THE GENERAL PRACTICE OF PHYSIC: Containing all inward and outward parts of the body, with all the accidents and infirmities that are incident unto them, even from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot: Also by what means (with the help of God) they may be remedied: very meet and profitable, not only for all Physicians, chirurgeons, Apothecaries, and Midwives, but for all other estates whatsoever; the like whereof as yet in english hath not been published. Compiled and written by the most famous and learned Doctor CHRISTOPHER WIRTZUNG, in the German tongue, and now Translated into English, in divers places corrected, and with many additions illustrated and augmented, By JACOB MOSAN German, Doctor in the same faculty. ANCHORA SPEI printer's or publisher's device LONDINI, Impensis Georg. Bishop. 1605. TO THE READER. AS the true scope of all actions and endeavours ought chief to tend to the glory of God, and to the good and common utility of many: so are those men worthy of great praise and commendation, who not regarding their private gain or glory, have laboured their wits, and spent their studies, in composing, translating, and publishing in our vulgar tongue either their own works, or such learned writings of others, as they think most necessary for the public weal; imitating therein the most famous Authors of ancient and modern age: namely such as Hypocrates, Galen, Avicen, Paracelsus and others, that have in their native tongues opened and revealed to posterity the very depths and secrets of that excellent art of Physic: which as it is more ancient, more necessary, more profitable, and more pleasant, than any other art or knowledge whatsoever (except the knowledge of true felicity:) so it may boldly be said (though not without apprehension of grief) no art more falsified nor more abused in these days, as well by the presumptuous intermeddling of audacious and unskilful persons; as for lack of good and wholesome writings in English for the instruction and safe direction of all those that have not always a good and learned Physician at hand. Therefore (gentle Reader) that you may the better avoid these and such like mischievous inconveniences, here is presented to your view the learned work of that worthy Physician CHRISTOPHER WIRTZUNG, first written and published by himself in the high Dutch or German language, wherein it hath been more often printed there, than any other Work of like nature: Afterwards translated into the low Dutch or Flemish tongue, by CAROLUS BATTUS Doctor in Physic, whose judgement and experience, the City of Dort in Holland doth willingly acknowledge: and now likewise Englished for the public benefit of our country, by JAMES MOSE Doctor in Physic. What pains and labour hath been taken in the translating, it is referred to your own favourable censure, after you shall have perused and made trial of it. Only this for the present may with your good favour be boldly added out of the testimonies of men learned and skilful in this faculty, that there is not published in our English tongue the like work, wherein the whole body of Physic is so succinctly, so absolutely, or so artificially digested and compiled. For whether you consider the matter therein delivered, or the manner of the delivery itself, which as it is altogether profitable, so is it easy and methodical, descending from the head to the foot, showing all manner of diseases incident to each part of our body, and setting down first the causes from whence they spring, secondly the signs and tokens whereby they are known, and thirdly the remedies and helps whereby they may be cured and eased. There is no doubt but when you have indifferently perused, and heedfully noted the same, you will not only concur in judgement with others, but also accept in all kindness the work itself, and make such favourable construction of the good endeavours of those that have laboured for your preservation, as yourself would look to be rewarded withal in the like. Farewell. THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK IN GENERAL. This present Work, or practise of Physic, is divided into nine parts. The first part is a very necessary introduction, which is marvelous needful for this whole Work, and is subdivided into eleven Chapters, and 25. §. Page 1. THE first Chapter, speaketh of the manifold miseries and calamities of mankind. ibidem. ¶ The second Chapter, showeth the causes of man's misery and wretchedness. 3 ¶ The third Chapter, declareth the necessity, profit and praise of Physic. 4 ¶ The fourth Chapter, maketh a division of the whole work. 5 ¶ The fift Chapter showeth how all manner of roots, barks, herbs, flowers, fruits, and such like may be gathered. 6 ¶ The sixth Chapter is of the preparation of some things for Physic. 8 ¶ The seventh Chapter, 1. §. hath a general rule to be observed in purging. 17 The 2. §. teacheth what persons shall abstain from purging, and the impediments thereof. ibidem. The 3. §. declareth what is to be observed in and after the taking of a purgation. 18 ¶ The eight Chapter, 1. §. maketh mention of Phlebotomy in general. 20 The 2. §. is of the causes that prohibit phlebotomy. 21 The 3. §. at what time and in what sign a vein is to be opened. ibid. The 4. §. is an admonition to those that let others blood. 22 The 5. §. what is to be done before, in, and after the letting of blood. 23 The 6. §. what vein ought in every disease to be opened. 24 The 7. §. of the head vein Cephalica. ibid. The 8. §. of the liver vein Basilica. ibid. The 9 §. of the median or middle vein. 25 The 10. §. of the armepit vein called Axillaris. ibid. The 11. §. of the Spleen vein or Saluatella. ibid. The 12. §. of the Hip vein. ibid. The 13. §. of the womb vein. ibid. The 14. §. of the ham or knee vein. 26 The 15. §. of the vein in the forehead. ibid. The 16. §. of the eye veins. ibid. The 17. §. of the vein in the temples of the head ibid. The 18. §. of the vein upon the nose. ibid. The 19 §. of the veins in the lips. ibid. The 20. §. of the veins of the almonds or kernels in the throat. ibid. The 21. §. of the veins under the tongue. ibid. The 22. §. of the veins in the neck. 27 ¶ The ninth Chapter, of Cupping. ibid. ¶ The tenth Chapter, of the diminishing of blood by horseleeches. ibid. ¶ The eleventh Chapter, of the six not natural things, called of the Physicians Res non naturales. 28 ¶ The twelfth Chapter, of all the weights and measures which commonly are used in Physic. 29 The rest of this book is divided into eight parts: whereof the first containeth the Head, with all the parts thereof to the very neck, as face, hair, beard, skull, brain, nose, ears, lips, mouth, tongue, teeth, speech, etc. with all such accidents as are incident unto them, and their appropriate remedies. 30 THE first Chapter speaketh of the pain in the head. ibid. The 1. §. of the causes of headache. 31 The 2. §. showeth the signs of a hot headache, that proceedeth from choler. ibid. The 3. §. of the pain in the head with agues, and lask or flux of the belly. 33 The 4. §. heat of the head with melancholy. 34 The 5. §. headache proceeding from emptiness of the stomach. 35 The 6. §. of Cephalaea, and Hemicrania, certain pains of the head. ibid. The 7. §. of headache of the sun or of the south winds. 36 The 8. §. of headache that cometh of drunkenness. ibid. The 9 §. of headache proceeding of a stroke or fall. 37 ¶ The second Chapter treateth of the pain of the head that is caused by cold. ibid. The 1. §. showeth the manner of purging in this infirmity. ibid. The 2. § is of sneezing for a cold and rheumatic head. 42 The 3. §. teacheth the order of diet for the cold pain of the head. 43 The 4. §. of outward bruisings of the head. ibid. The 5. §. showeth what doth convey the medicines to the head. ibid. The 6. §. hath divers kinds of Oxymel. 44 The 7. §. of the purging syrup of Roses. ibid. The 8. §. of Barley water. 45 The 9 §. of Manus Christi with Pearls. ibid. ¶ The third Chapter, of the hair of the head. ibidem. The 1. §. to cause the hair to grow, and to colour it. 46 The 2. §. of the dying of the hair in general. ibidem. The 3. §. grey hairs, how to hinder them. 47 The 4. §. to take away hair. ibid. The 5. §. of divers defaults of the hair. 48 The 6. §. of baldness and falling out of the hair. ibidem. The 7. §. of the scales of the head, beard, and eye brows. 49 The 8. §. to drive away louse and vermin. 50 The 9 §. the lousy evil Phthiriasis, a miserable sickness. ibid. The 10. §. of the bad sore, scurf or scall of the head and such like. 51 The 11. §. of the skin of the head. 54 ¶ The fourth Chapter, of the skull of the head. ibidem. The 1. §. of the compression of the skull in young children. 55 The 2. §. of the fracture of the skull. ibid. The 3. §. of the skins or tunicles of the brains called Dura, and Pia matter when they be perished. 56 The 4. §. the trial when a plaster is sodden enough. ibid. ¶ The fifth Chapter, the face, a part of the head. ibidem. The 1. §. of all stains or spots in the face. 57 The 2. §. of the redness of the face. 58 The 3. §. for all white bushes of the face. ibid. The 4. §. for to make a clean face. 59 The 5. §. for congealed blood after any blows remaining. ibid. The 6. §. how to make a good colour. ibid. ¶ The sixth Chapt. of the eyebrows, eyelids, with all that appertaineth unto them. ibid. The 1. §. of the swelling of the eyelids. 60 The 2. §. of the itching and smarting of the eyelids. 62 The 3. §. of clefts in the eyelids. 63 The 4. §. of warts upon the eyelids. ibid. The 5. §. of the inversion of the eyelids, when the inward red flesh appeareth outwardly. ibidem. The 6. §. of the consolidation or growing together of the eyelids. 64 The 7. §. of the nethermost eyelid, which pricketh the apple of the eye. ibid. The 8. §. of the falling out of the hair in the undermost eyelids. 65 ¶ The seventh Chapter of the eyes. ibid. The 1. §. of the pain of the eyes in general. 66 The 2. §. of the corners of the eyes and their diseases. ibid. The 3. §. of the disease in the eyes called Ophthalmia. 67 The 4. §. of the redness of the eyes. 68 The 5. §. of hot eyes. 69 The 6. §. of itch and scabs of the eyes. 70 The 7. §. watering or running eyes. 71 The 8. §. sore eyes with or without matter. 74 The 9 §. of Aegylops a certain swelling between the nose and the corner of the eye. 76 The 10. §. of blemishes or spots in the eyes. 77 The 11. §. of the fistula in the corner of the eye. 79 The 12. §. of gnats & flies that seem to swarm before the eyes. 80 The 13. §. of the skin of the eyes. 83 The 14. §. of the mists and clouds of the eyes. 85 The 15. §. of dispersion and contraction of the eye beams or sight. ibid. The 16. §. of the extuberation of the eyes as if they would fall out. 86 The 17. §. of eyes that be burnt. 87 The 18. §. when any is strooken in or upon the eyes. ibid. The 19 §. if any thing be fallen into the eyes. ibidem. The 20. §. how to cure the diminishing, feebleness and darkness of the eyes. ibid. The 21. §. of those that after the rising of the sun can see nothing at all, or very little. 91. The 22. §. when one is waxen almost blind. 92 The 23. §. of squintnesse. ibid. The 24. §. Hydromel, honey water how to make and use the same. ibid. ¶ The 8. Chapter, of the nose. 93 The 1. §. of obstruction, or stopping in the nose. ibid. The 2. §. of ulcers in the nose. ibid. The 3. §. of obstruction or stopping in children's noses without any other infirmity. 95 The 4 §. of impostumations of the nose. ibid. The 5. §. of the canker in the nose. 97 The 6. §. of the murrhe. ibid. The 7. §. of the excessive bleeding at the nose. 98. The 8. §. enfeebled or lost smelling. 100 ¶ The 9 Chapter, of the ears. 103 The 1. § pain of the ears in general. 104 The 2. §. of the noise and hissing in the ears. 106. The 3. §. impostumes and sores in the ears. 108 The 4. §. of outward sores of the ears. 111 The 5. §. of the bleeding at the ears. ibid. The 6. §. of little worms that grow in the ears, and that do creep into them outwardly, and such like. 112 The 7. §. of obstruction or stopping of the ears through inward and outward causes. ibid. The 8. §. if any thing be gotten into the ears from without. 113 The 9 §. of the diminishing of hearing. ibid. ¶ The 10. Chapter, of the lips. 115 The 1. §. of the chaps and clefts in the lips. ibid. ¶ The 11. Chapter, of the beard. 116 The 1. §. for the growing of the beard. ibid. The 2. §. of the falling out of the beard. ibid. ¶ The 12. Chapter, of the brains, and all that concerneth them. ibid. The 1. §. of the memory. 118 The 2. §. of the giddiness of the head, and infirmity of the brains. 121 The 3. §. of franticness, madness or doting, and such like infirmities. 124 The 4. §. of Delirium, doting, and childishness. ibid. The 5. §. of Phrenitis, or franticness with an ague. 125 The 6. §. for to bring the sick to sleep and rest. 128. The 7. §. of Mania, another kind of franticness, which we commonly call madness. 130 The 8. §. of Melancholia or Dementia, a wonderful madness. ibid. The 9 §. of the Palsy in general. 134 The 10. §. of the sleeping disease Lethargus, Veternus, Torpor. ibid. The 11. §. of numbness and astonishing, which is stupor, and congelatio, whereon dependeth tremor, which we call trembling. 136 The 12. §. of the shaking Palsy. 137 The 13. §. for the resolution of the sinews or dead palsy. 139 The 14. §. of the convulsion of the mouth through the palsy. 145 The 15. §. of the cramp and convulsion of the sinews by the palsy. 147 The 16. §. of the Hag or Mare Ephialtes, and Incubus. 150 The 17. §. of the falling sickness called Epilepsia. 151. The 18. §. of the Apoplexy or dead palsy. 159 ¶ The 13. Chapter, of the mouth, and all that appertaineth unto it. 161 The 1. §. of putrefactions and exulcerations in the mouth. ibid. The 2. §. of the swollen Almonds. 163 The 3. §. of a stinking mouth and breath. ibid. The 4. §. a gargarism for all infections of the mouth. 164 The 5. §. of the pallet, and the falling down thereof. 166 The 6. §. of the tongue. 167 The seventh §. of the gums, and mandibles. 173. The 8. §. of the teeth. 176 ¶ The 14. Chapter, of the voice. 185 The 1. §. of hoarseness. ibid. The 2. §. how to make a clear voice. 186 The second part of this practice of Physic, containeth the Breast. 187. THe first Chapter, of the neck. ibid. The 1. §. of Bronchocele. ibid. The 2. § if one have something sticking in his throat. 189 The 3. §. when a horseleech taken in drink remaineth sticking in the throat. ibid. The 4. §. of the Squinancy or swelling in the throat. 190 The 5. §. of the Squinancy or pain in the throat through heat. 191 The 6. §. of pain in the throat through Phlegma and cold taking. 193 The 7. §. of the ulcers of the throat. 194 ¶ The second Chapter, of all rheums and defluxions in general. ibid. The 1. §. of rheums that proceed of cold. 195 The 2. §. of hot rheums. 201 The 3. §. of rheums with agues. 202 The 4. §. if the rheum would not pass through the nose. 203 ¶ The third Chapter, of the foremost part of the breast Thorax. ibid. The 1. §. of women's breasts, milk, and of their diseases. 204 The 2. §. of the overmuch growing and hanging down of the breasts. ibid. The 3. §. of milk in general. 205 The 4. §. of want and scarcity of milk. ibid. The 5. §. against the superfluity of milk. 206 The 6. §. for the clotted or congealed milk in the breasts. 207 The 7. §. of the hardness and inflammation of women's breasts. 208 The 8. §. of the tumour or swelling of the breasts. 209. The 9 §. of the impostumation of the breasts. ibid. The 10. §. of the canker in the breast. 210 The 11. §. of the fistula in the breast. 211 The 12. §. of the clefts or chaps in the nipples. ibid. The 13. §. what the hair on the breasts doth signify. ibid. ¶ The fourth Chapter, of the back in general. ibid. The 1. §. of the pain in the back. 212 The 2. §. of the crooked back. ibid. The 3. of the shoulder blades. 215 The 4. §. of the ribs. 216 The 5. §. of the pleurisy Pleuritis, a sickness with great pricking in the side. ibid. The 6. §. of the pleurisy of heat and blood. 217. The 7. §. of the pleurisy of Cholera. 220 The 8. §. of the pleurisy of Phlegma. 221 The 9 §. of the pleurisy of Melancholia. 222 The 10. §. of the bastard pleurisy. ibid. The 11. §. when the pleurisy showeth itself outwardly. 223 The 12. §. when the pleurisy taketh a woman with child. ibid. The 13. §. rules for such as are recovered of the pleurisy, that they fall not into it again. 224 The 14. §. certain several remedies against the cold pleurisy. ibid. ¶ The fift Chapter, of the Lights or Lungs. 225 The 1. §. of the cough. ibid. The 2. §. of the rheum or catarrh which falleth upon the Lights. ibid. The 3. §. what is commodious for the obstructed Lights. 227 The 4. §. remedies for the cough. ibid. The 5. §. against all dry coughs. 228 The 6. §. of a moist and cold cough. 229 The 7. §. of an old cough. 231 The eight §. what is good for coughing up of phlegm. 232 The 9 §. of a short panting breath. 233 The 10. §. of the six not natural things, called res non naturales, whereto is also added a rule of diet for the pursiveness. 234 The 11. §. of the breast oppressed with phlegm. 236. The 12. §. of the right pursiveness with a sore old cough, through tough phlegm in the breast, which is called with one word Asthma. 238. The 13. §. of certain excellent things in general. 240. The 14. §. of shortness of breath through Cholera. 241 The 15. §. of the shortness of breath through Melancholy. 242 The 16. §. of the shortness of breathing or pursiveness through wind. ibid. The 17. §. of the spitting of blood through some disease of the Lights. ibid. The 18. §. for a broken vein in the Lights or Breast. 245 The 19 §. for congealed blood. 246 The 20. §. comfortable things in and after the spitting of blood. 247 The 21. §. of the infection of the Lights which is called Peripneumonia. 248 The 22. §. of the anguish in the lights, which is called Empyema. ibid. The 23. §. of the consumption Phthisis, a disease of the Lights. 250 The 24. §. of the stinking breath in Phthisis, or the consumption. 256 ¶ The sixth Chapter, of the Heart, the most precious part of man's body. ibid. The 1. §. of the fainting of the heart in general. 258. The 2. §. of Syncope, the great swooning. 260 The 3. §. of the beating or panting of the heart. 263. The 4. §. of the panting of the heart through heat. 264 The 5. §. of the panting of the heart through cold 268. The 6. §. of the panting of the heart through a bad stomach or appetite. 271 The 7. §. of the panting of the hart through frighting. ibid. The 8. §. of heaviness, a disease of the heart. ibid. The 9 §. of the griping of the heart. 272 The third part of this book of Physic containeth the Belly. 273. THe first Chapter of the Navel. ibid. The second Chapter of the members of generation in general. 274 The 1. §. of the tumours in the groin, and other such like diseases. ibid. The 2. §. of the privities or secrets in particular. ibid. The 3. §. of the unnatural erection of the Yard, called Priapismus and Satyrismus. 275 ¶ The third Chapter of the Testicles and Cod, and of sundry ruptures. 276 The 1. §. of the uppermost Herny or Rupture which happeneth above the Cod. 277 The 2. §. of Ruptures that fall down into the Cod. 280 The 3. §. of the Rupture through wind. 281 The 4 §. of the waterish Rupture Hernia Aquosa. ibid. The 5. §. of the Rupture through blood and phlegm. 282 The 6. §. of the fleshy Rupture. 283 The 7. §. of the Rupture which is caused of broken veins, called Varicosa. 284 The 8. §. of the terrible Rupture called Buris. ibid. The 9 §. of the Rupture whereby the bowels do fall into the Cod. 285 The 10. §. of the Ruptures of children. 286 The 11. §. for to keep up the matter that it descend no more. ibid. The 12. §. for to stay the reversion of the Rupture that it come not again. ibid. The 13. §. the order of life or diet. 287 ¶ The fourth Chapter, of the testicles or stones. 288. ¶ The fift Chapter, of women's privy members. ibid. The 1. §. of the inflammation of the place with swellings. 289 The 2. §. of the clefts of this place. ibid. The 3. §. of the ulceration in the privities of women. 290 The 4. §. when any body catcheth any sore through carnal copulation. ibid. The 5. §. for to make a woman to be as narrow as a maiden. ibid. ¶ The sixth Chapter, of the Spermaticall flux, or the running of the Rains. ibid. The 1. §. of the flux of the seed, or running of the Rains through heat. 291 The 2. §. of the flux of sperm, or running of the Rains through cold. 293 The 3. §. of the flux of sperm or seed in the sleep ibid. The 4. §. of what and whereby natural sperm or seed will be most augmented. 294 ¶ The seventh Chapter, of barrenness in general. 295 The 1. §. for to help and prefer or hasten fruitfulness. 296 The 2. §. of barrenness through heat. ibid. The 3. §. of barrenness through drought. 297 The 4. §. of barrenness through fatness. ibid. The 5. §. of barrenness through cold and moisture. 298 The 6. §. for to comfort the retentive virtue of the womb. 299 The 7. §. of barrenness through repletion of the body, and obstruction of the terms or flowers. ibid. The 8. §. for to further fruitfulness in man and woman. 300 ¶ The eight Chapter, of the Rains, and their pain. 301 ¶ The ninth Chapter, of the Buttocks. 302 ¶ The tenth Chapter, of the Arsegut or Fundament in general. ibid. The 1. §. of the going out, or hanging down of the Arsegut, Procidentia ani. ibid. The 2. §. of the relaxation or slackening of the arsgut. 303 The 3. §. of the imposthume of the Arsegut. 304. The 4. §. of the Piles called hemorrhoids. ibidem. The 5. §. to staunch the bleeding of the piles. 306. The 6. §. how the piles are to be opened. 309 The 7. §. against the pain of the piles. 310 The 8. §. of the piles which are called Verrucales 312. The 9 §. of the piles that do hang far out. ibid. The 10. §. of the impostumes in the Arsegut. 314. The 11. §. of the clefts in the Fundament that are called Rhagades. 315 The 12. §. of the fistula and canker in the arsegut. 316. The 13. §. of the itch in the Arsegut. 317 ¶ The 11. Chapter, of the inward members of the third part. ibid. The 1. §. of the stomach in general. ibid. The 2. §. of the neck and mouth of the stomach. 318. The 3. §. to preserve and keep a good digestion of the stomach. 320 The 4 §. of the debility of the stomach in general. 323 The 5. §. of a weak stomach through cold. 324. The 6. §. of the debility of the stomach through heat. 332 The 7. §. of the debility of the stomach through drought. 334 The 8. §. of the scalding in the throat, and of the heartburning. ibid. The 9 §. of inappetencie or lost appetite, and whereby it may be remedied. ibid. The 10 §. of the wambling and loathing of meat. 337. The 11. §. of the wambling or vomiting through weakness of the stomach. 338 The 12. §. of parbraking or vomiting, with the lask or couring. 340 The 13. §. of the flux, lask, or scouring by stool. 343. The 14. §. of the lask Lienteria, of Cholera and heat. 344 The 15. §. of the lask diarrhea. 347 The 16. §. of the scouring which proceedeth of the liver and stomach. 351 The 17. §. of the lask Dysenteria, called the red flux. 352 The 18 §. of the other kind of Dysenteria, or bloody flux. 358 The 19 §. of all bloody flixes in general. 359 The 20. §. of the constipation or binding in the body. 360 The 21. §. of the straining or unsatiable desire of going to stool, which is called Tenasmus. 366. The 22. §. of pain in the stomach in general. 367. The 23. §. of the pain in the stomach without impostumation through heat. 368 The 24. §. of the pain in the stomach without impostumation through cold. 369 The 25. §. of the pain in the stomach through wind. ibid. The 26. §. of the swelling or puffing up of the stomach. 372 The 27. §. of the pain in the stomach through Phlegma. ibid. The 28. §. of the pain in the stomach through Melancholia. 373 The 29. §. of the pain in the stomach through a hot imposthume. 374 The 30. §. of the impostumes of the stomach which be of a cold nature. 375 The 31. §. of the exulcerations in the stomach. 376. The 32. §. of the stinking breath through the exulceration of the stomach. 377 The 33. §. of the schirrosity of the stomach. 378. The 34. §. of the hickcough in general. ibid. The 35. §. of the unsatiable hunger in general. 381. ¶ The twelfth Chapter, of the Liver. 384 The 1. §. of the infections of the liver in general. 385 The 2. §. of the obstruction of the liver in general. ibid. The 3. §. of the oppilation or obstruction of the liver through heat. 386 The 4. §. of the obstruction of the liver through cold. 389 The 5. §. of a Schirrous liver. 392 The 6. §. of a cold Liver without obstruction. ibid. The seventh §. of the impostumation of the liver. 393. The 8. §. of the lask or scouring through weakness of the liver. 394 The 9 §. of divers things which be very commodious for all infections of the liver. 395 The 10. §. of the thirst through drought and heat of the liver. ibid. The 11. §. of the yellow jaundice, a sickness of the liver. 396 The 12. §. of the Dropsy in general. 400 The 13. §. of the Dropsy Anasarca. 401 The 14. §. of the Dropsy Ascites. 402 The 15. §. sweeting is very good for all Dropsies. 405. The 16. §. of the Dropsy Tympanites. 406 ¶ The 13. Chapter, of the Gall. 407 ¶ The 14. Chapter, of the Milt or Spleen. 408. The 1. §. of the obstruction of the Spleen with heat and an ague. 409 The 2. §. of the imposthume of the Spleen. 411 The 3. §. of an obstructed Milt without ague, yet with pain. ibid. The 4. §. of the hardness or Scirrhus of the spleen. 412. The 5. §. of Melancholia and moisture of the spleen. 418 The 6. §. how the melancholic blood is to be purged. 419 ¶ The fifteenth Chapter, of the Bowels or Guts. 420. The 1. §. of the pain and griping of the guts in general. The 2. §. of the uppermost pain and griping of the guts, Iliaca passio, the which the common man man calleth Colica. ibid. The 3. §. of the pain or gripping in the guts, which is called Colica. 422 The 4. §. of the difference of these pains in the guts. 423 The 5. §. of the pain in the guts through obstruction or binding in the body. 424 The 6. §. of the pain in the guts through slime and phlegm. ibid. The 7. §. of the pain in the guts through wind. 426. The 8. §. for all manner of pain in the belly. 428 The 9 §. of the pain in the guts through any impostumes or other affections of the bowels. 429. The 10. §. of the pain in the bowels through heat and Cholera. 430 The 11. §. of the pain in the belly mixed with gravel. 431 The 12. §. of the pain in the bellies of young children. ibid. The 13. §. of the Worms in the belly. 432 The 14. §. of the worms Ascarides which do keep in the arsegut. 438 ¶ The sixteenth Chapter of the Kidneys. 439 The 1. §. of the pain in the kidneys through cold and moisture. ibid. The 2. §. of the pain in the Kidneys through wind. 441 The 3. §. of the obstructed Kidneys. ibid. The 4. §. of the pain in the kidneys through heat and drith. 442 The 5. §. how to assuage the pain in the kidneys. 443 The 6. §. of an hard imposthume in the kidneys. 444. The 7. §. of impostumes and ulcers in the Kidneys. 445 The 8. §. of the impostumation in the kidneys through heat. 446 The 9 §. of impostumes in the kidneys through cold. 447 The 10. §. of the exulceration in the Kidneys. ibid. The 11. §. of pissing of blood. 448 The 12. §. if any man piss matter. 449 The 13. §. of the outward ulcers of the kidneys. 450. The 14. §. the order of diet. 451 ¶ The seventeenth Chapter, of the gravel, sand, or stone of the Kidneys and of the Bladder. ibid. The 1. §. for to hinder and restrain the engendering and growing of the gravel and stone. 452. The 2. §. to let the growing of the stone. ibid. The 3. §. against the pain of the gravel. 454 The 4. §. of those things that expel gravel and break the stone. ibid. The fifth §. when one cannot hold his water. 462. The 6. §. of the effluxion of the urine through cold. ibid. The 7. §. of the effluxion of the urine through heat. 463 ¶ The eighteenth Chapter, of the Bladder. 465. The first §. of the retention of urine in general. ibid. The 2. §. of the pain which is caused by the retention of the urine. 466 The 3. §. of the stopping of the urine through the debility of the virtue retentive. 467 The 4. §. of the retention of urine through falls or blows. 469 The 5. §. of the retention of urine through some obstruction of the conduits. 470 The 6. §. of the hot and scalding urine. 471 The 7. §. of any one be forced against his will to make his water. 472 The 8. §. of the excoriation of the bladder, and of the neck of the same. 473 The 9 §. of the imposthume of the bladder, or neck of the same. 474 ¶ The nineteenth Chapter, of the Matrix or Womb. ibid. The first §. of the terms or flowers in women in general. 476 The 2. §. how to prefer and move the terms or flowers in women. 477 The 3. §. how the excessive course of the flowers are to be stopped. 484 The 4. §. of the Whites, or the white flux in women. 488 The 5. §. of the suffocation or ascension of the Matrix. 489 The 6. §. of the descension or falling down of the Mother or Womb. 491 The 7. §. of the pain in the Mother or Matrix through wind. 493 The 8. §. of the pain in the Mother through cold. 494. The 9 §. of the pain in the Mother through heat. 465. The 10. §. of the contraction of the Mother or the neck of the same. The 11. §. of the Scirrhus or hardness of the Mother. ibid. The 12. §. of the imposthume in the Mother, or in the neck of the same. ibid. The 13. §. of the canker and ulcer of the Womb or Matrix. 498 The 14. §. of an unnatural birth called Mola. 500 The 15. §. what things are good for the Matrix. 501. ¶ The twentieth Chapter, of all that concerneth the fruitful and childbearing women. 502. The first §. to know whether a woman be with child or not. ibid. The 2. §. to know whether a woman be with child of a boy or a girl. 503 The third §. of those things which be most commonly perceived in women with child. ibid. The 4. §. at what time and in what manner the child groweth in the Womb. ibid. The 5. §. of the order of diet for women with child. 504 The 6. §. of the strange long of women with child. 505 The 7. §. of the vomiting in women with child 506. The 8. §. when a child is weak in the mother's womb. ibid. The 9 §. of mischances and untimely births. 508. The 10. §. how a mischance is to be prevented or hindered. 509 The 11. §. how a dead child is to be expelled out of his mother's womb. 511 The 12. §. a preparation for an easy childbirth and delivery. 512 The 13. §. when the throws do not continue in bearing women. 514 The 14. §. of the perilous and hard childbirth in general. 515 The 15. §. when a woman cannot be delivered of a child. ibid. The 16. § of the Secundine or afterbirth, and how the same is to be expelled. 516 The 17. §. how the afterthrowes are to be eased. 517. The 18. §. for the excessive flood after birth. ibidem. The 19 §. of the superaboundance of milk. 518. The 20. §. of divers other accidents after birth. ibidem. The fourth Part or Book containeth all the outward parts, with all their accidents and infections, and it is divided into nine Chapters, and 35. §. 519 THe first Chapter, and first §. of the Arms. Pag. 519 The 2. §. of the Armpits. ibid. The 3. §. of the hands. 520 The 4. §. for to keep the hands clean. ibid. The 5. §. for to perfume hands and gloves. 521 The 6. §. for scabbed hands. ibid. The 7. §. for chaps in the hands. ibid. The 8. §. for itchy or scabby hands. ibid. The 9 §. of the fingers. 522 The 10. §. of the numbness of the fingers, whether it be in part or in the whole. ibid. The 11. §. when the fingers are numbed through some bruises. 523 The 12. §. of the Felon or Ancome in the fingers. 524. The 13. §. of the nails on the fingers and toes. 524. ¶ The second Chapter, of the legs and feet. ibid. The 1. §. of the knees. 525 The 2. §. of the shins. ibid. The 3. §. of the feet. 526 ¶ The third Chapter, of the pain in the joints in general. 527 The 1. §. of the Gout in general, Gutta. ibid. ¶ The fourth Chapter, of the Gout in the joints Arthritis. 529 ¶ The fifth Chapter, of the Gout in the hands Chiragra. 531 ¶ The sixth Chapter, of the gout in the hips Ischia, which we commonly call Sciatica. ibid. The 1. §. of the pain in the hips or Sciatica through heat. 533 The 2. §. of the pain in the hips or Sciatica through cold. ibid. ¶ The seventh chapter, of some accidents which this pain of the hips doth cause. 536 The 1. §. of the eluxation of the joints. ibid. The 2. §. of the extenuated and withered limbs. 537. The 3. §. of the extenuated or withered members in general. 539 The 4. §. of hardness of the joints. 540 ¶ The eight Chapter, of the Gout in the feet, or Podagra. ibid. The 1. §. how the Podagra is to be prevented. 541. The 2. §. of divers other means whereby one may be freed from the Gout. 542 The 3. §. how the hot Podagra is to be purged. 543. The 4. §. of the cold Gout or Podagra, and of his pain. 545 The 5. §. an especial and well approved remedy for the Gout. 546 The 6. §. the direction for the Gout sent to Charles the Emperor. ibid. The 7. §. when any one doth go but ill after the Gout of the feet. 547 The 8. § what things they be that convey other medicines towards the joints. ibid. ¶ The ninth Chapter, of the outward accidents of the joints and outward members. 548 The 1. §. of strained members. ibid. The 2. §. of the fractures of the bones. 549 The 3. §. of the putrefaction of the bones. 550 The 4. §. here follow now some special things for the pain of the joints. ibid. The 5. §. of the unsensibleness, shaking and numbness of the members. 551 The fifth part or book, of all the parts of man's body, that are dispersed over all the same, as the skin which covereth the whole body, the veins, the blood, the flesh, bones and sinews, with many other accidents, as heat, coldness, Phlegma, Melancholia, fatness, leanness, sweat and such like, and it is divided into 21. Chapters, and 84. §. 551 THe first Chapter, of the skin. 552 The 1. §. of the inward causes which harm the skin. ibid. The 2. §. of Warts. 553 The 3. §. of the Measles, Red-gum, and small Pocks in general. ibid. The 4. §. of the Measles. 554 The 5. §. of the small Pocks. ibid. The 6. §. of another sort of small Pocks, which be called the Swine Pocks. 555 The 7. §. of the cleaving or chaps of the skin. 556 The 8. §. of the itch of the skin. ibid. The 9 §. of scabs or scurfes on the skin. ibid. The 10. §. of Tumours. 559 The 11. §. of botches, biles, and other hard swellings. 560 The 12. §. of the Rose, a certain impediment called Erysipelas. 562 The 13. §. of the swelling of the groins, armpits, and cares. 563 The 14. §. of the Carbuncle or Plague sore, a perilous swelling. 564 The 15. §. of all manner of old ulcers and old sores. ibid. The 16. §. of a stinking and running ulcer. 566 The 17. §. of the broken veins called Varices. 567. ¶ The second Chapter, 1. §. of depascent ulcers in general. 568 The 2. §. of the Fistula. ibid. The 3. §. of the corroding ulcer called the Herpes 570. The 4. §. of the hard tumour Scirrhus. 571 The 5. §. of the Canker. ibid. The 6. §. for the heat and inflammation of the ulcers. 573 ¶ The third Chapter, of the Pocks, and of the lameness which is caused thereby. 574 The 1. §. an order and cure of the ancient Physicians. ibid. The 2. §. how to decoct Guaiacum. 576 The 3. §. another manner to heal the Pocks. ibid. The 4. §. the third cure of the Pocks. 577 The 5. §. the fourth cure of the Pocks. 578 The 6. §. for the Pocks that have continued long 580. The 7. §. if there be great pain with it. ibid. The 8. §. of the biles in the pocks. ibid. The 9 §. for all open sores in the pocks. 581 The 10. §. for the scales and other spots. ibid. ¶ The fourth Chapter, of the Leprosy. 582 The 1. §. of means and medicines against the Leprosy. 584 The 2. §. an order of diet. ibid. The 3. §. of sleeping and waking. 586 The 4. §. of letting of blood. ibid. The 5. §. for to expel the matter of this sickness by urine. 588 The 6. §. wherewith the mouth and other parts are to be washed. ibid. The 7. §. whereby the blood in the Leprosy shall be cleansed. ibid. The 8. §. to consume the remanent matter. 589 The 9 §. what is to be used for the scales. 590 The 10. §. to strengthen the heart, the liver, and the brains in the Leprosy. 591 The 11. §. what concerneth the skin. ibid. The 12. §. of the actual and potential cautery. ibid. The 13. §. what is requisite for every sort of Leprosy. ibid. The 14. §. of the bad ulcer Cacoethe. 592 ¶ The fifth Chapter, of outward infections and wound of the skin. ibid. The 1. §. of burning or scalding with fire, hot water, and of the burning with gunpowder. ibid. The 2. §. of the burning with gunpowder. 594 The 3. §. for all scales of burning. ibid. ¶ The sixth Chapter, for to draw splinters and thorns out of the skin. 595 ¶ The seventh Chapter, of wounds, and all that concerneth them. ibid. The 1. §. for to staunch blood. ibid. The 2. §. of the clodded blood in the body. 596 The 3. §. of the stitching of wounds. ibid. The 4. §. of fresh wounds. 597 The 5. §. many kinds of vulnerall potions. ibid. The 6. §. of the plasters for thrusts and wounds. 598. The 7. §. of vulnerall salves. 599 The 8. §. to draw matter out of the wounds. 600 The 9 §. of taints. ibid. The 10. §. for fowl flesh. ibid. The 11. §. to staunch the Synovia. ibid. The 12. §. when a wounded member is lamed. ibid. The 13. §. to cause the flesh to grow in wounds. 601. The 14. §. of that which causeth the skin to grow ibid. ¶ The eight Chapter, of the cicatrices and spots of the skin. ibid. The 1. §. of the moles or marks that children be borne withal. 602 The 2. §. of red spots through heat. ibid. The 3. §. of spots which come by falls. ibid. The 4. §. of spots by stripes or falls. ibid. ¶ The ninth Chapter, of inward things which spread themselves over all the body. 603 The 1. §. of the bones. ibid. The 2. §. of Napta. ibid. ¶ The tenth Chapter, of three kinds of veins in general. 604 The 1. §. of the blood veins. ibid. The 2. §. of the Arteries. ibid. The 3. §. of the blood. 605 The 4. §. whereby the blood may be cleansed. 606 The 5. §. how the abundant bleeding is to be staunched. 607 The 6. §. how to let out superfluous blood. ibid. ¶ The eleventh Chapter, of the natural warmth of man's body. ibid. The 1. §. of unnatural heat. 608 ¶ The twelfth Chapter, of the sweat in general. 609. The 1. §. whereby sweat is provoked. 610 The 2. §. of the sweat-bath and others. ibid. ¶ The thirteenth Chapter, of the sinews. ibid. The 1. §. of hurt and wounded sinews. 612 The 2. §. for the pain. ibid. The 3. §. when the sinews be resolved and limber. 613 The 4. §. for sinews that be shrunk, or for the cramp of the sinews. ibid. ¶ The 14. Chapter, of the flesh and muscles, or Lacerts. 615 ¶ The 15. Chapter, of the fat of man's body. 616 The 1. §. of the troublesomeness of fatness. ibid. ¶ The 16. Chapter, for great leanness. 617 ¶ The 17. Chapter, of wearisomeness. ibid. ¶ The 18. Chapter, of sleep. 618 The 1. §. what hindereth sleep. ibid. ¶ The 19 Chapter, of pain. 619 ¶ The 20. Chapter, of Phlegma. ibid. ¶ The 21. Chapter, of cold diseases. 621 The sixth part containeth those diseases which concern the whole body: and it hath 21. Chapters, and 47. §. 622 THe 1. Chapter, of agues in general. ibid. ¶ The second Chapter, of the one days ague called Ephemera. 623 ¶ The third Chapter, of the continual ague, Continua, in general. 627 The 1. §. of the ague that is continual, continua. 628 The 2. §. the order of diet in hot agues. ibid. The 3. §. common rules for agues. 629 The 4. §. of common things for hot agues. 630 The 5. §. of the loathing of meat in them that be assailed with the ague. 631 The 6. §. of the thirst in hot agues. ibid. The 7. §. of purging and such like. 632 The 8. §. for vomiting in agues. ibid. The 9 §. for the loss of sleep. ibid. The 10. §. to relieve them that be sick of the ague. ibid. The 11. §. for the relief and comforting of the sick patiented. 633 The 12. §. ordinances for all those that be recovered of a long sickness. ibid. ¶ The fourth Chapter, of the half third days ague, called Hemitritaea. ibid. ¶ The fifth Chapter, of the tertian ague. 634 ¶ The sixth Chapter, of the counterfeit and bastard tertian, that is, a false third days ague. 637 ¶ The 7. Chapt. of the burning fever Causon. 638 ¶ The eight Chapter, of the ague which is called Synochus. 640 The 1. §. of the ague Synochus with putrefied blood 641. The 2. §. of the order of diet. ibid. ¶ The ninth Chapter, of the quotidian ague, Quotidiana. 642 ¶ The tenth Chapter, of the quartain ague, Quartana. 643 ¶ The eleveth Chapter, of the Consumption or Ethicke Hectica. 646 The 1. §. of the ague Hectica, with a pain in the breast, Empyema and Phthisi. 649 ¶ The 12. Chap. of the ague Marasmode 651 ¶ The 13. Chap. of long linger agues 652 ¶ The 14. Chap. of swellings after the ague ibid. ¶ The 15. Chap. of the Plague 653 The 1. §. of the causes of the plague ibid. The 2. §. of the signs of the plague to come. ibid. The 3. §. how to prevent the plague 654 The 4. §. how the healthy are to be kept and preserved from the infection of the plague ibid. The 5. §. how their dwellings ought to be 656 The 6. §. what exercise to be used in the plague pag. 658 The 7. §. of the sleep in this sickness ibid. The 8. §. of purging and letting of blood 659 The 9 §. of the motions of the mind ibid. The 10. §. of baths and other common causes. ibid. The 11. §. how one shall govern himself without doors 660 The 12. §. Praeseruativa, or preservatives that defend men from the plague 662 ¶ The 16. Chap. when any are infected with the plague 668 The 1. §. of the ague in the plague ibid. The 2. §. of the signs whereby this sickness is known ibid. The 3. §. by what means the patiented is provoked to sweat 669 The 4. §. how to comfort those that are infected with the plague 670 The 5. §. what is to be done after sweeting 672 The 6. §. another regiment when any one is infected with the plague ibid. The 7. §. how to purge those that are infected with the plague 673 The 8. §. of the unnatural heat in the plague. ibid. The 9 §. for the unsatiable and great thirst 674 The 10. §. of the bitterness in the mouth ibid. The 11. § of the want of appetite to meat ibid. The 12. §. of the weakness and sleepiness 675 The 13. §. of the binding in the body ibid. The 14. §. of the loss of sleep ibid. The 15. §. when a plague-sore appeareth ibid. The 16. §. when as there is no plague-sore perceived 678 The 17. §. for letting of blood in the plague. ibid. The 18. §. the government of life in the plague. 679 The 19 §. of a convenient air for the plague. ibid. The 20. §. how they shall govern themselves, that escape this sickness 680 ¶ The 17. Chap. an exhortation for them that keep these patients ibid. ¶ The 18. Chapter of the Scurvy, Scorbuticus Morbus ibid. ¶ The 19 Chap. of the detestable sickness Drunkenness 681 ¶ The 20. Chapt. of frighting and fear 683 ¶ The 21. Chap. of trembling 684 ¶ The 22. Chap. of the impediments that come of false ibid. The seventh part and book speaketh of some kinds of poisons, Plants, Metals, and Beasts, and it is divided into 4. Chap. and 4. §. 685 THE 1. Chap. 1. §. of all those things that are good against poison 686 The 2. §. an exhortation for all those that are afraid to be poisoned ibid. The 3. §. when any body perceiveth that he hath taken poison 687 The 4. §. the signs when one is poisoned ibid. ¶ The 2. Chapter of the venomous plants and such like 688 ¶ The 3. Chap. of the venomous Metals and such like 693 ¶ The 4. Chapter of the venims that come of beasts 694 The eighth part and book containeth divers kinds of remedies, to wit, Electuaries, Potions, Conserves, Confected fruits, Flowers, Roots, and other Plants, Trociskes, Oils, Syrupes, and juices, vital waters, Aromatical wines, and such like, which otherwhiles have been mentioned: It is parted into 19 Chapters, and many §. all which are needles to be recited: but we will only rehearse them that be most needful, with their Chapters. 705 THe 1. Chap. the Confection of Calmus. ibid. The 1. §. how to make Verivice for the Kitchen, and for Physic 706 ¶ The 2. Chapt. of the artificial Balm, which may be used in steed of the right Balsamun. ibid. The 1. §. of Beer 707 ¶ The 3. Chapt. of the Claret wine, Hippocras, and of herbed wines 708 The 1. §. of Clysters and their use 709 The 2. §. of confected seeds ibid. The 3. §. of the confected spices, peeles, roots, and such like 710 ¶ The 4. Chapt. of preserved fruits, flowers, and other things 711 The 1. §. how to preserve Elecampane roots. ibid. The 2. §. how to preserve black Cherries ibid. The 3. §. Conserve of Eiebright 712 The 4. §. Conserve of Betony ibid. The 5. §. how to preserve the roots of the greater Pimpernell ibid. The 6. §. how to preserve Pears after 2. ways ead. The 7. §. how Oranges are to be preserved 713 The 8. §. conserve of Borage ibid. The 9 §. how that Calmus is to be preserved 714 The 10. §. how that Citrons are to be preserved ibidem. The 11. §. how that Citron peeles are to preserved ibid. The 12. §. how Bayberries be preserved ibid. The 13. §. Conserve of fumitory ibid. The 14. §. how the conserve of the fruit of the wild Rose tree is to be made 715 The 15. §. how that Abrecockes are to be preserved ibid. The 16. §. Conserve of Eldern berries ibid. The 17. §. how that Ginger is to be preserved ibidem. The 18. §. how that Raspes are to preserved 716 The 19 §. how the conserve of Hyssop is to be made ibid. The 20. §. of the Conserves of Lavender and of Spikenard ibid. The 21. §. how to preserve the Eryngus roots. pag. 717 The 22. §. Conserve of Maricrom ibid. The 23. §. Conserve of Balm ibid. The 24. §. how that Nutmegs are to be confected pag. ead. The 25. §. Conserve of Gilliflowers 718 The 26. §. how Walnuts are preserved ibid. The 27. §. Conserve of bugloss ibid. The 28. §. how Apples are preserved ibid. The 29. §. Conserve of Pyony 719 The 30. §. how to preserve Peaches ibid. The 31. §. how to make Conserve of Prunes. ibid. The 32. §. how that Quinces & other things are to be preserved 720 The 33. §. Conserve of Roses 722 The 34. §. Conserve of Rosemary 723 The 35. §. to preserve the roots of all red Beets pag. ead. The 36. §. Conserve of Sage ibid. The 37. §. how Sloes are to be preserved ibid. The 38. §. Conserve of Cowslips 724 The 39 §. Conserve of water Lilies ibid. The 40. §. Conserve of Violets ibid. The 41. §. Conserve of the flowers of Cicorie ibidem. The 42. §. how red Cherries are preserved 715 The 43. §. how that ripe & unripe Grapes are to be preserved ibid. The 44. §. of that which commonly keepeth all fruits fresh ibid. ¶ The 6. Chapter of the Golden and Vital waters, and elixirs of life 726 ¶ The 7. Chap. of Hand-waters 728 The 1. §. for to make May cheeses ibid. The 2. §. how to make Wafers of Sugar ibid. The 3. §. Honey water, Hydromel ibid. ¶ The 8. Chap. for to make juleps ibid. ¶ The 9 Chapter for to take spots out of all clothes. pag. ead. The 1. §. Spice cakes which be excellent good ibidem. ¶ The 10. Chap. hereafter follow Confections ibidem. The 1. §. Confectio Anacardina ibid. The 2. §. Antidotum Haemagogum ibid. The 3 §. Electuarium de Baccis lauri 730 The 4. §. Benedicta laxativa ibid. The 5. §. Bezoarctica ibid. The 6. §. Electuarium de Calamintha ibid. The 7. §. Confection of Cassie after three ways ibidem. The 8. §. Electuarium de Castoreo ibid. The 9 §. Catharticum imperiale ibid. The 10. §. Catholicon ibid. The 11. §. Electuarium de Cineribus 731 The 12. §. Electuaria varia de Cytonijs ibid. The 13. §. Electuarium de corticibus Aurantiarum, ibidem. The 14. §. Electuarium Ducis ibid. The 15. §. Electuarium de Epithymo ibid. The 16. §. Electuarium de Gallia ibid. The 17. §. Confectio Hamech ibid. The 18. §. Hiera picra simplex ibid. The 19 §. Hiera logodion 732 The 20. §. Hiera pachij Ruffini ibid. The 21. §. Electuarium Indum ibid. The 22. §. Electuarium lenitiwm ibid. The 23. §. Electuarium de Lepore combusto ibid. The 24. §. Laetificans Almansoris ibid. The 25. §. Electuarium de Manna ibid. The 26. §. Electuarium ad melancholiam 733 The 27. §. Michleta ibid. The 28. §. Mithridatium ibid. The 29. §. Electuarium Oculistae ibid. The 30. §. Electuarium de Olibano ibid. The 31. §. Electuarium de Ouo 734 The 32. §. Electuarium Diaphoenicon ibid. The 33. §. Philonium ibid. The 34. §. Electuarium Diaprunis ibid. The 35. §. Electuarium de Psyllio ibid. The 36. §. Electuarium de Raphano syluestri ibidem. The 37. §. Electuarium regium ibid., The 38. §. Electuarium de succo Rosarum 735 The 39 §. Diasatyrion ibid. The 40. §. Electuarium de Scoria Ferri ibid. The 41. §. Electuarium de Sebesten ibid. The 42. §. Dia Sena ibid. The 43. §. Theriaca Magna ibid. The 44. §. Theriaca Diatessaron 736 The 45. §. Triphera ibid. The 46. §. Electuarium vitae ibid. The 47. §. of Leigh ibid. The 48. §. for to make excellent spice or Sugar Cakes ibid. The 49. §. Loch, lohot 738 ¶ The 11. Chap. ibid. The 1. §. Almond milk 739 The 2. §. Manus Christi ibid. The 3. §. for to counterfeit Marrow of bones, ibid. The 4. §. Medicamen de Turbith ibid. The 5. §. Melicraton 740 The 6. §. of Meade, a common drink ibid. ¶ The 12. Chap. 741 The 1. §. oil of Poplar buds ibid. The 2. §. oil of Mandragora ibid. The 3. §. oil of Amber ibid. The 4. §. artificial Balm 742 The 5. §. Salad oil, or oil of Olives ibid. The 6. §. oil of Behen ibid. The 7. §. oil of Pyretrum ibid. The 8. §. oil of Bevercod ibid. The 9 §. oil of Lead ibid. The 10. §. oil of pennyroyal 743 The 11. §. oil of Purslane ibid. The 12. §. oil of Camomile ibid. The 13. §. oil of Capers ibid. The 14. §. oil of Costus ibid. The 15. §. oil of Dill ibid. The 16. §. oil of Eggs 744 The 17. §. oil of Annys ibid. The 18. §. oil of wild Cucumbers ibid. The 19 §. oil of Euphorbium ibid. The 20. §. oil of Foxes ibid. The 21. §. oil of Lilies ibid. The 22. §. oil of Hempseed ibid. The 23. §. oil of the kernels of Abrecockes 745 The 24. §. oil of Eldern flowers ibid. The 25. §. oil of S. john's wort ibid. The 26. §. Oleum Irinum ibid. The 27. §. oil of Cherry kernels ibid. The 28. §. oil of Melilot ibid. The 29. §. oil of Cresses. ibid. The 30. §. oil of Copper. ibid. The 31. §. oil of Gourd seeds. 746 The 32. §. oil of linseed. ibid. The 33. §. oil of white Sesamum. ibid. The 34. §. oil of Linen cloth. ibid. The 35. §. the oil of Bay. ibid. The 36. §. oil of Mace. ibid. The 37. §. oil of the seeds and flowers of Poppy. ibid. The 38. §. oil of sweet Almonds. ibid. The 39 §. oil of Marierome gentle. 747 The 40. §. oil of Mastic. ibid. The 41. §. oil of Narcissus. ibid. The 42. §. oils of Myrtles. ibid. The 43. §. oil of Mints. ibid. The 44. §. oil of Motherwoort. ibid. The 45. §. oil of Nutmegs. ibid. The 46. §. oil of Cloves. ibid. The 47. §. oil of Walnuts. 748 The 48. §. oil of Pepper ibid. The 49. §. oil of Peach kernels ibid. The 50. §. oil of Quinces ibid. The 51. §. oil of Rue ibid. The 52. §. oil of Earthwormes ibid. The 53. §. oil of Privet ibid. The 54. §. oil of Rhubarb ibid. The 55. §. oil of Roses 749 The 56. §. oil of Saffron ibid. The 57 §. oil of Sandaraca ibid. The 58. §. oil of Sulphur ibid. The 59 §. oil of blue Flowerdeluce 750 The 60. §. oil of Scorpions ibid. The 61. §. oil of water Lilies ibid. The 62. §. oil of Mustard seed ibid. The 63. §. oil of Spikenard ibid. The 64. §. oil of Antimony 751 The 65. §. oil of Steel, or oil of Iron ibid. The 66. §. Rock or Peter oil ibid. The 67. §. oil of Turpentine ibid. The 68 §. oil of Violets. ibid. Oils of Ireas. ibid. The 69. §. oil of Vitriol, or of Copperas. 752 The 70. §. of the oil of Wheat. ibid. The 71. §. oil of juniper berries. ibid. The 72. §. oil of Willow leaves. ibid. The 73. §. oil of Argal. 753 The 74. §. oil of Wormwood. ibid. The 75. §. oil of Tiles. ibid. The 76. §. Oxycraton. ibid. The 77. §. Oxymel simplex ibid. The 78. §. Oxymel compositum ibid. The 79. §. Oxymel Scyllinum ibid. The 80. §. Oxyrrhodinum. ibid. The 81. §. Oxysacchara. ibid. ¶ The 13. Chapter. ibid. The 1. §. Emplastrum album coctum 754 The 2. §. Apostolicon plaster ibid. The 3. §. Emplastrum de Baccis lauri ibid. The 4. §. Basilicon ibid. The 5. §. a plaster for the Rupture ibid. The 6. §. the plaster Ceroneum ibid. The 7. §. Diachylon ibid. The 8. §. the plaster de Galbano ibid. The 9 §. Gratia Dei plaster ibid. The 10. §. Emplastrum Griseum de lapide Calaminari. ibid. The 11. §. Hyssopi cerotum sive Philagrij. ibid. The 12. §. Emplastrum de Meliloto. ibid. The 13. §. Emplastrum de Muscilaginibus. 755. The 14. §. Emplastrum Oxycroceum. ibid. The 15. §. Emplastrum de pelle Arietis. ibid. The 16. §. Emplastrum de Radicibus. ibid. The 17. §. the plaster of Saunders. ibid. The 18. §. the black plaster. ibid. The 19 §. Sparadrapon. ibid. The 20. §. Emplastrum viride. ibid. ¶ The second part of this Chapter speaketh of Pills. ibid. The 1. §. Pillulae de Agarico. ibid. The 2. §. Pillulae Aggregativae. ibid. The 3. §. Pillulae Elephanginae. 756 The 4. §. Pillulae de Aloe lota. ibid. The 5. §. Pillulae Azaiareth. ibid. The 6. §. Pillulae Aureae. ibid. The 7. §. Pillulae de Bdellio. ibid. The 8. §. Pillulae benedictae. ibid. The 9 §. Pillulae Cochiae. ibid. The 10. §. Pillulae de Cynoglossa. ibid. The 11. §. Pillulae de Euphorbio. ibid. The 12. §. Pillulae foetidae. ibid. The 13. §. Pillulae de fumo terrae. ibid. The 14. §. Pillulae de Hermodactylis. 757 The 15. §. Pillulae de Hiera simplici. ibid. The 16. §. Pillulae de Hiera composita. ibid. The 17. §. Pillulae de Hiera cum Agarico. ibid. The 18. §. Pillulae Iliacae. ibid. The 19 §. Pillulae Indae. ibid. The 20. §. Pillulae de lapide Armeno. ibid. The 21. §. Pillulae de lapide Lazuli. ibid. The 22. §. Pillulae lucis. ibid. The 23. §. Pillulae Masticinae. ibid. The 24. §. Pillulae de Mezereo. ibid. The 25. §. Pillulae de Opopanaco. 758 The 26. §. Pillulae Pestilentiales sive Ruffi. ibid. The 27. §. Pillulae de quinque generibus Mirobalanorum. ibid. The 28. §. Pillulae de Rhabarbaro. ibid. The 29. §. Pillulae de Sandaraca. ibid. The 30. §. Pillulae de Sarcocolla. ibid. The 31. §. Pillulae de Serapino. ibid. The 32. §. Pillulae sine quibus esse nolo. ibid. The 33. §. Pillulae stomachicae. ibid. ¶ The 14. Chapter. ibid. The 1. §. Honey of Roses. ibid. The 2. §. Vinegar of Roses. 759 The. 3. §. Vinegar of Rue. ibid. ¶ The 15. Chapter. ibid. The 1. §. Aegyptiacum. ibid. The 2. §. Salue of Agrippa. ibid. The 3. §. Salue of Alabaster. ibid. The 4. §. unguentum album. ibid. The 5. §. unguentum de Althaea. ibid. The 6. §. unguentum Anodinum. ibid. The 7. §. unguentum mundificatiwm de Apio. ibid. The 8. §. unguentum Apostolorum. 760 The 9 §. unguentum Arragon. ibid. The 10. §. unguentum de Artanita. ibid. The 11. §. unguentum de Cerussa. ibid. The 12. §. unguentum Citrinum. ibid. The 13. §. unguentum Comitissae. ibid. The 14. §. Salue for scabs. ibid. The 15. §. unguentum infrigidans Galeni. ibid. The 16. §. unguentum Martianum vel Martiatum. ibid. The 17. §. unguentum Mercuriale. ibid. The 18. §. unguentum Neruinum. ibid. The 19 §. unguentum Nihili. ibid. The 20. §. unguentum Pectorali. ibid. The 21. §. Pomada, Pomadoes. 761 The 22. §. unguentum Pompholigos. ibid. The 23. §. unguentum Populeonis. ibid. The 24. §. unguentum Rosatum. ibid. The 25. §. unguentum Sandalinum. ibid. ¶ The second part of this Chapter of Sief. ibid. The 1. §. Sief album Rasis. ibid. The 2. §. Sief de Fellibus. ibid. The 3. §. Sief de Memithe. ibid. The 4. §. Sief de Plumbo. ibid. The 5. §. Sief de Rosis. ibid. The 6. §. Sief de Thure. ibid. The 7. §. Sief Viride. ibid. ¶ The third part of this chapter of Syrupes. 762. Of the Syrupes and juices in general. ibid. The 1. §. Syrupus de Absinthio, that is of Wormwood. ibid. The 2. §. Syrupus de Acetosa, of Sorrell. ibid. The 3. §. Syrupus Acetosus, of Vinegar. ibid. The 4. §. Syrupus Acetosus compositus, also of Vinegar. ibid. The 5. §. Syrupus Acetosus de Citonijs, which is of sour Quinces. ibid. The 6. §. Syrupus Acetosus Diarrhodon, that is of Vinegar and of Roses. 763 The 7. §. Syrupus de Acetositate Citri, of the juice of Citrons. ibid. The 8. §. Syrupus de Agresta, of Verivice. ibid. The 9 §. Syrupus de Aurantijs, of Oranges. ibid. The 10. §. Syrupus de Artemisia, of Mugwort. ibid. The 11. §. Syrupus de Berberis, of Berberies. ibid. The 12. §. Syrupus de Betonica, of Betony. ibid. The 13. §. Syrupus Byzantinus. ibid. The 14. §. Syrupus de Boragine, of Borage. 764 The 15. §. Syrupus de Buglossa. ibid. The 16. §. Syrupus de Calamintha, of field Mints. pag. 764 The 17. §. Syrupus Capillorum Veneris, or of maidenhair. ibid. The 18. §. Syrupus de Cichorio cum Rhabarbaro, of Cicorie. ibid. The 19 §. Syrupus de Citonijs, of Quinces. ibid. The 20. §. Syrupus de Citro, of Citrons. ibid. The 21. §. Syrupus de Corticibus Citri, of Citron Peeles. 765 The 22. §. Syrup. de Cucurbita, of Gourds. ibid. The 23. §. Syrupus de Endivia, of Endive. ibid. The 24. §. Syrupus de Epithymo. ibid. The 25. §. Syrup. de Eupatorio, of Agrimony. ibi. The 26. §. Syrup. de Fumo terrae, of Fumitory. ibi. The 27. §. Syrupus de Glycyrrhiza, of liquorice. ibid. The 28. §. Syrupus Granatorum, of Pomegranates. 766 The 29. §. Syrupus de Hyssopo, of Hyssop. ibid. The 30. §. Syrupus de Ireos, of Ireas. ibid. The 31. §. Syrupus de juiubis. ibid. The 32. §. Syrup. de Limonibus, of Lemons. ibid. The 33. §. Syrupus de Lupulo, of Hops. 767 The 34. §. Syrupus de Menta, of Mints. ibid. The 35. §. Syrup. de Myrto, of Myrtle seed. ibid. The 36. §. Syrupus de Nymphaea, of water lilies. ibid. The 37. §. Syrupus de Papavere, of Poppy heads. ibid. The 38. §. Syrupus de Persicis, of Peaches. 768 The 39 §. Syrup. de Plantagine, of Plantain. ibid. The 40. §. Syrupus de Pomis, of Apples. ibid. The 41. §. Syrup. de Portulaca, of Purslane. ibid. The 42. §. Syrup. de Prassio, of Horehound. ibid. The 43. §. Syrupus de Pyris, of Pears. ibid. The 44. §. Syrupus de Radicibus, of roots. ibid. The 45. §. Syrupus de Ribs, of Raspes. ibid. The 46. §. Syrupus infusionis Rosarum, of Roses. ibid. The 47. §. Syrup. de Rosis siccis, of dry roses. 769 The 48. §. Syrupus rosatus solutiws, purging Syrupes of Roses. 769 The 49. §. Syrupus de rosis albis, of white Roses. ibid. The 50. §. Syrupus sapor Regum. ibid. The 51. §. Syrupus de Staechade, of Stechas flowers. ibid. The 52. §. Syrupus de Thymo, of Thyme. ibid. The 53. §. Syrupus violarum, of Violets. ibid. ¶ The fourth part of this Chapter of the Species and of Losing. 770 The 1. §. Species de Ambra, of Amber. ibid. The 2. §. Species de Aniso, of Annis. ibid. The 3. §. Species de Anthus, of Rosemary. ibid. The 4. §. Species aromaticum rosarum. ibid. The 5. §. Species de Calamintha, of field Mints. ibid. The 6. §. Species de Capparis, of Caper roots, pag. 771 The 7. §. Species de Caryophyllis, of Cloves. ibid. The 8. §. Spec. de Cinnamomo, of cinnamon. ibid. The 9 §. Species Cordiales, for the hart. ibid. The 10. §. Spec. Diacostu, of Costus roots. ibid. The 11. §. Species de Croco, or Crocoma, of Saffron. ibid. The 12. §. Species de Cumino, of Coming. ibid. The 13. §. Species de tragacantha, of tragacanth. pag. 772 The 14. §. Species Ducis. ibid. The 15. §. Species de Galanga, of Galingall. ibid. The 16. §. Spec. de Gemmis, of precious stones, ibid. The 17. §. Species Hierae simplicis. ibid. The 18. §. Species de Ireos, of Ireas. ibid. The 19 §. Species justini. ibid. The 20. §. Species de Lacca. 773 The 21. §. Spec. laetificantes, & laetitiae Galeni. ibid. The 22. §. Species liberantes. ibid. The 23. §. Species lithontribon. ibid. The 24. §. Species de Margaritis, of Pearls. ibid. The 25. §. Species de Mentha, of Mints. ibid. The 26. §. Species de Moschu, of Musk. ibid. The 27. §. Species Nere. 774 The 28. §. Spec. de Olibano, of Frankincense. ibid. The 29. §. Spec. de Papavere, of Poppy seed. ibid. The 30. §. Spec. de Penidio, of Sugar pennets. ibid. The 31. §. Species de Paeonia, of Pyony. ibid. The 32. §. Species Diaphoeniconis, of Dates. ibid. The 33. §. Species Philanthropon. ibid. The 34. §. Species pliris Arcoticon. ibid. The 35. §. Spec. de Prassio, of Horehound. ibid. The 36. §. Species Diarrhodon Abbatis, of Roses. 775 The 37. §. Species Electuarij de succo rosarum, of Roses. ibid. The 38. §. Species Rosatae novellae. ibid. The 39 §. Species de Seminibus. ibid. The 40. §. Species Triasantalum, of Sanders. ibid. The 41. §. Species Trion pipereon, of Pepper. 776 The 42. §. Species Diaturbith, of Turbith. ibid. The 43. §. Species de Xyloaloe. ibid. The 44. §. to make strong water. ibid. The 45. §. Spec. Berchtoldi. ibid. ¶ The 16. Chapter. 777 The 1. §. Decoctiones Aperitivae, Potions that do deobstruct. ibid. The 2. §. Decoctio Epithymi, of Dodder. ibid. The 3. §. Decoctio fructuum, a Potion of cert●●● fruits. ibid. The 4. §. Decoctio pectoralis, the pectoral potion. 777 The 5. §. Decoctio & infusio Senae, a Potion of Seine leaves. ibid. The 6. §. a water of man's blood. ibid. ¶ The second part of this Chapter of certain powders for meat. 778 ¶ The third part of this Chap. of Trocisks. ibid. The 1. §. Trocis. de Absinthio, of Wormwood. ibid. The 2. §. Trocisci Adulphi. ibid. The 3. §. Trocisci de Agarico, of Agaricke. ibid. The 4. §. Trocisci Alhandel, of Coloquint. 779 The 5. §. Trocisci Alkakengi, of winter Cherries. ibid. The 6. §. Trocisci de Berberis, of Berberis. ibid. The 7. §. Trocisci de Bolo armeno. ibid. The 8. §. Trocisci de Camphora, of Camphor. ibid. The 9 §. Trocisci de Capparis, of Caper roots. ibid. The 10. §. Trocisci de Carabe, of Amber. ibid. The 11. §. Trocis. de Chelidonia, of Celandine. ibid. The 12. §. Trocisci de Corallis, of Coral. 780 The 13. §. Trocisci de Eupatorio, of Agrymonie. ibid. The 14. §. Trocisci de Lacca. ibid. The 15. §. Trocisci de Myrrah. ibid. The 16. §. Trocisci de Olibano, of Frankincense. ibid. The 17. §. Trocisci de Rhabarbaro. ibid. The 18. §. Trocisci Diarrhodon. ibid. The 19 §. Trocisci de Rosis, of Roses. ibid. The 20. §. Trocisci de Santalis, of Saunders 781 The 21. §. Trocisci de Spica. ibid. The 22. §. Trocisci de Spodio, of ivory. ibid. The 23. §. Trocisci de terra sigillata. ibid. The 24. §. Trocisci de Violis, of Violets. ibid. The 25. §. For to make writing Ink. ibid. The 26. §. For to make common Varnish. ibid. The 27. §. of Painter's Varnish. 782 The 28. §. for to make odoriferous Varnish. ibi. ¶ The 17. Chapter. ibid. ¶ The 18. Chapt. of all kinds of Wine. ibid. The 1. §. of wine in general. 783 The 2. §. of sundry natures of wine. ibid. The 3. §. of Must. ibid. The 4. §. of Wine cuict, or decocted wine, pag. 784 The 5. §. of wine, or spirit of wine. ibid. The 6. §. of Vinegar. ibid. ¶ The 19 Chapt. of herbed wines, and such like. ibid. The 1. §. the wine of Elecampane roots. 785 The 2. §. Eiebright wine. ibid. The 3. §. Wine of whole Grapes. ibid. The 4. §. Wine of avence. ibid. The 5. §. Betony wine. ibid. The 6. §. Borage wine. 786 The 7. §. Wine of Asarabacca. ibid. The 8. §. wine of Frambois. ibid. The 9 §. wine of Heart's tongue. ibid. The 10. §. the wine of Hyssop. ibid. The 11. §. winter Cherry wine. 787 The 12. §. Cherry wine. ibid. The 13. §. Lavender wine. ibid. The 14. §. of Malmsey. ibid. The 15. §. wine of Marierom. ibid. The 16. §. wine of Cinnamome. ibid. The 17. §. Muscadel wine. 788 The 18. §. Wine of Gilliflowers. ibid. The 19 §. Wine of bugloss. ibid. The 20. §. wine that purgeth. ibid. The 21. §. Wine of whole Grapes. ibid. The 22. §. Vinum punicum. ibid. The 23. §. Rosemary wine. ibid. The 24. §. Wine of Sage. 789 The 25. §. Wine of Clary. ibid. The 26. §. Wine of water Lilly flowers. ibid. The 27. §. Tamariske wine. ibid. The 28. §. Wine of Wormwood. ibid. The 29. §. Wine of Zeduary. ibid. The 30. §. how that the infirmities of all wines are to be amended. 