution in the very entrance of the first book. Only the transition is more obscure than in the former books▪ thus in effect. Having dispatched my verse concerning cattle, which was my third part, I will now proceed to the ordering of Bees, which is the last. Wherein by an Apostrophe or turning his speech to Maecenas, to whom he dedicated these books, he stirs him up, and so all who shall read it, to attention, from the admirableness of these things whereof he is to speak (being so small in show) concerning the whole government of Bees, their Captains, manners, studies, people, skirmishes, and the like. * I will execute [〈◊〉 〈◊〉] forthwith. I Will forthwith dispatch ‖ Gifts sent from heaven, and of a very heavenly or excellent nature. the heavenly * Of airy honey. gifts of honey distilling from the air: oh [worthy] Maecenas, ‖ Accept favourably this part of my work of husbandry concerning bees, like as the former. * Behold also. look on this part likewise. * I will speak [or show] to thee. I will declare unto you * Wonderful spectacles [or shows, as in plays] of light things, [viz. things but small, or not so much accounted of. admirable sights of things [so] light; both the ‖ Valorous leaders [or guides or kings.] courageous Captains, * And also [I will show unto you.] and also the manners, * And studies [viz. endeavours or exercises.] studies, people, and * And people. skirmishes of [that] whole nation [of the Bees] ‖ Duly or plainly. in order. The labour ‖ [Viz.] in the care about the ordering of bees, yet the glory which comes to the husbandman is not small. is in a small [matter,] but the glory is not small, if [ I The old Romans used to pray unto certain Gods to help them, and to others not to hurt them, as to 〈◊〉, Du● & Robigus, etc. those] * Battles or wars. adverse powers * Left [viz. overthwart, unlucky, noisome, shrewd, or hurting divine powers. will suffer any [man] [to prosper,] and [if] Apollo being called upon, Secondly, that though 〈◊〉 labour be but in a small matter, yet the glory coming of the skill▪ is not small, so that the Gods be favourable, and hinder not. * Do suffer any man. will hear. b And that he may proceed in order, he showeth that first a fit standing is to be sought out for bees; & 〈◊〉 describes the place meet for them, first by the things which are hurtful to bees, that they may not be annoyed thereby, but stand remote from them; as first the winds hindering that they cannot bring home their provision. * Doth hear, [viz. do direct and prosper. First of all a seat and standing is to be sought out for the Bees; * In the beginning a seat [is to be sought] for the bees, and a standing is to be sought. whereto there neither can be ‖ Passage. entrance for the winds: (for why, the winds * Whither neither an entrance can be the winds. do hinder * Do forbid. [them] to carry home their * Food, [viz. nourishment 〈◊〉 maintenance. sustenance;) Nor yet the sheep nor wanton kids ‖ May oft bounce on the flowers, and tread them down. can often leap upon the flowers, ‖ The wand'ring heifer, [viz. cattle going up and down. or the heifer pasturing in the fields, Can strike down the dew, and waste the rising herbs. * And the lizzards painted [in regard of their fo●te backs [or upon their foul backs] let them be away, [viz. let them not be near. And let the speckled newts [having] ‖ May smite the dew from off the herbs, and wear or spoil the herbs which should rise up. ugly Secondly, cattle, as sheep, kids, bullocks, or heifers, eating up or treading down the flowers, on which they should labour, or smiting off the honey dew from them. backs, be far away ‖ Filthy or horrible, as with painted circles in their backs. From [their] fat stalls, and also * Meropes, birds haunting be hives, and devouring the bees and their honey, called Woodpeckers or Eate-bees. the bee-eaters and other birds: Thirdly, venomous beasts, as newts, lizards or the like. And [specially] * Progne. How Progne Pandious daughter was changed into a swallow, see the sixth book of Ovid's Metam. with Sabines Com. at large. She was turned into a swallow, as her husband pursued her for the slaughter of her son It is, the marks whereof are on her breast. the swallow * Signed [in regard of her] breast. Syn. marked on the breast with bloody Fourthly birds, as bee-eaters, spoiling both bees and honey▪ and swallows devouring them as they fly up and down, and also carrying them to their young. hands. * For they waste all things all abroad, and they carry in [their] mouth them [viz. the bees] flying, being a pleasant meat to their ungentle nests, [viz to their young ones which devour the bees brought by their dams▪] For they spoil all far about, and carry in their mouths the flying [bees] a pleasant meat unto their ‖ From the full hives fat with honey. pitiless nests. Secondly, he set● out the place by the things which are good for bees, or by the efficient causes of their prospering, as first clear springs and fountains, fair standing ponds green with moss, or little streams running through the grass for the watering of the bees, viz. where they may drink most conveniently. But let there be clear springs and standing ponds green with ‖ Cruel, hard hearted, [viz nourished with the death of other creatures. moss, and ‖ Weeds growing in it, and after a sort covering it. a little * But liquid sountaines and standing waters green with moss, let be present [viz. let them have, etc.] brook running through the grass. * River flying [viz. running] by the grass [let it be present.] ‖ See that there be palm trees [viz. date trees or the like. And let the palm-tree overshade * The porch. the entrance [of their hives,] Secondly, trees, plants or herbs. Trees, as the palm overshadowing the entrance of their hives, or the wild olive to the same purpose. or the ‖ Great olive tree, [viz. some other great trees which the bees like best. huge wild olive: That when the new kings shall lead [forth] their first swarms: Also banks of herbs or less plants to allure the young ones in the Spring to sport abroad and to get them out of the heat. * In their spring, [viz. the time meet for their first going out. In their own spring time, and [their] * Young bees. youth scent out from their honey combs shall sport [abroad,] * The bank near may invite [viz. allure or entice them] to depart [or give place] to [or from] the heat [of the Sun into the shadow.] The bank neareby may invite them to get [themselves] out of the heat, * And the tree meeting [them] may hold [or receive them.] And that the tree And great trees in the way to serve them to light and rest upon. Thirdly, that they should have boughs of trees, as of ●allowes or the like, to be laid overthwart in the water. full in their way may entertain them ‖ With her boughs full of green leaves, for the young bees to light upon. with [her] branching harborowes. * Whether the moisture [viz. water] shall stand sluggish, [viz. still, not moving,] or whether it flow [viz. run] continually: Whether the water shall stand still, or whether it run, ‖ Cast into the midst [thereof] willows laid across and big stones. cast sallowes overthwart, and Or great stones to be set therein, for the bee● to save themselves 〈◊〉 for to rest upon. great stones ‖ Into the midst of the water for the bees to light upon. into the midst [of it.] * That [the bees] may stand sure upon. That [the bees] And that they may spread their wings, laying them open against the Sun, if the winds shall plunge any of them into the water. may rest upon * Often bridges [viz. lying thick together, or many. bridges laid thick together, and [may] ‖ Spread abroad. lay open their wings unto the Summer Sun; if that perhaps * The headlong East wind. the violent Eastern Fourthly, that they should have store of sweet smelling herbs to be planted round about the waters, and about the hives, as namely Cassia, wild marjoram, winter savoury. wind shall scatter them ‖ Staying long abroad. lingering overlong, * Or shall drown [viz. dip them] into Neptune, [viz shall cast them headlong into the water. or shall plunge them into the water. * Let green Cassi▪ [flourish] about these [places] or bee-gardens.] About these [places] [let there grow] green * Of Cassia see before in the second Eclogue. Cassia, and Also banks of violets, etc. * Wild bett●nie [smelling like wild marjoram, or it may be taken for savoury.] wild thyme smelling all abroad, and store of ‖ Hyssop. winter savoury * Casting out a savour grievously, [viz. smelling very strong, or being strong of scent. smelling strong; and let the * Bed's [or borders] of violets. banks of violets * Drink the watering [or maistening] spring, [viz. let them be planted near the water sides, where they may draw moisture.] drink the moistening water-springs. c Hitherto the Poet hath described the bee-garden, viz. the place fit for the standing of bees: now he cometh to a second precept concerning the hives, to show what ones they must be, both for the matter and fashion. And also the hives themselves, * Whether [they shall be] sowed to them with hollowed barks, [viz. whether you shall make them of barks of trees sewed together,] or whether they shall be woven with a limber twig [or osier] viz. made of rods. whether First, for the matter, that they be made of hollow barks sewed together, or of rods or twigs. you have them sewed [and made] with hollow barks, or woven with limber Secondly, for the entrance● of the hives, that they be narrow, to keep our both cold and heat: because the Winter cold hardens the honey, and Summer heat dissolves it. twigs, Let them have narrow entrances; for Winter * Doth make thick [or doth thicken] or make hard] the honeys. hardens honey with the cold; * And heat remits [viz. dissolves] the same [honeys] being molten [viz. made thin, that is, heat ●elts and dissolves them. and heat [in the Summer] dissolves That the violence and danger of both these is to be feared & prenented alike he proves further, from the endeavours of the bees themselves against such injuries of the weather. and melts the same. * Both the violence [of cold and heat] is to be feared. The violence of both these is ‖ To be feared to bees, [viz. to be prevented.] to be feared alike to bees: * Neither they do daub in vain, or without just c●se. neither do [the bees] themselves in vain * Daub● over. besmear with wax, That they stop close all the little holes and tifts in their hives with wax, moss, flowers, and with a kind of glue more slimy than birdlime or pitch. * Strivingly or by strife. most painfully who shall do best the little breathing holes * In the roofs [or houses] within their hives, ‖ And stop. and fill up the * Utmost parts [or skirts, viz. cliffs or chinks.] rifts * With fucus: some take this to be meant of a counterfeit kind of wax, but more pitchy, gathered of the gums of trees; others for a kind of moss. with moss and flowers, and * Keep or save. preserve a glue gathered to these same * Offices or businesses. services, more ‖ Tough or gummy. clammy than birdlime [or] then ‖ The pitch of the pitch trees of Ida [an hill in Phrygia,] the pitch of * The Phrygian Ida.] Ida hill in And that for more safety against all such peril, they have been found to have made their houses within the ground. Phrygia. Oft times also (if the report be true) [the bees] * Have digged [their] house in holes digged out under the ground. have made their houses And in pumeise stones all eaten. in caves digged within the ground; and they have And so in trunks of hollow trees. been found * Altogether [or deeply.] deep in Thirdly, for the better preserving the hives from all such violence of weather and other inconueni●ces, to daub them smoothly with mud, & to strew leaves thereon to keep the hives moist from chopping. hollow pumeise stones, and in the * Cave, [viz. the hollowness trunk * Of a tree all eaten with rottenness. of an eaten tree. ‖ Howbeit. Yet both * Anoint thou [their] lodgings full of cliffs [or rifts, or chinks.] daub their clifted hives, * With smooth raud, [viz. smoothed on the outside, or finely tempered.] with ‖ Ox dung or the like. mud laid smoothly on, * Cherishing [them,] [viz. to preserve them from all violence both of heat and cold.] defending [them] round about, ‖ And moreover cast upon the hives thus daubed, leaves here and there, [viz. to keep the mud or dung moist and from chinking.] and also cast aloft upon them, leaves thinly strewed. d After he proceedeth to give warning of such things as are noisome to the hives, like as he had before for the bee-gardens: as that the good husband should not suffer yough trees to grow too near them; nor to burn the shells of sea-crabs near unto them: nor to let them stand over near to deep fens or standing waters. * Neither suffer. And suffer not the yough tree [to grow] * Nearer to [their] roofs, [viz. hives.] near unto [their] houses, nor burn ‖ Crabs or crevices, which are red when they are sod or burnt. red sea-crabs * In [thy] hearth [or chimney,] whereby the smell may come to the bees. on your hearth; ‖ Let not your bees stand near unto a moor or watery place being deep. nor trust the deep fen [too much.] * Or where the smell of mud [or dirt] is grieucus. Or where [there is] Nor near unto any filthy smell of mud, nor any great sounding of waters. a noisome smell of mud; or where the hollow Nor where there is a loud echo. * Stones. rocks ‖ Do make a noise. do sound with the beating [of waters,] and [where] * By beating upon. the likeness of the voice beat back rebounds. e Here now followeth a third precept concerning the work of the Bees in the Spring and in the Summer time. Where first the Poet describes the Spring by the efficient cause of it, to wit, the Sun, viz. when the Sun coming nearer unto us, hath with his light chased away the Winter, and begins to bring the Summer; that then the bees travel forthwith far and near through forests and woods, and all other places where they may gather their provision. That which remains [is this] [that] when the golden Sun hath chased away the Winter driven ‖ Unto the Antipodes, where it is Winter when it is Summer with us. under the earth, and * The image of the voice offended leaps back [viz. where there is a great Echo, which comes by the beating back of the voice. hath again set open the sky with Summer light, ‖ The [bees] presently pass through uplands or lands. They forthwith travel through forests and woods, And * Hath unshut [or opened] heaven with the Summer light, [viz. the pleasant Sun in the spring.] suck the purple How they suck it chitfly from the pleasant flowers. coloured flowers, and also being light [of body] * Reap [viz. gather the nourishment or the provision upon] the flowers. do sip the upmost And being light of body, they sip water wheresoever they find it. streams. Hereupon being cheerful, And having so done, they return home cheerfully. with what * Do taste lightly the upmost floods, [viz. the upmost parts of the waters. libare q. labiare, i. e. primis labris attingere. delight I know not, they ‖ Nourish. cherish And both cherish their brood, and maintain their hives. [their] * Sweetness. brood, and * Offspring or issue. [maintain] [ * [Their] nest ●▪ their] How hereupon they artificially frame their combs of wax and honey. hives. * From hence they beat out as with a hammer or wield, viz. frame. Yea, hereupon * Fresh wax by art. they fashion out * Frame their. new wax by skill, and * You shall now see aloft a troop [of bees] sent forth out of [their] caves unto the flarres of heaven, to swim through the liquid Summer, [viz. the clear air in the Summer.] make their ‖ Cleaving, gluish, gummy. clammy honey. f Afterwards upon this occasion of their flying abroad, he cometh to a fourth precept, for the retaining of their swarms with sweet smells of herbs, and with sounds. Hence whenas * Behold, [or mark it well:] for] they. you shall behold a swarm sent forth even now out of their hives unto the skies, to wave through the clear Summer air; That when the keepers of them see a great swarm of them gathered like a cloud, and waving in the sky, they then seek waters, and a new house amongst the boughs of trees. And shall ‖ Wonder at. marvel at ‖ A swarm of bees gathered round together like a dark cloud. a dark cloud to be ‖ Carried or moved. drawn with the wind: * And branching roofs, [viz. to make their abode amongst the green boughs of trees. Mark well: they do always seek sweet waters * Balm gently bruised. This is an herb wherewith bees are delighted. and houses among the boughs of trees. Therefore to the end that they may settle, they are to sprinkle the places with the usual ivyces of certain herbs, as of balm, honysuccles, and the like; or to rub them with those herbs, and withal to ring or tinkle with basons, cymbals, and other such like sounding things, to keep them from flying quite away. To this end sprinkle the ‖ Wont or usual. appointed ivyces: * Unnoble [or vile, because it grows every where.] Bruised balme-mint, and the * A tinkling noise as of basons. common grass of honeysuckle. And make * And shake the cymbals of [Cybele] mother [of the Gods] round about. a ringing noise, * To [or in] their seats medicined, [viz. prepared with such ivyces and herbs as are mentioned.] and tinkle round about the ‖ The cymbals are tinkling instruments which were used in the sacrifices of Cybele. cymbals Al. of the mother [of the Gods.] Because by these means they will settle upon the places so sprinkled. Al. Of Mars. The [bees] will settle all together * They will hide [or betake] themselves. upon their sprinkled seats: [yea] And will easily be gotten into new hives thus rubbed and prepared. * they will get themselves into the inmost * Cradle's [viz hives fitted for them.] cabbines ‖ By nature of their own accord. after their manner. g And hence he proceedeth to a fifth precept, concerning the battles of the bees, which he setteth out by a principal cause thereof, and by signs. The chief cause is discord arising between the kings or maister-bees. But if they shall go forth to fight (for discord oftentimes * Hath gone with a stately pace as in kings [viz. marched or crept] to two kings with a great motion [or stir,] for that their kingdom is impatient of any consort, or they cannot endure two kings. hath grown between two kings with great ado,) [You may] both presently [foreknow] * The minds of the common people. the stomaches of the common The signs whereby any one may foreknow their stomaches, and their trembling hearts prepared for war, and so their skirmishes are. fort, and also you may * Know. perceive long before [ ‖ Their hearts stirring [or rising] to battle. their] trembling hearts [prepared] for war. For why, that warlike You shall hear the night before a warlike noise, as of a sounding trumpet, call all forth to war, and withal sundry broken sounds, as of trumpets. noise * Of hoarse sounding brass. of a brazen trumpet sounding harsh, * Doth chide [viz. rebuke or provoke and hasten forward. doth check * [The bees] lingering long [or making no haste.] those which do linger long. And [after] a voice is heard * Imitating. resembling the broken sounds of trumpets. * Then they go together among themselves trembling, [viz. quivering with anger or with violence. Then hastily they And then the next day they go hastily together, glistering with their wings, as soldiers in armour. go together, ‖ And shine as soldiers in armour. and glister with their * Pens or feathers. wings. * And also they sharpen [their] darts with [their] bills [or nibs.] They likewise sharpen [their] stings with They will also sharpen their stings with their snouts, and fit themselves to fight. [their] snouts, * And make fit [their] arms, [viz. prepare them. and fit [their] limbs [to fight.] And * They are mingled thick about [their] king [for his