THE ART OF stenography, Teaching by plain and certain Rules, to the capacity of the meanest, and for the use of all professions, The way of compendious Writing.  
whereunto is annexed a very easy direction for Steganógraphie, or, Secret Writing.  Horat. serm. lib. 1. satire. 4. 
Si quid promittere de me  
Possum aliud, verè promitto.  
 printer's device?: eagle feeding its young  
AT LONDON, Printed for Cuthbert Burbie. 1602.   

The Proeme concerning the profit and easiness of the Art of stenography.  
BEfore the precepts of this Art be delivered, it shall not be amiss for the better encouragement of the Reader thereunto, to note briefly, how profitable it is for use, and how easy to be attained.  
Concerning the profit, there are five several respects wherein it ministereth especial help and furtherance.  
First, in short or compendious writing: by containing that in one line, which being written with letters at large, would take up four lines or more: in which respect it hath a profitable use, for the writing of brief Notes of remembrance, Interlineations, marginal Notes, and such like.  
Secondly, in speedy writing: For he that is well practised in this Art, may writ Verbatim, as fast as a man can treateably speak: In regard whereof, it is very necessary, for the noting of Sermons, Orations, Mootes, reports, Disputations, and the like.  
Thirdly, in secret writing: For even the very Characters and order, of their places taught by this book, do deliver such a form of writing, as is secret enough to all that are not acquainted with this Art: But if any be desirous to set a further lock on his Notes and writings, he may out of those few and easy directions taught in the end of this book for that purpose, be fully satisfied in the same.  
Fourthly, this book discovereth a true and constant form of Art, appliable not to one Language alone, but generally to all; in so much that he which hath learned it thoroughly, as it concernerh the English onely, may by the same skill, writ also in latin, French, Italian, or any other Tongue that he hath knowledge of: And therefore this book may serve for a good ground and president to him that shall attempt to set forth the stenography of any other Language.  
Fifthly, the ingenious Reader may hereby strengthen his memory in the sure apprehension of any speech or sentence, which he would lay up in that treasury.  
And touching the easiness of this Art, as the precepts are all apparently short; so the Characters devised for the expressing of all words, are few in number: to wit, but 28. in all.  
The Rules also are certain, and depending in consequence of reason the one upon the other: squared and fitted to the three laws of Art, each principle being delivered but once generally, and in his proper place.  
Also, by Notes vpon every Chapter are explained such words and Characters used in the Rules or Examples, as might seem to meaner capacities hard or doubtful.  
And the whole frame of this work is so contrived, that the memory shall not need to be charged with a tedious labouring of a multitude of words and Characters by hart; but enured onely to exercise order.  
Lastly, these things are herein performed in so plain and direct a manner, as will enable any of indifferent iudgement, vpon once reading over these few Rules with good aduise, to undertake forthwith the form of Writing by them prescribed, wherein he shall quickly attain great readiness, if he but practise it in his ordinary business, as occasion serveth, and thereby keep it without all danger of losing it: But if through many yeeres discontinuance, the method hereof should be clean forgotten, yet two or three hours labour bestowed in perusing once more this short book, will sufficiently awaken his remembrance, and put his hand again in true motion to writ according to the precepts of this Art.   

THE ART OF stenography. The first book.  

Chap. 1. Of great Characters.  
stenography (a) is the Art of compendious Writing.  
It consisteth of two parts: the abreuiation of a word, and the abreuiation of a sentence. ( b)  
A word is abreuiated, when it is expressed by a short Character, ( c) agreeable unto it.  
A Character is a lineal ( d) note of any thing, ( e) as, the Characters a b c d e f, are lineal ( f) notes ( g) of letters, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. of number, ♄ ♃ ♂ of Planets.  
unto Characters belong Figure and quantity.  
The figure of a Character, is the form whereby it is distinguished from all other: as, the Figure of four is 4. the Figure of Saturne is ♄.  
The quantity of a Character is measured by two strait Lines parallel ( h) thwart ( (i)) expressed or understood. (a)  
A Character is of quantity, great, or small.  
A great Character is Interlineall, or Transcendent. ( l)  
An Interlineall occupieth so much space as is the distance between the lines.  
An Interlineall is either Contingent or Flat ( m)  
A Contingent equalleth the distance between the lines in height. Of which sort are these among the Characters of Letters, ( n) a c e i m n o r s u w z.  
A flat, equalleth the distance between the lines in the length: as,— which is the note of union. ( o)  
A Transcendent, is a great Character, which extendeth itself further then the distance between the lines: And it passeth the bound of one line onely, or of both.  
Of one line onely, either the vpper, or the lower line.  
The vpper line: as, b d k l t.  
The lower line: as, g p q y.  
Of both: as  

Notes vpon the first Chapter.  
(a) Stenógraphie, signifieth a straightened or compendious Writing, by which name I call this Art, because all the precepts thereof are directed thereunto: although it hath other profitable uses, as is before declared in the Proëme of this book.  
( b) The Rules belonging to these two partes are severally delivered in two books. Those which concern the abreuiation of a Word in the former, those which concern the abreuiation of a Sentence in the later.  
( c) Character signifieth a mark, Note, Impression, Figure; written, engraven, stamped, or howsoever else made.  
( d) All Characters are lineal, because they consist of lines continued: For even the smallest tittle made with the pen, hath his circumference, and consisteth of lines.  
( e) That is to say, of any word, letter, number, name, clause, sentence, or whatsoever else.  
( f) They are called lineal notes of Letters, because there are some notes of Letters, which are not lineal, described by signs, not by draft of Pen: As, if a town strongly besieged be in great extremity for want of necessaries, and can not signify the same to their friends by any Messenger, all passages being kept by the enemy, they may easily express their wants to their friends two miles off or more, even in the darkest night( so that they also be acquainted with the order) in this manner. He which is to give knowledge concerning the estate of the town, is to haue the matter whereof he is to give intelligence written before him in as few words as may be: And every letter written before him, he shall express in order by the lifting up of one, two, or three Torches lighted, in this wise. Let the Alphabet be divided into three partes, each part containing 7. Letters a piece: of which the first 7. a b c d e f g, are to be expressed by the lifting up of one Torch onely, once for A, twice for B, thrice for C, four times for D, five times for E, six times for F, seven times for G. The second 7. which are, h i k l m n o, are to be expressed by the lifting up of two Torches; once for H, twice for I, thrice for K, four times for L, &c. The third 7. to wit, p q r s t v w, are to be expressed by the lifting up of three Torches; once for P, twice for Q, thrice for R, &c. And by this means may any thing be signified in the night season, by lifting up of Torches; and in the day time, by holding up of hats, or such like; or near at hand, by the Fingers. Concerning this Stratagem writeth WHITEHORNE in his Fireworks; and BAPTISTA PORTA de furt. l●t. notis. Letters also may be signified by tolling Belles, by shooting of guns: or near at hand, by any Instrument of music.  
( g) They are called Notes of letters rather then Letters, because every Letter is perfect in itself by it proper sound, without respect of Character: For whereas Letters are ordinarily known three ways; by the name whereby they are called, by the Character whereby they are written, and by the sound whereby they are pronounced: Of these three, the sound or pronunciation is most essential to the letter. Therfore said PRISCIAN, Propter pronunciationem& figurae& nomina literarum facta sunt: And hence it is, that the sound of a letter continueth the same in diuers languages, though it varie in name and Character; as the fourth Letter of the Alphabet is in the Hebrew called Daleth, and written thus: In the greek called Delta, and written thus: In the Latin called d'ye,& written thus d: diuers names, and diuers Characters, but one letter; because pronounced with one sound.  
( h) parallel lines are those, which are every whereof like distance one from another, as these are.  two parallel lines  
( (i)) Thwart, that is, lying cross in respect of us: For we are to writ between these lines, from the left hand towards the right, according to the manner of writing used among us, and not directly downward from the top to the bottom of the leaf( as the inhabitants of CHINA are reported to do. Pet. Math.) for these reasons. First, because it is easier for the arm, which is less in motion when we writ sideward, then when we writ downward. Secondly, because it less offendeth the eye, which with a glance readeth that which is written or printed cross the leaf; but is wearied by often moving up and down, to writ or red from the top to the bottom of the leaf. Thirdly, for that writing sidewarde is more speedily performed, by reason that more time is spent( though it be not marked) in moving the arm to writ downward, then sideward. Fourthly, by this means the Characters will be more seemly, and proportionable one to another, being collaterally fitted and limited, in due measure by the lines: Lastly, this order of writing sideward, is more familiar unto us, then the other.  
(a) That is, whether the lines be mathematical and imaginative onely, or natural and drawn with the pen.  
( l) Interlineall, signifieth that which is contained between the lines. Transcendent, is that which passeth the bounds limited.  
( m) Contingent, here signifieth that which toucheth: and this name is given to Characters equalling the distance between the lines in height; because they touch the line onely at head and foot: And in such sense also is the word Contingent used in geometry.  
( n) By this division of the Letters( which are here set as examples to these Rules of great Characters) it is manifest, that the chief grace of writing standeth in the equal and even proportionating of the interlineall Letters with the interlineall part of each Transcendent letter. And therefore, the special thing which good schoolmasters aim at in teaching to writ, is to make their Schollers know, which Letters are to be written wholly between the lines; and of the Transcendent letters, which is the interlineall part, and how to be fitted to the rest.  
( o)— Is a Note placed between two words, signifying them to be united and knit into one: For which cause, it is called the note of union: as, faire-seeming beauty, hard-hearted envy, selfe-tormenting care.    

Of small Characters. Chap. 2.  
A Small Character, occupieth less space then the distance between the lines, and is placed at some part of a great Character.  
A small Character is called, in respect of the place where it standeth, a Metaphthonge or an Aphthonge. (a)  
A Metaphthonge standeth in the place of a Vowell.  
The places of Vowels about Characters Contingent and Transcendent, are disposed thus.  
The place of 

A at the foot and left side of a great Character.  
E at the middle and left side of a great Character.  
I at the head and left side of a great Character.  
O at the head& right side of a great Character.  
V at the middle& right side of a great Character.    
The places of Vowels about flat Characters, are thus disposed.  
The place of 

A beneath at the middle of the great Character.  
E beneath at the left side of the great Character.  
I above at the left side of the great Character.  
O above at the middle of the great Character.  
V above at the right side of the great Character.    
An Aphthonge is a small Character, standing in a place where no Vowell is supposed to be: namely beneath at the right side of great Characters.  
Example of the places of both sorts of small Characters about great ( b) 

Contingent 
a e i o u   vowels arranged about an upward arrow Aphthonge.  
Transcendent 
a e i o u   vowels arranged about a vertical line Aphthonge.  
flat 
a e i o u   vowels arranged about a horizontal line Aphthonge.    
again, a small Character is either an Affix or a disjunct.  
An Affix is a small Character joined to a great: as, ● consisting of ● and ●● consisting of— and ☉.  
A disjunct is a small Character disjoined from a great: as,  

Notes vpon the second Chapter.  
(a) Metaphthonge, signifieth either with a Vowel or after a Vowell: in both which significations, the word doth fitly agree to small Characters standing in the place of Vowels, because they do then consignifie a Vowell going before them. Aphthonge, signifieth Without a Vowell: by which name small Characters are styled, that haue no Vowell coming before them in that place wherein they stand.  
( b) So that all small Characters standing in the place of the Vowels, a e i o u, are called Metaphthonges: standing in the sixth place, they are called Aphthonges.    

