SIGILUM REGIS MAGNAE BRITANIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE PRO CONSILIO SVO VIRGINIAE royal seal A DECLARATION OF THE STATE OF THE Colony and Affairs in VIRGINIA. WITH A RELATION OF THE BARBArous Massacre in the time of peace and League, treacherously executed by the Native Infidels upon the English, the 22 of March last. Together with the names of those that were then massacred; that their lawful heirs, by this notice given, may take order for the inheriting of their lands and estates in VIRGINIA. AND A TREATISE ANNEXED, Written by that learned Mathematician Mr. Henry Briggs, of the Northwest passage to the South Sea through the Continent of Virginia, and by Fretum Hudson. Also a Commemoration of such worthy Benefactors as have contributed their Christian Charity towards the advancement of the Colony. And a Note of the charges of necessary provisions fit for every man that intends to go to VIRGINIA. Published by Authority. Imprinted at London by ,for Robert Mylbourne, and are to be sold at his shop, at the great South door of Paul's. 1622. TO THE Honble COMPANY OF VIRGINIA. Right Honourable and Worthy: THE fame of our late unhappy accident in Virginia, hath spread itself, I doubt not, into all parts abroad, and as it is talked of of all men, so no question of many, and of most, it cannot but be misreported, some carried away with over-weak lightness to believe all they hear, how untrue soever; others out of their disaffection possibly to the Plantation, are desirous to make that, which is ill, worse; and so the truth of the Action, which is only one, is varied and misreported. I have thought it therefore a part of some acceptable service in me towards you, whose favours have preferred me to be a member of your Company, to present you with these my poor labours, the Collection of the truth hereof, drawn from the relation of some of those that were beholders of that Tragedy, and who hardly escaped from tasting of the same cup, as also from the Letters sent you by the Governor and other Gentlemen of quality, and of the Council in that Colony, read openly here in your Courts: That so the world may see that it was not the strength of a professed enemy that brought this slaughter on them, but contrived by the perfidious treachery of a falsehearted people, that know not God nor faith. No generous Spirit will forbear to go on for this accident that hath happened to the Plantation, but proceed rather cheerfully in this honourable Enterprise, since the discovery of their brutish falsehood will prove (as shall appear by this Treatise following) many ways advantageable to us, and make this forewarning a forearming for ever to prevent a greater mischief. Accept it from me, I most humbly beseech you, as the first fruits of my poor service. Time may happily make me able to yield you some other work whose subject may be joy, as this is a Theme of Sadness: Mean time, I commit You and the Noble Colony to God's good blessing, as he that shall always be A true Votary for your happiness, and servant to your commands, EDWARD WATERHOUSE. Faults in printing are thus to be amended. Page. Lane. Faults. Amend. 10 10. French Vignerous French Vignerous. 24 17. Mastiffs to tear them Mastiffs to seize them. ibid. ibid. which take this naked which take these naked 26 12. non s'inga muu non s'inganna. 29 4. with his brothers with his brother. ibid. 10. ambitious quarrels ambitious quarrels. 40 4. Shinhow Swinhow. ibid. 10. Weynoack. Weyanock. 45 5. by Fretum Hudson. and by Fretum Hudson. THE INCONVENIENCIES THAT HAVE HAPPENED TO SOME PERSONS WHICH HAVE TRANSPORTED THEMSELVES from England to Virginia; without provisions necessary to sustain themselves, hath greatly hindered the Progress of that noble Plantation: For prevention of the like disorders hereafter, that no man suffer, either through ignorance or misinformation; it is thought requisite to publish this short declaration: wherein is contained a particular of such necessaries, as either private families or single persons shall have cause to furnish themselves with, for their better support at their first landing in Virginia; whereby also greater numbers may receive in part, directions how to provide themselves. Apparel for one man, and so after the rate for more. Apparel. li. s. d. One Monmouth Cap. 00 01 10 Three falling bands 01 03 Three shirts 07 06 One waistcoat 02 02 One suit of Canvas 07 06 One suit of Freeze 10 00 One suit of Cloth 15 00 Three pair of Irish stockings 04 Four pair of shoes 08 08 One pair of garters 00 10 One dozen of points 00 03 One pair of Canvas sheets. 08 00 Seven else of Canvas, to make a bed and bolster, to be filled in Virginia 8. s. 08 00 One Rug for a bed 8. s. which with the bed serving for two men, half is Five else course Canvas, to make a bed at Sea for two men, to be filled with straw, iiij. s. 05 00 One course Rug at Sea for two men, will cost vi. s. is for one 04 00 00 For a whole year for one man, and so for more after the rate. Victual. Eight bushels of Meal 02 00 00 Two bushels of pease at 3. s. 06 00 Two bushels of Oatmeal 4. s. 6. d. 09 00 One gallon of Aquavitae 02 06 One gallon of Oil 03 06 Two gallons of Vinegar 1. s. 02 00 03 03 00 For one man, but if half of your men have armour it is sufficient so that all have Pieces and swords. Arms. One Armour complete, light 17 00 One long Piece, five foot or five and a half, near Musket bore 01 02 One sword 05 One belt 01 One bandaleere 01 06 Twenty pound of powder 18 00 Sixty pound of shot or lead, Pistol and Goose shot 05 00 03 09 06 For a family of 6. persons and so after the rate for more. Tooleses. li. s. d. Five broad howes at 2. s. a piece 10 Five narrow howes at 16. d. a piece 06 08 Two broad Axes at 3. s. 8. d. a piece 07 04 Five felling Axes at 18. d. a piece 07 06 Two steel hand saws at 16. d. a piece 02 08 Two two-hand-sawes at 5. s. a piece 10 One whip-saw, set and filled with box, file, and wrest 10 Two hammers 12. d. a piece 02 00 Three shovels 18. d. a piece 04 06 Two spades at 18. d. a piece 03 Two augers 6. d. a piece 01 00 Six chissels 6. d. a piece 03 00 Two percers stocked 4. d. a piece 00 08 Three gimlets 2. d. a piece 00 06 Two hatchets 21. d a piece 03 06 Two froves to cleave pale 18. d. 03 00 Two hand-bills 20. a piece 03 04 One grindlestone 4. s. 04 00 Nails of all sorts to the value of 02 00 Two Pickaxes 03 06 02 08 For a family of 6. persons, and so for more or less after the rate. Household Implements. One Iron Pot 00 07 One kettle 06 One large frying-pan 02 06 One gridiron 01 06 Two skillets 05 One spit 02 Platters, dishes, spoons of wood 04 01 08 00 For Sugar, Spice, and fruit, and at Sea for 6. men. 00 12 06 So the full charge of Apparel, Victual, Arms, Tools, and household stuff, and after this rate for each person, will amount unto about the sum of 12 10 The passage of each man is 06 00 The freight of these provisions for a man, will be about half a Tun, which is 01 10 So the whole charge will amount to about 20 00 00 Nets, books, lines, and a tent must be added, if the number of people be greater, as also some kine. And this is the usual proportion that the Virginia Company do bestow upon their Tenants which they send. Whosoever transports himself or any other at his own charge unto Virginia, shall for each person so transported before Midsummer 1625. have to him and his heirs for ever fifty Acres of Land upon a first, and fifty Acres upon a second division. Imprinted at London by FELIX KYNGSTON. 1622. A DECLARATION of the state of the Colony and Affairs in VIRGINIA. With a Relation of the barbarous Massacre in the time of peace and League, treacherously executed upon the English by the native Infidels, 22 March last. ALthough there have been many and sundry Treatises writ of Virginia, and the Commodities thereof; whereat malicious men may take occasion to cavil, but godly men will find good cause to praise the Almighty, whose wonders are seen in the deep, through the which we have sailed to the discovery of this good Land: Yet I have not thought it amiss (since I am to express some late Accidents) beforehand to sum up the benefits of that Country; partly because they daily increase by new Discoveries made, to the glory of our most gracious King, and ever renowned to all posterity, for the founding and supporting of this most Royal and blessed work of Plantation, to the great honour, wealth and happiness of his most famous Kingdoms; and partly, because such is the customary daintiness of Readers, that they seldom take the pains to gather together all that hath been written of any subject, that so they might take the whole business into their consideration, (which is the only way to make a true judgement,) but usually content themselves with one or two Books set out occasionally, and with reference to some former Treatises, whereby they gain but a lame and parcell-knowledge, and so oftentimes both prejudice themselves and the truth. THE Country called VIRGINIA (so named by the late Virgin-Queene Elizabeth of blessed memory) being the rightful inheritance of his Majesty, as being first discovered at the costs and charges of that most prudent Prince of famous memory, King Henry the Seaventh, his Majesty's great Grandfather; The Patent whereof still extant to be seen, was granted to john Cabot and diverse other of his subjects, who went thither with six Sail of Ships, and discovered as far as from Cape Florida to Newfoundland, all along the Coast, and took possession thereof to the King's use, about that time when Ferdinando and Isabel discovered the Western Indies: (by which title of first discovery the King of Portugal and Spain hold and enjoy their ample and rich Kingdoms in their Indies East & West:) A coast where King Edward the sixth after planted his fishing to the Newfoundland by public Act in Parliament, and of which Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow took again possession to the use of the late Queen Elizabeth: and after them, Sir Richard