790 The end of the Contents of this Book. A very meet and necessary introduction, for the better understanding of all such things as are handled in this present Practice of Physic. The Contents of the Jntroduction. THE misery of man's life caused by sin, hath constrained us to think on such means, by the which the diseases that daily are incident unto it, might be eased: which truly by the mercy of God, and Physics rule, at length have been found out. The profit and necessity whereof together, are just causes why Physic may thoroughly be praised. And because the sicknesses are manifold, and the body of man also divided into many and sundry parts & members, but principally into four: the Head, the Breast, the Belly, and the external or outward parts: Every Malady hath her due remedy: also where, when, how, and in what sort every remedy is to be gotten, gathered, and kept: likewise if any superfluity were in it, how and what is to be separated from it, what regiment or order is to be observed in Purging, Letting of blood, Cupping, or fastening of Horseleeches. Then is showed the due and true use of the Air, of moving, and quietness: of waking and sleeping, of meat and drink. At length also are expounded the weights and measures which are used in Physic. Of the manifold miseries and calamities of mankind. The first Chapter. THe innumerable miseries, calamities, dangerous diseases and sores, which the life of man is daily and hourly subject unto, hath even from the beginning of the world until this day, moved, nay rather constrained divers learned men, to examine and try whatsoever the earth and nature herself hath yielded, by that means to find ease for the disease and wretchedness of mankind. Some Philosophers there be, that wholly have employed and applied themselves, to amend and heal the infirmities of the mind, have extolled virtue, advanced honesty, and planted reason in the heart of man: they have also set forth vice in a most ugly shape, so to fear men from it, and to induce them to lead an honest & virtuous life. But because all this was grounded only upon the reason of man, and altogether without a sure foundation, it hath pleased God of his infinite mercies to supply the wants by his spirit in the holy Scripture, and there to teach whatsoever is necessary unto a virtuous and honest life: yet is the nature of man by sin so overtaken, by the first fall so overreached, so wrapped and rooted in iniquities, that at no time in him any goodness either is or may be found. Others there are, that have taken no less pains, in seeking out the means to cure and help the innumerable maladies, accidents, sicknesses, and sores of the body, and therefore are forced to try and approve all the creatures of God, as Roots, Herbs, Flowers, Fruits, Stones, Woods, Metals, all living beasts, yea every element, each by himself, to find out the hidden virtues and properties, and to know to what use they might rightly be applied. This was the first finding and foundation of this noble science of Physic, and hath been from time to time by divers and sundry experience of the old Physicians diligently observed, truly taught and written: and at the last also imparted unto us, and shall be reserved until the end of the world. The wretchedness of man's life. And indeed, if we behold our own wretchedness, we shall evidently perceive, that we in the whole course of our short life in this world, are as it were swimming in a boisterous and bottomless sea, where wave upon wave uncessantly covereth us, and is ready to swallow us up: where we are tossed too and fro, not finding any place to rest our foot, or free our head from water: and albeit at length (with much ado) we do from stormy seas arrive on shore; yet there we find as many thistles and thorns, calamities and miseries about us, which do prick and plague us on every side, until our miserable flesh at the last return (whence it began) to the dust and worms meat. This it is, that the Prophet Esay acknowledgeth, when he saith: What is man? All flesh is grass, and all the glory thereof is as the flower of the field. Behold, the grass withereth, and the flower falleth away, for the breath of the Lord bloweth on them. And David sayeth: What is man that thou art so mindful of him, and the son of man, that thou visitest him? Man is as it were nothing: his days pass away like a shadow. With many such like sayings in divers places of his Psalms. And in very truth, if we rightly weigh our estate, what is our life (so long as we remain on earth) more than a continual anguish and pain, labour, fear, sorrow, and alas altogether troublesome? Wretchedness of new-born babes. Behold our wretchedness, even from the hour of our birth: we are brought forth not only in peril and danger of ourselves, but hazarding also our mother's life. But granting that happily we are borne, yet are we not able in any wise, or any way to help or aid ourselves, but are as it were thrust headlong into an everlasting and terrible prison: for we are no sooner come to the world, but presently we are fettered and bound both hand and foot: then must we eat and drink what others command, we must sleep and awake when others will: there lie we wrapped in our own filth, then do we abide pain in the belly, gnawing of the worms, ache of the gums and teeth, neither can we (which is the greatest misery of all) complain and show our pain and grief, but lie weeping and wailing evermore. Beside all this, how long creep we upon all four, not having use of leg or hand? how long live we, before we chat or prate any whit at all? Thus without hand, without foot, without tongue, yea without any joint that doth his duty aright, live we (though not seeming to live) some years together: and thus we spend infancy in misery. Afterward coming peradventure a little further, what followeth more than stripes and blows, brawlings and chide of the parents, schoolmasters, and overséeers, till at the last (if so it please God to preserve us) we, with no small sorrow, care, and trouble of our parents, leave childhood and enter into youth? But now alas, with much travel and pain being come to youth's estate, Of youth. we are in ten thousands of perils both of body and soul: for now we grow wanton and lascivious, stubborn and obstinate towards our parents, vicious and ungodly in the sight of God, as by experience daily we find and see, and need not any further proof. What sorrows and cares after all these, bring man's years with them? great labour and pains taking do they again require to maintain himself, his wife, his children and family to feed and find them honestly and well, to supply their wants, to esteem of friends, to beware of enemies, and to take care for the Commonwealth. If then at length peradventure he come to any preferment, office, or governance in that place where he liveth, he is not only constrained to set behind and omit his own affairs and business, but is hated also and envied of others, now sorroweth, dow joyeth for his country's estate, now with one thing, now with another troubled and vexed in mind. Furthermore, the turmoil and pains he taketh, resteth neither night nor day, otherwhiles called upon for one matter, strait way for another, and then at the last reapeth his pains for his labour, and is rewarded with ingratitude, yea oftentimes he is endangered of goods, of honour, of life and all. Thus with much travel, with many perils, and with great pains gaineth he nothing but grey hairs and old age. Old age a sickness of itself. And to conclude, what is old age else then a very sickness itself, feeble, weak, full of sorrows, and an heap of cares, not regarded and esteemed of those that should most account of it? I will not rehearse here the temptations of sathan, vexations and troubles in mind, pricking of the conscience, and many other heavy matters, which age is subject unto, but end with this, that the old man goeth with one foot in the grave, and hath nothing more surer than death at his door. When we begin to bethink with ourselves, either what sicknesses we have had & withstood, or what we have seen in others, and what diseases we are subject unto, what strange, how diverse, and what incurable calamities, even from the hour of our birth, till our dying day are incident unto us, as leprosy, falling sickness, lameness, blindness, deafness, etc. Out of all which we may easily gather, and evidently see, that our short life is nothing else but a long dying day, in that which all miseries meet. This may well be a just cause to admonish us to think upon another home, which is promised and prepared for us, of that most cunning Physician and Saviour of our souls Christ jesus, which we shall find to be without all troubles or cares, without wants, and without end. The second Chapter. The causes of man's miseries and wretchedness. THe reason of man (as always if hath done even from the beginning) seemeth to complain greatly, The cause of man's wretchedness that our nature should be subject unto so many infirmities, miseries and calamities: yea it doth as it were chide with God, and accuse him of tyranny, for creating of man so wretched. And in very deed, a worldly minded man, that neither acknowledgeth God, nor the cause of his natural imperfections, might easily be brought, and carried away with such like opinions, and with great reason bewail the infinite wretchedness of mankind, seeing he findeth no creature on the face of the whole earth, that is vexed with so many adversities, but man only: But contrariwise, they that are endued with the knowledge of God and godliness, will not accuse him of tyranny that is most gentle; will not accuse him of evil, that hath created and made all things most perfect and good, nay, that never could or would do harm. Adam was created in the beginning sound and whole, perfect wise, absolute, and without any blemish or spot whatsoever: but by disobedience, transgressing the commandment of God, in that he would without contradiction be made like unto God, and know both good and evil, which he did of his own stubborn head, and in despite and contempt of his Creator: herewith hath he not only brought and wrought unto himself, but unto all his posterity after him, an everlasting mishap and infelicity, as a well worthy and deserved punishment for his and our misdeeds together. Wherefore sin is the first and only cause of all our distress, of all our sicknesses and heaviness here on earth: which hath brought us to that estate, that after all our turmoiling & pains taking, we must at the last taste and take death as a merit and payment for our sins. This if a godly man consider with himself, Christians bear their cross with patience. and (as Saint Paul saith) sigheth for sins fake, then doth he bear the cross patiently, acknowledgeth it to be a fatherly warning and rebuke, useth due and true means: First, calleth to God even from the bottom of his heart, committeth both his life and his death into his hands: afterwards cometh unto Physic, the which it hath pleased God of his mercy to ordain for the behoof and need of man, and hath taught it his servants the physicians. Also it is his will and pleasure, that we should use his creatures in our necessity, and give him praise and thanks for them. And to the end the aforesaid means might the better be used, he hath mercifully lent and sent us the Physician and physic, and hath showed us a way, by which those means might best be wrought. And to the end, this might in our native language be better published and showed abroad, I thought good not to bury, but to employ this little talon of mine, which for this end and purpose I have received of God. In which work, my purpose and intent is, to begin and divide the body of man orderly from the crown of the head, and so descend downward from joint to joint, till I come to the sole of the foot: and withal to show, what infirmities every part and member is most subject unto: And lastly, how, and by what means they may be cured. But seeing this cannot be done without physic and physicians help; I thought it best, first to show the just dignity and worthy praise of them both, before we go forward with our intent and purpose. The third Chapter. Of the necessity, profit, and praise of Physic. The need and praise of Physic. SEeing it hath pleased almighty God, that we should, with many infirmities of body, and with great and heavy troubles and vexations of mind, run on and continue this our race and pilgrimage on earth; and that we might preserve this lump of clay, fly and avoid those things that might harm it, take away the incident infirmities, and to keep our bodies a pure habitation for God and his holy Spirit, as it pleaseth him to grant us life, he hath also of his infinite mercy and goodness created (as is above showed) natural and effectual means, revealed them, and in pity, so bountifully by the art of Physic imparted and communicated unto man, that jesus Sirach saith in this manner: Honour the Physician with that honour that is due unto him, because of necessity: for the Lord hath created him; for the most high cometh healing, and he shall receive gifts of the King: The knowledge of the Physician lifteth up his head, and in the sight of great men he shall be in admiration: The Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them. Was not the water made sweet with wood, that men might know the virtue thereof? So he hath given men knowledge, that he might be glorified in his wondrous works. And giveth thereupon a good lesson well to be noted and kept, as that we should leave off from sin, and not fail in our sickness that we should pray unto God that he would heal us, and afterwards give place to the Physician. What greater praise also can we have of physic, than that only example of Christ our Lord and Saviour? what else was his whole life, whilst he was amongst us here upon earth, but first, as it were a spiritual curing and healing of the soul, and afterward also of the body, showing thereby that he was the true Physician, the only healer and helper both of body and soul of man? He made the blind to see, the deaf to hear, the dumb to speak, the lame to go, he cleansed the lepers, stayed the bloody flux, which all Physicians could not do, drove the devils out of the possessed, and to conclude, he raised the dead. Such expert and cunning Physicians after him were his Apostles: who oftentimes have expounded this healing of the sick, to be a shadow of our salvation, & mystery of his holy word, and a rule or pathway for the whole life of a Christian. Is not this a sufficient praise and commendation of this Art? The heathen and wise men heretofore, have so esteemed of this great gift of God, that they have not only ascribed the Art itself unto the gods, but also have reverenced all those that were skilful in it, with such honour, as was due unto their gods; as we may read of Apollo, Aesculapius, Chiron, Machaon, Paeon, and also Hypocrates. Physic is a sure pawn. If thou regard riches: what expert Physician ever lacked wealth, (as Galen testifieth) that respecteth and careth for it? Most true it is, that Physic is a most firm and sure pawn, that defendeth the possessor from extreme poverty: An approved Physician may go whither he will, every where findeth he store of sick and diseased people, and if peradventure some speak not well of him, yet others will, so that never he can want where ever he be. Neither is there any vocation under the Sun that is less hated and envied, than the estate of a Physician: for the greatest tyrant in the world, if he fall into an extremity of sickness, and know a renowned Physician, whom he hath ever hated and greatly injuried, his counsel will he seek in the time of his infirmity, forgetting all rancour and evil will, & laying aside all the injuries that passed between them, yea he will commit both life and death into his hands, and afterward reward him honourably. A godly Physician also may save the soul of an ungodly and vicious man: for although he were never so wicked, that never had once thought on God, or his judgement to come, and falling into a great sickness of body, very seldom seeketh for God, but sendeth only for the physician of the body: who coming, may very conveniently mix spiritual physic with his corporal medicines, admonish the diseased to repentance, to sorrow for his sins, and to lead a more righteous life hereafter: The sick taketh his counsel kindly, assuring himself that it proceedeth from a good mind, and spoken by him that seeketh not only to save and prolong his life; but also by God's help, to cure him of his present infirmity. And indeed we find by daily experience, that in such a case a godly Physician more effecteth, than a good Divine or Preacher: It is also an even pathway for the Physician to obtain the blessing of God, when he saith: Come ye blessed, inherit the kingdom of my Father, which hath been prepared for you, even from the beginning of the world: for I have been sick, and you have visited and comforted me, etc. Physic is thus defined or described: Physic is an art, which doth no less maintain health, The definition of Physic. than cure and take away sickness. Physic is a supplying of that which is wanting, and a diminishing of that which aboundeth: If any one list to hear a longer and larger discourse of this, let him read Galen in his book De Arte medendi. And albeit, that there have been some learned men heretofore, and peradventure yet are, that do seem to scoff and mock at physic and Physicians: as Cato, Pliny, and the rest: yet let them say what they list, the art of physic shall to the end of the world well and worthily be esteemed and accounted. Neither needeth any one to be offended, for that there are many, that falsely use and abuse the name and title of the Physician, thrusting themselves into physic, that never learned the art, neither studied or made any one thing in it: deceiving all men under a colour of fair speeches, and flattery, with costly apparel, with chains of gold and jewels so bedecked, and so adorned with every costly thing, that many are induced to wonder at them. In Egypt were all Physicians very gallantly and well maintained, although they had but one particular remedy for one only disease. A Physician (as Homer saith) is a man, that is to be esteemed as a great number of men: and Seneca, speaking in the commendation of physic, saith, we buy of the Physician an inestimable treasure, namely, life and health of body: and we do daily find by experience both in Court and country, that there is not a more ample vocation, than that of physic: for certainly we see that every one striveth to be a Physician: and no sooner can any one either be pricked with a pin, or stung with a Bee, yea scant bitten with a flea, but every one strait ways giveth his counsel, and as it were presenteth himself to be Physician for the aggrieved patiented. The fourth Chapter. The division of this present work. THe causes that have induced me to compile and make this present book, The division of the whole work. I have partly showed before: partly also entreated and very earnestly requested by such persons, whom I could not, and willingly would not deny a greater matter than this was: as that I would comprehend in writing, not only such things as by long experience myself have approved, but also whatsoever I had either seen, read, heard, or duly and truly observed and noted, amongst the most expert and learned Physicians of all nations, as well the ancient as later writers. And that I would not only write according to the common custom: Fiat secundum artem: but as much as is possible, and as need shall require, add also the preparation of every remedy: for in this if a little error be once committed, a great displeasure and fault might easily ensue, the operation of the medicine weakened, and oftentimes altogether lost and perished. In fine, this whole work was made, to the intent, that every good householder in the time of sickness, having neither Physician nor Apothecaries near him, or at lest none skilful in that Art, might himself know how to prepare and use any medicine that might serve for his disease, or what he might as best and meetest send for at the Apothecaries for his purpose. In like sort also may he judge of the properties and virtues of compounded or mixed medicines, as Electuaries, Syrupes, Pills, Powders, etc. and which of them in every disease might rightly be applied and used. Furthermore, I have very diligently observed and noted the just dosis, proportion, or quantity of every medicine that is at one time to be used, and what things are to be avoided and shunned. And for this cause, have I parted it into six treatises or parts, named and showed divers kinds of poisons, to the end that better heeded might be taken in shunning them, and if by some mischance they had been taken inwardly, how to infringe and break the force and violence of them. And albeit some things there be noted and set down in this book, which might seem better to have been passed over in silence, yet was it done to such an end, that the deceits and knaveries, by which the common sort of people is oftentimes illuded, might be disclosed and bewrayed, to teach them also to take heed hereafter of those that would deceive them, and only to regard those things that are grounded on reason and skill. All such things as are noted with Latin names, are either those that have no English name as yet known, or else that are not growing here in England, but are commonly found at the Apothecaries. The method we have observed in this book, is according to the customs and orders of the ancient physical writers, who dividing man's body into four general parts, to wit, the Head, the Breast, the Belly, and the external or outward parts: so also have I divided and cut this present work into four books: The one for the head: the other for the breast: the third for the belly: and the fourth for the outward members: as at large in the beginning of every of them shall be showed. Unto these four first are adjoined other four books, and not without cause: for that the method and order I have observed, requireth and asketh no less, as shall be showed hereafter. The ancient Physicians have (as is already said) for sundry and very necessary causes, divided the body of man into four general parts. The first part containeth the head, and stretcheth no further than unto the neck: the second part hath the breast unto the midriff, or to the lowermost short ribs: the third part is the belly, with all that is in it, even unto the hips: the fourth part are the outward members, as Arms, Hands, Thighs, Legs, Feet, etc. with all their particular parts and joints. This very same method (if God of his infinite mercy give me grace) do I purpose in this my work to follow. And this may suffice, to let us see the wretchedness of man's nature: the fountains and causes of all infirmities, and also the necessity, profit and praise of physic. But before I proceed any further in describing of diseases with their appropriate remedies, I think it were very meet and necessary to give a more clearer instruction in some points of physic, to the end that such as shall use this book might have the better understanding in the preparing of medicines. The fift Chapter. How all manner of Roots, Barks, Herbs, Flowers, Fruits, and such like may be gathered and kept. The best time to gather roots. THe best time and most convenient to dig or pluck up roots, according to some men's judgement, is the harvest or Autumn, when the leaves do whither and fall away. Others suppose the spring time to be most meet for the same intent, when the herb doth first begin to appear and creep forth of the ground: But the greatest and fittest observation in the gathering of them is this, to note the place or ground they grow in, the time when they are sappiest and fullest of juice, and the use, as either that we must needs have them, or that we must have them green & fresh. We must endeavour also to have them fresh new digged out of the ground, to wash them clean, to separate the small hairs and lesser branches from the root, to crop off the stalks and tops, to cut away that which is rotten and worm eaten. All these roots which are woody within, as of Fennell, of chicory, of Parsley, etc. shall the hard and woody heart be taken out of. The biggest roots must be split asunder, and afterwards dried in the shade and in open air. And if it be moist and wet weather, they are to be put in a warm place, where no ill smoke cometh, with often turning them upside down. They must also be kept free from Sun, moisture, dust and smoke, and be hanged up in such a place, where the wind and fresh air may sometime come to them. The lesser roots, as of Sparage, Valerian, Azarabacca, are kept longer than a year, and continue of like force and virtue. The great and hard roots, as of bryony, Gentian, and aristology, as also amongst the lesser, both kinds of Neesewort may well be reserved three years together, without any let or hindrance to their virtue: The rinds of the roots being separated (as is aforesaid) from the innermost woody parts, shall in like sort be dried and kept. As concerning herbs, it is the common opinion, Herbs. that they ought to be gathered within thirty days, as from the 15. of August, unto the 15. of September. But seeing that some herbs do sooner come to their full perfection and growth, other some later: (which difference for the most part dependeth on the diversity of the country, or else of the ground and place where they grow) the best time of gathering them shall be either when they bear their flower, or when the leaf is at the biggest, and when they smell strongest and are best coloured. They must be dried in the shade, or else in a reasonable warm place, where neither dust nor smoke can come at them. They continue not in their full virtue and strength above one year. All manner of Flowers shall be gathered when they are full blown and wide open, Flowers. while they be fresh and not withered, not when they have lost their smell. Roses must be gathered when they begin to blow, and as yet not full blown: None of them all may be kept above one year, except the flowers of Camomile, and that is by reason they be naturally dry: the sweet smelling flowers are longest preserved and kept in boxes of lentil wood. Concerning Fruits, Nature itself teacheth us, Fruits. that they ought to be gathered or plucked from the tree, not bruising them, at such a time when they are at the ripest: those that have stones in them, may have the stones (if it so seem good) taken forth, afterwards thoroughly and well dried, or preserved and confected in honey or sugar, as is taught in the 8. part of this book. Seeds are ripest and of most virtue, when the fruits are full ripe, Seeds. and when herbs are at their full growth, all dust shall be sifted or fanned from them, then bound up in paper, which longest keepeth them good. Some seeds may be kept longer in their full virtue and strength, others must be new gathered every year, but easily it may be discerned by the taste, which of them hath lost his virtue, and which hath not. Addition. For the gathering of simples and their parts, there be almost as many minds and diversities of opinions, as Authors that writ of them. The one will have them gathered when they bear their flower: the other before, or when the leaf is at the biggest, and they ready to have flowers: the third sort, when they are but young and new come forth of the ground. Some do gather one and the self same herb at sundry times, as when it first springeth out of the earth, when it beareth his flower, and when it beareth seed: adding, that the first is for children and young folks, the second for middle aged, and the last for old men. Other some would have the leaf, the stalk, the root, the flower and the seed each gathered and reserved apart, affirming each part of them to serve for sundry uses. There are yet others, that gather all manner of herbs in their several months, beginning the month still when the Sun entereth into one of the twelve celestial signs, saying, that every herb hath most virtue when it most flourisheth: some add unto this the full Moon. But howsoever it be, this I know by experience, that not only the diversity of the time in gathering them, in preparing and in reserving them, but also the manifold uses of them, are just causes of sundry, nay, clean contrary effects and operations in them. For this I have seen, that one and the self same Simple being gathered at sundry times in one and the self same place, shall purge and bind, which are quite contrary effects. And therefore it is no marvel, if sometimes we miss of our expected purpose and hope, in not finding those virtues in the Simples, that by Hypocrates, Galen, Dioscorides and others, are ascribed unto them, seeing they are of divers men gathered without regard of time or place, prepared without care, reserved and kept they pass not how nor how long. I remember, that as I traveled through the Dukedom of Brownswicke, I heard of a woman that was very famous (in the town there called Gosler) for women's diseases, but especially in staying and provoking their menstrual fluxes: with whom when I had conferred about her art, I found that it was one only herb, but gathered at sundry times. The reason of all these opinions and sundry operations, because it is not our intent nor meaning here to recite them, we will defer them till a more fit opportunity be offered. The sixth Chapter. Of the preparation of some things for Physic, as followeth. The preparation of simples. IT is also very necessary and convenient, to know the true preparation of divers and sundry things and simples, that are used in physic, and to take away or diminish, or at the least correct that which is and might be hurtful in them, For if this should not be done, they would oftentimes, by reason either of their sharpness or venomous nature, do a great deal more harm than good. Neither shall it be amiss, to show and declare the nature and properties of the principal simples and drugs in physic. What Aloes Hepatica is. Aloëpatica is the juice of a very sappy herb, which groweth in the countries that lie Eastward, and is in taste marvelous bitter. The best is that which glistereth, is light, clear, like a liver, without sand or gravel admixed, and as yet cleaving to the skin wherein it is brought. There is another kind of Aloes, called Aloes Caballinum, which in colour is very black, and not used in Physic. The virtues of 〈…〉. Aloes is hot in the first, and dry in the third degree, purgeth gall or choler, and waterish phlegm. It is corrected two sundry ways, as followeth: Hisp● 〈◊〉. Take of very fine powdered and sifted Aloes, as much as thou wilt, put twice as much rain water to it, stir and mix them well together, let it then rest all a night, that the sand, stones and other filth may fall to the bottom: in the morning after, strain of the clearest, cover it with a linen cloth, and set it in the hot Sun, or in some other warm place till it be somewhat dried, then make little rolls of it. The other manner of washing Aloes is done with spices, thus: Take of Aloes (as afore) powdered and sifted six ounces, of the sweet wood called Cassia Lignea, Spikenard of India, Asarrabacca, sweet Cane, Cubebes, Lignum Aloes, Cinnamom, Xylobalsami, Saffron, Mastic, prepared Lacca: of each one ounce and a half. Boil all these together in a glass or pot in water, until all the virtue be boiled out of the ingredients and gone into the water: then strain it through a cloth: after this dissolve your Aloes in this water, stirring it continually, and at the last strain and dry it as is aforesaid. This is called of the Apothecary's Aloe Lota, or washed Aloes, either with or without spices: of this may boldly without any danger be given a quarter of an ounce at once. To make burned alum. How to calcine alum. Take of the best Alum, as much as thou wilt, beat it not very small, put it into an earthen pot upon a little coal of fire, boil it till it be thick, white and light, and stir it well in the boiling: if it were not altogether dry, then take it out by pieces, and lay it in the hot fire, and it will be dried incontinently. Ammoniacum Ammoniacum and such like gums, that cannot be beaten small, and are very unclean, are cleansed as followeth: Put strong vinegar upon them, and let them melt together on the fire, strain and press them through a strong linen cloth, to separate pieces of wood, straw, and whatsoever else is with it, let it afterwards boil till it be thick, power it out on a stone that is be-oyled, and make it up as pleaseth thee best. Oil of olives Salad Oil or Oil of Olives: it is oftentimes commanded to use old oil of Olives: in place of which (if it be not to be had) thou shalt take one part of Oil and two parts of water, and let them boil together easily on the fire till the Oil become as thick as honey, and so use it. Others add more water to their oil, but that cometh all to one end. Pitch. Pitch is sometimes used in form of powder, and is prepared on this manner: Take one part of Pitch and twenty parts of water, let them boil together in a great pot, till such time, as that the Pitch do no more smell as it was wont to do, and be melted again together: then let fall one or two drops upon a cold stone, and if (it being cold) thou canst rub it to powder between thy fingers, it is sufficiently prepared. Turpentine. After the very same manner is also Turpentine Rosine, and such like things prepared. Rosine. Pearls shall be beaten very small, and seared thorough a lawn searce, Pearls. Precious stones. than mole or grind them on a mortar or marble stone with rose water, until thou find or feel no sharpness or sandiness between thy fingers, then let them dry in such a place where no dust can come at them: On this manner are all other precious stones prepared. Led being burned to ashes is used to many purposes, and it is thus to be burned: Led calcined. Take as much Lead as thou wilt, put it in a little pipkin, & stop it very close, set it in a potter's furnace, there let it glow & burn whiles his pots be a baking, then let it cool: if it be not calcined or burned enough, lute it and set it in the furnace again, and so burn it till it be so fine as ashes. Lead is also washed and prepared thus: Take Lead and beat it in a leaden mortar, Led washed. put rain water to it, and beat them both together a good while till the water begin to be very thick, and troubled like puddle, strain this through a cloth very well, and let it dry in a warm place. Take Bloudstone which now is in use at the Apothecaries, is the mine of Quicksilver: Bloudstone. powder it, and searce it finely, than put it in a mortar, & power clear fresh water on it: stir them well together, and let it settle to the bottom, then power away the fowl water on the top, and put more clean water to it, and do as before, till it be clean washed, but much better it is to wash this stone with plantain water. The preparation of Bucks blood is this: In the summer time when the sun is in the Lion, Bucks blood. thou shalt then take a black buck or he goat, that is some three or four years old, keep him by himself the space of three weeks, & feed him with nothing else but these herbs, as Smallage (which is so good for the gravel, that of some for that cause it is called the hand of God) Parsley, Mallows, Pimpinell, ivy of the oak, Paul's Betony Saxifrage, Saxifrage of the wall, and such like herbs with their roots: Item Straberie leaves, Beane husks, the lesser branches of the vine: give him these herbs one after another: Thou shalt also give him red wine to drink, but every third day give as much fair water as he is able to drink. Now when he hath thus been fed three weeks together, he shall at the first full moon be killed or stuck: The first blood shalt thou let pass away, and receive that which is the middlemost or second, dry this in the sun until thou canst powder it: or else if it cannot be done at the sun, dry it in an oven, and so reserve it in some dry place, etc. Those that take great delight in distillations, do feed the buck with meat and drink, The distillation of buck blood. as is before said, only excepted that they give him no water at all; They take ten pounds of this blood, & five pounds of wine vinegar that hath been twice or thrice distilled, one pound of salt, of Radish, of Cicorie, Pimpinell, of each of them three ounces, Valerian, Cichorie roots, Ginger, Winter Cherries, white Amber, Sulphur vive that hath been well washed in wine, Cinnamom, Anniseedes, Fennell seed, Commin seed, Wild Rape seed, Parsley seed, of each two ounces: of the juice of Agramonie, Rue, Penniroyall, and of Paul's betony, of each six drams: These things being cut somewhat small, and well mixed together, they shall be put into a pot close luted and stopped, and buried in horse dung for one fortnight or three weeks, then distilled in a glass limbeck: The first water that distilleth is very clear, & so soon as the colour of the water altereth, thou shalt change thy recipient or receiver: this iterate in changing of recipients as often as thou seest the colour of that which distilleth to change. Others distil it all over together into one receiver, and afterward reiterate or repeat their distillations twice or thrice, till neither the taste nor the smell do offend them: In the first and second distillation ascendeth also some oil with the water, which shall be let alone with the liquor: and albeit the liquor do seem nothing troubled or thick, thou shalt not regard that, for it is but so much the stronger. This liquor and oil together, if it be kept close stopped, remaineth good and virtuous two or three years after the first making of it. Of this mayest thou give at one time two drams, or half an ounce in wine or mead, against gravel and dropsies before meat: it doth also wonderfully provoke sweat. Bolus Armenus or Bole Armenacke, is a red stone or earth that is brought from Armenia: Bole Armenacke. This hath an especial virtue to purge melancholy: the weight of a crown at once is sufficient, for it purgeth somewhat violently: but if it be washed, thou mayest exhibit the weight of two crowns at one time, for than purgeth it gently. Beat as much of this Bowl as thou wilt, power upon it Rhenish or French wine, or fair water, stir and mix them well together, let it settle again, power off the humidity or water, or wine, and put on fresh and stir it again as before: this do as long as thy water cometh coloured from it, which will be some sixteen or twenty times: after this, wash it yet ten times with rose water. Some there be that do add such things as do comfort and strengthen the hart, which in very deed is not to be misliked. Camfire. Camfire will in no wise be beaten to powder, except it be rubbed and chafed in a mortar, in the which mortar hath first been beaten some piece or part of an almond or almonds, according to the quantity of Camfire which thou wilt prepare. Ca●●ia. Cassia which is in the pipe, quill, or cane, is one of the best purging medicines, and is sufficiently known. The best pipes are chosen by weight, & in which the kernels do not rattle, which is a sure sign that the pith or marrow in them is succulent and moist, and nothing withered or dried. It is used on this manner: Take as many of the pipes as pleaseth thee, beat upon them softly from one end to the other until they rend or split asunder, take out all that is in it with a knife into a hairen strainer, & lay it over a boiling pot of water, that the hot vapour may come to it: When the Cassia is reasonable warm, take off the hairen strainer or sieve, hold it over a dish, and with a round pestle squise it through the strainer, and all the black pith will pass through and hang on the outside of the strainer, which thou shalt scrape off with a knife, and keep it: then set thy sieve or strainer over the boiling water, as is aforesaid, and afterwards squise it through again as at the first. This work shalt thou do again so long, till no more pith pass through, and nothing but kernels remain in thy strainer: this prepared Cassia is called by the Apothecary's Cassia cribrata. Note, that when thou wilt use this Cassia, it must always be new taken out of the pipes: for being reserved out of the pipe, presently it waxeth sour, and especially in the summer time. Of this strained Cassia mayst thou exhibit at one time one ounce, or one ounce and a half, in hot burning agues unto children and women in child bed, to every of them more or less, as they are able to bear. Also if thou wilt have this Cassia to purge more effectually, than put either the blossoms or leaves of the Peach tree in the boiling water, before thou hold thy Cassia over the vapour of it. The virtue of Cassia is, to purify and clear the blood, to quench thirst, and to allay heat, being taken with Endive water; also to purge the stomach, to drive out choler and phlegm without any danger: for it hath no sharpness or corroding virtue in it. In like sort it is very comfortable for the breast and liver, and is very good for the kidneys, being mixed with the appropriate waters that drive out gravel, and beaten Licorise, then ministered, it doth scour away the gravel, and hindereth the growing of the stone. It is used in a confection with Manna, and it is also prepared for Clysters. Coloquint. Coloquint is a very bitter apple, and is oftentimes sown in gardens for pleasure sake, yet it is found very seldom to be ripe. The use of that which is brought us from Venice or other places, is this, and no otherwise. The innumerable white kernels being cast away, the rest shall be beaten very small, and sifted thorough a very fine searce, and so be brought to as fine a powder as possible may be: when it is wet, it swelleth as if it had never been powdered: and for that cause it is straightly charged to be reduced into so fine a dust: for if never so little a piece should by chance remain in the stomach or guts, it would easily excoriate and hurt them, so that hereby the sinews might take some harm, yea lameness and cramps ensue of it. The right preparation of it is this that followeth. Take of the aforesaid fine powdered Coloquint two ounces and a half, rub it a great while with two ounces of oil of Roses, then take of the gum Tragacanth, of gum Arabic, of Bdellium, of each of them ℥. ss. steep them in a little rose water until they be dissolved: put of this mixture unto the beaten Coloquint, and form little cakes of it, let them dry, beat them small again, and fashion your cakes again with the gum water, and keep them: On this wise prepared are they more safe than the crude Coloquint, and are called Throcisci Alandali: To what end they be used in physic, shall be showed hereafter. This prepared Coloquint may be exhibited from ℈. j to ℈. j ss. ℈. ij. but it purgeth vehemently, it draweth the tough flegmaticall humours from the head and other parts. Coloquint is supposed of some to be hot and dry in the second: of others, in the third degree. Coral. Coral both red and white is prepared in that manner as is aforesaid of the Pearls. Coriander seed being hurtful unto the brain, both by his hot nature & by his strong smell, Coriander seeds. is very profitable for many uses: ye shall correct it as followeth. Steep it the space of twelve hours in good strong wine vinegar: afterward evaporate or dry away your vinegar from it in a warm place, than it is prepared. Black Coriander is the seed of Nigella, Nigella seeds. and is prepared as that above said. Dates both sweet and sour do purge very easily, especially in hot diseases & great drithes: Dates. being priest close together as they are brought unto us, they are kept good a long time: you may minister of them from two ounces to four at once. They need no preparing or correcting at all, for that they purge so gently, and can do no harm. Gems or precious stones are prepared as is aforesaid of pearls. Gems. Horseleeches, the blood sucking water worm, Horseleeches. shall be kept some days in fresh water before they be used: putting a little blood and bran into the water for their food, then do they lose their venom. Scoria ferri, the refuse of iron, shalt thou cast into fair water: wash it, Scoria ferri, Refuse of iron. and let it settle to the bottom, power of the water from it until it remain very clean and pure, afterward put it in an earthen pot that is well leaded or glassed within: put as much vinegar to it as will wet it only, and not overflow it: let them stand so both together the space of thirty days, in the mean while oftentimes stirring them: afterward mole or grind them on a marble, as thou didst the pearls. Polipodium, little fern or polipodie doth willingly grow on old walls and mossy stones, Polipodie. but the best groweth on oaks: it purgeth gall and slimy superfluities: it is somewhat hurtful to the stomach, it is therefore corrected with anise seeds, Fennell seeds, Cloves, Cumine seeds, and is administered either with honey water, or else with the water of grapes, and very seldom by itself alone. Epithymus, Dodder is used in many profitable medicines: Dodder. the gold coloured and strong smelling Dodder is the best: four drams of it in powder, or at the most six, driveth out melancholy and choler. It is almost never given by itself, but always admixed with other things, but specially it is sodden in drinks or potions, at which time thou mayest use one ounce at once. It is put in last of all into the boiling potion. The juice of wild Cucumbers (called in Greek Elaterium) is pressed out of the wild Cucumbers: the physicians command that it should not be used till it be two years old, Elaterium, it may be kept ten years together, the older it is, the better: and when it is moistened it is like unto milk: being put to the fire, it doth presently burn. It purgeth phlegm, water, and all superfluous humidities most violently, and in like sort gall and choler also. It ought not to be used unadvisedly, or without the counsel of a skilful Physician, for that an error might be committed in a few grains. Euphorbium, is a strange gum so called, Euphorbium. amongst all the purging simples the strongest and hottest, very sharp and biting on the tongue, it seemeth to burn in the nostrils, and provoketh néesings, it stoppeth the breath, as if it would choke one, if the dust of it be received. Therefore great heed is to be given: for two or three drams of it is rank poison. In extreme diseases of phlegm and dropsies, when no other remedies will help, thou mayest use it from four grains unto twelve, but no more: Mastic and Spike of India do greatly diminish his hurting quality. The ancient Physicians did minister it with mead or honey water. Sewets' and marrows of sundry beasts are prepared as followeth: Sewets'. Marrows. First wash them clean and often in cold water, then chop & melt them together with a little fire in a several pot with boiling water and wine, or else with rose water: after this press & strain them thorough a cloth, and keep it in a vessel or pot of pewter in a cold place. The marrow must especially be taken out of the bones in the beginning of winter. ivory is thus prepared: take of it in quantity as you please: cut it in thin chips, ivory. put them into a new pot, and stop him close with a pot lid that is unbaked: put him into a potter's furnace amongst other pots to be burned. When your pot is cold, take out your ivory, beat it to a small dust or powder, and searce it thorough a fine hairen searce: put it into a leaded or glassed pot, pouring as much rose water on it till it be clean covered. Afterwards, take for every twelve ounces of ivory half an ounce of Camfere: mole or grind them on a marble together, and when it is hard like dough, form or make little square cakes of it called Trochises: keep them in a glass well stopped, that they lose not their smell. Note also, that if thy pot he not very closely luted and covered, that thy ivory cannot be burned white, and that it loseth a great deal of his virtue. This is used against all manner of poisons. Hermodactils. Hermodactils, some suppose it to be our Daffodils, and indeed I do take it to be a kind of them, but the Greeks do call their Hermodactilon, Ephemeron, and Colchicon, of the place where it groweth. And although this root may kill a man in one day (as also our Daffodils do excitate a flux or lask in the belly even till the very blood do follow) yet hath it his use, as in other places shall be showed. This root shall be digged up out of the earth in the beginning of the summer, and those that are sappiest and whitest within, shall be reserved. Those that are withered and soft, have lost their virtue: such as grow in wet, waterish and low ground, are very venomous. And albeit that they be very clean and dry, yet shall they not be used in half a year, and are very seldom in request. One dram, or one dram and a half at the most is sufficient at one time. Cinnamom, Ginger, Mastix, long Pepper do greatly correct their venomous quality: they are given in the vinegar of Squils', honey of Roses, or oxymel. Hartshorne. 〈◊〉. Hartshorne is prepared as is aforesaid of ivory. Lacca the gum or sap so called, do we not use very often, notwithstanding that, we will not pass over her preparation, which is as followeth: Take of Hartwort, of Fenegreeke, of each one ounce: boil them in a sufficient quantity of water, until the fourth part be consumed, and that there remain but ten ounces: being strained, put into this liquor eight ounces of the aforesaid Lacca, boil them together on a little fire, till the water become as red as blood, and all the best of the gum be dissolved in the water: then strain it thorough a cloth, and let your bloody liquor boil in a glass in water, till it become thick unto a syrup, and more thicker and harder: make it up into little cakes, and dry them. Agaricus. Agaricus, a kind of well known Mushroom: the white, compacted light and soft, is always the best: that which is hollow, full of holes and black, is rejected. The one is taken to be the male, and the other the female kind: the best is at the first in taste sweet, but presently afterwards very bitter. Being given by itself, one dram or one dram and a half, is enough at once: but being boiled in drinks, or other decoctions, thou mayest use half an ounce. It is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree. It doth purge tough phlegm, and openeth all obstructions. When thou wilt administer it, thou shalt add a little salt Gem and Ginger to it, also oxymel and honey of Roses, by the which his venomous quality is very much delayed. The Apothecaries do diversly prepare this Agaricus, as followeth: Take of it as much as thou wilt, cut it small, mole or rub it in a mortar (for it will not be beaten to powder) make it in form of a dow with wine, in which ginger hath been steeped eight or ten hours, and then make little cakes or Trochiscos of it. The other manner of preparing is this: Take Malmsey or Muscadel four ounces, vinegar of Squils' three drams, white ginger two drams, Spike of India half a dram let them boil together with a soft fire: strain it, and steep in this liquor three ounces of the beaten Agaricus, but not too fine powdered, and let it stand and dry very well in a glassed pot; & when it is almost dry, make little cakes of it with the flime of Polipodie. They purge the head and the breast of superfluous and stinking humidities, they are called at the Apothecaries Trocisci de Agarico. Manna. Manna may we call (as it is indeed) a dew of heaven, seeing that this precious liquor falleth in the morning with the dew from heaven. This is now in great quantity & very good brought unto us out of Calabria, situated beyond Italy. The best is that which is a little yellow, and somewhat perspicuous, or clear like Mastic, in taste sweet, and without any filth admixed. This Manna is an easy, harmless, cooling and fine purging medicine, which may be given to women in childbed & to young children, with distilled waters, or any broth of meat, from one ounce and a half until two ounces and more at once; when it is molten in the waters, on hot coals, strain it thorough a cloth, that all the uncleanness might be separated. It needeth no correction, for it hath no venomous or bad quality at all with it. Mirobolani. Mirobolani, these are strange fruits, of the which there are five sorts: of some of them are the rinds or barks dried: of others is the whole substance dried and brought unto us. All of them do purge and draw tough phlegm from the head; they dry the brain, etc. But every one of them hath an especial and several virtue, which ought to be noted. Curini, these are yellow, having a thick skin or rind with a hard stone or stony kernel. They purge choleric and hot humours. Emblici do comfort and dry the brain, and are confected or preserved. Bellirici have the same virtues with the first. Kebuli are big, black and somewhat long, dark and of a Chestnut colour: the heaviest and thickest of rind are the best. They purge phlegm, and may also be preserved. Indi, of these are the barks only brought unto us, which are in colour black, for which cause they are also called Nigri: they are weighty as the others also are: they do purge melancholy. The powder of either of them by itself (which is not usual) may be given the weight of one dram or twain: they be commonly used with an admixtion of many things: with Almonds, Currants, Fennell seeds, Spike of India, in the whey of goats milk, and the juice of fumitory, they may very meetly be administered. Neesewoort, of this are two sorts or kinds, the white and the black, Neesewort. and it is concluded amongst Physicians, that the best time to gather them is the time of harvest: they purge both upward and downward, and must therefore be very warily used: yea if it be possible it is good to refrain from them altogether. The whiter that one of them is, the better it is: it ought also to be soft, unperished, and not too sharp or biting on the tongue. With this root have ancient Physicians done great marvels, and have had many strange opinions of it, that it should strengthen memory, sharpen the wit, and should be very commodious against the falling sickness. They compare it to a captain, who placing his soldiers to the battle, is himself the first that forsaketh the field. Both of them may be used, but (as is above said) with great circumspection; for that they be venomous, as presently appeareth in the digging of them up: for if the sent of them chance to ascend into the face and nostrils of the digger, it doth grievously disturb his brain, and causeth both a great pain and swelling to follow: And for this cause shall they be digged up in haste, & he that diggeth them shall stand with his back to the wind, that the smell of them may not annoy him; and before he begin to dig he shall eat garlic, and drink some wine. The white Néesewoort purgeth very violently by vomit, & is not so hurtful for beasts as it is for man; of neither of them may be given above a dram at a time, and that in no wise unprepared, that the patiented be not choked with it. It is corrected by the addition of pepper, Parsley seed, Anniséedes, Marierome, and wild Mints. The black Neesewoort killeth horses, oxen & hogs, and purgeth by stool. In fine, these roots may the ancient physicians praise as highly as they list, yet it is forbidden that neither women nor old men, nor children, nor men of a weak constitution, nor those that have a short breath should in any wise use them. To what other uses they are put, shall be showed hereafter. Opium is the juice of a strange kind of poppy dried, being too much used it killeth by sleep: Opium. it hath a strong and unpleasant smell, which may be corrected as followeth: take a little pair of tongs, which is somewhat broad before, make it red hot, hold a little piece of Opium in it, and lay it down again presently, and so do as much as thou wilt. Rhabarbarum, Rhubarb, Rhubarb. how far this precious root is esteemed above all other purging simples, shall openly appear in this book. The best is that which is without, of a Chestnut and darkish colour, but commonly that which is brought unto us hath the rind taken off, & is yellow coloured. That is also commended which is reasonable heavy, in the breaking spongeous, and not hard, very red, with white specks, also that which hath yellow spots, and in chewing coloureth like Saffron. The preparation of it is very easy, for that it is so harmless that it may be used without any addition, yet do Physicians commonly use to add to every dram of Rhubarb three or four grains of Spikenard, Squinanth, or sweet Cane, or Mastic, and most fittest with whey of goats milk; in the winter time with wine the weight of one dram, or one dram and a half being finely powdered; but steeped, two or three drams, according to the state and ability of the patiented. The saps or juices of herbs, flowers and roots, for sirupes and other compositions, juices. are thus prepared: Press out your juice into an earthen pot, let it boil on the fire three or four bubbles; then let it settle from the fire, till all the thickest dross be sunk to the bottom power of the clearest from the top by inclination, which only shall be reserved and used, casting away the unpure settlings. Wild Saffron, or Carthamus is very offensive for the stomach, Wild saffron and is hot in the third degree. Of this is used the innermost part or kernel of the seed, it purgeth all superfluous humidities, dropsies and phlegm. It is given to the weight of half an ounce in barley water sodden, & well expressed, but not without the admixtion of such things as do comfort the stomach. It is also used to other intents, as hereafter in this book shall appear. Scammony. Scammony or Scammonia, is a strange juice, and used in many compositions & purging medicines, to increase and sharpen their purging quality: the best Scammony is brought to us from Asia: when it is prepared, it is called Diagridion. It is given from four grains unto twelve at the most in one day, or at one time. The best is discerned by that, that it is black, lean, or not gummy, shining, and with many little holes, much like unto bread; and as soon as it is touched with the tongue, that presently becometh milky white, not sharp or biting, not sandy, not heavy or weighty, and very brittle. In the second year is Scammony in her flower and most virtue: afterward doth it decay, and waxeth obsolete and old. It is thus prepared: Take two ounces of Scammony, powder it very finely in a mortar, put a little oil of Ireos to it, to bring it to the consistence of dough: then make hollow a Quince, in which thou shalt put thy Scammony, and stop the hole with a piece of a Quince very close; wrap the Quince in dow, and let it bake in an oven. Afterward take one ounce of yellow Myrobalans, steep them four and twenty hours in two ounces of the juice of Quinces, setting it on warm ashes; then press them very hard thorough a cloth, mingle it with the Scammony, and let it dry in a warm place. Some men do admix some Mastic with it; others take nothing else but the juice of Quinces: but the former preparation is that which is commonly used. juice of Sloes. The juice of Sloes is every where taken and used likewise for the strange sap Acatia, yet it doth not agree in all points with the virtues of Acatia. The true Acatia is the sap of the tree, from which the gum Arabeck is taken. Notwithstanding if any man would make a mixture that might have the same virtues with Acatia, Valerius Cordus doth teach it him thus: Take the kernels of sour Dates, seed of Sumach, of each one pound: bruise them, and put upon them three or four pints of rain water: let them steep together four and twenty hours, then strain them thorough a cloth, boil that is strained till one third remain, clarify it with the white of eggs, set it on the coals again, and let it boil softly, till it be as thick as the juice of Sloes, which then may boldly be used. 〈◊〉. Brimstone is thus prepared: Melt thy Sulphur or Brimstone at the fire, then power it into the water of Lettuce: this reiterate eight or nine times: when it is dry, beat it to powder. This is commonly used to stop the blood, as hereafter shall be showed. Seine leaves. Seine leaves with the husks and their seed is a common purgation for every man, for that it purgeth all bad humours, and especially choler and phlegm. Great store of it is brought from Florence. It is also set in our gardens, but the very best is brought from Alexandria. The husks of them are of more force and virtue than the leaves. Two dragms of them in powder is a sufficient dose at once: but either steeped or sod, an ounce is little enough, as in this book shall appear. They are corrected with Ginger or salt Gem: and may be given in the decoction of Borage bugloss, Violets, Mastix, Cloves, and Cardimonie, or else being powdered, may any of these be admixed with them, and so exhibited. White Mustard seed. White Mustard seed may in no wise be inwardly used, except it be first corrected as followeth: Steep it one day and a night in good Aqua vitae, and then evaporate or dry it away from it: then power upon it fresh Aqua vitae, that hath been made of the best Malmsey, or of some other strong wine with Lavender flowers in it: then let it stand and soak as before, and afterwards also evaporate: then is thy seed prepared. This seed may be made up in Sugar, or confected and so used, or by itself but very little of it at once. It is very good to be mingled with any stomachical powder: it drieth up all moistures of the brain, it helpeth the swimming in the head, falling evil, and the dead palsy: but unprepared may it in no way be used. 〈◊〉. Mezercon▪ of some Spurge, or Chamelaea, of the Apothecaries Coccognidion. The ancient Physicians were wont to give seven or eight of the seeds of it, wrapped up in a green fig or date; but experience doth teach us, that three of the seeds are sufficient enough to purge the body. Sops of bread may be used in stead of the figs or days: for it is only done to the intent, that they by reason of their extreme heat should not harm the throat. They also commanded a good draft of water to be presently drunk after them. But fly the use of such medicines, which are described for none other cause, than that we might know & shun them: let Empirics and the outcasts of physic use them. Take the filings of Steel, cast them into fair water, Steel. rub them well between thy hands in the water, power away the unclean water from thy Steel remaining on the bottom: this washing reiterate so often, that the water come clear from it. Then put the Steel into a well glassed earthen pot, power strong wine vinegar upon it, as much as will only moisten it and not cover it: let them so stand together thirty days, but in the mean while oftentimes stirring it; afterward beat it to powder, and mole it on a marble, as is before said of the pearls. Turbith is the bark of a root, and at the Apothecaries well known and very common, Turbith. for that it is added unto many purging confections. It is thought to be a kind of Wolfes-bane. It is given in powder from one dram unto two at once; but being decocted, half an ounce every time. It purgeth phlegm mightily. All his maliciousness is corrected by the addition of one third part of Ginger, and so, either with honey of Roses, or the water of grapes, exhibited. When it is used in powder, it must not be beaten very small. Tutia, Tuttie is commonly used for the eyes, Tuttie. and in all kind of infirmities where exsiccation is required, and is thus prepared: Make it red hot in a Goldsmith's crusible or melting cruse: then extinguish it in the urine of a male child: this reiterate the seventh time, afterwards also five times in Fennell water: then powder it as thou didst the pearls. Item glow it, as is now said, five or six times, and ever cast it into rose-water, and powder it as above. This is the common preparation of Tutia. Wolfes-liver must be taken fresh out of the wolf, and be washed with good warm wine: Wolves liver. cut it into little pieces, put it into a pot, and set it into a warm bakers oven: keep it in a dry place well wrapped in wormwood, lest the worms do spoil it. Esula, is taken for the root only at the Apothecaries. It is a strong purging root, Esula. and ought not to be used unadvisedly: being prepared, not above the weight of a dram or less, as occasion serveth. There be seven kinds of it called Tithymalus, and are all more fit to be used outward, then inward in the body. It purgeth choler and melancholy. Take either the bigger or the lesser roots of Esula, steep them four and twenty hours in wine vinegar, and let them dry again. When thou wilt use them, cut off and cast away all the hairy and hard parts of them, and beat the rest to fine powder. The seed of Palma Christi or Ricinus, being purified, Palma Christi seeds. doth by his purging virtue drive out choler and phlegm. The ancient Physicians do command not above ten in number at once to be exhibited: but because they are very greatly hurtful to the stomach, they shall in no wise be used: but in place of them, other things which are less hurtful. There is a false opinion amongst the common sort of this Palma Christi, to wit, that if the seed in the gathering of it be plucked upward, it provoketh vomit: if it be plucked downward, it should move stools; but howsoever they be gathered, by reason of their venomous and hurtful quality, they may purge both upwards and downwards. Laureole, Daphnoidis, and Laureola, Laurel. These leaves have a sharp purging quality, Laurel. to drive out phlegm and choler. Of the powder of them prepared may be taken from four grains unto six and no more: and with other spices and simples corrected, not above one dram. There is nothing of it in use, but only the leaves: it is prepared by stéeping of it four and twenty hours in wine vinegar, and then dried. Sugar is used in many things, as hereafter in this book may appear, Sugar. but to boil it there be divers and sundry ways: and first of all shall be showed, how the common and coarse Sugar must be severed from his filth and dregs, and clarified for sirupes, and other necessaries in physic. Take (for example) two pounds of common Sugar, put it into a certain quantity of water: How to clarify Sugar. set it on the fire until it be ready to boil or séethe: then have in a readiness the white of five eggs, beaten to water with a little rod, and sprinkle them with thy rod into thy boiling Sugar: let it boil afterwards a pretty while, then doth the filth of the Sugar adjoin himself to the whites of the eggs: then set it from the fire, and when it ceaseth boiling, take away the filth from it with a skimmer, boil it again, besprinkle it, and skim it as before, so often, until thou find it bright and clear. For sirupes and other confections let this Sugar boil somewhat longer, let two or three drops of it fall on a cold stone, dip thy finger in them, and see if it do string or glue or draw out in a thread, which is a sign of a sufficient cocture. Manus Christi For to make Sugar cakes or Manus Christi, the foresaid Sugar must boil yet longer: and if thou wilt know if it be sufficiently boiled for this thy purpose, take a little of it on spattens or skimmer, and throw it from thee into the air: if it fly very white and fiery from it, then is it boiled enough: set it from the fire, stirring it continually until it begin to be stiff or hard, then add and mix those things with it, which thou wilt: then very speedily cast it on a cold stone, whereupon a little flower hath been cast or sifted before, lest they should stick or cleave fast to the stone. Saccharum Penidium, called Sugar pennets, is best made of the whitest sugar that is brought from the island of S. Thomas. Take of this (if thou canst tell how to work it) from two until five pounds at once, power upon it a good pretty quantity of water, and if it be very unclean, clarify it as afore, continue the boiling easily until it begin to be thick, and that it rise up in great bubbles: then have a spindle or the like little round stick being wet with cold water, thrust it into the boiling sugar about a finger's breadth, that some of thy sugar may cleave to it, and cool it in cold water: if then it easily come from thy spindle or stick, if it be reasonable hard, and if in the biting or chewing it stick and cleave not to thy teeth, than it is ready to be wrought: Take it from the fire, let the bubbles settle themselves, power it out upon a stone or table, that is moistened all over with the oil of Olives: when it is run flat or abroad, take up the ends, corners, or edges of it, and throw them upon the midst of it: this continue, until such time as it all do remain in a heap or lump: then dip thy hands in fine flower lest the sugar stick to them; hang or fasten the whole lump of sugar upon a strong hook or crooked nail fastened in a wall, and draw one part of thy sugar towards thee about a cubit's length: fasten the end in thy hand on the hook again, and pull again; thus continue pulling and fastening, until thy Sugar become very white. There must at the least be a couple to work it, that the one being weary, the other may go forward with it; besides that, by reason of the great heat of the sugar, it is not possible that one should do it well alone. Now when it waxeth white and cold, thou shalt draw it out in long ropes, and lay them on a table whereupon a little flower is sprinkled, and so make it up in rolls. This whole work must be done in haste: for otherwise the sugar will wax too hard, which notwithstanding, it is not spoiled: But if thou wilt bring it into Sugar pennets again, it will be somewhat blacker than otherwise it would be. This shall suffice at this present concerning the principal purging simples, and after what sort they are best prepared and corrected: and those things that have as yet not been spoken of, shall hereafter (as need shall require) be showed and entreated of at large. Addition. Succus rosarum, the juice of Roses, or their infusion, purgeth choler gently, and cooleth withal. It may be given from one unto two ounces very safely. Serum lactis, whey of milk or of cheese, is a lenitive and laxative medicine, it doth also purge choler. It is exhibited from three unto five ounces. Mechoacha (in English Mechecan) is an Indian root, of some called white Rhubarb. It may be taken in substance from two scruples unto one dram with broth, wormwood wine, or sweet wine, as followeth: Take Mechecan one dram, Gentian one scruple, Cinnamom half a scruple, beat them into a fine powder, and exhibit it three hours before meals with wormwood wine. It purgeth phlegm and waterish humours without any molestation or trouble unto the patiented. It is given for the pain in the head, that hath continued long; for agues, for the colic, for the dropsy, and for the shortness of the breath. Opopanax is the juice of the herb Ferula. The best is white within and yellow without, bitter, brittle, and of a strong sent. It is commonly given from one unto two drams. It evacuateth the gross and tough phlegm that is inherent in the brain, nerves, breast and joints. Sagapenum is a certain juice or gum so called, of a dark yellow colour, white within and strong in taste. It may be given from half a dram unto a whole, with the water of Rue, or of Elecampane. It doth in like manner purge gross and tough humours. Both these gums are corrected with Mastic and Spica, etc. Taken out of Dioscorides, Mathiolus, We●ereus, and others. The seventh Chapter. §. 1. A general rule to be observed in purging. FOrasmuch as the especiallest point in sanation is to unburden the body of man of abounding superfluities, A rule for purging. and cleanse it of all corruption and uncleanness; which indeed may be done, either by prescribing a moderate diet in meat and drink, by leading a well ruled life, or rather if in these any thing be wanting, by purgations: Therefore it seemeth needful here to set down a general rule, which every man is to observe and keep, that purposeth to purge, as thus: He must have a great regard of the nature of the disease, of the diseased, of his age, of the time of the year, and such like. And where (as it is already said) all sicknesses and inward griefs do proceed of corruption of the blood and bad humours, (as in this our work doth appear,) necessity therefore doth require that such superfluities and corruptions should be expelled and banished out of the body, which for the most part is perfected by drying or purging medicines, whereof now shall be mentioned. The best counsel therefore is, that not unadvisedly, but very warily thou meddle with strong medicines. For as in all infirmities purge are very needful and profitable, so also the use of bad and too strong purgations is very hurtful and dangerous. Wherefore in sharp and perilous diseases shall the advice of a learned Physician be asked, or else in his absence to choose and use things that are easy and safe, of which in this book every where mayest thou have choice. What persons shall abstain from purging, and the impediments thereof. §. 