preservation.] are gathered Then they gather thick about their king, as the Romans were wont about the Emperor's pavilion, and call forth their enemy with loud cries. thick about [their] king, and * To the very places of their Praetor [or Emperor.] It is an allusion to the manner of the Romans to desire to be nearest to the Emperor's tent or pavilion. even unto the Emperor's pavilion, and ‖ Challenge [or provoke.] call [forth] the enemy with ‖ Mighty or loud humming. great cries. Therefore when [they And thus when they have got a fair calm sunny day in the spring, they rush out of their hives, and run violently together as soldiers to battle: have] got * A clear spring, [viz. a fair day in the Spring or Summer.] a fair and clear Spring time, and ‖ Large and wide fields, [viz room enough.] open fields, they rush out of [their] gates: * It is run together, [viz. they skirmish.] they run violently together, Whereby there is a great sound made in the air; ‖ A great noise is heard forth of the air. a sound is made * In the high sky [or air.] high in the air: * They being mingled together, they And all the bees are gathered thick into a great round heap. And straightway they fall down killed or wounded out of the air, as thick as hail. mixed * Are whun round like a clew or ball into a great orb or circle [after the manner of an army.] are gathered into a great round heap, ‖ They fall down as dead. And fall down headlong. The hail [falls] not more thick * From the air. out of the air, So that the acorns fall not down so fast from the shaken oak. * Nor so much of the acorn doth rain, [viz. fall like rain] from the oak being smitten. Nor yet such, store of acorns rain from th' shaken ‖ Ilex is taken for a kind of oak. oak. The kings in the mean time fly through the midst of their armies with their gallant wings, [The kings] themselves [flying] through the midst of the armies Al. with gallant wings, Al. With wings like ensigns, * Do turn oft great courages in a narrow breast: Do exercise brave And show their brave minds, encouraging their armies, minds within their narrow breasts: * Striving [or encouraging themselves with all their might] so very greatly not to yield. Endeavouring stoutly Stoutly enforcing themselves with all their power not to yield, with all their power not to yield, until * The grievous conquerors [or heavy, as we say, an heavy enemy.] the heavy ● Until the one side being overcome, be caused violently to turn their backs in flight. conqueror hath ‖ Enforced. compelled either these or those * To give their backs, being turned by flight. to turn their backs in flight. h Upon this occasion the Poet cometh to a sixth precept, concerning the recalling and quieting of the bees in these broils; ‖ These their furious rages. These stir up of their courages, and these so great * Strifts or battles. skirmishes, * Shall rest [or be quiet.] Will cease, being Which is, by casting up a little dust, viz. by throwing up a few moulds into the air, which may be felt as rain in the midst amongst them. ‖ Suppressed or appeased. repressed * With casting. with the casting up of a little dust. But when you have recalled both the ‖ Kings, [viz. king or maister-bees. leaders * From the forefront of the battle. from the battle, And withal teacheth how to continue their peace after, which is, by killing the worse of the two kings, viz. of those two master bees, which were the cause of the battle. * Give him to death, [viz. kill that of them two] which [shall] seem the wor●e, lest being prodigal he hurt, [viz. lest he prove a robber, or live only in consuming the honey, and getting nothing. Put him to death that seems the worst, lest being a spendall he do hurt: * [But] suffer [that] the better may reign. [but] suffer [him that seems] the better, [that] he may And he gives a reason of it, lest he prove a robber. reign * In the empty hall, [viz. the Emperor's palace free from enemy, as sole king. in the palace [all alone.] But to preserve th● better of them, that he may reign alone, without any other to provoke him. * One will be burning with spots foul with gold, [viz. showing yellow like gold. Catachrefis. One [of the kings] will be bright burning red with spots shining And here for more clearness, he describeth the kings or master bees. like gold. (For there are two kinds of [king's:]) this That as there are two kinds of kings, so one of them which is the better, is of a burning red colour bright with gliftering specks, and of a more notable countenance. [which is] the better, [is] ‖ 〈◊〉, or notably known. notable * In mouth. in countenance, And ‖ Clear or shining. bright * With red scales [viz. with golden spots shining as scales in fishes. with glistering specks: that other [king] is * Horrible, ugly or loathsome. ill favoured The other is ugly through his sloth, dragging his broad belly, creeping in a base manner before or about the hives mouth. ‖ Idleness or laziness. Through sloth, * And without all glory, [viz base] drawing his broad belly [upon the hives mouth.] and draggeth his ‖ Broad, not round as in the other. broad belly ‖ In a base manner. without all honour. And moreover showeth, that as there are such differences in the kings; so there are two principal differences in the common sort likewise. * As the faces [or forms] of [their] kings are two, so the bodies of the nation [or common sort of bees] [are different.] As [there are] two fashions of [their] kings, so the bodies * Of the nation [of the bees.] of the common sort ‖ Are of two sorts, differing one from another, even as the bodies of the kings. [are two, differing each from other.] For that some of them are rough and ill-favoured, as if they were all dusty over; which he illustrateth by a similitude: That they have on them a filthiness like the spittle which the thirsty traveller coming out of the deep dust spits upon the ground, and this is the worst kind. For why, some of them * Being filthy [or foul] are ugly and loathsome. are rough and ill-favoured, like as when a * Dry with thirst. thirsty ‖ Passenger, or wayfaring man. traveller comes out of the deep dust, and spits upon the ground * With his mouth being dry [with thirst and dust.] with [his] dry mouth: ‖ Others are of a clear and bright shining colour. others do shine and glister with clear brightness, The other sort of them shines and glisters with a clear brightness like gold: * Burning with gold. Glaring like gold, and [having] [their] bodies * Smeared or anointed, dashed * With like or even drops, [viz. spots of even bigness.] with equal And have their bodies dashed with equal spot●. spots. This is the better This latter he showeth to be the better brood. brood: ‖ From these bees. from hence at a certain time * Of heaven, [viz. at a meet season.] of the year, And that these make the most liquid and excellent 〈◊〉. * You shall press out, [viz. 〈◊〉 or crush out.] You may press out sweet honey, * Nor so much sweet as liquid, [viz. pure, clarified, or clear from dregs. and not so sweet as liquid, * And to 〈◊〉 [viz. fit to tame the hard taste of Bacchus [or of wine, Met. effic. and which will amend ‖ That is, to take away the unpleasantness or sharpness of wine or the like: or to make sweet wine called Mulsum, viz. bastard wine or Metheglin, by seething wine and honey together. the Which will notably amend the overmuch hatdnesse of wine, to make it most delicate. overmuch hardness of wine. i Here he repeats again the fourth precept, concerning the keeping of the swarms, that they fly not away. But when ‖ The bees rising together. the swarms fly * Uncertain [whither they will fly. astray, and play * In heaven, or above, as in the sky. in the air, * And do contemn or neglect. And care not for First, that when they begin to sport in the air, and to leave their hives, and so to offer to fly quite away, they be restrained and withdrawn after this manner following: viz. [their] honey combs, and leave [their] * Cold roofs [viz hives.] cool houses, * You shall forbid, [viz. withdraw or stay. You must restrain [their] ‖ Wavering or vnstayed. unstable mind's * From vain play or pastime. from [that] vain sport: By plucking off the wings from their kings Neither [is it] any] great labour * To prohibit or stay them from flying away. to repress them. * Pluck thou off. Pluck away the wings from [their] king's. For that then none of the rest dare be so bold to fly so high, [And then] ‖ None of the bees dare be so bold, or adventure. not any one will be bold * To go [or undertake] a high journey. to fly so Or to offer to remove their standards, viz. to provoke their fellows to fly away, so long as the kings stay behind. high, or * To pluck up [to stir yp the rest to fly away. This is a borrowed speech, a Metaphor taken from soldiers, who by plucking up and removing their standards, do show to their fellows that they are about to go from that place. to remove the standards from [their] camps, * Those, [viz. the master bees] lingering. the kings staying behind. A second means of retaining them, is▪ by the sweetness of trees and flowers growing about or near unto the hives, whereof sundry kinds are mentioned before and after. * Your orchards or gardens, etc. let them. Let your gardens * Breathing out, or sending out 〈◊〉. i● 〈◊〉 delight. smelling sweet ‖ With all such flowers as where▪ with saffron flowers entice them. ‖ And let Priapus who is the god and preserver of the gardens, be set at the entry of the bee-garden, with his willow reaping hook to drive away thieves and birds, and to preserve the bees. And let the guard A third remedy, is by commending them to the guard of Priapus whom they made the god of their gardens, and placed him at the entry thereof, with his willow hook, to keep away both thieves and birds, and to save the bees from all annoy. of ‖ Priapus, son of Bacehus and Venus. Priapus borne in Hellespont, with his willow hook, [who is] Al. the keeper both of thieves and birds, save them Al. The keeper both of thieves and bees, with h● sallow hook save them. [from annoy.] k But here he returneth again to the second remedy; that he that hath a due regard of his bees to have them to prosper, and himself to thrive, look to that chiefly, to plant store of thyme and pine trees round about near unto his bees. Al. [And] he himself Al. And let him. * To whom such things are a care, [viz. who hath a care of bees that they may prosper.] to whom such things are in regard, bringing thyme & ‖ Young pine trees. pine-trees from the high mountains, let him ‖ Set them. plant [them] largely round about * The roofs, [viz. the be gardens or the hives.] the houses [of the bees.] * Let him wear his hand with hard labour, [viz. with labouring hard.] Let him labour. hard: And that he labouring hard, set also other fruitful trees about his grounds, being careful in watering them till they take root. [yea] * Let him fasten down fruitful plants to [or in] the ground. let him set fruitful ‖ Sets of fruitful trees. plants, and * Let him water, [viz. let him pour upon them] friendly showers, [viz. wholesome water like showers, or in stead of showers. water them with friendly showers. l Upon this occasion the Poet maketh a profitable digression to the pleasantness and commodity of orchards & gardens, which he professeth that he would have prosecuted more fully, had be not purposed to be very brief in this treatise, which he expresseth by an allegory taken from mariner● approaching near unto the ha●. And now * I indeed but that I may draw [down] [my] sails, and may hasten to turn my prore [viz. the forepart of my ship] to the lands: [that is, but that I desire to draw towards an end, as the weary mariner towards the land. indeed, but that I would strike sail, and make haste to turn my foredecke to the land * Under [or about] the extreme ●nd of my labours. a little before the last end of my ‖ Toils or pains. labours, * Perhaps I would sing of, [viz. would write of in verse after this ma●er] what care of husbanding might adorn both the fat orchards [or gardens] and the r●siers [or rose-gardens, or rose-beds of Pestum [a town of Lucania] bearing twice a year, [viz. where through the temperature of the heavens, the ground beareth abundance of roses twice in the year, to wi●, in May and September. I would perhaps declare what care of husbanding [the ground] might beautify both That otherwise ●e would have handled the manner of husbanding of gardens and rose-yards, to make them rank and fruitful. rank gardens and the rose-borders of Pestum, which beareth roses twice a year. * And after what manner endive, [viz. the herbs called endive or suecory.] might rejoice in the rivers well drunk of. And how endive Also the manner of planting endive and succory near water sides. delights to grow near water sides. And also [how] ‖ Green parsley banks. banks And how to have the green banks of parsley. green with ‖ A pium taken for common parsley, and not for garden parsley. parsley [delight therein.] * And the cucumber. Yea how the cucumber Likewise how to have fair great cucumbers. writhe among * The herb [viz. herbs or weeds. the herbs * Might increase into a belly. might grow to be very big. Neither * Had I held my peace of [or said nothing of]▪ the Narcissus or white daffodil bearing leaves [or flowering] late. would I have passed over in silence With store of Narcissus. the Narcissus which so * Sera pro serò, a Neuter adjective for an adverb. lately flowers, or * The twig [viz. of the herb called branke ursine.] the branch of the * Bowed or bend. crisped Branke ursine. ‖ Acanthus or bear▪ breech. See before in the third Eclogue. branke ursine. Ivies'. And the pale ivies, and Mi●le trees and the like. also the myrtle trees ‖ Delighting to grow near the seashores. loving the shores. This he confirmeth by the example of an old man of Corycus near unto Tarent. * For I remember me to have seen [viz. that I once saw] an old Corycian fellow under the high towers of Oebalia, etc. For I remember that I have seen under the lofty towers of ‖ By Oebalia he meaneth Tarent built by the Oebalians, viz. the Lacedæmonians in the country of Calabria. Oebalia, (where the black river Galesus ‖ Watereth. moisteneth the * The tilled [fields] waxing yellow [with ripe c●rne.] yellow fields) an old man ‖ Of Cilicia: for Corycus is a town of Cilicia: of Corycus, * To whom there were a few acres of the country left, [viz after the division of the fields of Tarent made by Pompey to the old soldiers, not left & for saken as contemned by the owners. Some think it is meant, left by his ancestors, and made fruitful by his husbandry. to whom there befell a Who having but a few acres of ground left after the division of the country. few acres of the country, that was left [after the division [of the grounds.] The soil whereof was neither fruitful for grass nor corn, nor yet commodious for vines. * Neither was that [ground] fertile for bullocks, [viz. for pasture,] nor the corn growing on it [or puise.] The soil whereof was neither fruitful for feeding bullocks, nor the crop ‖ Good for other cattle, [or thuu, nor a fit crop for cattle, viz for sheep. fit for cattle, * Neither [was the ground.] neither yet [was it] commodious * To Bacchus, [viz. fit or good for vines.] for wine. Yet this old man planting herbs in that ground thinly here and there, ‖ Yet this man, etc. Yet in this place * He pressing [or pricking down,] viz. setting. he planting * Potherbs [viz. herbs fit to be eaten, of diverse sorts] thin in the bushes. potherbs thinly here and there among the bushes, and white lilies round about, and ‖ All herbs used about religious ceremonies, or to holy ends. verveine, and poppy ‖ Meet to be eaten sparingly. fit to be eaten: Thought himself as rich as a king thereby. Did match * In [his] minds, [viz. in conceit] the wealth of kings [because it is the mind, not the cheft that maketh rich. in conceit And could at any time furnish his table with dainties of his own growing, without any further cost. the wealth of kings; and returning home ‖ Meats, or provision of his own. late at night, * At late night [or late in the evening.] furnished his table with dainties unbought. Having abundance of roses in the Spring, and 〈◊〉 in Autumn, and those ripe with the first. * He loaded his tables. He gathered roses first in the Spring, * [He begun, or was w●nt] to pluck roses first, [viz. with the first. and Or carpere for carpebat. Enal. likewise apples in the Autumn. * And also [he plucked] apples [first] [viz. his were first ripe. And even when the And also store of green herbs in the hardest Winter, when all elsewhere were killed with the frost. hard Winter did burst the stones * And when the sad [or terrible] Winter even now did burst the stones * with cold, and bridled the corses of 〈◊〉, [viz. of the ri●ers] with frost, and stayed the course of waters * With ice. with [her] ice: Thus he proceeded still, watching his opportunities, waiting on the time, and oft thinking i● long before it came. * Even now did he shear the tops of soft branke ursine [viz. new sprung,] that is, he had fresh herbs. Even than did he gather fresh leaves of pleasant Acanthus. Oft blaming the ‖ Late. lateward Summer, and the West winds * Staying long, [or making long delays,] because the West winds are the first messengers of the Spring. lingering overlong [before they came.] Hereby he was wont to abound with breeding bees and store of swarms. Therefore the same [old man] [was wont] t' abound first [of all] * With bees full of young ones, and with many a swarm. with breeding bees, & with store of swarms And plenty of honey. and to gather foaming honey out of the ‖ Crushed, or strained. pressed honey combs. Having all trees wherein the bees delight, as both linden trees and also pine-trees. * [There were] to him linden trees and the most plentiful pine tree, [or great abundance of pine trees.] He had linden trees, and the pine tree ‖ Most fruitful [or profitable] [viz. for making their ho●y combs. yielding most abundantly. * And with how many apples [each fruitful tree had clothed [or arrayed] itself in the new flower [viz. at the first knotting] it held even so many ripe [apples] in Autumn [viz. at the gathering] [that is, they did all prosper.] And as many apples And marvelous increase of apples; so that look how many young apples he had set on the trees presently after the blooming, so many ripe ones 〈◊〉 gathered in the Autum●e; all ●med to prosper. as [each] fruitful tree had in the fresh blossom, it had so many ripe in the Autumn. * He also remo●ed [or translated] into order, [viz. into rows, after the manner of a Quineu●x] late 〈◊〉, [viz. elms that grow but showly. He moreover set in order lateward elms. And the * Very hard, [or the 〈◊〉 and strong 〈◊〉. hard peartree He moreover plan●ed 〈◊〉. and slow trees now And withal peartrees and pl●m trees, bearing ‖ Plums, or damosi●s, not sloes, because the nature of the trees were changed by the change of the ground through his husbandry. plums. And also the planetree And al●o pl●ne 〈◊〉 for shade. * Now ministering [viz. affording] a shadow to [men] drinking [under the same.] giving shade to But he concludeth this digression, that he is enforced to cut off all longer discourse of these things through lack of time, & leaves them to be recorded by others. folk drinking [under it.] But I indeed H Overpass or omit. pass by these things, * Being separated [or excluded] by unequal spaces, [viz. being hindered from having the like, or from finishing the work by the short time of my life, or of my leisure, compared to that old man's. being bard [from them] by my unequal space [of time,] and * Leave them to others to be rehearsed hereafter. leave them to be recorded of others hereafter. And first he toucheth a fable concerning the original or their first receiving of their