Greenfield, Sir Ralph Lane, and Sir Walter Raleigh; at what time several Colonies were there placed. And since his Majesty's most happy coming to the Crown, being an absolute King of three of the most populous Kingdoms (which Charles the fifth was wont to term Officina gentium, the shop or forge of men,) finding his Subjects to multiply by the blessed peace they enjoy under his happy government, did out of his high wisdom and Princely care of the good of his Subjects, grant a most gracious Patent to diverse Honourable persons, and others of his loving Subjects, authorising them thereby to go on in the Plantation of this his lawful and rightful Kingdom of VIRGINIA, which by the blessing of Almighty God is grown to good perfection. THis spacious and fruitful Country of VIRGINIA, is (as is generally known to all) naturally rich, and exceedingly well watered, very temperate, and healthful to the Inhabitants, abounding with as many natural blessings, and replenished with as goodly Woods, and those full of Deer and sundry other beasts for man's sustenance; and the Seas and Rivers thereof (many therein being exceeding fair and navigable) as full of excellent fish of diverse sorts, and both water & land yielding as great variety of fowl, as any Country in the world is known to afford. The situation whereof being near the midst of the world, between the extremities of heat and cold, seems to partake of the benefits of both, and thereby becometh capable of the richest commodities of most parts of the Earth. From whence ariseth an assurance that (by the assistance and skill of industry) those rich Furs, Cordage, and other Commodities, which with difficulty and danger are now drawn from Russia, will be had in VIRGINIA and the parts adjoining, with ease and safety. And the Masts, Planks, and Board's, the Pitch and Tar, the Pot-ashes and Soap-ashes, the Hemp and Flax, which now are fetched from Norway, Denmark, Poland, and Germany, will there be had in abundance. The Iron, which hath so wasted our English Woods, (that itself in short time must decay together with them) is to be had in VIRGINIA (where wasting of Woods is an ease and benefit to the Planter) for all good conditions answerable to the best Iron of the world, whereof proof hath been made. The Wines, Fruits, and Salt of France and Spain: the Silks of Persia and Italy, will be had also in VIRGINIA, in no kind of worth inferior, where are whole Woods of many miles together of Mulberry trees of the best kinds, the proper food of the Silkworm, and a multitude of other natural commodities. Of Woods, Roots and Berries, for excellent Dyes; of Plants and other Drugs for Physical service; of sweet Woods, Oils and Gums, for pleasure and other use; of cotton-wool, Silkegrasse and Sugar Canes, will there be had in abundance, with many other kinds. And for Corn, Cattell, and Fish, (which are the substance of the food of man) in no place better: the Grain also of our own Country prospering there very well; but their Maize (being the natural Grain of VIRGINIA) doth far exceed in pleasantness, strength, fertility, and generality of use, the Wheat of England. The cattle which were transported thither (being now grown near to fifteen hundred) do become much bigger of body than the breed from whence they came. The Horses also (through the benefit of the Climate, and nature of their feeding) more beautiful and fuller of courage. And such is the extraordinary fertility of that soil, that the Does of their Deer (a kind differing from ours in England, yet no way inferior) yield two Fawns at a fall or birth, and sometimes three. And the Fishings along our Coasts are in plenty of Fish equal to those of Newfoundland, and in greatness and goodness much superior, and twice in the year to be taken, in their going and return, which is not elsewhere found in such plenty and variety; So as there went this year from diverse parts of this Kingdom, near thirty Sail thither, who are well returned and richly fished. To conclude (but out of certain advertisements so often reiterated from thence, as well as by the constant relations of many hundreds now yearly coming & going) they avow, that it is a Country which nothing but ignorance can think ill of, and which no man but of a corrupt mind & ill purpose can defame, which as it paralelleth the most opulent and rich Kingdoms of the world, by lying in the same Latitude with them, so doth it promise richer Ours of the best and most desired metals with them, when the Colony shall be of sufficient strength to open and defend them. And for the Passage thither, and Trade there, it is free from all restraint by foreign Princes, whereunto most of our other accustomed trades are subject: there is neither danger in the way, through the encountering of the Enemy or Pirate, nor meeting with Rocks or Shoals (by reason of the fair and safe passage thorough the main Ocean) nor tediousness of journey, which by reason of better knowledge then in former years (the fruit of time and observation) is oftener made and in fewer weeks, then formerly it was wont to be in months; which (with the blessing of God) produced in the last Summer this effect, that in the Fleet of nine Sail of ships, transporting above seven hundred Passengers out of England and Ireland, for the Plantation, but one person (in whose room another at Sea was borne) miscarried by the way. And for them after arrival, there are convenient lodgings now in building, and careful attendance in Guests-houses providing, till those that arrive can provide for themselves. 3570 People sent to Virginia in the three last years. 42 Sail of ships, 1200 Mariners employed. In the three last years of 1619. 1620. and 1621. there hath been provided and sent for VIRGINIA forty two Sail of ships, three thousand five hundred and seventy men and women for Plantation, with requisite provisions, besides store of cattle, and in those ships have been above twelve hundred Mariners employed: 1500 To the Summer Lands. 9 ships, and 240 Mariners employed. There hath also been sent in those years nine ships to the Summer Lands with about nine hundred people to inhabit there, in which ships two hundred and forty Mariners were employed. In which space have been granted fifty Patents to particular persons, for Plantation in VIRGINIA, who with their Associates have undertaken therein to transport great multitudes of people and cattle thither, which for the most part is since performed, and the residue now in preparing, as by the several Declarations of each year in their particulars, (manifested and approved in our general and public Quarter-Courts) and for the fuller satisfaction of all desirous to understand the particularities of such proceedings, hath been by printing commended to the understanding of all. The Letters written from the Governor and Treasurer in VIRGINIA in the beginning of March last, (which came hither in April,) gave assurance of overcoming and bringing to perfection in this year, the Iron-works, Glasse-works, Salt-works, the plentiful sowing of all sorts of English grain with the Plough, having now cleared good quantity of ground; setting of store of Indian Corn or Maize, sufficient for ourselves, and for truck with the Natives; restraint of the quantity of Tobacco, and amendment of it in the quality, learned by time and experience; The planting of Vines and Mulberry-trees near to their houses, Figg-trees, Pomgranats, Potatoes, and cotton-wool seeds, Pocoon, Indigo, Sugarcanes, Madder, woad, Hemp, Flax, and Silkegrasse; and for the erecting of a fair Inn in james-citie for the better entertainment of new comers, whereto and to other public works, every old planter there offered freely and liberally to contribute. I write the words of their Letters. And how in a late Discovery made, a few months before by some of them to the Southward, they had passed thorough great Forests of Pines, fifteen or sixteen miles broad, and above threescore miles long, very fit for Masts for shipping, and for Pitch and Tar, and of other sorts of woods fit for Pot-ashes and Soap-ashes, and came unto a most fruitful Country, blessed with abundance of Corn, reaped twice a year (within the limits of VIRGINIA) where also they understand of a Copper-myne, an essay whereof was sent, and upon trial here found to be very rich; and met with a great deal of Silkgrasse there growing, which monthly may be cut, of which kinds, and cotton-wool, all the Cambaya and Bengala stuffs are made in the East-Indies: and of which kinds of Silkegrasse was heretofore made a piece of Grogeram given to Queen Elizabeth. Mr. Hariot in his book of Virginia, 1585. And how that in December last they had planted and cultivated in VIRGINIA Vines of all sorts, (as well those naturally growing, as those other Plants sent them from these parts of Europe) Orange and Lemon-trees, Figge-trees, Sugarcanes, cotton-wool, Cassavi Rootes, (that make very good bread) Plantanes, Potatoes, and sundry other Indian fruits and plants not formerly seen in VIRGINIA, which at the time of their said Letters began to prosper very well: as also their Indico-seedes, for the true cure whereof there is lately caused a Treatise to be written. Furthermore, they write that in a Voyage made by Lieutenant Marmaduke Parkinson, and other English Gentlemen, up the River of Patomack they saw a China Box at one of the King's houses where they were: Being demanded where he had it, made answer, That it was sent him from a King that dwelled in the West, over the great Hills, some ten days journey, whose Country is near a great Sea, he having that Box, from a people as he said, that came thither in ships, that wear clothes, crooked swords, & somewhat like our men, dwelled in houses, and were called Acanack-China: and he offered our people, that he would send his Brother along with them to that King, which offer the Governor purposed not to refuse; and the rather, by reason of the continual constant relations of all those Savages in VIRGINIA, of a Sea, and