CHAP. 3. Of Particles unchangeable.  
1 2 3 ● A a. ● ● b. ● ● d. ● ● e. ● F f. ● G g. in good: ● ● h. ● ● i. Vowell ● ● l. Consonant. g ● ● k, c, q. ● ● l. ● ● m. ● ● n. ● ● o. ● π p. ● ● q. ● ● r. ● ● s, c, t. ● ● T. in time. ● ● u. Vowell. ● ● v. Consonant. ● ● w. ● ● x. ● ● y. ● ● z. ● ● ch, in choice.  
AND so much concerning the general accidents of Characters: (a) I will now descend into a more particular Narration of their use in abreuiation of words.  
The Abreuiation of words by Characters, consisteth in two things: The Abreuiation of the partes of a word,& the abreuiation of a whole word.  
The partes of a word, are letter& syllable ( b)  
A Letter ( c) is abreuiated by taking a part thereof for the whole. And the Letters so abreuiated, are called Particles. ( d)  
Of Particles, some are unchangeable, some changeable.  
An unchangeable Particle is, whose sound is always alike.  
And those are they, contained in the former Table: which consisteth of three columns. The first sheweth which are the unchangeable Particles. The second, the Letters ( e) whereof they are part. The third, sheweth what is their sound: where it is to be noted, that J the Consonant and g, being sounded as they are in these words ( judge, gentle,) are to be expressed by the particle ● K, C, and Q, being sounded as they are in these words ( can, keep, logic,) are to be expressed by ● ( f) s, c, t, being sounded as they are in these words ( his, face, nation) are to be written by ● Also, the Particle ● is ever sounded as g, in these words ( good, grant,) ● as t, in these words ( time trieth truth,) ● as ch, in these words ( choice, change:) The sound of all the rest is manifest by the Table.  
Of these Particles written at large, ( g) ● is a Transcendent above the vpper line— ⌒  ͜  are Flattes: All the rest are Contingentes.  

Notes vpon the third Chapter.  
(a) as well illiterall as literal: For the two former Chapters concern the common affections of both sorts of Characters.  
( b) Ram. Gram. Lat. lib. pri. cap. tertio.  
( c) A Letter is here considered, not as it is pronounced by the sound, but as it is written by his Character.  
( d) Particle, signifieth a small part or portion of any thing: and in this book, that word for distiction sake, is appropriate to letters abreuiated.  
( e) Note that in this Table, ד and י are referred as partes to the Hebrew letters Daleth and Jod: ●●● χ to the greek letters Beta, My, pi, chi: and all the res●●o our usual letters. And they are thus referred, that they may be the better contained in memory.  
( f) C In the English tongue, is noted to haue the sound of two letters K, and S. When it is sounded as K, it is referred to K: When it is sounded as S, it is to be referred to S, and therefore hath here no proper Particle.  
( g) That is, extended to the bounds of great Characters.    

Of changeable Particles. Chap. 4.  
A Changeable Particle, is a small Character whose sound varieth. And of them there are two: to wit, o, and ◆ ( a)  
o. Signifieth sometime H, sometime th. ( b) It signifieth h, when it is affixed in the Aphthonge place of ●● or ● as ●●● Otherwise it signifieth th: as, ●●  
◆ Called a Tittle, is used either single, or double.  
When it is single, it noteth a Vowell: to wit, that Vowell in whose place it standeth. So it signifieth a in the place of a, e in the place of e, i in the place of i, o in the place of o, u in the place of u, as: in ● it standeth for a, in ● it standeth for e, in ● it standeth for i, &c.  
A Tittle dubbled, signifieth the plural number, when they are placed in this order(··) at the head of a Character, as: hypocrites. ●  

Notes vpon the fourth Chapter.  
(a) O, May be referred to ●, as a part thereof. A tittle may indifferently be referred to any Vowell, as the smallest part thereof.  
( b) The reason of the Rule is this. Aspirable letters, that is, such as are capable of H, to be joined with them immediately in the same Syllable, are either Vowels or Consonantes. The Vowels are all aspirable, and haue their Aspiration always going before them, as: hand, here, hill, hope, humble: saving in these Interiections Ah, Oh: In which two, the Aspiration following is neglected by a Rule Chap 6. Of the Consonantes 7. onely are aspirable which are these, C, G, P, R, S, T, w: and these haue their Aspiration following them, as. chaff, ghost, physic, rheum. Short, think, When. Of these C aspirated, hath his proper Character X. Gh, and Rh, neglect their aspirations by a Rule chapped 6. Ph, is contracted into F: So that onely S, T, and, w, need to haue H thus expressed.    

Of Vowels neglected. Chap. 5.  
ANd thus much concerning the abreuiation of Letters: the abreuiation of a Syllable followeth. (a)  
A Syllable is abreuiated in reguarde either of the sound whereby it is pronounced, or of the Character wherewith it is written.  
In reguarde of the sound, either by omission or contraction of some part thereof.  
A Syllable abreuiated by omission of some part thereof, hath that part omitted, either neglected, or understood.  
The part of a Syllable neglected, is Vowell or Consonant.  
A Vowell is neglected: First, when it serveth onely to lengthen the sound of a Vowell next before going: Immediarely, as: espy. Or, mediately, ( b) as: oats, more.  
Secondly, when more Vowels are sounded together in one Syllable, as in a Diphthonge or a Triphthonge.  
A Diphthonge is a sound of two Vowels in one Syllable: and of them there are twenty, that is to say,  


ai, rain.  
ay, may.  
au, laud  
awe, saw.  
ea, heat  
ee, thee.  
ei, either.  
ey, obey.  
eo, ieopard.  
eu, lewd.  
ew, few.  
je, chief.  
oa, load.  
oe, phoenix.  
hey, hoist.  
oy, annoy.  
oo, good.  
ou, bound.  
owe, sow.  
vi, suite.    
A triphthonge is a sound of three Vowels in one syllable: And of them there are five, to wit,  


aoi, Gaoill.  
eau, beauty.  
eaw, dew.  
ieu, Lieu.  
jew, View.    
every of these aforesaid Polyphthonges is to be expressed by that onely Vowel, which is most sounded in it, as, 

ai, ay, au, awe, aoi. are to be expressed by A  
ea, ee, eo, oe. are to be expressed by E  
je, ei, ey. are to be expressed by I  
oa, hey, oy, ou, owe. are to be expressed by O  
eu, ew, eaw, eau, ieu, jew, vi. are to be expressed by V   Except their other Vowell be most sounded, which very seldom falleth out, as: in these words, heart, youth  

Notes vpon the fifth Chapter.  
(a) A Syllable is here handled as it is properly so called, namely as consisting of more letters then one: for the Vowels pronounced alone, are improperly called Syllabels, because the word Syllable signifieth a taking together, to wit, of more letters into one sound.  
( b) That is, a Consonant coming between.  
( c) Phthongos in greek, signifieth a Vowell. Diphthongos, two Vowels. Triphthongos, three Vowels in one Syllable.    

Of Consonantes neglected. Chap. 6.  
A Consonant is neglected: first, when it cometh before an other Consonant of the same sound, (a) as: all, assure, ascend, acquit, follow, aclowledge.  
Secondly, when it is added to another Consonant to thicken the sound thereof. Such are these in these words, and the like.  

B, Chamblet, debt, lamb.  
C, Annoynted.  
D, judge.  
G, reign, gnibble.  
L, realm, balm.  
P, Dampson, psalm, exempt, account.  
Pn, p solemn.  
T, Wretch.  
V, The liquid, ( b) build, question.   
Thirdly, when the sound therof is drowned, as in these, and such like.  

C, slander, excel, victual.  
D, roundlet, kindled, adjourn.  
G, Strength, yonglinges.  
L, Salmon.  
N, damn.  
P, upbraid, Cupboard.  
T, Mortgage.  
Th, rhythm.   
Fourthly, Aspirations are neglected, ( c) Viz. First, light Aspirations, which are H. W. Y. and that either when they affect a Vowell in the middle of a word; as: Vehement, abhor, bulwark, beyond.  
Or, when the letter which they affect, hath his sound nothing changed by the Aspiration: as; Ghost, Christopher, rhetoric, Arthur, Thomas, wreak, Bewray, Youth, You, Humble, Husher.  
Secondly, a thick Aspiration, either gh, when it followeth a Vowel in the same Syllable: as; Though, Night, burrow.  
Or, H alone in these Interiections ( d) Ah, Oh.  

Notes vpon the 6. Chapter.  
(a) So in the word( ascend) S and C, are of the same sound, though different letters: As on the other side, in the word( Suggestion) gg, in the middle, are the same letter, though different in sound: and therefore these words are used in the precept Consonantes of the same sound, not Consonantes of the same letter.  
( b) When in vi, the sound of u, is more heard then i. vi is a Diphthong, as in these words; suite, fruit. But when the sound of i is chiefest, u is a Liquid, as in the words; Build, guile.  
( c) There are in the English tongue 4. Aspirations, H, w, Y, Gh: which yet are numbered among the Consonantes, quia consonant, hoc est, cum vocalibus sonant: for even w and Y, are in nature Aspirations, though abusively written in Diphthongs for i and u.  
( d) For in these words, H, hath the strength of a thick Aspiration, as if they were thus written, Agh, Ogh.    

Of Vowels understood. Chap. 7.  
THe part of a Syllable omitted, yet understood, is a Vowell: to wit,  
First, E before X in the beginning of a word, (a) as: xchange, xtreeme, for exchange, extreme.  
Secondly, all middle and final Vowels. For these are understood by the Metaphthonges standing in their place, ( b) as: in ● the Metaphthonge ● affixed to C in the place of I, sheweth the Vowell I to go before it: In ● the disjunct Metaphthonge( ●) signifieth the Vowell O, in whose place it standeth.  

Notes vpon the seventh Chapter.  
(a) E before X, omitted in the beginning of a word, may well be understood, both because no English word beginneth with X, as also for that E being removed, X cannot so fully be pronounced without the sound of E short vnderheard before it: as in the former examples, xchange, xtreeme, being pronounced, the sound of E short, is heard before them.  
( b) For Metaphthonges do always consignifie the same Vowell to go before them in the place whereof they stand. chapped. 10. and 11.    

Of Letters Contracted. Chap. 8.  
SO much concerning the abreuiation of a Syllable, by omitting some part thereof.  
A Syllable is abreuiated by contraction, when the sound of two, or more Letters is contracted into one: as in these words following, and the like. (a)  


ao in sabbath is contracted into O.  
ia in treacle is contracted into E.  
hi in jerome is contracted into I, the consonant  
cc in access is contracted into X.  
ct in Fiction is contracted into X.  
ckes in tricks is contracted into X.  
ph in phantasy is contracted into F.  
queen in antic is contracted into C, or Q.    

Notes vpon the 8. Chapter.  
(a) In this Art, not the orthography, but the sound of the word is respected. And for such contraction of Letters by the sound, we haue the president of antiquity to warrant it. First in the time of the trojan war Palamedes added 4. Letters to the greek Alphabet {αβγδ} which are made of doubble sounds, viz. th, ph, ch: and ξ of ps, gs, and chs. And after him, Simonides taking the like liberty, added other 4. Characters of Letters contracted in like maner, viz. z for fs and ds: ● for aec: ψ for bs, ps, phs: and ● for oo.  
Suetonius also writeth, that Augustus Caesar added X and Z, to the number of latin letters: Z, for ss, which is worn out of use: and X for Cs, which is still in use. So, for Alecsander( so written before Augustus time) we writ Alexander: for Ecsamen, Examen.    