excellent qualities, which they are said to have had from jupiter, for a reward of feeding him when he was new born. m Here he cometh to a seventh precept concerning the nature and qualities of bees; where their whole work is expressed in diverse parts. Now go to [then,] I will dispatch * The natures or gifts. the qualities which jupiter himself ‖ Hath given to bees besides what they had before. hath added unto bees: [ ‖ What reward the bees had for following, etc. and feeding jupiter. to wit] for what reward, they following the shrill sounds * Of the Curetes [viz. of Cybeles' priests called Corybantes, or of the people called Curetes, being the first inhabitants of Crect, who undertook the nursing of jupiter, to hide him and his crying, from his father Saturn, in a cave at the foot of the hill Dicte in Candie. of Cybeles' That bees following the shrill sound that Cybeles' priests made at his birth to the end that his crying should not be heard, found him in a cave of the hill Dicte in Crete, where he was hid from his father Saturn, and fed him there with their honey. Of which fable see Ramus his Com. more at large. priests, * And [their] rattling brasses. and [their] tinkling cymbals fed ‖ jupiter. the king of heaven * Under the Dictean cave. in a cave of the hill Dicte in Crete. n Then he proceedeth to show their admirable qualities; as that they have their young ones in common, both bred in common, and all having a common care of them: and also that they have a city and common halls, & lead their lives under worthy laws. ‖ Only the bees of all other creatures have their young ones bred in common of them all, and have a common care of them. They alone have [their] * Children [viz. young brood] common. young in common, * [They have also] roofs [viz. some houses] of [their] city common, [viz. common hals. * Whereof they are alike partakers or partners in. and common houses [also] of [their] city, * And oft pass over [their] time [or the time of their life,] viz. live perpetually and lead [their] lives * Under great laws. under worthy laws. * And [the bees] alone have known their native country, and their certain household gods, [or private and several houses, viz. their own hives or cells. And they only know [their own] native country, and their certain dwelling houses. * And [they] being mindful of etc. And being mindful That▪ they only of all creatures know their native country & their certain dwelling houses. of the Winter * About to come. that will come, * They try labour by experience, [viz. they make experience of labours.] do take great pains, * And lay up things gotten in the midst. and lay up in store, for the common That they are mindful of Winter before it 〈◊〉, and take great 〈◊〉 in Summer to provide and lay up in store for the common use against that time. use, the things which they have gotten. * For some [bees] do watch diligantly for living [or food,] viz. do take all occasions to labour for living, and bring in provision. Victu for victui. For why, some of them toil for living, and * Are exercised [viz occupied.] are busied in the fields After he showeth how they divide their works: ‖ By a certain appointment, or order. by a covenant * Agreed of, or 〈◊〉. made [amongst themselves.] That some of them are busied in the fields to seek and fetch in provision, as by a covenant amongst themselves. ‖ Other some [of them.] Part [of them] lay within the * Hedges or bounds. fences of [their] houses, * The tear of Narcissus, [alluding to the fable, because the boy Narcissus was turned into a flower; whereof before. the juice of Narcissus and * Cleaving [or sticking] glue. clammy Others work within their houses; laying the first foundations of their honey combs with ivyces of herbs and gums of trees. gum [gathered] * From the bark. from the barks [of tree,] ‖ As, or for the first foundations. being the first foundations ‖ To their honey combs. of [their] honey combs. * And then they hang upon [them] stiff wax, [such as i● stiff and clammy, called propolis, viz. beeglue. And afterwards And so build thereupon, framing and fashioning their combs. they fasten thereto gluish wax. * Other [bees] bring forth [out of the husks or skins wherein they are bred] the young ones grown to perfection, [viz. as the hen hatcheth the chickens by sitting on them.] [or else do lead them abroad, and accustom them to labour.] Others bring forth Others breed and bring forth their young, and lead them out, when they are come to perfect growth; thus accustoming them to labour. [their] young ones now at perfect growth, the hope * Of the nation [viz. of the continuance and increase of their swarms or hives.] [all their] stock: Others [of them] ‖ Do fill the cel● or combs with the purest and finest honey. fill up the purest honey, and Others of them fill up their cells with the purest and finest 〈◊〉 honey. ‖ Fill full, or stuff out. stretch out [their] cells * With liquid [or pure] nectar, [viz. the 〈◊〉 and most excellent part of the honey. with the finest life honey. [And other some] Others are appointed to ward at their gates. there are, to whom * Custody, [viz. keeping or watching] at the gates, hath fallen to lot, [viz. as to their lot or by lot, speaking after the manner, as it is in war, to keep out the enemy. the warding at their gates falleth for [their] lot. * And they do behold [or observe] by course the waters [viz. drops of rain] and clouds of heaven, [that is, clouds overcasting, and all signs of the weather, as of showers or storms. And they by turns And these by turns do watch the rain and clouds. do watch the rain and clouds of heaven. Or else ‖ They receive. they take Or else take 〈◊〉 burdens of though e which come loaden home, and work them in their hives. the ‖ Loads burdens ‖ Of such bees as come loaden home, and do help them. [of the bees] [then] coming [home.] Or making an army do drive away the drones. * Or an army [of them] being made [viz. having gathered a troop of them together.] Or making an army, drive away from [their] * Stalls. Metaph. hives ‖ The drone bees without stings. the drones ‖ A sluggish or slothfuli beast, only consuming their honey, and getting none. a lazy And generally he declareth how all of them do bestirte themselves in their work, cach in their proper place, as sweeting at it. cattle. ‖ They ply their work [viz as men until they sweat.] Their work is hot, and ‖ Their hives. [their] fragrant honey * Yields a savour [or a sweet sent.] smells sweet with ‖ By the herbs from whence they gather their honey and wax. thyme. o Which diligence and haste of theirs, he illustrateth by a notable similitude taken from the Cyclopians, Vulcan's Smiths, framing thunderbolts for jupiter. And even as * When the Cyclopes [viz. a people of Sicily having but one eye in their forehead, feigned to be Vulcan● smiths, and to make thunderbolts for jupiter.] the Cyclopians when they * Hasten. make up in haste the * Lightnings. thunderbolts [of jupiter] * Out of masses [or wedges [of iron or other mettle] softened [in the fire, or pliant to work on.] out of the softened iron lumps; That like as they making up their bolts in haste out of the soft ned iron lumps. * Some [of them] take in blasts [or wind] and send it forth again with bellows of bull-hides. Some [of them] blow with [their] bellowes made of bull-hides: Some of them blow the bellowes. Others * Dip their metals hizzing, [viz. coming out of the glowing fire.] quench [their] Others quench their metals hizzing in the troughes. hizzing * Brasses, in a lake [or trough of water as smith's use.] metals in the trough. * Aetna] a mountain in Sicily burning with perpetual fires, through the abundance of brimstone and other matter in it: feigned to be the shop or workhouse of Vulcan and the Cyclops for the often and great thundering and lightning in those parts. Aetna groaneth Aetna in the mean while groaning under the stithies that are placed thereon. * With the stithies. through the stithies * Laid upon it. placed thereon. Those among them, who wield the hammers, do lift up their arms to smite in order, and oft with their pinsers turn the iron holding it fast. ‖ Others of them. They among themselves lift up their arms ‖ Making as it were a musical harmony by the order of their strokes upon the iron, to fashion it on the stithy in order with great force, and often turn the iron * With a pair of pinsers holding fast [the iron.] with [their] Even so (to compare small things with great) pinsers holding ['t] fast. None otherwise ( * If it be lawful to compare. if that I may compare small A natural love of gathering and making honey, enforceth the little bees to bestir themselves, and every be in her own place. things ‖ With great. to great.) * A love bred in [them] [viz. a natural love.] An inbred love * Of having. of getting [honey] * Doth urge [viz. vehemently press or charge.] doth even enforce the bees of * Of Cecropia, [viz. of the city Athens, so called of Cecrops builder and king of Athens, where is most excellent honey in abundance, for the store of thyme near unto it. Athens, ‖ Every one in her own office. and every [be] in her own place. p Thus still going on in the former distribution of their works, he she weth, that the elder bees have the charge of the whole hives committed to them. ‖ The ancient [viz. elder bees] have the charge of the towns [viz. of the whole hives] committed to them. The towns [are] the charge [given] to the * A care to the ancient. ancienter [bees,] To fence their honey combs, and to make them houses in a most artificial and exquisite manner. And * To fortify. to fence their honey combs, [yea] * To fashion [or frame them] Dedalian roofs [viz. house's built with admirable art. and to make them houses * Dedalus like [viz. artificial, like as if framed by Dedalus that most cunning workman. most cunningly devised. The younger labour abroad in the fields, & return home weary and loaden late at night. * But the lesser [bees] betake themselves [home] weary at late night, [viz. late in the evening. But the younger [bees] return [home] weary late at night, How they seek and travel for their provision every where both on the blossoms of crabtrees on fallows which we call palms. * Full [in regard of or upon their] legs, Syn. [viz. loaden with honey or wax made of juice sucked out of thyme and other flowers.] Loaden on the legs with thyme: ‖ They feed, or get their living or provision all abroad. they are fed every where both So upon saffron. The linden trees. [upon] * The service trees [or crab trees.] the crab tree The flower of the red Hyacinthus and all other sweet flowers. blossoms and * Greenish or grey sallowes, which we call palm trees, on which bees use to lie very much. grey sallowes, ‖ Of Casia, see before. and Casia and red saffron, and upon the * Fat tilly. rank linden trees, and also [upon] * The H●acinth of a black red colour, like iron: of the flower so called, or red purple lily, see before Ecl. 3. the ironish coloured hyacinth. q Here he still goeth along, and to declare by the way what a come munitie they have in labouring and resting together, and so likewise in sleep and watching: That all of them rest together, and all of them labour together, that there seems to be but one rest and one work unto them all. [There is] one rest * Of works to all, [viz. they all rest from their labour together, and they all work together. from work to all [of them,] one labour [is] unto [them] all. * They rush forth of the gates early in the morning: delay [is] no where: again, when as the evening star hath admonished, the same [bees] depart at length. In the morning they rush out of [their] gates: How in the morning they rush out of their gates all together to work, and so continue in labouring all the day till the evening admonish them to depart home. [there is] no stay; again whenas the evening admonisheth them to depart at length out of the fields ‖ From seeking their provision. from feeding, then * They seek their roofs, [viz. they return to their ●iues. go they home; [and] And then return, and so refresh their weary lim●. * Then do they care for [their] body. then do they cherish [their] weary body's. How at that time when they are got into the hive, there is made a great humming noise by one of them flying about the hive; who by her sound commandeth all to take their rest. ‖ There is made a sound or noise, [viz. by one of them flying about, by her humming, commanding all to take their rest.] A sound is made, and they ‖ Do generally make a great noise. do buzz about the * Utmost parts [viz. outsides] and thresholds, bounds and entrances [of their hives.] Afterwards whenas they have * Composed [viz betaken themselves to rest.] reposed themselves So that after when they have all reposed themselves, there is a great silence among them, that no stirring or noise is heard all the night. [to rest] in their chambers, ‖ There is no noise [all] the night. there is silence * Into [viz. for or through] the whole night. [all] the night, & * The own sleep [of every bee occupieth &c. [viz. every bee refresheth their weary limbs by their sleep. every one's own sleep Thus every one with rest and sleep doth recreate itself. possesseth [all their] * Wearied joints. weary limbs. r Here is repeated their foreknowledge of the weather, and what they do therein. That if it be like to be rainy or windy, they will not fly far from their hives. ‖ But they do not depart or fly abroad far. Nor yet indeed do they * Go back longer from [their] stalls, [viz. go far off from home, depart far from [their] hives * Raine hanging over, [viz. if there be any rain presently toward.] if it be like to rain; * Or do they trust the heaven, or sky. [viz they dare not commit themselves unto the air to fly abroad. or trust unto the air when * The Eastern winds approaching, or coming near, [viz. when it will be wind. the Eastwindes will arise. But they will seek water near them round about. But ‖ They drink or fetch water. they are watered * Being safe. safely under the walls of the city ‖ On every side. round about. And fly no further abroad than they may get home before the storm. * And they try [or assay] short excursions, [flights, walks or journeys] [viz. to go no further than they may get home before the storm.] And they adventure but short courses; and Or if they be overtaken by the winds, they use to take up little stones to peize and carry themselves even and steadily: like as floating boats do take up balasse, [viz. do l●ade themselves with land or gravel] in a rough water, to preserve them safe, and to go the better; even so do they take up these little stones to bear themselves even through the empty air. oft times do they take up little stones, as * Unstable [or wavering] boats [or barges.] Saburra, is the lastage or balasse wherewith ships are poized to make them go upright, as gross sand, gravel, or the like. floating boats [do take up] balasse * The flood [viz. tie or surges, tossing, and so putting the ship in danger. in a rough water. With these [same little stones] * They peise themselves, [viz. make themselves weighty to go steadily.] they bear themselves level through the empty * Clouds or dark weather. cloudy air. s Next hereunto the Poet declareth the manner of the breeding of bees. You will wonder * That manner to have pleased, [viz. that that custom hath so pleased, [or that they are delighted with such a kind of procreation.] that that same manner [of living] hath so pleased the bees, that they do neither * Delight in companying together for the cause of generation, [viz. take delight in engendering.] give themselves to That they are not bred by engendering, a● most other living creatures are. engendering; nor being ‖ Idle or sluggish, do loose, etc. or dissolve, [viz. spend or weaken their bodies with lust. slothful, do let lose their bodies unto * Venus. lust; Or have any lust. * Or do bring forth [their] young ones with [painful] endeavour or enforcement, as most other creatures. or bring forth young Neither bring forth their young with pain or enforcement. with pangs in birth. But they do ‖ Choose. gather But that they gather their young ones with their mouths, from sweet flowers & herbs as they gather their honey. [their] * Son's [viz. broed.] young ones with ‖ Mouths. their mouth from flowers and sweet herbs. They [hence] * Suffice [viz. supply or choose a new king.] provide And that hence they provide their king, make supply of their stocks, and establish their kingdoms. [their] king * And their little Romans [viz young to succeed in the place of the old.] and their young progeny, and * Festen again or set up. establish [their] * [Common] hall●. courts and [their] ‖ Hi●es, or combs, made ●hiefly of wax. waxen kingdom's. t In this place is repeated the painfulness & diligence of these bees. Oft times also * They have worn, [viz. rubbed or worn away. they That, they oft times wear their wings in earnest flying amongst stones & rocks, and oft die under their birds. wear [their] wings by * Erring far away, [or 〈◊〉] in hard whetstones [viz. rocks or clefts, out of which whetstones are made] amongst which they fly. wand'ring among hard rocks, and of their own The cause whereof is brought in by an Epiphonema; for that they have so great a love of flowers, and take such glory in making honey. accord * Have given up their soul, [viz. have died, or as we speak of men, have yielded up the ghost.] yield up [their] lives under [their] ‖ Load. burden. * [Their] love of flowers [is] so great, and their glory [or pride] of making honey i● [so great,] [viz. they take such a delight in it. They have so great a love of flowers, and [such a] glory of making honey. u Here likewise is interposed the age of bees, and how long they live. * Therefore albeit the term of a narrow age receive them, [viz. although the age of bees be but short.] Therefore although That they live but a small time, not above seven years commonly, (which is much too, considering their industry,) yet their stock (if they be well looked to) and so the prosperous state and honour of their houses remains almost immortal [viz. for many years] that the owners of them may reckon the grandfathers & great grandsires of them. the compass of a small age entertains them, ( * For neither more than a seventh Summer is led of them. for they do not live above seven years,) Yet [ ‖ Their race and progeny do not decay utterly. their] stock remains immortal, and ‖ The state or prosperity of them being carefully looked into, abides very long. the fortune of [their] house * Stands by many years. abides for many years; ‖ A man may number their progeny for many descents. and the grandsires of their grandfathers are numbered [amongst them.] x Unto the natures of the bees, the Poet addeth here their observance and honour towards their kings: which he illustrates by comparisons from some dissimilitudes and sundry effects. The dissimilitudes are these: that neither the Egyptians, Lydians, Parthians, Medes, nor Indians, are so observant & careful for their king, as the bees are for theirs. Moreover ‖ The people of Egypt and of Lydia. Egypt and great Lydia, * Nor the people of the Parthians or ‖ the Medes, [viz. the people of Media. or the Parthian, ‖ the Mede, [ * [Or] Hydaspes [the river of India] or] Indian do not so ‖ Reverence and carefully preserve. observe [their] king, [as bees do theirs.] ‖ So long as their king be is safe. The king being safe, * One mind is to all, [viz. they are all of one mind.] the same mind [is] in them all. * [But their king] being lost, they have broken their fidelity, and they themselves have plucked as under their honey built up [viz. laid or hoarded up in the honey combs.] [But he] being lost, they break their faith, and they themselves spoil [their] honey made For that their king