2. ALL such as use a moderate diet, What persons are to refrain from purging and eat nothing but that which engendereth good blood, they have no need of any purgation. Those that do abound in blood, may in like sort omit purging: but good it is for them to be let blood. If any matter or bad humour do settle itself in the concavity or hollowness of the articles or joints, and is inherent, as in the lepry, and such like happeneth, in vain it is also for them to purge; for if such humours be moved only, and not wholly expelled, they might easily be drawn to some noble and principal part of the body, whereby the diseased might be greatly weakened, and fall into a worse inconvenience than before. In great heat or cold mayest thou not purge, for the heat divideth and spreadeth the matter over all the body, and weakeneth greatly: at which time if thou purge, thou dost stir and move the humour, and dost overthrow the strength of nature. In great cold is the matter tough and thick, and altogether unapt for Physic to work upon. It is also forbidden in weak persons, whether their weakness proceed from nature or some other accidental cause, to purge strongly, although gentle purgations for their ease in some sort be allowed. Hot and dry natures must forbear purge, for all purging medicines for the most part are hot and dry, and by that means do they augment heat and drought, and hurt the body. Very nice and dainty persons shall not take any strong purgation, for in them are the humours easily moved. In like sort might fat bodies, which commonly are but weak, by strong purgations incur the danger of stifling. Young children and old men shall shun purgations: and those also that labour much, and carry great burdens: for they are always weary, which is contrary to all purgations. What is to be observed in and after the taking of a purgation. §. 3. 〈◊〉, and after purguing. AFter the taking of a purge, is a moderate motion up and down, and stirring of the arms commodious, that the matter fall and remain not all upon an heap in the body. But if thou fear that thou shalt cast up the purgation, thou shalt be at rest and quiet till thy stomach be stayed. If the purgation that thou hast taken be gentle, and a little potion or drink, thou shalt forbear to sleep after it: but upon hard or medicines, as pills, tabulats, and such like, is sleep and rest granted, that by the inward and natural heat the substance of the pills might the sooner be dissolved and dispersed. The purgation being taken, it is not amiss to use some sour thing after it, as a Pomegranate, unripe Grapes, Oranges, etc. for that strengtheneth the stomach, that it draweth no ill humour to it, and it stayeth all the vomiting. It is also good after the taking of any purgation to drink a draft of whey or warm beer; it helpeth the operation of the medicine, and dulleth her sharpness. It is also good to keep the belly warm, least by force he draw away the medicine from the stomach. To this end is nothing more commodious than warm water to set thy feet in, for that warmeth all the body. The belly may also be covered with a little bag, and some bran in it. When the medicine beginneth to purge, it is not much amiss to move the body somewhat: for by that motion descendeth it downwards, and all the harm or badness which the medicine hath with it, is thereby taken away: the motion helpeth also to expel the humours. Whilst the medicine doth yet purge, thou shalt neither eat nor drink, lest it hinder the operation thereof. Notwithstanding if the patient cannot forbear so long, let him use the broth of a hen, or some such like thing, or else the syrup of Violets, to delay the heat of the stomach, and to preserve him from an ague. For a great quantity of choler being drawn into the stomach by reason of hunger, might easily cause such an accident as might be very hurtful for the diseased. Secondly, if a great hunger should overtake him, he may boldly take a piece of a toast and dip it in good wine, or any such like liquor, but not so much in quantity, that the medicine might be hindered of her operation. Sleep after the operation of the purge is permitted: for as the purge doth weaken and distemper the body, so doth rest and sleep strengthen it again. After thy sleep thou shalt make but a small and easy meal: for considering that the natural powers and virtues of the body be somewhat weakened, they might by too much and too hasty eating be quite overthrown: so that this is a general rule; The more the medicine hath purged, the less ought to be eaten after it. The next day after purging, is good to bathe in warm water, if at the least the feeble estate of the patiented do not dissuade from it: for thereby are the relics that are left after purging moistened and digested, and it suppleth also the dry body. On the third day shall a vein be opened, by the which the vapours (of the humours that were moved and expelled) are taken away, which otherwise would be no small hurt unto the body. This shall suffice as concerning the rules and ordinances that ought to be observed in purging. An addition for the better and more expedite understanding of this Chapter. Purging is an evacuation of humours that abound and molest one: wherein is to be noted Who Are to be purged, to wit, they that be Full of corrupted humours Not crude. First concocted. Strong. Used unto it. Not: as they that be In health, without any bad humours, weak, women with child, lean, not accustomed, of a dry complexion, old, fat, troubled with the bloody flux, or any lask, convulsed, empty of body, subject to swooning, women that have their flowers, children, labourers, etc. How The brain by the Eyes. Nose. palate. Lungs by coughing. Arteries of respiration by coughing. Stomach by vomit. Conuexe part of the liver by vomit. Humours tending upwards by vomit. Concave part of the liver by stool. Humours descending by stool. Kidneys by stool. Womb by urine. How much Age. Strength. Complexion. The disease. Time. Custom. Place of habitation. infection. When Not In the beginning of a disease. In the state or vigour of a disease. In the declination of a disease. The humours being concocted. With what in Choleric persons With medicines that purge Choler. Phlegmatic persons With medicines that purge Phlegm. Melancholic persons With medicines that purge Melancholy. The eight Chapter. §. 1. Of Phlebotomy in general. Phlebotomy THe health of man is no less maintained, and being in decay restored by right use of Phlebotomy, than by purging; and therefore ought it not at this present time to be passed over in silence. As concerning every particular disease and causes of it, shall hereafter particularly be mention made. First, one that is in in good health needeth neither boxing nor cupping, nor the letting of blood. Also the Phlebotomy is fruitless to such as have so strong a nature, that (being overladen) is able to expel all superfluities through natural passages, as by bleeding at the nose, by the piles or hemorhoides, by the flowers in women, and such like: to such is nothing else to be done, but to aid nature in opening of those passages that she hath chosen to ease herself by. But now might some man ask this question; Why, or for what cause is Phlebotomy used? Whereunto may thus be answered: When the abovenamed natural evacuations have not their course, then are there four reasons why this letting of blood might be used. First, when blood aboundeth, as commonly in those that have a hot liver, full veins, a high colour and brownish, and are not too fat and corpulent: also in those that eat and drink abundantly, live at ease, and that use meats that engender much blood; which when nature cannot altogether digest, doth smother, rot and corrupt in the veins; from which dangerous and deadly diseases do ensue. Wherefore if phlebotomy be in due season adhibited, it hath these commodities with it: First, that the whole body, or the part affected, may more surely by this means then by administration of inward Physic be eased. For in the letting of blood, being ruled by art, thou mayest draw as little as thou wilt, and as much as seemeth needful; which in purging can in no wise be done: for that which is taken into the body, that remaineth there, whether it be too much or too little, whether it do good or evil. Furthermore, Phlebotomy doth strengthen the brain, comfort the sight, warmeth the cold marrow in the bones, freeth the inward parts of many infirmities, stayeth vomiting, helpeth also oftentimes the flux or lax, cleareth the senses, restoreth sleep, reviveth the spirits, because melancholy blood is by it diminished, cureth deafness, reduceth the lost voice, augmenteth the powers and virtues of all the body, by reason that it is by this means rid of superfluities. In the same sort also is anger delayed by it, because that choler or gall is by Phlebotomy also diminished. The abundance of blood is known no less by the thickness and troubled consistence of urine, than by the signs before mentioned. Secondly, although the blood be not inflamed, but only superabounding, yet doth it cause grievous agues and other perilous diseases: wherefore, whensoever we find an inflammation and an abundance of blood, presently we open a vein. Also if any one every morning about the dawning of the day doth use commonly to sweat, it is a sign of a superfluity in the veins. Thirdly, where bad and cold blood is, there must a purgation precéede phlebotomy; otherwise the good blood will be drawn forth, and the thick, tough and cold blood remain in the veins. Lastly, it is profitable at sometimes to be let blood, not for any of the aforesaid causes, but only that the blood might be led or drawn from the one vein into the other. For example, If a woman do overpass the time wherein she should have her flowers, then do we open the vein Saphea in the foot, thereby intending to draw the blood downwards. Others comprehend all these particulars in these two points, namely, such aught to be phlebotomized that abound in blood and for that cause are very subject unto sickness. Secondly, that are full of bad humours, or that do abound in a corrupted mass of blood, and are diseased: of all which points, and how every vein shall be opened, we will more at large speak hereafter, where we shall treat of every sickness in particular. Of the causes that prohibit or forbid phlebotomy. §. 2. WE have before showed what persons ought to be phlebotomized: Causes that hinder phlebotomy. also what profit this letting of blood causeth. Now we will declare what persons must for bear it, and what might hinder it. First, Galen commandeth that no body before the fourteenth year of his age should be let blood: but his successors the latter Physicians, will that no man should have a vein opened before the seventeenth year: also those that are above threescore and ten years old should in no case meddle with it: adding, that youth being hot and moist, doth consume much, and therefore needeth much blood for the sustenance of life. In like sort also have old men small store of good blood, but rather great store of bad humours; where the letting of blood might take away the best blood and leave the worst behind: Beside this, they are weak, and their strength doth daily decay. But those that are of a middle age from thirty to fifty, may most safely use phlebotomy: for that they neither incline to the one, nor to the other. To those that are cold of complexion is phlebotomy forbidden, as also to such as dwell in cold countries: for their blood lieth deep in their bodies, is chick, and unapt to be educed. Also where there is a great pain shall it be omitted, except it were in a hot ague: and there shall so much be drawn that the patiented do swoon, to the intent the whole body thereby might be cooled, and the heat taken away. Also it is not good presently after a bath to be let blood, nor after the use of Venery, nor after any long lasting sickness, unless the patient do abound in unclean blood: neither must any one that hath overladen his stomach with meat or drink, and as yet is undigested, use phlebotomy. They that are constrained to much vomiting of choler in the stomach, must also forbear it, otherwise it will greatly weaken them. Lastly, no man shall after much bleeding at the nose, or much bleeding of the hemorrhoids or piles, or after great store of the flowers in women, be phlebotomized; for it will cast him down and weaken him, because the blood is the treasure of life. At what time and in what sign a vein ought to be opened. §. 3. FOr the preservation of health, it is best to be let blood in April or in May, When phlebotomy ought to be used. because at that time man doth most abound in blood, and it shall be done on the right side, either in the hand, arm, or foot: for in these months and in Summer also increaseth choler, which proceedeth from the liver and gall, that both lie on the right side. In harvest groweth melancholy blood, and then must the vein of the spleen be opened on the left side, and in winter also. In like sort it is ordained to be let blood for diseases of the heart in the spring, of the liver in summer, of the feet in harvest, and of the head in winter. And to the end it might more clearly appear at what special times phlebotomy may be used, it shall now be showed from month to month, which times are most convenient, and which are not. In january shalt thou by no means be let blood, except necessity constrain thee, januarie. and that in diseases of the head. In February, if necessity require, mayest thou use it. February. In March it is altogether forbidden. March. In April it is always convenient to open a vein, but not the median. April. In May it is very good and convenient, but not in legs nor feet. May. In june (if need require) thou mayest sometimes phlebotomize. june. In july it is hurtful, by reason of the heat. july. In August likewise, unless it be towards the latter end of the month. August. In September it is as convenient as it was in April or May. September. October No●ember. In October and November mayest thou also phlebotomize. December. In December is phlebotomy prohibited, partly by reason of the extreme cold, partly also because at such time there is small store of blood in the body of man. There is a great abuse among the common people committed, to look for the sign in the Almanac, and so where the Moon resteth. They make also great difference between the height and lowness, drith and moistness of the signs: also whether the Moon be new or full, increasing or decreasing, and divers things more, which of some very superstitiously are observed. Furthermore, if the Moon be in Aries, than it is forbidden to let blood in the head vein and under the tongue. And if the Moon be in Taurus, it is thought unmeet to open any veins in the neck, or to box or cup about the neck or shoulders. When the Moon is in Gemini, which rule the arms, and is supposed to be a hot and moist sign, the places governed are not to be touched. Cancer is cold and moist, where if the Moon be, neither the hand nor the left arm ought to be touched. Because Leo is hot and dry, no phlebotomy is permitted concerning the heart. Virgo is thought to be a very bad sign, and to be cold and dry, and to rule the guts: at which time ought neither phlebotomy nor any purgation to be used, but all kind of Physic to be abandoned. But I take it to be a great deal more meet that every Physician examine well the estate and manner of the diseased patient, and to judge wisely thereof: and first to feel the pulses, and seek out the infallible signs of the infirmity, before he run up to heaven to see the celestial signs: for in sharp and very hot diseases there is no leisure to expect a good sign celestial, but immediately to open a vein, and that so often reiterated as need shall require. But in such like infirmity must be the counsel of an expert Physician be always used: for if phlebotomy in the like extremities be not in time adhibited, life itself might oftentimes be endangered. An admonition to those that let others blood. §. 4. ALl those that let others blood, must take great heed they enter not too deep with their lancet, for fear of pricking an artery or sinew, because they are placed very near, underneath, and about the veins. And if a sinew be wounded or hurt, great danger is like to ensue, as Spasmus, great tumours and swellings, or other more grievous accidents, and at the last a terrible and hard death or at the least a resolution or lameness of the whole member so grieved; for a wounded sinew is counted incurable, as at another time and place at large shall be showed. Also if an Artery be touched, than either gusheth forth that excellent blood of the heart, in which the soul of man resteth; or else Sinovia, which very hardly will be stinted, because rest and quietness in all consolidations and healings are required, where indeed all arteries are in continual motion. But to stay the running of the Sinovia, thou shalt have very good and expert remedies in the fift part of this book. Notwithstanding it is sometime permitted to open an artery, but only when the greatest need requireth that may be, because (as is already said) it can by no means be done without great danger. But because there is no such peril in the opening of some veins as is in others, let this instruction that followeth he diligently observed. Head vein ●ate Median somewhat dangerous. Liver vein dangerous. The spleen vein. The cephalical or head vein is without danger, for that there is neither artery nor sinew near it. The Median is somewhat perilous, for there lieth a sinew just under it, which is to be regarded. Basilica or liver vein is not without danger, for under it is placed both an artery and a sinew. The Spleen vein hath no other danger, but that it is small and hard to be pricked: and therefore shall the hand first be laid in warm water. But whatsoever is more to be said of these and the like other veins, shall immediately hereafter be declared. Incision great or small. In this point all Physicians do agree, that wheresoever is great store and very thick and gross blood, there must the incision be made the larger, that the vapours and bad blood might the better issue forth: for if it be not large enough, then cometh forth the thin and subtle blood, and that which is gross and bad remaineth behind. But if the patients be very weak, then of necessity must the issue be made the less, that their little strength be not overthrown, and their vital spirits let out. What is to be done before, in, and after the letting of blood. §. 5. Whensoever thou dost purpose to be let blood, use some four days before meats that are subtle, light and easy of digesture, especially if thy blood be gross, thick and heavy, that thereby it be made thinner, more flued and subtle, and so much the easier issue forth: neither is it amiss to bathe thyself two or three days before, but not on the day appointed for letting of blood. It is also good in the precedent days to use the sirupes of vinegar. Note also, that thou be not phlebotomised presently after awaking out of thy sleep, but rather two or three hours after it, and when thou hast walked before. All the learned Physicians also do counsel (although it be against the common custom) not to open any vein, the patiented being fasting, or not having eaten a new laid egg, and drunk a good draft of wine upon it; then to be let blood, and three hours after to break his fast again: the cause whereof is, that when the stomach hath taken a little food, nature is most strong. The member likewise which is to be phlebotomised, ought first to be somewhat chafed and rubbed with warm clothes, that the humours thereby might be drawn thither. It is also not amiss to bind the member with a band: for that in like sort draweth the humours into the veins. It befalleth oft in phlebotomy, that the blood by no means can be stenched or stopped: for the which thou shalt find in the fift book divers approved remedies; but for the same is the powder of calcined or burned Vitriol very highly commended, being cast upon it. If the patiented chance to faint in the letting of blood, let him drink a cup of good wine, for that reviveth the vital spirits, strengtheneth the heart, and refresheth the blood. Use also for the same those things that do comfort the heart, which thou shalt find in the second book. If the opened vein should swell and puff up, then boil Rue in the oil of Olives, and apply it to the vein. This also is very good to be used after cupping, if the place should begin to rankle. After the letting of blood the patient shall forbear sleep at the least six hours, and not eat in the time above specified, that the homors now stirred and troubled in the body might be settled again in the mean while. Afterwards let him use light meats, abstain from milk or any thing that is made thereof, and then at the last commit himself to sleep. Lastly, he is not to use any thing either inwardly or outwardly, but that might warm and comfort the body, and to follow that most learned man joachimus Camerarius, who excellently and briefly observed these rules after the letting of blood. Prima coena die sit misso sanguine parca: Lux abeat laetis aucta secunda modis. Tertia sed placidae debetur tota quieti: Quarta & quinta sibi mollius esse volunt. Balnea sexta petit: mox septima colligit auras, Fertque vagos circum rura nemusque pedes. Octava amplexus dilectae coniugis: & quae Antè fuit, vitam restituisse solet: That is, The first day not much meat be spent: The second day to mirth be bend: The third day use thy rest and ease: The fourth and fift eat what thou please: The sixth day bathe in any case: The seventh walk from place to place: The eight mayest thou lie with thy wife, and after live thy wont life. What veins ought in every disease to be opened. §. 6. SEeing that the body of man is every where full of veins, here shall now be showed which of them ought to be opened for the ease of any one member, or for cure and help of any disease whatsoever. First therefore shall be noted, that phlebotomy may be used in divers parts of the body, partly as the disease requireth, partly also according as the veins are apparent. Amongst others, there are six from the armepit downward to the elbow, with those on the hand, that may be opened. The first is called Cephalica, the head vein: the second Basilica, in Latin Hepatica, the liver vein: the third Mediana, Cordiaca, Corporalis, Nigra, Matrix and Communis, that is, the median, heart, corpulent, black, mother and common vein. The fourth Axillaris, the vein of the armepit, because in the armepit it most plainly appeareth. The fift on the beginning of the hand, which now is no longer phlebotomised. The sixth is also on the outside of the hand, between the little and the fourth finger, which of the Physicians is called Sceiles, Splenetica, Saluatella, that is, the spleen vein. The lower parts of the body (as the legs and feet) have three special veins: the one Ischiadica, the hip vein: the other is Saphea or Saphena, the womb vein: the third Poplitis, the knee vein, which is the just middle vein. They are the special veins that commonly are opened: of which and others more, we will hereafter speak at large. Of the head vein Cephalica. §. 7. THis vein is also called Humeralis the shoulder vein, because it easeth all the veins that are above and beneath the neck, whensoever it is opened. This vein being opened, it doth much help the headache called Hemicran●a, madness, and such like, that proceed of an extraordinary heat. It beginneth to appear about the armpits, and passeth along by the left arm. To the end than that the Reader might more clearly understand and know, in what infirmities this vein may conveniently be opened, I will briefly rehearse out of other places of this our book, and show when it is usually opened: As for example; in headaches with agues, heat and flures: in tumours of the armpits: in the pains, inflammations and apostumations, with other impediments of the eyes: in frenzies or madness, in the night mare or hag: in all accidents of the mouth and throat: in all rheums, in hot agues with an infection of the lungs. Here mayst thou perceive and see manifestly, that this may justly be called the head vein. Of the liver vein Basilica. §. 8. AMongst all others is this liver vein Basilica the principallest, whose name is sufficiently known both in Greek and English. This being opened, unburdeneth all the parts below the neck, as breast, liver, etc. of their superfluous blood; so that if any of these be any kind of way diseased, it may by that means be recovered again: it taketh her beginning of the armepit vein or Axillaris, and goeth down to the elbow. The diseases in the which it is usually phlebotomised, are these: In tumours of the eyes, in unmeasurable bleeding at the nose, in whéesing or ringing of the ears, in extreme melancholy, in rheums with heat and agues, and in all infirmities of the lungs, in broken veins or varices of the breast, in the panting or beating of the heart, in great faintness, in ruptures, in bleeding of the hemorrhoids, in barrenness of women that proceedeth of heat, in an obdurated and hardened liver, in melancholy, in hot swellings of the stomach, in obstructions of the urine, in impostumes of the womb, in the pain of the hips, in the gout, in wrenching of the joints, in broken veins, in great inflammations, in the pox, and in the measles. Of the Median or middle vein. §. 9 THis is for the most part of all our Physicians and Chirurgeons called by the Latin name Mediana: because it lieth between the abovesaid veins, and taketh his beginning also from them both. This being opened in all infirmities doth most good, for that it easeth both the upper and the lower parts of the body; for which cause it is called universalis, the common vein, and not as some suppose, because it cometh from the heart. Here is to be observed, that if the head vein or Cephalica should be opened, and it no where appeareth; in stead of it the Median shall rather be used than the Liver vein: likewise if the Liver vein be not seen, open rather the Median than the head vein. As for example, this vein is conveniently opened in swollen eyes, bleeding at the nose, outrageous melancholy, hot rheums, panting of the hart, ruptures, to procure children in women of hot complexions, bleeding of the hemorrhoids or piles, and to procure the flowers in women, etc. by which every skilful man may guide himself. Of the armepit vein Axillaris. §. 10. THe fourth vein is called (as is aforesaid) Axillaris: it is a branch of the great liver vein, called Vena cava, the hollow vein, which cometh from thence into the arms, and showeth itself in the bending of the arm. It hath great correspondence with the head vein, as is already sufficiently showed. After the same sort it is with the fift, which is on the end of the arm: so that all that hath been said before, and which shall be said hereafter of the Spleen vein, the very same may be said of these two. Of the Spleen vein or Saluatella. §. 11. THe sixth principal vein lieth between the little and fourth fingers, on the outside of both hands. It is oftentimes opened, because it cleanseth the spleen, liver and breast, cleareth the voice, preserveth the internal parts, but especially the stomach and mouth from all accidents whatsoever; easeth the pain of the heart, and taketh away all the superfluous blood of the before named inward parts. The later Physicians make this distinction: they call this vein on the left hand Splenetica, the spleen vein; and on the right hand Saluatella: for this cause have divers opened that on the left side, letting it bleed till of itself it staunched, supposing thereby to heal all infirmities of the spleen. It is also opened in blood spittings, in obstructions of the spleen, and in the French pox. That on the right hand in infirmities of the liver, in shaking palsies, in contractures of the mouth, in all manner of stitches, in the gout, in the pocks, and in fine, almost in all other diseases. Of the hip vein. §. 12. AFter the description of the veins that are in the arms and hands, it followeth now to treat of the three principal veins apparent in the legs and feet. The first and uppermost of them is called in Greek Ischiadica, and in English the hip vein. It is commonly opened upon the left foot, thereby to draw the blood downwards, and to ease all the maladies of the same side, of the kidneys, of the womb, and such like: also to make the piles bleed, to help the pain of the hip, to cease the raging of the gout, if it be opened hard by the little toe, although it specially appear upon the ankle on the outside of the leg. Of the womb vein or Saphena. §. 13. THis cometh from the great liver or hollow vein, and descendeth from the foreside of the leg down to the inward ankle, where it very manifestly appeareth: for the which cause it is also called Manifesta, the apparent or manifest vein, otherwise Saphea, and not Saphena. This is especially opened to draw the blood downwards from the privy parts of man, from the womb in women, in sore eyes, in madness, in the palsy, in the night mare, falling evil, blood spittings, women's flowers, and barrenness of them, in the suffocation of the matrix, or the rising up of the womb or mother, in the gout, and in the plague. Of the ham or knee vein. §. 14. THis also is a median or middle vein, which descendeth downwards through the calf of the leg into the foot, as the median of the arm doth into the hand: and it is more meet to be opened to the aforesaid infirmities, than either the hip or womb vein, because it is nearer adjacent to the womb with her annexed parts than either of them, and therefore draweth with more force. Of the vein in the forehead. §. 15. IN the midst of the forehead is also a very apparent vein, which usually was opened in all pains of the hinder part of the head and neck, although it have continued very long; also in all pains of the eyes, but first of all aught the head vein to be opened. It is also used in the frenzy, night mare, and palsy. Of the veins of the eyes. §. 16. THese little veins appear in the corners of the eyes, hard by the nose upwards toward the forehead. They are commonly opened in inflammations of the eyes: but first of all open the vein of the head. Of the vein in the temples of the head. §. 17. IN the temples of the head are veins, which some men do counsel to be opened in the pain of the eyes, if the same proceed of hot humours or windiness, as is before said. But it is not without great danger, because there is an artery hard by it, which easily may be felt. The same may be said of the veins behind the ears, which also are very commodiously opened in great pains of the head, as Hemicrania, in a continual pain and swimming in the head. But Auicenna supposeth, that such as use it thereby are made barren or unfruitful. Of the vein upon the nose. §. 18. IN like manner also is there a vein upon the nose close by the forehead, which may be opened: but first must a towel or napkin be tied hard about the neck and throat, that the vein may swell or puff up, and be the better seen. Of the veins in the lips. §. 19 THese are opened in all putrefactions and rotting of the gums, and many other infections of the mouth, but not before the head vein. Of the veins of the almonds or kernels in the throat. §. 20. THere be four of these veins apparent, the which being opened, help very greatly in all rheums and defluxions, as also in the toothache, but it is not good to open them but when the rheum beginneth to fall. Of the veins under the tongue. §. 21. Under the tongue are also some veins, which in dangerous diseases may well be opened, and especially in the squinancy, and in all other flegmaticall tumours of the throat, in the night mare, and all maladies of the tongue. Of the veins of the neck. §. 22. TO conclude, there be certain veins in the neck, called of the Arabians Guingedes, which usually were opened in the beginning of the lepry, in the pain of the throat called Angina, in shortness and oppression of the breath, impostumes of the lungs, in affections of the spleen and sides. Thus ending this Chapter of the opening of all kind of veins, we will treat of boxing or cupping, which also is greatly commended in Physic. The ninth Chapter. Of Cupping. THis is the second means, whereby the abundance of blood in man's body is diminished. Galen did so highly esteem of it, that he termeth it a precious help, and commendeth it in many diseases, but especially where phlegm and windiness doth exceed. He ascribeth unto it the attraction of humours, ceasing of pain, diminishing of phlegm, dissipation of windines, to provoke hunger, to withdraw and to stay rheums, and to staunch bleeding. He adviseth also to use it in a great pain of the belly proceeding of wind, as the most true and present remedy, namely, to fasten a great box or cup on the place pained, and often to renew it: for thereby is the wind marvelously drawn forth and dissipated: and not only for this, but for the hardness and other accidents of the spleen, but without picking or opening of the skin. But note that this boxing or cupping ought not to be used, except the patient have first of all thoroughly been purged: otherwise it doth draw the superfluous humidity, which lieth deep underneath, outward to the skin. These boxes also are not to be set just upon the place affected, but hard by it thereabout, that by them the matter might be dissipated and withdrawn: As for example, if a woman had too many of her flowers continuing, the cups or boxes shall be set upon her breasts. In too much bleeding at the nose, upon the navel, and so in more places contrary still to the course of the blood, or else upon the veins whence the cause proceedeth: likewise to provoke or move the terms in women, the cups shall be fixed upon the thighs: in sore eyes, behind the neck, as in many places in this book shall be showed. Thus much for the cupping without opening the skin .. But if thou wilt open the skin also, as commonly is used in divers parts of the body, and especially in any hard tumour or Schyrrhus', or other swellings with a great distension and pain. In like manner when thou wilt draw the peccant matter from the infected place to another, as to remove headache, the cups are fixed on the caves of the legs with opening of the skin: which also is done if the terms or flowers in women be stayed, and in such like other accidents, as hereafter in this book at large shall appear. The tenth Chapter. Of the diminishing of the blood by Horseleeches. THe third means whereby the blood is drawn forth of the body, is that blood sucking water worm, which the ancient Physicians by their experience for the help of man have found out. These Horseleeches are of divers and sundry colours, some black, some red some gréenish, and of many other colous. They are all of them somewhat venomous, but especially those that be party coloured with green stripes, big, and live in stinking pools, which altogether are to be avoided. Others that appear in May, and most of all about noon, abide in other pools and waters where also they are taken: how to prepare them for to use, hath been showed in the sixth Chapter. Before they be fastened, the place must first be well chafed, with water moistened, and well scratched with the nails; then take they the better hold. When they are fast, anoint the place with warm oil that it cool not: and if they be fixed to either hands or feet, than put that part into lukewarm water, whereon they be fastened: but if they draw or suck not strong enough, c●● off a little piece of their tails, that the blood may pass through them; for they will not leave sucking for all that, unless a little salt or a few ashes be cast upon their heads, or that they be stricken on the head with a little wand or rod, or that they be burnt with a wax candle. After they be fallen off, thou shalt fasten a box or cup upon the same place to draw out the remaining blood and venom, or else moisten it with a warm sponge: and if it continue bleeding, cast some meal on it, and lay sheeps wool dipped in oil upon that, or some other thing; as in the fift part of this book is taught how to staunch blood. Here is also to be observed, that these horsléeches do not draw the blood out of the inward parts of the body, but only that which lieth in the flesh thereabout, so that they can only be used in place of boxes, and especially in black melancholy blood, which by nature they only suck forth. And this is all the difference between the use of them and of cups. In the application or fastening of Horseleeches, they must be put into a quill, reed or cane, that they take hold of no other place but where they should. It is furthermore well known, that great store of superfluous humidities are expelled by baths, sweat, rubbing, vomiting, and such like: but because these things must be altered, augmented and diminished according to the estate of the person, great heed ought to be given, what here and there in this book is spoken of them. The eleventh Chapter. Of the six things not natural, called of the Physicians Res non naturales. THe cause why we make no mention of these six things, is, for that by them a general rule of the life is to be observed, but most of all in the time of sickness, when every one (according as necessity requireth) is taught what order is to be kept in every of them. The first is air, to wit, what air ought to be elected, what to be refused, and if neither of these may be, by what means to correct it. The second is moving or motion, which is not a little to be regarded, because some diseases require much moving, others little, and some none at all. The third is sleep and watching, which is of no less account than motion. The fourth is fullness and emptiness, which teacheth what order is to be followed in meat and drink, as also in hunger and abstinence: the means also to restore that which either is wanting in the one or in the other. The fift, the accidents or motions of the mind, as anger, fear, gladness, sorrow, love, hatred, etc. which oftentimes cause great change and alteration both in sickness and in health. The sixth is meat and drink; which is meet for every disease, which unmeet. Of the which in every particular disease, several instructions shall be given: this general rule presupposed, that no man diseased shall overlade his stomach with meat or drink, except it were to vomit it up again. It is also better to eat thrice a day, and a little at once, than but twice abundantly. If of all these things thou wilt have a more just explication, look in the second part of the wheesing and stopping of the breath, by the which thou mayest also rule thyself in other infirmities. Furthermore, whatsoever might be said of the four complexions or humours of man's body, as blood, choler, phlegm and melancholy, with their encompassed mixtures called Intemperies, which are eight fold, and what else doth appertain unto them, shall sufficiently as opportunity serveth hereafter be declared. The twelfth Chapter. An explication of all the weights and measures which commonly are used in Physic. THere be two sorts of pounds: the common pound containeth sixteen ounces, but the physical pound hath but twelve ounces. It is abbreviated thus, lib. but to avoid all errors, we have set down the word pound: and where a physical pound was meant, there are twelve ounces specified. An ounce containeth eight drams, which every where is noted by the name ounce. Half an ounce is four drams, which is noted by the Physicians and Apothecaries with this mark ℥. ss. which might breed error, and therefore do we set the name of half an ounce. Dragma is the eight part of an ounce, which we writ thus, dram or drag. least by the character some error might be committed. Scrupulus is the third part of a dram, and shall be written after this manner, scruple or scrup. Granum a grain, is the weight of a barley corn, whereof twenty do make one scruple: but because that barley corns are bigger in one country than in another, thou shalt in steed of them use pepper corns, and so take twenty of them for a scruple: This shall be noted by the name grain. Manipulus is a handful of herbs, flowers or seeds, and this shall be marked thus with an M. and half an handful, which is called of the Apothecaries Pugillus, shall be noted thus, half M. Measures of water, honey and such like liquors, do we esteem every wine-pint at eighteen ounces. Note also, that if thou happen to find any unknown name or word in this book, either in Latin or English, that thou shalt find it in the Table or Index at the end. After all the instructions we will by God's grace come to the principal, and beginning at the uppermost part of the body, that is the head, descend downward to the foot. The most high Physician God our most dear father, through jesus Christ our only Saviour, give us his blessing and grace to finish it. The end of the Introduction. The first part of this Book containeth the Head, with all the parts thereof, to the very neck, as Face, Hair, Beard, skull, brain, Nose, Ears, Lips, Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Speech, etc. with all such accidents as are incident unto them, and their appropriate remedies. The first Chapter. Of pain in the Head. THere are many pains of the head, by the Arabians commonly called Soda: which as they proceed of divers causes, so do they also differ in nature. They are delivered unto us either in particular, proper, principal or universal affections, under which all the other are comprehended, as Cephalalgia, Cephalaea, Hemicrania, and Congelation. Of giddiness of the head, falling evil, dead palsy, and such like infirmities shall be spoken hereafter, where we entreat of the brain: for that these and divers other diseases are caused for the most part of a debility and weakness of the brain. Of all outward accidents, as blows, bruises, wounds, and falls on the head, shall be showed in the Chapter of the brainpan or skull. Cephalalgia. Cephalalgia, by the Greeks so termed, is such a disease that almost affecteth the whole head: which sometimes is very violent, otherwhiles more tolerable, and either continueth long, or passeth over speedily. Cephalaea. Cephalaea is an intolerable headache, which (notwithstanding that it hath some communion with the aforenamed Cephalalgia) doth marvelously weaken all the powers of the head, and at sometime ceaseth, seeming as though it would not return again, yet (in manner like unto the falling sickness) by fits returneth with such violence, such noise in the ears, such beating in the forehead, such thrusting forth of the eyes, and finally with such swelling up of all the veins of the head, that both hearing and sight thereby decayeth: yea taketh divers with that extremity, that it seemeth unto them as if something did beat on the inside of their head with a hammer, and would rend and tear their head asunder. This ache sometimes cometh in the sinews of the eyes, and doth opilate and harm them greatly, and at the length induceth blindness altogether. And albeit this affection of the head oft times groweth of a light and small cause, yet procureth it divers times very heavy and grievous accidents. Hemicrania Hemicrania is also an head ach, wherewith either the right or the left side, the back or forepart of the head is infected: it taketh commonly the one side of the head, even from the midst of the forehead, & so passeth through the bowl or concavity of the skull to the very back part of the head. It doth also very often so disease the eyes, that it perisheth the sight of them: insomuch that this pain is so like to the above named Cephalaea, that Galen and many others do not only describe them both together, but use also one and the selfsame remedies for them both, as hereafter may appear. Congelatio. The fourth kind of headache is Congelatio, as it were a cold numbedness: this proceeding from the back part of the head taketh away all sense and feeling of the patiented, and therefore it is not unlike unto that heavy and drowsy disease Lethargus and Stup●r, wherein also the affected body is suddenly deprived both of sense and feeling. Of the causes of headache. §. 1. THe common causes of headache in general are innumerable; as heat of the Sun, bathe, change of air, a continual South wind, a strong sent of spices, whether they be hot or cold by nature: also the smell of wine, drunkenness, stinking meat, garlic, onions, mustard, strokes or blows, bruisings or great motions of the brain, sleep presently after dinner, much bleeding, worms in the ears, nostrils, or stomach, choler in the stomach, fumes and vapours out of the same, too much repletion of the stomach, Intemperies or an unnatural mixture of the humours, with many more, which for brevities sake we omit, and will treat of more necessary matters. But for the most part (as hath already been said) this pain in the head proceedeth of the intemperature of the four humours, namely of blood, choler, phlegm and melancholy. The Physicians have found out eight kinds of this intemperature, with their appropriate and due remedies, as hereafter at large shall be showed. As concerning the aches and pains of the head, we do divide them into hot or cold aches, in which all others that we purpose to treat of are comprehended, and so begin with the hot pains of the head. The signs of a hot headache that proceedeth from choler. §. 2. IN this kind of headache are these common signs, belching or breaking of wind upward with loathsomeness and thirst, dryth of the mouth, tongue and nostrils. The pain is pricking, sharp, and rather in the right than in the left side of the head, heat over all the body, but especially in the nostrils, no appetite, no sleep, the pulses hasty and quick, the urine reddish, the face yellow. The surest notes are, if the time of the year be hot and dry, the patiented young, and hath used those things that procure heat and dryth. The causes and signs then being known, now follow the first and especiallest means to ease it, namely in shunning those things that in any way might either procure or continue it, as hot wines, the sent of hot and strong things, the use of meats hot in operation: then to begin (not only in this, but in all other infirmities whatsoever) with the easiest remedies at the first, and most of all if this hot pain of the head be but new and of no continuance: at which time, to delay the heat, thou mayest safely use these things that follow. Applications, Ointments, Plasters, Lotions. OXyrrhodinum applied outwardly is greatly commended, that is, oil of roses, water and vinegar of roses, of each a like quantity: in this mixture dip double linen clothes, and lay them so cold and wet to the forehead, from one temple to another, and as often as it drieth must it be refreshed again. Others make it stronger thus: Take of Rose water five ounces, of Melilot water four ounces, water of Nightshade two ounces, oil of Roses one ounce and a half, Rose vinegar one ounce, use it as the other before. These two compositions, by reason of the Oil and vinegar of Roses which are in them, are called Oxyrrhodina: unto which (if the heat be very extreme) thou mayest add one dram of Camfere. Also take the white of an egg well beaten, Rose water one ounce, water of Elder, and Fennell water, of each half an ounce, five small Nuts well beaten in a mortar, a little Saffron; lay this to the forehead with wool. Another that is more stronger, the water of the white water-Lilly, water of Endive, of each three ounces, red, white, and yellow Saunders, or one of them, of each one dram, beaten Rose leaves half a dram, beaten Camfere half a dram, mix them all together, and use them as is above showed. This cooleth greatly, and easeth the pain of the head. The ointment of Roses described by Mesues. TAke fresh or new hogs grease, as much as thou wilt; wash it very often with warm water, afterwards with cold water: then take as many Roses in weight as thy grease weigheth, beat them both together in a mortar, let them so rest the space of seven days: then strain it through a cloth, and beat as many Roses with thy grease as before, and so let them stand other seven days; strain them again, and add to thy grease half the weight of the juice of Roses, and the sixth part of the oil of sweet Almonds, and boil them together until all the juice be consumed, which thou shalt know thus: put one or two drops of it into the fire, where if it make no noise or hissing like unto water, than it is sufficiently boiled: then take it from the fire, stirring it continually with a wooden pestle until it waxeth stiff and white: some add a little Opium unto it to make it cool the more, but it is needless; for if it be necessary, thou mayest add it at all times afterward. This ointment is an especial good remedy in Cephalalgia and heat of the head, it stayeth flegmaticall rheums and flegmons, it mitigateth the canker, it is also good for the heat of the stomach, liver, kidneys, etc. A cooling unguent, Infrigidans Galeni. TAke two ounces of white or virgin wax, melt it easily, and wash it often with fair water, and at the last with white vinegar: then add unto it four ounces of the oil of Roses, which also hath been washed as before. It may also be made up in form of a plaster or Ceratum. It easeth both the heat of agues & of the head, being applied to the forehead and temples: it is also very good against the pain of the kidneys. If thou wilt use it for the pain of the head, melt it on a little fire, then wash it with vinegar, and with the juice of Plantain & Nightshade, anoint the forehead with it, especially on those seams of the skull: then lay vine or willow leaves upon it, & thou shalt find great ease. To the same intent is the Poplar unguent or unguentum Populeum also used, which is found ready made in all Apothecary's shops. Likewise take Rose leaves, Willow leaves, water Lilies, Mallows, of each one handful, boil them in water, and irrigate thy head with it. Also take Violets, Barley beaten in a mortar, beaten Gourd seeds or the bark of Gourds, Poppy heads, seeds of Hollihocke, Purslane seeds, Lettuce seeds, of each one handful: boil them in water, and let the decoction being warm drop from on high upon thy head. Note also that if necessity and the violent pain should require stronger remedies, then use the juice of such herbs as are cold and dry, as of Plantain, of shepherds purse, of Nightshade, of Houseleek, of Pomegranates, and in the greatest extremity add a little Opium unto it, of Henbane: adding the juice of Southernewood or of poppy unto it, and applying them to the head as is above said. Here is also to be observed, that these stupefactive or narcolical things are not to be used, but only in the greatest extremities. Neither may any such cold remedies be adhibited to the backpart of the head, but only to the forehead. In fine, wheresoever these & such like may be omitted, there are they not at all to be used: notwithstanding if the extremity be such that no other remedies would serve the turn, & any danger might ensue of any obstupefaction or numbing of any one part, this shall be sometimes used: Take the wood of Cassia small beaten one dram, mix it with oil, and drop it into the ears and nostrils: and if peradventure the patient should lose both sense and feeling, then mix half a dram of Beaver Cod, a scruple of Saffron, and a little oil of Olives, or rather oil of Chestnuts together. Also make this emplaster: Take of the Vine buds, beat them small, and add as much oil of Roses and Barley flower as shall suffice, then lay it plasterwise to the forehead: in the want of Vine buds take Housléeke, or the juice of Nightshade, of shepherds purse, or of Lettuce. Or else take yellow Saunders, Roses, water Lilies, of each half an ounce, Camfere one scruple, Spica of India half one scruple: wet them together with Rose water, boil them, and receive the vapours at your nose through a funnel: likewise take Roses, the blossoms of the Pomegranate tree, shells of Pomegranates, seeds or berries of the Myrtle tree, shells of Citrons, of each one dram, Agarick as much; boil them in lie a little while, and wash the head with it. This cooleth, drieth and strengtheneth the brains. Otherwise take Venice hard or cake Soap, slice it small into a flat earthen pan, power a good strong ley upon it, cover it with a linen cloth, and set it in the warm sun while the Soap be melted: stir it oftentimes till the ley be evaporated or dried away, then put Rose water upon it, and let it dry again: this reiterate so often till the Soap have lost her strong and unsavoury smell, and imbibe the sweet smell of the Rose water. Take of this prepared Soap one pound, white or yellow Saunders, Roses, of each half one ounce, water Lilies two drams, Camfere one dram, being all beaten to powder mix them with the Soap, and make it up in little cakes, dry them, and reserve them for thy use. Of the pain in the head with agues, and lask or flux of the belly. §. 3. WHereas this pain of the head is oftentimes cause of divers other maladies, it shall not be amiss to describe that headache which reigned in the year of our Lord 1564 in Mosbach, and in the whole Dukedom of the Palsgrave of Rhine: at which time I compiled this present work. This pain began with a shivering cold, presently ensued an ague with a little heat, but with great drithe and thirst, which continued about one fortnight or more. It returned unto divers after they had been clear of it a month or twain, and that twice or thrice together: others were intolerably troubled in the head, and some so vehemently vexed with a flux of the belly without blood, that it could by no means by stayed, yea they oftentimes very miserably perished with it. In this headache were these remedies found very effectual and good. First, if nothing do dissuade from it, thou shalt open the head vein, especially if the patiented be young, full of blood, and be of body strong and able enough to bear it. Children shall then purge with easy medicines, as Cassia, Manna, syrup of Roses, Seine leaves decocted with some cooling herbs. The bigger sort shall be purged with sharp pills and other purgations, if they have no lask withal: and if nothing else could be had out of hand, thou shalt make this decoction or drink: Take Sena leaves one ounce, Cinnamom, anise and Fennel seeds, Currants, of each as much as thou canst hold between two of thy fingers, Licorise the length of thy finger, if it be a thick stick take less of it, one fig, both cut small, sweet Marjoram, Rosemary, as much as thou canst take up between thy fingers, Sugar one ounce: boil them all in a quart of water, till half be consumed: of this give to a child to drink two ounces, to an old body four ounces, to a strong body mayest thou boil half an ounce of Seine leaves with it. For women & children to be boxed on the shoulders and legs is very good, or to rub their arms and legs with warm clothes downwards. It is also good for them to bathe their feet in the decoction of Cummomill, Roses and Betonie. Wines of all sorts must be shunned in this infirmity, and all things that are hot, as Spices, Onions, Garlic and such like: for daily drink take two handfuls of Barley, Anniséedes half an ounce, Raisins one ounce and a half: boil these together in a pottle of water, till the Barley do burst: then add three drams of Cinnamom grossly beaten, and let it boil a little, & so cool. Seeing then this sickness provoketh thirst, thou mayest not altogether bar the diseased from any kind of drink, but let him take enough of the prescribed decoction, with the syrup of Roses, of Violets or of Citrons admixed. Thou mayest also give him the conserve of the same flowers, with the water of Endive, Succory, Borage, and of Lettuce, for that it doth comfort the heart. For his meat he shall commonly use French Barley boiled with a hen in broth, veal, kids flesh, or stewed Prunes, and such like light meats. But if a flux or looseness in the body be adjoined to the former infirmity, the affected party shall in any wise take great heed of such light and losing meats: and only use roasted veal, pullets roasted, and other small birds, stewed Quinces, or any such like thing. Or if he would have any other meat dressed, it shall be done with stilled water, which is made as followeth: Take as much fair water as thou wilt, set it on the fire, and cast a good piece of steel into it, being first made red hot three or four times together: then let the water cool, and use it as thou wilt. In like sort also mayest thou prepare water of iron, of gold, of silver, and of flints for the same purpose: thus is wine, the milk of a cow and of goats also stéeled. But to come to our purpose again: as long as this looseness of the body doth continue, thou shalt anoint the stomach twice a day with the oils of Mastix and of Quinces. If it be about the time of the year that Sloes be ripe, take as many of them as you please, put them into a pot, and power boiling water upon them; stop or cover them very close: give unto the infirmed body three or four of these a little before his meat: noting always, that in four and twenty hours he use not above twenty of them at the most. Contrariwise, if the body be bound, thou shalt seek by all means thou mayst, to lose it: otherwise many vapours ascend up into the head, and there augment both the heat and the pain, yea oftentimes bereave the patiented of his wits. Wherefore first of all thou shalt try to open the body by suppositories, which if they will not suffice, use common Clysters, which hereafter in the third part for the binding & stopping of the body are prescribed. Otherwise, if these do not please thee, use some cooling purgation, or else that purging potion above described. There be above set down many unguents, salves, and waters, but all are very good for the pain of the head. But in this kind of headache, this remedy that followeth is expressly described: Take of the water of Lettuce, Nightshade, and of Houseleek, of each two ounces, water of Camomile an ounce and a half, good strong vinegar one ounce, Camfere beaten four grains: mix them all together, or take Risen water, Rose vinegar, Melilot water, betony water, of each, or of as many as are to be had, what quantity thou please, wet linen clothes in them, and lay them to the forehead. In this infirmity oftentimes is both the tongue and throat very raw and sore, by reason of the great heat; for the which look the remedies that are set down in the Chap. 13. §. 6. of this first part, for the infirmities and heat of the tongue: and the gargarisms for the pain in the throat in the first Chapter of the second part. The syrup of Mulberries with Plantain, Knotgrass, and Selfeheale water admired, conduceth and helpeth very much: likewise, take the seed of Quinces, and the seed of Fleawoort: then take a little stick, and tie to the end of it a little scarlet or linen cloth with one dram of these seeds in it, steep it in the water of Selfeheale: when thou wilt cleanse thy tongue, rub it easily with that cloth so steeped: it cleanseth, moisteneth, cooleth and healeth all the chaps or cliffs in it. To comfort the heart, use Manus Christi, with Pearls, conserve of water Lilies, Pomegranates preserved Citrons, and others such like. This binding water hath done very many much good: Take a hot wheaten loaf new taken out of the oven, take out all the crumb of it, put a good quantity of steeled water unto it, with one ounce and a half of Nutmegs, stop it close, and let it so stand one whole day in a warm place: then still of the water in a glass Limbeck: give of this to the patiented every morning two ounces, and let him fast two hours after it: two hours after his meat, give him as much more, not forgetting first to warm it always, and let him then fast till night. The third potion or draft he shall take the next morning fasting (as before) after the same: this is not only in this kind of flux, but in all other flixes experimented and approved. Note also, that if the flux be without heat, thou mayst take red wine in stead of the water: for than will it be of better force and virtue. Heat of the head with melancholy. §. 4. THis infirmity is described by these signs following: the pain is not so great as the former, but with a dryness and sadness: the heat is more evident in the left side of the face than in the right, it causeth disquietness, and albeit the sick sometimes taketh rest, yet it is an unnatural sleep, it maketh the affected faint hearted, fearful and careful, the colour of the face is red and blue, with a sour taste in the mouth: if the patiented be old, if it be about the Autumn, then are the signs the surer. Thou shalt use those remedies for this malady which are prescribed against melancholy, as sufficiently shall appear hereafter. Also use this Clyster: Take Mallows, Violet leaves, bugloss, fumitory, Bran, of each one M. polypody, Epithymus, or Dodder, of each one drag. boil them together in a sufficient quantity of water, take twelve or sixteen ounces of this decoction, oil of Olives, three ounces. Stronger Clysters shalt thou find elsewhere described. Thou mayst also make these or the like suppositories: Take Coloquint, Salamoniacke, of each one dram, Ox gall two drams, sodden or boiled honey three ounces: make them reasonable thick and long: they are very effectual and strong. Headache proceeding from emptiness of the stomach. §. 5. IT befalleth oftentimes, that this headache vexeth many every day, especially before they eat or drink any thing, and presently after meals departeth; wherefore to avoid this emptiness of the stomach, thou shalt every morning take one bit of bread dipped in vinegar, or in the juice of Pomegranates, or verjuice. The order of diet in hot headaches. THose that are troubled with a headache that proceedeth of heat, must altogether abstain from wine, as hath been already said, and not eat any flesh at all or very little: for both of them do engender much blood. Their meat must be things cold by nature, as Lettuce sodden and stewed, spinach, Purslane, Panadoes, broths, beer and bread sodden together, Apples and Pears stewed, broths of veal, of hens, being sharpened with a little verjuice. Their drink shall be small beer, whey of milk, Barley water, with a little of the juice of Pomegranates or Lemons. Of Cephalaea and Hemicrania certain pains of the head. §. 6. IF this headache do come with quick and hasty pulls, and with heat, then shall it seem good first of all to purge the body: and if the circumstances of the infirmity permit it, the patient shall use this lenitive medicine, which is thus prepared: Take of the greater and lesser Endive, Lettuce, of each one handful, Poppy heads, two ounces, seeds of Melons, Gourds, Cucumbers, and of Pompions, of each two drams, grossly beaten half an ounce; Violets, Roses, white and yellow Saunders, of each two drams: boil them all in a sufficient quantity of water, till the third part be consumed, then add twelve ounces of Sugar, boil it to the consistence of a syrup, and then clarify it with the whites of eggs. Of this give to the sick one ounce and a half at once, with the water of Borage, or Endive, or bugloss: use this three or four times every morning. Because there is a great use of sirupes in this book, How to make sirupes. I will now show and set down the perfect order and way how to make and prepare them. First see thou have fresh and clear water, with which thou wilt make thy syrup: put into it those things first which are hardest, as roots, woods and such like, let them boil as long as thou wouldst seeth a couple of eggs: then cast into it thy seeds grossly beaten, than thy herbs being cut, after them thy flowers and Currants: let them boil well together, that their strength may come forth, and if Epithymus be one of the ingredients, let it be put in last of all, & when it is sodden sufficiently, add thy honey or sugar unto it, and clarify it with the whites of eggs, as hath been taught in the Introduction, namely, in the clarifying of Sugar: after this manner mayst thou also deal in the purifying of honey. But to come to the purpose again; thou shalt note, that if the choler be supple and thin, then shalt thou take syrup of Endive, of Violets, of water Lilies, of each three drag. admixed with the above named waters: if the choler be gross and thick, then take in stead of the sirupes, the like quantity of Oxysaccharun compos. Rasis counseleth to give this purgation after it: Take Damask Prunes ten drag. sour Dates one ounce: boil them in a sufficient quantity of water: in this decoction steep the rind or bark of yellow Mirobalans two dragm. grossly beaten, the next day strain and press out all the liquor, and give three or four ounces of it in the morning. Others boil Violets and water Lilies, of each one ounce, Stechas or French Lavender, two ounces, with half an ounce of Mirobalans: this always give at the first. They are both of them easy and safe purgations: for which cause also it is found good sometimes (according to need) to add three grains of Diagridium to them, or else to mix with them of the conserve of Prunes, or of Electuarium de succo Rosarum, three drams. Also in stead of the foresaid potion or drink, thou mayest use this confection that followeth: Take of both the confections before named, of each half an ounce, syrup of water Lilies as much as sufficeth to mix them withal, and cast some betony roots powdered and a little Sugar upon it. Likewise if thou hadst rather use pills: take two drams of Rhubarb, Mastix one scruple, Scammony half a dram: make pills of them with the juice of Rue, or with wine, and take a dram at one time of them. For the same purpose are sour Dates approved to be an especial good remedy, and may in this hot kind of headache very safely & with very great effect be adhibited. But thou must take three or four ounces of them at once, as thou mayest behold their description and virtues in our Introduction. This manner of purging is set for an example, which according to the circumstances both of the disease and of the diseased, may either be changed or used at pleasure. The body then being purged, the oil of Roses, or of water of Lilies shall be dropped, or by some other means put into the patient's nose, and let him smell to Camfere, Rose water, or the water of Violets. Or take oil of Violets, of Roses, of water Lilies of each half an ounce, Camfere three grains: rub them well together, and put them into his nose. In like sort also take oil of the seeds of Gourds, Willow leaves, and oil of Roses, and use it as before: likewise in place of the foresaid oils, thou mayest use cooling herbs, as Nightshade, Houseleek laid to the forehead with tow and double linen clothes. Also to the same end is women's milk mixed very well with the white of an egg, and so laid to the forehead especially approved: or let the patiented bath and rub his legs with the decoction of Vine leaves, water Lilies, Violets, Gourds, Cucumber, & Melon leaves; & if for all this the pain would still increase, thou mayest mix two or three grains of Opium or Camfere with it, and often iterate the dropping of the oil of Willow leaves into the ears and nostrils: for this purgeth the head greatly. But see thou forget not that which before hath been said de Narcoticis and obstupefactive things. A sweet ball for the headache approved: Take Violets, water Lilies, Willow leaves, Roses, of each one ounce, Camfere two grains, beat them all together, & bind them up together in a fine piece of silk or linen cloth, and wet it often with a little Rose water. Others beat the foresaid simples into fine powder, and with molten wax make it up in form of a ball; but this is not so good. Many such like cooling balls are described in the treatise of the plague, in two divers places of the sixth part, as well to recreate and restore the sick, as to preserve the sound. Headache proceeding of the sun or south wind. §. 