Of the abreuiation of affixed Particles. Chap. 9.  
THus much for the abreuiation of a Syllable, in reguarde of the sound thereof: Now, how a Syllable is abreuiated, in respect of his Character.  
A Syllable is abreuiated in respect of the Character wherewith it is written, when the small Particle may be conveniently understood by some part thereof affixed to the great, or to such a small Particle as is unto it in nature of a great.  
Affixed to a great, as, ● consisting of ● and ●: ● consisting of ● and ● ( a)  
Affixed to such a small Particle, as is unto it in nature of a great, ( b) as, ● consisting of ●— and ●  

Notes vpon the .9. Chapter.  
(a) This kind of abreuiation, we find to be used both in greek and Latin, and other languages: as, oe, ae, sl.  
here for a plain direction how every small Particle is to be affixed to a great in his due place, as any man diligently observing these Rules, may frame unto himself a Table, which in a short view may readily declare the same: So there is a very perfect Table already drawn to that purpose, where unto the Printer can direct him, that is desirous thereof, for his ease and satisfaction.  
( b) For a small Particle, as it is the subject whereunto an other small Particle is affixed, hath the respect of a great Character, being compared unto it: as in the examples propounded. ● is a great Particle, in respect of— affixed to it, and— is as a great Particle in respect of ● affixed to it,    

Of words of one Syllable. Chap. 10.  
having declared how the partes of a word are abreuiated, it remaineth to show the abreuiation of a whole word.  
A word abreuiated, is expressed by a note either homogeneal, or heterogeneal. (a)  
A note homogeneal, is that which is written by one or more Characters of one kind, ( b) and it is either literal or Illiterall.  
A literal, is a note expressed by literal Character, ( c) and it is either integral or defective.  
An integral, is a note expressing by particles all the needful ( d) letters of a word; and the first letter by a great Particle.  
How words are to be written by Integrals, let us now consider.  
A Word, consisteth either of one Syllable, or of more Syllables then one.  
A Word of one Syllable, beginneth either with a Vowell, or with a Consonant.  
If it begin with a Vowel, the Consonant or Consonants following, are to be placed in their order ( e) by Aphthonge ●●● affix. as: are, arm, arms.  
If it be a Consonant, mark whether the Syllable doth end in a Vowel or in a Consonant.  
If it end in a Vowel, the Vowel is to be expressed by a Tittle standing in the place thereof. And if any Consonant or Consonants come between, they are to be expressed in their order by Aphthonge Affix. as: do, true, through.  
If it end in a Consonant, the Consonant is to be expressed by his small particle affixed in the place of the Vowell going before it: And if there be any more Consonantes in the Syllable, they are to be placed in their order, ( f) as: Bad, light, with, change, brought.  

Notes vpon the 10. Chapter.  
(a) homogeneal signifieth, of the same kind or sort: heterogeneal, of an other kind or sort.  
( b) As when it is written onely by Particle, or by an ordinary Letter, or by an Illiterall.  
( c) Whether it be an ordinary Letter, or a Particle: For the Characters of both these sorts are literal.  
( d) What are the needful Letters of every word, sufficiently appeareth by the abreuiation of Syllables before touch●d in this book.  
( e) That is, the Particle of every Letter must be affixed in the Aphthonge place of the Particle of that l●tter which goeth next before it. as in the w●rd arms, r is affixed to a in the Aphthonge place thereof: m is affixed to r in Aphthonge place of r: and s to m in the Aphthonge place ●f m.  
( f) That is, those which go before the Vowel, are to be affixed orderly in the Aphthonge place, and those which come after the Vowell orderly in the Metaphthonge place.    

Of words of more Syllables. chapped. 11.  
WHen we writ a word of more Syllables, we must consider the improper partes thereof. (a)  
An improper part of a word of more Syllables, is either primary or breviary.  
The primary part, containeth the letter or letters coming before the second Vowell▪ as; in jo, the primary part is I: in Ida, Id: in Abroad, Abr: in favour, Fau.  
The breviary part containeth the second Vowell with the Letter or Letters following, if there be any: as; in Chw, the breviary part is o: in occident, the breviary part is idente: in Calumniation, umniation.  
here note, that two Vowels coming together, not in the beginning of the word, are to be expressed with their Consonant or Consonants, if any follow, as if they were but one Syllable; to wir, the Particle of the later affixed with his Consonant or Consonants, if there be any, in the place of the former Vowell: as, Rhea, Chloë, Lewes. ●●●  
The primary part of a Word is to be expressed as a Word of one syllable. ( b)  
The breviary part, consisteth either onely of a Vowell, or of more Letters.  
If it consist of a Vowell only, that Vowell is to be expressed by a Tittle standing in the place thereof: as; arrow, army, duty. ●●●  
If it consist of more letters, it may be written more ways then one: ( c) to wit, by some, or all of these four ways following.  
First, by Metaphthonge, referred onely to the great Particle ( d) affixed onely, as in these, Abridge, accord, Asia, Eoas. ●●●●  
Affixed and disjoined: as, Obl●quie, Aeolia, Barren. ●●●  
Secondly, by Metaphthonge affixed to a small Particle: which small Particle respecteth the great, either as an affix ●●● as; Arthur, Daughter, current.  
Or, as a disjunct, as; separate, Glorious. ●●  
Thirdly, by Disiunctes, whose Vowels come each after other according to the order of the Alphabet, as; Lion, ●●●● Glorious, Superior, Clio, paradise.  
Fourthly, by collateral ( e) great Particles affixed or accompanied with disiunctes as if they were several words, yet joined closer together then several words: as; lioness, Perturbation, Anthropophagite. ●●● ( f)  

Notes vpon the 11. Chapter.  
(a) These are called the Improper partes of a Word: as for the Proper partes of a Word, they are Letter and Syllable. chapped. 3.  
( b) That is, according to the Rules delivered in Chapter next before going.  
( c) As the word lioness, which may be written 12. several ways by the Rules of this book, Viz.  
But in this, and all other words which is the plainest and easiest way to writ them, may better be learned by practise then precept.  
( d) The Disiunctes mentioned in the third Rule, are Metaphthonges, referred to the great Particle: but not onely unto it, for they are also referred to the Vowell of the disjunct next going before.  
( e) collateral, that is placed side by side: as in our usual writing one Letter is placed by the side of another in due proportion.  
( f) So that by the Rules of these two last Chapters, is declared how any Word whatsoever, may be fully written. And though to place Disiunctes abdue great Characters in words of many Syllables, might seem to breed confusion; yet therein will appear no trouble at all: for, we writ Hebrew words with small Characters, and pricks above, beneath, on the side, or within the Letters; which yet are not thought to bring confusion, but great help to the Reader: But if any inconvenience should arise thereof, it may easily be redressed by the fourth Rule of this Chapter.    

Of the first part of defectives. chapped. 12.  
IT hath been declared how all words may be expressed by integral notes: Let us now see how some words may be expressed by defectives.  
A defective, is a literal note of a word, wanting one or more of the needful Letters thereof.  
Of defectives there are four sorts.  
The first, is of them which note so much of a word, as is sufficient to distinguish it from all other words: as, (a)( b)  
First, baptism, apothecary, Nothing, Whither. ●●●●  
Secondly, Augustine, Pionie, Brewer, governor. ●●●●  

Notes vpon the 12. Chapter.  
(a) The first sort of defectives, includeth as well all words, having a peculiar beginning by themselves( such as are the former three, and many more, which practise will disc uer) as also them, which want some Letters, between the first and the last: such as are the other four, and the like.  
( b) These kindes of abridgement, are both of them often used by Notaries: as; Mnu●' Manuceperunt. Vis. Franc. pleg. Visus franci p●egij. ce in miam. esse in misericordia. Cur Sccij. Curia Scaccarij. firm̄r. firmiter. heret. haberet. Absque disparag. absque disparagatione. Such is also the abridgement of our saviours name used formerly by the Greekes: For in stead of {αβγδ} they wrote ΙΗS ΧΡS wherein it is to be noted, that ΗΧΡ. are not latin letters( as some suppose) but the greek letters Eta, Chi, Rho. The mistaking whereof, caused that error of writing IHS, for IESVS: XP, for CHRIST: Xpofer, for Christopher: Xpiān, for Christian, and such like.    

Of the second sort of defectives. chapped. 13.  
THe second sort of defectives, is of them which express the first or last syllable of a word, by a single disjunct Aphthonge, placed either Regularly, or Irregularly.  
Regularly, (a) And then they note the last syllable, either by the first letter thereof: As in words of these terminations following.  

And, as, Command.  
By, as, Whereby.  
Call, as, tragical.  
doom, as, wisdom.  
else, as, Bowels.  
Full, as, sinful.  
Ger, as, Longer.  
Iect, as, object.  
less, as, friendless  
Man, as, Workman.  
Nesse, as, boldness.  
old, as, harold.  
Parte, as, Depart.  
ring, as, Alluringe.  
So, as, Also.  
To, as, Hitherto.  
Vert, as, pervert.  
use, as, misuse.  
Ward, as, Froward.  
The, as, Lethe.  
It, as, unit.  
If, as, plaintiff.   
Or by the last Letter thereof, as in words of these terminations following.  

Lique, as, catholic.  
lye, as, vainly.  
Ish, as, Cherish.  
Az, as, Paraz.   
Aphthongs placed Irregularlie, that is, under the great Particle of the letter following at the left side thereof, note the first Syllable, ( b) by the first Letter: As first, in words beginning with Re. as, resign. Secondly, in words beginning with any of these Syllables following.  


Em, as, Emperour.  
Im, as, Impure.  
En, as, enjoy.  
In, as, Indicte.  
Vn, as, Vnneath.  
Il before L, as, llumine.  
Ir before R, as, Irreuerend    
In which syllables the first letter being a Vowell is to be expressed by a tittle. ( c)  
But in flat Characters, ( d) the place for Aphthonges beginning the word is at the left side: and for Aphthonges ending the word at the right side thereof, as, 

● Require.  
● Enriched.    

Notes vpon the .13. Chapter.  
(a) That is, in the Aphthonge place.  
( b) This is an exception against the First Rule of the 11. Chapter, which requireth that the first letter of a word should be expressed by a great Particle. Where note, that onely the Particle— and middot iddot; are to be used for first Syllables, because they take up no room under the great Character, as other Particles would, if they were so used.  
( c) Which is an indefenite Character of a vowel.  
( d) The reason of this exception, is because in flat●e Characters, the place of E is beneath at the left side, chapped. 2. and the place for Notes of Distinction, is beneath at the right side. chapped. 3. of the second book.    

Of the third sort of defectives. chapped. 14.  
THe third sort of defectives, is of them which express a word by the first Letter onely. (a) To wit, either by a Particle, or an ordinary Letter.  
By a Particle, so are these words expressed.  


But.  
Come.  
Dis.  
For.  
God.  
He.  
Iesus.  
Let.  
Make.  
Not.  
Of.  
Pro.  
Quest.  
Rich.  
Sub.  
That.  
Rent.  
Which  
Xcepte.  
Yet.  
Christ.    
A word noted by an ordinary Letter, is noted either by a small Letter, or by a capital.  
By a small letter either roman or secretary.  
Words written by small roman letters, are these.  


again.  
because.  
cause.  
doctrine  
ever.  
father.  
gospel.  
hypocrite  
inter.  
kneel.  
lent.  
much.  
never.  
over.  
poverty.  
queen.  
regard.  
such.  
trance.  
vengeance.  
unto.  
would.  
xtreeme  
year.    
words written by small secretary letters, are these.  