being safe, all is in peace amongst them. up [in their cells] * And have loosed [or dissolved] the wattles of [their] honey combs: and so having destroyed all, they fly away. burst the frames of [their] honey But if he be lost, they break their faith, spoil their honey, and all their own work which they have made. combs. ‖ The king be. He [is] * The keeper [or preserver.] the protector of [their] works; As he is the protector of their works, so they admire him with all reverence, guarding him thick round about. * They admire him, or wonder at him with reverence. him they admire, and all of them stand about him * With a thick humming noise. with great humming noise, and guard They oft lift him up and carry him on their shoulders, putting their bodies between him and all dangers cheerfully enduring wounds, and readily adventuring their lives for his cause. [him] ‖ Being thick about him. thick. And oft times ‖ They bears him on their shoulders. they lift [him] up with their shoulders, and * Object their bodies in war [between his body and the danger] viz. when they skirmish with other bees. hazard [their] bodies in war [for him,] and do desire ‖ A fair death. a glorious death by wounds [sustained for his sake.] y Hence the Poet showeth, that by these observations of their government, and these former signs of their wisdom, some have thought that bees have reason and some part of divine understanding. * Certain men have said by these signs, and following these examples, there to be a part of the divine mind and airy breaths in bees. Some by these signs, and following these examples, have said that there is a part of the divine understanding and * Draughts from the firmament [or divine draughts] viz. such spirits as they draw from heaven. also heavenly spirits in bees: for why [they say] * God to go through all, [viz. that God is a spirit, and i● in all the elements, and every where, as the Poet said before, jovis omnia plena. that God For that God is in all things, going through all, both earth, and seas, and heaven. goeth thorough all, both lands and * Tracts. coasts of the sea, and the high heaven. Hereupon [they have affirmed] [both] * The lesser cattle, herds [or droves of beasts.] the And so every creature to fetch their life from him, and so from heaven. small [and] great cattle, men, and every kind * Of wild beasts. of wild beast, [Yea] * Every [man] being borne to fetch [or get] to himself [his] thin lines, [viz. life or vital spirits.] every one Yea that all things dying, surrender up their lives back again thither. that is borne, to fetch [his] life. ‖ From God. [from hence,] * To wit. Know this [that they have said] ‖ That all things are restored. all things] to be restored hither * Afterwards [or in the end.] finally, and being ‖ Dissolved by a separation of the soul from the body. resolved, * To be restored [hither,] viz. into the hea●ous, or to God. to be surrendered again; * Neither [any] place to be for death. and that there is no And that the spirits of all things that are dissolved, do fly unto the starred, every one to his own fatal star▪ and after return from heaven into new bodies as need is, and thus keep a continual succession both in heaven and earth. place for death, * But [all things] to fly alive into the number of a sign in heaven, [viz. into their own fatal star, from which they came,] but that all things [so dissolved] do fly alive into the number of the stars, * To succeed to the high heaven, [viz. to succeed or follow again in their place in heaven, whence they came. and [so] succeed [by course] in the high heaven. z And from hence he proceedeth to an eight precept, concerning the time of emptying their hives. If at any time you will * Vndaube, or uncover, [viz. to the end to take forth the honey combs, [or, if you will take forth of the hives. empty their Al. stately seat, * And the honey kept in their treasures. and the honey which they have That when the owners of them will take some of their honey forth, they first spurt upon them some draughts of water out of their mouths, as if it reigned, to cause them to keep within their hives, and smoke them with swampes, to cast them for the present into a kind of swoone. preserved in [their] treasuries: * Sprinkling before draughts of water, warm [these draughts] with [your] raouth. or make warm with [your] mouth draughts of water sprinkled [on them,] [either sparsus for spargens, or sparsos. first spurt upon them [some] draughts of ‖ Water sprinkled on them will cause them to keep in for fear of rain, and smoke will cast them into a swoon till you have taken forth the honey. water warmed in your mouth, and hold before you in [your] hand * Fumes of swampe, or galbanum, or the like. smokes following one another. ‖ The bees fill their hives twice in the year, or the husbandman gathers the increase of the bees, viz. of honey and wax twice, etc. They gather [their] This they do twice in the year, viz. in the Spring and in the harvest, which two times are described by the rising and setting of the seven stars. * Heavy [or loaden with increase.] great increase twice [in the year,] * There are two times of harvest, that is, of gathering their honey, viz. in the spring and in the harvest, i. e. twice in the year. they have two times of harvest: ‖ First when. * Together. So soon as ‖ Taygete and Pleias are two of the seven stars called Pleiades. By this speech following is meant, that the honey is to be gathered twice in the year, viz. at the rising and setting of the seven stars. Taygete The first when the seven stars called Pleiades rise in the evening: which stars are set out by the names of two of them, Taygete and Pleias. hath showed her honest face unto the earth, And ‖ And also when the same, etc. [viz. at the setting of the seven stars. Pleias * Hath thrust back. hath pushed back with [her] foot * The despised rivers of the Ocean sea with [her] foot, [viz. at the rising of the seven stars. the scorned The second time is at the setting of the seven stars, viz. when they go down at the arising of Pisces over against them. waves of the Ocean sea: ‖ Or whenas the same [Pleias] * Flying from the sign of the waterish fish, [viz. because at the setting of the seven stars, Piscis riseth over against them. shunning the sign of waterish Piscis, ‖ Sets seeming to descend into the Ocean sea, and so more sorrowful, or more sad by reason of the Winter showers which then begin. Goeth down more sad from heaven into the Winter waters. a Hitberto the Poet hath set out the nature of bees, by their causes, works, subjects, adjuncts: now he cometh to the evils and dangers belonging to them. * Anger is to them, [viz to the bees.] The bees have anger As first, that they will be angry without measure, and being hurt, they will bite and sting. above measure: and being hurt * They inspire poison into the bitings, [viz. they send poison into the places which they bite, or they poison the place bitten. they breathe And with their biting will breathe in a kind of poison into the place bitten; and will also fasten their stings so deep, that commonly they leave them behind them, and their lives withal. in poison with their biting, and also leave ‖ Short stings which can hardly be seen to be plucked forth. blind * Darts. stings, having fastened them in the veins: * And putting [their] lives in the wound, [viz leaving oft their stings in the wound, and then they die presently after, because with the sting, if they lose it, they lose some of their entrails. yea and lay down [their] lives in the [very] wound. A second evil, is their poverty, through the lack of honey in the Winter time, and by reason of robbers, against which he teacheth the remedy: That if you fear a hard Winter, and have pity on your bees, and care to preserve them: But if you fear ‖ Hard, because the bees get nothing that time, but only spend. a hard Winter, and will spare [ ‖ For [the time] to come,] viz. lest the bees d●e through lack of food, or being discouraged fly away. for [the time] to come: And shall have pity of [their] bruised * Minds or stomaches. hearts * And shall have pity of [their] broken matters. and [their] decayed estates: That you perfume their hives with the smoke of thyme, and also pair away all the empty wax. * But who can doubt. Who then would doubt * To smoke [their hives] with the smoke of thyme, with which the bees are much refreshed. to perfume [their hives] with thyme, and And then he gives reasons why he would have that wax so taken away. * Cut or take away the empty wax. pair away the ‖ The wax that hath no honey in it. * Empty [viz. void, superfluous, unprofitable. empty wax? for oft times▪ * Stellio is taken for the lizard, or a beast like the lizard, having spots in the neck like stars. the newt * Unknown [viz. not perceived.] not known of, Because that otherwise there will new 〈◊〉 breed or get into it, which will eat away the honey combs And likewise moths. * Eats unto [or into.] eats away the honey combs, [and] * Places to lie in [or nests] are heaped up to uthes [or by ●athes] viz. loathes get into the hi●es and consume all▪ or beetles. beds [are] made for moths which fly the light: And also idle drones will get into it, which will consume the provision of the little bees. And also the drone sitting * Free, [viz. idle, or partaker of no office or work with the other bees. scotfree ‖ Living (as we speak) at another man▪ trencher, [viz. on the labours of the little bees] * intermixeth himself. at others meat, Or else * The sharp [or stinging] hornet, so called because nine of them (as is said) will kill a man. the cruel hornet Or hornets with their cruel stings. * Hath intermixed himself with unequal weapons, [viz. with hi●sting far bigger than the stings of the bees. thrusts in himself with [his] unequal weapon's: And finally spiders will be bred there▪ which will weave and spread their nets lose in the mouths of the hives, to hang the bees as they enter in. Or [that] * Vengible [or cruel.] direful kind * Of worm breeding in hi●es. of moth; or [finally] ‖ The spider is said to be envied of Minerva, because being a girl of Lydia, she durst challenge Minerva in spinning, and so was changed by her into a spider. the spider * Envied. odious to Minerva, * Hath hanged her lose [or wide] nets, [viz. her webs wherein the bees are hanged.] hangs [her] nets lose * In the doors or gates. in the entrances [of the hives.] Lastly he adds this reason for the clean taking away of all the empty wax. Because the emptier the hives shall be, the more eagerly will the bees bestir themselves to repair their decays, and to fill up their empty rooms. * By how much the bees shall be more exhausted, [viz. drawn empty of honey, or more emptied.] The emptier the bees shall be, * By so much. so much the more * Sharply or fiercely. eagerly all of them * Will apply [themselves] to amend▪ will bestir [themselves] to repair ‖ The losses or damages the ruins * Of their kind, being sliden, [viz. spent or wasted.] of [their] decayed stock. And * Will fill together. will fill up [their] * Foros, hatches, [a metaphor borrowed of mariners, who load their ships with merchandise by the hatches. hatches, and ‖ And make up their combs with wax and like matter gathered from flowers. * Make like weaver's work. weave [their] barns with flowers. b Then followeth a third annoyance or evil of bees, which is by disease, for that they use to be diseased as well a● other cattle. But if [their] bodies ‖ Shall pi● away▪ shall languish * With a sad▪ or sorrowful disease. by [some] sore disease, (because life hath brought [even] our * Chances. misfortunes unto bees.) (Which thing * You may know now by signs not doubtful [viz. certain or manifest.] you Whereof he giveth fix signs, viz. whereby to know that they are sick. may presently know by undoubted signs.) ‖ So soon as they are sick, they are strait way of another colour [viz. a bad colour] There is forthwith As first, that they will be then of a bad dusty colour. another colour ‖ In them, [or the sick bees are of another colour. to them when they are sick: an Secondly, they will be of an ugly leanness. * Horrible [viz. ill favoured.] ugly leanness doth ‖ Mar [their] deform [their] * Countenance, or visage. look: * Then they carry forth out of [their] roofs [or houses] the bodies of [the bees] wanting light, and lead sad [or sorrowful] funerals or burials. then carry they forth Thirdly, by their carrying out of dead bees. the bodies of the dead out of [their] hives, and make doleful funerals. Fourthly▪ their hangging together ●unged by their feet at the mouth of their hives. * Or they do hang, knit together by [their] feet at the thresholds of their hives. Or they hang at the entries of [their] hives ‖ Clustered, or wrapped, or tangled together. clung by [their] feet. Fiftly, their lingering in their hives, and sloth, through famishment or cold. Or else ‖ All of the● linger [or loiter] they all abide lingering within ‖ In their hives, [as if it were shut up. in their houses shut, both sluggish through * Famine or hunger. famishment, and slothful * Through cold contracted or drawn upon them. by cold which they have Sixtly, by their heavy noise, humming in a trailing manner, as oft drawing their breath. caught. Then [their] sound is heard more heavy, and they hum ‖ Drawing out their noise weakly, [or oft drawing their breath, as in them that are ready to die, or more broken. trailingly. Which last sign is illustrated by three similitudes: That their noise is then as the noise of the Southwind in the woods. As sometimes ‖ The South wind being cold or cool, [viz. because it is cold, as all other winds in their own nature. the cold South wind ‖ Doth make a low noise in the woods. doth sound in th'wood's: [Or] as the troubled sea Or as of the sea being troubled with her rebounding waves. doth make a noise * With [her] waves [or surges] flowing back again. with [her] rebounding waves: [And] as the * Fierce [or scorching] fire burns, making a hollow sound. vehement O● finally like a vehement fire sounding hollowly in close fornaces. fire sounds hollowly * The fornaces or ovens being shut up. in fornaces shut up. c Whereunto ●e adjoineth nine remedies. As first, to perfume or smoke their hives with sweet smells, as by burning Galbanum, or the like. Secondly to hearten them, by laying honey in troughes of reed for them to feed upon, in the hives mouth, or before the hives. Thirdly, to mingle with the honey the decoction of bruised galls. Fourthly, to mix therewith dry roses. Fifthly, or to mingle with it new wine boiled thick in stead of the former. Sixtly, to lay them bunches of raisins of the Sun of the best vines for the bees to suck upon, or to make them decoctions thereof. Seventhly, decoctions made with thyme. Eightly, Decoction of centaury. The ninth and last by the decoction of the flower called Amello, which hebe the Poet describeth 〈◊〉 large by sundry circumstances: As first, that it groweth in meadows. Here now * I will persuade [or counsel you] to burn odours of Galbanum [which is a kind of gu● issuing out of a certain herb in the Summer time] viz. to smoke and perfume their hives with Galbanum.] I will advise [you] to make sweet smells with the burning of Galbanum. And [I would counsel you] * Exhorting [viz. encouraging them [that is] ‖ To hearten and revive your bees by seeding them with honey. heartening them of your own accord, * And calling them. & recalling them being * Weary or weak. faint, * Unto their known nourishment or sustenance, [viz. to encourage them to labour again. unto [their] acquainted food, to bring in [for them into their hives] honey * In reeden chancels or pipes. in troughes of reed. * It shall profit [them,] also to mingle [with the honey] the bruised taste of galls, [viz. the decoction of galls. It shall likewise do them good to mingle herewith bruised galls and dry roses, or * New wine boiled to the half. ‖ Bottled till it be very thick, or sod to a third part. new wine ‖ Of the best vine or grape, [viz. to make another decoction] boiled * Fat with much fire. thick with good store of fire, * Or bunches of grapes laid open [or dried well in the Sun] gathered] from the Psithian vine. or bunches of raisins of the Sun ‖ And a decoction made of thyme and centaury. of the Psithian vine. And thyme * Of Cecropia. ‖ In meadow grounds. of Athens and strong smelling * Of this herb are two kinds, the great and the small. The Physicians think the greater to be here understood. centaury. There is also a flower ‖ Which the husbandmen call Amell●, [as some think, of Mella ● river in France, near unto which much of it groweth, [or rather a river of Lucania, as followeth after. in the meadows, ‖ Which the husbandmen call Amell●, [as some think, of Mella ● river in France, near unto which much of it groweth, [or rather a river of Lucania, as followeth after. whereunto the husbandmen have given the name Amellus, Secondly that the husbandmen call it Amellus. an herb * Easie to [men] seeking [it.] easy [to be found] of them Thirdly, that it is an herb easy to be found of them that seek it. that seek [it.] * For i● lifts up [or shoots out.] For it sends up * A huge wood [viz. great store of stalks] and leaves or many branches out of one stalk or root. a In that first it sends forth many branches out of one root. mighty bush out of one Al. turf. And secondly for that the flower is of a golden colour, the leaves of a purple hue, somewhat like a black violet spread very thick round about. [The flower] itself is of a colour like gold; ‖ But the leaves are of a purple colour, somewhat like a black violet. * But a purple colour. but a purple hue [as] of a black violet ‖ Shines somewhat duskishly. shines somewhat in the leaves, * Which [leaves] are poured out very many round about, [viz. which grow very thick about. which are spread very thick round about. Thirdly, that the altars of their Gods were wont to be decked with garlands made thereof. The altars of the Gods [ * Are oft adorned. are] oft times decked with * Collars or chains [viz. garlands] knit [or tied together with a thread.] garlands made Fourthly, it is set out by the taste, that it is sharp in the mouth. [thereof.] The taste [of it] is Fifthly by the place more particularly where shepherds use to gather it, viz. in valleys wont to be mown, and specially near unto the river Mella, where it groweth plentifully. sharp in the mouth: shepherds do gather it * In mown valleys [viz. where no woods grow, or in meadows before they be mown.] in valleys used to be mown, and near unto the crooked * Floods of Mella. streams of * Mella (as was said) i● thought to be a river of France, or rather of Lucania, which is nearer unto Naples, where Virgil writ this work, as M●yen judgeth. Mella. Boil the roots Lastly he teacheth the manner of the decoction of it, to wit, by boiling the roots thereof in the most odoriferous wine, and then to set it as mean for the weak bees in ●ll droughts in the entry of their hi●. hereof * In wine smelling sweet [or mixed with spices smelling sweet.] in odoriferous * Bacch●. wine, And set [the same as] meat [unto the bees] in full * Wicker b●kets or panniers [or other vessels, a● treys, pipes, or the like.] troughs * In the doors. at the entry [of the hives.] d After all this, now towards the end of the work, he showeth the manner of the restoring and repairing of bees again, if all the whole brood shall fail, viz. by the putrified blood of a beast. But if all * The issue or stock, etc. [viz. if any man's bees shall die wholly. the brood shall fail any man of a sudden, * Neither shall he have from whence the kind of a new stock [or brood] may be recalled. That he shall not have [some left] whereof the stock of a new race may be supplied, To which purpose he brings in a long fabulous