7 IF the pain of the head be caused by the heat of the sun, then may it easily be remedied with the above described Oxyrrhodinum, unguent of Roses, the cooling unguent of Galen, etc. And if those would not suffice, use the juices of the before named cold herbs. Also the oils of Roses, of Violets, mix with them as much strong vinegar, as thou takest of one of the oils, beat them well together, dip a cloth in it, & lay it where the pain is. Furthermore, the patient shall observe and keep the same diet that is above set down in the Chapter of Cephalalgia: eat things light of digesture, abstain from all things that might any way trouble or vex the head, and if need require, to purge with cooling medicines, as above is already showed. Headache that cometh of drunkenness. §. 8. OF the disease that proceedeth from drunkenness, shall be spoken hereafter: now we will only entreat of headache without any other infirmity adjoining with it. peerless it is at this present to recite any signs of this kind of headache, for that every thing is most evident, whether this pain take her beginning of drunkenness by wine or beer. The first remedy is to vomit; the second, to sleep long, to fast it out, the broth of Colewoorts, or of Béetes a good quantity being taken: also to drink much cold water, and to eat sour fruits; but the best meat is first of all to eat sodden Lentils, Colewoorts and Pullet's dressed with verjuice or Lemons. The patient shall also smell to Roses or Camfire: let the uttermost parts of his body be rubbed, drink wine allayed with water, and two days after eat astringent and binding meats, with Pomegranates. The first day also shall it not be amiss to anoint the forehead and temples with the oil of Roses, the next day with the oil of Camomile or of Lilies: and if peradventure the pain as yet would not cease, he shall (as need doth require) be purged, especially if any vapours ascend up into the head. Likewise he may also use this powder following: Take Colewoort seeds, Barbary seeds, Endive seeds, Lentils, Roses, calcined or burnt ivory, or Elephant's tooth, of each two drag. make it into a very supple powder, give of this two drag. at once, Camfire prepared, three grains, with the syrup of Pomegranates or Citrons. Headache proceeding of a stroke or fall. §. 9 IF any one were hurt in the head by a stroke, a fall, or the throwing of a stone without any wound or breaking of the skin, or fracture of the skull, he shall first of all be let blood in the head vein, and afterward (if need require) take a common Clyster: and (if he have not an ague) he shall be purged with Pilulae Cochiae. And first of all lay on his head being shaven, this that followeth: Take the shells and flowers of Pomegranates, the juice of Sloes, Hyppocystis, fine Bole, Sanguis Draconis, Terra sigillata, of each one drag. beat them all into powder, mix it with the whites of eggs, and lay it upon the place affected or bruised. Or take the decoction of Roses, of Myrtle seed, or of Willow leaves, applying it three or four times a day: then take oil of Myrtles, and of Roses, of each one ounce, Myrtle seeds, juice of Sloes, Hyppocystis, of each one dram, mix them together with a little molten wax, & if there be no suffusion or congealed blood, anoint the place with it two or three days together. Thou mayst also make a pultis of Roses, Camomile, and Melilot flowers, adding a little fine Bowl to it, and mixing it with the oils above named. If an ague be present, use either cold or lukewarm things: also let him smell to cooling things, as Violets, Camfire, Willow leaves, and Myrtle leaves, etc. The second Chapter. Of the pain of the head that is caused by cold. IF the pain of the head proceed of cold phlegmatic humours and continue long, then are these the signs: wearisomeness of all the parts, and as if all the body were beaten and broken into pieces: the pain is not extreme, without any swelling or thirst, fleepinesse, much spitting at the mouth, much moisture at the nose: for such like humidities do daily increase in the diseased; the face is always palely coloured, and somewhat swollen, the eyes run, and the mouth is quite out of taste. In such cold headaches, must contrary remedies be used, that is, warming and drying medicines. Also we must begin here likewise with the gentlest and easiest remedies first, as this example following showeth: which always must be holden in the mouth, chewing it continually, and casting forth the slime and spittle, which thereby is gathered. Take Mastix, Nutmegs, Diptamer of Candie, Pepper, Stavesaker, Pellitory of Spain, Cubebs, Ginger, bound up in a little cloth. The manner of purging in this infirmity. §. 1. SEeing that purging is very needful in this kind of headache, purge therefore both head and body in manner as followeth: Take Sage, Lavender gentle, Bayberies', wild Mints, Hyssop, Marjoram, sweet Marjoram, garden Mints, Calmus, of each one M. seeds of Fennell, Persley, Sparage, Endive of each two drams, Raisins, Nux Pinea, seeds of Melons, of Pompions, of Gourds, and of Cucumbers, Roses, roots of wild Smallage, anise seeds, of each half an ounce, Cubebs, peony seeds, Cloves, Nutmegs, of each a drag and a half, Spikenard of India, Ginger, Cinnamom, Pepper, of each half a drag. boil these things in a sufficient quantity of water, then press out all the moisture from them, & boil it the second time with honey or Sugar to the consistence of a syrup. This if thou wouldst have to purge, add unto it seeds of wild Saffron, Hermodactils, of each half an ounce, Agaricke six drams, Salt gem half one scruple, Turbit two drams: knit up these together in a little bag, & boil them in the foresaid liquor. Afterwards sharpen thy syrup with the vinegar of Squils as followeth. Of this syrup thou mayest give one ounce and a half, or two ounces at once, mingled with good wine, or else with some other distilled waters that may serve to the same end, three or four days continually together. ●●nell of Squi●om●●●. The composition of the vinegar of Squils' is as followeth: Take the Squill (called in Latin Scylla) take away the external shells from it, till thou come to the white: these white ones take off by themselves severally with thy hand, or else with a wooden Spattin or knife, and not with iron, for that is hurtful: also leave out the hart, the innermost part of the Squill, and take only the middle white shivers of it: fasten all these on a thread, that the one touch not the other, and hang them up to dry forty days in a cool place and in the shade. But this way that followeth, is much better: Take away all the uttermost parts until thou come to the white, then wrap it up in dough, and bake it in an oven: afterwards part it in shivers as before, & dry it as is already said. Take of this dried Squils as much as thou wilt, cut it into little pieces with a wooden or been instrument, put four times as much vinegar upon it in a glass and let it so continue forty days in the sun. Having taken the foresaid potion as hath been taught before, thou shalt give him Pillula Cochiae. If thou wilt have them strong, take two drams of them; Coloquint, Bdellium, of each one scruple, make them into pills with the water of Sage: of these give but one dram at one time because they be very strong: to the same purpose likewise serve the pills Alephangina, Aureae, & Aloes prepared, being taken a dram at once. But if the sick would rather take a potion than these pills: Take Lavender gentle, flowers of Borage and bugloss, Currans, of each one ounce, Basill seed one dram, Agarick, Turbit, of each one dram, boil them in a sufficient potion of water, until there remain about ten ounces, steep in this liquor one ounce & a half of the barks of Mirobalans called Chebuli, & set it so in warm ashes all one whole night: then press it out hard, and give three ounces of it at once. Also take Hiera picra, Agarick, of each one dram, Lavender, Saffron, of each one scruple, Salt gem, two grains, mix them with some broth that Nutmegs & Sage hath been boiled in. In like manner mayest thou use this that followeth: Take honey of Roses, syrup of Stechas, of each three drams, Agarick, Turbit, of each two scruples, Spica, three grains, prepared Turpentine, half an ounce; beaten to powder all what thou canst beat, melt thy Turpentine in some hot broth, & when it is as cold that it may be drunken, mix the powders and sirupes with it, & give it early in the morning. This must be either diminished or augmented in quality, according to the ability of the patiented. If the diseased can bear no kind of Physic, then use this Clyster: Take Mallows, herb Mercury, Dill, Rue, Bran, of each one handful, boil them in a sufficient quantity of water, take of Colatare twelve or sixteen ounces, mix with it of Hiera picra, of white Sugar, of each half an ounce or somewhat more, Salt, two drams, oil of Dill and Rue, of each one ounce and a half, and minister it warm. Gargarisms also are very good for this malady, because they draw forth a great deal of slime and filthiness from the head. Take Mastix, Calmus, liquorice, Currans, of each half an ounce, Hissope, Ireos, of each two dragms, Pellitory of Spain, Saxifrage, Ginger, Mustard seeds, of each one dram, beat them all together, and boil them in fresh water: use it three or four times a day warm. Some do counsel to take a vomit of Radish water and Oxymell, but it is not without some danger, for that it doth oftentimes greatly disturb the head: otherwise it might do some good. There are also divers confections & Electuaries made for the same, which might warm and dry a cold and a moist brain: Take conserve of Roses two ounces and a half, conserve of betony one ounce and a half, green Ginger half an ounce, Cinnamom one dram, Cloves, anise seeds, of each one dram, beat & mix them all together: and if it be too dry, add as much of the syrup of Citrons unto it, as shall suffice, or as much of any other syrup. Of this exhibit every morning the bigness of a nut in quantity. Another Electuary of life. This is described by Paulus Riccius, Paulus Riccius Phisiti●● to the Emperor his Electuary. head Physician to the Emperor Maximilian, and is very comfortable for the head, for it doth both warm and dry it. Take Currans six ounces, liquorice, two drams, boil these in the waters of bugloss, Scabious, and betony, of each twelve ounces; then strain it & press out all the humidity, in the which, being yet warm, steep one dram of Rhubarb, Lavender five grains: being bound up together in a cloth, put them together in a pot, and stop it close, and boil it a good while in a kettle with water, press it out and put into it as much Rhubarb and Spike as before, letting them there remain all a night, press it out again as before, and steep in it the barks of Mirobalans, to wit, Chebuli, Indi, Bellirici, and yellow Mirobalans, of each one ounce, Emblici two drams, boil them all together, and strain them through a linen cloth; then add Sugar six ounces, Manna two ounces, and let it boil to the consistence of a syrup: when it beginneth to cool, mingle in it Cinnamom half an ounce, Cloves, Galingale, Nutmegs, of each one dram, Lagnum Paradisi half a dram, seeds of Fennell and anise, of each half an ounce: mix them well together, and reserve it in a galley pot. This following is likewise greatly commended for the same: Take conserve of betony, three ounces and a half, conserve of Sage two ounces and a half, conserve of Rosemary one ounce and a half, conserve of Borage and bugloss of each one ounce, of the foresaid confection of life two ounces, Cinnamom two drams, preserved Chebuli half an ounce, preserved Emblici two dragms, six leaves of beaten gold, ad as much syrup of betony as may suffice. This confection also comforteth the hart: Calamus Aromaticus The right Calamus Aromaticus of the ancient Physicians, as it is described in the beginning of the eight part of this present book, taketh away all cold headaches, and sharpeneth the wit. Another conserve which is greatly commended for this kind of headache: Take Cinnamom one ounce, Cubebs, Mirobalans, Chebuli, and Emblici, of each two dragms, red Rose leaves, red Saunders, red Coral, of each one dram, Cardamonie, Mace, Cloves, Nutmegs, of each half a dram, Sugar sixteen ounces, dissolve your Sugar in rose water and Lavender water: boil it till it be hard, and make it up into a cake or Manus Christi. What virtues the confects of Coriander, anise seeds, Fennel seeds, Commin seeds, bitter Almonds, Haselnutg, and such like have to help, comfort and strengthen a cold brain, as also how they keep back and hinder the fuming vapours that would ascend from the stomach into the head, is at large declared in the eight part. An especial medicine of the ancient Physicians for the cold headache. CUt the roots of Horseradish small, dry them and beat them into powder, give of this one spoonful in wine or broth, and let him sweat in his bed very well, and fast two hours after it. Let his meat be light of digesture, as pullets, and such like. But I must needs mislike of this remedy, for that the Horseradish is very strong, and doth more harm than good to the brain: neither seemeth it any way convenient to sweat upon. Certain wines composed for the cold headache. TAke Rosemary two M. Nutmegs one ounce, dried betony 2. ounces, Cloves two drams being cut very small, put upon them eight quarts of good Rhenish wine, let them so stand together three or four days. For the weakness of the stomach drink a good draft of it in the beginning of thy meals: but for the headache, at the latter end. This wine is very good for a cold and moist brain, and hurtful for young folks and hot complexions. Another for the same: Take roots of bugloss one M. roots of Cicorie half as many, flowers of bugloss, of Borage, of Roses, of Rosemary, Heart's tongue, of each half a M. boil them in four quarts of wine the space that thou mayest boil an egg hard: let it cool, strain it, and then take four quarts of wine more, and steep in it six Sage leaves, and as much Rosemary, long Pepper one ounce, Galingale one ounce and a half, Cloves, Cubebs, of each half an ounce, Cardamonie two drag. Cinnamom, Currans prepared, Coriander seeds, of each one ounce: these things being well beaten, tie them in a cloth, and boil them with the wine, but not above twenty bubbles; then put both wines together in a little rundlet, and let the spices steep in them eight days together, pressing them out once a day. If this wine be too strong for thy drinking (as it is most like to be) then mix other wines therewithal before thou drink it. Of other cephalical herbs and spices, thou shalt find a description in the eight part of this book. Hitherto we have abundantly treated of cold headaches with their appropriate remedies internal: now because that outward applications oftentimes are of no less effect than the inward medicines, I do purpose at this present to set down divers external remedies. commanders' 〈◊〉 the cold 〈…〉. A Musk ball for the same: Take Laudanum half an ounce, Lignum Paradisi, Styrax Calamita of each one drag. Cloves, Nutmegs, Basill seeds, of each half a drag. Rose water with which a little Musk is dissolved, make it up into a ball: if thou add a small quantity of Amber, it will be the better. Thou shalt find divers sorts of these sweet smelling balls in sundry places of this book described. These balls are made after this manner: Take a warm mortar and pestle, and put into it a little of the foresaid Rose-water, with the Laudanum and Wax: stir them with the pestle together till they be melted, then mix the other powders with them, except the Musk & Amber, and make it up in balls of what bigness thou please; last of all, prick them full of little holes, but not very deep, into the which thou shalt put the Musk and Amber mixed first with Rose water: then take some finely prepared Cotton, wipe the mortar with it, and wrap the sweet ball in it, or keep it in a little red piece of sindal. It is also good to snuff up some of the foresaid powder into the nose, or else a little musk. To perfume with all: Take Frankincense, wood of Paradise, Mastix, Nutmegs, Styrax Calamita, of each by itself, or of them all as much as thou wilt. Also take Frankincense, Sandaracha, wood of Paradise, of each a like quantity: throw it on glowing coals, and receive the vapour or smoke. The manner of making lies and sopes for the same, with which the head being washed the brain is comforted, her moisture dried, and her overmuch cold changed into warmth, for which purposes thou shalt use these things following: Take Roses, Seine leaves, betony, Marjoram, Agaricke, of each one drag. steep them in hot lie the space of four or five hours: others first boil them in wine, and afterward mingle it with lie. Take Mace three drag. Stechas, Marjoram, of each one drag. blossoms of the wild Vine, Roses of each two drag. Spica one drag. cut them all into small pieces, put them into a little bag, and then steep them in the ley: this comforteth the head, brain and memory, and helpeth also the swimming or giddiness of the head. Also take Spica half an ounce, Lavender flowers, Roses, Marjoram, Rosemary, roots of the blue flower deluce, of each two drag. cut them into pieces, and being put into a bag, steep them in , and wash thy head with it: this strengtheneth the brain, all the senses, and the memory very much. Also take wild Mints, Nep, course Marjoram, Hyssop, Bay leaves, of each sort two M. Rosemary blossoms, Stechas, Gold flowers of each half a M. and seeth them in lie: take also Marjoram, Sage, Camomile, Bay leaves, Stechas, of each a M. lay them in steep in the waer of , as is aforesaid. Washing balls for the cold pain of the head. Here followeth divers sorts of washing balls very meet and necessary for the cold, and humours of the head. Take Venice Soap, half a pound, bruise it and stamp it in a warm mortar with a hot pestle, and make it somewhat moist with Rose-water, or Lavender water, until it be like unto dough, than beat one ounce of Ireos' roots, Cloves, Nutmegs, Cinnamom, Cardamonie, Stechas,, of each a drag. Roses, Basill, Rosemary, Lavender blossoms, of each half a drag. all dried and beaten to powder, and then mingle the same with the dough of the Soap, and take oil of Spikenard, and rubbing your hands therewithal, then make up the balls. Also prepare or dress the Soap in like sort as before is mentioned, and then mingle therewithal these powders hereafter following, to wit, Lavender half an ounce, Roses, Marjoram, Basill, of each a quarter of an ounce, Ireos' 3. quarters of an ounce, Benzoin, Styrax Calamita, Stechas, of each a drag. Spike a quarter of an ounce, and mingle them with Rose water. Then anoint the temples of the head, and it will give a very sweet smell or fume, and comfort the head and brain. Also take of the foresaid Soap prepared in the like manner as before is specified, two ounces, and mix therewithal a quarter of an ounce of Agaricke: Ireos, Cloves, of each half a dram, Camfire a scrup. Then make balls thereof in what sort you desire them. Also take Venice Soap four ounces, Ireos, Cloves, betony, of each three dragm. Marjoram, Macis, Galigan, Lignum Aloes, Ciperus, Calmus, Sandaracha, of each a scrup-liquid Stirax a drag. and a half, Musk four grains, then dress the Soap with Lavender water, as before is specified. Also heretofore in Chap. 1. §. 2. is mentioned, how the strong smell of the Soap may be taken away and made very commodious and fit for use to diverse purposes. Here is to be noted, that if the balls be for present use, then are the bags hereafter mentioned not needful: but for the bags, you are to take dry Betonie a M. Borage, Melilot, Millet a little dried in a pan, of each half an ounce, Rosemary flowers, Stechas, of each a quarter of an ounce; make the bag so great, as the place of the grief, and put the same therein, and lay it to the place where the grief is. This following is stronger: Take dry betony, Rue, of each half a M. Rosemary blossoms, Stechas of each an ounce, Basill seed, Rue, of each half an ounce: beat them in a mortar together, and put them in a little bag, and lay them to the head. Millet scorched or dried a quartern: the like quantity of salt, and also as much Camomile, put them in a little bag, and lay them warm upon the head: this is also very good. Also take Stechas, Camomile, wild Mints, Marjoram, Bay leaves, of each a handful, Seine leaves, Cyprus, Citron shells, of each two drag. Cubebs, Nutmegs, Cloves, of each a drag. Macis, Spike of India, Cyprus' roots, Calmus, of each two drag. beat these together in a mortar; then put the same into two little bags: and if thou wilt have it warmer, then take Doves dung and Mustard seed, of each three drams, Beaver cod, and Euphorbium of each a dram. Note also very specially, that neither Roses nor other stopping things be put in the bags, neither are these plasters following, in any wise serviceable; and although they be strong, yet do they but hinder the dividing of the matter. Therefore you shall not use the bags in certain hours after you have washed it with the Soap before mentioned. A powder for the head: Take Nutmegs, Macis, Rosemary, Cloves, Frankincense, Marjoram, Lavender, Stechas, of each a like quantity, beat it small, and rub the head well therewithal upon the seam of the head, and then cover and keep warm the head with a cap, that the smell of the powders may the longer remain. Also take betony, Marjoram, Stechas, Roses, of each a M. Sage, Rue, course Marjoram, of each half so much, Rosemary two drag. Citron shells one ounce, Bark of Frankincense, Myrrh, Frankincense, Mastix, Sandaracha, of each half an ounce, Cloves half a drag. beat them all into powder. This is very good for the moist and rheumatic head, to dry it and to procure warmth. Plasters and salves: Take Aloes, Penniroyall, Citron shells, wild Mints, Sandaracha, Frankincense, of each half an ounce, oil of Roses one ounce, Laudanum six ounces, beat these small in a warm mortar, with a warm pestle, put thereunto six ounces of molten wax, the other being very small beaten, then spread it upon leather, and cover it over with red farsnet: this shalt thou lay upon the head of the party grieved in the morning whilst he is fasting: this drieth very strongly, warmeth the head, and comforteth the brains. Another: Take of the best Laudanum two ounces, Maces, five dragm. Millet that is scorched or dried two drag. Turpentine and oil of Camomile so much as shall be needful for one plaster, and then use the same as before is mentioned. Some take four ounces of Laudanum, and Horehound in the place of Mace. This plaster following is very strong, and of great heat: Take Beaver cod, Euphorbium Pepper, white Mustard seed, Styrax Calamita, Rue, Horehound, of each a like quantity: this beat all together with wine until it be like dough, and thereof make cakes of a like weight, let them dry. When you will use them, rub them with oil of Costus (otherwise Balsam) or Camomile oil until it be made fit for a plaster or a salve, then lay it upon the forehead: for it is very good for any old or cold pain of the head, but lay it not unto the forehead only, but also drop some into the ears, and it will be very warm, and therefore I do not counsel you to take much thereof. This is of special account: Treacle or Mithridate, with the juice of bruised Mints, make it thick as pap, and then anoint the forehead therewithal in the time of rest, and principally in Hemicrania, and where you find the head most cold, there use it oftenest. Also take the roots of wild Cucumbers, wormwood, of each two M. seeth them together with a soft fire in three ounces of water, and as much common oil, until it be sodden to a third part. With this moisture rub the head till it be wet, and of the rest make a plaster, and lay it to the place of the pain. Also take of the usual plaster Apostolicon four ounces, make it soft with the oil of Camomile, and then rub the place of the pain therewithal. Always understanding that the hair is to be first cut off very close. Hereunto may also of the oil of Spikenard, of Costus, of Beaver cod, of Camomile, and Dil be used, of each a like quantity, and then stamping all the foresaid herbs and roots with them. Addition. The herbs and simples that are used in a cold headache are these: Iris Illirica, oil of the wild Olive, oil of Almonds, the seeds of the chaste tree, bitter Almonds, Lana succida, water Mints, the juice of ivy leaves, Aloes, Mints, wild Time, Melilot, the leaves of Baccharis, Rue, Scammony, anise, Dog Fennell, Get, the lesser Coniza, the young leaves of Anagyris, Rhodia radix, Hippoglossa, Laurel, juice of the wild Cucumbers, Galingale, Nardus Italica, Lavender, Valerian with the root, Cinnamom, Cubebs, Musk, Sivet, Amber, oil of bay, Mummy, Mastic, Agarick, water of Vervain, Verbascum, Coloquint. For the heat and hot pain of the head, Privet blossoms, dry Roses, Purslane, the roots of water Lilies, and of Rhodia, juice of Poppy, the greater Houseleek, tame or garden Nightshade, Vine leaves, moss of trees and stones, oil of Privet, juice of Plantain, of Lettuce, Fabaria beaten, Henbane, Mucilage of Fleawort, Mandrake, all manner of Houseleek, white Saunders, the decoction of Seine, Camfire, etc. Some of these are used only inwardly, some only outwardly, and some also both ways, and for that cause they are not to be used without great circumspection. Of sneezing for a cold and rheumatic head. §. 2. MAny do advise to provoke néesing, for to cleanse the brain and head thereby: but it is also to be doubted, that the same will rather distemper the head, so that it must providently be dealt with, as shall presently hereafter be expressed. Therefore it is also needful to speak somewhat of néesing, which doth men much good or ill. Néesing, Sternutatie, is a motion of nature, or of the expulsive virtue to drive out all that hindereth the air from the brains. Or, néesing is a special motion of the brains expelling superfluous moisture or matter, and that thorough the help of the attracted air, which driveth out the same speedily through the mouth and nose. The causes of néesing are sharp things, as Onions, Lilies, Hellebore, Pepper, Mustardseeds, and such like in smelling, eating and drawing them into the nose. To hold up the nostrils against the Sun, to tickle in them with some sharp things. But for more safety this is mine advice, that Neesewort be refrained as much as is possible, as also Pieretrum, Euphorbium, and such like more, and principally by themselves alone. In like manner, although the wild Cucumber doth draw forcibly, yet notwithstanding it is a great deal too sharp. But if it be found good advice to use sneezing, then are these compounded remedies hereafter following much safer and milder to cleanse the head and brains: Take Marjoram one quarter of an ounce, Nigella seeds, Rosemary flowers, Sneezing powders. of each one dram, Cloves two scruples; beat them small, and smell thereto. Item take beaten Marjoram one quarter of an ounce, Pieretrum one scrup. Ginger one scru. white Hellebore nine grains, and beaten all small together. Item take Pyretrum ten grains, betony a drag. Marjoram one drag. and a half, and beat them all together. Item take Laudanum, Myrrh, Amanacum, white Hellebore, of each one drag. Frankincense, Euphorbium, Coriander, Ginger, long Pepper, of each half a drag. these beaten all to fine powder, it is very good for the cold murr. Item take Pyretrum, black Hellebore, of each half an ounce, white Hellebore, Beaver cod, of each two drag. Marjoram half a drag. beat them to powder: of this use but a little, and not very often; for it is very strong. Oil of Spike being put into the nose, doth provoke néesing. There may also be drawn up into the nose two ounces of Marjoram water, and afterwards wash the forehead and face warm therewith. For what end néesing is commodious or hurtful, you shall perceive here and there in this book. Lotions for the feet. All Physicians do commend for sundry sicknesses, and also for cold ache in the head, this lotion of the feet: Take betony, Roses, Eldern flowers, Camomile, Marjoram and Sage, of each four handfuls: seethe them together, and every evening put the feet deep enough therein, and so continue about half an hour therein: this may be kept good three days together. If so be that the patient cannot sleep he may use this three or four times a week: Take Camomile, Melilot, Violet leaves, of each one handful, water Lilies, half a handful, Poppy heads broken in pieces one ounce: seethe and use them as before. The order of diet for the cold pain of the head. §. 3. STrong wine is good, but not too much, to the end it do not disturb the head: once in eight days he must bathe & wash his head with the decoction of Camomile, Marjoram, and Stechas: or he may use according to the importance of the sickness, one of the foresaid lies or sopes: before meals is his head to be rubbed with warm clothes, and after meats take a little Marmalade, thereby to hinder the vapours of the stomach from ascending to the head, and provoking of new pain. Outward bruisings of the head. §. 4. ALl outward bruisings or wounds of the head, whereof is not only caused great pain, but also great peril of life, do belong chief to chirurgery, notwithstanding where we shall hereafter discourse of the skull, somewhat shall be spoken thereof. What doth convey the medicines towards the head. §. 5. WE have hitherto described many kinds of remedies and medicines that are meet for the hot, cold, and other pains of the head: but because the laxative and purging medicines through their own power do not expel all humours (for which they be given) out of all members indifferently, without the addition of such things as may convey their operation towards some certain member, the which one desireth to have them to purge: therefore we will discourse here somewhat thereof. And that you may by example clearly understand the same, then behold the Oxymel that shall immediately be described: it prepareth or digesteth phlegmatic humours indifferently as well in one member as in another. But if so be you mix therewith Nutmegs, peony seeds, or Cubebs, then doth it only purge the head, and none other part of the body: and if you put thereto Tamariscus and Caper roots, then doth it purge out of the milt, and so forth with all the rest. Now because we writ here only of the head, these are the principallest simples or herbs, that do conduct the medicines towards the head; to wit, Nutmegs, Cubebs, and Pionie, Penniroyall, Marjoram, Balsam wood and seeds, Frankincense, Beaver cod, Laudanum, Melilot, the right Acorus, Lignum Aloes, Myrrh, Chamedris, Squils', Nuces pinea, Spikenard, Gentian, Hyssop, Pepper and Sagapenum or Serapinum. There are many things more here and there discovered in this book, which the diligent reader shall find to be very meet for the headache. Additions unto the pain of the head. FOr the forementioned pain of the head there are certain things commemorated, that are commodiously and much used, & yet are not discovered how they should be prepared. Thus, to the end the reader might be satisfied, we will here describe certain of them, and begin with Oxymel. divers kinds of Oxymel. §. 6. FIrst we will begin with that which at the Apothecaries is called Oxymel simplex: for that it is made only of honey and vinegar: now for to make the same, take clarified honey four ounces, power thereto two ounces of clear water: seeth the same together, and scum it, until all the water be sodden away: put thereto two ounces of vinegar, let it seeth together unto a syrup. This consumeth all tough slime and thick humours, openeth all obstructions, cleanseth the breast, and maketh an easy breathing. The second Oxymel is called at the Apothecaries Compositum or Diureticum. It is made in this manner: Take Fennell roots, and roots of Smallage, of each two ounces, the seeds of Parsley, of Butcher's broom, of Sparage, of Smallage, and of Fennell, of each an ounce: take out the core of the roots, chop them, and seeth them in a quart of water until they be mellow, afterwards wring them out thorough a cloth, and add to the decoction six ounces of sharp vinegar, twelve ounces of cleansed honey, let them seeth together unto a syrup. This is much stronger for all uses then the former: it doth attenuate all tough slimes, it driveth them out of the members, openeth the obstruction of the liver, of the milt, and of the kidneys, it expelleth the urine and sweat. The third Oxymel is made of Squils' called Scyllinum, or at the Apothecaries Squilliticum: for this, take vinegar of Squils which is described before in the second Chapter, §. 1. against the cold pain of the head, four ounces, clarified honey six ounces, and seeth it all together unto a syrup. The fourth is Oxymel Scyllinum compositum, the which is thus made: Take the roots of Smallage; of Fennel, of each two ounces, the roots of Parsley, of Butcher's broom, of Sparage, the seeds of Smallage, and of Fennell, of each half an ounce: seeth them together in a quart of water until the roots be mellow: unto this decoction add twelve ounces of vinegar of Squils', clarified honey 18. ounces, and then seeth it to a syrup. They are both very good to attenuate the tough slimes, to strengthen the stomach, and to provoke urine: but the first is stronger to open all obstructions, and is special good against all quotidian and quartain agues. Purging syrup of Roses. §. 7. TAke a pound of red or damask Rose leaves, put them into a pot with a narrow neck, power thereon about three times so much of hot clear water, let it stand so 8. or 12. hours covered very close, afterwards wring it hard out with thy hand, strain the liquor clear thorough a cloth: then take again fresh Roses as before, and power the strained liquor séething hot upon it, let it stand as before: wring it out again, and do this afterwards 8. or 12. times together (the oftener the better) and it will be the stronger in purging. Lastly, weigh all that strained juice of Roses, and put half so much Sugar unto it, and clarify it with the white of an egg, until it be very clear: afterwards let it seethe to a syrup. Some do stamp the Roses, that the virtue might come out the better. Others do make it after this manner, as followeth: Take red or damask Rose leaves two pound and a half, power thereon ten quarts of May dew or clear rain water made méetly hot: let them infuse together in a warm place a whole day and a night stopped very close. The next day wring it out hard: make the broth not séething, but only meetly hot: then power it again upon two pound of fresh Rose leaves: let them stand and steep, as before. The third time take one pound and a half of Roses; the fourth time one pound, and so the fift and sixth time: last of all, after the four last times, take each time half a pound of Roses: afterwards, the liquor being strained, put unto three parts of it one part of Sugar: seethe it well, clarifying it unto a syrup. Of one of these sirupes may be given to a full grown person three, four, or five ounces at one time: unto a young child one ounce: unto one of eight or nine years old, two ounces, and further after the same rate, according to the greatness or smallness. This syrup doth quench the thirst and heat in all hot agues, it doth strengthen the stomach and the hot liver, defendeth the heart from all venom and stinch: therefore it is also good for the plague, and looseth very gently. It is also prepared with Rhubarb and other things, according to the opinion of every Physician. Barley water. §. 8. IT is ordained before, for the hot pain of the head, to give unto the sick body Barley water for his daily drink, the which is prepared after divers manners, but is commonly prepared thus: Take unto a good deal of water one ounce of peeled Barley, let it seeth until it break. Some do steep it two or three hours before in clear water. And albeit that such Barley water have small force, yet it is better than bare water, when the patiented is forbidden to drink wine. There are also other things more, according to the importance of the sick person, put unto it, as Mastic, Barberies that do colour it like unto wine. In like manner are also herbs, roots, and all that one will, decocted therein. Manus Christi with Pearls. §. 9 THis cordial Sugar is very common, and is made thus: Take 12. ounces of the whitest Sugar, seethe it with Rose water like as is taught in our introduction, afterwards when it beginneth to be cold, stir an ounce of prepared Pearls amongst it, and make Tabulates or Manus Christi of it. It is good for all faintness, hot agues, heavy fantasies and imaginations. The Apothecaries do commonly not take more than a dram of Pearls upon a pound of Sugar, because men will not go to the cost thereof. Without Pearls the Apothecaries do call it Manus Christi simplex, they decoct the Sugar with Rose water, without putting any thing else unto it. It is made also with violet water, Cinnamom water, and howsoever that one will have them. The third Chapter. The Hair of the Head. EVen as we have discoursed of all kind of pains of the head, so we w●l now begin certain other things of the same in particular, and of that which maketh show outwardly in the top of the head, to wit, the ha●●e, the which groweth there of itself, garnisheth the head, decketh and ●ouereth it. And although the same hair (like as the nails also) hath no other government but only the growing and garnishing by nature: nevertheless it hath that secret in it, that thorough his colour, his hardness, softness, fineness, curling, evenness, and other marks, it doth sufficiently give knowledge how the brains which lie under it are inclined; to wit, the cold, warmth, drith, moisture, as also their mixed complexions, as cold and drith, warmth and moisture, whereby it may be known what humour or moisture doth most abound, or whether one's hair also will quickly fall off or not. These weighty and other causes have planted by nature in all men, specially in women, a carefulness to look unto, and maintain it: the one with making it grow more or thicker than the other, to change the colour, to make it fall away, to keep it clean from all vermin, and to free and clear it from all defaults. Because therefore that this is so greatly esteemed, it is requisite to prosecute our attempted method, and to write also somewhat thereof. And first of all, of those things which cause the hair to grow: afterwards, to take that away which hindereth, or to draw or pluck it out. To cause the hair to grow, and to colour it. §. 1. ALl they that desire to have their hair grow thick and apace, are to anoint the place oftentimes with honey where they will have it grow: also to make a ley of herbs (to wit, for young maidens and women) who bear the name thereof, Gallitrichon, fair haired, Politrichon, much hair, Capillus Veneris: Venus hair. And if any body have a bald patch: then take garden snails plucked out of their houses, Horseleeches, Bees, Wasps, Salt, of each a like quantity: powne them not too hard one amongst another, put them into a glassed pot that is pitched beneath, and having a small hole, bury it the space of eight days in warm horse dung, and receive the moisture that droppeth out in another glass bound under it: and anoint therewith the baldness, rubbing well the place first: wash the head with the decoction of urine, Wormwood, Southernwood, and of linseed well parched: goats milk doth likewise make the hair grow fair. You shall also find more things hereafter in the description of the eye brows, and of the beard. Of the dying of the hair in general. §. 2. IF any desire to die the hair otherwise than it is grown by nature, then is this generally to be observed: that he always before wash the hair with lay made of vine stocks, wherein a piece of Alum is dissolved: for the Alum maketh a preparative for to receive all colours, as is well known to all Dyers. Here do now follow certain sorts of colours. Amongst Dutchmen there is no colour more highly commended then the gold colour or yellow, like as it was much esteemed of the Romans': so that sometimes they died their beards and hair with gold: but these things following are also meet for this purpose. Yellow hair. Take ashes of the Vine sticks, eight ounces, of Barley straw two handfuls, of liquorice two ounces, seethe them together in a great quart of water; afterwards let it settle, and wash the head with this ley, and let it dry of itself. Item take shaven Beechen wood, Gold flower, Venus or maiden hair, of each one handful, liquorice half an ounce, Saffron one scrup. let this mollify in ley, wash the head, and let it dry of itself: also as often as one combeth him, he must wet the comb therein. Item take Willow leaves, white beaten Mustard seed, Consolida Saracenica, broad Plantain, Water Cresses, Radishes, white Hellebore, bryony, Onions, of each half an ounce: cut them all in pieces, and let them seethe all together a while in ley, temper one ounce of Honey amongst it, and then let it stand until the herbs do putrify: afterwards put more fresh herbs therein, and seethe them with as much honey as there is of the decoction, until it be thick, and anoint the place where you desire to have the hair grow: but look well to it that you touch no other hair with it, for it would be disordered thereby, but I advise no man to use much of this salve, for it is hurtful for the head. Item in March take Poplar buds and seeth them with ley; take also powned Colewoort seed, temper it with the oil of Walnuts like to a salve, and anoint the head therewith. Or take nettle roots, horse Radish, the gum of the Birch, make it hot upon the fire with the ley, and wash the head therewith. juniper oil anointed thereupon after washing, will easily make yellow hair to grow: but note that this oil is hot. This should also the fruit of the Béechen tree do, being laid in lay. Black hair. Black hair: Some that by nature have black hair, do diligently seek to augment that colour: others will cloak therewith the misshapen hair, many will die grey hairs therewith, which to effect, they anoint it with the juice of Sage. Burn Hasell nuts, as many as you please, in a luted pot, stamp them to powder, then make them unto a salve with the tallow of a Bear or Goat: this doth not only die black, but maketh also the hair to grow. Item take beaten Gal nuts six ounces, seethe them in nine ounces of Salad oil, as long as one would seethe an egg hard: afterwards wring them out, mix amongst it pounded Privet, burnt Vitriol, Salt gem, of each one quarter of an ounce: let it seethe a good while together, having washed the hair with the decoction of Blites and Eldern flowers, then make it fat with the foresaid oil. Item take the green shales of Walnuts, stamp them and seethe them, anoint the hair with it, and it will be as black as Pitch. For this also helpeth Cipers nuts, Beane straw, shales of Hasell nuts, peeles of Pomegranates, unsleckt Lime, Privet, and oil of Nuts. For to make curled hair, take Mallows laid in lay; if one would die his hair grey, Curled hair. then make ashes of the innermost bark of ivy, and wash you oftentimes therewith, or anoint your hair with badger's grease. To hinder Grey Hairs. §. 3. TO be grey, is only proper to man's head, which cometh thorough the abatement of the natural warmth, or through the rioting life, whereby Flegma is increased, and it is sometimes also caused as well through unnatural heat as cold: but if any be grey before his time, that cometh by use of much fruit and fish: but to utter the truth, the grey hairs are none other than an Ensign or banner for us, that death planteth upon our heads, signifying that it will shortly have victory over us. But as there be many that would hide their age, and would rather be thought young men, them old fools; So hath it been also found out, not how to turn away grey hairs, but how to prevent the same, whereof we will here write somewhat. The chiefest is the daily purging of phlegm, and specially with vomits and clysters, for which are fit Pilulae Cochiae, Trifera Saracenica, these pills following. Take Coloquint, Turbith, Aloe, of each a dram, Fennel seed, Annis seeds, Persley seed, black prepared Hellebore and Pepper, of each half a dram, Diagridion two scrup. make thereof a mass with the juice of Wormwood, take a dram thereof at the most at one time, for they be strong: good heed is to be taken in this purging, that age for grey hairs be not thereby taken away. The ancient Physicians do describe many things for preventing grey hairs, what is to be eaten, drunk, and refrained: also what is to be used a whole year in youth, and that one must eat snails: so that it grieveth me to enter into so needless a matter (when one would stay and prevent the course of nature) I will therefore be brief. Anoint thy head with the oil of Beaver cod, with the oil of a Bear, fresh oil of Roses, or oil of Mustard seed: all which are meet to prevent grey hair: or take the spleen of an old dog, and rub the hair therewith. Also the oil of Privet doth prevent grey hair. Item take Tassel, seeth it in lay and use it daily: steep in the ley Myrtle leaves, Cipers nuts, juniper would cut, the bark of Fir-wood with the leaves, Gall nuts, and such like. To take away hair. §. 4. TAke a pint of wine, drown twenty green frogs therein, or as many as can be drowned therein, then set the pot forty days in the warm Sun: afterwards strain it hard thorough a cloth, anoint the place therewith where you will take away the hair. Make the place oftentimes moist with the juice of yellow Lilies, which is wild Flower deluce. Take Aunts eggs and rub the place therewith, wherein you would have the hair taken away, it will fall off and grow no more again. Item anoint the hair place with the juice of Sloes, and it will make the hairy place bald and smooth. Will you pluck out hair without breaking the skin? To pluck out hair. Then take six ounces of Turpentine set it on the fire in a new pot, and let it seeth somewhat; then power it into a pan full of cold water, and stir it continually about with a wooden stick until it run together. Then power therein other fresh water, and pluck it with your fingers well from another, whereby it may be well washed; and do this so long, until it wax fair and white; afterwards temper amongst it one ounce of beaten Mastic in the foresaid pot, seeth it all together as before, and wash it also afterwards as before is done, and keep it always covered with water, and when you will use it power out the water: let it melt with the fire, spread it on a cloth, and lay it no where but on the place whence you would have the hair drawn out, and when it is cold (as it will be quickly) pull off the plaster with violence. Then will the skin remain very white and bare of hair, then have a piece of fresh lard ready, and therewith anoint the place, and then wipe it by and by away with a cloth: then will the skin be bald and smooth. Of diverse defaults of the hair. §. 5. THe cunning & expert Physicians do reckon nine kinds of defaults of the hair: Contorsio, Decoloratio, Quassatio, Fractio, Atrophia, Canitieses, Alopecia, De fluxio and Ophiasis. The first, Contorsio, is called a curling or entangling of the hair. The second, Decoloratio, a deformity of the colour. The third, Quassatio, which is a splitting or cleaving asunder of the hair. The fourth, Fractio, a short breaking away of the hair, that it snappeth asunder. The fift is, Atrophia, that is as much as a drying away or consuming of the hair for lack of food. The sixth is Canitieses, when the hair before his due time becomes grey or white. The seventh is Alopecia or Arca, which is baldness or falling off of the hair. The eight is Defluxio, which is also a falling away of the hair, like as in them who lost their natural heat, or recover after a long continued sickness. The last is Ophiasis, which hath her name of the snake: it is also a changing of colour not unlike to the other; for it is parti-colouring like to a snake. Of baldness and falling off of the hair. §. 6. Baldness and falling away of the hair is three fold: as the falling off of the hair of the head, of the eye brows, & of the beard. Of the two last we will discourse in their place: here we will only speak of the first falling away of the hair. The causes of the same are inflamed moistures, whereby the hair before was fed: which through inflammation thereof is taken away, as already hath been rehearsed: for whensoever that it wanteth sustenance, the hair must of necessity dry away, and fall off with his roots, as may be seen in them that have hot brains, and become bald betimes: and contrariwise women, children, and they that be gelded very seldom. Thus to speak of the means: the first proof is, whether the hairs may be restored or not, to rub the bald place: and if it be not forthwith red, then is there no hope at hand: but if it wax red, than it is a sign that there is still some good blood, and therefore good hope also. And to come unto it, first must good order of diet be observed, to refrain strong wine, Borage, rear eggs, & all that is light of digesture is commodious for him, and to drink white, clear, and small wine, that is swéetish. Bathing and rubbing is very meet for this disease; if the person be full of blood, open the head vein, or that on the nose, or the vein behind the ears, and also purge, if it be needful, of whatsoever occasion it be that the falling away of the hair happeneth. These means following are always convenient for it: Take Euphorbium, burnt Hasill nut shells, burnt chestnut shells, Cresses seeds, Indie Spica, Verbascum, of each one drag. bitter almonds with their pills burnt, one quarter of an ounce; make salve thereof with vine ●uict, oil of Radishes or Barberies. Item take Euphorbium, wild Rue, Boreas, Mustard seed, Mugwoort, of each a like much; beat them all together and make thereof a salve with the juice of Onions: let the head be rubbed until it be red, and then anointed therewith. Of such like remedies are many more described by the ancient Physicians: but omitting them, ye have some here that are certain and common. Take Pigeons dung, burn it to ashes, than power ley upon it, and let him be washed therewith. Or Hasell nuts with the shells beaten small, and tempered with bears grease, is very good. Oil of eggs doth defend and keep the falling out, and maketh the hair for to grow again where it is fallen away. Forasmuch as the oil of eggs is so good for this, and for many other things more, it is needful to teach here how to make the same. The oil of Eggs and his virtue. Take hard sodden yolks of eggs as many as you will, Oil of Eg●. break them in pieces, and parch them in a pan until they wax ruddy, then shall you see oil run out: then without ceasing must you stir them about, and when they be thoroughly parched, press them hard through a woollen cloth. It is many times approved and found, that this oil doth not only cause the hair that is fallen off to grow again, but doth prevent and stay the hair from falling. It also healeth, and causeth all other itches and sores to heal. Further: Take well salted Barley bread, burn it to powder, and temper it with bears grease, and anoint your head therewith. Item slake a glowing steel in the wherewith you will wash you: use it often without any thing else therein. Take Myrtle seeds and the leaves: seeth them in water, and wash the head therewith. All that is taught hereafter against the falling off of the hair in the eybrowes and the beard, is also meet for this purpose. Of the scales of the head, of the beard, and eyebrows. §. 7. THe Latinists do call the scales of the head Furfures, which is bran, well known of all people, and are very common in all men's heads. They grow there through a hot complexion, and when they abound much & above custom, than were they wont to be messengers of leprosy. They that have them so excessive, do get them through a licentious life, and surfeiting in eating and drinking, through incontinency, strong wine, much use of garlic, onions and mustard, whereby the blood is burnt to ashes. For this must one begin with purging, like as in all dry itches shall be expressed. But if the person have much blood, then is he to be let blood; if not, then are to be used sneezing powders, gargarisms, and boxing cups are to be set on the shoulders and neck, and afterwards these things: Seethe Mallows or Venus' hair in water, wash therewith the head and face, and always rub well the head; or boil fennel seed, liquorice, Fleawort, Lupins, Hollihocke roots, take out the mucilage as shall be taught hereafter, and temper them with the juice of Melons. Item take Nuttrée wood, or Nut shells burnt to ashes, put them in the and wash you therewith. Item take Charuill, Southernwood, make a lie thereof with a little vinegar. Item burn Hay flowers to ashes, and pour lie upon it. Item take Elecampane roots, and infuse them a good while in . Or take Storks bill, let it seeth in water, and foment well the scales therewith, that they be well frothed, and afterwards lay the herbs on the top of it, and they will wear away. Will you yet have stronger things? then take the gall of a Bull, Coloquint, Sal Alcali Boras, of each one drag. Galls, pills of Pomegranates and their blossoms, of each one scrup. and temper them together. Item take narrow Plantain, Henbane seeds, and salt, of each a little, seeth them in water and rub the scales therewith: the same also doth Aqua vitae with Brimstone amongst it. Heretofore in the second chapter & §. 1. you have a bag for lie, which beginneth, Take Spica etc. you may use the same also for the scales, and put thereto two ounces of Orange péels, whereof some of the white is cut away. For to draw the mucilage out of the seeds and roots, the Apothecaries do call the slime drawn out of all seeds and roots Muscilagines; it is much used in this matter, and is thus prepared. Take roots and seeds, chop and stamp each according to the quality, How to make the slime or mucilage of seeds & root. seethe them until the liquor be very slimy & muscilaginous: this being done, pour it all together into a long bag that is piked beneath, and bind it hard to a staff; afterwards take two little boards and fasten the said bag between them, wring it hard from above downwards, then runneth the slime or mucilage out of it, receive it in a clean porringer; and after this fashion wring or press out all the slime that will come forth. For to drive away Lice and Vermin. §. 8. Lice. THis loathsome and (especially to children) troublesome worm, hath his most abode in the foresaid hair of the head, and they do grow through moisture of the flesh, or (to speak properly) of a gross and moist vapour that fumeth out at the pores, and through natural warmth becometh outwardly a Louse, and receiveth also a vital spirit, and is altered into a little worm with six feet, increasing and seeking their meat in the place of their generation: therefore are children and women more plagued then men that are dry by nature, and be much less hurtful to young children then to full grown persons, yet they have this commodity thereby, that they that have most louse be wholly freed from the headache. Their cause. The cause whence they are engendered, may be overmuch eating and small digesture, or eating of meats that be very moist, as divers fruits, and especially figs and chestnuts: also overmuch carnal copulation, unclean clothes, and such as are worn overlong. Their remedies. Now that one may be rid of this vermin, anoint the head with the broth of Salt fish, with the juice of Alehoofe, the juice of Fumitory mixed with Vinegar: take Gentian and seeth it in , and wash the head therewith. Take Bay berries, or (if you have them not) the oil of Bay, Vinegar, powned Bay berries, Hearts horn, seethe them together in water or lie, and wash the head therewith. Salves. Take half a pound of Barrowes grease, mix and temper amongst it one ounce of Quicksilver, and one ounce of the oil of Bay, Licebane and white Hellebore, of each half an ounce, Salgem one dram, and a little vinegar: temper them all together, and therewith anoint the head, and put a kercher on the head, and in the morning wash the head with lie. Another. Take Barrowes grease half a pound, beaten Liver four ounces, Wolves bane, and white Hellebore roots, of each half an ounce, oil of Bay one ounce, temper amongst it one ounce and a half of quicksilver so well that one cannot see it, salt one drag. use a little thereof, for it is strong. Item take unprepared Coriander, seeth it in water, wash therewith the head, and all places where there are any louse, and wash the clothes in like manner, it driveth away louse and fleas: you may also try the same with Coriander leaves. Crab-lice. Against Crab-lice you are to use all the former things. They grow of a stinking matter, that nature expelleth through the hairy skin, as in the eybrowes, beard & privities: they are most plagued with them that eat many kinds of meats, use small exercises, and much bathing. For to consume this unclean matter, he is to be purged with Pillulae Cochiae, and to use oftentimes gargarisms with the syrup of vinegar, and a little mustard seed, and to wash the place with alum water, and salt water, or that wherein Stavesacre is decocted. gem take Stavesacre and alum, of each one drag. beat them together, temper it with honey, and anoint therewith: Others do take Salarmoniac, Aloe and Borras amongst it, and in steed of honey, vinegar of Squils': also the white of a roasted egg is commended for it, wrapped up in a cloth, and held as hot upon the place as may be suffered. This being done three or four times, they will fall away. Lice in children's feet. Sometime young children have also lice growing in their feet: for them take new laid hen eggs, let them be sodden hard, cut the white in pieces in the breadth; beat then the yolks, and with fine linen rags lay it on the feet, and then the white upon it; and so being well bound certain hours, the louse will creep to the white of the egg. The Lousy evil, Phthiriasis, a miserable sickness. §. 9 EVen as we have written of the Lice, so we will adjoin thereto the Lousy evil, which the Grecians do call Phthiriasis. This is a wonderful and terrible sickness, that a man should be eaten up with such baggage worms, and so bereft of his life. It happeneth that these worms do breed of moisture of a man's flesh, and begin commonly in the eybrowes, and in some scabs, or among some scurf therein when they do break of themselves or are opened. Then do lice creep out, and so by little and little out of the whole body, with such danger, that very skilful Physicians have enough to do therewith, and yet nevertheless are these medicines following ordained for the same: Take the juice of Fumitory, Borage, Germander, of each two ounces, Mirobalam, Chebuli, Indi, Citrini, of each four scrup. black pepared Hellebore one quarter of an ounce, prepared Agarick half an ounce, Aloe three quarters of an ounce, Epithymum, Seine leaves, roots of polypody, of each one ounce: powne all that is to be powned, and temper them with the juice; if it be too soft, let it dry, and form a lump or mass, thereof take one drag, and make si●e pills of it, of the which you are to take twice or thrice every week, two at one time, an hour before supper. Prepare this ensuing: Take Aristology, Swine's bread, of each half an ounce, of Gentian, Rhapontica, of each three drag. Centory one quarter of an ounce, seethe these things in , and wash therewith. Item take Ireos half a ounce, Squils' one ounce, Centory half an ounce, Myrtle seed one ounce, Cloves three quarters of an ounce, bitter Almonds four ounces, Vinegar, as much as is needful: let them seethe together stopped well in a glass in water by a soft fire about the space of four hours: afterwards wring it out well, & with this oil anoint the bushes or scabs whence the lice do issue and breed. A salve. Take juniper berries powned well, one ounce, of salad oil three ounces, of white wine one ounce and a half: seethe them together till the wine be consumed, afterwards wring it out; then take two ounces of Barrowes grease, Elecampane roots roasted under the ashes, one ounce and a half, Litharge of gold one ounce, prepared Quicksilver one ounce and a half, temper them and anoint the scabs therewith, but beware of the eyelids that you do not anoint them therewith. In this lousy evil is commanded to mortify the Quicksilver as hereafter followeth: How to prepare & mortify Quicksilver. take wild Ferne and the roots three M. Lemons and Oranges cut in pieces, of each three drag. seethe them in water until the third part be consumed: afterwards strain it through a clean cloth, and temper the quicksilver well amongst it. There are other means more to kill the quicksilver, like as hath been showed in the other salves for Lice. Of the bad sore, Scurf or Scall of the head, and such like. §. 10. AS through the unnatural moisture of the head Lice do grow: so doth there come thereof bad sores or scals of the head, as is seen in children which are full of moisture. And although these scabs are for the most part always an expulsion of nature, whereby children are cleared from other accidents and noisome diseases, for which cause they ought rather to be provoked then healed: nevertheless heed must be taken that this breaking out come not to grow old, and to be changed into the bad sore or scall, the which is not to be helped in people of years, nor yet in young children, therefore will we here write somewhat thereof. Of a Scald head. THis is a detestable disease, to wit, the soreness or scals of the head with scurf, spoil and falling off of the hair, with much itch, stench, and loathsome mishap or ilfavorednesse: the one sort are dry, the other are moist; nevertheless all are to be cured after one manner. At the first doth this bad sore appear small and little: but if they be not quickly looked unto, then runneth it forthwith from the one side of the head to the other, until the whole head be full: the causes are dry burnt humours, or moisture and putrefied blood. If it come only of Phlegma, then yieldeth it moisture, whereof we will make further mention. If it be dry and old, then do all the learned conclude upon it that it is incurable; and although it should heal in continuance of time, and through much advise, and with trouble, nevertheless must not one cease therefore. And to this end are these things following acknowledged to be good for the same. First it is needful to begin the cure with a good order of diet, wherein nevertheless there is no certain order to be made, because that this disease is incident to young children, albeit sometimes also to people in years, wherein great difference is to be made. But generally to eschew all things which maketh heavy, melancholic and phlegmatic blood, whereof are many instructions given in many places of this book. First of all, a full grown man must alway apply himself as hereafter followeth. Above all he must beware of strong and sharp wines, and (as is said) from all melancholic meat, as cheese, coleworts, salt flesh, and such like, and must rather use them that be light of digestion, and make good blood, as fowls that haunt high grounds, rear eggs, Borage, sweet fish of fresh waters. He must also oftentimes purge, according as the person is, and as the sores be great and noisome. If a man's age will permit it, & the the patiented be abounding in blood, which may be perceived by the greatness of the veins, it is advised to open the head veins in both arms, likewise the veins in the forehead, and behind the ears. Nevertheless some do suppose that the two last mentioned veins are not often to be opened. To the end one might recover hair, for which this blood is requisite, upon the places where it is red and raised, and showeth bloody, are horseleeches and boxing cups to be set, and plasters to be applied that do raise blisters, whereof shall be more spoken in time. If there be any disease where hair groweth, there must it be shorn off twice a week, and alway before there be laid any salve upon it, the hair must be clean shorn away, and be also well rubbed with course linen, and afterwards anoint it over with the juice of onions or of radishes. These are now the beginnings of the cure. First of all must the gross burned moisture be attenuated and prepared for expulsion, the which is to be effected with Oxymel of Squils' called Compositum, and is described in the second Chapter, §. 