Among.  
before.  
can.  
declare  
earth.  
friend.  
great.  
Heretique  
kind.  
Lord.  
mercy.  
name.  
other  
part.  
quaint.  
repent.  
serve.  
self.  
therefore.  
ve●se.  
vpon.  
wicked.  
xperience.  
young.    
words written by capital letters, are written either by roman Capitals, or by secretary.  
By roman Capitalles, solitary, or Combined.  
solitary: as, A. Apostle, D. deuteronomy, H. Hebrewes, K. kings, L. Lamentations, mark, Numbers, proverbs, revelation. ( b)  
roman Capitals combined, signify two names or words in one: as, ● Hermes Trismegistus. ( c) ● council of Constance. ● act of Parliament.  
words written by secretary Capitals: as, E. evangelist, P. Prophet. ( d)  

Notes vpon the .14. Chapter.  
(a) The writing of the first letter for the whole word, is a very ancient kind of abreuiation: For before the time of justinian the Emperour, the Notaries and Registers of the Law were wont for more speed in writing, oft times to writ onely the first letter for a word: as, L. P. Latini Prisci. L. I. Lex Iulia D A. C De adulteriis coë●cendis. C E C Coloni eius Colmie. V. B A Viriboni arbitratu. Q.R.F.E.V. Quod recte fictum esse videbitur. &c. Valer. Probus de Romanorum notis. These Abreuiations were called Sig●a,( quasi singl● per Syncopen pro S●ngula, vt veteres viglas pro vi●lia, dixisse feruntur. Instit. lib. 1.) And as they used them, it bread no little confusion, because they used the same letter for many words: as; A for Aulus, age●, aut, annus, aliu, aio, &c. And therefore many by craftiness of wit, interpnted the letters contrary to the meaning of the Law, thereby abusing the simplo and ignorant: Which abuse, justinian willing to reform, commanded from thence forward under a penalty, that none should use those Abreuiations. Such Abreuiatures also of a letter for a word haue been and are used in monuments, noting names and tittles, in computations and accounts, and such like affairs. So we read that Ae● finding in a monument of ston these greek letters {αβγδ} interpnted the greek words by their first letters in this signification: go forward, four paces, dig, thou shalt find a treasure of gold: Aesop did so, and found a pot of Gold. So when lo the tenth was created Pope, one set up this Libel vpon the Pasquil, M. C C. C. C. L. D. Which numeral letters the author himself expounded t●●s: Multi Cardinales caeci creauerunt caecum Leonem Decimum: that is, Many blind Cardinals created a blind Pope lo the tenth Likewise in the inscription of the Collar which the Knights of the order of the Salutation wear, these letters, F.E. R.T. stand for, Fortitudo eius Rhodum tenuit: His prowess kept Rhodes: Meaning, the prowess of Amadeus the sixth, earl of Sauoie, who defended Rhodes against the turk, and in memory thereof, instituted this order. Such kind of Abreuiations are some time also used among us: as; E R. Elizabetha Regina. C. S. Custos Sigilli. A. D. Anno Domini &c. And such are the defectives contained in this Chapter: wherein I haue referred no more then one usual Word to one Character, for avoiding confusion.  
( b) These words in this Chapter are so assigned to Particles and Letters, as I leave it indifferent to any to use these words, or other in their stead: because with divines some words are more usual, with Lawyers other words, with Physitians other, with Poets other. &c. And therefore I haue here, and in the defectives of the Chapter following, onely given instance of my meaning in one or two examples, referring it to their choice, what words they shall think best to express by these defective Notes, according to the several subject of their study.  
( c) compounded of H. and T, the two first Letters of the name and firname of Hermes Trismegistus, a famous King of Egypt.  
( d) Although I haue given example onely of the roman and secretary letters, as being most usual: yet the Letters of other hands also may profitably be used to signify words; as, ● according, ● Court, ● Malefactor, ● Sraunge, ● ment.    

Of the fourth sort of defectives. Chap. 15.  
THe fourth sort of defectives, is of them which express onely two letters of the Word by an Aphthonge particle affixed to a great, and it expresseth either the two first Letters, or the first and the last.  
The two first, regularly, or irregularly.  
Regularly, ( b) as; abound, after, from, place, shall, this, 
●●●●●●●●●  what, stand, answer.  
Irregularly, ( c) as: Multitude, 
●●●●  Mediate, posterity, necessary.  
defectives, expressing the first and last Letter, are to haue such words referred to them as either begin and end with a Vowel: as also. Or if they begin and end with a Consonant; the last Consonant is such, as never followeth immediately the first in the beginning of an English word, ( d) as: Difference, marvel, Respect. ●●●  
Note, that many Words may fitly be expressed according to these former Rules ( e) by Notes defective, in more respects then one: as; faithfulness, Untowardnesse, irreconcilable, Proiecte. ●●●●  

Notes vpon the 15. Chapter.  
(a) So the Romaines expressed many words by two or three of their first Letters: as, Tr, Pl, Tribunus Plehis. Ag. Ag●t Ac, Actio. Eq, Equiria. Gl. Gloria. Arm, Armilustrium. Car, carmentalia. Rob Robigalia. &c. Which also is used in the Canon Law: as, Se. ap. seeds Apostolica. Sa. ap con. Sacro approbant concilio. pure canon. De purgatione canonica. Likewise they sometime wrote a word by the first and last letter thereof: as, Dt. for Duntaxat. Qm. Quemadmodum. ee. esse. as we usually writ Lr. for Letter, Dd. for delivered. and Mr. for master.  
( b) That is, expressed according to the Rules before delivered, the second Letter being a Consonant affixed to the first, in the Aphthonge place thereof.  
( c) That is, by affixing the second Letter, being a Vowell, to the first Letter in the Aphthonge place thereof, contrary to the former Rules: whereby it is required that the second Letter being a Vowell, should be understood by a Metaphthonge Chap. 11.  
( d) As in the examples given, no English word beginneth with ds, ml. rt: And here note, that in other Languages, many words begin with such Letters, as no word in the english tongue beginneth withall: as; bdella, ctesis, pneuma, Mneme, Sphinx, Sbesis, Tlao, tmolus, in the greek: Lluellyn in the British Vlishing &c. Notwithstanding, seeing no English word beginneth with the same Letters, even the●e may pass for defective notes with the rest: as; ● beside ● mention.  
here further mark, that all the defective notes, entreated of in these two last Chapters the xiiij and the xv. may be very well reduced into a Table:( the manner how, is apparent by the Rules.) unto which the Reader may refer what words he thinketh best; yet with this regard, that they be words usual unto himself: or such as being fully written, would be unhandsome. Which when he hath done, he shall not need to get the words of the Table by hare, but by remembering unto what kind of defectives the word is referred; the Rule itself sheweth how the word is to be written. As if I remember that the word marvel is placed among the defectives, written by the first and last letter, I know by the Rule, that it must be expressed by the Aphthonge particle of the last letter affixed to the first.    

Of Illiterals. Chap. 16.  
HItherto concerning literal Characterst it followeth to speak of the Illiterals.  
An Illiterall, is a Character having the same signification in all Languages. (a)  
Of which sort are, First Characters arithmetical, ( b) 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0. By which ten Characters, varied by place and position, ( c) all numbers whole and broken, are to be expressed, according to the rules of arithmetic.  
Secondly, Characters astronomical: as,  
1. of the Planets, ( d) ♄ Saturne, ♃ jupiter, ♂ Mars, ☉ sun, ♀ Venus, ☿ mercury, ☽ moon.  
2. Of the twelve signs in the zodiac, ( e) ♈ ram, ♉ Bull, ♊ twin, ♋ crab, ♌ Lion, ♍ Virgin, ♎ balance, ♏ Scorpion, ♐ Archer, ♑ goat, ♒ Waterman, ♓ Fishes.  
Thirdly, Characters used in books of the civil Law§ Paragraph, ff Digectes ( f)  

Notes vpon the .16. Chapter.  
(a) As the Character ☉ signifieth in English the sun, in latin Sol, in greek Helios, in Hebrew Schemesh, in French Soleil. &c.  
( b) The ancient Hebrewes and Greekes, as also the Pythagoreans in their divinations by Onomantie, used all the letters of the Alphabet as Numerals. The Romaines ordinarily used these seven to express numbers by, C. D. I. L. M. V. X, and sometime ∽ for 200. S for 1000. ● for 100000. {roman 1000000} for 1000000. &c. Val Prob. But the ten Figures of arithmetic, invented( as is supposed) by the Arabians, are by the agreement almost of all Nations, reputed to be the most fit for expressing all manner of Numbers. Joac. Camer. de Logistica. The Characters used in Cossicke numbers, I omit; because their use is not so common as the rest.  
( c) Varied by place, as in whole Numbers; and those which are Quasi Integra: Urstitius. Varied by position, as in Fractions.  
( d) ♄ Is the Character of Saturne, either because by the crookedness thereof it resembleth aged Saturne bowed with yeeres( Saturnus enim dicitur, quod saturetur annis. Cic. de Nat. dear. lib. 2.) Or else because it is like a Sith, which Saturne is feigned to carry in his hand, in signification that Time cutteth off the course of all mens lives: for Saturne is called in the greek {αβγδ} quasi {αβγδ} which signifieth Time. ♃ is the Character of jupiter, for that it representeth a sceptre, such as jupiter is supposed to bear. ♂ is the Character of Mars, because it representeth a club and an Arrow; weapons used in war: for Mars among the Heathen was counted Patron of war. ☉ is the Character of the sun, representing the roundness of the body, and the brightness of the beams of the sun. ♀ is the Character of Venus, having the form of a looking glass, which Venus holdeth in her hand. ☿ is the Character of mercury, carrying the similitude of Mercuries rod, whereabout are two Serpents twisted. ☽ is the Character of the moon, resembling the light part of the moon in her prime. And by these considerations, may the Characters of the Planets be easily remembered.  
( e) ♈ Is the Character of the ram, because in figure it resembleth a rams horns. ♉ of the Bull, because it hath a resemblance of a bulls head. ♊ Of the Twinne, for the mutual embracements of them both. ♋ Of the crab, because in figure it representeth the cleyes of a crab: or( as Cornelius Agrippa saith, lib. 2. de Occult. Philos. Cap. 52▪) because it turneth both ways, forward and backward, in signification of the suins progress and regress too and from this sign. ♌ Of the Lion, for the length and waving of his tail. ♍ Of the Virgin, for the stalk and ear of corn, which she is feigned to hold in her hand. ♎ Of the balance, because it beareth the figure of the crosse-beame of the balance. ♏ Of the Scorpion, for the wreathinges of his tail. ♐ Of the Archer, because it hath the likeness of an Arrow. ♑ Of the goat, for the turninges of his tail. ♒ Of the Waterman, for the similitude of running Water. ♓ Of the Fishes, because it figureth two Fishes linked together: And by these considerations may the Characters of the signs be kept in memory.  
There are besides these, innumerable Characters of astronomy; as, the Characters of the aspects, the Characters of the 4. Triplicities, the Characters of 120. several conjunctions of the Planets, the Characters of diuers Constellations, the Characters the Olympicall letters, and Olympicall Spirites,( as they are termed) which I haue thought good not to trouble this book withall, there being no ordinary or common use of them.  
( f)§ Signifieth a Paragraph; that is,( as Martianus Cossias defineth it) Quicquid sub vndsententia clauditur. whatsoever is included in one sentence.  
ff. Signifieth the book of digests; because the grecians noted the volume of the Law called Pandectae, by the greek letter Pi, with a Circumflex accent over it thus π̂ which in continuance of time▪ easily degenerated into the Character ff. By which Note, they signify the book of digests; being a chief part of the Pandecte. Alciatus. All other Notes and Breuiatures, used in the civil and Canon Law I omit, as being unknown to the most sort of people. As likewise for the same reason, I haue pntermitted the Characters used by the Physitians in their prescriptes: the Characters of geometry, music, magic. alchemy; they being such as are familiar to none, but the Children of those Artes.    