the way to it West, they affirming that the heads of all those seven goodly Rivers, (the least whereof is greater than the River of Thames, and navigable above an hundred and fifty miles, and not above six or eight miles one from another) which fall all into one great Bay, have their rising out of a ridge of hills, that runs all along South and North: whereby they doubt not but to find a safe, easy, and good passage to the South Sea, part by water, and part by land, esteeming it not above an hundred and fifty miles from the head of the Falls, where we are now planted; the Discovery whereof will bring forth a most rich trade to Cathay, China, japan, and those other of the East Indies, to the inestimable benefit of this Kingdom. But for the further proof hereof, and of the Northwest passage thither by Sea, I refer the Reader to the Treaty annexed at the end of this Book, written by that learned and famous Mathematician, Mr. Henry Briggs, which I having happily attained unto, have published for the common good. Moreover, the Letters of Mr. john Berkley, sometimes of Beverstone Castle in the County of Gloucester, (a Gentleman of an honourable Family) likewise certify, that a more fit place for Ironworkes (whereof he was made Master & overseer) then in VIRGINIA, both for wood, water, mines, and stone, was not to be found: And that by Whitsuntide then next (now passed) the Company might rely upon good quantities of Iron made by him: which also by Letters from Mr. George Sandis the third of March last, was confirmed, with this farther description of the place (called The falling Creek) to be so fitting for that purpose, as if Nature had applied herself to the wish and direction of the Workman; where also were great stones hardly seen elsewhere in VIRGINIA, lying on the place, as though they had been brought thither to advance the erection of those Works. The Letters of the French Vignerous or Vinemen, procured out of France & sent over into VIRGINIA, did likewise ascertain, that no Country in the world was more proper for Vines, Silk, Rice, Olives, and other Fruits, than VIRGINIA is: and that it far excelled their own Country of Languedocke; the Vines of diverse sorts being in abundance naturally over all the Country: and they having planted some cuttings of Vines at Michaelmas last, in their Letters affirm that these bare Grapes already this Spring, to their great wonder, as being a thing they suppose not heard of in any other Country. A taste of Wine made of the wild grape, they last year sent, with hope to send a good quantity this next Vintage; and that the Mulberry-trees where they abode were in wonderful abundance, and much excelling both in goodness and greatness those of their own Country of Languedocke: and that those Silkworms they have, prosper exceeding well, and some Silk they hope to send this year, there wanting nothing to set up that rich Commodity but store of hands wherewith England doth abound. Of the fruit of which Mulberry-trees (as of a Plum there plentifully growing) they would make wholesome drinks for the Colony and people there. The Letters of Mr. Porey (verified also from the Governor and Council) advertised of a late Discovery by him and others made into the great Bay Northward, (reserving the sounding of the bottom thereof for a second Voyage,) where he left settled very happily near an hundred English, with hope of a good trade for Furs there to be had. From thence was brought by Lieutenant Perkinson, in his voyage, some of that kind of Earth which is called Terra Lemnia (there to be had in great abundance) as good as that of Turkey. BY this (though it be but in part) the Reader may understand the great riches and blessings of this excellent Country, which even ordinary diligence and care must needs strangely improve. But that all men may see the unpartial ingenuity of this Discourse, we freely confess, that the Country is not so good, as the Natives are bad, whose barbarous Savageness needs more cultivation than the ground itself, being more overspread with incivility and treachery, then that with Briers. For the land being tilled and used well by us, deceived not our expectation, but rather exceeded it far, being so thankful as to return an hundred for one. But the Savages though never Nation used so kindly upon so small desert, have in stead of that Harvest which our pains merited, returned nothing but Briers and thorns, pricking even to death many of their Benefactors: yet doubt we not, but that as all wickedness is crafty to undo itself, so these also, thorough our sides, have more wounded themselves then us, God Almighty making way for severity there, where a fair gentleness would not take place. The occasion whereof thus I relate from thence. THE last May there came Letters from Sir Francis Wyatt Governor in VIRGINIA, which did advertise that when in November last he arrived in VIRGINIA, and entered upon his Government, he found the Country settled in a peace (as all men there thought) sure and unviolable, not only because it was solemnly ratified and sworn, and at the request of the Native King stamped in Brass, and fixed to one of his Oaks of note, but as being advantageous to both parts; to the Savages as the weaker, under which they were safely sheltered and defended; to us, as being the easiest way than thought to pursue and advance our projects of buildings, plantings, and effecting their conversion by peaceable and fair means. And such was the conceit of firm peace and amity, as that there was seldom or never a sword worn, and a Piece seldomer, except for a Deer or Fowl. By which assurance of security, the Plantations of particular Adventurers and Planters were placed scatteringly and stragglingly as a choice vein of rich ground invited them, and the further from neighbours held the better. The houses generally set open to the Savages, who were always friendly entertained at the tables of the English, and commonly lodged in their bedchambers. The old planters (as they thought now come to reap the benefit of their long travels) placed with wonderful content upon their private dividends, and the planting of particular Hundreds and Colonies pursued with an hopeful alacrity, all our projects (saith he) in a fair way, and their familiarity with the Natives, seeming to open a fair gate for their conversion to Christianity. The Country being in this estate, an occasion was ministered of sending to Opachankano the King of these Savages, about the middle of March last, what time the Messenger returned back with these words from him, That he held the peace concluded so firm, as the Sky should sooner fall than it dissolve: yea, such was the treacherous dissimulation of that people who then had contrived our destruction, that even two days before the Massacre, some of our men were guided thorough the woods by them in safety: and one Browne, who then to learn the language lived among the Warrascoyacks (a Province of that King) was in friendly manner sent back by them to Captain Hamor his Master, and many the like passages, rather increasing our former confidence, than any wise in the world ministering the least suspicion of the breach of the peace, or of what instantly ensued; yea, they borrowed our own Boats to convey themselves cross the River (on the banks of both sides whereof all our Plantations were) to consult of the devilish murder that ensued, and of our utter extirpation, which God of his mercy (by the means of some of themselves converted to Christianity) prevented: and as well on the Friday morning (the fatal day) the 22 of March, as also in the evening, as in other days before, they came unarmed into our houses, without Bows or arrows, or other weapons, with Dear, Turkeys, Fish, Furs, and other provisions, to sell, and truck with us, for glass, beads, and other trifles: yea in some places, sat down at Breakfast with our people at their tables, whom immediately with their own tools and weapons, either laid down, or standing in their houses, they basely and barbarously murdered, not sparing either age or sex, man, woman or child; so sudden in their cruel execution, that few or none discerned the weapon or blow that brought them to destruction. In which manner they also slew many of our people then at their several works and husbandries in the fields, and without their houses, some in planting Corn and Tobacco, some in gardening, some in making Brick, building, sawing, and other kinds of husbandry, they well knowing in what places and quarters each of our men were, in regard of their daily familiarity, and resort to us for trading and other negotiations, which the more willingly was by us continued and cherished for the desire we had of effecting that great masterpiece of works, their conversion. And by this means that fatal Friday morning, there fell under the bloody and barbarous hands of that perfidious and inhuman people, contrary to all laws of God and men, of Nature & Nations, three hundred forty seven men, women, and children, most by their own weapons; and not being content with taking away life alone, they fell after again upon the dead, making as well as they could, a fresh murder, defacing, dragging, and mangling the dead carcases into many pieces, and carrying some parts away in derision, with base and brutish triumph. Neither yet did these beasts spare those amongst the rest well known unto them, from whom they had daily received many benefits and favours, but spitefully also massacred them, without remorse or pity, being in this more fell than Lions and Dragons, which (as Histories record) have been so far from hurting, as they have both acknowledged, and gratefully requited their Benefactors; such is the force of good deeds, though done to cruel beasts, as to make them put off the very nature of beasts, and to put on humanity upon them. But these miscreants, chose in this kind, put not off only all humanity, but put on a worse and more than unnatural brutishness. One instance of it, amongst