6. for which also doth serve the syrup of Fumitory. The melancholic and phlegmatic humours are to be purged with the pills Cochiae; and if one have strong folks in hand, he may use thereunto Epithymum, Coloquint, and prepared Hellebore: yet a man is always to be advised herein by a learned Physician. And for example in a dry scall: Take prepared black Hellebore one drag. Seen leaves, Epithymum, of each one drag. Agaricus one drag. and a half, Mastic one drag. Aloe half an ounce, make pills thereof with the juice of Smallage, and give thereof one dram at one time. But if the scall be moist, then purge with these pills following: Take Cochiae one drag. & a half, Epithymum half a drag. make pills thereof for to use at two times: or take Agaricus, Coloquint, and Mastic of each one drag. Aloe half an ounce, temper them all together with the juice of Garlic take one drag. at once. Mirobalans, Chebuli tempered with Epithymun and Seine leaves are also meet for this. Take of these remedies, of which we shall write against both sorts of these scals, and begin first with the least. Fumitory, after what sort soever it be taken, doth much cleanse the blood, therefore it is to be used for this disease. Also wash the head with wormwood wine, for that it drieth the moisture, and specially healeth the scals, with the white scall or scurf. Anoint the scals with oil of white Lilies mixed together with the oil of Camomile. Take the yolks of eggs, fry them well in swine's grease, and put unto it as much Tupentine, let them melt together, they dry very gently. Take oil of Roses, juniper oil, of each half an ounce, quick brimstone, Pigeons dung, verdigris, of each 3. drag. a little wax, melt them together, it is very certain, and healing all scals. Take stamped Lupins, temper them in vinegar with Barrowes grease. Take oil of Bay and Oatmeal, of each a like much, Basil seed, one quarter of either of them, anoint the head, and lay leaves of this herb upon it. But it is too mild for the scall, and besides the Basill seed is hurtful to the head. Take two handfuls of Sage, beat them small, temper them with salt, hog's grease & vinegar: let it seeth well, and anoint therewith the scald head every other day. Upon the day between both, it is very good to wash the head with the decoction of Mallows and Dock roots. This salve is certain, and approved many times: Take butter which is burnt black, Soot out of the chimney, and salt, of each a like much: stir them both well amongst the butter, until the butter be stiff, and therewith anoint the scals. And if it be not needful every day, then about the third day wash the head with a small ley, and do this as often as is needful; when the scurf falleth away, anoint the red place with this salve. Also this remedy following is much in use: take pure turpentine two ounces, and wash it well with clear water, fresh butter one ounce washed well, half an ounce of small bruised salt, one Orange beaten all to pieces and wrong out hard, the yolks of three new laid eggs, oil of Roses half an ounce; temper them all together by a small fire. This is a certain salve, it may be used for all itches and scabs. This salve following is exceeding sharp, and therefore it is not to be used but at great need, and for the most venomous scabs of the head. Take two ounces and a half of Barrowes grease, oil of Bay, Wax, powned Frankincense of each an ounce, salt one quarter of an ounce, Quicksilver mortified three drams: first melt the wax, oil of Bay and grease by a small fire, and put one ounce of the juice of Plantain and Fumitory with it, let them boil till the juices be consumed; then take it from the fire and temper with it the Frankincense and Quicksilver, and stir it so long until you see no more Quicksilver; it is then prepared: and you are to anoint this salve only upon the scall, and if you mix half an ounce of Mastix with it, it would make it the better. Some have another manner to heal the scall of the head, and do first thus: first they cause the head to be shaven bald, afterwards they anoint it the space of three days with oil of nuts, oil of Palma Christi seeds, and oil of Camomile tempered together. The fourth day do they let the head to be pricked in divers places, that it may bleed: afterwards they let it be washed with the decoction of Fumitory, Dock roots, and of Camomile; and afterwards they put into the same decoction Argall Squils', or Garlic; they seethe it all together, and forthwith do rub the head therewith, and dry it with hot clothes: and this do they twice or thrice a day for the space of three days. The fourth day they wash it again with the former decoction, and then shave off all the hair: if the skin be not yet clean, use rubbing again with the Argal, & continue it so long until the skin be through clean, then anoint the head with the salve following. If you have a woman to cure, then take a woman's hair; if you have a man, then take a man's hair, burn it in a pot of ashes, take thereof an ounce, burned hazle nuts one ounce and a half, the dregs of salad oil four ounces, clarified honey three ounces, Myrrh one ounce and a half, Aloe half an ounce, Saffron three drams; temper them together unto a salve. This preserveth the skin, and permitteth not the moisture to putrify under it, but maketh the hair to grow. But if it happen that through this or any other salves the skin is distempered, then must it be used no further, but with these decoctions following (which are much commended) it is to be washed, to wit, with the decoction of Willow leaves and Woodbine, for which these also are more requisite, Blites, Fumitory, wild Time Dock roots, Sorrel, Storks bill, all together, or which one can get, decocted or bathed therewith. This following is a very good salve, not only for the scals of the head, but also for all other scabs and scurfs, itch, falling off of the hair, nits and lice. Take Galls, red Arsenic, Aristology, of each 3. drag. Hemlock seeds one quarter of an ounce, foot of a chimney, brimstone, bitter Almonds, Coloquint, Caper roots, fig leaves, Elmtree leaves, verdigris, Plume alum, Sieff memithae plain Coegal, Myrrh, Aloe, frankincense and pitch of each one drag. and a half, stamp all that is to be stamped, and temper it with vinegar, set it eight days or more in the sun until it be well tempered, and then use it. In like manner is this highly commended, although the scall had continued many years. The black and white Hellebore, Brimstone vive, Vitriol, Gold lethargy, unslekt Lime, shoemakers blacking, Aloe, Galls, soot of the chimney, Woad ashes, of each half an ounce, mortified Quicksilver, verdigris, of each one quarter of an ounce, stamp all that is to be stamped. Further, take the juice of Borage, Scabiose, Fumitory, Dock roots, of each two ounces, mix them all together with three ounces of old dregs of salad oil and as much vinegar: let this seethe upon a mild fire half an hour, and then temper the other things amongst it, and put an ounce of molten Turpentine amongst it, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve. This is marvelous much commended for all scurf and diseases of the skin. A sharp ley. The ancient Physicians will make a clean head with sharp ley: but I cannot advise, especially if one will often use the same. Take a pound of Argall beaten small, and bind it in a cloth, power thereon a pint of water, and let it lie so the space of half an hour; afterwards lay cloth and all in the fire, and so burn it three hours long, than beat it again, and bind it up as before, and burn it two hours more, beat it to powder and put it in an Hippocras bag, pour the foresaid water upon it, let it run through six or eight times, and make a ley thereof: it drieth vehemently, and hath almost the sharpness of blue Tartary. Of the plucking away of the scall. MAke nine caps of blue cloth or blue linen, as big as the head is scallie, anoint it inwardly with molten pitch and rosin, and put it upon the shaven head, and so leave it thereon three days: afterwards pluck it off by force, and it will take away with it the hair and all the scurf. But if there remain any hairs in it, then pluck them out with small mullets, and then wash the head with water (like as is said) wherein is decocted fumitory and Dock roots, etc. And when it is dry, than set another cap upon it: do as before, and so until nine times, afterwards use one of the foresaid salves. Of the skin of the head. §. 11. FOrasmuch as the foresaid scall hangeth most on the skin of the head, and the foresaid skin is not only fastened to the head, but also to the whole body, covering it as with a clothing, and is laid under the hair as his ground: therefore are we somewhat admonished here, and afterwards occasioned once again to write thereof in the first part. The skin which covereth the head, is not of one kind of nature: for this whence the hair groweth is hard, dry and thick: the skin of the forehead, as much as it is without hair, hath her free motion: that which is under the eye cannot be separated but with great trouble, and hath no motion, like that of the forehead. The skin of the lips is a mixture of the skin of the muscles, so that they may be called with both the names. Thus much may suffice at this present time. The fourth Chapter. Of the skull of the head. BY this name we will not only have Cranium, but also all the uppermost bones of the head to be understood, whereof there be seven commonly told, the which through five Suturas, which is sewing or conjoining, very naturally are in each other knit together. But for the same one may look into the Anatomicos: concerning this our purpose, the head is parted into six parts, whereof the first is Frons, the forehead, which is beginning from the eyebrows till there where the hair beginneth on both sides even unto the ears, it is but one proper bone called by the Chirurgeons and other more Coronalis, like as men do use to wear on this place of the head the garland. The second is fast by it covered with hair, they call it Sinciput, it is with us the former part, and hath two bones which we call Parietalia, the side bones: they touch both of them the future that passeth over the middle of the head, are thick bored through with small holes and weak. The third do they call Occiput, the hinder part of the head, the neck is a great strong bone with a great hole, where the first joint Vertebra of the backbone hath his winding about. The fourth is Vertex, the crown, the height and middle, from which, as from a point or circle, the hair doth spread abroad itself round about, but that which is between both the ears and eyes be called Tempora, with us the temples. Lastly, is all that beginneth under the forehead and the eyebrows unto the end of the chin, as eyes, ears, nose, mouth, called Fancies, that is, the face. These are now the outward parts of the head, which do also comprehend the bones, of which hereafter particularly mention shall be made. As much as then concerneth the skull, that is outwardly after divers manner of means bruised and perished, as through stripes, fractures, wounds, and such like, which accidents do specially appertain unto chirurgeons, nevertheless we are minded to discourse somewhat thereof. And this for a beginning. Of the compression of the skull in young children. §. 1. IT cometh to pass otherwhiles that new borne children have their skulls doubled one over another or compressed; for which lay this plaster upon it: Take loadstone, Pumice stone, salt, of each a like much, bruised small, and make with honey a plaster thereof. Of the fracture of the skull. §. 2. WHen it is time after the first dressing to look to the wound of the head, then take off the tow, cover the wound with a fine linen cloth made wet in this Aqua vitae following: Take Aqua vitae made only of Wine one ounce, wherein put powned Aloe and Myrrh of each one dram, Mastic half a dram, stop it fast; then strew of the powder which is powned together of the three things upon the wet cloth, cover it with another cloth, and anoint the wound round about with oil of roses, cover the head gently with a linen cap or kercher. Item take woman's milk that giveth suck to a boy, wet a piece of silk therein and cover the wound therewith, afterwards take the well brayed white of an egg, put powned Frankincense unto it, spread it on a cloth and lay it over the wound above upon the first cloth which is made wet in the woman's milk, and let it lie so three days: if the brains be quiet, then is it a good sign of life: afterwards dress him with the black plaster or salve that shall hereafter follow: but if the wound staunch not bleeding, then is this powder following marvelous good; Take Frankincense two drams, Aloe one dram, and therewith strew the bleeding wound. A water. Take Rosemary with the flowers, Sage, Betonie, of each one M. steep them 24. hours in good wine and distil it, put thereto Myrrh half an ounce, Aloe one ounce, Saffron ten grains, Sarcocolla, Frankincense of each one drag. This you are to keep in a fast closed glass until you have need to use it. After that the wound is dressed, and that it hath not bled much, some do advise that the head vein is to be opened, and that is very truly advised, that for all such wounds the head vein once at the least should be opened, and the patiented purged: for it happeneth oftentimes that the pain of the head, impostumation, or other mischances may thereby be hindered and prevented. But to return again to the Chirurgery. It happeneth oftentimes that there befalleth with it pain of the throat and of the almonds, for which is meet this gargarism. Take Mastic, Frankincense, of each one drag. Plantain, the juice of Sloes, acorn cups, of each one quarter of an ounce, liquorice an ounce, Pieretrum, Pomegranate pills, of each one quarter of an ounce: seeth them together in a quart of sour red wine until the third part be sodden away, put thereto prepared Bolus Armenus half an ounce, burnt alum one ounce & a half. Lay this plaster following then upon it to heal it withal: Take oil of Roses eight ounces, oil of Mastic one ounce, sheeps and calves suet of each twelve ounces, silver litharge bruised small two ounces, red lead one ounce, and a pint of wine; then let this boil softly until it be brown or black: then put thereto four ounces of Turpentine, Mastic two ounces, Gummi Elenij half an ounce, white wax as much as is needful for to make a plaster. This plaster is especial good to cure a wound in the head, although one used nought else, yet is the wound oftentimes to be washed with warm water: and if it were wholly impostumated, then in stead of water use wine, wherein Myrtle seeds and blossoms of Pomegranates with a little alum hath decocted. Another plaster, which is also commended for good, and to have been approved. Take Gummi Elenij one ounce and a half, white rosin two ounces, Wax two or three ounces, oil of Roses two ounces and a half, ammoniac one ounce, Turpentine one ounce and a half, make a plaster or salve of it: some add Rye meal unto it: others black Beane meal: the third sort beat Plantain seeds: some also use wine in stead of oil. A salve. Take white rosin five drams, powned Aloe half an ounce, An especial salve for the fracture of the skull. oil of Roses and wax as much as is needful, let it melt by a mild fire: when it is cold, put thereto half an ounce of Gummi Elenij: with boiling may be made a tough plaster thereof. It draweth the matter out of the broken skull, and from the bottom or depth assuageth the pain. Yet one more that is stronger; Take the upright Balsam, or in stead thereof oil of Cloves, Bdellium, Ammoniacum, of each three ounces, white rosin, Gummi Elenij, of each one ounce, Frankincense, Myrrh, Sarcocolla, beaten small, of each one dram and a half, oil of roses two ounces, wax as much as is needful: make a tough salve thereof, and seeth it in four ounces of the juice of woodbind until all the juice be consumed. Of the skins or tunicles of the brains, called Dura and Pia matter, when they be perished. §. 3. THese two skins or tunicles that cover the brains under the skull, do the Greeks call Meninges, the upmost is called Dura matter, the hard Mother, for that in comparison of the other it is very hard and full of holes where the veins pass through. Pia matter, the good Mother, is very spare and thin, therefore also very dangerous if the same be wounded: for which these salves following are ordained and found requisite. Take Woodbine, Betonie, Pimpernell, of each two M. Gummi Elenij, Dragon blood, of each three quarters of an ounce; seethe them together in two ounces of oil of roses, and sufficient quantity of red wine until all the moisture be consumed, wring it out, and let it be cold, make it as thick as you will with molten wax. Or take Turpentine, Rosin, Wax, of each one ounce, Frankincense one quarter of an ounce, oil of Roses three ounces, Cummi Elenij three dragm. Mastix one quarter of an ounce, Betonie, Would bind, of each three drag. These herbs must be sodden in red wine until all the moisture be sod away, afterwards wring it out, temper the other things with it, stir it well about until it be a salve. But if the skull only be broken, whether it be by falling, throwing or beating, and a swelling withal, then take Wormwood, Roses, Camomile, of each one M. seeth them in red wine and oil of roses as much as is needful, temper a good quantity of Beane meal with it, and so apply it. Item, take Wormwood, Camomile, Melilot, of each one ounce, Stechas, Betonie, Woodbine, Bolus, Dragon's blood, of each half an ounce, Barley meal two ounces, oil of roses as much as will suffice for a plaster or salve, yet if you would have it hard, add wax unto it. The trial when the plaster is sodden enough. §. 4. IF any will put juices, wine or any other moisture in plasters, then are you to let the juice be sod away: and when they be sufficiently sodden, you shall know it hereby: let a drop or twain fall upon the fire, if it do not sisse as water is wont to do, than it is enough. The fift Chapter. The face a part of the head. IT is before declared in the beginning of the fourth Chapter, that in dividing of the head, the face is the sixth part, beginning and ending from the eyebrows unto the end of the chin, of which parts disease we will now discourse. As much as concerneth the face in general, man hath purchased the same above all living creatures, for it cannot be said of any beast that it hath a face, Faciem, but only of mankind: and it is also to be wondered at, that nature hath planted so many parts in so small a compass; for that there be eyes that see and lead the whole body; a mouth that speaketh and taketh in meat for the sustenance of the whole body; a nose that smelleth, and can discern what is pleasant or unpleasant in smell or savour, that also doth discharge and unburden the brains of all superfluous moisture; ears for to hear, whereby men may understand one another; a beard for to distinguish one man from another; eyebrows to the garnishing and defence of the eyes. cheeks, wherewith to manifest and show shamefastness, fear, peace, and friendship, as shall be more at large showed hereafter: consequently, the face is a looking glass of the mind, of the inward intention and unrevealed thought. But we will not make long discourse thereof at this present, but only to discourse of the diseases of the face, and how to cure them. Of all stains or spots of the face. §. 1. FOr to take away this disorder or misfiguring of the face, may these remedies following be used: make a little cruse of dough, as it were a small pasty meetly thick, put therein six ounces of Ceruse, make it fast on the top, that there fly no vapour out of it; let it stand so in an oven the space of an hour, that it be not too hot: and when it is waxed cold, take it out and bruise it small, and put thereto a sufficient quantity of Eldern water, and so set it in the Sun close stopped; stir it every day about four or five times, wash the face therewith fourteen days long, or as long as is needful with a cloth which is wet therein. This is oftentimes approved. Item take fresh roots of salomon's seal, beat and anoint it on the spots: or take goats milk wherein salomon's seal roots are decocted, and use it as is aforesaid. The water of distilled honey doth take them also away. Maiden's milk, Lac virgins, the which the ancient Physicians do so name, Lac virgins or maiden's milk. is a good and sure water, not only for stains in the face, but also for many other diseases, as shall be hereafter more at large declared, and the same shall be prepared thus: take half a pound of lethargy of gold, beat it small, and put it into a pot, pour half a pint of vinegar upon it, let it seeth a little, afterwards when it is settled pour of the clear into another glass and keep it; you may preserve the lethargy for to make a plaster with it afterwards. Secondly, take a good handful of salt, put four ounces of water upon it, seeth it to the half, and keep it also in a glass by itself: whensoever you will use it, then take three parts of salt water, and one part of the foresaid vinegar, temper it well, then will it be as milk: will you have this better, than put a little Rose water and Sal Armoniac unto it. It is good for all scurfes: some do use it in the eyes also, but it is very sharp, chief if one take Sal Armoniac with it. Tristrams' water. TAke twelve ounces of Nutmegs, Mace, Ginger, Grains, Cloves, of each half an ounce, Rhubarb one ounce, Beaver cod, Spikenard, of each half an ounce, oil of Bay two ounces, leave the spices unbeaten, pour to it four quarts of wine, cover it close, and let it stand so the space of four weeks, afterwards pour away the wine, powne all the spices to pay, and put it again to the foresaid wine, let it stand well stopped three days, stir it well about: then distill it in hot water without seething, and preserve it well. Besides that this water doth take away all spots of the face and of the body, there is ascribed more unto it these wonderful virtues, to wit, some holden in the mouth taketh away the toothache. Also venison laid therein should continue good a year and a day. Also all manner of fruits and flowers laid therein do the like: a little thereof put into faint wine, maketh the same fresh and quick: a little drunk thereof doth break all inward impostumes, it keepeth a man in good constitution, also the stomach, the liver, the milt, the lights and the bowels; a cloth dipped therein put on wounds doth heal the same: it preserveth from all dead palsies, it drieth all moist and rheumatic brains: if any drink the same, or anoint the head therewith, it taketh away a stinking breath: also it keepeth one long youthful if one drink a little of it in the morning, as many times hath been proved. A salve for the spots: Take oil of Roses, unguent of Roses, of each half an ounce, oil of Violets one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Plantain half an ounce, Mucilage of Fleawort, of Mallows, of Violet leaves, of each one ounce and a half: let it seeth till the Mucilage be consumed, afterwards with molten wax make a salve thereof. For the freckles which one getteth by the heat of the Sun: Take a little alum beaten small, temper amongst it a well brayed white of an egg, put it on a mild fire, stirring it always about that it wax not hard; and when it casteth up the scum than it is enough, wherewith anoint the freckles the space of three days: if you will defend yourself that you get no freckles on the face, then anoint your face with the whites of eggs. Of the redness of the face. §. 2. TAke the whites of two eggs brayed well with Rose water, temper the juice of Plantain and of Docks amongst it, of each a like much, afterwards three grains of small powdered Sublimate also mixed amongst it, anoint the redness with it. Afterwards take about eight ounces of vinegar and rose water, temper one quarter of an ounce of Brimstone amongst it, alum one quarter of an ounce, let it seeth softly until about one third part be sodden away, wash therewith the red face. It is also good that the bad blood may be drawn out to set a horseleech or twain to it, for it is found that the redness of the face and the bushes can never be better taken away, than with this fastening of the leeches, but one must always purge beforehand. A water. Take Sulfur vive half an ounce, salt one drag. Camfere half a scruple, rose water, the water of blue Flowerdeluce, of each two ounces; set it fourteen days well stopped in the sun, stir it oftentimes together, make a cloth wet in it, and therewith wash the face. Another. Take one ounce of cervise, Mastic one quarter of an ounce, Myrrh half a drag. let them be sifted through a lawn searce together, put them into a mortar, and pour through a little salad oil and vinegar, and with long stirring it about make a salve thereof. For all white bushes of the face. §. 3. FOr this is first of all good, the water of broken cervise with Eldern water, which is described in the first §. This salve may be also used for it. Take sheeps suet, fresh marrow out of the stag's bones, melt them together on the fire, and anoint the face therewith. Item take Camfere half a drag. grind it small with three ounces of rose water, stir it often, and wash the face therewith. For this is also highly commended, the oil of Spike, besides the good savour, it giveth the face a good colour. With the white bushes of the face, we do also understand all scabs, blisters, and other spices of leprosy in the face, Montag●a. which the Grecians do call L●chenas, and the Latinist's Montagram for that all such diseases do commonly appear with dry white scabs, and itching scurf about the chin, the which doth at length spread itself from thence over the whole body; for which these remedies following are very good. The goats milk that cometh warm from the beast, the water of Liriconfansie, of each eight ounces, the whites of three new laid eggs which come warm from the nest, the crusts of two warm white loaves, salomon's seal one M. Camfere half a drag. This shall be distilled together in séething water, then temper the Camfere amongst it, and wash oftentimes the face therewith. The face cometh also otherwhiles full of little red blisters, whence issueth a sharp moisture mixed with blood, the which if it be not remedied in time, it will degenerate into the right lepry, against which these means following are to be used. Take water distilled of water-snegs or of muscles three ounces, cervise washed with Heart's tongue water, one ounce and a half, the juice of wild cucumbers or the water thereof as much as is needful for to make a salve thereof: but this following is more forcible. Take Sarcocolla, cervise, Starch that is steeped four days in , of each three ounces, all these are you to temper with the white of an egg: Lastly, put thereto two grains of Muscus, and one dram and a half of Camfere, make a salve thereof, and therewith anoint the face. But this following is above all other to be commended: Take lethargy of gold which is well decocted in vinegar and well cleansed, bruise it very small, and temper with it oil of roses: but amongst all the rest this is to be noted for a rule, that the use of this foresaid 'nointing is not to be done but only at the evening. For to make a clean face. §. 4. IF any one have a dark and sad countenance, he is to be purged with Hiera piera, afterwards he must every morning fasting take Gentian, Wormwood, bitter Almonds, of each one drag. beaten small together with three ounces of Wormwood water certain days together: he is to wash the face oftentimes with vinegar tempered with Rose water. This following is also very sure: Take lethargy of silver an ounce and a half, Sulfur vive half an ounce, Camfere half a drag. alum half an ounce, make a fine powder thereof; put thereto the water of Lilies and of Liriconfansie, of Beane blossoms, salomon's seal, of each one ounce and a half, keep it in a close stopped glass, and when you will use it stir it well about. Item take Beans as many as you will, steep them all a night in sharp vinegar, take off the péeles, & dry them in a warm place; beat them to powder, and put some of it in warm water when you will go to bed, and wash thy face therewith. It is counseled for women, that if they will have a well coloured face, to eat oftentimes course Marierom: for this it is also good to drink wine, for it maintaineth a lively colour. In like manner are much commended for this purpose the Aromatical wines, that have rosemary in them, not only to be drunken, but to wash the face also with them. Betonie infused a whole night in wine maketh a good colour. For congealed blood after any blows remaining. §. 5. TAke Comfrey, daisy leaves, of each three ounces; Camomile, Melilot, of each one ounce; Beane meal two ounces; boil them together and beat it to grout, & when you will use it add oil of Roses to it. Item this following is very good: take Comfrey, Daisy leaves of each three ounces, Camomile, Melilot, of each two ounces, Saffron one drag. Beane meal four ounces, fresh butter two ounces, Fenegréek meal one ounce and a half, boil the roots in water, beat them and make a plaster of it: this is very good for bruised members with congealed blood, it suppleth and suageth the pain, put also Wormwood and Coming unto it, of each one ounce, then hath it not his like. How to make a good colour. §. 6. TAke the roots of Cuccowpint, Ceruse, of each half an ounce, beaten small, mix them with Rose water and anoint the cheeks with it: or take the lesser three leafed grass beaten, rub the face therewith; it maketh a fair face and a clear skin: It is also ascribed to the Mithridate that it should also beautify the face, but young hot folks are not to use it. The sixth Chapter. Eyebrows, Eyelids, with all that appertaineth unto them. IN the beginning of the description of the face in the fift chapter is showed that the same hath his entrance at the eyebrows; therefore doth the division of man's body require somewhat to be written of the same. This is here specially to be noted, that provident nature doth wonderfully defend the eyes, not only with these, but also with other members more, from many kinds of external accidents: for first there be Cilia, the hair of the lids placed on the edges of the uppermost and undermost eyelids, which stand out before with hard and stiff hairs, whereby all small things, as flies, dust, and such like, that might fall into the eyes, should be therewith withstood. Afterwards are both the eyelids Palpebrae, whereof the undermost standeth very fast, and the uppermost most swiftly moveth, so that it covereth the eye against all that might fall into it: they do thus preserve and keep the eyes in the sleep, they cover them from the airy light, to the end that the whole body might the more commodiously take rest. Thirdly, they have above in the end of the forehead as is said, Supercilia, eyebrows set upon a high bulk garnished with much hair, to the end that all things that might fall down, and specially the sweat, which through his salt nature might do the eyes much harm, should be kept of these as it were with a bulwark or fortress. And in like sort have both the cheeks also two bunches in the midst of the two sides separated & defended with the height of the nose, like as also the outsides, both of them with hard bones preserved and provided for, called of the Anatomists Ingaleses, the temples: so that the eyes are on every side fortified that they might lie the surer in the depth. It is not needful to speak more ampler thereof, but only to discourse of those things which are convenient for the healing of the maladies that are incident to those members. Of the swelling of the eyelid. §. 1. THere do fall many maladies into the eyelids, as swellings, impostumes, blerednes, and other more, which maladies also oftentimes with the falling away of the hair are augmented. But we will begin with the swelling, these have many causes, first that the defluction of the eyelids cometh of a gross and tough humour, their redness, itch and smart make manifest, whereby they be exulcerated, and the hair falling away by no means groweth again as long as this disease endureth, the which doth hurt the sight and the eyes. This patiented first of all if he be full of blood, is to have a vein opened, afterwards to prepare the matter with Oxymel compositum and syrup of Fumitory, and afterwards to purge with these pills following, Take yellow Mirobalan barks half an ounce, Aloe one quarter of an ounce, Turbith one drag. tragacanth, Roses, Diagridion, Seine, the juice of Fumitory, temper them all together, and give thereof one dram at once or four scruples. They do purge the matter and salt phlegm: water baths are also very profitable for this, wherein Mallows, Sorrel Docks and Verueins are decocted, used oftentimes. At night lay this plaster following thereon, take Endive, Purslane, Priest's crown, of each a like much, beat them to pap, and temper them with the white of an egg, and with a little oil of Roses: you may also wet a cloth in the juice of those herbs, and so lay it thereon. Item take sodden Lentils, power out the broth, bray them with a little Rose water, and lay it thereon like as the former. Or take Lentils, Pomegranate pills, Roses, Sumack, of each one ounce; beat these together, and make a pap thereof with Rose water: make the eyes often moist with stilled Rose water, or well water wherein Sorrell is decocted. Or do thus: Take Dandelion, Sorrell, Roses, Dock leaves and Lentils, of each a like much. Item, take prepared Sarcocolla, and bruise it in the juice of Celendine, and anoint the eyes therewith, is very good. The order of diet is like, as hereafter in Ophthalmia shall be showed. But if this defluxion or redness of the eyelids be of long continuance, then must one let blood, and purge the oftener, and outwardly use the stronger things, as this ensuing, called Sieff viride: Take verdigris one drag. Vitriol one quarter of an ounce, Orpiment, Seafome, Saltpetre, of each one scrup. Sal Armoniac two scrup. temper them together with the juice of Rue, and anoint it upon the eyelids. This is very good indeed to expel all such diseases: but it is very strong, and somewhat perilous to be used in the eyes, yet outwardly not a whit. This following is somewhat milder: Take verdigris one dram, tragacanth three drag. Saffron and Pepper of each one drag. make it as thick as honey with sour wine, and use it as before. Item, take white Wine, Rose water, of each two ounces, Aloe, Saffron, of each one dram, wherewith wash the eyelids, take water wherein Sumacke is decocted, Rose water and white Wine, of each three ounces, Vitriol, verdigris, and burnt Aloe, of each one drag. wash it cold therewith: or take Roses one quarter of an ounce, prepared Tutia three drag. Antimony, Copper, of each half a drag. Wine six ounces, Fennel water one ounce and a half: temper them and wash the eyes therewith. The other manner of swelling or distension of the eyelids and brows, doth come of subtle moisture or vapours. Also if there be something thrown into the eye, stung of wasps, or perished through any other inconveniences. In like manner if one rub the eyes with any strong herbs, as Nettles, Rue, Esula, etc. Also these accidents may proceed of a bad digesture of the stomach, of overmuch watching or sleeping, like as it cometh to pass in the Lithargy, and also in the Dropsy. Item, if the swelling be caused through stripes or hurt, then take the white of an egg brayed, temper it with Rose water, or oil of Roses, and lay upon it as often as it is dry: two or three days after put Camomile in a little bag, and let it seethe in Wine, and wet the swollen eyes therewith. Item, if this swelling be caused through wind or vapours, then take powned Millet & Cumin, of each a like much, make a plaster thereof with fennel water, and lay a roasted apple upon it. You may anoint it also with the juice of Sloes. But if the swelling do come through the stinging of Wasps or Bees, then take Theriaca, Mithridate, or the confection of Triphera, tempered with a little Aloe, bruised with Rose water, and anoint it therewith. Some do temper salt Gem amongst it: You may read further thereof afterwards in the seventh part, of the stinging of Bees. Or if this swelling be caused through rubbing of hot herbs or such like, anoint it with Populcon, oil of Roses tempered with the white of an egg: for this also the juice of Houseleek tempered with oil of Roses, or with juice of Plantain, making clothes wet therein, is good. If it be caused by much watching, then is sleep requisite: and also for a bad digesture, to suffer hunger and thirst, etc. If the same be caused through cold, then take Asarabacca Daffodil, of each half an ounce, prepared Tutia, and anoint the swelling therewithal: there may also oil of roses and white wax be melted amongst it, that it may be like a salve. The third sort of swelling of these members, is like as it were a fatness that showeth itself throughout the brows, where the same aggravateth and hindereth the lids that one cannot well open them. This distension is without pain, and if one press his finger upon it, then is the mark seen stand a good while afterward therein. The occasion of this is dry or gross slime, and withal some moisture of the eyes, it doth matter in the corners of the eyes, that sticketh so fast to the eyelids. But one must first try to remedy it by fomentation, & to take for it the decoction of Wormwood, Camomile, fennel, anise, and such like: afterwards make a plaster of prepared ammoniac or Diachylon, and some salt Armoniac and Ireos tempered amongst it: and if it will not away therewith, then is it certain that it proceedeth not of moisture or vapours but of rottenness; for which many strong things are to be used, for that will not easily be consumed, even as you may apparently perceive, if you let water and fat seethe together, that the water is much sooner wasted than the fat: therefore we are also to use the things following that are rehearsed hereafter in the first place of this distension. Especially if the premises will not help, he is to purge, like as is said in the first swelling or distension of the eyelids: but if so be that the water be subtle and fluxible with choler, then is a purgation to be tempered with yellow Mirobalans and Woodbine water, and also to let blood if it be needful. Warm clothes wet with well water are also very good laid thereon: also to bathe otherwhiles. And when one goeth to bed to lay upon it the white of an egg brayed well. In the morning are the eyes to be fomented again with warm water: if then the matter be gross, and the swelling be any thing big, then take Fenegreeke and Linseed, lay them to steep in woman's milk, then wring out the mucilage, but foment the eyes with warm water before, and lay the foresaid Mucilage upon it; if there be then pain with it, anoint the place with the fat of a hen. This doth also the Mucilage of Linséeds alone, tempered with a little Wax and oil of Roses and laid thereon. This tough matter we must seek to consume with the foresaid Collyrium of Tutia, Pepper, and such like, and therewith continue somewhat, because health cannot follow so soon after it. There cometh also other while pain of the eyelids, which presseth none otherwise than as if one were constrained to hold his eyes shut: for which the Mithridate is very good laid upon the eyes and the forehead, and held in the mouth. The fourth kind of the swelling is called Hailstones, by reason of their hardness, which is not throughout like to the fat swelling, but only in one place whether it be within or without the eyelids: for this is first to be sought to mellow it, as shall be hereafter taught. If this cannot be effected, then if it may be come by outwardly, it is to be cut out. The fift kind receiveth her name of the Barley which it resembleth, for it is such a swelling of the eyes that stretcheth him from one corner of the eye to the other, and is greatest in the middle and smallest in the corners, and hath this difference with the aforenamed Hailstones, that they remain hard throughout, but this not so, unless it were so hardened through long continuance of time. For to cure this, the head vein is first to be opened and purged: afterwards to lay upon it Opopanacum melted in Camomile oil. Afterwards a plaster made of prepared Galbanum and Barley meal, of each a like much, prepared with oil of Lilies and laid thereon: for this is also very good, Hen's grease warm. The eyes must be often bathed with warm water, wherein Barley and Camomile is sod, and afterwards anointed with the blood of Pigeons, Turties, or Partridges. Another plaster: Take Galbanum, Ammoniacum, of each half an ounce, Boreas one dram, mix them together and lay them upon the eye. Or take Frankincense and Myrrh, of each one quarter of an ounce, Landanum half an ounce, Boreas, alum, Wax, of each one dram, the dregs of the oil of Lilies as much as is needful: melt therein the Laudanum and Wax, the rest temper and beat amongst it: use this so long until it be all consumed. Of the itch and smarting of the eyelids. §. 2. IT is mentioned in the former distension or swellings of the eyelids, that the same cometh with great itching and smarting, whereof we must speak more at large. This happeneth oftentimes in the infusion of the eyes Ophthalmia, through salt and sharp rheums, whereof shall be hereafter discoursed, and also of Lice, whereof is before spoken in the third Chapter and eight §. and shall immediately hereafter follow in the discourse of the brows. Otherwhiles this itch and smart doth proceed of hot blood, or such like other moisture, and in case then the rubbing and scratching do come to it, then hath the humour the more recourse thither, whence follow scabs and scurf, not much differing from bran or sawdust, which doth harden and continually smarteth. And although in the former swelling of the eyelids (as is said) there be good remedies declared, meet also for this disease, yet nevertheless it is very needful to speak somewhat more thereof. If it do come through heat and redness, use for it all that is there rehearsed: if it come of any sharp matter, purge (as before in the first swelling is showed) once every month. Or purge with the whey of goats milk, wherein is sodden Epithymum, in the which shall be steeped and wrong out Mirobalani, Chebuli, three drams, Annis seeds half a dram; and if this be too much, then prepare these pills following: Take Aloe, Rhubarb, of each one drag. Annis seeds half a drag. Diagridion two scrup. make pills thereof with the juice of Fumitory, take thereof one dram at the uttermost at one time: afterwards open the veins in the corners of the eye, and set boxing cups behind in the neck. Also use either of these fomentations of the eyes, whereof hath been spoken in many places of the distension and swelling of the eyelids. Or take yellow Amber one quarter of an ounce, Pomegranate péeles three drams, temper them with honey, and anoint the eyes with it where the itch is. Or take Sal Armoniac two drag. Aloe half an ounce, mix them together in a brazen mortar. But if the itch be not too great after the letting of blood and purging them, only foment the eyes with warm water, wherein is decocted Mallows, Docks, and Sorrell, with some Rose water put amongst it: or take white wine three ounces, Aloe one quarter of an ounce, anoint the eyes therewith after the fomenting. Item, take Butchers broomeséed, Pursian seeds, Lentils, of each a like much, powne them all together, close it with the white of an egg and oil of Roses: Sarcocolla tempered with the juice of Celendine is always very good for this purpose. Of clefts in the eyelids. §. 3. THese clefts and infection of the eyelids are caused of heat, or of a sharp and salted humour that falleth into the eyelids after the purging and letting of blood (whereof is said so oftentimes) Seethe pills and blossoms of Pomegranates very soft, afterwards stamp them in vinegar, and therewith anoint the eyelids certain days together; and afterwards temper some Saffron and the yolk of an egg amongst it, and lay it upon it, for it healeth much, like as doth also the Sieff de Thure, which is approved for all rheums of the eyes, and to be sought for in the Register. Of Warts upon the Eyelids. §. 4. OF these there be two sorts: the one not very hard and without rankling, which is caused of melancholic humours: the other hard, like to a small Mulberry, standing commonly about the corner of the eyes: both of these must be cut or burnt, and afterwards things laid upon it, which hereafter for the cure of the excrescence of the flesh, of the fistula and corners of the eye are dicoursed. But of the warts shall be more amply written hereafter in the fift part. Of the inversion of the eyelids, where the inward red flesh appeareth outwardly. §. 5. IT happeneth also that through the increase of flesh the eyelids do turn, and the inside doth appear outwardly. There are two sorts of this: the one when the eyelids being turned about be red and sore, which is a kind of scabbedness: the other doth cover and hide the whole apple of the eye with red and meetly big veins: both of them are of long continuance, and hard to be healed. Therefore it is advised that at the very first there be somewhat laid unto it: and although the cure of this disease have the same intention with all other forementioned infirmities of the eyes yet nevertheless it is required for this disease, that if the party be in health, he must purge with these pills: Take Agaricus, Coloquint, Bdellium, Mastic of each one dram, Aloe half an ounce, Turbith one ounce and one quarter, make pills thereof with the juice of Betony, whereof you are to give one drag. at once. Or take Pillulae aureae two scrup. Cochiae one scrup. make pills thereof, and fast six hours upon it. But if one have once purged, then is the head vein to be opened between the thomb and the forefinger, and in like manner in the forehead, and to set boxing cups behind in the neck. alum boiled in white wine, and washed therewith, is also very good. Afterwards this plaster following shall be laid thereon: Take Fenegréeke meal six ounces, Camomile, Roses, one ounce of each, red wine as much as is needful for to make a plaster, whereof take as much as you will use at one time: temper amongst it the whites of two well brayed eggs, and say it upon it. Afterwards you are eight days one after another to use this syrup following: Take syrup of Roses one ounce, syrup of Vinegar Compositum half an ounce, Fennell and liquorice water, of each an ounce: after this must you by and by take the foresaid pills again; and further than every fift day once, two hours after supper, the inverted eyelids are in the day time often to be anointed with the juice of smallage, and that enduring the space of eight days. The next eight days afterwards, they are to be made moist softly with the water wherein Sal Armoniac is dissolved, and then being anointed with the foresaid juices, lay this plaster following upon it: Take the plaster De Muscilaginibus as hereafter it is described, one ounce, of alum, Vitriol, both burnt, of each one dram, melt this plaster with old wine, temper the powders amongst it into a tough plaster. After the use of this plaster and the foresaid water, then use this powder following: Take Antimony half an ounce, prepared Tutia, Orpiment, Bloodstone, Litharge of gold, of each one quarter of an ounce, make a very fine powder of it: this eateth away all the superfluous flesh, healeth the sore eyes, drieth and taketh away the itch. But if it be too strong, then leave out the Orpiment, and take only Verdigreace two drag. Tutia three drag. Antimony half an ounce; but have care of the apple of the eye. And if this disease wax old, than it is needful that this scabbedness be rubbed until it bleed, which may most commodiously be effected with fig leaves. The other must be opened with a lancet, with a hot iron, and the pain assuaged with the brayed white of an egg. But these are cures of cunning and expert Chirurgeons, to whom only the same is to be referred. But this drying powder is not here to be concealed, which is also discovered in other places: Take egshels of very new laid eggs, lay them the space of nine days in vinegar, dry them and make thereof a subtle powder, and strew it upon the disease. These sick persons shall beware of all meats that fume into the head as of all spices, mustard, strong wine, and eschew especially drunkenness: but let them eat rear eggs, spinach, fennel, Borage, parsley, young flesh, and drink watered wine. The other manner of inversion of the eyelids happeneth when the uppermost eylid shrinketh up, or is drawn up, so that it cannot cover the apple of the eye: we call it the Hare's sleep; it doth sometimes cover but one part. Thirdly when the uppermost of the eyelids cannot reach to the lowermost. But if it come by nature, then is it not possible to be helped. There cometh also otherwhiles a pain in the eyebrows, which wringeth sore (as if one were constrained to keep them alway shut) for which Mithridate is very good being spread upon the eyes and on the forehead, and likewise some thereof holden in the mouth. Of the Consolidation or growing together of the Eyelids. §. 6. IT happeneth otherwhiles, that after the taking off of the skin, or cutting off of the flesh in the corner of the eyes (if it be not well looked unto) that the eyelids do grow unto the apple of the eye, or one fast to another, wherewith the whole eye is covered. For to prevent this, must the eyelids which are not yet grown, be raised up softly, and the place be anointed with a soft feather with the decoction of fennel and caraway, then put in some of the white of an egg; do this every day two or three times: now if there remain any flesh, the fourth day are sharp Collyria to be used, which hereafter are described in the eyelids. Of the nethermost Eyelid which pricketh the Apple of the Eye. §. 7. FUrther, it cometh also to pass, that the Eyelids do alter their natural course in growing, not growing right but inwards: and because (as hath been said) next to the Apple of the eye, they are very subtle, not sensible at all, they make the more pain with their pricking: for to amend this, these means following are to be used. If there be but one or two hairs, then take Mastic, Gummi Arabicum, make them somewhat moist, turn the eyelids about and anoint them therewith: if it will not be well therewith, then are the hairs to be plucked quite out, and you must burn the holes with a glowing needle that it may not grow out again. Or you may use this salve following: Take the juice of the roots of Southernwood, Mucilage of Fleawort, a little vinegar and Camfere, anoint the same in the same hole. Item take Opium one grain, Mastic half a scrup. make it soft with a drop of vinegar, and anoint the hole therewith. Or take the blood and gall of a Hedgehog, iron dross, of each like much, make a flat cake like to a lentil, or fish scale, and lay it on the place where the hair is drawn forth; that suageth the pain within the space of an hour, and will not suffer the hair to grow there any more. Or take the rust of iron, temper it with fasting spittle. In like sort may also be powned Aunts eggs, and used. But amongst all is the plucking out and burning most surest. If the hairs be many that grow inward, then must one cut off the outer edges of the eyelids; so that the roots of the hairs be taken away, the which must be done by expert chirurgeons, otherwise must the eyelids not be cut overthwart at any hand, for that they could not grow together any more. Plaster de Muscilaginibus. A plaster de Muscilaginibus, promised to be described in the fift §. Take Fenegréek, Linséed, Hollihock roots, of each three ounces: boil them, and draw out the slime or the Mucilage, besprinkle it beside with a little vinegar, afterwards temper 3. ounces of small beaten lethargy of gold sodden softly with six ounces of oil of Sesamum, and put thereto the foresaid slime, and then seethe it to a plaster or salve. For falling off of the Hair in the undermost eyelids. §. 8. THe falling off of the hair is of many sorts; whereof heretofore in the imperfections of the hair are many things described in the third Chapter, 6. §. and furtherin the description of the beard shall be declared. The cause of the falling off of the hair out of the lower eyelids, is a sharp salt matter, which consumeth the humours that should feed the hair, and drieth away the roots thereof, that they must fall away, which is oftentimes seen by them that recover of a sore sickness. It may also happen in the soreness and scabs of this place, as heretofore is sufficiently declared. Also experience doth teach us, that the hairs do fall from the eyelids of those that lead an unchaste life. Also that the crab lice do grow thereof is sufficiently declared before in the former Chapter, 8. §. But if the cause of all this be a sharp, salt, smarting matter, let the body be purged, like as heretofore is specified for the itch of the eyelids, and so for the like in others. But for a beginning, one must keep a good order in eating and drinking; afterwards make this plaster: Take Hares dung, Bucks dung, of each one quarter of an ounce, burnt Hasill nuts three drag-goates fat as much as is needful for a salve, therewith anoint the eyelids. Or take Antimony, Pepper, of each one drag. and washed Led half an ounce, Indie Spica, Squinant, of each one drag▪ and a half, Date stones five drag. Goats and Bears fat, as much as is needful for a salve. Item take Swallows dung, Mice dung, of each half a drag. Date stones, Lasure stones, of each one drag. Indie Spica one scrup. make a salve thereof with clarified honey, and use it as the aforesaid. If the falling off of the hair be caused of redness, smarting, or scurf, then take a Pomegranate, cut it in eight pieces, and seeth it in vinegar until it be soft, and unto growt or pap: afterwards strain the juice thorough a cloth, and use it so long until it be thorough whole. The seventh Chapter. Of the Eyes. THey are thus described: The eye is an instrument of the sight, whose nature and complexion is moist, round, yet a little flattish, with seven pannicles and three humours complete and conjoined, the definition whereof would here be too long to rehearse. These two members are accounted in comparison of all the rest to be very small, yet notwithstanding so precious, that our Lord God hath planted marvelous things, and showed his power and omnipotency most excellently in them: whereof it is not here needful to write any more, yet it is not amiss to rehearse those things which in the beginning of the first Chapter have been said of the face: to wit, that for the most part all human affections, inward desires, and cogitations of the hart, do most forcibly appear in the eyes. For what is there, that the inward thoughts, will and desires of the heart and the mind could counterfeit more naturally, than these members? For they show thorough their rolling about, looking downwards, sudden motions, winking, and other such like, mirth, sorrow, anger, hatred, and other affections of the hart. They do give also sure knowledge of the secret lusts: for there cannot be so many inclinations in the breast of man, but there may be a sign thereof discerned in the eyes: so that one may justly say, the eyes are most true messengers of the heart and of the mind. Of them have the Physiognomici known the manifold nature of men, and adjudged that the eyes which stand so deep in the head do see much sharper, than they that stand wide out. Those eyes that stand far out (they say) do decipher a fool and light brained person: they say also, that the eyes which do so twinkle and close the eyelids so often, do always signify fearful persons: contrariwise, they that hold the eyes strong open, are stout and invincible, and such like more, with which natural causes the daily experience agreeth. In fine, there is nothing more costly, nor more needful in a living body, than the sight: It is also amongst the motions of the body an only thing, that maketh a difference between life and death. And this is sufficient in general to be said of the eyes: we will now come to their diseases and their cures. Of the pain in the eyes in general. §. 1. BEfore that we do come to the effect of the matter, these things are to be observed in all pains of the eyes: to wit, the nature of the patiented, his age, the time of the year, the sickness he hath had before, and all other circumstances: so that all things, according as occasion serveth, may be either augmented, diminished, or altered. In general, it is always good in all pains of the eyes, that the patiented do keep him in a dark place, free from air and wind, lie high in the bed, so that the rheum may not tarry in the eyes, but may fall down to the cheeks: sleep is very meet: for it consumeth and digesteth the matter. All vexation is also to be eschewed, and all that may breed or bring any trouble to the head, as sorrow, anger, ill favour, & such like. Also to refrain much venery, to feed on light meats, to avoid strong scents, as Mustard, Onions, Garlic, beans, nuts, wine, vinegar, and all sour meats. He must keep himself very quiet, as long as the grief of the eyes endureth. This is now a general and brief declaration, because that we shortly hereafter (in the description of the Gnats that seem to swarm before the eyes) shall give a longer and ampler instruction of the eyes. What concerneth the letting of blood, purging, and other sorts of remedies, that shall particularly be taught in their proper places. First some remedies are here described which may be used for all pains of the eyes: and for that this is a general rule, that as oftentimes, and so long as the pain of the eyes endureth, you shall lay thereon the white of an egg, brayed together with oil of Roses; for it stayeth the course of the humours, and suageth all pains. Item take the juice of Celendine and honey, of each a like much, beat them together by a soft fire; afterwards scum them, and anoint the eyes therewith. The juice of Fennell and the juice of Betonie is also very good for this purpose. Item take broad Plantain, Eiebright, Fennell, seeth them together in a pot, and receive the vapour into the eyes. Take a young Pigeon, open the veins under the wings, and let the blood drop in your eyes; but use not this in the beginning, (for it is too hot) but at the last when the course of the humours beginneth to abate. Or you may use this following: Take the blood of a Turtle dove, temper it with Rosewater, and put it into the eyes. This is many times approved for the pain of the eyes. Others do only anoint their eyelids with it. A very good Collyrium, which diminisheth and discusseth the pain. Take prepared Tutia, Camfire bruised very small, of each one scruple, Rosewater one ounce, white Wine half an ounce, temper them well: when you will use it stir it well about, and put a drop or twain in the eye. The white powder of Rasis for the eyes. Rasis his white powder which marvelously assuageth the pain. Take prepared Sarcocolla five drag. Sief memthe (which is hereafter described) one ounce: temper it well with Fennel water, or woman's milk. But by reason that woman's milk is oftentimes used, therefore we will admonish here, that woman's milk must not be used except it be very fresh: for it soureth very quickly, and loseth her force, whereby it might do more hurt then good. Sief memithe Sief memithe which is here and in other places mentioned, is thus prepared: Take the juice of the strange herb Glancium, called by the Arabians Memithe, Chamedrios, barks of Frankincense, Myrrh, Aloe, Sarcocolla, Vitriol, Aristologi, of each a like much: make this together into a most fine powder, and use it like as is taught. Of the corners of the Eyes and their diseases. §. 2. FIrst there groweth in the corners of the eyes sometimes as much of the flesh, that the sight thereby is hindered. Contrariwise there cometh also sometimes such drying away or consumption, that they wholly wax sore, and always run, so that the rude and unskilful people do deem no other, then that it is a Fistula. The cause of this growing is overmuch blood and moisture, as it also cometh to pass in the diminishing of the eyelids, the same being not rightly handled, the affluent humours make flesh to grow again. The diminishing and abating is caused of drought. The signs of both these are apparent to the sight: they are both almost incurable, but that there must be sharp medicines used unto them which the eyes cannot suffer, wherefore it is strictly to be commanded to the vulgar Occulists, that they have special care of their incisions and cauterisings in such perilous places. For ease may one use one of these remedies following, which are very meet for it, if the corners of the eyes do run much and impostumate. For this, is the body first to be cleansed, afterwards to be bathed every day, and to sweat, but not too much: for that thereby should the moisture be drawn out of the body, & be consumed. Afterward shall this powder be used oftentimes, made after the subtlest manner. Take prepared Tutia, one ounce and a quarter, red Coral, yellow Mirobalans, of each one quarter of an ounce, Pepper half a drag. strew that in the corners: Or take prepared Tutia one drag. Antimony half a drag. prepared Pearls, Nihil, red Coral, of each one quarter of an ounce, silk houses half a drag. make an impalpable powder thereof, it drieth very strongly, and is also safe. Or take Aloe, Acatia, Litium, fine Bolus, Gummi Arabicum, of each one drag. This being powdered together, is to be mixed with the white of an egg●, or dissolved Dragagant: afterwards anoint therewith the forehead and eyelids. Item t●●e the juice of houseleek, or Nightshade, and verjuice, of each one ounce: mix beaten Acorns amongst it, Myrrh, sine Bolus, of each one dram, lay it on the eyes, as is said before. Item take Cipers nuts, Mommie, Dragon blood, Mastic, tragacanth, of each one quarter of an ounce, beat them small, and make with the white of an egg, or dissolved Dragagant, a salve of it. Item wash the eyes oftentimes with rain water, wherein Galnuts, Myrtle seeds, fine Bolus, and Cipers nuts have been decocted. These things are all good to drive back the moisture. Or take burnt Mirobalans, Chebuli stones beaten small, make with water of Mints a Collyrium of them. Item take one drag. of Tutia steeped in Myrtle water and▪ washed, white Coral, stones of Chebuli, Butcher's broom seeds. Gal nuts, Aloe, Mastic, Frankincense, Opium, of each one scrup. all beaten together after the smallest manner, make a powder, or temper it in water wherein Gummi Arabicum or Dragagant is dissolved. Now because that in this Collyrium, as also in other more medicines for the eyes, Opium is used: Opium not ways to be used for the eye. therefore must I here admonish, that the same is not to be taken but in time of great extremity: for it might easily happen, that whereas one meant to ease the pain, that the disease for evermore were made altogether incurable, yea that blindness might follow after it. Therefore are men to take good heed unto this. A plaster. Take Laudanum, Ammoniacum, of each one ounce, Mastic five dragm. parched Millet two ounces, beat it all small, make with Camomile oil a plaster four fingers broad, and one quarter of a yard long, the which lay upon the seam of the skull. Hereafter do follow many more remedies, which are also very good for it: but this present is prepared rather for the running corners of the eyes, for to dry them, and to stay the rheum. Of the disease in the eyes called Ophthalmia. §. 3. SOme have supposed that this Greek word did generally signify the pain in the eyes: but other have defined it thus, Ophthalmia is an infirmity that cometh in the eyelids and in the eyes, spreading itself so wide abroad, that it covereth the whole apple of the eye. Or Ophthalmia is a hot disease, with only assaileth the eyes (after a natural manner) through blood or Choler; or outwardly of corrupted matter, of cold Rheums, or is caused of blood or vapours, and thereby whatsoever moisture is in the eye it is overheated: yet do all learned conclude with Galen, that it is Phlegm of the eyes. Of this do also come other moistures, which the Latinists do call Lippitudinem, that is, the blearnes of the eyes, which is caused of three special causes, like as is said at the first, to wit, of outward, and inward: Of outward, as the Sun, smoke, dust, and such like: so match also the unnatural alteration of the times, use of vaporous meats, as Onions, Garlic, Mustard, strong compounded Wines, cause the same. The inward causes are the afflux of certain humours, be they mixed or not: but this infirmity of the eyes may be caused of the blood, Cholera, Phlegma, or Melancholia, of which signs we will here somewhat discourse. O● blood. If it proceed of blood, then are the eyes and their veins puffed up, red, the temples of the head do beat, the uppermost eyelids do swell, the eyes are moist, yet with little pain; but with such moisture that in sleep the eyes do bake to: for this doth also the time of the year avail, as doth the clearness, youth, warm and moist country, and meats that engender much blood. If it do come of Cholera, C●●holer. then is there pricking, burning, with great pain and swelling, not so red as aforesaid, but moist and burning, that thereby also the apple of the eye is otherwhiles perished. If it proceed of Phlegma, O● Phlegm. then is there a compression and ponderosity in the eyes, with great pain, without heat or redness, but some whiteness, & by reason of the great moisture, much soreness and swelling. Of Melancholy If it be caused of Melancholia, then is there also great ponderosity, with sallow colour, without redness or compression: the eyes do not bake together in the sleep, for that the Catarrh or the Rheum is too dry. The Physicians do herein make more differences and signs, which are to be commended to the Philosophers. But this may suffice for our purpose and intention. Nevertheless, this is also to be noted, that these defluxions, soreness, or impostumations of the eyes (that befall for the most part in the corners of the eyes with a sharp salt Rheum, which hath been spoken of in the §. 2.) are the beginning and true signs of this Ophthalmia. The corners of the eyes are four, two besides the nose, which are the greatest, the other smaller. Whensoever then the Ophthalmia doth appear in this place, occasioned of blood; then must it be prevented with letting of blood, be it in the head vein, or other, in one, or both the arms, and let out much or little according to the ability of the patiented. And if the matter were subtle and ran sore, one may also let him blood in the temple of the head. In like manner, horseleeches applied to the forehead, and boxing cups on the neck. But if all this will not help, there is to be made and applied on the top of the head upon the Sutura Coronalis a Cauterium, whether it be potential or actual. Afterwards the patiented is to be purged, and to use no other outward means but to betake him to a good order of diet. Now to proceed to the especial infirmities of the eyes or Ophalthmia, this shall be the first. Of the redness of the eyes. §. 4. THis is caused outwardly of stripes, thrusts, concourse of blood, superabundance of blood in the veins, which (as is said) spreadeth it abroad in the eyes. For this, it is advised to open the head vein on the contrary side, or at least to set boxing cups upon the shoulders: afterwards to purge. Further, to apply outward things which drive the matter back again. For this is first, the white of an egg brayed with woman's milk, most highly commended and safe, a drop or twain dropped into the eye. Or seeth Linséed and make a sponge wet in that decoction, and lay it warm on the eyes: but if this will not help much, then do in like manner with the decoction of Fenegréeke or of Camomile. Item take the juice of Nightshade, temper it with the brayed white of an egg, and with oil of Roses, make a cloth wet in it, and lay it on the eye. Item, if the eyes be bloudshot, take the juice of wormwood, bray it well with the white of an egg, and drop into the eyes. Take Coriander, seethe it in water, wring it out with this decoction, make mucilage of Fleawort, temper it with fine Bolus, and lay it on the eyes with wet clothes. Or make Cotton wet in the brayed whites of eggs with oil of Roses, and lay it to his forehead, eyes, and temples. Also you may temper amongst it fine Bolus, or Frankincense, which you will. But if the matter be subtle, then must one labour to discuss the blood: for which end, you are to take young Pigeons or Turtle doves blood, like as is taught before in the §. 1. for that hath been found many times to be good. Item take Frankincense, Sal gemmae, of each one drag. beat it small, and make it with woman's milk into a Collyrium. Take broad Plantain water about one pint, small bruised verdigris one ounce, fine Bolus, Dragon blood, of each half an ounce, Camfire one quarter of an ounce: distil this in a glassen helm in seething water: it is not only good for red eyes, which are painful, ulcerations o● he priviti. and for swollen eyelids that have long continued: but also to all sore stinking mouths, and especially for all ulcerations of the privy members. Item take Aloe three parts, Camfire one part, steep them in Rosewater, and use it. Radish water is also marvelous good for all redness of the eyes. Take the water of Verueine, of Eyebright, of Marjoram, of each half an ounce, Fennel water one ounce, Camfire half a drag. the gall of a great Pickerel: temper and stir it all together, and use it as the rest. Item take prepared Tutia, prepared in piss and Fennel water (like as is taught in the Introduction) half an ounce, of Mace three drag. of Camfire six grains, of Malmsey one small pint: beat all these as small as may be, mix them together, and keep it. You have also other preparations more of this Tutia, like as there are twain expressed in the Introduction of this book: but for the redness of the eyes is this especially recommended: Tutia prepared. take half an ounce of Tutia, make it glowing, and quench it 15. times in Rosewater: then bruise it small, and put unto it one quarter of an ounce of Calamint stone, three cloves, half a pint of Malmsey: mix all these together. These three Collyria are for all redness of the eyes and other things very highly commended of the ancient Physicians. Also to befume the eyes with white Amber, is much praised. Item take Hyssop, Marjoram, Fenegréek, Camomile, Melilot, Roses, & such like: seeth them, & let the vapour go into the eyes. A plaster for the redness of the eyes. Take Radish leaves well made clean and washed, and Currants of each half an ounce, Pigeon dung one quarter of an ounce: beat them well together, and lay it thereon. The same may also be done with powned Willow leaves, and laid upon it. Salves. Take Tutia half an ounce, oil of Bay one quarter of an ounce, honey and vinegar of each a spoonful, Camfire one drag. make a salve thereof, and therewith anoint the eyelids. This is also meet for inverted eyelids. Eiesalue called Nihil. Take prepared Tutia one quarter of an ounce, red Coral one dram, Pearls one drag. Nihil albi one quarter of an ounce, Camfire half a scrup. Barrow grease 4. ounces: temper it well anoint of this salve the quantity of a Coriander seed in the corner of the eye, in the evening when you go to bed: it healeth the redness of the eye, and taketh away all rheums that fall into the eyes. After this form is the salve of Roses much commended, which is described in the first Chapter and 2. §. whereof take one ounce, prepared Tutia, four scrup. and anoint the eyelids therewith. Confected Chebuli being eaten do withstand the redness of the eyes, and defend the sight. In like manner Nutmegs confected in honey. Hot eyes. §. 