Of Characters heterogeneal. chapped. 17.  
ANd so much concerning homogeneal notes of words: it resteth to speak of Heterogenealles.  
An heterogeneal, is a Note of a word expressed in a mixed kind of writing: as, 

1. Particles joined with 

Letters, as: overcome, every. ●●  
Illiterals, as: Money, Fishmongor. ☽ ♓ ☽    
2. Letters joined with 

Particles, as: forefather, reverse ●●  
Illite. as: lion-kind, belfather. (a) ●●    
3. Illiterals joined with 

Particles, as: Reason, camphor. ●●  
Letters: fatherhood, friendship. ●●      
unto these may be added as Heterogeneals, ( b) such words as are written in part or in whole, by the Character or Characters of an other word or Syllable: Of which kind of words, this is the Rule. viz.  
All Notes of a word, or part of a word, saving defectives beginning with a Vowell and regularly affixed, ( c) may be used in composition, ( d) to signify a word or part of a word, harder noted ( e) of like or near sound: as, followeth.  

1 Literals integral, as: thereof, powerfull. ●●  
2 Vnaffixed Particles, as: furlong despise. ●●  
3 Aphthong disiuncts earnestness, countermaund ●●  
4 ordinary Letters, as: Iecunde, condition ●●  
5 Illiteralles, as: Commission, youngling ●●   

Notes vpon the .17. Chapter.  
(a) And of this sort are those usual Abreuiations of the names of Moneths, 7ber, 8ber, 9ber: for, September, October, november.  
( b) So called, because these are also of an other kind, different from the former.  
( c) For defectives beginning with a Vowell, and regularly affixed, when they are used in composition, do not signify their proper defective word, but that syllable onely which they note: as, ●●● commandment, where the middle Particle signifieth An, the syllable which it noteth; and not anwer, the defective word, which without composition it should signify.  
( d) That is, joined together collaterally with some other note or notes, for the expressing of a longer word.  
( e) Harder noted, that is, whose proper Note or Character is harder or more troublesone to be made: as, the proper Character of thereof, being ●● is harder to be made then theirof, a word of sound not unlike to it.    
The end of the first book.   

THE SECOND book.  

Of part of a Word omitted. Chap. 1.  
HItherto touching the first part of stenography, consisting in the abreuiation of a Word: I come now to the second; which concerneth the abreuiation of a Sentence.  
The Abreuiation of a Sentence consisteth in two things: the abreuiation of part of a Sentence, and the abreuiation of a whole Sentence.  
The partes of a Sentence, are word, and Clause. (a)  
A word in a Sentence ( b) is abreuiated, either by Omission of some part thereof, or Contraction of the whole.  
Part of a Word is to be omitted, when it may be understood what it is by the nature of the speech.  
The part of a word so omitted, is either in the beginning, or in the end thereof.  
In the beginning of a Word. First, H. W. and Y. ( c) when their sound is drowned by the word before going: as,  
H. True friendship is onely amongst honest men.  
W. It is ill to wish for death, but worse to fear it.  
Y. This year is the last yeeres scholar, and the next yeeres master.  
Secondly, a Consonant of a word of no more then 2. syllables, after a word ending with a Consonant of the same sound: as, 
mercy is with thee, that thou mayst be feared.  
That which thou art about to do, forbear to speak.  
Oft haue I good done, thereof hear I never:  
Once haue I ill done, thereof hear I ever.   
In the end of a Word: to wit.  
First personal Terminations, ( d) as; 
poverty compelleth a Sluggard to work, and  
despair enforceth a Coward to fight.  
war makes Theeues, and Peace hangs them up.  
The more thou understandest, the more thou doubtest   
Secondly, literal or Syllabicall adiections: ( e) as, 
It is an honour to suffer rebuk for well doing.  
That is not thine own, which fortune can take away  
And thou Melpomene helpen to indite, Chaucer.  
These woeful lines that weepen as I writ. Chaucer.   
Thirdly, in rhythm; the end of a line answering in sound the end of some other line before going.  
Immediately: as, 
When faith fails in Priestes hews,  
And lords hestes are holden for laws:  
And robbery is holden purchase,  
And lechery is holden solace:  
Then shall the land of Albioun,  
Be brought to great confusioun. Chaucer.   
Mediately: as, 
Yf thou loose much, and gain nought,  
Yf thou spendest much, and mindest nought,  
Yf thou borrow much, and pay nought,  
And lookest in thy purse, and findest nought,  
Thou mayst be sorry in thine hart, but say nought   
Fourthly, any Letter or Syllable which the sense may supply: as; Pardon many things to others, but nought to thyself.  
It is better to be reproved by an enemy, then commended by a flatterer.  
He accuseth Neptune wrongfully, that hath suffered twice shipwreck.  
All the Examples of the first Chapter are thus written.( f)  

1  
2  
3  
4  
5  
7  
7   

Notes vpon the first Chapter.  
(a) A Word is part of a Clause, and therefore of a Sentence. For, Pars parts est pars totius. Euclid. So seeing a Particle is part of a Letter; a Letter part of a Syllable, a Syllable part of a Word, a Word part of a Clause, a Clause part of a Sentence; therefore it followeth, that a Particle is part of a Sentence written.  
( b) Although the abreuiation of a Word be entreated of both in the first part of stenography, and in the second, yet the Rules of method are not violated thereby; because in the first part, a word is considered in itself alone, without relation to other words joined with it: But in the second parr, a word is considered, as it respecteth other words, wherewith it is joined in the same sentence.  
( c) Eor H.W. and Y. haue the nature of Aspirations.  
( d) personal terminations, as: est, es, eth, need not to be added, seeing the Person is always expressed with the verb, in the English tongue.  
( e) The Letter N. is often added to words ending in a Vowell, before a word beginning with a Vowell: as, An honour, not, A honour. Thine own; not, Thy own: and is then to be omitted. Syllabicall adiections used in the latin tongue, are by this Rule to be omitted: as in, Adesdum, Numnam( dum& nam.) So in the greek, conjunctions called Parapleromaticall, {αβγδ}. &c.  
( f) The first line containeth the examples of the first Rule: the second, the examples of the second: the third, the example of the third Rule. &c.    

Of words expressed by Metaphthonge Disiunctes. chapped. 2.  
A Word is abreuiated by contraction, when it is expressed either by a disjunct, or by an easier noted Word of like sound.  
By a disjunct, to wit; Metaphthonge, or Aphthonge.  
Of the Abreuiation by Metaphthonge, all words are capable, beginning with a Vowell, or H, and not exceeding two Syllables: as, (a)  
The more you may be bold with your friend, the less you ought.  
He that asketh ought impossible, denieth his own request.  
flattery maketh each man a liar to himself.  
Good things never appear in their full beauty, till they turn their backs, and are departing.  
The spirit of God giveth utterance.  
grief doth then decrease, when it is able to increase no more.  
forgetfulness is the best remedy of things past hope.  
Nothing is to be accounted profitable, which is not honest.  
here note, that if more words beginning with a vowel, or H, do come after one another, according to the order of the Alphabet, in respect of their Vowels, they may all of them be referred as Disiunctes, to the same great Character: as, ( b)  
Wo to them that are at ease in Sion.  
He is an ill Husband of his honour, that entereth into any action, the falling wherein may disgrace him more, then the carrying of it through, can honour him.  

Notes vpon the 2. Chapter.  
(a) The examples of this Chapter, and the two next, are diligently to be marked; because each of them illustrateth their Rule by a several kind of disjunct: where note, that the words printed in smaller Letters, are those of which the Rule is given, and are to be expressed by Disiunctes.    

Of words expressed by Aphthonge disjunct. Chap. 3.  
OF the abreuiation by Aphthonge disjunct: those words are capable which contain one or more of those Syllables, which begin or end words of the second sort of defectives, as in these Examples:  
1 truth by much wrangling is scattered to nothing. 2 One unthankful man makes many fare the worse. 3 every fault ariseth in account greater or less, as the party is in degree, higher or lower that committeth it. 4 In the kingdom of God, is the fullness of al ioy. 5 The weaker faction is firmer in Coniunction. 6 beasts that are weak in the course, are nimble in the turn. 7 The Parentes indulgence, causeth the childes untowardness. 8 The more excellent a thing is in his own nature, the more vile 〈◇〉 becometh, being abused.  
Note that if one of the regular Aphthonge words (a) do begin a line, it is to be noted, as if it belonged as final Syllable to an other word before going: as, The mind must beget godly words, and the lips bring them forth. To receive a benefit, is to sell liberty.  
(a) That is, words expressed by regular Aphthonges. 1. book. chapped. 13.   

Of words of like sound. chapped. 4.  
A Word is abreuiated, when it is expressed by an easier noted Word of like sound: as in these examples.  
An enemy that hurts me not, is as good as a Friend that doth me no good.  
A Spendthrift shall in the end be a Seruant, a thief, or a beggar.  
That is kept with great peril, which many like.  
every argument against which nothing is said, is easily won.  
Neezing purgeth the brain, and coughing the lungs.  
They know not how to speak, that know not when to hold their peace.  
There is no time good to one, which is not bad for an other.   

Of Clausiue Notes. chapped. 5.  
NExt the abreuiation of a Word, cometh to be handled the abreuiation of 〈◇〉 ●lause.  
A Clause is a part of a Sentence pronounced togi●her without pause, and distinguished from ●h● rest by some clausiue Note.  
Clausiue notes used in this Art (a) are Notes either of distinction, or of reference.  
distinctive notes are four: to wit, 

, Comma.  
: Colon.  
. Period.  
? interrogative.    
A distinctive Note when need requireth, ( b) is to be placed under the last word of the clause, and at the right side thereof, as: Archelaus the Philosopher being demanded, Who was most in trouble? Answered; He that most desireth to be at rest.  
A note of Reference, is that which reduceth a sentence or part thereof omitted or misplaced, into his proper place: And of these there are two sorts; the one single, the other double.  
The Single note of Reference is thus marked( ●) and it is called commonly, The note of Interlineation, whose use is to direct us to that which is written above ( e) the line, or in the margin.  
above the line, as:  
That woman which would rather govern a foolish Husband, then obey one that is wise and discreet, doth as if she desired rather to led⁁⁁ a blind man in the way she saws not, then to follow one that is skilful in the way.  
In the margin, as:  
Some in their Discourse, desire rather commendation of wit, in being able to hold all arguments, then of iudgement in discerning what is true. 
As if it were a praise to know what might be said, and not what should be thought.  Some haue certain Common-places and Theames, wherein they are good, and want variety: which kind of poverty is for the most part tedious,& now and then ridiculous. F. Bacon in his essays.  
A double Note of reference is thus marked[], whereof the first is to be made at the beginning of a Clause, Sentence, or Speech; before which being already written, ( f) some other sentence or speech should be placed: The last, is to be made at the end thereof. And this double note signifieth all that Clause, Sentence, or Speech, that is included between them, to be red after the Sentence or speech next following, in that place where the said two Notes are placed together, as:  
When the Citizens of Papia in italy were at dissension, by reason of the faction between the guelphs and the Gihelines: The Gibelines procured a Fauoure● of theirs, called Facinus Canis, to come and assist them with a power of men,[ whereof when the Gibelines did complain unto him, saying: that their goods too were spoyled against agreement: He answered, that themselves were Gibelines, and should be safe; but their goods were guelphs, and must pay for it,] vpon agreement and covenant, that he should haue the goods of the guelphs for his pay. But he being once come into the city with his men of war, spared neither of them; his Souldiers must be served.[] The Gibelines of Papia could not foresee this; our catholics by them may. Let them leave their brainsick desires& devilish purposes, of bringing a Facinus Canis into their country; least by experience they feel( which God forbid) that though themselves be catholics, their goods may be heretics; perhaps some heretical blood in their bodies also, by contagion of ours. D. Reignolds.  