story concerning the memorable invention of Aristeus a king of Arcadia, in finding out this device of restoring bees, by the blood of a bullock newly killed. [It is] time ‖ To show in like manner. to lay open also ‖ The device of Aristaeus worth remembering. the memorable inventions of [ ‖ Aristaeus is said to have been king of Arcadia, and the first finder out of this invention of repairing bees decayed, and sundry other concerning bees. Aristaeus] the Arcadian master, * By what means foul [or unclean, or not pure] blood. how corrupt blood hath oft times brought forth bees * Bullocks being new killed. in Where he first useth a short exordium to a very long narration: That he will dispatch the whole report hereof, rehearsing it at large from the first beginning. bullocks newly killed. I will dispatch * All the fame of it. the whole report [thereof,] * Repeating [viz. fetching it] more deeply from the first original. rehearsing it at large from the first beginning. Then he enters into the narration, first by describing the place where this was first invented, viz. Canopus Pelleus in Egypt, near the mouths of Nilus, where the bees being utterly lost by the overflowings of Nilus, were repaired by this device. For all the region [from that part] where * The fortunate nation [viz. the wealthy people] of Canopus Pelleus, a city of Egypt near Alexandria, which Canopus, Alexander the great built, and is called Pellaeus, because Alexander who built it, was borne in Pella. vid Mein. the fortunate people of Canopus built by Alexander, * Dwelleth near unto Nilus standing as a pond [his] stream being poured out [or let out.] bordereth upon [the river] Nilus, overflowing as a standing Ramus and Frischli● do take it that Alexandria built by Alexander, is here meant, being near unto Canopus a little Island by one of the seven mouths of Nilus. Which ouerflowing● of Nilus are thus set out: That they make that part of Egypt near thereto, for the time of the overflowing like a standing pond. So that the people there are for that time fain to be carried about their grounds and country in boats. pond with his streams poured out, * And [the people] is carried about their country's [or fields] in painted brigandines, or galliots, [viz. for all the time that the country is overflowed by Nilus, which is for almost fourscore days, beginning at the rising of the dogstar, watering and fatting all their grounds. vid. Mein. & Ram. and is carried about his grounds in painted boats, And whence. And where [the And secondly the place is more particularly set out to be; where Nilus turning downward from Ethiopia, washeth upon the countries near unto the warlike Persian. same] river * Bending downward, well-nigh from, etc. turning downward * Urgeth [or pressethon, or cometh near unto, or troubleth.] all along from ‖ The Ethiopians, not the East Indians. See hereof Mein. and 〈◊〉. the [swarthy] coloured Indians, * The near places of Persia, [viz. the places not far off from Persia.] washeth upon * Wearing a quiver, [viz. loving archery.] the countries And where by the mud which it leaves behind it, it makes Egypt fruitful. near unto the Persian * And makes fruitful Egypt being green, [viz. more green than other countries through this overflowing of Nilus. armed with bows & arrows, * Doth lay her safety, [viz. for the preserving of her bees in this art of the repairing of them. and maketh And so rushing downward, divides itself into 7 diverse mouths, whereby it is emptied into the sea. green Egypt fruitful ‖ With the black mud which it leaveth behind it when it hath overflown. with his black sand: and rushing down ‖ Divides itself into seven diverse mouths, whereby it is emptied into the sea. doth run abroad into seven diverse Even all that region upon the occasion of this experiment, relies upon this art for the repairing of their bees. mouths. [Even all that region] * First a very little place. doth repose her certain ‖ Sure experience of this skill or practise of repairing bees. safety in this art. e And so he proceeds unto a full description of this art itself. First for the place where this feat may be wrought: That there must be a place made straight of purpose with walls. * Drawn together [or made straight or narrow] for the same uses. First of all a little ‖ Room. place and * They press this place, [viz. they make it close] with a roof tile of a narrow roof. straightened for that same use is chosen out. * They add. This they make close with narrow And covered close with narrow roof tiles. roof tiles and with straight walls. And * With an oblique [viz. thwart or slope] light, [that is, not full outright but descending downwards. they Which place must have four windows, whereby to let in the light aslope downward from the four winds. make four windows * Then a calf now crooking his horns in his two year old forehead is sought for this purpose. with the light let in aslope from the four winds. * Then a bullock of Secondly for the matter, that there must be a bullock of two years old, taken for this purpose. two years old, beginning now to bend his horns is sought. ‖ They stop his nostrils and his breath, though he struggle much, and kill him with bruising his flesh throughout his whole hide. His * The double nostrils, [viz. both the nostrils] are stopped] and the breath of the mouth is stopped to this [bullock] striving against it [or struggling] much. two nostrils Which bullock must be strangled by stopping his nostrils and mouth. and the breath of his mouth are stopped, although And all his flesh within his hide must be bruised with blows & bangs. he struggle exceedingly, and [his] * Bowels [viz. all his inward parts.] fleshy parts * Beaten. being Multa pro multum. bruised * Throughout his hide being whole, [viz remaining whole.] throughout his whole hide * Are unloosed [to him,] being killed with strokes or blows. are all dissolved Thirdly, that he must be left lying in the place so enclosed with pieces of green boughs, and also store of thyme and casia newly gathered underneath him. whilst he is killed with bangs. So they do leave him * Put. lying ‖ In the place shut up. in the enclosed place, * And put under his ribs branchy fragments [viz. pieces of branches or boughs of trees. and lay pieces of boughs underneath his Fourthly, it is described by the time when it is to be done, viz. in the beginning of the Spring; which is set out by sundry other circumstances, as first, when the West wind begins to blow. ribs, [and also] thyme Al. Fresh, recentes, [viz. newly gathered.] and Al. green ‖ Of Casia see before. Casia. * This thing is done [or effected,] the West winds first driving forward, [viz. thawing or stirring] the waves, [that is, in the first beginning of the Spring. This feat is done whenas the West winds do first begin to move the waters; Before the * Meadows. meadow Secondly, before the meadow grounds be decked with flowers. grounds be red with new colours, [and] before Thirdly, before the building of the swallow. that the chattering swallow hangeth up her nest in the rafters [of the house.] f After, followeth the event hereof, that the moisture of the bullock thus waxing hot and purrifying, by the means aforesaid, living creatures will appear in a marvelous multitude and manner, without feet at first like little worms. ‖ Before the coming, or at least before the building of the swallow. In the mean time ‖ In the mean while. [his] moisture being ‖ The blood being warmed in the bones all bruised, [viz. by the means of the time and place. made warm in [his] tender bones waxeth hot; and living creatures to be seen ‖ In wonderful sorts. in marvelous By and by they will flicker as with wings. * Manners. manner, After receiving more liveliness from the thin air, * Cut short [viz. as it were mai●ed and unperfect] of their feet like little worms. Lacking [their] feet at first, * And by and by making a noise, as it were, with fins, or wings. and straightway They burst out of the hide abundantly; which bursting out of them in such an admirable number, is illustrated by two similitudes: flickering [as] with * Pens or feathers, Al. with fins. wings, * Are mixed. Are mingled together, * And catch in thin air, [viz. gather vital spirits or life.] and take in thin air more and more, until That they pour out as thick as drops of rain out of the clouds in a great Summer shower: they have burst [out of the hide] even as a ‖ A vehement shower poured out of the clouds in the Summer time. shower poured out of Summer clouds, or as Or as the shafts are sent out of the bows when the Parthians give the first onset in battle. the ‖ Arrows, * [are scent out] shafts * The sinew, [viz. the bowstring which was wont to be made of sinews] driving [them.] out of the bow, * If at any time [viz. whensoever] the light Parthians enter their first battles, [viz conflicts or skirmishes with their enemies.] If at any time the Parthians light of foot do give the first onset. g Here the Poet to procure more attention to that which followeth, turns his speech unto the Muses, and invocates them to help him in finding out and relating this great matter; what God invented this skill. ‖ Oh ye daughters of jupiter, who remember all things. Oh [ye] Muses, [tell me] what God [ ‖ Hath invented or found out. hath beaten out] this [art,] who hath ‖ Found out this skill or cunning. beat out this * Art. skill for us. ‖ Upon what occasion. From whence this From whence this new experience came. new ‖ Practise or trial. experience of men Then he proceeds to his long narration concerning Aristeus, and the recovery of his bees. How he went unto his mother Cyrene a Nymph for advice, who sent him to Pro●eus a God of the sea, of whom he learned this art. Where first he describes Aristeus by his calling; that he was a shepherd, viz a great master of husbandry, chiefly of bees; and secondly by his country, Tempe, those pleasant fields of Thessaly, near the river Peneis; and thirdly, in that he having lost his bees by sickness and by famishment, did quite forsake that his pleasant country. hath taken her beginning. The ‖ The great husband Aristeus being skilful about cattle, trees and bees, as followeth after. shepherd Arist●us * Flying from, forsaking quite * The Peneian Tempe, [viz. Tempe near the river Peneus in Thessaly, running between Ossa and Olympus. the pleasant fields of ‖ Thessaly named Tempe near the river Penous, * [His] bees being lost (as the fame [is]) by, etc. [or when his bees were lost.] Having lost [his] bees And went to the head of the river Peneis; where standing very penfive at that sacred fountain, he makes a grievous complaint unto his mother Cyrene. (as the report goeth) by ‖ Diseases coming of famishment. Hysteron proteron. sickness and by ‖ Hunger. famishment, Stood * Sad. pensive at the Speaking in this manner as followeth, in the words of the Poet. sacred head of the * Utmost river, [viz. at the fountain of Peneus. utmost part of [this] river, Mother Cyrene, etc. Where first he calls his mother by her name; and secondly describes her by her habitation, that she dwelled in the deepest bottoms of that river. Complaining * Many things. much, and speaking to * [His] parent in this voice [or speech.] [his] mother in his sort: Mother Cyrene, * [My] mother. mother [mine,] * Which holdest, [viz. inhabitest.] who dwellest Secondly he aggravates his complaint by the wrong which she had done him; that she had bred him, and that of the noble lineage of the Gods, (if Apollo was his father, as she said) yet to live envied of the Gods or fates. in * The lowest bottoms or places of, etc. the deepest bottoms ‖ Cyrene was thought to dwell in a cave of Pindus, whence Peneus springs, there to be worshipped as a Nymph or Goddess. of this same ‖ River. gulf, why hast thou * Begotten me being odious to the fates bred me [coming] of the noble lineage of the Gods, (if so be that ‖ Apollo was called Thymbraeus, either of Thymbra a town of Phrygia, where was great store of the herb Thymbra, viz. Savoury; or of Thymber a river of Troas, near which Apollo had a Temple. Thymbraeus Apollo be And so expostulates with her, ask what was become of her love towards him, and why she had put him in hope to be received into the number of the Gods, or to live that heavenly life, seeing he could not be permitted the honour of this mortal life, which he had attained by his own wisdom, industry and experience in his careful ordering both of cattle and fruits. my father as thou sayest,) * Being odious to the fates, [viz. that I should live envied or odious to the Gods.] [to be] hated of the heavenly destinies? or whither [is] ‖ The love wherewith thou wast wont to love us. thy love of us ‖ Departed. driven * To thee. from thee? why didst thou bid me ‖ To hope to be received into the number of the Gods. t'hope for heaven? * Behold or see also. Lo also I do leave (although * Thee being [my] mother. thou be my mother) this very honour of [my] mortal life, which [my] * Witty custody. careful keeping both of fruits & And after he wisheth her, if she envied his prosperous estate, that she should then destroy all the fruits and hopes or his labours, as if pluking them up with her own hands. cattle, * Had beaten out to me, [viz. had invented or provided for me,] trying all things. had beaten out to me, making trial of all things. But go to, and thou thyself pluck up ‖ My fruitful trees, [viz. destroy all the fruits and hopes of my labours. my happy woods with [thine That she would consume with fire all his cattle, corn, and store. own] hand. ‖ Set fire upon my stalls of cattle, or rooms of store, [viz. burn up all my cattle and store.] Bring mischievous Yea that she would burn up his plants, and destroy his vines if she was weary of his praise. fire to my stalls [of cattle] and * Kill [viz. waste] [my] harvests or grain. destroy my corn. Burn up [my] plants and * Move [thy] strong twibill, axe, or vinehooke unto my vines. thrust thy strong two edged hook into [my] vines. * If so great tediousness [or weariness] of my praise have taken thee, [viz. taken hold upon thee,] or if it ●rke thee of my praise. If thou be so weary of my praise. h The Poet having thus described Aristaeus and his complaint, descends to the Nymph Cyrene the mother of Aristeus, and her answer: wherein first he showeth how she perceived a doleful voice, and then describes her both by the place where she was, viz. in her bedchamber, under the deep river Peneus; and also by her attendants, the Nymphs round about her. Which Nymphs are again set out by their work, that they toosed Milesian wool of a deep glassy colour; and by their names, to wit, Drymo, Zantho, Ligea, Philodoce: and these like wise commended by their beauty in their hair, viz. having their fair hair spread about their white necks. But [his] mother perceived ‖ A doleful noise, [viz. the complaint of her son Aristeus. a [mournful] sound in [her] bedchamber under [the bottom] of the deep river: * The Nymphs [standing] about her. the Nymphs about her ‖ Carried. toosed * Milesian fleeces [viz. of the city Miletum.] Milesian wool * Counterfeited. died * With a full colour of glass. Al. in a deep glassy colour. Al. A Saturan colour, of Saturum a city near Tarent, where such colours were much died. Both [the Nymph] * For the reason of these names set Ramus come on this place. Drymo and also Zantho, and Lygea and Philodoce, * Being poured out [or spread] in regard of [their] bright hair [or locks] by [or about] their white necks. having [their] ‖ Gay, or gallant. fair hair spread about their white necks. And with these Nesea, Spio, Thalia, Cymodoce, Cydippe and Lycorias, which two last are noted, that one of them was a virgin: Nesea [likewise] and Spio, and cke Thalia and Cymodoce, And also Cydippo * And yellow Lycorias, [viz. Lycorias with her golden locks. and yellow haired Lycorias: the one of them a virgin, The other of them having had one only child. * Th'other then first having tried by experience the labours [or travels] of Lucina. By Lucina is understood juno or Diana, so called because they two ruled the travel of women, and helped in bringing the child to light. The other having then first felt the pangs ‖ Where the Poet counts adultery theft. of bearing child. Unto these are added Clio and Beroe, which two are honoured by their descent, that they were the daughters of Oceanus. And Clio and Beroe [her] sister, both of them the daughters of Oceanus. Both of them * Girded in with gold. clothed And also by their attire, that they were clothed in gold, and spotted skins. in gold, * And with painted skins, [viz. garments or girdles made of speckled Dear skins. and in spotted skins [of hind's.] With these in like manner are numbered others, as Ephyre, Opis, Asia and Deiopeia. * And also. And in like manner Ephyre and also Opis, * And Deiopeia of Asia [or Asia Goddeslike.] Asia [and] Deiopeia, And Arethusa very And also Arethusa, who is commended for her swiftness, having laid away her shafts wherewith she pursued the chase. swift, * Her shafts being laid away at last, [viz. after that she had laid away her shafts, and left off her hunting.] having at length laid away her shafts. * Amongst which [Nymphs] [the Nymph] Clymene Amongst which, Clymene * showed [or related] viz. sang of, told * The vain [or needless] care of Vulcan. the idle care of Vulcan, * The deceits of Mars. Hereof see Ovid's Met. the crafty And amongst them all Clymene, who told them merry tales to pass away the time, & make their work more pleasant. Of which tales some few are noted, to give a ●aste to the rest. sleights of Mars, and their * Sweet thefts, [viz. stolen delights] between Mars and Venus. pleasant thefts. * And Clymene numbered the thick loves. And numbered up the thick and threefold loves of th' Gods, ‖ From the beginning of the world. Metam. I. [even] from the Chaos. i But here the Poet returns to declare the effect of Aristeus moan, that though the Nymphs were caught with much delight, whilst they were spinning, through the pleasantness of her discourse and her pretty tales, yet the doleful moan of Aristeus pierced into his mother's ears. * With which verse. With which discourse the Nymphs being * Catched or taken [with delight.] caught * Whilst they roll down or twist the soft yarn with their spindle's. whilst that they spin, * The mourning of Aristeus enforced [or entered violently into] his mother's ears. the doleful moan of Aristeus pierced into his mother's ears, and all the Nymphs And that all the Nymphs sitting on their glassy seats were much amazed therewith. were amazed * From [their] glassy seats. [sitting on] ‖ Their seats being bright like glass [as water which is shining, that it may be discerned through.] [their] glassy seats; but Arethusa looking forth before her other sisters, And thirdly how Arethusa looking forth before her other sisters to know the noise and what it meant, lift up her golden head above the top of the water. lift up [her] ‖ Shining head, or golden head. yellow head * From the uppermost wave, [viz. the uppermost part of the water. above th' top of the * Wave. water. * And far off. And being far off [thus she spoke,] Oh sister And that she perceiving what it was, though standing a far off, spoke unto her sister Cyrene, (who was exceedingly affrighted at the doleful moan) & showed her the whole matter. Cyrene, * Exceedingly terrified. affrighted not without [just] cause, * By so great a groan, [viz. pitiful mourning. for so great a wailing: Aristeus himself, thy greatest care, sad * To [or for thee.] for thy sake, stands weeping at the How her son Aristeus who was her greatest care, being very sad for her cause, stood weeping at the river side, & called her cruel. * Wave, [viz. at the side of [the river] Peneus. waves of Peneus [thy] father, and calls thee cruel by