5. FOrasmuch then as that there can be no redness of the eyes without heat, therefore must we discourse somewhat thereof, and use these remedies following for it: Take the water of Eyebright, of Fennell, of Celendine, of each one ounce, prepared Tutia three scrup. prepared Sarcocolla and pearls, of each half a drag. temper it together. This Collyrium is much in use at Augusta. Another. Take Rue, Fennell, Verueine, of each like much, stamp it, and pour thereon Rosewater and white wine, so that the herbs be covered: let it stand a night, afterwards distil it in a glassed helm and in water. Item take prepared Sarcocolla half an ounce, white Dragagant, Frankincense, Iron dross, Pearls, of each three dragm. India Spica, Silver and gold Litharge, of each one drag. and a half, Starch, cervise, of each one quarter of an ounce, Tutia, three drag. bruise this all together unto a small powder, make a dough thereof with Rose water, afterwards make small trocisces thereof, and let them dry: powne them afterwards again, and make them moist with the juice of Pomegranates, and dry them again. Thirdly, make them moist with the water of Nightshade like as before: put thereto one drag. of Camfire, white Sugar one drag. and a half. When ye will use of it, stir it with Rosewater, white of an egg, and woman's milk: Take Aloe, Tutia, Hony, Sugar, Fenegréeke, Fennell, of each a like much, seethe them in Wine, and receive the vapour, or apply it unto them; it is very good for the hot eyes. Item, take white Wine four ounces, Aloe, Serapinum, Myrrh, Sugar, Fennel, of each one drag. let it seeth moderately: this is also good for a Collyrium. Take the water of Fennell, of Eybright, of Celendine, of each half an ounce, Serapinum one drag. dissolve this gum, and temper it all together. Item, take green agrimony, stamp and temper it with the white of an egg: make tow wet therein, and lay it upon the eyes. To set boxing cups on both shoulders, is also very commodious for this infirmity, woman's milk, letting of blood, Roses and Fennell, with Tutia: sodden Fenegréeke and eggs sodden warm and laid upon the eyes is also much commended. Hot Blisters and pricking in the Eyes. THese are caused thorough moisture which setteth itself in the white of the apple of the eye, and there rankleth. The blisters are sometimes great, and sometimes small, white, red, dark, and also black with pain and pricking, according as the matter is. The deeper, the greater they be, and the more hurtful and dangerous to be cured, because of the nobleness and tenderness of this member. But this in the beginning is always good for it. Take Licium, Saffron, of each half a drag. Acatia or the juice of Sloes one scrup. mix this with Rosewater, and drop a little in the eyes: he must also be let blood, and purged. But this foresaid water for the eyes must be dropped into them with the white of an egg, and whilst the disease is in Augmento, or the increase: then take Fenegréeke, Linséed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Melilot one quarter of an ounce; seeth it in fair water, and wash the eyes oftentimes therewith, let a drop thereof drop otherwhiles into the eyes: that ripeneth, draweth out the corruption, and suageth the pain. When as the blister is broken out, then heal it like other sores of the eyes. Item, take the fat of the fish Tymalus, and anoint it on the apple of the eye: it is very strong, therefore it is better for horses then for men. But this following is more surer: take the crumb of white bread, make it wet in water: but it is stronger in woman's milk, and lay it on, where it is dry make it wet again, or take a fresh. This confection following is very good for all heat of the eyes, swelling, and pricking: take Eyebright, Fennell, Cinnamom, of each three drag. long Pepper, Mints, Mace, Marjoram, Verueine, Calmus, Rosemary, of each one drag. and a half, Sugar pennets three ounces, white Sugar five ounces: with the Sugar seeth these juices following, of Roses, of Verueine, of each two drag. the juice of Fennell that is well clarified five ounces, the juice of Celendine, of Rue, of each one ounce and a half: let them seeth so thick as a syrup, afterwards temper amongst it the rest well beaten. Item take young Endive, stamp and temper it with the oil of Violets, or rather the oil of Roses: anoint therewith the hot corners of the eyes and the eyelids: the same taketh away the pain, and suageth the heat. If that will not help; take the meal of Lintels, Sumacke seed, Roses, Pomegranate kernels, powned together and tempered with vine cuicte, use this as the rest. Item if this help not, then must the head vein in the forehead be opened, or in the corners of the eyes, which you will; which doth void away the sharp matter that settleth in the eyelids. In like manner purge always with such medicines which expel the Cholera, and salt matter. It is also good to bathe other while, and to sweat moderately, whereby the sharp daefluxion is delayed: or in stead of sweeting may you foment the eyes with a sponge made wet in lukewarm water. Lastly, it is very good to wash the eyes with water of Fennell, of Celendine, of Verueine, and of Eyebright, mingled together one amongst another. Itch and Scabs of the Eyes. §. 6. THese biting dry scabs of the eyes do otherwhiles manifest themselves on the lids of the eyes, so that one cannot forbear but to rub them, the which doth the eyes and face great hurt, making the same more hotter and redder. This defluxion is a salt matter, which is sharp and pricking. Against this, he must first reframe from rubbing of the eyes, eat and drink soberly, purge choler, open the head vein, and also lay thereon outwardly at the first fresh water or Rose-water two or three days: afterwards he must foment and wash the eyes with the decoction of Mallows, Violet leaves, Celendine and Verueine, or with Rosewater also alone. If then of this or any other occasions there come any swelling to it, then look to that which is ordained for red and hot eyes. Watering or running Eyes. §. 7. IT is manifest, that the mattering of the eyes doth proceed of many occasions, as of mirth, sorrow, weakness of the retentive power, and superfluous moisture of the brains that falleth upon the eyes; like as of thrusts, stripes, sharp winds, smoke, cough, sharp savours of Onions, Saffron, etc. all the which do perish the eyes, so that the eyes do stand as if the eyelids were newly plucked off, or that a Cataract had been couched in them, or as if they had suffered any other disease, the which also happeneth if any body drink too much wine: wherefore that many may afterwards bewail the miseries of drunkenness, what concerneth the outward causes, those may be learned of the patiented himself. But if this running of the eyes be caused through any disease of the brains, and not through heat: then doth the patiented always feel some heavy puffing up of the veins in the forehead, and in the temples of the head: and this defluxe is for the most part always augmented by the sneezing. This running or watering is very strong, falling as well into the eyes as into the nose, with a sharpness in the throat. But if this defluxion be through heat, then is the humour so hot, that through the heat it bites open the eyelids, which cause the hair to fall out of the eyelids, yea that the heat may be perceived, through feeling with the hands. But if it come through cold, then are all things contrary to all these that we have now spoken of. Now the remedies of these running eyes be these. They that be caused of outward causes, may be easily remedied, that is, by taking away of the cause of this defluxion: but as much as doth concern the inward causes where heat is the cause, it is specially advised, that the body be purged sometimes with Pills Cochiae, Aurea, with Succo Rosarum, or with Pills of the five kinds of Mirobalans. And it is not enough that this and the letting of blood be once performed, but oftentimes: to wit, in the beginning, in the augmenting, and in the standing still of the disease, that thereby the sickness may be thoroughly helped. The order of Diet. FOr this must all drying things be used, and all moist attenuating meats and drinks eschewed, like as Lentils, Colewoorts, Lettuce, Purslane, salt fish and flesh, Milk, Cheese, Onions, Scallions, Garlic, and all that fumeth into the head: some forbidden to eat in the evening. When it is caused through heat, he must smell to Roses, Saunders, Camfere, and such cooling things: like as also the Pomanders are commodious for these causes, ordained in the discourse of the Plague. When the patiented is purged, and the pain of the eyes be yet in the beginning; then take (like as is is oftentimes advised at the first) the brayed white of an egg, and drop a drop thereof in the eye. Take also milk of a young woman which hath a daughter sucking upon her, put it fresh into the eye: or take two ounces of Rosemary amongst it, than beat the white of an egg, and drop a drop or two thereof in the eye. Some do take only fresh water mixed with vinegar, and use it as is rehearsed, specially after bathing, and have thereby found great amendment. This is also much praised: Take unripe Grapes, burn the same to ashes, bruise them very small, and blow somewhat thereof into the eyes; it drieth the running, and doth drive away the redness. Or take the slime of Fleawoort, Quince kernels, or tragacanth one quarter of an ounce, the white of an egg well brayed, woman's milk that hath a daughter sucking, half a drag. tempered well; if the pain be very great, then draw out the slimes or mucilage with water, wherein before Poppy heads have been sodden. You may also use Sieff de Rosis which followeth hereafter. Take fresh Rose leaves half an ounce, Saffron, Spica of Indie, Gummi Arabicum of each one quarter of an ounce, beat all small, and make cakes thereof with rain water: and when you will use them, then take one dram thereof, and lay them to steep in the beaten white of an egg. This is special good in the beginning of the hot Ophthalmia: for it repelleth the matter back, it consumeth and assuageth the pain. In like manner, is this also following much commended: Take washed Ceruse, prepared Sarcocolla, tragacanth, Licium, Acatia, pills of Pomegranates and Frankincense, of each one dram, Pearls, Opium, of each half a scruple, and the juice of Pomegranates (which is very clear) as much as is needful for to make cakes or troscisces thereof when you will: then use thereof. Then lay a dram thereof to steep in Rose water; this hath a constringent virtue: it drieth & cooleth all hot humours: but when the pain is at the most, than temper among the foresaid medicines two or three grains of Opium, or of Sieff album, called Sieff Rasis. Take washed Ceruse one ounce, Gummi Arabicum half an ounce, Opium, tragacanth, of each half a dram: this must you bruise very small, and temper it with the well brayed white of an egg and woman's milk. Take also the juice of Fennell well scummed one ounce and a half, Aloe two drams and a half, a leaf of well beaten gold: temper them well, and afterwards put unto it the weight of seven grains of Frankincense: dissolve them in good white wine, and mix them all together with Fennell and Rose water: you must drop of this water twice a day in the eyes. Item take good Aloe steeped in the juice of Fennell: put thereto the weight often grains of Frankincense burning therein, kindled at a candle, use it as afore. Other waters more. Take Rose water four ounces, quench therein glowing gold, afterwards put thereto Aloe, Frankincense, Mastic, Litharge of silver, of each one drag. let it seeth until a third part be consumed: afterwards, strain it through a cloth, and use it as it is needful. Item take Dragon blood, Aloe, Sarcocolla, of each half a dram, Saffron, Camfere, of each half so much, prepared Tutia one quarter of an ounce, bruise it very small, and temper amongst it wine of Nutmegs four ounces, and as much Rose water: also let it seeth in water in a glass, until about three parts be consumed: it drieth and healeth without any danger. Item take Aloe, Tutia, honey, Rue, Fenegréeke, Fennell; seethe it in wine: it is especial good for all overhote eyes. This water following is also very appropriate for the same disease: Take prepared Tutia one ounce, prepared Bloudstone one dram, Frankincense, Mastic, Pepper, of each a scrup. Fennell water, Eyebright water, of each one ounce, Rose water and Violet water, of each two ounces, old fine wine three or four ounces: put it into a glass, and let it seeth in water even to the half, afterwards strain it through a cloth. A salve. Take the juice of Rue, of Framboyes oil, of Myrtle, of each one ounce, let it boil until all the juice be sodden away: then wring it through a cloth, and set it again upon the fire: mix amongst it prepared sapphire half a dram, jacint one scruple, Antimony one dram, Copper one scruple, prepared Tutia three drams, let it seethe softly with the foresaid fire: put thereto three dragms of Wax be it more or less, accordingly as you desire to have it hard: wherewith anoint the eyelids. This suageth the pain, stayeth all defluxions in the eyes, and taketh away the cause of them wonderfully. In running and overmoyst eyes, take Myrrh half a dram, Bloudstone one dram, the uppermost sprigs of Framboyes, and of the Rose tree, of each one ounce; seethe them together in a glass in water unto the half: afterwards strain it forth through a cloth, and drop at least four times a day one drop in the eyes. Secondly, the forehead and temples of the head are oftentimes, or at least against the evening, to be anointed softly with the juice of Roses. But if this rheum be but in his increasing, or in Statu, which is at the highest; then may he very freely put therein all the foresaid things, and chief woman's milk (which is much commended for this) also temper tragacanth amongst it, and drop in them. In like manner take prepared Tutia, Camfere, of each a scruple tempered with half an ounce of white wine. It drieth and suageth all pain. This is also very good, Tutia tempered in Fennell water, in water of Celendine, of Rue, of Verueine, and in Rose water, and a gall of a Pickerel, or a Partridge put thereto, and the same kept in a Copper vessel, until it be to be used: or take prepared Tutia one quarter of an ounce, white Amber one drag. Fennell and Rosewater, of each four ounces, take also washed cervise one quarter of an ounce, prepared Sarcocolla, tragacanth, Opium, of each half a drag. Gummi Arabicum, Saffron, of each half a scrup. This being altogether beaten as small as may be, temper it with rain water, and let it dry. And when as you will use it, mix it with woman's milk. Here is to be noted, that rain water for all pain of the eyes is very meet, for that it is subtle. But whensoever this Ophthalmia cometh to abate, then may bathing be used: or that which is more sure, seeth Camomile & Melilot in water, and make a spoonge wet therein, wring it out a little, and so hold it warm upon the eye, and when it is cold to make it warm again. Or take fresh Wormwood, Lycium, Fenegréeke of each two ounces, Sarcocolla one ounce and a quarter, the juice of Celendine half an ounce, Aloe one quarter of an ounce, Saffron, Seafroth, of each one drag. seeth that which is to be sodden, in rain water unto a pap, and temper amongst it all that is beaten, and lay it warm over the eyes. It is also very good to wash hands, feet, and face oftentimes with the warm decoction of Wormwood, Melilot, and of Camomile. In like manner also is the yellow powder of Rasis in the declination of this defluxion much commended, which is thus to be made: Take Sarcocolla five drag. Aloe, Saffron, Lycium, of each one drag. Myrrh half a drag. make a powder thereof. Bleared eyes of a cold cause. IF this defluxion or rheum come through cold, then at the first when it beginneth to fall, use this confection: Take Indie Spica five drag. Agaricus one dra. and a half, Cinnamom one ounce, Mastic, as much as the weight of them all: also make a confection thereof with clarified honey, and use thereof every day. This patiented is to smell unto all warming and drying things, as Muscus, Lavender, Marjoram, Amber, Betonie, Styrax Calamita, and such like, as also unto the pomanders that every where in this book are specified. It is also very convenient to chew and to eat a good deal of Fennell seed every morning, Likewise also Rue and Verueine chewed, and the eyes anointed with the spittle. If so be that the eyes be filled with cold moisture that floweth out of the brains: for that is this following very good to be used. Take prepared Bloudstone one quarter of an ounce, Roses, Ivory, red and white Coral, Amber, yellow Mirobalans, of each one drag. the juice of the sprigs of Fromboyes four ounces, temper them together, and so keep it well stopped: of this juice put daily into the eyes, and anoint also the eyelids therewith. This doth dry the rheum marvelous much, and doth strengthen the eyes from taking any such moisture. Or take the juice of Fennell, of Rue, of each one ounce, children's urine half an ounce, Aloe three drag. let it seeth somewhat, and then strain it thorough a cloth, and put a drop of the same in the eye: it cleanseth, drieth, and sharpeneth the sight. Item take Frankincense, Mastic, Cipers' nuts, Myrrh, Aloe, of each one quarter of an ounce, Tutia, Sarcocolla, of each one drag. and a half, Dragon's blood, Sumach, Barberies, Roses, of each one scrup. make them to powder, or to trocisces with the juice of Fennell, and use it with Rose water or Fennel water. Item roast three apples, cleanse them of the pills and kernels, then temper them with the yolks of three new laid eggs, and then lay it warm to the eyes. Item take Acatia, Dragon's blood, of each one drag. fine Bolus one quarter of an ounce: this being beaten together, then make it to a plaster with the white of an egg, and lay it round about the eyes from whence the rheum doth come: you may lay it also upon the forehead, and upon the lids of the eye: but than you must leave out the Bolus. In winter time may one wash his eyes with the urine of a man child and wine: in summer with the urine and with Rose water: that driveth away the rheum, and preserveth the sight wonderfully. This water following doth dry much the cold catarrhs: Take Gummi, the Mucilage of Fenegréeke seeds, of each one quarter of an ounce, of prepared Sarcocolla, Spicanardi, Myrrh, Cinnamom, Aloes, Beaver cod, of each half a scrup. this powdered all together small and made up with woman's milk. This following drieth also much the defluxion: Take an ounce of Tutia, bruise it very small in a mortar, put thereto 12. ounces of old sour wine, power some upon it, and bruise it well with the stamper: afterwards, power wine upon it again: afterwards let it seeth together in a copper pan. When it is from the fire, than temper amongst it Aloes beaten small, one quarter of an ounce, put two or three drops thereof in the eyes. Then lie upon your back the space of two hours. This discusseth the blood also in the eyes, and taketh away all sharpness, and biting Rheums. In like manner if this defluxion do make much pain, then take unwashed sheeps wool, burn it to ashes in a close stopped pot, bruise it as small as may be, and mix it with the white of an egg: lay it on your forehead and on the temples of the head: this suageth the catarrh very quickly, and abateth the pain. Another. Take the sour juice of a Pomegranate (seeth the same to the half, & scum it well) fire ounces, Sieff Memithe, Aloe, Licium, Saffron, of each one quarter of an ounce, Hydromel half an ounce, put them all together in a glass stopped close; set the same the space of four days in the Sun, and use it morning and evening, it is good and approved: it helpeth much the obscurity of the eyes. A plaster. It is also profitable for such cold catarrhs, to have a plaster laid upon the temples of the head. The same is to be made thus: Take Aloe, Myrrh, Myrtle leaves, Acatia, of each one drag. Mastic, Frankincense, of each half a drag. beaten small together, make it to a plaster with the white of an egg. and lay it as is said on the forehead and temples of the head. Another. Some do counsel for to take Assa foetida one ounce, Pepper one quarter of an ounce: melt and seeth the Gum in vinegar until it be thick, then stir Pepper amongst it, lay it over the eyes: but have good regard, that there come none of it into the eye: it will stink much, and is very dangerous for the eye. But there be other things that may be used for this purpose. Of actual cauterisation in the neck in all Rheums of the head. THis hath oftentimes also been more remembered, and is often used by the ancient Physicians, even as many Italian Physicians do advise, that in these cold rheums or defluxions, the neck is to be opened with an actual or potential Cautery, whereof divers may be sought in the Register, and must be kept open about forty days. What is convenient for purging. THat is to be effected with the pills Cochiae, which be sharpened with the trocisces of Alhandali, also with the confection of Hiera, and such like. In the declination of the rheum through cold, bathing is very meet, to wash himself with urine, to drink wine moderately, to apply unto it the foresaid sponge with the warm decoction of Camomile & Melilot. Sore eyes with or without matter. §. 8. THese diseases do come commonly through outward occasions, as of pricking, striking, or any other manner of bruising: in like manner, of inward causes, as hot, sharp, and salt rheums, which do eat in and perish the pannicles of the eyes. If then there be perceived great pain with pricking, beating, and with moist rheums in the eyes, and the eyebrows be fallen, the eyes stand wide open, the white of the eye looking red, and that some whiteness be seen upon the black: then is there an imposthume growing, and indeed such accidents do verily require an expert Chirurgeon: for (as the common proverb is) there is no jesting with the eyes. Therefore to this end and intent shall hereafter be presented and delivered many good medicines: and we will first begin with things which are caused through inward sharp Rheums: It is to be noted, that the Impostume that cometh in the white of the eye, is not so much to be feared, as they that come upon the star or black: for that they are the most dangerous. Amongst which, one is called the Canker, which cometh of melancholic humours: and the signs be, that this Impostume doth show itself with heat and heaviness of the mind: the face and the eyes are of a leaden colour: It maketh great pricking pain in the eyes, and in the temples of the head, on the side whereas the disease is. And if there be applied thereto any hot things, then doth the pain increase manifestly, the appetite to meat is lost, and all the face getteth another colour: Therefore when that is seen and perceived, then must it be with all speed prevented. And first to begin with a necessary letting of blood, and purging: The patient must be forbidden wine, and flesh, and specially sweet wines. His meat must be cooling herbs, as spinach, Lettuce, Purcelane, Gourds: Endive water must be his best drink: much letting of blood (if the party may suffer it) is good. And if so be that the imposthume do appear very great, then is the patiented to be let blood the more in the Median or in the Saphea, on the same side: afterwards in the liver vein, always regarding the time of the year, and the patient's ability. But if the Impostume be not so great, you may be content with the opening of the liver vein or Median only: hereby will the Rheum be cut off, that it cannot fall any more into the eyes. For this are meet also boxing cups set upon the shoulders and higher, with picking: But if the matter be sharp and bitting, one must purge with Mirobalans, Manna, laxative juices of fruits, and such like. Afterwards the patient must be caused to néese, and to gargarise, whereof you have before in the second Chapter and §. 2. good instruction, & shall have hereafter in other more places. When as this is effected and done, you may use of these medicines which you will. First there is Sief album, (not long since described in the 7. §.) tempered with woman's milk. If it leave beating, than it is a good token, and hope that the soreness or pain will wear away without impostumation: but if it come to impostumate, then must it be cleansed with Hydromel, or honey of Roses, tempered with rain water, making a linen cloth wet therein, and so laid on it. Secondly, with astringent things; as the Sief de Thure, which is forcible for all humours and defluxions of the eyes. Thirdly, with drying medicines; as with well prepared Tutia, and chief with the plaster de Muscilaginibus, which is described in the sixth Chapter, and in the end of the 7. §. Will you then have some part of the Catarrh repelled? Then put thereto the Mucilage of Fleawoorte, or of Quince kernels, the which must three or four times a day be laid upon the eyes, mixed always with Sief de Thure: to wit, as long as the matter cleaveth to the apple of the eye, and no longer. A good salve. Take Tutia prepared in Rosewater half an ounce, fresh Swine's grease one ounce, Starch three quarters of an ounce: bruise it long in a mortar one amongst another: afterwards wash it three times in the water of Nightshade, and anoint the forehead, the temples of the head, & the eyelids with it, without and within. This salve is marvelous good for all impostumate and running eyes, as also for all pains of the eyes, bloudshots, scabs, and wounds of the eyes. Some do use also the maiden milk, or Lac Virgins, (which is described in the fift Chapter and the 1. §.) but it is somewhat sharp in the eyes. If there be any sharp Catarrh that falleth into the eyes; take warm white bread, steep it in women's (or any other) milk, and lay it upon the eyes. Item take a white loaf, cut slices thereof a finger thick, lay them to steep in Well water, and lay them on the eyes. Oil of linen is also very good for the impostumate eyes, which is to be made as hereafter followeth. Lay clean and washed linen clothes in a glassen helm, strew powned glass upon it, again afterwards another lay of clothes, and glass again, until the helm be half full: afterward distil it in sand. Some do burn it in gilt bowls, and give it for the plague. Item set the clothes on fire with a candle, lay them upon an even piece of iron, tin, or silver, and put them presently out again. Then shall you always find a drop of oil, the which take up with a feather, and so gather it. This healeth marvelous well the impostumation of the eyes, taketh away the pain, and is good for the fistula and wounds in the eyes. Clarified honey anointed in the corners of the eyes doth heal all diseases. This Collyrium following is above all measure much commended; a little of it being dropped often in the eye, for it healeth and strengtheneth the sight mightily. A precious water for the eyes. Take Rue, Roses, Endive, Betonie, Veruein, Venus' hair, agrimony, Clevers, Milfoile, Eybright, Chamedris, Pimpernell, Sage, of each two M. cut them small, steep them a day and a night in good Wine: afterwards wring them out, and spread them on a board that the moisture may run off: ten hours afterwards beat them gross, and distil them in water, and keep it stopped close. Item, take the juice of Celendine one ounce, the juice of Fennell one ounce and a half, Ox gall five drag. and one scrup. Wolves gall three quarters of an ounce, prepared Tutia, half an ounce, temper them all together, this drieth much the impostumate eyes. Item, take Poppy leaves one M. Verueine, Eyebright, Fennell, Mallows, Hollihockes, Camomile, of each half a M. chop it and stamp it to pap, mix it with oil of Roses, make a cloth wet therein, and lay it over the eyes. It is a general commandment, that where one useth water for the eyes, you must bind it hard with twice double linen, whereby the medicines applied fall not off through néesing, coughing, or any other stirring or motion of the head. Impostumes of the eyes through outward occasions. IF so be that the impostumes of the eyes be caused through any outward occasion, as through thrusts, strokes, and such like, then are the deep thrusts or pricks dangerous and most to be feared, lest blindness do ensue. But these means following are to be used for the same: Take unpared Quinces, the kernels being taken out, beat them small, and temper meal of Lentils amongst them, and a little honey, that there may be a plaster made of them: lay the patiented upon his back, and apply some thereof upon his eye. Or take a whole Pomegranate, between sour and sweet; seeth it in a little Vinegar, A drying and astringent Collyrium. stamp it, and use it as before. Item, take the yolk of a roasted egg, lay it with tow upon the eye. Item, use also waters for the eyes that are drying and astringent, as hereafter followeth: take powned Bloudstone that is nine times washed in the urine of a man child or boy, one quarter of an ounce, Gummi Arabicum, Dragagant, Copper, of each one dragm. burnt and washed Pumis stone, Opium, of each a scrup. Fennell water as much as is needful for to form small trocisces thereof: when you will use them, then steep them in white wine. The eyes are also to be often washed with water wherein Roses are decocted, or well water tempered with Vinegar and four Wine: for this is also fit, Olive leaves, and if they cannot be had, then in the stead of them is the juice of shepherds purse used, wherein burned lead bruised small is to be tempered, also the juice of Quince leaves, and Medlar leaves, and then salad oil must be put amongst it, and so lay it over the sore eye. Where the eyes do bake together in the sleep. TAke the juice of Housléeke, and anoint the eyes therewith: it doth soak them softly, and cool them. Item, take juice of agrimony alone, or tempered with woman's milk: also Rosewater, and other waters for to soak therewith the dried matter of them. Of Aegylops, a certain swelling between the nose and the corner of the eye. §. 9 THere cometh otherwhiles a small imposthume between the nose and the corner of the eye, the which the Physicians call Aegylops. If the same be not helped betimes, then doth it infect the bone. The Surgeons do heal the same in this manner: they cut up the uppermost skin, and wring out the imposthume which lieth locked in a little bladder, and cut it off as near as may be, the rest do they take away with an actual or potential Cautery. The same swelling doth settle itself otherwhiles in the length of the eyelids, yet both are to be helped with Oatmeal, Wine, and Tutia tempered together in manner of a Salve. Of Blemishes or spots in the Eyes. §. 10. THese are two special kinds; red, and white: The red are caused through blood, when there appeareth in the eye a red drop, or a dark (like as a congealed blood) which at times is also black: that is wont to be caused of blows, falls, great labour, much weeping, and such like. In like manner also of inward causes, as hath been said of Ophthalmia, and of red or overheated eyes. For this is also much commended, the blood of Turtle doves, wild Pigeons, or (if one cannot have them) of common house Pigeons being let blood under the wings, (like as is already rehearsed) and chief in the beginning, if one temper some fine Bolus among it, and the eyes to be fomented with warm water wherein wild Time, Marjoram, Fennel and Barley is decocted. A water for the eyes. Take the seed of Ameos, Coming, Fennell roots and the seeds sodden together, and a little Salgemmae tempered amongst it: you shall oftentimes let some thereof drop into the eyes. If it be needful to use any stronger thing for it, then take one quarter of an ounce of Orpiment, put eight ounces of water unto it, stir it well about, & then let it settle: power the water clear from it, that no substance of the Orpiment run with it, and drop thereof in the eye. But good heed must be taken in the use of this sharp venom, that there follow no bad accident after it: therefore it is more sure to use this following: Take prepared Bloodstone three drag. Copper one quarter of an ounce, red Coral, Pearls, of each half a dragm. Gummi, Tragacant of each two drams and a half, Pepper the weight of thirty grains, washed cervise one drag. Orpiment, Dragon blood, Saffron, Amber, of each half a drag. make a dough thereof with the blood of Turtle doves, of Hens, or common Pigeons blood, and form Trocisces thereof about the weight of one dragm. When you will use these, bruise them in woman's milk, and put a drop thereof in the eye. It is also very good for the skins of the eyes, whereof we purpose to entreat hereafter. A plaster. Take Doves dung, make it with wine and vinegar into a plaster, and apply it lukewarm upon the eyes. Or take that which followeth which is most certain. Take Raisins, put out the stones, powne them, and put vinegar to it, use it as before. Item take fresh cheese méetly salted, Radishes roasted in ashes, Melilot, Camomile, of each one ounce, roasted Lily roots, meal of Lentils, Dragon blood, of each half an ounce, Saffron one quarter of an ounce: temper them all together with the brayed white of an egg, unto a plaster. In like manner it is also good to foment the eyes with the decoction of Coleworts, and the leaves thereof (sodden together in wine in manner of a plaster with Camomile) laid upon the eyes. Now concerning the white spots which do come commonly after the Impostume of the eyes. Of these some are thin, and some are thick. But they that stand upon the white and be thin, do the sight no hurt: but those that are thick, and lie upon the apple of the eye, they remain and are almost unpossible to be healed, but to be somewhat eased, and rather in children then in aged folks. Now albeit that this is hardly effected without the manual operation of an Oculist: yet nevertheless are these things very good for it, and especially if the same be white and thin. First of all, he is to bathe oftentimes in water, or at the leastwise to foment his face and eyes so long with warm water, until the face be thoroughly red and sweeting: and if that thereby be caused a redness or pain of the eyes, it is to be omitted certain days, and afterwards begin again. Also you may use water wherein Mallows, Hollihocke roots, Oaten straw, Barley, Oats, and chief Fenegréeke are decocted; for this is a certain and approved receipt. After this fomenting, strew this powder therein: take Sarcocolla, white Sugar, Spuma maris, of each a like much, and bruise it very small. Item take Cuttle bone powdered small, and temper it with woman's milk. Take swallows dung, honey as much as is needful, and if you will make it soft, mix it with Fennell water. But the story of Tobias doth show that this medicine is especially perilous. Make the eyes oftentimes moist with fresh woman's milk, but if you cannot get it, then use the waters wherein Mallows & Hollihock roots be decocted: afterwards you may put thereto the Sieff de Thure, the which you must prepare like as hereafter followeth. Take Frankincense five drams, Ammoniacum, Sarcocolla, of each two drams and a half, Saffron one dram, beat them all unto an impalpable powder, and with the mucilage of Fenegreeke make it into trocisces: use it with woman's milk, it doth mundify the eyes apparently. In like manner, the Seiff de Plumbo doth engender flesh where there be small sores and spots, and it is thus made: Take burnt Lead, Antimony, prepared Tutia, Copper; Gummi Dragagant, of each half an ounce, Opium fiteene grains: make it very subtle, and form Trocisces thereof with rain water: It is very good for all diseases of the eyes, it cleanseth and driveth the matter out of the eyes, when it is mixed with Rose water, it taketh away all manner of uncleanness out of the eyes, and stayeth the defluxion also, but preserveth especially the sight of the eye. Item, take lethargy of silver bruised very small, Coming, Bayberies', Gallingall, Ginger, aristology, Cloves, Nutmegs, of each one dram beaten small, put a pint of Malmsey unto it, or any other strong Wine: stir it well about three or four days, afterwards strain it through a cloth into an other glass, and preserve it well stopped, for it is good for all spots of the eyes, and also for all fractures of the bones, & it draweth the wounds together without stitching. First take water that droppeth from distilled honey two ounces, sugarcandy one quarter of an ounce, Virtues of Sugar candy. Water of Rosemary for the eyes. drop it twice a day in the eyes. Sugarcandie is good for all diseases of the eyes, and for the sight. Rosemary water made under the earth is also very good for these blemishes of the eyes, the which some do thus prepare: Fill a glass with Rosemary flowers, stop it with wax on the top, and bury it in the Dog-days about half a foot deep in the earth forty days long, and then yieldeth it a water. When the pearls or Velmes be new. WHen the pearls or spots be new, there are four kinds of waters to be used for them. First of all (as is sometimes admonished) let woman's milk be dropped into it, & afterwards fine bruised Cuttle bone blown into the eyes. Secondly, take the juice of Corneroses and of century, of each one ounce, honey two ounces. Thirdly, take Swallows dung bruised small and dry, half an ounce, honey as much as it needful. For to make a dough, let it dry: take thereof one dram and a half, Eybright water two ounces, temper them together: this is wonderful, but (as is already said) perilous. Fourthly, take Cuttle bone two drams, Sugar one dram, make a subtle powder thereof, and let some of it be blown into the eyes: But if the fleckes be out, then are they to be fomented with woman's milk, or with the decoction of Hollihock roots, Mallows, Barley or Oat straw: afterwards this following is good. Take fresh egg shells, burn them a little, the dung of a green Lizard, Spuma maris, Sarcocolla, that hath lain certain days in the juice of Celendine, washed cervise, of each one dram, prepared Tutia, Sagapenum, Galbanum, of each half a dram, Cuttlebone, Ginger, of each one scruple, Kites gall two scruples, powne all that is to be powned, and temper it with the water of Celendine. For this serveth also the foresaid Rosemary water, which is made under the earth. Fourthly take Verdigreace one dram, Frankincense two drams, Vitriol half a dram, Spuma maris, Celendine, Rue, Roses, Rosemary, of each one ounce and a half: seeth well the last four, until there remain about four ounces: mix the other powders with this decoction, and let it dry. Afterwards beat it again, and temper it as before, do this four times together. Lastly, make a subtle powder of it, and use it upon the pearls. It doth strengthen the sight, and taketh away the white pearls without pain: but if it be thick or old, so that none of these will help it, then is the last mean to take it away with the needle, which belongeth only to the manual operators or Occulists. Of the Fistula in the corner of the eye. §. 11. THere be many Surgeons that describe these Fistulas amongst other ulcers of the eyes: in which place, namely, in the fift part of this book we shall describe their natures, and what ulcerations they be: but we will here only write of this Fistula, which is wont to appear in the corner of the eye. The causes of this are bad humours, and for the most part cold, which do a long time in this place settle themselves, putrify, and lstly impostumate. The signs thereof are humours of the place: and if any wring it, than it doth pain one: it is somewhat ready, giveth afterwards green matter; and it happeneth, that it oftentimes hurteth the eyelids and the nose. But before that the Fistula be touched with any application or cautery, the patient must be prescribed an order of diet, and must purge well. For diet: first, he must beware of all fat and strong savouring meats, of milk, moist fruits, Onions, Garlic Mustard, and all that is much salted. In like sort, all that may replenish the head with hot vapours, as Spices, sleep immediately after meals, and doing violent exercise. For to purge, one drag. of the pills of Hiera Composita is to be taken: Make five or six pills thereof with the syrup of Calamintha: If you will first use preparatives, then take of the foresaid syrup one ounce, Oxymel Compositum half an ounce, decoction of Mace three ounces. Are you afraid of the heat of the liver? Take some cooling things therewith, as Cicorie water, or any such like. One may use four of these potions in the space of eight days; in the morning, and at the same time that the body is stopped. He is to take every other day, or every day, one pill of Aloephangine before meat, or washed Aloe. After the taking of these four potions, these pills following are to be used, Pil. de Sarcocolla two scrup. Cochiarum one scrup. make with the syrup of Roses seven pills of them: afterwards you are to use every morning this Collyrium following: and after that, apply this plaster on the corner of the eye. Take prepared Antimony, Frankincense, of each one scrup. prepared Sarcocolla, one drag. Licium, Dragon blood, ivory, parched Dragagant, prepared Iron dross, of each three drag. Rue, Nightshade, and Celendine waters, of each one ounce; let this dry, until one may form dow thereof: when you will use thereof, then dissolve it in the foresaid waters, and put two or three drops thereof in the eyes. For a plaster: Take Mommy, fine Bolus, the juice of Sloes, Frankincense, Hippocystis, Mastic, of each three drag. acorn cups, Cipers nuts, Galls that are worm eaten, Isenglas, Dragagant, Gum, of each one ounce. The Isenglas must be dissolved in red vinegar, and temper the other ingredients amongst it, and make thereof a plaster. If it be then perceived that the corner of the eye watereth, and if one wring or press upon it, there come matter out of it: than it is a Fistula, and the actual cautery is the best mean to heal it: for otherwise it is very uncertain as Rasis writeth: he found this medicine first, that the Fistula doth thereby cease certain months, that one would think the same to be thorough whole, and is thus prepared. Take Aloe, Frankincense, Sarcocolla, Dragon blood, blossoms of Pomegranates, Antimony, alum, of each a like much, verdigris the fourth part of one of them, make a powder thereof: when it is then needful, wring the Fistula so long, until it yield matter. Lay the patiented on the contrary side where the Fistula is not, and temper this powder with a little woman's milk, and drop a drop in it. Now, and a certain season afterwards one more, and so four times one after another: let him lie the space of three hours. Do this the space of a week, and look well to it that the Fistula be wrung out, and yield no more corruption or matter. Now although (as it is said) the accident is uncertain to be healed, yet is there amongst all the rest, Rue most highly commended for it. When that the Fistula is made wet with the juice of Rue, and wine of Pomegranates, and covered with a double cloth, also if the cause require to open the Fistula so wide until one may see the bottom of the same, which may be effected with the dry root of Gentian, Eldern pith, or with an Iron. Secondly, the spoongions' flesh which lieth at the bottom, and is the right root of the Fistula, must be killed. The which must be effected with an actual or potential cautery. The corrosive is made thus: Take Orpiment, Vitriol, Cantarides the heads and wings taken off, quick Lime, Salarmoniack, Alum, of each one scruple: beat them to powder, and make a dough thereof with the urine of a man child; let the same dry, and lay somewhat thereof every morning in the fistula: th● will cleanse it. Also you may use this following, which is also very good. Take Ginger three drams, verdigris one dram, beat them small together, and seeth them in half an ounce of vinegar until it be thick: anoint the taint with it, or that which you shall lay in the fistula. Item take fresh Rue, agrimony, Celendine, of each a dram, beat them and seeth them in six ounces of Aqua vitae, or water of Rue, unto the half; put some thereof every day in the fistula, two or three times. Thirdly, it must be cleansed, which is to be effected with Hydromel, and Rue water, and honey of Roses, or with sour wine wherein Roses are sodden. Fourthly, for to cause the flesh to grow or incarnate; you shall take Aloe, Frankincense, Sarcocolla, steeped in Fennell water, oil of Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wax as much as is needful for a salve: one may put thereto one quarter of an ounce of Ineos. In like manner agrimony is highly commended, & Rue leaves, of each one dram decocted unto the half in a pint of wine, the same being wrong out, and used every day, like as is aforesaid. If Gnats, Flies, or any such like thing seem to swarm before the Eyes. §. 12. THis disease proceedeth of phlegmatic and melancholy humours which fall out of the brains into the eyes, oppilating the sinews of the sight more or less, according as the defluxion is tough, hard, thin, much, or little. The Physicians do call this accident Catarractam, as a cadent water. It doth sometimes proceed of a fowl stomach, or through some disease of the eyes: but if it be caused of the stomach, then is the danger not so great: for assoon as the occasion is taken away, then avoideth that which is caused thereof. But the other is much to be feared, and very needful to be looked unto, whilst it is yet time: but when it waxeth old it is incurable by Physic: and can by no means be helped, but through the needle, and that is also uncertain. That which is caused from the stomach, maketh before both the eyes buzzing and flying, as if there were Gnats or somewhat else, that swarmed so before the eyes; and that much more, if the stomach be full, then when it is empty. Also whensoever such fantasies do continue, enduring before the eyes the space of a month or twain without any alteration of the apple of the eye, or disclosing of any other signs; then may one assuredly judge, that these diseases are caused of the stomach: for this patiented is a certain order of diet to be ordained, and he must purge with Pillul●s Cochijs. But if this swarming of the Gnates or flies be only before one eye, and not to be wiped off; then may it well be deemed that this disease cometh by reason of some moisture with lieth closed in the eyes, especially if one see no dark thing in the eye: but if one perceive any dark thing therein, then without all doubt the sinew of the eye is stopped and obstructed. Now for to help this infirmity, there is nothing more to be advised then to begin with a good diet: first is heed to be taken, that the whole body, and especially the head be covered well, and kept warm: he must refrain all moist air and dwelling, and not look much into the water (specially where it is much stirred with the wind) he must oftentimes fasting rub and comb his head. He must bathe his feet before supper with this decoction following: Take Bay leaves, Sage, Betonie, Stechas, Penniroyall, and such like, except Smallage and Dill. Item let him be often times rubbed with warm clothes from the neck to the shoulders downwards: after meat he must refrain from forcible exercise, and (if it be possible) he must abstain three hours from writing, and beware of all hard meat; but use all that warmeth. And to recite somewhat thereof in particular, well salted and raised bread is not amiss to be used, wherein Fennell seed or Fennel powder is baked. Concerning flesh, there is nothing more commodious, then sucking Veal, young Mutton, Roe dear, Kids, and Hares. Of fowls, young Hens, Pullet's, Capons, young Pigeons, (and chief wild ones, which have a secret virtue to strengthen the brains) Partridges, Snipes, Pheasants, and Quails: the Blackbird is also permitted for this, River fish are more wholesome than other: nevertheless other fish are tolerated measurably used and broiled, dressed with Pepper, Ginger, Fennell, Annis seed, Parsley, Verueine, Eybright, and Rue. One may eat eggs after what manner he list: only so that they be not hard baked, sodden, or roasted. Further, Sugar, Hony, Verivice, the juice of Lemons, and Citrons, herbs of a warm nature, as Sage, all manner of Mints, Penniroyall, Hyssop, & wild Thime, are all good. All kind of Rapes, all their seed confited doth strengthen the sight. Of all fruits are allowed fresh Figs, Almonds, roasted hasil Nuts, Pistacies, roasted Chestnuts, Corans, Raisins, Salad oil, Oil of Walnuts, Oil of sweet Almonds. These Spices following may he also use, as Pepper, Galingale, Cloves, Nutmegs, Mace, Ginger, cinnamon, Grains, Lignum Aloes, Coming, fresh Fennell, Eyebright strewed upon his meat, or take half an ounce of Eyebright, one quarter of an ounce of Mace; and always take one scrup. thereof before meat, for this hath been found to have oftentimes helped them that had their sight blemished: Rue seed is also very good, and for them that have this passion in the eyes, are the herbs, roots, and seeds of Pyonie good, howsoever they be prepared for the taking. Also Treacle and Mithridate, have a special property to put away the clouds, and all that swarm before the eyes. avenzoar doth write, that all they which be burdened with the forementioned Cataracts or dimness, that if they look earnestly into the eye of an Ass, thereby the defluxion should be stayed: but if so be that this be true, it is a wonderful work of nature. This powder following may also be used for an approved thing, for many have been helped thereby. Take Eyebright with the flowers beaten small, Mace, of each an ounce and a half, silver mountain three quarters of an ounce, Sugar four ounces and a half: make a powder thereof. It is also very good, that one hold his face oftentimes over the vapour of the decoction of Celendine, Fennell, and Eyebright: but such like more shall follow hereafter. What these patients must refrain. EVery such patient must beware of those things that make great disturbance in the head, as anger, calling, crying aloud, raging, sorrow, stench, and from much watching, because they much weaken the natural heat. But he must oftentimes let blood, and use boxing cups. But as concerning his meat: there are hurtful for him all still standing waters, seafish, and all fish which are taken in moorish waters, to be eaten rather sodden then broiled if one should often eat of them, Crabs, Eels, Tenches is he utterly: to forbear: also milk, and all that is dressed with milk, and he must not use much vinegar but only outwardly. All herbs of cold and moist natures, as Endive, Béetes, spinach, Purslain, Lettuce, Cucumbers, Gourds, and chief Colewoorts which darken the sight, are to be eschewed and left. Of all roots are chief forbidden Garlic, Onions, Radishes. In like manner also all pottages (except red pease, which be called Cichelings) Rice, Wheat, and Barley: all fruits which be sweet and cold, as Apples, Cherries, Pingles (whether they be confected or not) are to be refrained. And he must chief beware of all that which provoketh néesing, and the cough. There is nothing better for his drink, then clear wine of a good taste, and that is meetly strong, but a little at once. But they that drink no wine, or have no wine, may use from October unto March this following: Take Verueine, Celendine, Rue, Eyebright, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth them in twelve quarts of water, until the third part be consumed, put 14. pound of honey unto it: seethe it again until about the third part be sodden away, alway skumming it, then strain it thorough a cloth, and keep it stopped close in a pot. Now if the sick person desire it, then may wine (that is meet for the eyes) the fift or sixth part be tempered amongst it. By this drink hath been perceived much amendment, and that in ancient folks who had a dark sight have been helped therewith. Also Hydromel, which is honey water or mead, is much commended for this, without any addition. Every one may diminish or increase the quantity of the honey even as it pleaseth him best. For as much as concerneth purging, which is exceeding needful, he must know to direct him according to the time of the year, otherwise in winter then in summer, otherwise in the spring of the year then in harvest, or fall of the leaf, which were too long to rehearse at this present, & therefore we will recommend that to the Physicians. But there are to be commonly used Pilulae Cochiae, de Sarcocolla, Sine quibus, De hiera Composita, Lucis, of the confections Hiera Picra, Benedicta laxativa, & Hiera longodion. The Clysters are to be decocted with the common herbs, and tempered with one ounce of Hiera. Further it is then commanded to take in winter a piece of confected Ginger: in like manner also after dinner and supper to use one of the tabulats following: Take Spec. de Xylo, Aloe three drag. Diacinamomi one drag. white Sugar four ounces, seeth them with Fennell water, and cast Tabulates thereof of a méetly bigness. And if he begin to perceive any clearness, he must in the beginning of March drink of this decoction following four ounces always four hours before meat in the morning: first, take Ginger, white Pepper, Calmus, of each one drag. flowers of Eyebright, Balsam wood, of each a quarter of an ounce, three cleansed Hermodactils, stamp them all together, and seeth them in three pints of water, until two parts be consumed. Secondly, take the juice of Fennell, common lay which is not sharp, of each two ounces, Tutia prepared with the urine of a manchild one drag. and a half: set this the space of 20. days in the Sun, and use it as shall be declared hereafter. Thirdly, take juice of Roses one drag. common ley, Eyebright water, of each one ounce, set it (as is said) in the Sun, and make the eyes therewith moist every morning and evening two hours before meat: use also the juice of Roses alone, anoint therewith the forehead and the temples of the head. Before supper he is to take all the spring time a quarter of an ounce of Diacorum. Fourthly, take Gall, Mastic, sealed earth, the juice of Sloes, of each one dragm. Sandaraca one ounce, the juice of Roses as much as is needful to steep the same in: bray it all together in a mortar until it be méetly thick: anoint therewith always every third day when you go to bed, the forehead, and the temples of the head. Fiftly, take Mace, Eybright, of each one drag. and a half, Lignum Aloe one quarter of an ounce, Fennell, Coming, Ameos, of each half a drag. Amber two scrup. Seeth this all together in a pint of Fennell water unto the half: take always four ounces at once tempered with Sugar: drink thereof four times a week, three hours before meat. In the summer you are to use this following every morning, at the least every second day, then must you chew (but not swallow) a piece of Mastic and Cucubes. Item, take Fennell, Celendine, Rue, the juice of Roses of each three ounces, sugarcandy, white Sugar, of each six ounces, Sugar pennets, four ounces, of Fennell seed, liquorice, Violets, Roses, Eyebright, of each one ounce, Pistaces three drag. that have been steeped five days in Eyebright water, and be dried again: powne them all to powder. The Sugar is to be sodden unto a Syrup for to make a confection thereof, and take thereof every morning about half an ounce. Secondly take the juice of Verueine two ounces, the juice of Roses, of Fennell, water wherein liquorice hath been sodden, of each two ounces, the gall of a Pickrell one drag. temper it, and set it 15. days in the Sun. This Collyrium is to be put once or twice into the eyes before meat, or at least moisten them therewith, for it is very good and sure. In the beginning of harvest, and after purging, one must use to chew sometimes Calmui, otherwhiles Nutmegs, Galingall, or as much Agaricus as the bigness of a bean: spew out the slime (as is said) and then use the confection with the salve of the forehead. A plaster for the head: Take clean Laudanum half an ounce, Rosen one quarter of an ounce, Celendine, Lignum Aloes, of each one drag. Cloves half a drag. melt the two first in sharp Vinegar, temper them afterwards with strong Wine, and let them all seeth thick with the herbs: put the spice unto it, and make a plaster thereof, and spread it on leather, cover it with red Syndall, make it that it be as large till it come over the eyes: this warmeth, drieth moderately, and strengtheneth the brains. This powder following may also be strewed upon the head, take Lignum Aloes, Eyebright, wild Time, Hyssop, Stechas, of each one drag. Mace three quarters of an ounce, Violets one drag. and a half, powne each of them by themselves, and temper them well: thereof strew upon the head always two hours after supper, on the top of the crown about the weight of a scruple, and that once in three or four days: the same helpeth much. Or take this powder following: Lignum Aloes, Cloves, Cardamome, of each half a drag. Amber, Eyebright, Fennel, flowers of Celendine, Roses, of each one scrup. Mace one drag. make thereof a fine powder, and use it as before: but take not more than six grains thereof at one time, and when you will strew more upon it, than first brush off the former. Item, wind small stamped Marjoram in a piece of silk, and smell oftentimes thereto, fume also your head or hat oftentimes with Lignum Aloes over the fire. There may also sometime be used drying head lay, whereof every where many be discovered. Famous Physicians do also require to take every month an ounce and three quarters of Hiera Piera, tempered with Fennell water, and that without any fear, for that it is a gentle medicine. There may be taken every month in the stead of the other, two scruples of the powder of century, with Fennell water, and fast six hours after it. With the things that are to be dropped in, one must go to work very providently, and that not carelessly, but only in great need, and when the body is well cleansed. Amongst the same be these commended, which are also the least: Take the juice of Fennell well cleansed two ounces, let one dram of Salgemma be dissolved therein, put three or four times a day one drop thereof into the eye. Or take the juice of Fennel as it is, or that which is thick one dram, bruise it in an ounce of the water of Eyebright, use it as before. For this are also good the galls of ravening birds, and also of Pheasants, Partridges, and such like, which eat no flesh. This simple Collyrium following is very much commended: Take the gall of a Pickerel one quarter of an ounce, Salgemma half a scruple; let them melt together. In like manner this following: Take the fresh liver of a sound Bucke being washed, prick it well through, and fill it with long Pepper, Fennell and Eyebright powder, of each a like much: put it on a spit, and let it roast by a gentle fire, receive the juice that droppeth from it in a clean pot, and use it as a Collyrium. Or take in the end of April the juice of Fennell, stop it tied in a glass, and set the same fifteen days in the sun: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and temper Aloes unto it six ounces, one ounce of Lignum Aloes beaten small: let it afterwards stand fifteen days in the sun, and strain it again through a cloth, and use it as is rehearsed already. This following is also many times well approved. Take Swallows heads, burn them to ashes in a covered pot; take one quarter of an ounce thereof, clarified honey three ounces, the juice of Fennell one ounce; temper them all together in a glass, stop them tied, and seethe them in water unto the half: use thereof morning and evening, and before and after meat, one drop. Item burn Fennell stalks to ashes, power lie upon it, wash therewith the eyes and eyelids, for it is very good. It is likewise also good that each one use his own urine, or that of a man child. Forasmuch then as for these diseases there be many kinds of remedies described, therefore may one choose that which liketh him best, and to follow all that one findeth to do good, for there are not so many described that they should altogether be used, but because that one might choose thereof, and use only all that one may get most easily. Of the Skin of the Eye. §. 13. IT is declared in the beginning, that out of old Catar acts there doth easily engender a skin, and the star, which will take away the sight; whereof we now mean to write: there be therefore commonly two kinds of them discovered by the Physicians; as the red and the white. The red do the Arabians name Sebet, which cometh of abundance of blood in the small veins of the eyes, which doth spread itself abroad over the whole eye, so that it seemeth to be a red cloth; whereof ensueth a great itch. The patient can abide by no means any light, nor sun, nor fire. This disease will be sometimes also (as is reported) inherited from the parents, but it infecteth not any body else. It is grievous and tedious to be cured, it so be that the manual operation be not used used thereto. For this, one of the chiefest things is to lead an ordered life, to use that which is good, and to eschew that which is ill, like as is sufficiently showed in the 12. §. and is meet for this purpose. For purging are the Pillulae Cechiae or such like requisite. Also for this is advised to open the head vein: And for the itch, to wash the eyes with water wherein Roses, Sorrell and Mallows are decocted. Or you may prepare this powder: take fresh egg shells, that have been infused nine days in vinegar, afterwards seethe them a good space in the same vinegar, dry them in the shadow, stamp and bruise the same: this powder is to be used oftentimes in the eyes. Some do temper amongst it Sarcocolla, Aloe, Ginger, Gum, of each the third part of the egg shells, and make it with Eybright water unto a Collyrium: It may be used in manner of a powder, being beaten small. Item take cervise which is washed nine times in Rosewater, one drag. Copper, Gummi Dragagant, prepared Sarcocolla, Beaver cod, Aloe, Frankincense, Opium, prepared Pearls, Camfere, of each a drag. temper this with the juice of Celendine, make your hands fat with the oil of bitter almonds, and make trocisces thereof, the weight of half a dram. Afterwards dissolve one of them in Fennell water, and when you will use it, put some thereof into the eyes: it cleanseth them, and taketh away the skin from the eyes. Item make this powder following, which is good to take off the white skin when it is but new: the same is also good for running and sore eyes. Take Ginger, Pepper, Mirobalani Indi, and of the yellow Mirobalans, of each five drag. Aloes one drag. and a half, Cuttle bone three quarters of an ounce, Antimony three drag. Cassia wood and Cloves, of each half an ounce: make all this unto a subtle powder, & let it be blown into the eyes. And if so be that these foresaid things do not help, then must the skin be plucked off; whereof it is not our meaning here to show the manner. Vngula. Now as concerning the white skin of the eyes, which the Physicians do call Vngulam, which is a nail; for that it is likened to a nail of the finger, which is of nature between skin and flesh, and groweth from the corner of the eye towards the middle of the same: Of these some be hard, and some be soft, yellowish, darkish and reddish, and have some society with the foresaid Sebell, whereof some be light, and others very hardly cured by manual operation. They do grow out of all corners and sides of the eyes, until that in part or in whole they cover the apple of the eye. The cause of this are many tough and thick humours, like as one may see in horses and four footed beasts more, which are fed with gross food. Now what one is to beware of in this sickness, hath been before beclared at large in the 12. §. For this (like as also in all other) is very good the letting of blood and purging, with all other things which repel this defluxion, for the beginning of the cure, like as is sufficiently showed in the former instructions. Now henceforth we will go and discourse of the smallest and newest skins. Take Mallows, Camomile, Hollihocke roots, linseed, of each half a M. let it seethe well, and receive the vapour into the eyes: afterwards use the Collyrium which is described before in the eight §. and beginneth thus: Take beaten Bloudstone, etc. Item, take Vinum Punicinum, put a good deal of Rue therein, and let it stand in a glass the whole Summer in the Sun, drop thereof into the eyes. The same doth drive away the new skin, and all darkness of the eyes. The juice of Celendine, of Beets, of Fennell, of Verueine, each a part or mixed, being put into the eyes, do take away the heat of the eyes, and all darkness of the same. Or take the flowers of Cicorie, as many as you will, put them into a glass stopped, cover the glass with thick dough, put it then into an oven. The water which runneth from these flowers, use to the skin of the eyes. This also may be approved: Take juniper leaves, and the berries that grow thereon: distil water thereof, and put it into the eyes. Item, take fine honey, bruise some Camfere amongst it and use it as all the rest. Break a fresh piece of Beaver cod in pieces, wherein you shall find some moisture: temper this with wine, and put it into the eyes. For this is also good, great Aunts bruised in pieces, and made to pap with the fat of Quails, Myrrh, and Fennell water. Take six grains of Pepper, and as much alum, vinegar one ounce, seethe it unto the third part, and keep it for daily use. Take Grasshoppers, but not the green, nor them that be big, nor too little: bind them on a thread, and dry them in the Sun, than beat them to powder, bind them in a cloth, and lay it all night in wine, drop thereof into the eye; it is very sharp. Others do but make a cloth wet therein, and so lay it upon the eye, and that is surer. Some do use Eldern pith. Item take the innermost skins of the maw of a Sparrow, half an ounce, Verbascum seeds three drag. beat them very small, and make it into a salve with the oil of sweet Almonds: afterwards take verdigris, white Vitriol, Salarmoniacke, Copper, of each half a scrup. long, white, and black Pepper, green earthen potsherds, Sagapenum, Galbanum, of each one dram, Bucks galls one quarter of an ounce: Powne very small what is to be powned, temper them with some honey, and put of the juice of Marjoram or water unto it, that thou mayst use it for a Collyrium. There may many be found wherein the venom Orpigmentum is put, the which I do not willingly rehearse; because that where any thick and old skin doth cover the eye, it is to be taken off with the needle, so that it is unnecessary to vex the eyes with any such perilous things. Of the mists and clouds of the Eyes. §. 14. THe Nebula (which is also called by reason of her whiteness Albugo) is divers: Nebula. Albugo. it hath also other causes than the foresaid white eye skins. There be two sorts of these: the first is meetly thick, like the white of a sodden egg to look unto: the other is much subtler, and is like to a cloud, and it is also easier to cure than the other: both proceed through the defluxion of moistures out of the head, and will be according to the nature of that moisture, thick or subtle. There cometh also otherwhiles a third sort into the eyes, as of some kind of bruise, or old imposthume, or of any blisters of the eyes, which are a long time in curing. Nevertheless it hath been found, if young children through the pocks do retain any such clouds, and the eyes with the body be waxen greater; that the same clouds do lessen in time. The thick whiteness is thus to be cured: Every morning fasting are the eyes to be fomented with clear warm water, or with water of these herbs following, whereof we mean to use the juice: Take the juice of corn Roses, the juice of century, temper them together, or use each by itself. Item take the dried juice of Celendine three dragm. Ameos one quarter of an ounce, make a powder thereof. Item take white sugarcandy: each put apart in the eye, is very good. Take Pumicestone, prepared Sarcocolla, aristology, white Sugar, of each a like much: make a powder thereof. Cuttle bones alone, or tempered with one of the foresaid, are also very profitable: woman's milk after the foresaid bones, milked in the eyes, and used often, mollifieth the white skins. This following is also highly commended: Take Pumicestones, Cuttle bones, prepared Sarcocolla, aristology, red Coral, Boreas, of each one drag. sugarcandy three quarters of an ounce, make thereof a subtle powder. Take the shells of Sea crabs, prepared Tutia, and Sugar: beat them as small as may be. Now to the end the eyes may be cleansed, and the clouds taken away, this honey following is to be put therein: Take clarified honey two ounces, the juice of century, the juice of Fennell, of each an ounce and a half, let it seeth somewhat, and scum it till it be clear: drop thereof on the white cloud of the eye. Will you have the honey more sharp? then put thereto three drams of Boreas. Take one part of Swallows dung, Honey three parts, temper them together: this will apparently help, but it is sharp like as is said already. Dispersion, or contraction of the eye beams or sight. §. 