too many, shall serve for all. That worthy religious Gentleman, Master George Thorpe Esquire, Deputy of the College lands, sometimes one of his Majesty's Pensioners, and in one of the principal places of command in VIRGINIA, did so truly and earnestly affect their conversion, and was so tender over them, that whosoever under his authority had given them but the least displeasure or discontent, he punished them severely. He thought nothing too dear for them, and as being desirous to bind them unto him by his many courtesies, he never denied them any thing that they asked him, insomuch that when these Savages complained unto him of the fierceness of our Mastiffs, most implacable and terrible unto them, (knowing them by instinct it seems, to be but treacherous and falsehearted friends to us, better than ourselves) he to gratify them in all things, for the winning of them by degrees, caused some of them to be killed in their presence, to the great displeasure of the owners, and would have had all the rest guelt (had he not been hindered) to make them the gentler and the milder to them. He was not only too kind and beneficial to the common sort, but also to their King, to whom he oft resorted, and gave many presents which he knew to be highly pleasing to him. And whereas this king before dwelled only in a cottage, or rather a den or hogsty, made with a few poles and sticks, and covered with mats after their wild manner, to civilize him, he first, built him a fair house according to the English fashion, in which he took such joy, especially in his lock and key, which he so admired, as locking and unlocking his door an hundred times aday, he thought no device in all the world was comparable to it. Thus insinuating himself to this King for his religious purposes, he conferred after with him oft, and intimated to him matters of our Religion; and thus far the Pagan confessed, moved by natural Principles, that our God was a good God, and better much than theirs, in that he had with so many good things above them endowed us. He told him, if he would serve our God, he should be partaker of all those good things we had, and of far greater than sense or reason ever could imagine. He won upon him, as he thought in many things, so as he gave him fair hearing and good answer, and seemed to be much pleased with his discourse and in his company. And both he and his people for the daily courtesies this good Gentleman did to one or other of them, did profess such outward love and respect unto him, as nothing could seem more: but all was little regarded after by this Viperous brood, as the sequel showed: for they not only wilfully murdered him, but cruelly and felly, out of devilish malice, did so many barbarous despites and foul scorns after to his dead corpses, as are unbefitting to be heard by any civil ear. One thing I cannot omit, that when this good Gentleman upon his fatal hour, was warned by his man (who perceived some treachery intended to them by these hellhounds) to look to himself, and withal ran away for fear of the mischief he strongly apprehended, and so saved his own life; yet his Master, out of the conscience of his own good meaning, and fair deserts ever towards them, was so void of all suspicion, and so full of confidence, that they had sooner killed him, than he could or would believe they meant any ill against him. Thus the sins of these wicked Infidels, have made them unworthy of enjoying him, and the eternal good that he most zealously always intended to them. And thus these miserable wretches, not he, hath lost by it, who to the comfort of us all, hath gained a Crown of endless bliss, and is assuredly become a glorious Martyr, in which thrice-happy and blessed state we leave him. But these miscreants, who have thus despised Gods great mercies so freely offered to them, must needs in time therefore be corrected by his justice: So as those who by the way of mercies would not be drawn unto him, shall some of them at length (no doubt) be brought unto him by his way of judgements: to which leaving them, I will knit again together now the thread of my Discourse, and proceed to tell you, That at the time of this Massacre there were three or four of our ships in james-river, and one in the next River, and daily more to come in, as three did within fourteen days after; one of which they endeavoured to have surprised, but in vain, as had also been their whole attempt, had any the least foreknowledge been in those places where the Massacre was committed: yet were the hearts of the English ever stupid, and averted from believing any thing that might weaken their hopes of speedy winning the Savages to Civility and Religion, by kind usage and fair conversing amongst them. He, and the whole Council write further, That Almighty God (they doubt not) hath his great work to do in this Tragedy, and will thereout draw honour and glory to his great Name; safety, and a more flourishing estate to themselves, and the whole Plantation there; and the more speedy conversion of the Children of those Savages to himself, since he so miraculously preserved so many of the English (there being, God be praised, about eleven parts of twelve still remaining) whose desire to draw those people to Religion by the careless neglect of their own safeties, seems to have been the greatest cause of their own ensuing destruction. Yet it pleased God to use some of them as instruments to save many of their lives, whose souls they had formerly saved, as at james-citie, and other places, and the Pinnace trading in Pamounkey River, all whose lives were saved by a converted Indian, disclosing the plot in the instant (whereof though our sins (say they) made us unworthy to be instruments of so glorious a conversion in general, yet his infinite wisdom can nevertheless bring it to pass with some more of them, and with other Provinces there in his good time, and by such means as we think most unlikely. For even in the delivery of us that now survive, no man's particular carefulness saved any one person, but the mere goodness of himself, freely and miraculously preserved whom it pleased him. The Letters of Mr. George Sandis a worthy Gentleman and Treasurer there, likewise have advertised (as many others from many particular persons of note and worth) besides the Relations of many returned in the Sea-flower (the ship that brought us this unwelcome news) have been heard at large in the public Courts, that whilst all their affairs were full of success, and such intercourse of familiarity, as if the Indians and themselves had been of one Nation, those treacherous Natives, after five years' peace, by a general combination in one day plotted to subvert their whole Colony, and at one instant of time, though our several Plantations were an hundred and forty miles up one River on both sides. But before I go any further, for the better understanding of all things, you shall know that these wild naked Natives live not in great numbers together, but dispersed, and in small companies; and where most together, not above two hundred, and that very rare, in other places fifty or forty, or thereabouts, and many miles distant from one another, in such places among the Woods where they either found, or might easiliest make some cleared plots of ground, which they employ wholly in setting of Corn, whereby to sustain their lives. These small and scattered Companies (as I have said) had warning given from one another in all their habitations to meet at the day and hour appointed for our destruction, at all our several Towns and places seated upon the River; some were directed to go to one place, some to another, all to be done at the same day and time, which they did accordingly: some entering their Houses under colour of trucking, and so taking advantage, others drawing our men abroad upon fair pretences, and the rest suddenly falling upon those that were at their labours. They certify further, that besides Master George Thorpe, before mentioned, Master john Berkeley, Captain Nathanael Powel, and his wife, (daughter of Master William Tracy, and great with child) and Captain Maycock, all Gentlemen of birth, virtue, and industry, and of the Council there, suffered under this their cruelty and treason. That the slaughter had been universal, if God had not put it into the heart of an Indian belonging to one Perry, to disclose it, who living in the house of one Pace, was urged by another Indian his Brother (who came the night before and lay with him) to kill Pace, (so commanded by their King as he declared) as he would kill Perry: telling further that by such an hour in the morning a number would come from diverse places to finish the Execution, who failed not at the time: Perries Indian rose out of his bed and reveals it to Pace, that used him as a Son: And thus the rest of the Colony that had warning given them, by this means was saved. Such was (God be thanked for it) the good fruit of an Infidel converted to Christianity; for though three hundred and more of ours died by many of these Pagan Infidels, yet thousands of ours were saved by the means of one of them alone which was made a Christian; Blessed be God for ever, whose mercy endureth for ever; Blessed be God whose mercy is above his justice, and far above all his works: who wrought this deliverance whereby their souls escaped even as a Bird out of the snare of the Fowler. Place upon this discovery, securing his house, before day rowed over the River to james-city (in that place near three miles in breadth) and gave notice thereof to the Governor, by which means they were prevented there, and at such other Plantations as was possible for a timely intelligence to be given; for where they saw us standing upon our Guard, at the sight of a Piece they all ran away. In other places that could have no notice, some Pieces with munition (the use whereof they know not) were there carried away, and some few Cartell also were destroyed by them. And as Fame divulgeth (not without