name. The mother * Smitten in regard of her mind. Synech. ‖ Astonished. smitten Whereunto the answer of Cyr●nes his mother is adjoined, and first is set down a preparation to her speech: How she being smitten with a new fear, returned again this answer unto Arethusa: That she should go and bring him in unto her. That it might be lawful for him to approach and enter within the thresholds of the Gods, sith he was the son of a Nymph and of a God. in her mind with a new fear, saith * To this [Arethusa.] to her, Go to, bring [him hither] bring him unto us, [it may be] ‖ For him [because he was the son of a God and of a Nymph.] lawful for him to touch the thresholds And withal how she commanded the waters to depart, and to make way where her son should enter in. of the Gods: [and] withal she commands the deep rivers ‖ To avoid, or give place, [viz. to make a way. to depart all abroad where the How thereupon the waters obeyed, stood about him. young man * Should bring in his steps, [or the going of the young man might bring him in. should enter in. But the * The wave. water stood round about ‖ Crooked [or bowed crooks] into the face [viz. after the manner or fashion of a mountain or hill. bowed after the manner of a hill. And received him accordingly, and sent him underneath the river unto his mother's house. ‖ And received him in her huge channel. And entertained [him] in her vast bosom, and sent [him] underneath the ‖ Stream. river. k Then the Poet shows his wondering at the things he saw in this his passage amongst the waters. How he admired his mother's house, her watery realms, the great: standing ponds within ●he ground, from whence the fountains and di●ers rivers issued, and also how he wondered at the sounding groves. And now * Marvelling [or wondering] at the house of his mother which had bred him. admiring his mother's house and her watery * Kingdoms. realms, And also the ‖ These are feigned to be the theatres of the Nymphs. lakes shut up in caves, and the ‖ Huge motion or tumbling. sounding groves▪ He went [forward,] and being astonished at the ‖ Large or spacious. mighty moving of the waters, How he still going forward, was astonished at the huge tumbling of the waters, and 〈◊〉 great rivers flowing vnder●e at● the earth. * And [admiring] the lakes, [viz. standing ponds or meres, the receptacles of the fountains or from whence the heads of diverse rivers issued. Beheld all the rivers * Sliding. * And did behold. flowing under the ‖ Issues forth. great earth, both Phasis and Lycus, And th● head from A● Phasis and Lycus. And to behold the heads of diverse great rivers, 〈◊〉 both of the deep river E●ipous, whence the deep E●ipeus first▪ Al. bursts forth [and shows] itself. All Snatcheth forth itself. * From whence. From what place And also of the ancient river Tiber. ‖ The ancient river Tiber [doth burst forth.] father Tiberine, and And so likewise the head of Anien, of Hipanis, Caicus & Eridanus. Which three rivers are set forth by their several circumstances. As Hipanis for making a great sound, running amongst stones: Caicus flowing out of Mysia. from whence the streams of ‖ Anio a river near Tibur. Anien [do come.] And Hipanis * Sounding as amongst stones, [viz. roughly and vehemently,] Saxosum pro Saxo●. making a great sound amongst the stones, and ‖ Caicus' a river of Phrygia, coming out of Mysia. Caicus flowing out of Mysia. Eridanus, that it hath two golden horns in a bull's face. * And Eridanus being golden [in regard of his] double horns in [or with] a bulls countenance. Synec. It seemeth to be called golden, either in regard of the sign in heaven so called, golden with clarre: or for the riches of it by the ca●tell feeding on the banks thereof; or the towns and cities near unto it. And it is said to be bull faced, for the roaring or violence thereof. It is now called Padus. And eke Eridanus having two golden And that it floweth most violently into the sea through the fertile fields. horns in a bull's face: * Then which [river.] than which not any other river * Flows in [or runs] more violent into the purple sea through the fat well tilled fields. flows more violently through the fertile fields into ‖ The Adriaticall sea called purple for the blackness, in regard of the depth. The sea i● commonly called ●ceruleum, viz. azure, or sky coloured. the ‖ And bring him fine towels. purple sea. l Then followeth a second part of the narration of the manner of his receiving into his mother's house, and entertainment there; and also his sending unto Pro● for his entertainment. How after he was entered into his mother's house, (which is described that it was roofed o●er with hanging pumish stone,) and after that she knew that the cause of her sons weeping might easily be remedied▪ the Nymphs which attended upon her (each in their order,) some of them brought him sweet water for his hands, * After that [it was] thoroughly come [of him] into the roofs, [viz. under the roofs] of the bedchamber hanging with pumish stone, [viz. being of pumish stone hanging over their heads.] After that he was come under the roof of the bedchamber [of his mother Cyrene] hanging all with pumish stone, and [that] Cyrene knew the * Vain [viz hurtful to him, and which might be helped.] needless weeping of [her] son: * [Her] natural sister's give liquid fountains to [his] hands in order, [viz. each in order, or many of them attending in order.] [her] sister Nymphs give in order fair spring water for his hands,▪ and bring [him] towels with * The naps shorn. the nap shorn off. Part [of them] * Load. furnish And fine towels to wipe withal. the tables with * Meat or delicates. dainties: Others of them furnish the table with dainties, and oft fill the cups. * And set again full pots. and oft do fill the cups: m For his sending to Proteus, the Poe● showeth what holy rites were used. How the Nymphs first burnt upon the altars great store of incense made with sweet Panchean wood. * The altars grow great with Panchean fires, [viz. with fires of sweet wood or of frankincense of Panchea a country in Arabia where is store thereof. the altars ‖ Are incensed, or have great store of frankincense burnt on them. wax full sweet with fires of Panchean wood. And [then his] mother [said,] Take thou these ‖ Pots, goblet's, or sacrificing cups. cups of * Meonian wine. ● Lydian And then how his mother filling certain sacrificing cups of Lydian wine, incites him to offer to Oceanus the great God of the sea. wine, * Let us sacrifice or touch lightly. Let us offer to God Oceanus, quoth she. * Together. And herewith she prays both And how withal she prays both unto that great Oceanus, whom she calls the father of all things, and to the Nymphs her sisters. unto * Oceanus the great God of the sea, son to 〈◊〉 and Vesta. Oceanus ‖ The Poet follows the opinion of them which thought all things to be made of the water. the father of all things, and to the Nymphs [her] sister's, * A hundred [whereof there are] which, etc. A hundred [of them] which ‖ Are Goddesses of the woods, a hundred of the rivers. [keep] Which sister Nymphs are described by their number and their charges; that a hundred of them kept the woods, and another hundred kept the rivers. the woods, [and also] an hundred which keep the rivers. * She poured [or all to sprinkled] about thrice the burning fire with liquid Nectar, [viz. that excellent drink of the Gods. Thrice did she sprinkle the burning * Vesta the Goddess of the fire, put for fire. fire with And thirdly how she thrice sprinkled the fires upon the altars with most pure Nectar. pure sweet wine. Thrice the flame being ‖ Under the wine cast on, it flashed back to the top of the house. underneath, flashed Finally, how the flame thereof flashed up three times to the top of the house. back again to th' top of the house. With which lucky With which good sign of happy success she comforting & assuring herself, as if she had 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the spirit of 〈◊〉 began to direct her so● Aristeus for his going and seeking unto Prote●s, as followeth. sign ‖ She assuring herself, as being inspired by Oceanus, began to speak thus. she confirming her mind, began thus. n That there was a Prophet of Neptune in the 〈◊〉 sea, There is a Prophet * Of Neptune. of the sea ‖ In the gulf of the Carpathian sea, which is so named of an I'll between Rhodes and Crete, called Carpathus. in the Carpathian gulf, [Called] ‖ Proteus' of the colour of the sea. the sky coloured Whose name was the sky coloured Proteus, which Prophet used to be carred over the sea on fishes backs. Proteus, who ‖ Swims over the huge sea. measures out the great sea * By fishes. [born upon] fishes backs, And in a chariot drawn by two footed horses. * And with a chariot of two footed horses joined [or tied thereunto] viz. with a chariot tied to the horses. And in a chariot How this Prophet was at this time gone to review the ports of Emathia and his country Palene. drawn ‖ The Gods of the sea were feigned to be of the forepart horses, fishes of the hinder. by two footed horses. * He now hath visited again the havens of Emathia. He is now gone to And how for his divine knowledge the very Nymphs did adore him, and even Nereus that ancient God of the sea did honour him, for that he foreknew all things both past, present, and to come. renew the ports of ‖ Emathia is taken for Thessaly, wherein Proteus is said to have reigned first. Emathia, and [his] country Palene. * Both the Nymphs do worship him, and also the great aged Nereus [who is the father of the Nymphs] [doth worship him.] Him do the Nymphs adore, and ancient ‖ Nereus' a God of the sea. Nereus himself, for ‖ That Proteus. [that] Prophet * Hath known all things. knoweth all things, Then for the confirmation hereof, she gives the reason of his divine knowledge: That it seemed good to Neptune thus to grate him therewith, for his good service done unto him, in tending of his beards of cattle, to wit, both his sea-calues and all other monsters of the sea. Which are, which have been, [and] ‖ Or which may be drawn on, [or prolonged] to come by and by [or hereafter.] which may be protracted to come ere long. Because it hath so seemed good ‖ To Neptune's grace. to Neptune, whose ‖ By these monstrous herds, he means the huge fishes and sea monsters, as whales and the like. monstrous herds of cattle, and * Filthy, [viz. ugly, great. huge sea-calues he feeds ‖ Under the gulf, [viz. in the depth of the seas.] underneath the gulf. o After she shows him the manner how he must consult with this Proteus: That first he must bind him before he ask any question of him, to the end that he might the more speedily make known unto him the causes of the diseases of his bees. * My son, this [Prophet Proteus] is to be catched of thee before with bonds, [viz. thou must bind him first because he will tell thee nothing, but being enforced. This [Prophet] ([my] son) is to be bound of thee before [thou ask him any thing] that he may * Dispatch readily. speedily tell thee * All the cause of the disease. every cause of the diseases [of thy And grant him good success for the repairing of them. bees,] * And may prosper the events [or falling out of things. and may give thee good success. Because he would not teach him any thing but by constraint. For ‖ He will not tell thee any thing. he will not give [thee] any precepts without For that he could not move him by any entreaty. * Force. constraint; neither shalt thou * Bow him. move him And therefore she adviseth to catch him of a sudden, and to bind him by force. * Stretch out hard force [or violence] to [him] taken. by entreaty. * Lay hard hands and bonds upon him being caught: ‖ His subtle devices about, etc. His And then howsoever he would for a time use sundry deceits to escape his bonds, yet at length all his shifts would be frustrate, and he should certainly prevail. deceits about these things * Shall be broken [as] vain at length, [viz. that he will tell thee] will at length be utterly frustrate. * I myself will lead thee into the secret places [or walks] of the old man, [viz. Proteus.] I myself [about the noontide] ‖ Whenas the Sun doth parch in the middle of the day. whenas Also to this purpose she promiseth that she herself will conduct him to the very place where he may find Proteus asleep. That about the noon time of the day, when as the Sun is most hot, so that the herbs begin to parch, and that the cattle seek after the shadow to stand under, to save them from the heat, she would guide him to the secret place of this old man. the Sun hath kindled [his] middle heat, When the herbs * Do thirst [or parch, as crying for water.] are thirsty, and the shadow is more ‖ Pleasant or delight some. welcome to the cattle, Will bring thee into the secret [places] of th' ‖ Gods of the sea are feigned to be old men and grey haired, because of the foam of the sea. old man, * Al. Whither he being wearied of the waves, or with the water. Al. whither he being weary, * Doth receive or betake himself. doth retire himself from the waves; that thou mayest Whither he being wearied by reason of his age & toiling amongst the waves, retires himself to rest. easily ‖ Come upon him. set upon him * Lying in sleep. lying fast asleep. p And here she rehearseth again the manner how her son should enforce him, when he had caught him. That he must hold him fast and bind him sure, because he would change himself into diverse shapes, to the end to delude him, or to affright him, so to cause him to let him go. But when thou shalt hold [him] * Catched with. taken with That so he might come upon him of a sudden, lying fast asleep. hands and bands, Then diverse ‖ Shows or likenesses. shapes will delude [thee,] and * Mouths. faces of wild beasts; * For he will be made suddenly a horrible [or dreadful] swine. for he will be of a sudden a rough bristled swine, and a ‖ A cruel tiger. black tiger, That he would be turned of a sudden into a swine, and to a black tiger. And also ‖ A dragon full of scales. a scaly dragon ‖ A she lion. and a lioness Likewise into a scaly dragon. * With a neck of a deep yellow shining like gold. with a tawny yellow And into a fierce lioness. neck: * Or else he will give a sharp [or shrill] sound of a flame of fire. Or else he will give Or else he would seem like a flame of fire, making a crackling noise to escape out of his bonds. forth a crackling noise of fire: and so he will * Fall out, [viz. get away.] escape out of [thy] bands; * Or sliding away, he will go into the thin waters. or slipping aside Or to slip away into the water. [from thee] he will go quite away into the thin waters. * But by how much more he shall turn himself. But how much more Against all which she forewarneth him, to look well to it, that the more he should so change himself, he should tie and hold him so much the harder, he ‖ Change. turns himself into all * Forms. shapes: * My son stretch more, by so much the bands holding him fast. So much the more (my son) tie hard his bands to hold him fast: Until he shall be such Until he come unto his right shape again, as he was at the first. a one, his body being changed [again,] * What a one thou hast seen him. as thou sawest him, when he * Covered. closed [his] eye * With sleep begun, [or [his] sleep begun] [viz. beginning to sleep.] beginning first to sleep. q Cyrene having thus directed her son, she moreover provides that he may be lively & valorous against the time of this his conflict with Proteus, the better to prevail. And to this purpose she cast upon him a pure odour of Ambrosia. ‖ Thus she spoke. These things she * Sa●d. spoke, ‖ And [withal] and * Poured abroad. cast abroad * A liquid smell [or savour, or juice.] a pure odour of r Ambrosia ab a pri●atiua, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mortalis, because it is ●aid to make them immortal who taste thereof, as Nectar of 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, occido, non occido, Ramus. ‖ By Ambrosia is either meant an herb commonly called Oak of jerusalem, or Oak of Paradise; or else it is taken for the meat of the Gods, as usually in the Poets, like as Nectar is the drink of the Gods. Ambrosia, * With which she poured [or wet] throughout the whole body of [her] son. Wherewith she Al. soaked the body of [her] son throughout: but * A sweet wind [or blast] breathed unto him, his hairs being composed, [viz combed, and neatly set in order.] a sweet sent blue to him; having his hair neatly dressed, And ‖ A lively ableness. an able vigour Al. Throughly anointed, or led throughout. * Came. entered into [his] limb's. s After all this, doth the Poet describe the place of Proteus re●t, more fully, where Cyrene sets her son to catch him in such sort as she had directed. There is ‖ A mighty great ho●e. a huge cave in the side * Of a mountain all eaten away [with the waters.] of a hill eaten Wherewith she soaked his whole body throughout, & blew upon with so sweet a scent, that a lively vigour entered into his limbs. all away, whereinto ‖ Great store of water. very much water * Is gathered by the wind. is driven by the wind, * And [the wave] doth cut or divide itself into bosoms brought back, [viz. hollow turnings of water banks, where the water is beat back.] and parts itself into reflowing creaks, * In time past a most safe standing [or road] to the mariners being catched. [Which] sometime [was] a most safe harbour for seamen caught [by tempest.] * Within Proteus doth cover, [viz. is wont to cover, or hide himself for his retire.] Within [it] doth That there is a huge cave in the side of a hill eaten with the water, where the waves driven in by the winds are beaten back. Proteus * Bar or shut. close himself with the * vast or mighty. cover of a * Here the Nymph [his mother] doth place the young man [viz. Aristeus] turned from the light [that is, aside from the cave's mouth, whereby the light came into the cave, that Proteus should not see him. huge great stone. * Hear doth the Which place was sometime a most safe harbour for seamen caught by tempest. Nymph [Cyrene] place the young man turned from the light, ‖ In a secret place. within How within this ca●e Proteus used to retire & rest himself, covering the mouth of it with a very great stone. the lurking holes: ‖ She also withdrew herself a far off, covered with a cloud. [and] she herself Al. went back far off And how within a creak hereof she placed her son secretly, that he might stand close▪ and not be seen. Al. resistit, stands back, [viz. stood aside. * Obscure with clouds, [viz. much hidden. obscured with clouds. t Then he declares the effect of her advice, how all things came to pass accordingly; and first sets out the time of his surprising him in such sort, that it was the beginning of the dog-days, viz when the dog-star burns in the sky, and about the midtime of the day, which is thus set forth by causes and effects: That the Sun had gone half his daily course, the herbs withered, the hollow rivers waxed warm even unto the mud, having their banks dry. * Now Syrius vehement [in burning] parching or scorching. Now the wood Dogstar called ‖ Syrius is a star in the mouth of the sign called the Dog, at the arising whereof are great and intemperate heats. Syrius broiling the thirsty That she withdrew herself far off, obscuted with a cloud. Indians * Did burn in the heaven, [viz. did cast his fiery influence from heaven. burned in the sky, and the fiery Sun * Had drawn half the orb, [viz. had past half the world, that is, was come to the midst or height of heaven, viz, to the noonesteed. had gone half his daily course: herbs withered, and ‖ The scorching sun had warmed the rivers to the mud. the sunbeams boiled the hollow rivers warmed to the mud, their * jaws [viz. mouths or tops of the rivers] viz. their banks dry all about the tops. upper parts