15. BEcause that these parts or skins of the apples of the eye (called Ragodis and Vuea) are sometimes disgregated through inward and outward occasions, so that they be stretched out even to the white of the eye, whereby the sight is not a little hurt: it is therefore first to be marked, whether this disease be from the nativity, or proceed of the great pain in the head, Cephalaea. If it be borne with one, there is then small hope to have it cured: but if it be caused through any other occasions, as falls, blows, thrusts, many humours that disperse themselves abroad, or of some former imposthume that hath not long been past, than it is still to be helped: first, by letting of blood in the head vein on the contrary side where the disease is afterwards through purging with the pills of Cochiae, and through a well governed diet. This is one of the best medicines, for it consumeth all humidities, not only of the head but also of the whole body. Afterwards one may make a plaster for it with fine Bolus, Myrtle seed, of each half an ounce, Linséede beaten small two ounces, Rose water, and the juice of Barberies: or take Nightshade, Plantain, the juice of Housléeke, of each a like much, & lay it over the eyes with a cloth. Item, wet a cloth in Rosewater wherein Tutia hath been infused, and lay it over the eyes: for this is cauterization in the neck very much commended: but if this disgregation of the sight be small, than it will be easily cured with the Sieff of Galls, which hereafter shall follow, which foresaid Sieff of Galls, or de Fellibus is thus prepared. 〈◊〉 de Felli●●s. Take the Galls of these aforenamed beasts, to wit, of Cranes, Pickerels, Bucks, Hobbies, Spar-hawks, or of any other ravening birds whatsoever, of each two drag. and a half, Euphorbium, Coloquint, Sagapenum, of each one drag. melt the gum, powne all that is to be powned, and temper it with the galls, and with two ounces of the juice of Fennell, and use it like any other Collyrium: It is also specially good for those that are purblind, whereof shall be hereafter spoken. But if the star or beam of the eye be dispersed because it is hurt, there is then no great care to be taken, for the same is easily to be helped: make this plaster following. Take beans and Barley meal, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Roses half an ounce, the yolk of an egg, temper it well with the juice of Endive, as much as is needful. Take Nightshade, Housléeke, and Rosewater, of each one ounce, and the white of an egg, make a cloth wet therein, and lay it upon the eyes. For this is also good, the gall of a Buck, ashes of the head of a Magpie, of each a like quantity, tempered with Honey and the juice of Celendine, and so laid upon the eye: this is commended for a very approved receipt. And if so be that the apple of the eye be contracted and wax smaller, it is then caused through drought; and although naturally the small apple of the eye be good, yet is the diminishing of the same very bad. For this are good moist meats to be used, to bathe in sweet waters, to use oftentimes woman's milk, and drop of the foresaid mildest Collyrium into the eyes. Of the extuberation of the Eyes, as if they would fall out. §. 16. THis is caused through many occasions, as for that the head is full of humours, or that the eyes of themselves do swell through a full body, & otherwhiles through wind, and otherwhiles through some kind of imposthume, if there be much blood or phlegm with it, whereof mention is before made in the 8. §. It may happen also that the sinews of the muscles about the eyes are feebled and lamed through some superfluous humour of the head, like as it may well hap by reason of the great pain of the head through extreme vomiting, and strong straining of going to stool, of hard coughing, and of such like strong motions: and this happeneth especially in the dropsy, if it come through fullness of the body, then doth the patiented feel a strong pricking and pain about the eyes: if through wind, then is the pricking not so strong, but rather contracting: if it come through much blood, that do the red veins declare, with heat, Cholera maketh pricking and smarting. If this infirmity be new, than it is easily to be helped (in case that it is not caused through the dropsy) and that only through good government of diet. But if this infirmity be but small, then lay cotton on the eye, and tie it to a linen band: eat and drink but little, sleep much, and refrain from all labour. But if the grief be much, and with great pain, open the head vein, and purge with Hiera and with Pills ordained in Ophthalmia. Set boxing cups with picking on high upon the shoulders, foment the eyes with wool which is dipped in warm vinegar and water, or with water and vinegar wherein Pomegranate blossoms and péeles, Galls, and Sumach is decocted, and make the whole face wet therewith. And if therewith be great heat, then make a plaster of the herb shepherds purse, Plantain, and Housléek, and so apply it upon the eye. But if it proceed through weakness of the sinews, then purge the head, use Gargarisms, and the Salves that hereafter are taught in Paralysi and contraction of the mouth, make a fomentation of warm herbs, or this plaster: take Frankincense, Mastic, Cipers' nuts, and the leaves of each a like much beaten, tempered with oil of Camomile; but if you will put some of the juice of Sloes unto it you may. Of eyes that be burnt. §. 17. IF any body's face be burnt, so that one have fear of his eyes, and that they do swell, then take water of Verueine, steep Quince kernels therein, wring the slime through a cloth, and anoint the face therewith, and the eyelids: but look for that which is written before of white and red eyes, what cooleth all kinds of inflammations, or that is declared in the first part. Whensoever any be stricken in or upon the eye. §. 18. TAke powned Wormwood, temper it with the brayed white of an egg, and lay it over the eye. Item, take the juice of Verueine, the white of eggs well brayed, lay it on the eyes with a wet cloth: look also thereof in the sixth Chapter and the first §. of the humours of the eyelids. If any thing be fallen into the eyes. §. 19 IF so be that the eye (through any thing that might fall therein) be bruised or perished, that must forthwith be helped, to the end that it do not inveterate: for this it is advised to take fresh clear water in the mouth, and spout the same into the sore eye so long, until all that whatsoever be in it may be washed out. Yet woman's milk is more commodious, sprouted into it out of the breast. This may also be done with white wine, for it causeth the eyes to run better; and if one wring thereon, then cometh that which is fallen into it with more ease out of it again. Or take a piece of white Rosen, let it be made warm in the sun, or after another manner, then draw it very softly on the apple of the eye, then doth it remain hanging thereon. This operation or power is attributed also unto Rubies & sapphires being stroked in the eyes. Roll the upper eyelid about, and wipe it with a soft linen cloth, then doth it remain hanging on the cloth. Item, take Betony, Celendine, Eyebright, Hyssop, Penniroyall, of each a like, seeth them in méely water, and wash the eyes with this whilst that it is warm. How to cure the diminishing, feebleness, and darkness of the eyes. §. 20. THe sight is many times of some disease of the eyes (like as in Ophthalmia is declared) lessened, and also enfeebled, as the shining of the Sun, looking glasses, shining copper, lightnings, fire, long darkness, watching, the beholding of white things, like as when one walketh far in the snow, cold air, or that chalk, dust, or any things else come into the eyes, through much looking upon small things, to let much blood, or that one doth it not if he be accustomed, also through an unchaste life. Further, the eyes are much weakened with great laskes, great labour, odoriferous things, and specially the Basilicon, of which we are not to omit this admirable work of nature, that is, if one eat too much of this, then will the sight be weakened, where notwithstanding the juice thereof dropped into the eyes doth strengthen the sight and drieth up the moisture. These patients must beware of all gross meats, as cheese, old flesh, coleworts: also from overmuch eating and drinking, and from fasting. Also all such diminishing of the sight is caused through great pain of the head, swimming and great heat, which drieth too much. Also through cold moistures, which obstructeth the sinews of the sight. There are three kinds of the weakness of the sight, the first of all diminisheth, when a thing is seen unperfect, and when it is thought to be less; the second kind is a spoiled or corrupted sight, whereas one seeth any thing otherwise than it is, like as happeneth in the disease Scotoma. Thirdly, it is a contracted sight, when one can discern nothing by the sight, like as in the blindness. For all these aforesaid infirmities, shall the patiented first use preparative potions, and purge with the pills Cochiae or Stomachicae, and also use Clysters which draw all humours downwards. Fennell seed used in all meats is especial good both before and after meat: then as it commonly happeneth, that the feebleness of the eyes do proceed of a bad full stomach, which doth cause many bad vapours in the head; then do the ancient physicians advise, that these sick persons shall be caused to vomit, for that will dry and cleanse the stomach from all bad corruptions and intolerable moistures. Also there be drying powders to be put into the eyes, whereof there be many before described. But if with this imperfection of the sight, there be an abatement or consumption of the body, like as one seethe in all those that recover after a languishing sickness, they must be fed with good meat, for that if one be fasting or hungry, the pain will be the greater and more forcible. Also he is to be let sleep well, and given wine to drink, to make the head oftentimes moist with warm water, or to bathe: but beware that he sweat not too much. In the nose and ears is he to drop the oil of sweet Almonds, and besprinkle the eyes oftentimes with young woman's milk. Hereafter do follow certain medicines: first a government of life, for that a good order of diet is no less of importance for this, than it is in any other sickness. First of all one is above all the other foresaid things to abstain from very clear air, unmeasurable Venery, reading small prints or writings, etc. from going to sleep with a full stomach, from all salt and strong meats, from drunkenness, and all that replenisheth the head. If the cause be moisture, then is likewise to be feared bathing, much sleep, letting blood, cupping, and vaporous meats, new Wine, beans, Pease, and other pottages, Lettuce, Vinegar, and Radishes, much fish, Pears, Apples, and all moist fruits, especially after meat. In like manner all moist, dark and misty weather, smoke, wind, dust, moist dwellings, going idle, unleavened bread, old and gross flesh, and all that maketh gross blood. On the contrary side, there be many commodious things that strengthen the weak sight, as the sight of green fields, trees, the precious stone Smaragdus, green glass, green linen, and such like more, which are to be set before our eyes, to the end it may thereby be quickened. In like manner also all blue colours, and all other orient colours, as to look into a steel looking-glass, in the clear water, gold, the stars of heaven, the precious Saphir stone, flowers of Borage, of Eyebright, and specially of Larks spurs, which are chief commended. 〈…〉. The like operations are ascribed unto the Wine and the conserve of Eyebright, and that not without reason, for that they be both forcible for to strengthen the sight, & to make it clear and fresh, so that many old folks through the use of these have continued and strengthened their sight with them. They do also deopilate the obstruction of the Milt and Liver being daily used, they cleanse the stomach, and withstand all agues that proceed out of the stomach: for what they serve else, and how they are to be prepared, the Register shall make mention. Therefore hath the wine of Eybright also, and the conserve of the same, not their names in vain: for they have like power in strengthening of the sight, to dry the moistness of the brains, and to clear all dark sights. Further, it is very commodious that one do comb well once a day, especially ancient folks: youths are to wash their eyes often with fresh water, also to suffer hunger and thirst sometimes, and to drink sweet water. In like manner all that is meet for the strengthening of the memory, is also very fit for the sight, as hereafter shall be showed: and all that is accounted good for the five senses, as the sight, the hearing, smelling, tasting and feeling. Clear fair air is always good, bread well raised, good wine soberly drunk, also light meats which fume not into the head. This is now sufficiently written of the order of dict. Now we will come to the medicines, and waters for the eyes. The water of the Emperor Frederick● for 〈◊〉 sight. Hereunder is one which was ordained and made for the Emperor Frederick the third, the which unto this present day is very highly commended, and is thus prepared: Take Betony, Rue, Verueine, Celendine, Eyebright, Roses, all of them green, of each six good handfuls, Aloe one ounce, long pepper, Cloves, of each half a drag. some also put thereto three handfuls of Woodbine and the flowers. This being all chopped, is to be distilled through a glass helm: drop thereof into the eyes, and anoint all the face therewith. Or take the juice of Fennell and of Verueine, each by itself, or mixed amongst other, drop it into the eyes, lay it over them with a cloth, it taketh away the dimness. There is also described before in this Chapter and first §. ● water for the eyes, of Celendine decocted with honey, which is specially good for all darkness of the eyes. Another. Take Fennell, Eyebright, and Rose water, of each one ounce, Sarcocolla, Tu●●a both prepared, Sugarcandy, of each one scup. the gall of a Pickerel, five leaves of beaten gold: put these together in a glass, and let it seeth a while in hot water in a glass, and use it as a Collyrium. This preserveth the sight marvelously. Item take Fenegreeke, Hollihock roots, of each two ounces, cleanse them well, and let them seeth well in clear water with a mild fire unto the half: wring them out hard and strain them through a cloth, tempered with Aloe, a quarter of an ounce, Sugarcandy or Sugar of Roses one ounce, strain it with the Rose water through a cloth, and let it seethe together unto a syrup: preserve it stopped close in a glass, and use it as other eye-waters. Take prepared Tutia one drag. white Amber half a dram, Camfere half so much, fennel water and Rose water, of each two ounces, temper them together. The water that is gathered of the vapour of hot bread marvelously cleareth dim eyes: Take Rose water as much as you please, Sugarcandy as much also; let it stand before that you use it a certain time in the Sun. All galls of ravening birds, as also of Partridges, of Bulls, Hares, Wolves, Foxes, and above all the Bucks gall doth dry the eyes and sharpen the sight. But one of these or more must be decocted with much juice of fennel and clarified honey (once as much more as the other) and dropped into the eyes. Take the galls of Partridges, Balsam oil, of each one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Celendine one dram, temper and use them as the other. The ancient Physicians have highly praised this following: Take the juice of Pomegranates which be neither lower nor sweet, two ounces: seethe them in a silver vessel unto the half: then add clarified honey one ounce, let it boil well, strain it through a cloth, let it stand certain days in the sun, and drop it into the eyes. Item the juice of sour and sweet Pomegranates, of each two ounces, set it in the Sun two months, then strain it, and temper thereto one drag. of Aloes, long pepper half a drag. And if you desire it to be more drying and biting, put thereto one scrup. of Sal Armoniac: the older this is, the better. Hereafter follow certain simples which strengthen the sight, as the juice of roasted Onions tempered with honey dropped into the eyes, the brains of flitter mice or Bats tempered with honey and dropped therein, the ashes of the same blown into the eyes especially in the beginning. Rue hath an especial property in the eyes, is good eaten, and the juice of it tempered with the juice of fennel and honey dropped into them. Hyssop used in meat is also very meet for the sight, Rapes and sodden young Doves are very good, also their broth drunken: so are also Swallows & Magpies eaten, good for the strengthening of the sight, and the ashes of them tempered with honey and put into the eyes; Calmus raw and confected is very meet; burnt Coral drieth and consumeth all moisture of the eyes: Acatia strengtheneth and sharpeneth the sight, and expelleth the redness; Almonds are also very good. All odoriferous herbs, as Lavender, Rosemary, Gilliflowers, Roses, and all pleasant smelling fruits, are good for the eyes. Pomanders. Take Rosemary, Nep, Marjoram, Penniroyall, of each one drag. Pomanders fit for a bad sight. Lignum Aloes, Marjoram gentle, and Mace, of each one quarter of an ounce, Muscus, Ambra, of each two grains, make thereof a powder, bind it in a piece of red silk, and smell oftentimes to it. They may also use the same which have the disease of the Cataract, whereof is much admonished before. The ancient Physicians were of opinion, if one anointed oftentimes the eyelids with Coral, precious stones and gold, or did behold them, that it were to strengthen and clear the sight. This powder following of Rasis is much commended for to strengthen the sight therewith: Take prepared Tutia ten drag. make this to passed with the fresh juice of Marjoram gentle when it hath stood a night and be well settled: afterwards let it dry well, beat it again and put Ginger unto it, long and black pepper, and Celendine, of each a drag. Sal Armoniac half a drag. all beaten small, and maid moist with the clear juice of fennel: Let it dry again, and so preserve it. When you will occupy it, than beat it unto an impalpable powder, and put it into the eye. This powder following is to be strewed upon the head: Take Cloves, Liguum Aloes, Betonica, Sandaraca, ivory, Styrax Calamita, of each half a drag. make thereof a powder, strew all the head therewith. As oftentimes as you will use it, then comb the head before, to the end the first may come off, afterwards use twice a month when you go to sleep one quarter of an ounce of the trocisces of Diambra, hold them long in the mouth until they do melt. Item take Cumin which is steeped one night in vinegar, and afterwards dried, Annis seeds, prepared Coriander, of each three ounces, Fennell seed six ounces: temper them all together. You may also let them be confited with Sugar, and use it after meat: this strengtheneth the stomach, stayeth the vapours from gathering upwards toward the head, and consumeth all cold matter in the stomach and the head. A powder to be used with meat. TAke Silver mountain, Ginger, Cucubes, Cloves, long pepper, Nutmegs, the roots of Celendine, Diptamer roots, of each half an ounce, prepared Cumine, Fennell seed, anise seeds, flowers of Eyebright with the leaves, of each three quarters of an ounce, prepared Coriander one quarter of an ounce, Sugar as much as you please: this is to be beaten small together and used daily in meat; it strengtheneth the sight, and defendeth against blindness. This following is also to be observed for a special mean, that one must gargarise every ten days: two days together in the morning and evening eight or ten times together. Take Marierom gentle, one handful, liquorice half an ounce, seethe them in a pint of water unto the half: take a good cruse full thereof, temper amongst it one dram and a half of Hiera Picra: gargarise with it (as is said) it is very requisite, but bitter. After supper take one of these Tabulates: Take Spec Diambrae one dram and a half, Eyebright, Celendine, Fennell, Verueine, of each one scrup. the seed of Rue, of Silver mountain, of each half a drag. Sugar five ounces: seeth all these with Eyebright water, and cast Tabulates of it. Lastly, take Rue, Celendine, Eyebright water, of each two ounces, Fennel and the juice of Verueine, of each one ounce, the gall of a Pickerel three drag. Lignum Aloes beaten small half a drag. the seed of Rue, of Celendine, Marjoram gentle, of each one dram, temper them with the foresaid water, stop it tied in a glass, and cement it with dow: afterwards set it in an oven when the bread is taken out, and let it stand a whole day therein. The next day take of the dow again, and set it the space of twelve days in the Sun; afterwards strain it through a tied cloth, but wring it not out, and keep it in a stopped glass, whereof put every morning and evening one drop in the eye, and lie upon your back, then shall you perceive an apparent amendment of the sight. Pillul●e, Pills. TAke white beaten Eyebright half an ounce, Caroway sodden in vinegar and dried, Marjoram gentle three quarters of an ounce: Lignum Aloes, Indie Spica, of each one ounce, the seeds of Sorrell five scrup. temper them with the julep of Roses, whereof you are to take at one time a half or a whole drag. once in three or four days in the evening when you go to bed. Will you then make a powder thereof? put thereto prepared Coriander, Cinnamom and Fennel, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar as much as you please. This may you take after supper. The con●●ction of Montagnana for a bad sight. This following is a costly confection, and strengtheneth the sight, therefore it is called of Montagnana, Electuarium Occulistae, because it is very profitable for the abating of the sight which proceedeth through flegmaticall humours; for besides that it strengtheneth the brains, it restoreth the lost sight again, and maketh also the spirits of the sight subtler and stronger. Take Silver mountain seed, Eyebright, fennel, and Cucubes, of each a drag. Cardamome, Mace, of each one drag. and a half, the seed of Celendine, of Rue, of each one quarter of an ounce, Rosemary one ounce, Annis seed, Lignum Aloes, Caroway, Consolida Sarracenica, of each half an ounce, sugar or honey as much as is needful for to make thereof a confection. Another. TAke dried Betony, Celendine, Eyebright, Hyssop, Penniroyall, of each one drag. fennel, Silver mountain, Annis, prepared Coriander and Marjoram gentle seeds, Basill seeds, Cardamome, Cinnamom, Ginger, Galingale, Nutmegs, Cloves, long Pepper, Lignum Aloes, Mastic, Spikenard, of each half a drag. preserved Citron pills three drag. conserves of Borage, of Rosemary, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar decocted in Fennell and Rosewater as much as is needful for to make a confection. This patient shall take also after purging the second or third day one drag. of Treacle, Aurea Alexandrina, or Mithridate. Or make a potion: Take half a dragm. of Treacle, break it in wine, water of Rue or Fennell, and take it once every week: yet this is best of all that one may use for a weak sight, preserved Chebuli eaten fasting doth much strengthen the sight; some chew every morning juniper berries, spitting it afterwards into the hands, and letting the fume go into the eyes: the which can also strengthen the sight much. The same virtue hath also chewed Annis, Cumine, and especially Fennel seed, whether they be confected or no. All later and ancient writers do commend this remedy following, as well for the strengthening of the sight, as for those that be purblind: Take the liver of a Buck, take off the Gall, cut broad pieces out of it, lay therein whole long Pepper, cover it with another piece of liver and Pepper as before, thus continuing till all the pieces be laid one upon another, so that above and beneath be nothing but liver. Put this then into an oven, and dry it well away: then take of the Pepper, beat it small, and mix some Muscus amongst it, and with the moisture which droppeth from the liver, moisten therewith the powder, and make losings thereof, preserve it until you have need of it, then temper it with Eyebright water, or such like, and use it as the other. To these spices of medicines are three kinds of commodities ascribed: the first to drop fatness into the eyes: the second to receive the warm vapour into the eyes: thirdly, that the patiented eat thereof many times a year, every time three days together. One more (which is almost like unto it) doth hereafter follow: roast a hog's Liver, wet the eyes with the damp of this rostmeate, and rub the fatness on the eyelids. Take a slip of Rue, drink the infusion of it at your meal, it is also very good for this. Take Cinnamom, Cloves, Mace, of each a like much, power Malmsey upon it, and use it as you please. When one hath then used a good deal of these foresaid things, and there be yet perceived much more moisture in the eyes: there is sometimes to be used for to dry the brains of this juice following, drawing it up through the nose, to wit, of Marjoram gentle and Dane weed. There are also twice a week two of these pills following to be taken after supper: Take Paula lucis, Rhubarb, of each one scrup. and a half, and make thereof five or seven pills. Of all those that after the rising of the Sun, do see nothing at all, or very badly. §. 21. THis infirmity of the sight is of two kinds. The first is when one can see well in the day time, but against the evening and night can see nothing or very badly. The other to the contrary, when one in the day time doth see little or badly, moving the eyes up and down, when he doth come into the clearness, without holding them open, therefore be they commonly called in Dutch blind Cats: but when it groweth towards evening, then begin they to amend, and can see much better. Both these infirmities do proceed of like causes, and according as the spirits of the sight be form, whereof the Philosophers do dispute much. The Grecians do call them Nyctilopas, the Latinist's Lusciosoes, in English purblind, whereof Galenus speaketh generally, that it is a disease which proceedeth of no manifest cause. Others writ, that it is incident rather to black eyes then to other: what concerneth the signs, they are to be inquired of them that have this infirmity. First, for this is reputed good, if the party be full of blood, that first of all the head vein, afterwards the veins in the corners of the eyes be opened: others do advise to open the median and the vein in the forehead. Afterwards whether it be of a Phlegma or Melancholia, purge with the pills Cochiae or Lucis, and then to take Mithridate or Treacle. In the eye is to be used the fat of the Bucks liver (described before) or to temper it with a little of the Bucks gall, or the Bucks gall alone decocted with a little vinegar, applied likewise as aforesaid: for in this disease is most of all commended that which cometh from the Buck or Goat. Plini● admonisheth that some have advised, that one should wrap the goats dung with wax, and so swallow it down. He writeth also that this blindness is to be helped with Goat's blood, & it may come thereby, for that it is said that those beasts do see as well by night as by day: therefore it was commanded to Nycripolis to eat the Bucks and Goats liver roasted. And how the same shall be dressed is shortly before declared, where we have discoursed of the diminished and weak sight. When one is waxed almost blind. §. 22. IF there fall any moisture in the eyes which maketh one almost stark blind, than it is found out by experience, that the decoction of a Viper, the head and tail chopped off, hath helped (yet the entrails plucked out and stuffed with Fennell seeds) like as also helpeth if one eat the flesh of this Serpent boiled. This is reported of the nature of the Viper snake. The like virtue also hath the decoction of Guaiacum used after his manner or kind, the which is not only meet for this, but also in certain confections for the sight, which Pope Innocentius the third did send to an Abbot, who was almost blind, and is made thus: Take Fennell seed half a pound, Siluermountaine seed, and blue Chamedris, of each four ounces, Smallage, Annis, parsley seeds, Peniroyall, Hyssop, Saxifrage, juniper berries, of each one dram, the seed of Stavesacre two ounces: this being beaten small with Honey or Sugar, and a confection made thereof, and use thereof morning and evening, and you shall see marvels. cometh the cause of the hindrance in sight through obstructions of the sinews whereby the sight cometh into the eyes? then use the Pills Cochiae and Lucis of each half a dram, make 7. or 8. pills thereof, swallow them in the morning betimes and fast five hours upon it, use them once every month. Afterwards use this confection, take Peniroyall, Rue, Betony, Celendine, of each one handful, Saxifrage, Lovage, Annis, Camomile, Ginger, Fennell, parsley, Hyssop, Marjoram, Siluermountaine, of each two drams and a half, Gallingall half an ounce, powne all very small that is to be powned, and temper it with Sugar which is clarified in Fennell water, it requireth half a pound of Sugar at the least, cast Tabulates of it, and then lay them upon the tongue, and let them melt of themselves: this do and continue it the space of two or three months, all after that the blindness is great and hath long continued. Of Squintnesse. §. 23. THis is a distraction of the eyes out of their natural places towards the right or left side, upwards or downwards: the occasion of this is sometimes through resolution of the sinews, where the whole place doth draw that infirmed unto it. Also it may be a cramp in the same sinews, whereto the contrary the shrinking sinews do draw the whole unto them; it cometh also very well through a custom, when young children in the cradle do lie always upon one side, & open but one eye: but if the squintnes do come through slackness of the sinews or the cramp, that is seen and showed by the signs which are described in Paralysi, or in the cramp. This disease could the ancient Physicians heal very badly, and it is very uncertain in young children, nevertheless we will not pretermit to show our advise for it: on the side where the disease is put some clearness, to the end the eye may be drawn to his natural place: also when it is carried about on the arm, the ancient Physicians have used all those things which were wont in Paralysi and in the distraction of the mouth to be adhibited. Hydromell, honey water: how to make and use the same. §. 24. IT is before oftentimes mentioned, and therefore it is very worthy for to describe here how to make it: The ancient Physicians took rain water and honey decocted therewith, scumming it well, and using it for a common drink, in the stead of water or wine, like as also it standeth discovered in many places of this book; now it is for the most part made with well water and honey. In fine, Hydromell is no other thing but our common mead without any addition: of other sorts of mead is spoken hereafter in the eight part. The eight Chapter. Of the Nose. THis is also one of the principallest outward members of the face, artificially conjoined of sinews and gristles, and by nature ordained for many kind of uses: for who knoweth not how exceeding needful it is for the life, and for preservation of the good breath, and for discerning of all smells & savours: in behalf of both these two causes is the Nose set in the height of the body, and endued with such a property that it might refresh and cool the hart, the lights and all inward parts with continual breathing, without the which no man liveth. Besides this it hath power to discern and judge the savour of the meat: it is set beside and above the mouth, to the end it might adjudge and give evidence to all before it goeth into the mouth, what is pleasant and what is to be eschewed, or is necessary or hurtful: it standeth also in the midst of the face not only for a garnishing, but also for a stay or defence between both the eyes for to defend them (as hath been said before.) It is also a right pipe or gutter to purge and cleanse thereby all the moisture of the brains and the head; to the end there should nothing fall down upon the breast or other principal parts that might there cause great sickness. This member is subject also to many kind of diseases, as Impostumes, Obstructions, Rheums, excessive bleeding, loss of smelling, of all which and others more, shall be hereafter spoken. Of Obstruction or stopping in the Nose. §. 1. THis infirmity is caused through inward or outward occasions: If the nose be stopped thorough falling, striking, or thrusting; then must it swell: if it be then swell, then be the ways through which the breath and smell cometh stopped: yea also the smell otherwhiles wholly lost. It may also be well stopped through some gross moisture, that falleth out of the head and brains, which cannot pass through the nose, for that the nose vents are thereby stopped. As much as then concerneth any outward bruising, there must be salves and plasters laid upon it, like as upon other tumours. The same being healed, the vents and pores will be open again, and the smelling restored, yet it is always good advice to set boxing cups upon the neck and shoulders, and to lay upon the breast brayed whites of eggs, tempered with some Camfere. But of this stopping shall be spoken more at large hereafter, especially in the loss of the smelling. Of the Ulcers in the nose. §. 2. THese impostumations do the Writers divide into Vlcera & Apostemata, which we do english, Ulcers and Impostumes; the Ulcers are always dry or moist: dry when they make hard scurse, and contrarily when they yield out much moisture, like as if the nose were rubbed on the inside and thereby bled, and yielded yellow, green or black matter; both proceeding of sharp, salt, and burnt matter that descendeth out of the head into the nose. The signs thereof may one easily discern: if there be pain in the nose, then is to be seen against the bright Sun where the disease is. For this accident the patiented is to be purged with the Pills Cochiae, or Hiera, and such like. This is also a common rule in the curing of all Ulcers, to wit: that it be begun with no strong medicine, or that the party be purged before. Like as for example, if the patiented be plethoric in body, and the ulcer be great, open the Median, and let out four or five ounces of blood according to the strength of the patiented: but if the disease be not so great, then open the head vein upon the arm or upon the hand, at all times upon that side where the disease is not, and sometimes very well in the veins of the nose. In like manner also are cups to be set in the neck, thereby to seduce the matter. This being done, the patiented is to use the space of eight days or six days this preparative potion: take Oxysacchara (which shall be immediately hereafter described) the syrup of water Lilies of each three quarters of an ounce, Sorrel water, and Fennell water, of each three quarters of an ounce, drink it lukewarm in the morning. The purgation upon it is this. Take half an ounce of the confection De succo Rosarum, Cassia prepared with the water of Violets one ounce, temper all together with three ounces of Barley water méetly warm▪ for otherwise it is too thick. Immediately after purging lay this plaster following upon the nose, that it may be covered every where with it: Take small Housléeke, and the juice of Plantain, the juice of shepherds purse, of each one ounce, the whites of two eggs, Camfere bruised small four scrup. prepared Tutia, and Butchers broomeséedes of each one drag. Coral and Amber of each two scrup. Starch one ounce and a half, bruise these together in a leaden mortar some hours together, this is to be used three or four times a day. Another. Put the juice of tassel leaves three or four times a day into the nose, it may be drawn up into the nose: but if you fear that it will cool too much, then temper the third part of the juice of betony amongst it. Oxysacchara. THis kind of Syrup may easily be made by all housekeepers, it hath also great virtue and operation, for it doth consume the mixed and phlegmatic humidities which do pinch or annoy the uppermost parts, and cause the unruly double Tertian and quartain Agues: Take six ounces of white Sugar, the juice of Pomegranates four ounces, sharp Vinegar two ounces: seethe them in a little pot by a mild fire, until they be of the thickness of a common Syrup. Item, if there be scurf in the nose: Then take Salad oil, the grease of a Capon as much as you please, and power a little molten wax amongst it, and anoint therewith the scurfs: likewise take warm water, draw it up into the nose certain days together, in the morning it is also good. Item, take the gum of a Cherry tree, the gum of a Palm tree or Dragagant, dissolve them in Rosewater which thou wilt, anoint the Mucilage or slime in the nose with a feather. Or take the marrow of an Ox bone, new wax, of each half an ounce, oil of water Lilies one quarter of an ounce, melt and use it as before. Or you must in stead of the oil of water Lilies, take also the oil of Roses. Another: Take tragacanth and the seed of Fleawoort, steep them in Rosewater and cile of Violets, anoint the nose oftentimes with this mucilage. You may also make this salve: Take Ducks and Hens grease, the fatness of sheeps wool, Heart's suet, honey, of each half an ounce, burnt Mirobalans, Galls, of each a drag temper them together. This assuageth and drieth much. In like manner this salve following is very convenient: Take oil of sweet Almonds one ounce, oil of Roses one ounce, washed Butter, Hen's grease, the Mucilage of Dragagant, of each one quarter of an ounce, and a little wax. Or take fresh marrow out of the calves bones, and gum, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of white Camelina one ounce and a half, wax as much as is needful. The same doth also butter washed well with fair water, likewise also decocted Hollihocks, Nightshade or mallows. Another, almost as the former. Take the marrow of calves bones, the yolks of eggs, tragacanth and gum, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Camelina one drag. and a little wax. But if the imposthume only beginneth to run: then dip Cotton in strong and well salted vinegar, put it into his nostrils, herewith they will be dried. But this following is better: Take prepared Tutia which is slaked in the urine of a man child of two years old, and Ceruse, of each two drag. and a half, the juice of Houseleek five ounces: rub this at the least the space of three days together, the space of three hours every day in a leaden mortar, set it afterwards well stopped in the Sun when it is too dry: then power again other juice unto it, and bruise it as before: do this so three or four times together: with this salve are you to anoint the disease three or four times a day. This salve is so forcible, that many people which have had the canker and Polypum, Canker Polypus. thereby have preserved their life a long time. And if so be (through the great uncleanness of this ulcer) there behoveth stronger things, and the disease be also old: then make first of all the scurfes moist with wine, wherein agrimony, Verueine and honey is decocted, dry it and make it moist again, afterwards use this following: Take Vitriol, red and yellow Orpiment, of each half a drag. beat and steep it in the gall of a Bull or Ox, and refresh it daily until the matter be white; then put thereto Antimony and Myrrh, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wax as much as will make an ointment, anoint therewithal, and stop it in the nose: if you will have this somewhat milder, than put thereto beaten Horsemints and Mallows, to the quantity of one quarter of an ounce. This that followeth is not so strong. Take Cypers roots, alum, Galls, Myrrh, Saffron, of each one quarter of an ounce, beat them to powder, and blow it into the nose. Or make thereof a salve with honey. Also you may use the salve unguentum Apostolicum, the which is made thus: Take Turpentine, white wax, Vnquentum. Apostolicum. white Rosen, Ammoniacum, of each one drag. Opopanacum, verdigris, of each half a drag. the lethargy of gold two scrup. salad oil six ounces in the Summer, but in the winter nine ounces, vinegar as much as is needful for to dissolve the Gum with it, make a salve thereof. This salve is common at the Apothecaries, and is not only good for this, but also for all sore eyes, Fistulas, for cleansing the wounds, wherein it hath a marvelous operation: for it consumeth the bad flesh, incarnateth afterwards, and healeth all hard swellings: so that there is not almost the like unto this. Item take burnt lead well washed, Ceruse, Litharge of gold, of each a like quantity, oil of Roses, and Wax as much as is needful for a salve. This also following is much commended and is certain: take one sour Pomegranate, others take sour, mean, and sweet Pomegranates, of each one stamped with their pills, wrung out and decocted a while in a little pot and clarified, dip a taint in it and put up into the nose; but if there be any ulcers with it, then use this following. Take Ceruse, Myrrh, Litharge of gold, Copper, Galls that are parched a little, alum, of each one drag. oil of Roses three ounces, Wax as much as is needful for a salve: this healeth and drieth. Item take Ceruse one ounce and a half, calcined and washed Ceruse, lethargy, of each half a drag. Vinegar, Wax, of each one spoonful: make it with oil of Myrtles unto a salve, wash the nostrils with warm wine and piss, wherein Myrrh and Frankincense is decocted. And if this ulcer will not be healed with the foresaid things, it is then to be taken for a secret Canker, which one may not touch with sharp things; as presently hereafter shall appear. Obstruction or stopping in children's noses without any other infirmity. §. 3. IT happeneth oftentimes, that young, yea new born children do suffer great stopping in the nose: their breasts must be anointed well with the oils of sweet Almonds, and of Violets, and to them that give suck wine is forbidden. And if the children's breast be full, then is the oil of Violets with Sugar to be put into the mouth. Ancient folks (if they cannot abide the oil of Violets by reason of the smell) then take salad oil, or oil of sweet Almonds in stead thereof. Impostumations of the Nose. §. 4. THe second kind of exulcerations in the nose are much more perilous and worse, and are called Apostemata, hemorrhoids, Polypus Canker. The first is a soft excrescence of flesh, which giveth moisture when one wringeth the nose; soft in feeling, and bleeding quickly: this proceedeth of moist water which falleth out of the brains, rotteth there, and degenerateth into the flesh, the which otherwhiles groweth out so long that it hangeth without the nose: it taketh away the speech, the breath, and also the smelling, sometimes showing red and sometimes white and blackish. But the Polipus is hardish, hath many roots and veins: he is so called after the name of a fish which hath many feet: and for many more similitudes and properties that are between them. This is caused of melancholic humours tempered with slime or Phlegma, & stoppeth the nose through his increase. This Canker is wholly hard and fast: it manifesteth himself also on the outside upon the nose, with many black veins of melancholic blood, whence this sore taketh his offspring, and doth bring with it an intolerable stench (which the Physicians do call Ozenam.) The cause of these tumors is the affluence of bad humours: but that which causeth Hemorhoides is a sweet Phlegma, which is without blood but rotten, very moist without pain, therefore is better to be healed then this following. But in Polypo is corrupted blood, whereto doth come a stinking Phlegma. The Canker is a burnt, rotten, and hardened Melancholia. Both these last are uncertain, yea wholly impossible to be helped: nevertheless there be many kinds of remedies ordained and used as followeth. When as then the first sort doth appear with softened or white flesh which filleth the whole nose, then is the head vein first to be opened; afterwards a taint anointed with this salve following, to be put into the nostrils where the disease is. Take yellow Orpiment, Coperas, Verdigreace, of each half an ounce, Quicksilver, Salarmoniacke of each one ounce; bruise these small, and cast it into lime lay: this may you use so: or make it with honey unto a salve. Others do use this sharp water following: Take yellow Orpiment, quick Lime, Verdigreace, Quicksilver, of each one ounce and a half, Salarmoniacke half a dram; beat them clean, and let it seeth well in water: when it hath stood a while, then will it be very sharp. In like manner, getteth also a corroding quality, the water wherein quick lime is quenched, and wherein quicksilver is put. This is more gentle, take alum, Verdigreace, of each half an ounce, yellow Orpiment one scruple, temper them, and stick a taint in Vinegar, sprinkle it with this powder and so stick it in the nose where the disease is. Of the mean Corrosives is also taken for an approved thing, powned Vitriol blown into the nose in the morning and evening. There is also described in this Chapter in the 2. §. a medicine with the juice of Pomegranates, which are especially good for this, amongst which you are to temper a little Antimony and Verdigreace. But if this will not help, then are stronger things to be used, as an actual cautery or incision, & although this do seldom prosper, nevertheless we will discourse somewhat thereof. For this soft excrescence of flesh whereof we have spoken at the first is not wholly incurable, but may through these means be cured, which nevertheless is very unpossible in the Canker: but if it were found that there ought to be used either the actual cautery or incision, then must the cauterized place be anointed with fresh butter, & the brayed white of an egg, and cover the nose and the whole face with vinegar & water, or Rose water, or take the yolks of an egg, temper it with oil of Roses, and the juice of Roses, this suageth almost all the pain of the Cautery. Here do now follow certain sharp, yet good means, which are most surest in greatest necessity, the first is, that these superfluous excrescences be clipped off with a sharp pair of Cisors even to the bottom, afterwards take away the rest that remaineth behind with this salve following: Take one ounce of honey, vinegar one quarter of an ounce, Sarcocolla, Ammoniacum, of each half an ounce, seeth these upon a mild fire, and therewith anoint your taints which you thrust into the nose, it hath a special virtue of healing and drying. The other means, if this were not sufficient, then burn the disease with an iron that is flat before, thrust it through a copper pipe which is wrapped in clothes wet in Rose water, to the end that the sound part of the nose be not burnt, do this so long until one can perceive no remanence of it more. Afterwards anoint the cauterized place with butter, until that the escarre falleth off, & heal it with Basill and the ointment of Ceruse, or with the salve that is described in the 2. §. in the ulcers of the nose with Tutia. The third mean to expel this accident: Take a long and strong horse hair, thrust it into the nose until you bring it out of the mouth again: fasten it on both ends and pluck it hitherwards over the accident, and that so often times till it be cut out at the bottom. This being accomplished, staunch the blood with this powder, take Myrrh, Sarcocolla, fine Bolus, Dragon blood, of each one dram, prepared Tutia half a dram, this powder must be blown in the place where it bleedeth, or strew a taint with it and stop it into the nose; now the blood being staunched, heal it with the foresaid salve. Of the Canker in the Nose. §. 5. THe causes of this Canker in the nose, and the signs thereof are discovered before. First, it showeth itself small like a corn of wheat, but afterwards will be as big as a hazle nut or almond: it yieldeth seldom matter, and remaineth always (as is said) hard and dry: it will abide no strong things, as actual or potential cauteries, but it must be softly meddled with, and easy remedies used thereto, as to let blood, laxative things, and Master Tristrams' water, which is described in the fift chapter and first §. Also oil of blue Flowerdeluce anointed thereon, and chief Treacle and Mithridate thrust into the nostrils, and to hold the same in the mouth & eat it. Also it is very good to purge the head with this potion: Take Mirobalani Indi one ounce and a half, Seine, Epithymum, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugarcandy four ounces, seeth them together in nine ounces of water even to the half, strain it then through a cloth, and temper it with Manna and sour Dates amongst it, of each one ounce. In like sort may one purge also with the Pillulis foetidis or Siomachicis. The place of the accident is also to be twice a day at the least strengthened with the oil of Roses wherein Camfere is tempered, and lay a cloth therein dipped in them, or made as it were into a salve, and anointed therewithal. Yet in steed of this he may use the juice of Nightshade. The patient must much beware of all pottages, cheese, hard flesh, and all which engendereth melancholic blood: but must use drying meats. His drink must be wine tempered with water. For the defluxion Ozena, which the Canker bringeth with it, is this following very meet: Oz●●a. Take one ounce and a half of oil of Roses, half an ounce of white Wax, a little vinegar, and the brayed white of an egg, milk one ounce, washed Ceruse one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Lettuce, of Plantain, of Nightshade, of each half an ounce, stir them together the space of two or three hours in a Leaden mortar. Of the Murr. §. 6. WE have taught in the description of the Nose, that it is by nature ordained for a channel, thereby to cleanse the moisture of the head and of the brains, like as is brought to pass through this course of the Murr, the which the Grecians do call Catarrhum, especially this murr which falleth down into the nose, do they call Coryzam: of the other two kinds, whence cometh so much badness, which be salted catarrhs or rheums, which descend into the throat and upon the breast, shall be taught at large in their places. We will only here now discourse of all those maladies that concern the nose: that this course or running proceedeth out of heat and cold, which is Cholera and Phlegma, that shall be showed at large in the discourse of the pain in the throat in the second part, where is spoken of the catarrh or rheum. Here is no other thing discovered but only of the murr, how that that is most caused when one cometh suddenly out of great warmth into cold; and to the contrary, out of great cold speedily into warmth: like as when one runneth bare headed out of the bath into the wind; or as one runneth out of the great cold into the warm stew: and this is also the cause wherefore the people for the most part in the latter end of winter or summer are plagued therewith. Now when this murr or snivel is salt and biting, then doth it soon cause these accidents, Ozena, Cancer or Polypus▪ therefore the snivel is not to be esteemed so small, but rather endeavour by and by to provoke and move this defluxion, to the end the matter may be carried out, whereto this fume following is convenient: Take Cloves, Myrrh, Frankincense; odoriferous fruits and herbs, as Quinces and their parings, Rue, Marjoram gentle, and such like. Lotions for the feet are also very fit for this purpose, like as followeth: Take Sage, Lavender, Betony, field mints, or any other, three or four handfuls, seeth them in water, and put the feet therein, use it oftentimes, and méetly deep. The cleansing of the head. IN all the former cases, the most principal remedy was always to cleanse the head and the brains, whereto this water following is very good: Take four ounces of the juice of wild Cucumbers, Salarmoniacke powned small, half an ounce tempered in a glass, and fill it half full with water, stir it oftentimes about, and snuff it up into the nose in the morning fasting five or six times together warm, and do this always about the second day. This openeth all obstructions that hinder smelling, whether it be in impostumes or ulcers of the nose: it draweth also the matter out and consumeth it, and it strengtheneth all the instruments that are created for smelling. Item take the juice of Marjoram and Penniroyall, of each one ounce, Muscus two grains, use it as before. Make also this powder following: Take Penniroyall, Marjoram and Nep, of each one drag. Grains three drag. powne all and bind them in a fine cloth, and smell oftentimes to it. Take oil of Violets, oil of Saffron, of each three drag. Ireos, long Pepper, Euphorbium, of each two grains, make a salve thereof with a little wax, whereof you shall take the quantity of a pease, and anoint it in the nose when you go to bed, it purgeth and cleanseth the brains. Some do use Hellebore or Pepper for the nose, but it is not without danger, for it troubleth too much the brains: but how and through what means the head is to be cleansed with néesing, look in the first and second Chapters of the pain in the head. Of the excessive bleeding at the Nose. §. 7. THe excessive bleeding at the nose hath divers causes, which were too long to discover them all at this present time, it only sufficeth us to show the inward and outward causes: as concerning the outward causes of bleeding, are blows, falls, thrusts, sore labour, and the heat of the sun: all these things do open the veins, and make subtle blood, which is easily moved to run out. The causes thereof can easily be perceived and inquired of the patiented. The inward causes be superfluity, sharpness and heat of the blood, the which is over all the whole body, head, liver, milt, womb and other places. In like manner also through agues and other great sickness, through pain of the head, a forcible expulsive power, and feebleness of the retentive virtue, in full bodies and abounding of blood is the bleeding at the nose requisite, it emptieth the head and other parts. In Phthisi and other sicknesses more, it is commanded to provoke it, whereof shall be more at large spoken in other places. Therefore if there be perceived an vnburthening through this bleeding at the nose, than it is a good sign of health: like as to the contrary a sudden and excessive bleeding is very dangerous, and a sign of death. But if this bleeding happen through any bruising of the skin of the brains, than it is very hard, yea in danger never to be helped. And whensoever the bleeding is above 48. ounces, than it is a bad token, and yet badder if it do surpass it: if it come then unto twenty or 24. pound, every pound reckoned at twelve ounces, then must death follow after it immediately. In like sort the signs of death are, if the bleeding person be not only of a bleak colour, but also dark, green or leady coloured. An order of diet. THis bleeding at the nose cometh through some causes that require always a good order of life to be observed. For this purpose is this most common, that those things be always used that cool the blood, and make it thick: if there be any agues with it, then must light things be used (which be cooling) as Lettuce, Purslain, Endive, small Endive, vinegar, verjuice. Is then the bleeding strong and vehement? to the end it might once be stayed, use beans, Pease, Lentils, Rye, Colewoorts, Cheese, Beef, Hares and Hearts, also thick red wine, all hot spices, white wine (if so be that they be not well watered) are to be eschewed. Now we will show how the blood is to be staunched. For to perform the same, there be six kind of means: first, by the foresaid cooling things (which be to be eaten) these things following are to be dropped into the nose, and laid thereon: in like manner also upon the forehead, the juice of Lettuce, of Housléeke, of Nightshade, corn Roses or Nettles: in like manner the water of water Lilies, of Cichory, of Roses, and Cumin water: Also the herb of Poppy, Willow leaves, or their juice. Item also Horstaile, Shepherd's purse, vinegar and Camfere, and if it be very great need, Opium: for these things altogether make thick blood, that it cannot run so hastily out of the veins. It is also good to irrigate his head with cold water, so long continuing until his head be so cold, that he get thereby a shivering and shaking, or trembling. In fine, to keep the head cold, & not to stir it much, is very commodious: also wet a cloth or napkin in cold water, in vinegar, or in Rose water, wring it not out too hard, and wrap it so about the neck. Item take the whites of twelve eggs, powned alum four ounces, beat it well together, wet a cloth in it, and wrap it about the neck, about the forehead and temples, afterwards take Hares hair, or the hair of a Roebuck, stop the nostril full thereof, and that at the first. Also it is commended that both the thumbs and their arms be bound hard about the elbows; but let them not be bound too hard, but being sometimes made lose, to bind them again. Or make one of these plasters, take the juice of Nightshade six ounces, Rose water one ounce and a half, Barley meal as much as is needful for to make a plaster, lay this upon the liver, if the blood run forth of the right nostril. The second mean to staunch the blood effected with stopping things, as the juice of Sloes, red Coral, Momy, Aloe, Horstaile, Amber, Bloodstones, Hippocystis, Bolus, flowers of Pomegranates, Lentils, galls, Sumach, Shepherd's purse, Meddlers, Services, Quinces, pears, and other sour pears amongst the compounded things, Trocisces de Carabe, Terra sigillata, which foresaid things all that be of this nature do draw and shut the veins together. For this are also meet these plasters following, take the juice of Plantain and Rose water, of each two ounces, vinegar half an ounce, and the white of an egg, sealed earth, or in the steed thereof time as much as is needful for to make it méetly thick: lay it upon the forehead and the temples of the head. Another. Take Dragon blood, parched gum, parched starch roses, the juice of Sloes, Hippocystis, ivory, the blossoms of Pomegranates, Bolus, sealed earth, bloodstone, red Coral, and Amber, of each one drag. and a half, Poppy seed, Purslane seed, of each one drag. Opium half a drag. powne all that is to be powned thereof, and with the juice of Plantain make it to a plaster, and use it as before. This following is not much unlike to the former: Take Dragon blood, parched gum, the yellow seeds of Roses, the juice of sloes, Hippocystis, ivory, blossoms of Pomegranates, Bolus, sealed earth, bloodstone, red Coral, of each one dram and a half, Poppy seeds, Purslane seeds, Hearts horn, ashes of galls, Cipers nuts, of each one drag. beat them all small, and mix them amongst the other with the juice of Plantain, afterwards make small cakes of it; when you will now use it, than beat it to powder and blow it into the nostrils: but you may use it as a plaster for to lay upon the forehead and temples of the head. Item take well beaten Momy as much as you please, mix it with cobwebs and the white of an egg, dip cotton or lint in it, and then stop it into the nose. First take Harts bones, ivory Dragon blood, Verbascum powned with vinegar, temper the foresaid powder amongst it, according to that you will have of it little or much put it into the nose, all these things staunch blood, tempered together or each alone, or mix Aloe with the white of an egg, use it as aforesaid. Item take the whites of four eggs well brayed and tempered amongst Aloe one drag. Frankincense one quarter of an ounce, Dragon blood and fine Bolus, of each half a drag. use this, yet putting therein Hare's hair made wet. Secondly, take well brayed whites of eggs, and temper Gips or plaster amongst them, so that it wax a pap, then lay it upon the forehead, take Hares hair, temper it well with the white of eggs, and a little alum, afterwards mix it with Rose water, or Rose vinegar: take powned Horstaile, temper it with Plantain water or the juice of Plantain. Thirdly, the blood is to be stopped with astringent things, as tragacanth, Gum, Frankincense, Mil dust, whites of eggs, and such like, take Tormentill or Pyrola, one of both, this is to be held in the mouth. These astringent things are not oftentimes used alone, but commonly tempered with the aforementioned binding and cooling things. Fourthly, the bleeding is to be inhibited by potential cauteries, as Coperas, Orpiment, quick lime, Shall Armoniac, when the same be powdered and blown into the nose, for they make an escarre. But this is to be feared, if so be that the blood be not quenched therewith, that it might afterwards bleed the sorer, therefore it is not without great danger to use this mean. Fiftly, it will be staunched with those things which have a proper and hidden virtue for it, as the juice of Basil, but especially Ass dung and Hog's dung are said to be good for it (be it of what soever cause that the bleeding be provoked) if the same be but of itself alone held before the nose, and so let smell thereto: and also the same tempered with the juice of broad Plantain, and anointed in the nose, or burnt to ashes and blown therein, or a plaster made thereof and laid on the top of the nose: Terms in 〈◊〉. this plaster is also meet against the excessive terms or flowers of women, put into the neck of the womb, and also applied to their privities. This is also very good: Amber, Purslane, garden Mints, and their juice with cobwebs, thrust up into the nose. Sixtly, the blood will be staunched if one let it out on the contrary side, the which is effected if one open the Median or liver vein, as also many learned Physicians do affirm, that they have for the bleeding of the nose not approved any thing more better nor certainer than to open the vein upon the hand or on the foot, and then to drink two scruples of Philonium Persicum with Purslane water: they have also, as hath been said, powdered Troc. de Carabe and blown into the nose. It is also very good to set boxing cups on the shoulders and on the legs, understanding well, that if the blood run out of the right nostril, then set the boxes unpickt upon the liver: if it run out of the left nostril, upon the Milt in the left side: also the legs, the arms and the breast are to be bounden, to rub the outward members, and also under the armpits and other places of the body with nettles for to draw therewith the blood downwards. Besides all these aforesaid, I am to manifest one remedy more that exceedingly stoppeth also bleeding: Take sleckt lime, make a plaster thereof with vinegar, lay it over the nose, it will stop presently. Others suppose also that this lime is to be blown into the nostrils, or made up with the white of an egg, to be so put with a taint into the nose. This also (as some suppose) will the wool or flax do, that flieth from the herb Carduius Benedictus, cut small and thrust into the nose. Item it hath been oftentimes found, that an extreme frighting hath caused blood by and by to staunch and cease for that the blood runneth then towards the hart. In this also hath superstition and unbelief taken place, whensoever one holdeth in his hand a dead man's bone, and the moss that groweth upon a dead body's scalp be stopped into the nose, then is the blood staunched out of hand. In like manner also, albeit that it be somewhat more natural, if one lay the moss of the black (or slow) thorn in the shoes and go thereon, it doth staunch blood. Item take broad Plantain and the juice of shepherds purse, of each three ounces, prepared Bloodstone, fine Bolus, sealed Earth, Dragon blood, of each one dram and a half, spread it on a cloth, and lay it on the place of the nose where the blood cometh, and refresh it oftentimes. Or take beaten Beane meal, temper it with the white of an egg, and use it as before. It cometh also otherwhiles to pass (and is also no wonder) that such superfluous blood of the nose doth bring swooning with it; for the which are sick persons hands and feet to be rubbed with salt and vinegar, to bind fast the arms and legs, and to bind and unbind them again, also to use other outward means, which here afterwards in the second part shall be described for the swooning. Item if the blood run out at the right nostrel, set a boxing cup unpickt upon the Liver: and so whensoever the swooning is past, the Liver vein is to be opened, or the Salnatella in the left side, & to smell to cold things, as that which is made of Quince pears, and to use Lettuce, Purslane, beans, and other pottages, until that the blood waxeth thick. For a conclusion, you have hereafter many remedies in the fifth part for to staunch blood, which are also good for this purpose. Enfeebled or lost smelling. §. 