Notes vpon the 5. Chapter.  
(a) There are many Clausiue Notes besides which this Art respecteth not; as,! the Note of Admiration.() Parenthesis.* An Asteriske, whereby Plato was wont to note certain sentences as unperfect. ℈ An Antigraph, whereby in ancient time, they noted a diuers sense in translation. ← A Dart, whereby they noted lies, superfluous sentences, and words foisted into the Scripture. ● A Dart with an Asteriske; which Note Aristarchus set vpon those Verses of Homer, that were not placed in their right order. &c.  
( b) For these distinctive notes in this Art, are very sparing to be used, Except either the sense without them would be ambiguous, as in this example: 
Women are virtuous good and kind.  
What man can say that? they offend:  
They serve their husbands with glad mind  
never, they deceive them till their end.   
In which example, if the Poyntes were made only at the end of each line, the sense were much altered.  
Or else, that the speech consisteth of very short sentences; as in these two latin verses, describing the simony of some clergy men.  
Intus quis? tu quis? ego sum. quid quaeris? vt intrem.  
Fers aliquid? non, sta foras. en fero. quid? satis. Intra.  
( d) The use of the Notes of Distinction is so commonly known, that it needeth not here to declare it, but to note them onely.  
( e) above the line, rather then between the lines, because the clause referred, is not always between the lines, but sometime placed above the highest line: as,  
A wise demander makes a man to consider⁁ many things and to know many other, which without having been demanded, he should never haue known. Machiauell.  
( f) So that the use of the double Clausiue note is this: If we haue written a Sentence, before which vpon better consideration an other Sentence should be written; and that there is not space enough to interline it, or to writ it in the margin: here if we should blot out the former Sentence, it would require some time to writ it again: but by these Clausiue notes being included, it may stand still, and be red in his due place.    

Of Clauses abreuiated by Omission. chapped. 6.  
A Clause is abreuiated either by Omission, or Contraction.  
By Omission, when some part thereof is left out. And this part of the clause is either neglected, or understood.  
The part of a Clause neglected, are words added without weight of matter, as: Vocémque his auribus hausi. Aeneid. 4. And I heard it with these ears. (a)  
The part of a Clause omitted understood, is understood either by the order of writing, or by some note added beneath the lower line.  
By the order of Writing, either in Quotations, or common phrases.  
The order in Quotations is diuers, according to the author, whose authority is cited, ( b) as:  
1. Cor. 10.31. that is: The first Epistle of paul to the Corinthians, the tenth Chapter, and one and thirtieth verse.  
Common Phrases, ( c) that is to say, such as we haue often occasion to use, are to be expressed by the first letters of 2. 3. or 4. of the first words joined close together: as. tco; that is, the coherence which these words haue with the former is after this maner. nlv. Now let us make use unto ourselves of that which hath been delivered. And such like Phrases infinite.  
The part of a Clause omitted, understood by some note added beneath the lower line, is one or more words repeated in the same sentence.  
If one Word onely be Immediately ( d) repeated, it is understood by this note ( l) added to the word repeated in the place of Distinction. Single, if it be repeated but once: Double, if it be repeated twice.  
Repeated but once, as: He that may do what he will, will do more then he may.  
Repeated twice, as: Ezech. 21.27. overthrown, overthrown, overthrown, will I put it.  
If more words be repeated, they are understood by a strait line drawn under them.  
But the Repetition of more words, is either Immediate, or Mediate.  
If it be Immediate, it is repeated once or twice.  
If it be repeated but once, it is sufficiently understood by the Line onely: as, Cant. 1.15. My love, behold thou art faire, behold thou art faire,  
If it be repeated twice, the line must turn up a little at the end of the last word: as, jer. 7.4. Trust not in lying vanities saying: here is the Temple of the Lord, here is the Temple of the Lord. here is the Temple of the Lord.  
If the repetition be mediate, then must a short line also ( e) be drawn under the Word, last before going, in the place of Distinction, showing that the words before vnderlined, are there again to be repeated, as: 
The Tale that I  told you, is as I told you.  
And, the tale that I told you, is this:  
If the tale that I  told you, be not as I  told you  
Then untold be the tale that I told you:  
For, the tale that I  told you, I  told it amiss.   

Notes vpon the .6. Chapter.  
(a) In which Example, these words, with these ears, may well be spared; because no man heareth without his ears. But of this Rule, and some other following in this book( as the Reader may easily observe) we haue use onely when we would writ the general sense of a speech delivered, and not verbatim every word thereof: Wherein, if the speaker from whose mouth we note, be very swift of delivery, so that he transporteth our imagination beyond the endeavour of our hands; it shall not be amiss to writ only the verbs& substantives, and other words essential to the speech delivered, reserving a space for the rest which are of lighter circumstance, to be supplied with pen immediately after the speech is ended.  
( b) For the arithmetical Figures, sometime note the book, sometime the Chapter, the Question, century, Exercitation, aphorism, leaf, page., column, Section, Verse, Line. &c. of any work, according as it is distinguished by the Author.  
( c) every man according to the subject of his Writing useth several Phrases: it sufficeth therfore to give instance by those two former Examples, how Phrases may be abridged.  
( d) For Mediate repetitions of one word, are not to be respected: as; In this Example. ( He that in time refuseth time, when time well offered is: an other time shall seek for time, but then of time shall miss.) The Word Time, is fully to be expressed by his proper Character, in all the places where it is used.  
( e) Besides that which was before drawn under the Sentence repeated.    

Of Clauses abreuiated by Contraction. chapped. 7.  
A Clause, is abreuiated by Contraction:  
First, of the sense of more words into one, as: for, The great triangled island in the West, writ England. For, The forerunner of our Lord Jesus Christ, writ John.  
Secondly, of more words into one Character, as: 

● The Iudgement hall. (a)  
☊ The Dragons head.( b)  
☋ The Dragons tail.  
● The chief point.( c)  
● From the coronation of.( d)  
● Hand over head.( e)  
● preserved alive( f)  
θ slain in battle.  
● the Roman Empire( g)  
● And so forth.  
·I· That is to say.  
● It is.    

Notes vpon the .7. Chapter.  
(a) This Character bearing the proportion of the snout of a ship, may signify the Iudgement Hall, because Moenius consul of Rome, having overcome the ancient latins in a Sea skirmish, did set up the brazen snoutes of the enemies ships in the Iudgement Hall for a monument of his victory: Which from thence forward vpon this occasion, was called Rostra, which in former times was called Forum. livius.  
( b) ☊ and ☋ are astronomical Figures, used to signify the two Intersections called the Dragons Head, and the Dragons tail; because the deferent circled cutting the Equant, maketh two Figures like these. Joan. de Sacrob.  
( c) The reason of this Character, dependeth upon Armorie: For in Armorie there are 9. poyntes, contained in 3. Escocheons; which for speed in writing, I reduce unto a square form, and place a Tittle in that point of that Escocheon, whose name I would signify, as: The chief point in hawking, is to hold fast.  
So likewise in the rest.  
( d) This is in Armorie called A mund environed, and, a cross Botone●. And it may be used in computations, to signify From the Conquest of a King, or queen: because it hath been an ancient custom at the Coronation of the Kings of England, to give them in the left hand a sceptre, and in their right hand a Globe with a cross standing upright vpon it.  
( e) The reason of this signification is, because Iod the Hebrew letter signifying the hand, is placed over Resh an other Hebrew letter, signifying the Head.  
( f) Of old times, the Captaines after a battle fought, calling the Souldiers together by name, noted those which were slain in battle by the greek letter θ and those which were preserved alive, by the greek letter Tau: whence sprung that Verse; O multum ante alias infoelix littera Theta. Also, Ezech 9.4. The Lord commanded them to be marked with Tau in their forehead, whom he determined to preserve in the day of destruction.  
( g) This Character, bearing the similitude of a Spread Eagle, may signify the roman Empire, being the ensign thereof. The two heads of the Eagle seem to note the partition of that one Empire into two: the Empire of the East, and the Empire of the West.    

Of Clauses neglected. chapped. 8.  
HItherto concerning the Abreuiation of the partes of a Sentence: It resteth to show the Abreuiation of a whole sentence.  
A Sentence is abreuiated either by omission of some clause or clauses thereof, or by contraction of the whole.  
Clauses omitted, are either neglected, or understood.  
Clauses are to be neglected, which are added without weight: as,  
First, Idle repetitions, as: Peter Went out and Wept bitterly: He Went out of the High priestes hall, he withdrew himself from all company, he remained no longer among Cayaphas servants, but sequestered himself from their society, forsook their fellowship, left their company, got him gone from among them, stayed no longer there, but went apart by himself. &c.  
Secondly, needless Clauses, as: The ambassadors not obtaining peace, turned back again to their house, from whence they went. (a)  

Notes vpon the .8. Chapter.  
(a) These Words ( From whence they went) are needless to be added, being understood by the former words ( turned back again to their house,) Legati non impetrata place, retro domum, vnde abierant, abierunt. Cic.    

Of Clauses understood. chapped. 9.  
CLauses Omitted, are understood either when they are repeated in the same speech, or else when being the latter part of a Sentence, they are committed to memory. when one, or more Clauses are repeated in the same speech, they follow the Rule of more words repeated: (a) as, in Psal. 137. this Clause ( For his mercy endureth for ever) is repeated in every verse: and to be signified where it comes, by a short line.  
When being the later part of a Sentence, they are committed to memory, they are noted after the expressed part thereof, thus,&. ( b)  
The latter part of a Sentence, is referred to memory:  
First, when the Sentence is perfect in our mindes, as: In the beginning was the Word.&.( c)  
Secondly, when the later part of the Sentence is a consequent of the former: as, In explicate syllogisms, and Comparisons fully distinguished by their partes.  
In explicate syllogisms, ( d) as: What soever is contained in the World, is moved continually by some kind of motion. But the Stones of the street are contained in the world; therefore. &c. ( e)  
In Comparisons fully distinguished by their partes, ( f) as: It is a great danger to the Common-wealth, that any vicious person should be near about the King, least he corrupt the Kings manners: which if he do, he deserveth more punishment, then if he pervert the good disposition of many private men. For, as he is more worthy to be punished that poisoneth the fountain, then: that poisoneth many cups of water.&. ( g)  

Notes vpon the 9. Chapter.  
(a) Which Rule, is in the 6. Chapter of this book.  
( b) &c. Signifieth, And so forth Chap 4. showing that the later part of the Sentence is well known.  
( c) In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and that Word was God. John. 1.1. A Sentence so famous, as that it sufficeth to writ onely the first clause thereof, and refer the rest to memory. Augu●tine writeth, that not onely the faithful, but the platonics made such account of this saying, as that they affirmed it worthy to be written with letters of Gold.  
( d) That is to say, such as consist of the Proposition, Assumption, and Conclusion, orderly placed, and not abridged into Enthymemes, or the Contracted form.  
( e) Who knoweth not that the Conclusion here must needs be thus? Therfore the Stones of the st●eete are moved continually by some kind of motion. The Proposition is an axiom of philosophy.  
( f) That is to say, such as are described by their Proposition and Reddition: which are the two partes of Comparison.  
( g) The Reddition, is by the Discourse going before the Comparison known to be thus. So be that corrupteth the manners of the King, is more worthy to be punished, then if he corrupted the manners of many private men.    