being dry. u Secondly, Proteus his going to sleep, is amplified by the place whither he went, viz. to his wont caves; When Proteus went from the * Floods. rivers, * Seeking his accustomed holes, [or privy lurking places.] going unto [his] wont caves; ‖ The fishes of the sea. the waterish nation of the ‖ Huge great sea. vast sea ‖ Bouncing about him, as triumphing for excessive joy. leaping about him, sprinkled ‖ The seawater which is bitter in taste. the bitter dew ‖ Far abroad, like as fishes do when they leap. all abroad. ‖ The sea monsters. The sea-calues * Strew themselves in sleep in a diverse shore. lay themselves asleep on every shore. And likewise by his attendants, the sea-calues bouncing up about him as rejoicing at his presence, and sprinkling the water all abroad. ‖ Proteus himself. Himself (even as the keeper of a heard sometimes in th'mountains, ‖ Whenas his cattle go home from feeding. when the evening tide And thirdly by the sea monsters, laying themselves to sleep on every shore. Lastly, Proteus reposing himself to rest in the midst amongst them. Which the Poet illustrates by a fit similitude taken from a herdsman in the mountains: That as he, when his bullocks return from feeding in the evening, brings home [his] bullocks from feeding to [their] houses; At what time the lambs by their bleating set the teeth of th'▪ wolves on edge, doth then sit down upon some rock or some other high place, and counts the number of his cattle: And [when] the lambs * Do sharpen the wolves [or set their teeth on edge. do whet on the wolves ‖ By their bleating in the evening. [their] bleat being heard, ‖ Sits down on a rock, and tells his cat tell, even so Proteus ) * Sat down together [in the midst of his great troops of fishes.] Sat down * Being the middle. full in the midst upon a rock Even so did Proteus set down himself to rest in the midst of his great troops of fishes. and ‖ Rehearseth the number of them, [or numbers them.] counts the number of them. x Then followeth the adventuring upon him by Aristeus, and the whole manner of it for the speediness and violence thereof. * Of [taking] whom [viz. which Proteus] because a faculty [or liberty] is offered to Aristeus, Of whom because there was so fit an occasion offered to Aristeus, He scarcely * Having suffered suffering How he seeing now his fit opportunity, scarcely suffereth the old man to repose his weary limbs to rest, ‖ Proteus, the old man * To compose his wearied limbs. to settle his weary limbs [to rest,] * Rushes with a great cry, and takes before [or prevents him] lying down with manacles [viz. bonds [or gives] for his hands. Rushes [upon him] But rusheth upon him with a great outcry, with a great outcry, and Catcheth him lying all along to sleep, ties him fast. ties him with manacles lying all along. ‖ Proteus. He * Contrarily. on How Proteus on the other side remembering his skill, the other side, not unmindful * Of his [deceitful] art. of his skill, ‖ Disguiseth and changeth himself, Transforms himself Transforms himself into marvelous shapes. * Into all miracles [or marvelous likenesses] of things. into all wonderments of things, As both into fire, ‖ Both into the likeness of fire, and of fierce wild beasts, and a liquid flood [or stream.] Both into fire, and And into the likeness of a horrible wild beast, and also into a clear river. into a most horrible wild beast, and into a clear river. Finally, when he can find no means to escape by any delusion or device, * But when he found flight by no deceit. But when he could find no means to escape by any * Deceit, [viz. slight or device. shift, being overcome Being overcome he returns into his own shape again. * He returns into himself, [viz. he came to his own likeness. he returned into his own shape again. y And then he at length speaks with a man's voice: Demanding of him the causes how he durst be so bold? And at the length he spoke ‖ With a man● voice. with the [very mouth] of a man. Who bade him come unto his house? or what he fetched thence? * O thou most confident [young man] of [all] young men. O boldest of all youths, for who (quoth he) * Commanded thee, bade thee ‖ To enter into my dwelling house. to come Unto which demands Aristeus makes answer. unto our * Houses. house? or That he knew the causes well enough. what dost thou fetch hence? But * He answered. he [made That it was not possible for any man to go beyond him by deceit. answer,] Oh Proteus ‖ Thou knowest why I came, and what I would. thou knowest; And therefore wisheth him to leave off either to seek to beguile him, or to inquire the cause. even thou thyself knowest; neither is it For that he was come thither, following the command of the gods; and moreover that he came to inquire of the Oracles of the Gods, even of himself, (who at that time gave their answers) what he was to do for the repairing of his decayed estate, viz. for the recovery of his bees. [ * Granted] to any man. possible] for any man ‖ To outreach thee by deceit. to deceive thee: * But cease thou to be willing [to deceive me with thy sleights, or to know why I am come. But leave thou off to seek [to beguile me.] * We having followed [or obeyed.] We following the commandments of the gods ‖ Are come hither. have come hither * To seek the oracles [of the Gods] my things being sliden, [viz. mine estate or stock being decayed.] to inquire of the Oracles concerning our decayed estate. z Aristeus having thus spoken, Proteus strangely rapt by a divine fury, (as Prophets have been wont to be in giving their answer) speaks unto him as an Oracle. But first his fury is described notably. How he rolled his fiery eyes with great enforcement; * He spoke [or uttered] thus much, [viz. Aristeus answered thus. Thus much spoke [Aristeus.] * The Prophet rolled his eyes burning [or flaming] with red fiery light, at these words. At these words at last the Prophet [Proteus] with great enforcement * Writhed or turned. rolled his eyes burning with a ‖ Glaucus here seemeth to be taken for a fiery redness, a● in the eyes of lions. red fiery light, And * Gnashing [or grinning] grievously [being enforced. gnashing his Gnashed his teeth discontentedly, and then thus began to manifest the oracle, concerning the cause of the loss of his bees. That it was for the death of Eurydice, which he had caused; for which the Nymphs her sisters killed his bees. Which he utters thus by the contrary more particularly How it was not the displeasure of any mean power, but even of a God that did him that annoy. That he was punished for his heinous fact: and that Orpheus the famous musician (worthy of all commiseration) had raised up all that evil against him, yet nothing so great as his desert, (as he should find if the fates did not resist) for villainy offered unto his tender wise. teeth discontentedly, ‖ Thus he began to show the destinies of the Gods. thus opened he his mouth * In destinies. in oracles. * The angers not of no divine power, [viz. of none of the meanest Gods, or of no less a power then a God] do exercise thee. The wrath of no base power doth trouble thee, * Luis, not lues, [viz. thou abidest punishment for, [or thou redeemest or purgest by thy punishment] thy] great offe●es committed. Thou art punished for thy heinous faults: ‖ Orpheus the Poet worthy of much commiseration, stirreth up against thee all these evils. miserable Orpheus * Raiseth up to thee those punishments. raiseth up these storms, [and yet] * Nothing at all for thy merit, [viz. nothing so much as thou deservest.] nothing according to thy desert, * Except that [or but that the destinies resist,] viz. of Apollo thy father, and Cyrene thy mother. if the fates did not resist: and rageth grievously * For his wife being ravished, [or in danger to be ravished by Aristeus, [or for his wife being violently taken away [from him.] for villainy offered to his wife. She indeed [poor] * Young wench or girl. wench * Ready to die [with fear of thee.] being near unto her death, * Whilst she fled from thee all headlong, [viz. in haste without regard.] whilst headlong [she] fled from thee * By the floods [or rivers] by the river's side, saw not a * A cruel [fierce or huge] water serpent or adder. fell serpent For that whilst ●he fled away from him, as for her life, and almost dead with fear, running headlong by a river's side, was stung to death of a sudden by a most fell adder, which there lay watching in the deep grass. before her feet, ‖ Watching. keeping the banks in the deep * Herb, [herbs or weeds by the river side. grass. But the company of Nymphs called Dryads * Being equal [in age] with Orpheus' wife] viz. all the young Nymphs. being of like age, ‖ Made the mountain's ring with their cry. filled the highest mountains Whereupon all the whole company of the young Nymphs called the Dryads that were of equal age with her, filled the highest mountains with their cry: in so much as the very mountains themselves did seem to mourn and weep; with [their] cry: * The Rhodopeian towers have wept, [viz. the tops of the mountain Rhodope in Thracia being like towers, lamented] viz. by reason of the Nymphs there having their abode. the Rhodopeian hills As both Rhodopey, did weep, * And the high mountains called Pangaea [in Thracia near Macedonia.] And the high Pangean And Pangaea, And the country of Rhesus, tops, * And the warlike earth of Rhesus, [viz. of Thracia where king Rhesus reigned after. yea the warlike And also the Geteses, country of Rhesus, The rives Hebrus in like manner: and so Orythia the Athenian Nymph. And also ‖ The Scythians called Massagets. the Geteses, and the river ‖ A river of Thracia. Hebrus, * And Actias Orithya [viz. Orithya of Act or Athens the daughter of Erichthonius king of Athens. and likewise Orithya the Athenian Nymph. a But yet how Orpheus himself though exceedingly bewailing his dear wife, yet laboured to assuage his sorrowful love with doleful songs & with his hollow jute. Which harmony of his is set out both by the places and times, and things on which it wrought, and how far it did avail. That he sang of his sweet wife, both by himself all alone in the desert shore, and also how he sang of her in the morning, at the breaking of the day & in the eurning likewise at the departure of the same, still sounding out E●ridice in most 〈◊〉 sort. [But] he himself * Comforting [his] sick [or pensive] love with [his] hollow lute made of a torteise shell, [or after the fashion of a torteise shell, for thence was (as they say) the first invention of the lute.] assuaging [his] sorrowful love with [his] hollow lute, (O sweet wife) ‖ He sang of thee continually. [did sing of] thee, [he sang of] thee by himself [alone] in the * Lovely shore. desert shore: [He sang of] thee * The day coming. at the coming of the day; he sang of thee * [The day] departing. at the departing of the same: * And having entered into the Tenarian jaws, [or mouths, or gaping holes. And entering into the jaws of * Tenarus is a Promontory in Laconia, where for the deep concavities, is thought to be the descent into hell. Tenarus, the deep ‖ Dungeons. doors * Of Dis. of And so entering into the very jaws of hell, and into the deep dungeons of Pluto, and into a grove all black with fearful darkness, he went to the infernal spirits, and to the dreadful king, even unto Pluto himself. Pluto [the God of hell,] and into * A grove or wood dark with a black fear, [because there is perpatuall and most dread full darkness. a grove all black with fearful darkness, he went both to the ‖ Infernal spirits, ghosts, or devils. spirits, and ‖ To Pluto. to the dreadful king, And to the hearts * Not knowing [or being ignorant how] to wax gentle [or 〈◊〉] by humane prayers, [viz. that 〈◊〉 can be quieted or appeased by any prayers or means. This appeasing them by Orpheus was extraordinary and only for a time, by the sweetness of his melody. that And unto the ghosts which cannot be appeased or quieted by any prayers of men. know not to wax gentle at the prayers of men. * But the thin shadows moved together. But yet the slender But yet were moved by the sweetness of his harmony. ghosts being moved So that they came from the lowest seats of hell to hear him l●te and sing. with [his] song, ‖ Came and flocked to hear Orphe●s to sing and play. went from the lowest seats of * Erebus is properly a certain darkness, used for a river of hell, here for hell itself. hell, and [so many] Which coming of theirs, is amplified by their multitudes, and also by their sorts. likenesses * Of [men.] of [folks] lacking the light of life, * How many thousands of birds, [viz as many or as thick as birds which fly to the woods, etc. As thousands of That they came in such numbers, as birds flocking to the woods in the evening time. birds hide themselves in woods, * When the evening [doth drive them] When as the evening Or when a Winter shower drives them from the hills. or ‖ A wet or sharp storm. a Winter's shower doth drive [them] from And for the sorts of them, that there came both mothers and husbands, courageous nobles, boys and girls. the * Mountains. hills. * [These ghosts are] mothers and husbands. [B] mothers and husbands, and the bodies of courageous noble men ‖ Departed. discharged of life, Young men also which had been burnt to ashes before their parents faces. ‖ Lads. boys and unmarried girls, And young men ‖ Burnt to ashes in the fires made for that purpose. put into the fires * Before the faces of [their] parents. before Even all the ghosts of all sorts which were within the bounds of hell, came to hear him: which bounds are limited by Cocytus that loathsome river of hell, made so noisome, for that the water never moveth. [their] parents faces, [All] which the black mud and foul ill favoured reeds of * Cocytus is a river of hell, flowing out of Styx. Cocytus, and the fen being * unlovely with slow water, [viz. because the water never moveth. Al. loathsome through Al. Unfit to be sw●mme in. her continual standing water compasseth about, And by Styx the infernal fen compassing all nine times about. * Styx is said to be a fountain [or fen] of Arcadia, so cold, that it kills whatsoever ●rinketh of it: here taken for the fen of hell, à nomine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, tristis. and the [infernal] Styx ‖ For the understanding of these words, nou●es Styx interfusa, Servius saith, that by the nine circles are meant the seven circles of the seven planets and the two circles of fire and air, which nine circles compass the earth, intermixed with water, and so this Styx which is said to be in the midst of the earth: but for this I leave it to better judgement. nine times poured between This is yet further amplified, that not only these, but also the very hellish houses théselues were astonished therewith, & the deepest dungeons called Tarta●a. [the living and the departed] keepeth in [or includeth, compassing them nine times about.] And not they alone, but that even the hellish furies were wrapped therewith. Which furies are described as having their hair all entangled with blackish snakes. Moreover ‖ The fiends inhabiting the hellish houses. the very [hellish] houses themselves * Have been astonished or amazed. were astonished, & also * The inmost [deep] dungeons called Tartara. the deepest dungeons of death, * And the Eumenideses [furies or hags of hell, daughters to Acheron and Nox,] being entangled [or having entangled or wrapped] sky coloured snakes with [their] hairs, stood astonished to hear Orpheus. and the furies of hell having their Yea that Cerberus the gaping cur of hell left off his yolping. hair all entangled with blackish snakes: and likewise And moreover, that the very wheel of Ixion, whereon he was tormented, stood still; and even the wind did stay, whereby it was whirled about before. * Cerberus a dog with three heads, which as the Poet's feigned was porter of hell. Cerberus the gaping cur of hell, * Kept [viz. left off his yolping.] stayed his three mouths. And the wheel * Of Ixion's orb, viz. the round engine whereon he was tormented by jupiters' appointment, because he had solicited juno to adultery] stood still [or stayed] with the wind [viz. together with the wind of it, by which wind it rolled about before] to the end that they might hear Orpheus. of Ixion's torture stood still with the wind [thereof.] b And finally the Prophet showeth, that his music so far prevailed, as that he had recovered his Eurydice again, upon this condition and law, that he look ●ot behind him unto her, until they were both quite forth of hell: whereunto they had proceeded, which is thus set forth by the Poet. That he was returning back from hell, had escaped all dangers, with his wife restored unto him, and was coming out of the infernal darkness into the light of this world; and yet even there overthrew all his labours and hopes again, only forgetting that law of Proserpina the Queen of hell, in looking back unto his Eurydice. And now [Orpheus] * Carrying back [or plucking back] [his] foot. returning back [from hell] ‖ Was past. had escaped all * Chances 〈◊〉 misfortunes. dangers, and [his wife] Eurydice ‖ Whom he had recovered again. being restored [unto him] ‖ Was coming into the upper air, [viz. into the light of the world, out of the darkness of hell. came into the upper air, following behind [him,] (for why ‖ Proserpina Pluto's wife had given this law, that if Orpheus looked back upon his wife until she was quite out of hell, and in the upper light of the world, he should lose her again, for that she should return back into hell. Proserpina [the Queen of hell] had given this law.) c Which is also further amplified by the causes and manner thereof. That a sudden madness through the vehemency of his affection, caught away his unwary mind to look back unto his Eurydice (which though it was a great fault against such a law and upon such a peril, yet was it a fault that in that case might well have been pardoned if the infernal spirits could pardon any thing. Notwithstanding he only standing still, and but casting his eye behind him to her at the first glimpse of the light lost all his hope; the grant of the merciless tyrant being utterly made void. Whenas a sudden ‖ Folly of too much love. madness * took [viz had surprised or caught away the mind of Orpheus at unawares. had caught away the unwary lover, ([ * [A madness,] [viz. a passion of love to be forgiven. A folly] indeed to be ‖ To show any pity. pardoned, if the [infernal] spirits knew ‖ Conquered or surprised of mind, [viz. by the passion of [his] mind. to pardon [any thing.] [He] stood still, and * Alack. alas forgetful [man,] and ‖ A great noise of many voices together [was] heard from the standing waters of Avernus, [viz. the lake of hell,] the fiends rejoicing at the returns of Eurydice. overcome in mind, * He looked back unto his [wife] Eurydice. he looked back upon his own Eurydice, now * About the very light, [viz. somewhat before full light, or so soon as he was come within the glimpse of any light.] about the very entrance into the light. There [was] all [his] labour * Poured out [or spilt.] lost, and the * League's [viz. grant.] covenants of the * Ungentle [viz. pitiless] tyrant [Pluto.] merciless tyrant * Burst [or broken.] all made void, d Then followeth the lamentable moan and woe of both of them thereupon. and thrice ‖ The commandment of Pluto calls me back. a broken noise [was] heard from the Avernus ponds. [Then] she spoke [thus,] O Orpheus who hath * Lost [or utterly cast away or destroyed.] undone both * Wretched woman. me miserable wretch, & thee That though the fiends did exceedingly rejoice thereat, so that there was heard a great broken noise at of many voices together, of those infernal spirits from the 〈◊〉 ponds, yet they both lament; and first she poor wretch cries out unto her husband