probable grounds) their King hath since caused the most part of the Gunpowder by him surprised, to be sown, to draw therefrom the like increase, as of his Maize or Corne, in Harvest next. And that it is since discovered, that the last Summer Opachankano practised with a King of the Eastern shore (no well-willer of his) to furnish him with store of poison (naturally growing in his country) for our destruction, which he absolutely refused, though he sent him great store of Beads, and other presents to win him thereunto: which he, with five or six of his great men, offered to be ready to 〈◊〉 against him. That the true cause of this surprise was most by the instigation of the Devil, (enemy to their salvation) and the daily fear that possessed them, that in time we by our growing continually upon them, would dispossess them of this Country, as they had been formerly of the West Indies by the Spaniard; produced this bloody act. That never grief and shame possessed any people more than themselves, to be thus butchered by so naked and cowardly a people, who dare not stand the presentment of a staff in manner of a Piece, nor an uncharged Piece in the hands of a woman, from which they fly as so many Hares; much faster than from their tormenting Devil, whom they worship for fear, though they acknowledge they love him not. THus have you seen the particulars of this massacre, out of Letters from thence written, wherein treachery and cruelty have done their worst to us, or rather to themselves; for whose understanding is so shallow, as not to perceive that this must needs be for the good of the Plantation after, and the loss of this blood to make the body more healthful, as by these reasons may be manifest. First, Because betraying of innocency never rests unpunished: And therefore Agesilaus, when his enemies (upon whose oath of being faithful he rested) had deceived him, he sent them thanks, for that by their perjury, they had made God his friend, and their enemy. Secondly, Because our hands which before were tied with gentleness and fair usage, are now set at liberty by the treacherous violence of the Savages, not untying the Knot, but cutting it: So that we, who hitherto have had possession of no more ground than their waste, and our purchase at a valuable consideration to their own contentment, gained; may now by right of War, and law of Nations, invade the Country, and destroy them who sought to destroy us: whereby we shall enjoy their cultivated places, turning the laborious Mattocke into the victorious Sword (wherein there is more both ease, benefit, and glory) and possessing the fruits of others labours. Now their cleared grounds in all their villages (which are situate in the fruitfullest places of the land) shall be inhabited by us, whereas heretofore the grubbing of woods was the greatest labour. Thirdly, Because those commodities which the Indians enjoyed as much or rather more than we, shall now also be entirely possessed by us. The Dear and other beasts will be in safety, and infinitely increase, which heretofore not only in the general hunt of the King (whereat four or five hundred Deer were usually slain) but by each particular Indian were destroyed at all times of the year, without any difference of Male, Dam, or Young. The like may be said of our own Swine and Goats, whereof they have used to kill eight in ten more than the English have done. There will be also a great increase of wild Turkeys, and other weighty Fowl, for the Indians never put difference of destroying the Hen, but kill them whether in season or not, whether in breeding time, or sitting on their eggs, or having new hatched, it is all one to them: whereby, as also by the orderly using of their fishing Wears, no known Country in the world will so plentifully abound in victual. Fourthly, Because the way of conquering them is much more easy then of civilising them by fair means, for they are a rude, barbarous, and naked people, scattered in small companies, which are helps to Victory, but hindrances to Civility: Besides that, a conquest may be of many, and at once; but civility is in particular, and slow, the effect of long time, and great industry. Moreover, victory of them may be gained many ways; by force, by surprise, by famine in burning their Corn, by destroying and burning their Boats, Canoes, and Houses, by breaking their fishing Wears, by assailing them in their hunt, whereby they get the greatest part of their sustenance in Winter, by pursuing and chase them with our horses, and bloodhounds to draw after them, and Mastiffs to tear them, which take this naked, tanned, deformed Savages, for no other than wild beasts, and are so fierce and fell upon them, that they fear them worse than their old Devil which they worship, supposing them to be a new and worse kind of Devils than their own. By these and sundry other ways, as by driving them (when they fly) upon their enemies, who are round about them, and by animating and abetting their enemies against them, may their ruin or subjection be soon effected. So the Spaniard made great use for his own turn of the quarrels and enmities that were amongst the Indians, as throughly understanding and following that Maxim of the Politician, Divide & impera, Make divisions and take Kingdoms: For thus he got two of the greatest Kingdoms of the West Indies, Peru and Mexico, by the Prince's divisions, and the people's differences. After the death of Guainacapa king of Peru, his sons Attabalippa and Gascar falling to war about the kingdom, & each of them striving to make the Spaniard to his friend, Francis Pizzarro managing those their divisions only to his own ends, easily stripped them both of that rich Kingdom, and became Master of Peru. And so likewise Ferdinando Cortes vanquished King Motezuma, and gained the Kingdom of Mexico from him by the aid and furtherance of the neighbouring people of the Province of Tascala, being deadly enemies to the Mexicans; for which service they of Tascala are freed by the Spaniards from all Tributes to this time. In VIRGINIA the many diverse Princes and people there are at this day opposite in infinite factions one unto another, and many of them bear a mortal hatred to these our barbarous Savages, that have been likely as false and perfidious heretofore to them, as unto us of late. So as the quarrels, and the causes of them, and the different humours of these people being well understood, it will be an easy matter to overthrow those that now are, or may be our enemies hereafter, by aiding and setting on their enemies against them. And by these factions and differences of petty Princes, the Romans took their greatest advantage to overcome this Island of Great Britain, of which Tacitus fayes, Ita dum singuli pugnant universi vincuntur. And justin hath the like saying of the cause of vanquishing the Grecian Cities. Fiftly, Because the Indians, who before were used as friends, may now most justly be compelled to servitude and drudgery, and supply the room of men that labour, whereby even the meanest of the Plantation may employ themselves more entirely in their Arts and Occupations, which are more generous, whilst Savages perform their inferior works of digging in mines, and the like, of whom also some may be sent for the service of the Summer Lands. Sixtly, This will for ever hereafter make us more cautelous and circumspect, as never to be deceived more by any other treacheries, but will serve for a great instruction to all posterity there, to teach them that Trust is the mother of Deceit, and to learn them that of the Italian, Chi non fida, non s'inga muu, He that trusts not is not deceived: and make them know that kindnesses are misspent upon rude natures, so long as they continue rude; as also, that Savages and Pagans are above all other for matter of justice ever to be suspected. Thus upon this Anvil shall we now beat out to ourselves an armour of proof, which shall for ever after defend us from barbarous Incursions, and from greater dangers that otherwise might happen. And so we may truly say according to the French Proverb, Aquelque chose malheur est bon, Ill luck is good for something. Lastly, We have this benefit more to our comfort, because all good men do now take much more care of us then before, since the fault is on their sides, not on ours, who have used so fair a carriage, even to our own destruction. Especially his Majesty's most gracious, tender and paternal care is manifest herein, who by his Royal bounty and goodness, hath continued his many favours unto us, with a new, large, & Princely supply of Munition and Arms, out of his Majesty's own store in the Tower, being graciously bestowed for the safety and advancement of the Plantation. As also his Royal favour is amply extended in a large supply of men and other necessaries throughout the whole Kingdom, which are very shortly to be sent to VIRGINIA. Neither must we omit the Honourable City of London, who to show their zeal at this time (as they have always done upon all Honourable occasions to their endless praise) are now setting forth one hundred persons, at their own charges, for the advancement of the Plantations. In the furtherance of which action, as the whole grave Senate of Aldermen have showed much piety and wisdom, so in particular, the Right Honourable Sir Edward Barkham Knight, the now Lord Mayor, hath demonstrated a most worthy mind. Besides many worthy Persons of birth and quality, and diverse others at their own costs are now preparing for VIRGINIA. Neither is any man to be dejected because of some such disasters as these that may seem to thwart the business. What growing State was there ever in the world which had not the like? Rome grew by opposition, and rose upon the back of her enemies. Mark but the Spaniard who is in the same Continent with VIRGINIA, and hath now perfected his work; Mark and tell me, if he hath not had more counterbuffs far then we, as out of their own histories at large may be proved. Columbus