Of Contraction of a Sentence by Figure. Chap. 10.  
A Sentence is abreuiated by Contraction of it wholly, when it is expressed either by some apt Figure agreeable unto it; or by some shorter Sentence equivalent in signification.  
By some apt Figure; as for example, this sentence:( Enter in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction; and many there be which go in thereat: Because the gate is strait, and the way narrow, that leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it. Math. 7.13.14) may be expressed by this Figure Y. ( a)  
So a perfect Transition, showing both what went before, and what followeth ( b) may be expressed thus. ☜ ☞ An unperfect Transition, showing that onely which went before, may be noted thus: ☜ showing that onely which followeth, thus, ☞ Digression from the matter thus, ☟ Regression to the matter thus, ☝ ( c)  

Notes vpon the 10. Chapter.  
( d) This Character was invented by Pythagoras, to represent the estate and condition of man in this world. The lower part of the Character noteth infancy: in which age it doth not appear to what course of life the child is inclinable. The vpper part of the Character stretching two ways; towards the right hand, and towards the left, representeth the two ways; in one of which, every man walketh. The right side, which is narrower, showing the way of life and salvation. The left, which is the broader, showing the way of death and destruction. whereupon Persius.  
Et tibiquae Sam●os deduxit littera ramos,  
Surgentem dextro monstrauit limit callem.  
( b) A Transition is a Sentence which as it were bindeth other Sentences together. And it is either perfect or imperfect. Perfect, which sheweth both what went before, and what followeth: as having declared unto you the sense and meaning of the Apostle in these words: I will now proceed to the Doctrines which may thence be gathered for our instruction. All Transitions of this kind, may be expressed by two hands, the one pointing forward, and the other backward, in s●gne that they show both that which goeth before, and that which doth follow; which what it is, the Tractate itself sufficiently declareth. Notwithstanding, if we distrust our own memory, we may writ after that double Note, the terms of the Transition; as in the former Example. The terms are sense, and Doctrines: which are thus to be expressed.  
An Imperfect Transition is of two sorts. First, it sheweth onely, either that which went before; as: And thus much shal suffice to haue spoken concerning the occasion of these words of the Prophet. Or that which followeth; as: Let us now apply this Doctrine to ourselves, and see how nearly it concerneth vs.  
Secondly, it noteth either Digression from the matter, as: And here although it be not incident to my Text, yet it shall not be unprofitable to consider by the way, &c. Or Regression and turning again unto the matter, as: But now to return where we left.  
( c) unto this Rule of contracting Sentences into some apt Figure, belong emblems: of which, there are and may be innumerable.  
An emblem is so called {αβγδ}, which signifieth to place between, or among. For in ancient times, the builders of Princes palaces, Noble mens Houses, and other sumptuous Edifices, used for the beautifying of their work, to set here and there in convenient places of the walls, faire squared Stones, or Timber work; wherein were curiously graven certain Images and devises, signifying some profitable instruction, And these Stones, or carved Images placed among others for ornament sake, were called Emblemata emblems. Hence it cometh, that Verses wherein the meaning of such Pictures and devises is shewed, are called by a Metonymic emblems: whereof it shall suffice to give instance by one Example in certain Verses, concerning a Globe, whose circumference is every where a like distant from the Center: made by that worthy man Theodorus Beza, in maner as followeth.  
 circle with a point in the center  
Cernis vt haec medium cingat tears undique punctum  
Linea,& hinc spacio distet et ind pari.  
Scilicet illa refert quod nos tegit vndique coelum,  
Tellurem hoc punctum quod tenet ima notat.  
Cur igitur doleas? quor sum( dic quaeso) labores,  
Tu, patria pepulit quem pietatis amor?  
Caelum si versus tendis, quocunque recedes,  
Hinc spatio coelum cernis& ind pari.  
In English thus.  
Thou seest the middle point engirt with that round line,  
which hence and thence doth distance like maintain:  
That line doth note the heaven, which girdleth us arounde,  
that point points out the earth and things agrounde.  
Then tell me thou? whom love of piety diuorc't  
from thine own home, what thee to grief enforced?  
What means thy toil? For if thy journey be to heaven,  
from hence or thence thou seest the distance even.  
Translated by S. P.  
And by the benefit of such emblems referred to a due place in our imagination, the memory also is much holpen.    

Of contraction of Sentences by logic. Chap. 11.  
A Sentence is expressed by some shorter Sentence equivalent with it in sense, by the benefit of iudgement (a) either Axiomaticall or Dianoëticall. ( b)  
Example of a Sentence contracted by Axiomaticall iudgment.  
At last the golden oriental gate,  
Of greatest H●auen 'gan to open faire,  
And Ph●bus fresh as bridegroom to his mate,  
Came dancing forth shaking his deawie hair,  
And hurls his glistering beams through gloomy air  
E. Spencer.  
Contracted thus: At last the sun arose.  
By Dianoëticall iudgement, to wit, syllogistical or methodical.  
Example of a Sentence contracted by syllogistical iudgement.  
Cic. 1. Tuscul. In the knowledge of the nature of Mans soul, we may not doubt,( unless peradventure we be dull and leaden witted in natural things) but that in the soul, there is nothing mixed, nothing compact, nothing conjoined or knit together, nothing compounded, nothing double: Which being so, surely the soul may neither be severed in itself, nor divided, nor rent in pieces, nor plucked insunder; and therefore not die: For death is nought else, but the parting, separating, and plucking in sunder of those partes, which before death, were joined together by some copulation.  
Contracted thus: All mortal things are compound; the soul is not compound: therefore not mortal.  
An Example of Sentences abreuiated by methodical iudgement, is here delivered in a Recapitulation of this whole work, (a) And that under two forms, in two Tables hereunto adjoined, marked thus. ❀  

Notes vpon the .11. Chapter.  
(a) Iudgement, is the second part of logic; by the benefit whereof, a long Sentence may easily be contracted into a shorter. For that which the rhetorician delivereth at large, the Logician compriseth in a few words: In which respect, Zeno compared rhetoric to the Hand open and stretched forth: logic, to the Hand shut close, as if rhetoric were nothing else but enlarged logic; and logic nothing else but contracted rhetoric: Whereas this difference consisteth not in the Artes, but in the Artificers themselves.  
( b) Axioma is taken for an Enunciation or Sentence, pronouncing any thing to be, or not to be. And therefore the iudgement arising from such Enunciations, is called Axiomaticall. Dianoia, signifieth the discourse of the mind, whereby one axiom is drawn out of another. And therefore the iudgement arising from such discourse of mind, is called Dianoëticall.  
¶ Although the Art of stenography hath here been handled, chiefly as it concerneth the English tongue; and examples given thereof onely: Yet any Word or Sentence of what other Language soever, maybe fully written thereby, as: 〈…〉 Which is the abreuiation by stenography, of these two greek Verses. Iliad. 9.  

{αβγδ},  
{αβγδ}.   

Latiné sic reddidit Nicolaus Borbonius.  
Non minus odi illum quam nigri limen averni,  
Cuius mens aliud sentit, quam lingua loquatur.   
In English thus.  
I hate him as I hate Hell gates,  
That one thing thinks, another prates.    
FINIS.   

A Direction for STEGANOGRAPHIE; or, Secret Writing.  
having finished the Arte of stenography, or, Compendious Writing, here are added a few lines concerning Steganographie, or Secret Writing: not with purpose to handle it fully in the several partes and kindes thereof, but onely in satisfaction of what was promised in the beginning of this book, to give a few Rules for the same; yet such, as being practised together with those before delivered, will enhable the Reader under one labour, to writ both secretly, and compendiously.  
The first Rule is, that the signification of Particles be altered, to note by them other Letters: that whereas before in this book ● standeth always for a. ● for b. ● for c. &c. We may use ● to signify b. ● to signify c. ● to signify d. and so likewise changing the power of the rest of the Letters. Which kind of Obscure writing Augustus in a Letter to his son, willed should be used between them; that when they wrote their mindes each to other, they should express every letter which they had occasion to writ, by the Character of the letter following next in the order of the Alphabet, and for z. which is the last letter to double A. As, if this sentence, ( Religion is the mean between Athesme and Superstition,) should be written according to Augustus his direction, it were thus to be expressed. Sfmkhkpo kt uif nfbof cfuxff of buifktnf boe twqfstukukpo. After this maner may be altered the signification of every Particle, or of as many, or as few of them, as is thought good, which will be nothing hard at the first entrance into the practise of this Arte, being then as easy to express each Letter by an other Particle, as by that which is appropriate to it.  
Secondly, the places of small Characters about the great, are to be changed, as by making the place of A. to be where regularly, the seat of E is. And the place of E where regularly the seat of I is: and so forth of the rest. As if this saying of Thucydides( She is the best Woman, of whose praise or dispraise is least spoken) should be written by using this, and the former observation, it were thus to be expressed, {αβγδ} Which Characters being red according to the Rules of stenography, bring forth these strange and unknown words: Taaïos kittaa xuneo pro xaäut qsetur eqset jtam, therfore. In like order may be disposed the small Characters, by changing the places of some, or all of thē.  
Thirdly, it yeeldeth no small furtherance to Secret Writing, if new Illiterall Characters be invented and used for certain words: between which words and their Characters, appeareth some analogy and proportion of reason, at least, in the opinion of him that inventeth them. Of which private Illiteralles, here follow diuers examples, which may give light to the invention of many other the like Characters.  