that he had undone both her and himself, demanding what so great a madness in him had undone them both? for that the cruel 〈◊〉 now called her back to hell again. [likewise.] * What madness, [ah] so great [hath undone vo●] What so great a madness! lo ‖ The commandment of Pluto calls me back. the cruel destinies call me back again: and sleep [of death] * Doth hide my lights [viz. eyes] swimming [in tears.] doth cover [my] And the sleep of death began to cover her dazzling eyes. dazzling eyes. And now ‖ O Orpheus farewell. farewell: And so she bids him farewell, for that she perceived herself to be borne away, being compassed about with a dreadful darkness. And then stretching out her feeble hands unto him, which she told him were none of his: [for] * I am carried. I am borne [away] compassed about * With a huge great night. with a dreadful darkness. * And I alas not thy [wife] [as thou imaginedst.] It is an answer to that before, Euridicem suam respexit. And stretching out to thee (alack not thine) ‖ The weak [or feeble] palms of my hands. [my] feeble hands. [Thus] she spoke, Having spoken, she vanished suddenly out of his sight, like smoke vanishing into the thin ●ire, so that she saw him not after. * And fled away divers [or asunder from him] suddenly out of his eyes, even as the smoke mixed together flieth into the thi● winds or blasts. and [vanished] suddenly out of his sight, even as the smoke being mixed together flies And he poor man catching at her shadow all in vain, and desirous to have spoken many things unto her, and to have gone after her, yet could not. diverse ways into the thin air: neither saw she him * Furthermore [or further.] after catching at [her] * Shadows. ghost all in vain, * Willing. and desirous to speak For that the ferryman of hell would not suffer him any more to pass the fen between the living in this world and the infernal ghosts. many things unto her, nor yet ‖ Charon that carried souls oúer the three rivers of hell, Acheron, Cocythus and Styx, as the Poets fain: whence some of the heathen have been wont to put a little piece of money into the mouths of the dead to pay for their feriage or fare. the ferryman of hell * Suffered him. Would suffer [him] to pass over any more ‖ Styx. the fen * Set against [them.] set between [the living and the infernal ghosts.] e This woeful distress of Orpheus, the Prophet 〈◊〉 amplifieth again, adorning it with this demand, what he should have done in this case, whither he should have betaken himself, having his wife thus violently taken away from him twice? by what lamentations be could 〈◊〉 possibly either move the fiends, or entreat the Gods. What should he do? whither should he * Carry himself. betake himself, his wife being * Snatched away. violently taken from him twice? With what * Weeping. lamenting ‖ Could he move, should he move And that she now being cold, swims back in the Stygian ferryboate. * The infernal spirits or devils. the fiends, [or] with what voice [might he * Move the [infernal] powers. entreat] the Gods? * She indeed. But she ‖ Being dead, now cold, * Did swim [or was carried back in the ferry boat of hell. swims [back] in the Stygian ferriboate. f For Orpheus likewise. Proteus amplifies and sets out his lamentation both by the time, places and effects, and finally by his miserable death. For the time; that men say that he mourned seven whole months together without ever taking rest. * [Men] show [or report] him [viz. Orpheus] to have wept. They say that he [then] mourned seven whole months * In order [without intermission.] together [without rest,] * Under an airy rock, [viz. high in the air.] Under a very lofty And for the place, that this he did under a high rock near unto the river Strymon a place little inhabited through lakes & fens, oft repeating his old song. rock in the open air, * At the wave [viz water] of Strymon a river of Thracia, having in some places no people near unto it by means of fens and lakes by it, and oft over flow. near unto the streams of Strymon forsaken [of all people], * And to have oft rolled over these things. and that he oft repeated these same Also for the effect of his song, that there he tamed the tigers with his 〈◊〉, and made the very oaks to move. things under [those] cold cave's, * assuaging the tigers, [viz. the fierceness of the tigers, or delighting the cruel wild beasts.] Taming the tigers, and ‖ Making the very oaks to move. moving the oaks with [his] * Verse. song. g This ●e illustrates by a most apt similitude taken from the nightingale. That like as she mourning under the shade of a poplar tree, 〈◊〉 in most doleful ●ort for the taking away of her young ones by a hard hearted plough man, who finding them draws them out of their ●east unfledgd, even so did he. * What a one [or as] the nightingale sorrowing [or lamenting] under a poplar shade. Like as the nightingale mourning under the shade of a poplar tree, ‖ Bewails her young ones being lost. complains for her young ones being lost: * Which [young ones.] which the * Hard ploughman. hard hearted ploughman ‖ Marking. Observing, drew forth out of [their] nest * Fetherlesse, [viz. before they had feathers.] unfledge; And like as she wails all night long, and sitting upon some branch ever renews afresh her woeful note, filling all places far and near with her doleful complaints, so likewise did Orpheus. but she * Weeps. wails [all] the night, and sitting * In a branch, [viz. on a bough of that tree from whence her young were taken] begins again. on a bough, renews afresh ‖ Her doleful song. her miserable * Verse. note, and fills the places * All abroad. far and near with [her] * Sorrowful [mourning or lamentable] complaints. doleful complaints. h Afterwards he enlargeth and sets out yet further, the excess of his mourning, that it was so great, as no new love or marriages could move his mind at all: * No Venus [or lust.] No love: * No marriages have bowed, [viz. moved or inclined [his] mind. no new marriages could move his mind. But that he wandered pensive all alone in the most cold countries, both through the frozen Scythian coasts, and near the river Tanais, which is usually covered with snow; and up and down the cold Rhiphean mountains never free from frost, always dolefully complaining for his Eurydice so taken from him violently, and the grant of Pluto thus utterly made void. * He viewed all alone the Hyperborean ice, [viz. the cold countries of the North towards the North pole.] He all alone wandered about the frozen Scythian coasts, and the river Tanais * Snowish [or white with snow, or ever mixed with snow.] covered with snow, * And also [he wandered through] the fields never deprived of as a widow, [viz. never voide of] the Rhiphean whore frosts [viz. the frosts upon the Rhiphean hills.] and eke the fields never without the Rhiphean frosts, complaining for ‖ His wife Eurydice. [his] Eurydice taken [from him] violently, and the * Gifts of Dis, [the God of hell] all in vain. grant of Pluto utterly made void; * For which gift [viz. in respect of which Eurydice] the mothers of the Cycones being despised. in regard of And finally, that his mourning was so excessive and so endless, that he came to despise all other women in regard of his Eurydice. Whereupon followed his miserable death by the women of the Cyconians, who seeing themselves and all other women scorned by him, plucked him in pieces amongst them, yea they dragged & strewed his quarters through the broad fields, at the time of the sacrifices of their Gods, even at their Bac-chanalia, when they celebrated their night ceremonial rites to Bacchus in most odious manner. which most precious gift, the women of the ‖ The Cycones are a people of Thracia dwelling near the river Hebrus. Cycones being * Despised [by Orpheus.] scorned, ‖ Plucked Orpheus in pieces being then but a youth, and strewed his quarters through the broad fields at the time of the sacrifices and night ceremonies which they used at their feasts of Bacchus. * Spread [or scattered.] dragged and scattered the young man plucked all in pieces through the broad fields, amongst * The holy things of the Gods. the sacrifices of [their] And which is of all other most memorable, that yet his love remained such to his Eurydice, that when as his head being plucked off from his white marble neck, was thrown into the river Hebrus, as it tumbled up and down in the midst of the stream, his voice and tongue, though he was now cold, called still Eurydice. God, and * The rites or ceremonies of Bac●hus [wont to be celebrated in the night at their Bacchanalia or feasts of Bacchus.] the night ceremonial rites of Bacchus. And then withal whenas the river * Hebrus a river of Thracia, called OEagrius of OEagrus king of Thracia, and father of Orpheus as i● thought. Hebrus OEagrius [of Thracia] carrying [his] head plucked away from [his] white marble neck, * Rolled [it] in the middle gulf [viz. midst of the gulf [or stream.] tumbled [it] in the midst of the stream, Ah miserable Eurydice; even when his soul was flying away. * The voice itself and the cold tongue did call Eurydice. [his] very voice and tongue now cold called So that the banks throughout the whole river resounded still Eurydice. Eurydice, ‖ Alack Eurydice p●re wretch. ah miserable Eurydice, * [His] soul flying away [or departing] viz. when his ghost utterly departed. even when his soul was flying away. The banks ‖ Resounded with the Echo. resounded Eurydice * In the whole flood. through the whole river. i This was the sum of the answer of Proteus. And when he had made an end of his speech, the Poet showeth how he cast himself into the depth of the sea. * Proteus spoke [or answered] these things, and gave himself by a throw These things [spoke] Proteus, and cast himself * Into the deep sea, [viz. leapt into the depth of the sea, or main sea. into the depth of the sea. And how where he threw in himself, the waters whirled about their foaming waves under the round turning of the stream. * And which way he gave [himself.] And where he threw in himself, he whirled about the * Frothing wave [or water] under the whirlpit [or upper crown of the waters.] foaming waves under the round turning of the stream. k Yet that his mother Cyrene who had secretly withdrawn herself to hearken, and carefully to look to the comfort of her son, departed not from him so as Proteus did; but seeing him in much perplexed fear, spoke unto him most cheerfully: That he might now put away all sorrowful cares out of his mind, for that he understood the cause of all his woe. But Cyrene [departed] not: for why, she of her own accord spoke unto [her son] ‖ Being very fearful. fearing [much:] [My] son, [quoth she] * But Cyrene [the mother of Aristeus [did] not [so,] [viz. cast not herself likewise into the sea, nor yet feared. thou mayest put away sorrowful cares out of thy mind. ‖ Eurydice Orpheus wife. She [of whom Proteus spoke, is] ‖ The whole cause. all the cause of the disease: That all his losses were for that violence offered to Eurydice, and for her death ensuing thereupon, for whose sake the Nymphs with whom she used to dance in the green woods, sent all that miserable destruction upon his bees. * It is lawful to put away sad cares out of [thy] heart. hereon the Nymphs with whom * From hence. she used to dance in the high ‖ Wood●. groves ‖ Have thus destroyed [thy] bees. have sent [this] miserable destruction * She practised dances. on thy bees. * To [thy] bees. Thou [therefore] humbly offer gifts ‖ Seeking reconciliation. craving peace, and ‖ Adore. worship After also having thus manifested unto him the cause, she shows him likewise the remedy. ‖ The gentle Nymphs of the woods, [viz. the Goddesses of herbs and flowers, gentle or easy to be entreated. the Nymphs of the woods [which are] easy to be entreated. That he must humbly offer gifts unto those Nymphs of the woods, (which as she ●els him were easy to be entreated) and that he must adore them, craving peace: because they would easily be appeased so, and grant him his requests. * Thou being suppliant reach [out] gifts. For they will grant * For they will give leave unto [thy] vows or wishes] and will remit their angers, [viz. they will be pacified.] [thy] requests, and qualify [their] wrath. l And withal she directs him in order what the manner of his entreating them must be. But I will first tell thee in order, what is * Of praying [or making supplication] unto them. the manner of entreating [them.] Choose out four * Ch●ise [or picked out.] special bulls ‖ Of body peerless or matchless. of excellent body, * Which now feed upon the tops of green Lyceus for thee. which feed for That he must choose four principal bulls of most excellent bodies of all those which feed upon mount Lyceus in Arcadia, and as many heifers which never had borne yoke. thee now upon the tops of green ‖ Lyceus a hill of Arcadia. Lyceus' mount, and as many heifers * With neck untouched, [viz. which never bore yoke,] [because the sacrifices must be whole and untouched.] of neck untouched. * Appoint to these four altars at the high temples. Four, as it may seem according to the number of the four windows and winds mentioned before. Make for these also And that he must make for these four altars near unto the temples of the Nymphs, four altars near unto the stately temples ‖ Of these Nymphs. of the Goddesses: ‖ And kill these bulls. and let Where he must kill them, so letting out the sacred blood out of their throats. out the sacred blood forth of [their] throats. And also leave the Also that he must leave the bodies of these in a grove full of green leaves. very bodies * Of the exen in a leavy grove. of the bulls in a grove full of green leaves. And that the ninth morning after he must offer some ghostly sacrifices to Orphe●s, After * Whenas the ninth morning shall show her risings, [viz. in the morning of the ninth day.] whenas the ninth morning shall appear, As namely of poppies, causing forgetfulness. Thou shalt send unto Orpheus [some] ghostly Orphei casus Graec. sacrifices, [namely] * Deadly poppies, [viz. causing forgetfulness unto death, if they be very much.] poppies causing forgetfulness: And also a black sheep. And thou shalt [likewise] * Kill [for a sacrifice] a black sheep] [because the infernal spirits are delighted with black sacrifices.] offer a black And then go and visit the grove again where their bodies lie. sheep, and shalt go see ‖ The grove where the bodies of the 〈◊〉 are. the grove again. [There] shalt thou There to adore Eurydice, offering to her a heifer to 〈◊〉 her likewise. ‖ Adore Eurydice being appeased, [viz. seeking to appease her with a heifer offered to her. worship Eurydice appeased with a heifer slain. m All which things the Po● showeth how Aristeus did according ●y without delay, obeying in all things the precepts of his mother. * [There was] not [any] delay. There was 〈◊〉 no delay, [but] ‖ Aristeus. he ●orth▪ with * Dispatcheth [or puts in execution.] obeyed ‖ The commandments. the precepts of his mother: Comes unto the Temples, How he came into the Temple, erected four such altars as she had directed him. [and] ‖ Erecteth or buildeth the altars. reareth up the altars, ‖ Directed [by his mother. showed [unto him.] And also how he brought four such choice bulls & as many ●heifers of untouched neck. [And] brings four * Bulls picked out [viz. singular. chosen bulls of * Excelling or notable. excellent body, and as many heifers * Their neck being untouched, [viz. which never bore the yoke.] of untouched neck. And after when the ninth morning did appear, he sacrificed to Orpheus as he was commanded, and went again unto the grove. Afterwards * Whenas the ninth morning had brought in her risings, [viz early in the morning on the ninth day after. whenas the ninth morning did appear, * He sends the infernal sacrifices to Orpheus, [viz. he sacrificed to Orpheus.] Aristeus] sends to Orpheus the ghostly sacrifices, * And visited again the grove, [viz. where the bodies of the beasts were left.] and went again unto the grove. n Then the Poet relates the effects of all, how every thing an sweared his desire. [And] here indeed they do behold a sudden * Monster. wonder▪ and marvellous That here they did behold a sudden wonder, and almost uncredible to be spoken. to be spoken, bees ‖ Stridere & effervere tertiae co●iugationis ut olim. for to make a buzzing noise * Throughout the molten bowels, [viz. dissolved by putrefacti●.] throughout the That first bees made a buzzing noise throughout all the bodies of the beasts. dissolved bowels * Of the oxen. of the beasts in their whole * Womb [viz. body] bellies, * To boil out [viz. to issue out 〈◊〉 it were boiling.] and [as it And then issued as it were boiling out of their bursten ribs and 〈◊〉 were] * with heat to issue boiling out from their bursten ribs. * And ●asurable clouds to 〈◊〉 drawn along, [viz. swar●es like clouds.] And mighty clouds 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they s● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rudes of them, 〈◊〉 mighty clouds 〈◊〉 out in length, 〈◊〉 in the air, ●d for to swarm together knitting in the tops of tree●, to h●ng down like great clusters of grapes from the li●ber boughs. [of bees] t'be drawn [in length] and now ‖ To swarm and 〈◊〉. to flow together knitting * In a chief [or high tree,] [viz. high in a tree.] in the top of a tree, and ‖ To let down, to send down * A grape, [viz. to hang down in a great cluster like a huge bunch of grapes. a cluster like a grape from the * Bowing or bending, etc. limber boughs. o Thus the Poet having made an end of his long story of Aristeus, concerning the recovery of his bees, and for the manner of repairing them when all the stock is utterly decayed, comes to the conclusion of the whole work of his Georgics, with a brief rehearfall of all the things contained therein, and also of the time and place in which he wrote. That these things he had sung of the ●illage of the fields, and of orde●g of cattle, and concerning trees. * I sang these verses, [viz. I writ these things in verse.] These things I sang ‖ Of or concerning the manner of the tillage of the field●, upon the tillage of the fields, and [ordering] of cattle. * And upon trees. And concerning trees, whilst * That great [viz. mighty and most renowned [Augustus] Caesar. that great Caesar ‖ Fighteth valiantly and terribly like the thunder, against the Parthians, having overcome the Armenians. thundereth with war ‖ Near the river Euphrates. at the deep Euphrates, * And being a conqueror ordains laws amongst a people willing to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to submit themselves. and [as] a victorious conqueror giveth laws amongst a willing people, and [thus] * 〈◊〉, a way to heaven, [viz. 〈◊〉 by v●lorous acts. prepares a way for heaven. Sweet Naples * 〈◊〉, [viz. Naples a most famous city of Campania, called first Parthenope of one of the sirens so named buried there.] entertained at that time And this at the time whenas Augustus' 〈◊〉 thundered 〈◊〉 wa●e ●gainst the 〈◊〉 having subdued the 〈◊〉 menians, and was ●daining good 〈◊〉 among● a wicked ople; and so was preparing a way for heaven, or at least for divine honours in the earth. me Virgil flourishing in * Of unnoble idleness, [viz. of Poetry, which requires a kind of idleness in vacant time from business, according to that of the Poet, Caemina secessum scribentis & otia quaerunt. It is also called unnoble, because learning commonly brings so little honour or riches through men's unthankfulness, or lack of respect, or for that idleness brings no honour. the studies * Nourished me. of unrenowned vacancy. And finally that he wrote these books of his Georgics at Naples, flourishing in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Poetry, which he calls ignoble vacancy. FINIS.