upon his return from the West Indies into Spain, having left his people with the Indian in peace, and promise of fair usage towards them, yet at his coming back again, he found no one man alive of them, but all by the Natives treacherously slain. After this again, when the Spanish Colony was increased in great numbers, the Indians (from whom the Spaniards for trucking stuff used to have all their corn) generally conspired together to plant no corn at all, intending thereby to farnish them, themselves living in the mean time upon Cassavi (a root to make bread) only then known to themselves: This plot of theirs by the Spaniards oversight (that foolishly depended upon Strangers for their bread) took such effect, and brought them to such misery by the rage of famine, that they spared no unclean, no loathsome beast, no not the poisonous and hideous Serpents, but eat them up also, devouring one death to save them from another: And by this means the whole Colony well-near surfeited, sickened, and died miserably. After again, upon fresh and great supplies new made, an infinite company of them by their incontinency died of the Indian disease, that hath now got a French name, which at first (as being a strange and unknown malady) was deadly upon whomsoever it lighted. Besides (before they knew the cause and remedy) very many lost diverse parts of their body, feet and hands principally, by a little vermin less than a Flea, and skipping like it, called Nigua, which got between the skin and the flesh before they were aware, and there bred and multiplied, making swellings and putrefactions, to the decay and loss of their bodily members. What should I tell you that the Plantations diverse times were near undone, by the 〈◊〉, factions, and malice of the Commanders one unto another, Columbus, to whom they were beholding for all, with his brothers, were sent home from the West Indies into Spain bound with chains: and some other great Commanders killed and murdered one another. Pizzarro was killed by Almagros son, and him Vasco beheaded, which Vasco was taken by Blasco, and this Blasco was likewise taken by Pizzarroes' brother. Thus by their own spiteful and avaricious quarrels did they well-near shake the main pillars of that Plantation. These and many other calamities and mischiefs, too long to relate now, happened unto them more than ever did to us. And at one time their plantation was even at the last gasp, all their Colony being resolved desperately to leave it, had not two ships unexpected come in with new supplies: yet we see for all these miseries, that they have attained to their ends at last, Honour, power, and wealth; In so much as that Country, which (when they were disheartened with disasters) they began to be so weary of, that they were about to forsake it all, in short time after (seeing all storms blown over, and fair weather shining upon them) they were so in love with their great fortunes, that they grew so jealous of them, as made them shut them up from the sight of any but themselves. And then they petitioned their King, by an inviolable Decree to annex and unite the West Indies inseparably for ever to the Crown of Spain; which (for their better security and satisfaction) was accordingly performed and ratified, as it is to be seen in H●●●●●● History of the West Indies. And whereas before, few could be hired to go to inhabit there, now with great suit they must obtain it. Thus have they in time by industry, patience, and constancy effected this great work of theirs, notwithstanding to increase their difficulties also, they were to deal with a most populous & numerous nation, which they overcame at last: So as Ouiedo in his third Book of the first Part of his West Indie History saith, that of a million of Indians at least, that were in Hispaniola, there were not (in little more than forty years' space after the first beginning of the Plantation) five hundred of them & all their children living: for the Indians that lived there, after were brought out of the Continent into that Island, or out of one Island to be planted in another. On the other side, the Natives in VIRGINIA are nothing populous, but thin and scattered Nations, as is known to all. Here by the way to make a little Digression, since I have mentioned Ouiedo who lived above twenty two years in the West Indies, I will acquaint you with his observation and judgement of the nature and disposition of the Indians there, that you may compare and see in what, and how far, it agrees with that of the Natives of VIRGINIA. They are (saith he) by nature slothful and idle, vicious, melancholy, slovenly, of bad conditions, liars, of small memory, of no constancy or trust. In another place he saith, The Indian is by nature of all people the most lying and most inconstant in the world, sottish and sudden: never looking what dangers may happen afterwards, less capable than children of six or seven years old, and less apt and ingenious. This is the general disposition of most of them, though there be some (says he) that be wise and subtle. And indeed it should seem so, when they could overreach and go beyond the Spaniard so much, to put that trick of starving them (as aforesaid) upon them, to their so great and almost total destruction. But to come again to that which I first intended: Since the Spaniard (as we see) in his Plantations hath gone thorough far more hazards, and greater difficulties than ever we have had, we therefore in looking to what is past, upon great reason ought likewise not to be deterred, but so much the rather invited to proceed with constancy and courage. And if beside we look (as most men do) after the riches of a Country to invite us on, ask those that have been there, and have traveled far and near, and they will tell you, that no Country in the world doth naturally abound with more Commodities than VIRGINIA doth. The Climate is known to be more temperate, and the soil more rich than that of the West Indies is: neither doth it want mines of all sorts, no not of the richest, as is known to some now living, and shall be manifested when fit time shall serve. And yet to think that Gold and Silver mines are in a Country (otherwise most rich and fruitful) the greatest wealth of a Plantation, is but a popular error, as is that opinion likewise, That the Gold and Silver is the greatest wealth of the West Indies now at this present time. True it is indeed, that in the first Conquest the Spaniards got great and mighty treasure from the Indians, which they in long space had heaped up together, and in those times the Indians showed them entire and plentiful rich mines, which by length of time (as is well known and published to the world by those that have been there) are wasted and exhausted since, so as now the charge of getting those metals is grown most excessive, besides the consuming and spoiling many men of their lives, which are deprived of them by the vapours that come out of the Gold and Silver mines, which are most pestilent and deadly, as diverse authors aver. Amongst others, a late Geographer speaking of the West Indies, and of those mines there, saith, Odour ex auri & argenti fodinis noxius admodum; neque tamen prohibuit aëris corruptissimi violentia Hispanos, ne in alio orbe nowm moriendi locum quaererent. So as all things considered by these mines, what by the lives of many men lost in them, and what with the great charge otherwise in getting them, the clear gain to the Adventurers from these metals (the King's part defrayed) is but small to them, nothing near so much I am sure, as is imagined. And were it not for other rich Commodities there that enable and enrich the Adventurers, those of the Contractation house were never able to subsist by this. For the greatest part of their gain and profit I say consists not in these mines, but in their other Commodities, partly native, and partly translated from other parts of the world, and planted in the West Indies: As in their mighty wealth of Sugars (the Sugar Canes being transported first from the Canaries,) and in Ginger, and some other commodities derived from the East Indies thither: in their Cochanile, their Indigo, their Cotton, their infinite store of Hides and Skins, their Quicksilver, and Allom, Wood, and Brasill-wood, etc. And their many other Dies, Paints, Petararana, Tobacco, Gums, Balms, Oils medecinall, and Perfumes, their Sarsaparillia, and many other physical drugs, (for which, learned Physicians and skilful Simplers were sent to take a survey, and make an exquisite draught of all the Plants in colours.) These I say and other the like commodities are the West Indies indeed unto the Adventurers, by which they are enabled to enrich themselves, and to sustain the mighty charge of drawing out the Gold and Silver▪ to the great and clear revenue of their King. I had many things of importance to say more, but I will detain the Reader no longer now. To conclude then, seeing that Virginia is most abundantly fruitful, and that this Massacre must rather be beneficial to the Plantation then impair it, let all men take courage, and put to their helping hands, since now the time is most seasonable and advantageous for the reaping of those benefits which the Plantation hath long promised: and for their own good let them do it speedily, that so by taking the priority of time, they may have also the priority of place, in choosing the best Seats of the Country, which now by vanquishing of the Indians, is like to offer a more ample and fair choice of fruitful habitations, than hitherto our gentleness and fair comportment to the Savages could attain unto. Wherein no doubt but all the favour that may be, shall be showed to Adventurers and Planters. And for old Adventurers, there is due unto them and their heirs (according to the Orders of the Company) for each twelve pounds ten shillings formerly paid into the treasury, one hundred Acres of Land, upon a first division, and as much upon a second, the first being planted. And whosoever