✚ England.  
● Dunstaple.  
Neptune.  
{anchor} Saleucus.  
● Amyntas.  
Geomantie  
World.  
☾ Ockamie.  
● diadem.  
Victorie.  
▵ pyramids  
∵ Cluster.  
∷ Plague.  
. ˙. ˙ Pestilence.  
Fire.  
Rain●.  
wind.  
quarterly.  
● Talentc.  
● hurt.  
● Bullet.  
● Wound.  
= Equality.  
● Entangle.  
eclipse.  
● sphere.  
● shipwreck  
● appoynted  
⋮ Order.  
● ship.  
● Hood.  
⊕ Counter.  
… Embroder  
Antesigne.  
Bell.  
ה Behold.  
ד Hand.  
ל Spit.  
ב Infant.  
כ crown.  
ר Head.  
ת term.   
As touching the relation which these words haue to their Characters, it standeth thus.  
England is signified by a plain cross, because the Christian kings of England boar a plain read cross( commonly called S. George his cross,) and Englishmen are yet distinguished in the field, and vpon the seas, from other Nations by the red cross in their white flags& ensigns. So Arcadia may be signified by the half moon, because the people of that country woare the half moon vpon their shoes in memory of their antiquity. For( as the Poets fain) when after Deucalions flood, the Arcadians being newly sprung from Trees, about the change of the moon, saw within three or four dayes after the moon appearing in her prime, they thought themselves to be more ancient then the moon; and therefore wore the half moon vpon heir shoes. whereupon ovid de Fast. lib. 2.  
Ante Jouem genitum, terras habuisse feruntur  
Arcades,& Luna gens prior illa fuit.  
Though the cause of this fiction seemeth to be, for that the Arcadians first found out the course of the moon. So may we signify Persia by the Bow, because the Persians had a Bow painted on their shields. france by the Floure deluce: Ireland by the harp, and such like.  
The second Character bearing the resemblance of a Staple and Ring, may signify the town of Dunstaple, called first Dunningestaple: which giveth in arms the Staple and the Ring. And in like maner other cities, towns, Corporations, &c. may be signified by that especial thing which they give in arms, so that it be short and easy to be made.  
The third Character may be used for Neptune( whom the poets fain to haue government over the Seas) because he is supposed to carry a three-forked Mace or sceptre, in sign of the triple use which Water hath; being profitable for navigation, for drink, and for Washing. So Hercules may be signified by a club, which is supposed to be his weapon. Apollo by an Arrow. Pallas by a spear, &c.  
The name of Seleucus may be noted by an Anchor, because when he was born, the print of an Anchor was found vpon his thigh: for which cause, he and his successors wore the badge of an Anchor upon their thighs. So ulysses may be signified by a Dolphin, because he boar it in arms. Agamemnon by a Lion, &c. And in like manner Noblemens names may be noted by somewhat in their coats, Crestes Cognisance. &c.  
The fift Character is a Sheepebrand, or a Chapmans mark set vpon the wears which he buyeth, to mark them for his own. And we may well signify the names of such men as we know, by their mark, or some note agreeable to their trade: which is an usual and common practise among country Farmers that can not red, who with a Chaulke ston set down their reckoninges with several men, by such Characters as this.  
● Signifieth Geomantie, because that Art prescribeth divination by diuers rows of Tittles, casually made by the Artificer in such order as these.  
The seventh Character signifieth the world, because all the Spheres of heaven, the Fire and the air, do encompass the Globe of the Earth and Water; as the White doth the yolk of an egg: or, as in an Onion many coats do the middle part thereof.  
☾ Signifieth Ockamie,( which is a certain metal between tin and silver; whereof organ pipes, and sergeants Maces are made) because this Figure is like ☽, which signifieth silver, as Ockamie in show is like silver.  
The ninth Character signifieth a diadem, because it is like the link of a wreathe. For a diadem is a wreathe of silk or fine linen; such as the Maxmilian of babylon, and other Princes wore about their heads. And it is called a diadem, apo thou diadein, of Compassing about. This kind of Attire for the kings head, may seem after a sort derived from Nature. For the King among the Bees hath a small white circled like a diadem about his head, and the rest of the Bees haue none. Plin. lib. 11. Cap. 16.  
The tenth Character, having the similitude of a palm branch, signifieth victory, because as the palm three although it haue great weights laid vpon it, still mounteth upward: So an heroical spirit, giveth not place to calamity, but persisteth in striving against them which oppose him, till he hath gotten the victory. Plutarch lib. 8. Symposiac.  
pyramids were certain solid Pillars in egypt of ston and brick, built like Steeples, broad at the bottom,& sharp at the top; extended in height far above all other buildings, wrought with mans hand: under which, the egyptian kings were entombed. Among which, there was one built at the cost of Rhodopis the Harlot; which was the most famous work of the rest, and worthily reckoned among the seven Wonders of the world, as well for the curious and stately workmanship thereof, as that she by the gain of her whooredomes was able to build a monument more sumptuous, then those of the kings.  
∵ Is the Character of the Hebrew Vowell Segol, which signifieth a Cluster of Grapes: whereunto the Figure answereth in likeness.  
∷ Signifieth the Plague, because it is often seen, to arise in small spots vpon the body of him that is vsited therewith. This Character, and some of them that follow, with many more, not here inserted, were found in certain old Parchments, placed with diuers strange words, letters, and numbers: which among the simplo people, are reputed to contain Prophecies and Predictions of great matters to ensue. And some Impostors haue taken vpon them, by these to ominate and speak of many things to come, to the deluding and beguiling of the credulous: Whereas in dead they contain no such matter, as vpon some pains taken therein, I easily discovered.  
□ Signifieth Quarterly, because it noteth an Escocheon partend quarterly, and reduced into a square form. And in like maner may the other 8. Partitions be noted: as, □ party per pale, □ party perfesse. &c.  
A Rundle of the colour of Gold, is called by Herehaults A Beysant, which is in Englishe A Talente. And therefore I note a Talente by a circled with the Particle in it for or, which signifieth it, to be of the colour of gold. So likewise I note the word hurt, by a Rundle, with in it for Azure blew. Bullet, by a Rundle with in it for Sables black. wound, by a circled, with in it for purpur Purple: because these rundles being of these colours, signify these words.  
He, the Hebrew letter, signifieth Behold. The rest following, are also Hebrew letters, whose names haue that signification in English, which is before placed with them. And all other Hebrew letters are significant, and may likewise be used, to signify the words noted by their name.  
unto these Illiterall Characters, the hieroglyphics also may be referred, which were certain Pictures and Characters invented in ancient time by the Priestes of egypt, for their own private use, to express the mysteries of ●heir Religion by, that they might not be understood of the common sort. So by the Picture of an E●mot, they s●gnified labour and industry, because the Emmot laboureth in Summer to provide food for herself in Winter. By the Picture of a Dolphin, swiftness: because the Dolphin is said to be the swiftest in motion of all living creatures. By the Picture of a Serpent cast in a circled, and holding his tail in his mouth, they noted the year; because the sun, which measureth the year by his circular motion, is as it were turned again into his first station, running each year the same course which it did the year before: whereupon were made these Verses.  
Serpens Annus ego sum, Sol sic circinat, in quo  
Qui fluxit pridem, status est nunc temporis idem.  
jo. de sacr.  
And therefore the Paenicians in such a shape, worshipped Fanus as God of the year. Macrobius. In like maner, they signified Fonde love by a She Ape imbraceing one of her young ones: for the Ape bringeth forth two, whereof she loveth the one, but hateth the other: That which she loveth, she huggeth to herself by such hard imbracementes, that she killeth it; and then having but one left, she nourisheth it with less fondness. So they represented A deceiver by a Cuttle Fish, which when the Fisherman is ready to catch her with his hands, casteth forth a black slimy humour like ink, whereby the water being darkened, she conueieth herself away unseen. So they noted providence by a bear going backward into her cave, that her footinges being seen to be outward, the Hunter might imagine that she was gone abroad. And many such like Hieroglyphickes were in use among the ancient egyptians, by which the secrets and mysteries of their Learning and Religion, were after a sort locked up from the Vulgar people, and never applied to common uses, but known onely to the Priestes, who had been taught the same in private from their Elders. Suydas. Them which desire a further insight into these egyptian Antiquities, I refer to the writings of Orus, Valerianus, Pierius, and others that haue written therof at large.  
Fourthly, it is an help in Secret writing, to varie the Illiterall Characters into diuers significations, which may be done by addition of some short Note to them in place convenient: as for example. planetary Characters accompanied with a tittle, may signify in the place of A, the planetary day, in the place of E, the planetary mettall, in the place of I the principal planetary Members of mans body, in the place of O the planetary Colours, in the place of u the planetary Age. again, the planetary Characters accompanied with a Comma in stead of a Tittle, may signify in the first place, the planetary Nature: in the second, a planetary ston: in the third, a planetary three: in the fourth, a planetary Beast: In the fift a planetary foul, as: . ♄ Saturne. . ♃ jupiter. . ♂ Mars. . ☉ sun. . ♀ Venus. . ☿ mercury. . ☽ moon. · ♄ Saturday. · ♃ Thursday · ♂ T●usday. · ☉ Sunday. · ♀ friday. · ☿ Wednisday. · ☽ monday. . ♄ lead. . ♃ tin. . ♂ Iron. . ☉ Gold. . ♀ Copp●r. . ☿ quicksilver . ☽ silver. ♄. the Milt. ♃. the liver ♂. gull. ☉. Hart. ♀. Kidneys. ☿. lights. ☽. brain. ♄· black. ♃· Blew ♂· red. ☉· Yellow. ♀· green. ☿· Purple ☽· White. ♄. Dotage. ♃. Oldage. ♂. Firmeage. ☉. Middleage ♀. Youth. ☿. Childhood. ☽. infancy. , ♄ Melancholy , ♃ Religion. , ♂ courageous , ☉ liberal. , ♀ Pleasant. , ☿ witty. , ☽ unconstant ▪ ♄ Loadstone ▪ ♃ Sapphyre. ▪ ♂ ruby. ▪ ☉ topaz. ▪ ♀ emerald. ▪ ☿ Amathist. ▪ ☽ crystal. ' ♄ Hebene. ' ♃ oak. ' ♂ Fugh. ' ☉ Baytree. ' ♀ Myrtle. ' ☿ Orengetree. ' ☽ Vine. ♄' Moule. ♃' Hart. ♂' wolf. ☉' Lion. ♀' goat. ☿' Ape. ☽' cat. ♄▪ Lapwinge. ♃▪ Eagle. ♂▪ Vulture. ☉▪ swan. ♀▪ dove. ☿▪ stork. ☽▪ owl.  
And in such sort, may any other Stones, Trees, beasts, fowls, Fishes, Reptiles, herbs, &c. be expressed by some other Note added to their planetary Character in the Metaphthonge places: which he that will do, may find plentiful Examples in Cornelius Agrip. de Occult. Phil. and in a book entitled, The calendar of Scripture, in the ex-position of the name Elizabeth.  
here although instance be given only in the planetary Characters how they may be varied in signification: yet the Characters of Number, of the .xij. signs, and the rest, with infinite more that might be added, may with like show of reason, haue other words referred unto them. Yet with this caution, that no Particles be placed about the Character so varied.  
Fifthly, the points of Distinction are to be expressed by vnaffixed Particles, by ordinary Letters, or by Illiterall Characters( as seemeth best) placing notwithstanding distinctive Notes under certain great Characters, not ending the clause or sentence. For this will easily beguile the search of the most curious, when he shall imagine the clause or sentence to end where it doth not, and account them for significant notes of words, which are but dumb notes of distinction.  
Beside these five Rules for Secret Writing, there are diuers other observations here omitted, as depending vpon some former Rule. Such as are the referring of other words to the defective Characters, the changing of the signification of Illiteralls, the contraction of ordinary Phrases into two or three Letters, or of whole sentences into one Character: Which Rules and observations he that useth, may writ any thing so secretly, as that it shall not be found out by an other what it is, by all those witty and acute devises, mentioned by Baptista Porta, for the trial of all such kindes of Writing, in his book De Furt. litter. Notis.  
Viue, Vale: si quid nouisti rectius ist is,  
Candidus imperti: si non, his utere mecum.  
FINIS.   


❀ stenography concerneth the Abreuiation of 

A Word.( First book) 

By Characters 

Great. chapped. 1.  
Small chapped. 2.    
either 

In the parts thereof 

Letter, which abreuiated is called a Particle 

unchangeable. chapped. 3.  
Changeable. chapped. 4,    
Syllable, abreuiated in regard of the 

Sound, by 

Omission, the part omitted being 

Neglected, 

Vowell. chapped. 5.  
Consonant. C. 6.    
understood. chapped. 7.    
Contraction. chapped. 8.    
The Characte● chapped. 9.      
wholly by a note 

homogeneal 

Literal. 

integral, 

Of one Syllable. Chap. 10.  
Of more Syllables. Chap 11.    
defective of the 

Eirst sort. chapped. 12.  
Second sort. chapped. 13.  
Third sort. chapped. 14.  
Fourth sort chapped. 15.      
Illiterall chapped. 16.    
heterogeneal. chapped. 17.        
A Sentence( 2. book) 

In part 

Word by 

Omission C●ap. 1.  
Contraction into a note. Chap. 5. 

disjunct 

Metaph. Cha. 2.  
Aphthon. Cha. 3    
of another word. Cahpt. 4.      
Clause. Cap. 5. by 

Omission. Chap. 6.  
Contraction. Chap 7.      
wholly by 

Omitting some Clauses 

Neglected. chapped. 8.  
Vnsterstood. chapped. 9.    
Contracting it into 

A shorter Sentence. chapped. 10,  
An apt Figure. chapped. 11.           

〈…〉 phie co●cerne●s 〈…〉 tion of a 

Word  
Sentence     tree-like diagram