transports himself or any other, at his charge into VIRGINIA, shall for himself and each person so transported, before Midsummer, 1625. have to him and his heirs for ever, fifty Acres of land upon a first Division, and as much more upon a second: the first fifty being cultivated or manured, if such person continue there three years, either at once or several times, or dye after he be shipped for that Voyage. Lastly, it is to be wished, that every good Patriot will take these things seriously into his thoughts, and consider how deeply the prosecution of this noble Enterprise concerneth the honour of his Majesty and the whole Nation, the propagation of Christian Religion, the enlargement, strength, and safety of his Majesty's Dominions, the rich augmenting of his Revenues, the employment of his Subjects idle at home, the increase of men, Mariners and shipping, and the raising of such necessary commodity, for the importation of which from foreign Countries foe great and incredible sums are continually issued and expended. Some may help with their purses, some with their persons, some with their favour, some with their counsel: especially amongst others, let Ministers in their public and private prayers commend these Plantations to the blessing of Almighty God: To whom be all honour and glory, for ever and ever, Amen. Here following is set down a true List of the names of all those that were massacred by the treachery of the Savages in VIRGINIA, the 22 March last. To the end that their lawful heirs may take speedy order for the inheriting of their lands and estates there: For which the Honourable Company of Virginia are ready to do them all right and favour. At Captain Berckleys Plantation seated at the Falling Creek, some 66. miles from james-citie in VIRGINIA. IOhn Berkley Esquire. Thomas Brasington. john Sawyer. Roger David. Francis Gowsh. Bartholomew Peram. Giles Peram. john Dowler. Laurence Dowler. Lewis Williams. Richard Boscough. Thomas Holland. john Hunt. Robert Horner Mason. Philip Barnes. William Swandal. Robert Williams, his Wife, and Child. Giles Bradshaw, his Wife, and Child. john Owlet, and his son. Thomas Wood, and Collins his man. joseph Fitch Apothecary to Doctor Pots. At Master Thomas Sheffeilds' Plantation, some three miles from the Falling Creek. MAster Th: Sheffeild, and Rachel his wife. john reeve. William Tyler a boy. Samuel reeve. john Ellen. Robert Tyler a boy. Matthew— judeth Howard. Thomas Poole Methusalem— Thomas Taylor. William Tyler. At Henrico Island about two miles from Sheffeilds' Plantation. — Atkins. — Weston. Philip Shatford. William Perigo. Owen jones, one of Capt. Berkleys people. Slain of the College People, about two miles from Henrico-Citie. SAmuel Stringer. George Sultan. William Basset. john Perry. Edward Ember. jarrat Moor. Thomas Xerles. Thomas Freeman. john Allen. Thomas Cook. john Clements. james Faulkoner. Christopher Henly. William jordan. Robert Davis'. Thomas Hobson. William Baily. At Apo-mattucke River at Master Abraham Pierce his Plantation some five miles off the College People. WIlliam Charte. Io: Waterhowse. john Barker a boy. Robert Yeoman. At Charles-Citie and about the Precincts. of Capt. Smith's Company. ROger Royal. Thomas jones. Robert Maruel. Edward Heydon. Henry Bushel. At other Plantations next adjoining. RIchard Prat, and his Brother. Henry Milward, his Wife, his Child, and his Sister. Richard a boy. Goodwife Redhead. At Mr. William Farrars House. MAster john England and his Man. john Bel. Henrick Peterson, and Alice his Wife, and William her son. Thomas his Man. james Woodshaw. maidservants Mary, and Elizabeth At Berkley-Hundred some five miles from Charles-Citie. CApt. George Thorpe Esq. one of his Majesty's Pensioners. john Rowles. Richard Rowles, his Wife, and Child. Giles Wilkins. Giles Bradway. Richard Fereby. Thomas Thorpe. Robert jordan. Edward Painter. At Westover, about a mile from Berkley-Hundred: And first, at Cap. Fr: west's Plantation. james English. Richard Dash. At Master john west's Plantation. Christopher Turner. David Owen. At Capt. Nathanael west's. Michael Aleworth. john Wright. An Lieutenant Gibs his Dividend. IOhn Paly. Thomas Ratcliffe. Michael Booker. john Higglet. Nathanael Earl. john Gibbes. William Parker. Richard Wainham. Benomy Reyman. Thomas Gay. james Vpfall. Daniel— Mr. Dombelowes man. At Mr. Richard Owen's house. RIchard Owen. Stephen Dubo. Francis, an Irishman. Thomas Paine. One old Maid called blind Margaret. William reeve. At Master Owen Macars house. OWen Macar. Garret Farrel. Richard Yeaw. One Boy. At Master Macocks' Dividend. CApt. Samuel Macock Esquire. Edward Lister. Thomas Browne. john Downes. At Flowerdieu- Hundred Sir George Yeardleys' Plantation. IOhn Philips. Thomas Nuson. john Braford. Robert Taylor. Samuel jarret. Elizabeth Bennet. At the other side of the River opposite to Flowerdieu-Hundred. MAster Hobson, and his Wife. Richard Storks. john Slaughter. Thomas Philips. Richard Campion. Anne Greene. At Mr. Swinhowe his House. Mistress Swinhow, & Thomas and George Shinhow her sons. Richard Moss. john Larkin. William Blyth. Thomas Grindal. At Mr. William Bikars house. WIlliam Bykar. Math: Hawthorn and his Wife. Edward Peirce. Nicholas Howsdon. At Weynoack of Sir George Yeardley his people. NAthanael Elie. john Flores. Henry Gape. — Buckingham. William Pusset. William Walker. john Grace. james Boate. john Suersby. Thomas Euans. Thomas Ap-Richard. Henry Haynes. john Blewet. Henry Rice. — Hurt. jonas Alport. Thomas Stephens. Samuel Goodwin. john Snow, and his Boy. Margery Blewet. At Powle-brooke. CApt. Nath▪ paul, Esq. and his Wife, Daughter to Mr. Tracy. Mistress Bray Adam Rayners Wife. B●●bara Burges. William Head. Thomas Woolcher. William Meakins. Robert— Peter jordan. Nathanael Leydon. Peter Goodale. At Southampton-Hundred. RObert Goffe., and his Wife, William Larkum. john Davies. William Mountfort. At Martin Brandon's. LIeutenant Sanders. Ensign Shirley. john Taylor, and his Wife. 2 Boys. Matthew a Polander. At Captain Spilmans house. IOhn Basingthwayte. Walter Shawe. At Ensign Spence his house. WIlliam Richmond john Fowler. Alexander Bale. William Fierfax. The Tinker. Persons slain at Martins-Hundred some seven miles from james-citie. LIeutenant Rich: Kean. Master Tho: Boise, & Mistress Boise his wife, & a sucking Child. 4 of his men. A Maid. 2 Children. Nathanael jefferies' wife. Margaret Davies. Richard Staples, his wife, and Child. 2 Maids. 6 Men and Boys. Walter Davies, & his brother. Christopher Guillam. Thomas Combar. 3. Servants. Master john Boise his Wife. A Maid. 4 manservants. Laurence Wats, his Wife. 2 manservants. Timothy Moise, his Man▪ Henry Bromage, his Wife, his Daughter, his Man. Edward How, his Wife, his Child. A child of john jackson's. 4 manservants. josua Dary, his Wife, A Man. Ralphe Digginson, his Wife. Richard Cholfer. George jones. Cicely Cook, his Wife. David Bons, john Bennet. john Mason. William Pawmet. Thomas Bats. Peter Lighborrow. james Thorley. Robert Walden. Thomas Tolling. john Butler. Edward Rogers. Maximilian Russel. Henry a Welshman. At Mr. Thomas Pierce his house over against Mulberry Island. MAster Tho: Peirce, his Wife, and Child. john Hopkins. john Salmon. A French boy. At Mr. Edward Bennets Plantation. MAster Th: Brewood his Wife, his Child, 2 Servants. Thomas Ferris. George Cole. Robert Grace. john Griffin. Ensign Harrison. john Costard. David Barry. Thomas Sheppard. Henry Price. Robert— Edward jolly. Richard— Alice jones. Thomas Cook. Philip Worth. Matthew a maid. Francis Winder. Thomas Couly. Richard Woodward. Humphrey Cropen. Thomas Bacon. Euan Watkins. Richard Lewis. Edward Towse. Remember Michael. — Bullocke. Richard Chandler. Henry Moor. Nicholas Hunt. john Corderoy. Richard Cockwell. john Howard. Mistress Harrison. Marry Dawks Anne English. Rebecca— Master Prowse. Hugh— john— Edward— Mistress Chamberlain. Parnel a maid. Humphrey Sherbrooke. john Wilkins. john Burton. Mr. john Pountis his men. john Scotchmore Edward Turner. Edward Brewster, Lieutenant Peirce his man. Thomas Holland, Capt. whittaker's man. At Master walter's his house. MAster Edw: walter's his Wife, a Child, a Maid. a Boy. The whole number is 347. A TREATISE OF THE NORTHWEST Passage to the South Sea, through the Continent of VIRGINIA and by Fretum Hudson. THe noble Plantation of VIRGINIA hath some very excellent Prerogatives above many other famous Kingdoms, namely, the temperature of the air, the fruitfulness of the soil, and the commodiousness of situation. The air is healthful and free both from immoderate heat, and from extreme cold; so that both the inhabitants and their cattle do prosper exceedingly in stature and strength, and all Plants brought from any other remote climate, do there grow and fructify in as good or better manner, then in the soil from whence they came. Which though it do manifestly prove the fruitfulness of the soil, yielding all kinds of grain or plants committed unto it, wi●h a rich and plentiful increase, yet cannot the fatness of the earth alone produce such excellent effects, unless the temperature of the Air be likewise so favourable, that those tender sprouts which the earth doth abundantly bring forth, may be cherished with moderate heat and seasonable moisture, and freed both from scorching drought, and nipping frost. These blessings are so much the more to be esteemed, because they are bestowed upon a place situated so conveniently, and at so good a distance both from Europe, and the West Indies, that for the mutual commerce betwixt these great and most rich parts of the habitable world, there cannot be devised any place more convenient for the succour and refreshing of those that trade from hence thither: whether they be of our own nation, or of our neighbours and friends; the multitude of great and navigable Rivers, and of safe and spacious harbours, as it were inviting all Nations to entertain mutual friendship, and to participate of those blessings which God out of the abundance of his rich Treasures, hath so graciously bestowed some upon these parts of Europe, and others no less desired upon those poor people: which might still have remained in their old barbarous ignorance, without knowledge of their own misery, or of God's infinite goodness and mercy; if it had not pleased God thus graciously both to draw us thither with desire of such wealth as those fruitful Countries afford, and also to grant us so easy, certain, and safe a means to go unto them: which passage is in mine opinion made much more secure and easy by the commodious harbours and refreshing which VIRGINIA doth reach out unto us. The coasts of Florida to the West, being not so harbourous; and of New England to the East, somewhat more out of the way, amongst so many Flats and small Lands not so safe. Neither is the commodiousness of VIRGINIA'S situation only in respect of this west Atlantic Ocean, but also in respect of the Indian Ocean, which we commonly call the South Sea, which lieth on the West and North west side of VIRGINIA, on the other side of the Mountains beyond our Fals, and openeth a free and fair passage, not only to China, japan, and the Moluccaes; but also to New Spain, Peru, Chila, and those rich Countries of Terra Australis, not as yet fully discovered. For the Sea wherein Master Hudson did winter, which was first discovered by him, and is therefore now called Fretum Hudson, doth stretch so far towards the west, that it lieth as far westward as the Cape of Florida: So that from the Falls above Henrico City, if we shape our journey towards the Northwest following the Rivers towards the head, we shall undoubtedly come to the Mountains, which as they send diverse great Rivers Southward into our Bay of Chesepiock, so likewise do they send others from their further side Northwestward into that Bay where Hudson did winter. For so we see in our own Country, from the ridge of Mountains continued from Derbishire into Scotland, do issue many great Rivers on both sides into the East German Ocean, and into the Western Irish Seas: in like sort from the Alps of Switzerland and the Grizons, do run the Danubie Eastward into Pontus Euxinus, the Rhine into the North German Ocean, the Rhosne west into the Mediterrane Sea, and the Po South into the Adriatic Sea. This Bay where Hudson did winter, stretcheth itself Southward into 49. degrees, and cannot be in probability so far distant from the Falls as 200. Leagues; part of the way lying by the River's side towards the mountains from whence it springeth: and the other part on the other side cannot want Rivers likewise, which will conduct us all the way, and I hope carry us and our provisions a good part of it. Besides that Bay, it is not unlikely that the Western Sea in some other Creek or River cometh much nearer than that place: For the place where Sir Thomas Button did winter, lying more Westerly than Master hudson's Bay by 190. Leagues in the same Sea, doth extend itself very near as far towards the west as the Cape of California, which is now found to be an Island stretching itself from 22. degrees to 42. and lying almost directly North & South; as may appear in a Map of that Island which I have seen here in London, brought out of Holland; where the Sea upon the Northwest part may very probably come much nearer than some do imagine: who giving too much credit to our usual Globes and Maps, do dream of a large Continent extending itself far Westward to the imagined Strait of Anian, where are seated (as they fable) the large Kingdoms of Cebola and Quivira, having great and populous Cities of civil people; whose houses are said to be five stories high, and to have some pillars of Turguesses. Which relations are cunningly set down by some upon set purpose to put us out of the right way, and to discourage such as otherwise might be desirous to search a passage by the way aforesaid into those Seas. Gerardus Mercator, a very industrious and excellent Geographer, was abused by a Map sent unto him, of four Euripi meeting about the North Pole; which now are found to be all turned into a main icy Sea. One demonstration of the crafty falsehood of these usual Maps is this, that Cape Mendocino is set in them West Northwest, distant from the South Cape of California, about seventeen hundred Leagues, whereas Francis Gaul that was employed in those discoveries by the Viseroy of New Spain; doth in Hugo Linscotten his book set down their distance to be only five hundred Leagues. Besides this, in the place where Sir Thomas Button did winter in 57 degrees of latitude, the constant great tides every twelve hours, and the increase of those tides whensoever any strong western wind did blow, do strongly persuade us that the main Western Ocean is not far from thence; which was much confirmed unto them the Summer following; when sailing directly North from that place where they wintered, about the Latitude of 60. degrees, they were crossed by a strong Currant running sometimes Eastward, sometimes Westward: So that if we find either hudson's Bay, or any Sea more near unto the West, we may assure ourselves that from thence we may with great ease pass to any part of the East Indies: And that as the world is very much beholding to that famous Columbus for that he first discovered unto us the West Indies; and to the Portugal for the finding out the ordinary and as yet the best way that is known to the East Indies, by Cape Bona-Speranza. So may they and all the world be in this beholding to us in opening a new and large passage, both much nearer, safer, and far more wholesome and temperate through the Continent of VIRGINIA, and by Fretum Hudson, to all those rich Countries bordering upon the South Sea, in the East and West Indies. And this hope that the South Sea may easily from VIRGINIA be discovered over Land, is much confirmed by the constant report of the Savages, not only of VIRGINIA, but also of Florida and Canada; which dwelling so remote one from another, and all agreeing in the report of a large Sea to the Westwards, where they describe great Ships not unlike to ours, with other circumstances, do give us very great probability (if not full assurance) that our endeavours this way shall by God's blessing have a prosperous and happy success, to the increase of his Kingdom and glory amongst these poor ignorant Heathen people, the public good of all the Christian world, the neverdying honour of our most gracious Sovereign, the inestimable benefit of our Nation, and the admirable and speedy increase and advancement of that most noble and hopeful Plantation of VIRGINIA; for the good success whereof all good men with me, I doubt not, will pour out their prayers to Almighty GOD. H. B. A MEMORIAL OF Religious Charity exercised on Virginia to the glory of God and good example of men, these three last years, 1619. 1620. 1621. r. s. d. Anno 1619 Mistress Mary Robinson by her Will gave towards the building of a Church in VIRGINIA, 200. 0. 0. A Person unknown gave for that Church a Communion-cup with a Cover, and a Plate for the bread of silver guilt: a silk damask Carpet, a linen damask Tablecloth, and other Ornaments, all valued at 20. 0. 0. A person unknown gave for the use of the College, a Communion-cup with a Cover, and a Plate for the bread, of Silver guilt: a crimson velvet Carpet with gold lace and fringe, and a linen damask Tablecloth: all valued at— 30. 0. 0. A person unknown sent a Letter, the Copy whereof is registered; directed thus, To Sir Edwin Sandys, the faithful Treasurer of VIRGINIA: and subscribed, Dust and Ashes: And afterwards by an unknown person sent a box to the house of Sir Edwin Sandys with the same direction: which being opened in Court, therein was found in gold 550. pounds, to be disposed of for the education of children of the Infidels, in Christian religion and civility. 550. 0. 0. Anno 1620 Master Nicholas Farrar of London, deceased, hath by his Will given 300 li. to the College in VIRGINIA, to be paid when there shall be ten of the Infidels children placed in it: and in the mean time 24. pounds by the year to be disbursed unto three discreet and godly men in the Colony, which shall honestly bring three of the Infidels children in Christian Religion, and some good course to live by. 300. 0. 0. A person refusing to be named, hath given to the benefit of the Plantation 10. 0. 0. Anno 1621. The Gentlemen and Mariners that came in the Royall-Iames from the East Indies, being at Cape Bona-Speranza, homeward bound, gave towards the building of a Free School in Virginia, to be called the East Indie School, 70. ●. 6. Towards the furtherance of the East Indie School, an unknown person hath added the sum of 30. 0. 0. A person refusing to be named, hath given the sum of 40. shillings per annum for ever, for a Sermon, to be preached before the Virginia Company. 40 s. per an. At the Quarter Court held the 30. of january 1621. by a person not willing as yet to be known, was sent in gold 25 li. to help forward the East Indie School▪ 25. 0. 0. At the same Quarter Court a small Bible with a Cover richly wrought, a great Church-Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, and other books were presented to be sent to VIRGINIA, in the name of a person who had the year before sent for the use of the College at Henrico; S. Augustine De civitate Dei, Master Perkins his works, and an exact Map of America: the giver is not known, but the books are valued at 10. 0. 0. Given by Master Thomas Bargrave, a Minister in VIRGINIA deceased, for the use of the College, a Library valued at 100 marks There is a Contribution made by the Inhabitants in VIRGINIA for the building of a house of entertainment for new comers, at james-citie: amounting to the value of 1500. 0. 0. The Gentlemen and Mariners that came lately home from the East Indies, in the two Ships called the Hart and Roebuck, being at the Cape of Bona Speranza, homeward bound, gave towards the building of the aforesaid Free-school in VIRGINIA the sum of 66. 13. 4. FINIS.