8. THis is no small disease to man, for if one be borne with it, or have had it long, he is esteemed by the Grecians incurable, unless it be through continuance of time and with great trouble: nevertheless the ancient and latter Physicians have employed all diligence to devise all necessary means; and first described three several kinds thereof. The first kind, where thoroughly and wholly the smell is lost. The second is a diminishing of the smell, where a thing is smelled like as it is, yet unperfectly: and this disease is much more with men then with beasts, for that they be of a moister brain, and all beasts have their brains much drier, therefore they do also smell sharper and further. The third kind is a corrupted smell, where one receiveth the smell otherwise then it is of itself, like as when one adjudgeth stinking things for odoriferous. The cause that the smell is utterly lost, is when the conduits that go towards the brains be thoroughly obstructed, that the air received cannot come to the skin of the brains, which obstruction may happen through some violent motion or blows on the head. Also if about the place and instuments of smelling there engender any wart or fleshly excrescence, or any ulceration: or also through any other gross humours that will settle there, and stop up the conduits of smelling. Lastly through repletion of the head and of the whole body. The cause of the diminishing of the smelling is as before, but is not so great: it may also be caused by cold or by hot medicines, which be used at the nose. The cause of a corrupted smell is a bad moisture, which lieth hidden in the same place, and there maketh stinking vapours: and so may also the canker of the nose be caused and procured. The signs of the obstructions are, that no moisture cometh out of the nose without pain, unless the brains had some impediment: but if any moisture doth appear without pain, then doth the same moisture obstruct the conduits of smelling. If it proceed of heat and drought, then may you perceive the heat in the forehead and nose: if of cold, it is also discerned by the same places: or if it be some stinking moisture, then doth all stink that he smelleth unto, and all what is near him, also his breath is unsavoury and stinking. Other infirmities or lets are known by sight, they may also be discerned by the pain and by the matter. The cure of them all consisteth especially in comforting and cleansing the infirmities of smelling and the brains, whence most commonly all these infirmities do proceed. It may also be perceived by the former reasons, that all these obstructions and sorenesses, the diminishing and loss of smelling doth proceed of humours: now to remedy the same, are you to begin the cure by a good diet, wherefore all meats easy of digestion are best, as broths, yolks of eggs, Hares brains, which have a proper and secret virtue for this infirmity, Pullet's, young Pigeons, Partridges, Pheasants, Veal, Cawdles, and all of them distilled with Sage, Marjoram, Rosemary, and Betony: parched hazel nuts are also very good for this purpose: small white wine shall be his drink, neither may you omit to purge the body: if the sickness be caused of cold, then is he to be purged as hath been said in the second chapter and first §. of the cold pain of the head; but if blood and heat do cause it, then are you to proceed as hath been showed in the first chapter and sixth §. Afterwards you are to cleanse the head with néesing in them that have lost their smelling without any excrescence of flesh or soreness of the nose: for which purpose you may look the second chapter & second §. also in the sixth §. of this present chapter: but these simples are especially to be used for it, to wit, Amber, Rosemary, Cinnamom, Cloves, Lignum Aloes, Nigella, to which he must smell often and long, for they open the obstructions of the head; which is also effected with these dried herbs following; namely, Rue, Germander, field Cipers, Nep, and Marjoram: but for to provoke sternutation or néesing, take Lignum Aloes, pepper, and Stavesacre. Also the vapour of boiling vinegar received into the nostrils very often is of good effect, for because the same hath a biting nature, it doth move néesing. Also you may seethe one of these things following in wine, and receive the vapour as is said into the nostrils. Take Calmus, Gentian, Bay leaves, Penniroyal, field mints, anise and Fennel seeds, parsley, and roots of Smallage: or receive often in one day the vapour of warm water wherein Melilot or Fumitory be decocted, the water of Asarabacca or of Elder is also good for this use. Also the seeds of Nigella bounden in a cloth, carried with him and smelled oftentimes unto it; the same strewed upon hot coals, and to receive the fume of it. Item take the powder of Nigella, Ireos, of each 3. quarters of an ounce, Marjoram gentle, Camomile, Bay leaves, Nep, Stechas, of each half a handful; seeth all in sufficient water until about the third part be wasted: mix the powders amongst it, and draw thereof into the head, it doth cleanse the head very well. Also this powder following may be prepared: Take Nardus seed which hath lain a day and a night in sharp vinegar and is dried again, one ounce, Bevercod and Nutmegs, of each one drag. and a half, red and white Behen, Galingal, white pepper, Marjoram and Nep, of each a scrup. Costus roots, Sagapenum, the seed of Rue and Basill, of each one ounce; stamp each apart, and bind it being tempered in a piece of Syndall, and smell oftentimes unto it. This is good against all hindrance of the smelling which cometh through coldness, be it with or without obstructions. Pomanders. TAke red Storax, Nutmegs, Cucubes, Cloves, Nardus seed, Lignum Aloes, India Spica and cinnamon, of each one drag. Muscus and Amber of each one scruple, Laudanum one ounce, make a Pomander thereof, like as there be many described in the sixth part, and is also taught how the same is to be made. Or use Camomile, Melilot, Rue, Marjoram, decocted in half wine half water. But if these things will not help, then take the juice of blue Flower deluce, and a little beaten Piretrum, anoint that, or stop it into the nose: do the like with oil of Spike, wherein is tempered a little Euphorbium and Muscus, for both of them be strong and hot. This following is commended for a worthy receipt, whereas the smelling is lost: Take small powned Nardus seed, temper it with oil of Olives, bend the head backward as much as is possible, and let three or four drops fall into the nose, but take the mouth full of water, to the end the oil may run the lesfe into the mouth. Item take Nardus seed which hath lain three days in vinegar, and is dried again, one quarter of an ounce, steep them in three ounces of the juice of Marjoram gentle, or at the least in fair water, and use it as aforesaid three or four times between day and night, and so shall you see marvels. Take oil of Tiles, like as shall be described hereafter, half an ounce, Muscus two grains, struck them in the nose being made warm. The gargarisms are also commodious, like as here followeth: Take Radish, Marjoram, Calmus, Betony, Penniroyall, of each half a M. let them seethe in a pint and a half of wine, until about the third part be sodden away; put thereto as much honey as you please, Mustard seed, Piretrum, of each one drag. use it in the morning. The like also gargarized with decocted Rue and Hyssop, also Piretrum, Mastic and Zeduary, or one of these, are to be taken and chewed in the mouth, and to spit out the moisture: likewise is also very good to strew this powder following upon the head. Take Briony, Lignum Aloes, grains, of each one drag. Marjoram gentle, Cloves, of each one quarter of an ounce, Bevercod one scrup. Muscus, Amber, of each one grain and a half, powned apart, and then mixed: of this powder take four grains, and strew it upon the head before where the hair beginneth to the crown of the head. For conclusion: because amongst the foresaid remedies there be some violent, which may provoke much pain in so precious a member as the nose is; therefore drop therein when the pain is too great, the oil of Gourds seed, and pour warm water upon the head, that will assuage the heat and pain: so will also all whatsoever cooleth and moisteneth, whether it be used inwardly or outwardly, or stopped inwardly into the nose: like as for example, a cloth made wet in Rose water and laid upon the nose, or Rose water drawn up into the nose. Oil of Tiles or Bricks, called Oleum Philosophorum. THis oil is worthy for her virtues sake, that it should be here described: for it is not only good for the lost smelling, but also for all cold sicknesses, for it is warm and piercing, it consumeth all though moisture of the members, and expelleth all swelling: it is also very good against the falling sickness, swimming of the head, the dead palsy, loss of memory, cramp, and pain of the back, and against all manner of gouts: it is also highly commended in all diseases of the milt, the bladder, and of the kidneys, in all ulcers, lepry, scals and fresh wounds. This oil is made as hereafter followeth. Take a very old Tile or Brick, beat it in pieces as big as Walnuts, make it glowing hot, cast one piece after another in old Salad oil, leave them therein so long, until they be well soaked through with the oil; afterwards beat them to fine powder, and put them in a glass helm, the which is clean over well luted, lute also the helm and the recipient, afterward distil it in sand or ashes, but first with a mild fire augmenting the same a little; the oil which cometh out of it, preserve it well stopped. The ninth Chapter. Of the Ears. THere be more parts of the face, to wit, the Ears, in truth precious and necessary members, the which nature hath ordained as instruments for receivers and judges of the voice and their noise, whereof as well men as beasts have always twain, on each side of the head one, that always stand open, because that as well sleeping as waking we have need of hearing. They be also outwardly shapen with divers crooked entrances, to the end they may receive much air, and noise might retain and discern the same the longer: which crooked ways are also meet for this, that there may not easily fall any thing therein, which otherwise might befall if the entrance were right out, whereto is always the moistness in the entrance of the ears, which we call the wax of the ears, and is as it were birdlime, to the end that the small flies, fleas, and other such like that would otherwhiles creep into the ears, might be first stayed therein. It is also very seldom seen that men can stir their ears, the which nevertheless is seen in all fourfooted beasts. The ears are also subject to many kind of diseases, the which are divided by the learned into three principal kinds. The first is when any one is wholly and thoroughly bereft of his hearing, the which we call with one word deafness. The second is when the hearing is diminished or weakened, like as when one heareth not but when one calleth aloud to him. The third kind is when the hearing only is lost or altered, like as one thinketh that he heareth one pipe, sing, rush or any thing else, the which in truth is not so. But of this and of other more that concern the ears, we will write thereof more at large. The causes which may hurt both these, are almost incurable, some be natural, some also through some outward and inward accidents, to wit, as to come out of too hot or too cold air, sudden alteration of cold or heat, from warm water to cold water, or any thing else that might come into the ears, as thrusting, falling, striking, wounds, beasts that may creep therein, unslackt lime, etc. In like manner also disturbance of the brains, of the head, and of the whole body, rheums of the head, and chief cold, toothache, pain of the sinews, and of other members which do touch the hearing: or impostumations, swellings, and worms that do grow in the ears. All these and other more have their special signs. If the deafness or diminishing of the hearing proceed of outward causes, the same may be well demanded of the patiented: Doth it come from the brains? then will also the sight, smelling, and especially the taste be annoyed. If it be caused through hot impostumes, or swelling of the sinews, then is there intolerable pain, panting, trembling, and some frenzy with it, yea hot agues, and lastly death itself, if so be that there be not some good advise taken for it in time. If it be caused through cold humours, there is then impostumation and cold always about the same places. Be winds the causes? then is there always some sissing with it. Impostumations do yield matter: worms may be perceived by their stirring or rumbling, and if otherwhiles one fall out: what now concerneth the description of their remedies, our beginning shall be first of all of the pain of the ears, and afterwards of all other infirmities of the ears. Pain of the Ears in general. §. 1. FIrst it is herein to be noted, that the pain of the ears is not rightly nor properly spoken; for that which toucheth the outward part of the ear, the same can suffer no great pain: and although the pain were great, yet is there no danger of life with it, for that they be no principal members of the life: nevertheless this is wont to be called, the pain in the ears which is within the head, and in the instruments of the hearing, as in the sinews of the hearing, which are near unto the brains, and are knit therewith; of which intolerable pain deadly agues and frenzies do proceed. Therefore we will here express sundry remedies for the strengthening and cleansing of the brains, from whence these terrible accidents do come, like as already hath been done in the description of the head, in the first and second Chapter, and more yet where we have discoursed of the pose or murr, that for this are especially these following gentle cleansings of the head commanded to be used. Take two ounces of Marjoram gentle, white wine one ounce, the seeds of Licebane, Piretrum, of each one scrup. temper it and drop it into the ears: such cleansing of the head is not to be spared, as long as the pain of the ears or head endureth. Or when he perceiveth that it will come again, it is forthwith to be prevented and cut off: but if the pain get the upper hand, which is caused through blood, the which the red and swollen face with beating of the brains doth show; then is the head vein on the same side where the pain is to be opened, that the matter may be drawn downwards. If there run any choler amongst it, then may the same be purged with yellow Mirobalans, sour Dates, syrup of Roses, Cassia, de Succo Rosarum. After both these remedies following, or one of both are to be used outwardly. Take oil of Roses, of Willow leaves, of each a like much, temper a little vinegar amongst it, and drop it lukewarm in the ears. Or take warm woman's milk like as it cometh from the breast, and dropped it oftentimes therein. Both of them do slack the heat, and assuage the pain. For this is also good the brayed white of an egg, tempered with a little oil of Violets and some Camfere: others do use oil of water Lilies alone, or tempered with others. A general rule of the outward applications into the Ears. FOrasmuch as now it is of much importance, how that is to be used which is to be put into the ears, therefore we will (before we run any further) declare this rule following. First there ought nothing to be dropped into the ears before that the body and especially the head be purged: but before we come to this, he may use the fomentations, bags, vapours, and plasters that are to be used most safely: for this application hath always some more danger in causing some obstruction or stopping. And if so be that with them nothing can be effected, then is the imposition to be attempted; yet the ears are first of all to be cleansed with clothes: also there is nothing to be put therein, which by nature is either too hot or too cold, but all whatsoever is middle, mean and lukewarm: also not too much, but from one to four drops, and to hold the same not above three hours in the ears; howbeit nevertheless others do suppose this time to be too short, for that the medicine in so short time cannot perform his operation, therefore do they prescribe six or eight hours. In the imposition shall the patiented lie upon his whole ear, yet not to drop it in, if so be that it be not first run out: the which through néesing, crying, strong blowing of the nose is done. And this is also to be noted, that there is never any repelling medicines therein to be used, to the end that the pain be not driven to the brains. Now for to come to the hot pains of the ears, then take the water of Purslane, grated Gourds (the juice priest out) temper them, or use each alone like as is already taught. Or take the seeds of Gourds, Melons, Pompions and Cucumbers, of each one drag. and a half, beat them and seethe them in six ounces of vinegar until that two ounces be consumed; strain them through a cloth, and use them like as all the other. Take the juice of Houseleek, oil of Roses, of each half an ounce, and temper them: or take the juice of Roses, of Houseleek, of each half an ounce, oil of Sesamum two drag. temper them together. Or take the oil of Roses two ounces, sharp vinegar half an ounce, let them seethe until the vinegar be sodden away, than temper therein Philonium Romanum one quarter of an ounce, and rub it in and about the ears. Take the juice of Housléeke, temper it with woman's milk and use it. Also you may take the juice of Peach leaves, tempered with a little vinegar. Item take a small glass with a narrow neck, put therein the fresh leaves of Violets half full, put more unto it afterwards twenty Aunts eggs, and then fill full the glass with the foresaid Violet leaves, stop it tied: bury it the space of sixteen days in the ground wherein Aunts are; afterwards wring them out, and drop thereof into the ear: and if one perceive thereby no amendment, and that the pain be yet augmented, then are stronger things to be used for it as followeth. Take Opium one scrup. oil of Roses one ounce, temper them together, and drop a little thereof in the ear, it assuageth the pain and procureth sleep: but do this but seldom, for we have oftentimes warned you from the Opium. The same may you also do with the juice of Southernwood, with the foresaid oil. In like manner also garden Snails decocted in the oil of Almonds. Eyewaters' may also be used for this, which are ordained for the hot and sharp pain of the eyes, like as here before in the seventh Chapter, in the fourth and fifth §. is declared, if so be that the pain be intolerable. This plaster following is very highly commended for all pain of the ears: Take dry Violets and Camomile, of each one ounce; temper amongst it well decocted and beaten Henbane roots, with Barley meal, of each one ounce and a half, the fat of Hens one ounce, oil of Camomile as much as is needful; let them seeth thick together, and lay it upon the ears, and upon the temples of the head: when it is cold, then lay another upon it that is warm. It must also not be neglected to rub the patiented softly behind his ears with the foresaid oil, being made lukewarm, once or twice a day. But if the occasion of this pain be through cold, then parch first Millet and salt upon the fire, and lay it warm over it in a cloth, and purge the patiented, like as hereafter shall be taught of the diminishing of hearing. For to put into the ears, are to be taken these things following which are extant or in readiness, as oil of bay, oil of Costus, oil of Radish seeds, the juice of Marjoram gentle, the which also is good each apart, or mixed and dropped therein. Also oil of Rue, oil of Spike, of Bevercod, and of Behen: the ears are to be rubbed round about with the salve of Martiaton, and covered with unwashed sheeps wool, and to do this twice in 24. hours. Take oil of Roses or of Eggs, and the juice of Sage, of each two ounces, stamp therein one or two Scarabées (which are of the small beasts that fly abroad in the evening with or without horns) also as many Earthwormes washed in wine, seethe this by a soft fire until all the moisture be wasted: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and drop thereof in the ear every morning and evening lukewarm two or three drops. Item temper Bevercod with woman's milk, use it as aforesaid: if this help not so soon, then take Aunts, bruise them and temper them with woman's milk: the juice of Radish dropped therein the space of three days shall also take away the pain. Take the juice of Paul's betony, of strawberry leaves, of Sage, of Housléeke, of each one ounce, Mastic and Frankincense of each one drag. and a half, temper them together; the decoction of Coleworts two ounces: drop thereof into the ear, should also take away all pains. Of the order of life or diet. WHereas we have showed many causes of the disease in the ears, yet can there no certain order or rule be yielded for it. But one must direct him according to the quality or importance of the cause. But generally whereas pain or imposthume of the ears be approaching, then must one keep him always sober in eating and drinking, and to eschew all that which ascendeth to the head, whereof is already sufficiently expressed: also all that maketh wind, as pottages, moist fruit, cheese, smoked and salted flesh, unleavened bread, and great fishes, small or watered wine is he to drink, and to eat roast meat: Coming, anise, Caraway, and Fennell are very requisite for all diseases of the ears which proceed through cold: so also is prepared Coriander after meat. Of the noise and hissing in the ears. §. 2. THis disease hath many causes, as blows without wounds, overmuch vomiting, great stirring of the head and the whole body, great cold or heat, wind, moisture of the head, or the impostumation of any other member: but the principallest cause of this sissing is, that the vapour and winds of the brains do fall into the ears; and according to the importance thereof, do forcibly rush like water, which either continueth always without intermission, or at some times also ceaseth. Now pretermitting many subtle differences; this hissing proceedeth most through the feebleness or imbecility of hearing, by reason it is not thoroughly clear and clean, so that it may be thereby known, to wit, that it is less perceived fasting and when one is hungry, than when one hath eaten; for that the ascending vapours of a full stomach do much take away all such pureness in hearing. This hissing must be prevented betimes, for that when it endureth continually, it is not to be cured through good government and necessary medicines; then commonly followeth after it a perfect deafness: and for this are commonly used these following: Pillulae de Hiera, Mastichinae, Cochiae, Sine quibus, de Agarico, and Trocisci de Agarico. These diseases of the head be cleansed with the things which are described in the first §. of the pain of the ears through sneezing and otherwise. Certain ancient Physicians have more violently dealt with it, and advised to temper two grains of Opium in oil and to put it into the ears, but the same is so perilous that some thereby have remained utterly deaf: but if Opium must needs be used, then is this more safe. Take Opium, Bevercod, of each one grain, break them with one quarter of an ounce of vinegar, and drop a drop or twain into the ears: yet is this following much safer. Take Salad oil wherein Poppy seed and Myrtle seed are decocted, and use it as is expressed. But if the sissing come with anguish of the head, and specially through cold causes, feebleness of the hearing and windy vapours, whether it be from the stomach, the womb, or any other parts of the body, then use for it the juice of Marjoram with woman's milk. Use also which of these oils you will, as the oil of Radish seed, of Bays, of Roses (wherein some Bevercod is mixed) of Mustard seeds, Costus, and of Sesamum, and above all is the oil of bitter Almonds commended. In like sort these things following which have the same efficacy are to be used, temper Radish water with oil of Bays, the juice of great Heart's tongue with honey, the juice of an Onion alone stéept well in Rue water, afterwards take bitter Almonds and the juice of Rue, of each half an ounce, and prepared Euphorbium bruised small and tempered amongst it: but if so be that these foresaid things do not help, than it is a token that this sissing of the ears proceedeth of a great moisture which lieth enclosed in the pannicles, which cover the brains. And then must the brains be oftentimes purged with the pills of Hiera cum Agarico, and Pillulae Cochiae and to take them in the evening after meat. Will you then according as it is advised use preparative potions before? then take oxymel, and Oximell of Squils', honey of Roses, syrup of Betony and of Stechas (which you think good) each time one ounce and a half, or two ounces, tempered with the water of Balm or such like, continuing this three or four mornings one after another. After the purging take Marjoram gentle, Stechas, Sea-mints, Wormwood, Marjoram, of each half a M. seethe them, and let the warm vapour go into the ears. Item, take Rosemary, Sage, Betony, Camomile, Marjoram gentle, of each a little sodden together, and used as aforesaid. Item, for this is also good, the vapour of vinegar wherein Wormwood is decocted: also the juice of Onions and of Rue decocted in oil, and two or three drops put into the ear; boil the Betony alone in wine, and let the vapour go into the ear: the juice of Marjoram put into the ear oftentimes in the day, driveth away all sissing of the ears, which cometh through any wind or cold matter, and hindereth sleep. We have before showed how to mix Euphorbium in the oil of bitter Almonds, for which one may take the oil of Eldern, of Rue, of Camomile and Dill, also of Licebane, Peach kernels, oil of Walnuts, of Bays, or which you will: or you may use one of these foresaid which you will alone or with oil of Bevercod, and of Euphorbium, which is not so hot. Item take the gall of an Ox, or of a Sheep, the oil of bitter Almonds, of each half an ounce, the juice of onions or of garlic and honey, of each one quarter of an ounce, temper them and use them as is aforesaid. Take oil of Spike (at the Apothecaries) and the juice of Onions, of each a like much, use it warm as before, it is very forcicble. Item take one dram and a half of aristology, temper it together with the juice of Bays, and use it as before. Hissing in the Ears with bad hearing. TAke white Hellebore, Bevercod, of each one dram, Rue, Saltpetre, long Pepper, of each two scruples, Euphorbium one scruple, the juice of Radish and Garlic, the oil of sweet and bitter Almonds, oil of Dill, of Camomile and Nardus, of each one ounce, let them seeth alone in a pot of water until the juice be consumed: afterwards strain them through a cloth, and drop two or three drops in the ear with a chip or slice of Cipers' wood, whereon is laid a good deal of the stamped leaves of Maioram. These little Cipers' boards are very highly commended of famous Physicians, made warm and laid always before meat upon the diseased ear and temples until it be cold, and this continued so long until the hissing be gone away: also when one goeth to sleep he may lie down upon his ear, putting always the stamped Marjoram unto it. And if any body through the great hissing cannot sleep, then is he to prepare this bag following, and after that it hath lain certain hours in lie, to wash and rub himself therewith. Take the innermost of the Coloquint, field Cipers, Asarabacca, Centory, of each one handful, Maioram, field milts, Penniroiall, of each two handfuls, water mints one handful and a half, chop it small, and make two bags thereof: lay them in lie and wash your head therewith, afterwards wring them out well, and lay them warm upon the head, or on the hissing ear. It is an approved remedy. Item in like manner may you take a dry bag for to hold before the ear, to wit, of Betony, Stechas, Marjoram gentle, and Camomile, lay these warm upon the ear. Take Mastic half an ounce, Piretrum one drag. beat it small, and temper it with as much honey of Roses that you may form Trociscos' thereof, chew it in the mouth and spit it out again: they do draw much slime out of the head. Treacle and Mithridate are not only good against this hissing, but also against all the diseases of the ears and hearing: therefore it is commanded in the disease for to take after purging one dram of fine Treacle with conserve of bugloss. After meat you shall use Mermelade or any such like that detaineth the ascending vapours out of the stomach towards the head: it is also commended not to eat much in the evening, nor to drink late: but rather to take a spoonful of Caraway seed (which is steeped in vinegar) and so go to bed, or you may use also anise, Fennell, and prepared Coriander. What meats are to be refrained. BEware of all whatsoever doth ascend upwards towards the head, as Garlic, Mustard, Onions, Horseradish, nuts, strong wine, and all that is made of dough and milk; of Coleworts, sodden fish, and especially from Eels and Tenches, also from all broths, but especially in the evening: also it were not amiss every fourth day before the supper, or two or three hours after, to take these pills following. Take Bevercod five grains, pills of Sarcocolla half a drag. washed Aloe one quarter of an ounce, make pills thereof with the juice of Nep; after this use the vapour described in this §. where it beginneth: Take Marjoram gentle, Stechas, etc. afterwards this bag or cap laid upon the head, that both the ears even to the neck be covered therewith: Take Nep, marsh Mint, Penniroyall, Marjoram and Rue, all dry, of each one handful, Mace half an ounce, Ameos, Borage seeds, and Caraway, of each half a handful, two white Poppy heads, stamp all these to powder, and make thereof a cap or bag. Another. Take Asarabacca, Nep, Penniroyall, Stechas, of each one handful and a half, spikenard, Spica Romana, Rosemary flowers, Basill, Lignum Aloes, of each half a drag. Mace half an ounce, powne this together, and make a cap thereof; make it warm between two Cipers boards, and lay it on the head as before. Capital powders are also commended for this purpose: Take Lignum Aloes, Cucubes and Cloves, powne each apart, and strew this in the hair on the top of the whole head, as is taught before. Will you then have a mixed or compounded powder? then take one quarter of an ounce of Lignum Aloes, Spica Indica, Cucubes and Cloves, of each one dram, Sandaraca and Roses, of each two drams, Mace three drams, make thereof a powder; strew this upon the head two hours after supper, and early in the morning, like as is said. Whereto all such patients are oftentimes to smell, is sufficiently alleged here before in the eight Chapter and eight §. in the diminishing or lost smelling. Of the binding or rubbing in the hissing of the Ears. FOr this rushing or hissing of the ears is very good that the shoulders even unto the rump; and the knees unto the feet, be forcibly rubbed and chafed downwards so long until they be through red. It is also very commodious to bind them hard & again quickly to make lose and undo them: also to bind hard the brawn beneath the knees, and then afterwards ascending by little & little, even to the very privities. In like manner are also good for this, boxing cups without picking, applied from the buttocks upwards even to the shoulders. Lastly if there appear in the face or on the temples any extuberating, then can it not be ill to let two or three ounces of blood out of the Median. To these we will add a very old superstition, whereof Plinius hath written 1500. years ago, which is, When one's right ear itcheth, then is there somewhere some good thing spoken of him: but if any ones left ear itch, then is there some ill speaking of him: which misbelief continueth with many even to this present day. Impostumes and sores in the Ears. §. 3. IT happeneth very seldom that nature accustometh to purge her superfluous moisture through the imposthume of the ears, nevertheless it chanceth in young new borne children which are full of moisture; this appeareth oftentimes in the first described sissing of the ears, but when this hath ceased and abideth away, yet cometh again and endureth the space of three days; than it is a sign that there is an imposthume of the ears at hand, for which maturatives must serve, and when it is broken up, mundification. The running & mattering of the ears is moved through three kinds of causes, to wit, of an imposthume, or of some ulcers of the ears, or through any defluxion into the eyes that afterwards falleth towards the ears, and there putrefying, is altered into corruption and matter. For all these foresaid, a sober life is fit and requisite, whereby this course of matter may be diminished. Also the patient must refrain from all gross and vaporous meats: moderate exercise is meet and commodious for him: he is always to hold the body lose: if he be hot and full of blood by nature, then is his head vein to be opened, in the hand or in the arm. And if so be this (by reason of occasion) might not be compassed, then are boxing cups to be set upon the shoulders, also to purge with the pills Cochiae, and otherwhiles move néesing, for that it draweth the matter into the nose, whereby it may be easily purged and drawn, for the gargarisms are also very meet which are prescribed in Paralysi: for this are also outward things to be used, wherewith the impostumation may quickly be maturated, the matter evacuated, and the ulcer mundified, the which can be by no surer means effected then by this: Take oil of Sesamum half an ounce, Ducks and Hens grease of each one quarter of an ounce, melt them together, and drop them oftentimes in the ear, or use Hydromell, which is described in the end of the seventh Chapter. Item take salt water wherein fish hath been sodden, or the pickle of salt Olives, and use them as before: the same may you do also with the leaves of Betony sodden in wine, which are very good for all pain of the ears: or take the juice of Heart's tongue tempered with honey, afterwards are to be used one of these things following. First. This is a commodious plaster for to draw out the matter therewith, take two ounces of Galbanum, Ammoniacum, Turpentine and Wax, of each half an ounce, Serapine one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Onions one drag. and a half, Myrrh, Bevercod, of each one drag. dissolve the Gums in a little Wine, and powne all that is to be powned, afterwards mingle them and work thoroughly this salve with oily hands, so that there be made a hard plaster of it. Another. Take one ounce and a half of fine wheat flower, the mucilage of Linséed, of Fenegreeke seed, Eels grease (which droppeth off when they are roasted), gold lethargy, Ceruse, and Frankincense, of each one drag. make a plaster of it, and lay it all over the ear, and rub it also in the ear. Item take fresh Hollihocke roots beaten small, two ounces, Linséed and Fenegréeke seed both beaten, of each one ounce, Dill seed and Camomile of each half in ounce: let them seeth somewhat together in butter: afterwards make a soft plaster thereof, and lay it upon the ear as is aforesaid. Another, which is not unlike unto this former: Take the mucilage of Hollihocke roots, of Linséeds and Fenegréek seed, of each three drams, Lily roots sodden and stamped as much as is needful for a plaster: temper amongst it one ounce of seeds of Dill, two ounces of Camomile, butter six ounces; if it be too thin, let it seeth till it be thicker, anoint all over the ear therewith, and lay it upon it. But when the pain beginneth to cease, it is then a sign that the imposthume is ripe and will break. But for to draw out the matter the better to mundify and heal, you are then to use this that hereafter followeth. Take Sarcocolla, Aloe, Dragon blood, Iron dross, verdigris, Myrrh and Frankincense, of each half a dram, temper all together with vinegar, dip a taint therein and put it into the ear. The same doth also the well known salve called Apostolorum, whether it be new or old. Iron dross alone bruised small and tempered with vinegar until that it be as thick as honey, rub the same in the ear, it drieth much. The like also doth burnt alum tempered with honey. This ensuing is also marvelous good for all kinds of impostumes of the ears: Take honey five drag. vinegar half an ounce; let them seeth; put thereto one drag. of verdigris bruised small: lay it with wool in the impostumated ear. Item, whether you see the imposthume in the ear or not, you are to wash the ear with water wherein Willow leaves and Agrimony are decocted and mixed with Oximell. If there be great pain with it, then look in the first §. choose there what you please to assuage the same: but if this matter and imposthume be caused of a hot corruption, the which may be known by the former signs, then is the head vein to be opened, and let him bleed. Lastly also purge, as is alleged in the pain of the ears through heat, and drop oftentimes new woman's milk. For this is also good oil of Roses decocted with vinegar until all the vinegar be consumed. Some do take oil of Roses, of Violets and Vinegar, of each half an ounce, Henbane seeds half a drag. and let them seeth till the vinegar be wasted away, then strain it through a cloth: this may be done the first three or four days, and then use this drying and healing salve. Take Iron dross as much as you please, make it glowing hot, and then slack it in vinegar, and do this so five times together; afterwards take thereof one quarter of an ounce beaten small, and bruise it very small upon a bruising stone; temper amongst it one ounce and a half of the oil of Roses, vinegar seven drams, wax as much as is needful for to make a soft salve; spread thereof upon the taint, and stop it into the ear, or seeth it in vinegar and oil. Take sheeps wool with the fat called Hyssopus humida, temper therewith as much oil of sweet Almonds, and use it in the ear, it is very wholesome: likewise is also Verueine and Nightshade sodden. Item take the leaves of Nightshade, beat them very small, temper some salt amongst them, make a plaster thereof, and lay upon the ears. Take oil of Roses and clarified Honey, of each a like much, temper it well, and drop it in the ear: this is good for all impostumated and sore ears. Will not the pain cease, but rather increase? then take Opium one scrup. oil of Violets three drag. use it like as in the pain of the ears is expressed in the first §. Or take two grains of Philonium Romanum, and a little woman's milk, drop it in the ear, it assuageth the pain. This is to be laid on the outside, take the mucilage of Linséed and Fenegreeke seed. Item take Ducks grease, Hen's grease, the suet of Foxes, or which you will, tempered together with oil of Sesamum, it delayeth the pain. If the imposthume be very hot, temper goats suet with honey, this maturateth and assuageth the pain. For this is also meet Butter alone, or else tempered with calves feet oil and honey. Item, melt Hony and oil of Camomile together, temper some Goose dung amongst it, let it seethe a little, and then wring it through a cloth; this helpeth for the opening of the impostumes. But this ensuing is more better, and more profitable for to maturate and open all impostumes. Take lethargy of gold and Ceruse, of each half an ounce, white Rosin, Frankincense and Mildust, of each one ounce and a half, Salad oil six ounces, Fox grease, Goat's suet, and hog's grease (altogether fresh) of each one ounce and a half, mucilage of Linseed and of Fenegréeke as much as is needful, let them seeth unto a plaster, and lay it over the ears upon the forehead and temples of the head. You must also keep a part soft with the water of the greater Withwind, and when you will occupy it to mollify it with Honey and moisten Cotton therein, and so use it in the ear. But if the imposthume do come through cold, the which may be perceived through the small pain, less beating, by cold weather, continuance, and such like, then is he to be purged again with the pills Cochiae. For this is also meet the forementioned suets & greases, tempered with oil of Spike. Item take a good handful of Millet, parch it in a pan that thereby it may lose the moisture, and may warm the better, put it in a bag and lay it so warm upon the ear: this doth also parched Bran mixed with Salt: in like manner also dried Betony laid warm in a bag upon the ear. Item, hold the ear oftentimes over hot water, wherein Mints, Stechas, and Marjoram are decocted. Take Rue, onions, both or each apart, use them as before. This warmeth also the matter, and prepareth it to break out. The oil of Hemp seeds dropped into the ear, helpeth also to mundify. The juice of Onions and Rue, of each a like much méetly salted, doth much dry the running of the ears: likewise also the juice of Radishes. In like sort are requisite for this these juices ensuing, to wit, that of Daffodils, of shepherds purse, of Verueine, Knotgrass, each alone or mixed: the juice of Betony tempered with oil of Roses, and so used is very good for all impostumes and pain of the ears. Item take Beanestraw, seethe it in water and receive the vapour in the ear, for it is especial good for all hissing impostumes and pain of the ear which proceed through cold. But if these foresaid things will not help, then take one ounce and a half of Salad oil, steep one quarter of an ounce of Turbith a whole day therein, then let it seeth somewhat, and temper one ounce of the oil of Lilies amongst it, Euphorbium, Bevercod, of each one drag. use it as the former: this disperseth the matter mightily. In like sort it is oftentimes found, that the water which runneth out of the green Ash wood laid on the fire, doth help marvelously if one let a drop or twain thereof fall into the ear. Here before is an oil also described which is made with Béetles, which are called in Latin Scarabaeos', the which in time of need is also to be used: these beasts do fly in the evenings always in Summer. Item take the salve Basilicum, melt it in the oil of Lilies, or the salve Martiaton melted in the oil of Spike, and rub it all over about the imposthume. Bathing is also very meet with warm herbs wherein Stechas, Camomile and Bay berries be decocted: but first to purge with the pills Cochiae, otherwise it is not commodious. And if so be this imposthume would fistulate, than temper Ox gall with as much urine of a young boy, and drop it into the ear: or take the oil of Rue, Hen's grease, and Ox gall, of each half an ounce, Swine's bread one quarter of an ounce, Coming one drag. both beaten: let these seeth in two ounces of vinegar until the vinegar be consumed, whereof being strained, you shall twice a day drop into the ear. Item, take wine wherein white Frankincense is sodden. Another: Take red wine and honey, of each half an ounce, white Hellebore one dram and a half, steep a linen taint therein, and stick it in the ear. For this is also good whatsoever is described for the fistula of the eye. Outward sores of the Ears. §. 4. ABout the ears do also engender more kinds of outward swellings, which are called Parotidae or Gemelli. For that commonly there cometh one under each ear, chief in the time of the plague, whereof is more at large discoursed in the sixth part. These are somewhat perilous, not only in the time of plague, but also hurtful for the brains at other times, for that they be causes not only of franticness, but also of death. In like manner also if the matter descendeth towards the throat, it doth sometimes cause a squinancy, whereby the patiented cometh otherwhiles in great peril, and might be strangled therewith. These foresaid swellings may proceed from the blood Cholera, Phlegma, and Melancholia: the signs of blood are fullness and hardness; if it be wrong with the finger, the place where the finger was showeth white, and in the twinkling of an eye spreadeth with red: also with heavy breath and ill swallowing. If the grief do come through Cholera, or of the subtilest blood, then there is a biting pain and great heat, without any impediment either of breathing or swallowing. But if it proceed of Phlegma, then is there a little pain in the feeling, without heat or great redness. As the other be, the Melancholia giveth great hardness and little pain, and is leaden coloured: these are to be cured as followeth. First, if the patiented be of a plethoric constitution, than the matter of the same is to be avoided & drawn away with Clysters and letting of blood: also to be helped with setting of cups, especially if there be no headache or Ague at hand, that thereby one do not aggravate pain with pain: but if there be great pain with it, then use outwardly warming and moistening things, as butter, the yolks of eggs, sodden Hollihocke roots, Swine's grease, Figs, mucilage of Linséed, of Fenegreeke seed, oil of Olives, warm water and such like. And if the same swelling incline to maturation, then make a plaster of these things following which are in a readiness, as Mil dust, Linséed meal, and Fenegréeke meal, or Wheat meal; temper them with water wherein Mallows, Hollihocke roots, Figs or Fenegréeke are decocted; these things do mollify, consume and maturate: when they be ripe they are to be opened, the matter is to be let out, and the issue so long continued until all the ulcer be fresh and well mundified. But if the swelling be caused through cold, then are hotter things to be used for to maturate it, as oil of Camomile, oil of Lilies, and old Swine's blood tempered amongst it, or goats dung, sheeps dung sodden in wine and a little honey put thereto. This is very forcible also, Ox tallow with honey, oil of Lilies, the juice of Onions, Linséed oil, Pease meal, and such like tempered together. But if the malady be old, then must strong things be used thereunto, as Ireos, Pigeon dung, of the foresaid grease or tallow of old beasts; for how much older the beast is, so much the better is the grease. For this is also good Badgers grease, Bears suet, the marrow of Heart's bones: of these foresaid things may plasters be made: take which you will: of the gum Ammoniacum, the fatness of sheeps wool, Sal gem, and such like, are you to mix amongst it. Of the bleeding at the Ears. §. 5. THis unaccustomed bleeding of the ears doth come of falling, or of blows on the head, but seldom of superfluous blood, but often through very subtle blood, the which openeth the veins in and about the ear: if it come in hot Agues, or in great pain of the head, then followeth great ease afterwards: if it be caused of falling or blows, then is the head vein to be opened on the same side, for that thereby the blood will be drawn down and hindered that it congeal not in the ear, and so cause an imposthume: if there be pain with it, use oil of Camomile, Wormwood, or the juice of the same with so much wine wherein hot bread is steeped, and so laid over all the ear. Item seeth galls in vinegar and water, and drop thereof in the ear. Take a whole Pomegranate, seethe it in vinegar, and wring it out well. Also for this is good Hare's grease decocted in vinegar. But if you be afraid of any gored or congealed blood in the ears, for that use the juice of Garlic tempered with vinegar. If there be any heat with it, then take the juice of shepherds purse, the juice of Plantain, the juice of Houseleek, which you will, tempered with wine. These are cooling and astringent. Item take both the kidneys of a Steer or Ox, with some of the tallow about it; salt it méetly well, let them roast: of the fat which droppeth off, put a little into the ears. All that is also described in the eighth Chapter and seventh §. of the bleeding of the nose, that is also very fit for this purpose. Of little worms that grow in the Ears, and that do creep into them outwardly, and such like. §. 6. Worms do grow as well in the ears as in the entrails, although that the same be not so common: these do make an itch with great pain. Besides that, it happeneth oftentimes if one do lie upon the bad ear, that the worms do creep or fall out. Against this are you to use any of these juices following; of mints, of Peach leaves, Peach kernels, and water wherein Aloes is dissolved, put of each a drop in the ear; for that they kill all worms whether it be that they be grown or crept into them, as fleas or earwigs. The same doth also the juice of Wormwood, of Lupins, of Caper roots, Coriander roots, which have therein an especial property; and also the juice of green nut shells: some do decoct in wine a little Hellebore, and so drop it therein. But if these maladies may otherwise be cured, then is the use of these roots to be omitted. Item take burning nettles, stamp them and strain out the juice, put it into the ears, and give him to eat of the root, it will help immediately. Take Aloe half an ounce, Coloquint, Agaricus, of each half a drag. beat them together, and temper them with hot water, bruise them and use as aforesaid. Take a slice of well toasted bread, hold it to the ear, then will the worms, fleas, earwigs and such like come out: or hold the ear wherein the worms be, on the vapour of hot new milk, then do the worms creep after the vapour of the said milk. Another. Take one quarter of an ounce of Wine, Hony, and oil of Roses, of each three drag. temper them together with the brayed whites of two eggs; make cotton moist therein, and stop the ear therewith, lie about an hour on that side, afterwards pluck it suddenly out, then will the worm hang upon it: the same doth also the wool steeped in honey. Item set a great boxing cup or glass on the ear, then will it be drawn out whatsoever is within it. Obstruction or stopping of the Ears through inward and outward causes. §. 7. IF the ears be stopped, and thereby the hearing hindered, the same must proceed either through an inward or outward cause. The inward cause may be some tough slime or moisture, worms growing in them, congealed blood, matter, impostumations, excrescence of flesh, warts, and such like. Outward causes are if there come any thing into them whereof we will speak severally. Do now these obstructions proceed of excrescences, warts, and such like, which one cannot see nor come at with the hand? then is it taken to be incurable: as contrariwise if it may be seen, it may very well be cured, the which is committed to the Chirurgeons, otherwise the oil of Bay, Ox gall, Hemp oil, are very good, each used apart. If then the stopping be through slime, matter, or any other uncleanness, mollify it with oil of bitter Almonds, or drop honey water warm into it two days together, and oftentimes use the one in steed of the other: afterwards take a warm tile, sprinkle it with wine, cover it with a cloth, lay the ear upon it, to the end that the matter may run out. For this is also good Goats gall tempered with oil, or Scorpion oil: for the stopping with worms you have heretofore in the sixth §. the remedies. If any thing be gotten into the Ears from without. §. 8. THese things are of two sorts, as it also happeneth, that the one child doth put peason, small stones, or cherry stones into the ear of another: the other be soft things, as water, Fleas, Earwigs, and such like. If this happen, then is not the same to be slept upon or delayed, for th●●e things require help and advice with all speed, for there is great danger imminent, especially if that which is cropen therein be of any bad nature, for of that cometh great pain, and consequently great sickness. For this accident, first one of these foresaid Oils is to be dropped therein, afterwards to bathe, and to sit there a good while, move néesing, and to hold in the breath for to drive out whatsoever is in the ears: but if this will not help, then is the same to be done with manual operation with instruments. But if that which is gotten in be liquid and soft, as water; then use oil again, and bend the neck always towards the side of the disease, and exercise yourself with leaping and jumping: and if so be that it come not out thereby, then endeavour yourself again to néesing. Also you may often cleanse the ear with an ear picker covered with wool, or with a piece of a sponge, or to tie the pith of Eldern wood at a third, and so to thrust it into the ear, or through a little pipe let the moisture be sucked out, the which in like manner may be done with the worms. One may also hold the ear over the vapour of hot wine, wherein Camomile, linseed, Annis seeds and such like are decocted. But if fleas or worms be gotten into them, they do raise great pain through their jumbling, especially the fleas: for the which take a Taint and anoint it with a little cleaving salve made of Turpentine and Rosin, to the end that the fleas being fast thereat, may remain hanging at it, and so be drawn out. If this cannot be effected, then use that which is heretofore described in the 6. §. of the worms in the ear, and wherewith they be to be destroyed. Of the diminishing of hearing. §. 9 THe diminishing of hearing may proceed of many sundry occasions: the outward causes are these, strong fumes, unexpected, vehement, and sudden noise, as when the thunder striketh one, oftentimes hath been seen that some thereby have lost their hearing, and have been stark deaf. In like manner the South wind doth also cause it, by reason that it filleth the brains with moisture, whereby the sense of hearing is enfeebled. What now concerneth deafness, and the diminishing of the hearing, thereupon do all learned men first conclude, That if we be borne with it, or that it continue the space of two years, that there is no hope at all left for to cure the same: and if the same do proceed of any moisture, water, matter, or other cause, whereby the hearing is weakened, that may be known by these means ensuing. Take a sponge, make it very dry and warm; bind it in a double linen cloth, and when you go to bed lay it under the ear: if you then in the morning see the cloth spotted, then may you well adjudge, that there is some matter in the ear whereby the hearing is hindered: but if the cloth be clean and fair, then dependeth it on another cause. If that this disease do then come through heat, yet without any impostumation, the which thereby may easily be discerned: if the patiented complain of no heaviness, but much rather of lightness in the head, the heat perceived in the feeling may well abide cold things, and hot things very ill: where this is found and perceived, then to take away the great heat is first to be endeavoured, and to drop those things ensuing into it lukewarm. The oil of Roses, oil of Violets, oil of water Lilies, temper them together, or use each alone. Item, take a Pomegranate, wring out the juice, put vinegar and oil of Roses unto it, of each a spoonful, powned Frankincense one drag. and a half, let it seeth a little, and drop it therein. Take the water of Lettuce, the water of a cut Vine, mix them together, or use each alone, the brayed whites of eggs with woman's milk (mingled together or each used alone) that giveth suck to a maiden child, are also very good: the juice of Housléek alone, or tempered with other things is also good. Take Mallows, Hollihocke roots, Lettuce, Purslane, Willow leaves, Nightshade, of each half a handful, let them seeth together, and receive the vapour. But if this deafness, as it chief happeneth through cold matter, which cannot be without wind, then is the patient's head always heavy, the face puffed up or swollen, casteth out much moisture through the mouth and nose: For this is the head vein to be opened, certain potions to be used, as oxymel of Squils', or syrup of Stechas, one ounce and a half, in a broth wherein Marjoram gentle, Hyssop and Fitches be decocted: and afterwards to purge with the pills Cochiae every 14. day once, in the weight of a French crown. Some do use the Hieralogodion: two days after purging he is to gargarise with this decoction following. Take Hyssop, Marjoram, field Mints, of each half a handful, Calmus, Mustard seed, of each three drag. stamp and beat it with honey unto a confection, take thereof one quarter of an ounce, temper it in eight ounces of water, wherein Dane weed, Fuller's grass, or Licebane is decocted. Also to provoke néesing is very meet: how that is to be effected, look in the first Register. In like manner, Mastic doth draw out much slime. Also Ginger and Pieretrum, oil of bitter Almonds alone is to be dropped into the ear, oil of Bay tempered with a little oil of Roses, & some Pepper amongst it, or the juice of an Onion, of Radish, of Garlic, of Daffodils (which you will) as much strong vinegar with it, and for every ounce four grains of Euphorbium, tempered amongst it: The vapour of water wherein woormwood is decocted, and the warm vapour of Vinegar received into the ear openeth all obstructions, and consumeth all moistures. Take Hares gall, Fox fat, molten Pitch, of each a little quantity, temper them together, it is very good for deafness. In like sort sheeps gall, Salad oil, the oil of bitter Almonds, and wine decocted together until the wine be clean evaporated. Of this ensuing it is said, that it hath helped deafness, which hath continued thirty years, and they that find it so may justly say, Probatum est. Fill a hottell with the blossoms of Walnuts, stop it fast with wax, that it do not putrify, & that there come no vapour out of it, bury it in horse dung, that it stand covered all about three quarters of a yard: let it stand so a whole year: when you then open it, then shall you find therein a kind of oil or moistness, that must you strain out and set in the sun certain days together, then put a drop thereof into the ear, and you shall quickly find amendment: At the first opening it hath a loathsome stench: therefore must the ears and nostrils be stopped, and to eschew as much as is possible the receiving of this vapour. But if the infirmity of the hearing do come out of any uncleanness, then is the same to be remedied with the things described in this Chapter, in the §. 3. of the imposthume of the ears, or else if it be needful, to use the manual operation for it: and if so be that there be no matter appearing, and that the disease doth breed through repletion, or of some great former sickness, then are the ears to be fomented with the water wherein Marjoram gentle, Wormwood Stechas, Mints, and Marjoram is decocted, for that this vapour doth consume and expel all winds and thick vapours, which do stop the conduits of the hearing. Also one pound of fresh or new Salad oil sodden, and the vapour thereof received into the ears is also very convenient. Trocisces. further you are to prepare these Trocisces: Take Coloquint half an ounce, Boras one scrup. Beaver cod, aristology, the juice of Wormwood, of each half a dragm. the root of Costus 1●. gra. Euphorbium ten grains, Cowgalles as much as is needful for to fashion Trocisces thereof: when you will use them, then break it with the oil of bitter Almonds, and drop thereof into the ear. This medicine is very fit for all infirmities or diminishing of the hearing, which proceedeth of wind and phlegmatic humours. Item take Aloe, Coloquint, Euphorbium, of each one scrup temper it all together with Cow-gall, afterwards divide it in small pieces and let them dry: when you will use this, then bruise it on a stone, and mix it wit the juice of Radish, and so drop it lukewarm into the ear, and anoint it also therewith. Item take oil of Bay, and seeth therein a cast skin of a Snake. Take beaten Bay berries half an ounce, seethe them in the oil of Lilies; afterwards wring it through a cloth, and use it as before. Or take Balsam, oil of juniper, the oil of bitter Almonds, temper them together, or use each alone. Item, take the juice of Sage, as much as you please, temper it with Ox gall, or Goose grease, or the fat of an Eel. Item take oil of Scorpions, of sweet Almonds, and Wormwood, of each a like quantity, mix them together, or use each alone. The same doth also the herb Coriander decocted with Onions and water. Or take Aunts eggs, powne them, and put thereto a fresh hare's Gall, as much honey as both of them, temper them together, and use them lukewarm. Item take a reasonable big radish, wind it about with wet tow, roast it under the ashes, cleanse it, and afterward stamp it, wring out the juice, then put as much Salad oil unto it, and use it as the other. Take Ox gall, the juice of blue flower deluce, oil of bitter Almonds, of each a like quantity; drop it warm into the ear. Take also the juice of Peach leaves, the juice of Wormwood, of each a like much: This is very forcible for the impostumation of the ears, and pain of the same. Master Tristrams' water described before in the discourse of the face, and 1. §. is very good for this infirmity of the hearing being dropped into them, and used otherwise. But if this disease be caused of too much fasting or too much watching, whereby the face is clean fallen away, and waxed lean, and the eyes stand deep in the head, then must one bathe oftentimes, eat well, and drink more than before, sleep longer: to power oftentimes upon the head warm water and oil, and to keep it moist. The tenth Chapter. Of the Lips. IN the face is comprehended the mouth that outwardly doth not appear in sight, but only the lips, which do hide all that is contained therein, and accordingly are described among the inward members. The use of the foresaid lips is diverse: First and before all they are most needful for the speech, therefore they also by nature are wholly movable and light, yea made more swift to move then any other muscle of the body: so that justly they may be called neither skin nor flesh only, but a musklie skin. They do cover (I say) and shut the mouth, to the end there come nothing into it against one's will: also that they might cover the teeth from all cold air, and whatsoever else; they do retain the spittle, that otherwise would always drivel apparently out of the mouth. So do they also keep in the meat, the which the tongue doth thrust amongst the teeth, and might fall out of the mouth. Lastly, both for man and beasts they are behoveful to draw in the drink, The learned do ascribe four kinds of maladies unto the lips, as chaps and cliffs, impostumation and quaverings: others do write only of the chopping and the swelling, as hereafter shall appear. Of the chaps or cliffs of the Lips. §. 1. THis is otherwhiles caused through falls, strokes, great heat or cold, whether it be inward or outward, and very often of nipping cold winds: the signs of the outward causes are to be perceived by the patiented. Be they then provoked through sharp hot catarrhs or rheums, which do fall out of the head? then is there a manifest heat and drought in the lips: in like manner also in the forehead and in the nose: if there be no such, then is it a sign that it doth proceed of vapour. If now these chaps proceed of a matter, as salt Phlegma, Cholera, or Melancholia, then are the same to be prepared for expulsion, and to use three or four mornings together the syrup of fumitory, of Wormwood, or Oxysacchara tempered with Endive water, or such like; and then to purge with these pills following, which are approved especial good for all such burning matter: Take the rinds of yellow Mirobalans, Chebuli, Seine, Epithymum, of each two scrup. Mastic half a scrup. Agaricus, and Rhubarb, of each one scrup. Diagridion two scrup. fumitory half a drag. make thereof pills with the juice of fumitory: one may give of these pills one drag. unto one drag. and a half. Afterwards lay a Nut upon hot coals, until the shell be somewhat blackish, then wring the oil out of the kernel, and anoint the cliffs therewith. Item take tragacanth or gum of Cherry trees (which you will) in the mouth, until it begin to dissolve, afterwards rub it with the tongue upon the cliffs, or dissolve it in Rosewater, and so use it. Item, take fresh Butter, the mucilage of Fleawort, calves suet, Ducks grease, honey, oil of Roses, of each a like much, melt them and temper well amongst them the well brayed white of an egg and Pease meal. Item, burn the herb Ferne to ashes, it healeth marvelous well: or the Wax, hens grease, of each half an ounce, Turpentine one ounce, tragacanth half a drag. Galls one quarter of an ounce, melt them all together with a little oil, and mix the rest amongst it. This following also is altogether wholesome: Take the call of the Hart or Stag, lay it the space of three days in ley, wash it every day with fresh water, and renew the ley every day, let it dry: the third day cut it small, & melt it by the fire: then temper amongst it half so much heart's suet, Ceruse bruised small, six ounces, Camfire one dragm. or beaten Ginger and Cloves, temper them together: but if so be that the chaps do eat in, then leave out the Ceruse. Pomade. POmade is especial good and safe. Take the suet of a Hart, fresh Butter or Barrowes grease, of each three ounces, let them melt together on the fire, put thereto four or five small cut apples, also white wine six ounces: let all these seethe together, until that the apples be soft; then bruise them well together, and put Camfire unto it, Cinnamome, Cloves, Nutmegs, of each half a drag. beaten small together, also Muscus four grains, Rosewater two ounces; seethe these again in another pot in boiling water, until all the Rose-water be wasted away: afterwards wring it through a cloth, and wash it so long with Rosewater, until it be white. This Pomade is also good for all chaps of the hands and otherwise. For this is the Poplar ointment also good. Item, take white Wax, Hen's grease, the suet of a Wether sheep, the juice of Rue, of Camomile, tragacanth, of each a like quantity, temper them together. Take Gum, fresh oil of Almonds and Hens grease, of each a like much, Wax as much as is needful: these two last are also special good for the impostumation of the nipples and women's breasts, although they give suck unto children. The blood of the lips (do the Physicians call Haemorrhoidae) it is to be healed like the ulceration and bleeding of the nose, which hath been showed in the eight Chapter. The trembling or quivering of the lips is commonly a messenger of imminent vomiting, the which afterwards ceaseth again: what is to be used for this quivering, look in the Register. If the lips be hot and swollen: for that do some advise that the navel is to be anointed with Salad oil, the which is easily to be approved. You have in many places else what is to be done to all such hot swellings: of the inversion of the lips, shall be spoken hereafter amongst the diseases of the mouth. The eleventh Chapter. Of the Beard. THis is the last part of the face which one seeth outwardly, and also a goodly ornament of man; therefore men do desire to have it grow, and stayed from falling out. For the growing of the Beard. §. 1. FOr to make the beard grow thick and speedily, take Southernwood, Squinanth, of each a handful, power oil of Dill upon it, stop it close, and let it stand a night; then afterwards seethe it in water two or three hours space, temper then more amongst it, about half an ounce of powned Southernwood: after this strain it through a cloth, and anoint the place therewith, where you desire to have a beard. Another. TAke oil of Dill two ounces, of Southernwood half a handful, Squils' two scrup. wine three ounces, let these seeth so long together until all the wine be consumed, and then strain it through a cloth and use it as before. Look for this also in the third Chapter §. 1. Against the falling out of the Beard. §. 2. TAke as many Bees as you please, kill them and lay them in the sun or elsewhere, beat them to powder, make with Salad oil a salve thereof, and anoint therewith the bald place. Take five drag. of Wax, the oil of Palma Christi seeds two drag. and a half, liquid Styrax and Myrrh, of each 3. drag. Laudanum one ounce, Euphorbium, wild Rue, Gum, Cantharideses, of each three drag. powdered Bees or Wasps two ounces, melt all that is to be melted, and temper the powned things amongst it: therewith anoint the place of the beard when you go to bed; but chafed well first: and in the morning wash it off again; let also the beard be often shaven away. This ensuing is also good for the hair of the head and of the eyebrows. Take the oil of Behen, seeth Cantharideses therein, whereof the head and wings be abated, make it smell well with Muscus and Amber, and use it as before. Even as of all outward accidents of the head and the face, mention hath been made before; so will we now also speak of all inward diseases and members of the same. And first of the Brains. The twelfth Chapter. The Brains, and all that concerneth them. LIke as is already alleged, the brains are the uppermost and chiefest of all the inward members of man's body, a place and abode of the understanding, memory and judgement, the which are shapen, and by nature fashioned with many kinds of wonderful, several, and proper shapes, for they be without blood, without flesh, soft and congealed together like as a scum, also as marrow, moist, cold, and of themselves insensible; where they nevertheless through the sinews, do impart and send to all other members the sensibleness and motion. With this part of the body are all beasts endued (which have much or little blood) but most of all men above all beasts, and the men more than the women: the foresaid brains are also moister in man than in any beast. Hence do also spring all the sinews, that thence (as is specified) do spread themselves through the back over all the whole body, strengthening and conjoining it, making it movable and sensible. Unto the brains do also stretch and reach the right beginning of all veins out of the heart, and there do they end: from thence cometh also sleep, which imparteth rest unto the whole body. It is also the second part (next to the heart) that is form in the mother's womb. This precious and tender part is also subject unto many accidents, which bring with them very great inconveniences, like as for example, if so be that the brains through falls or strokes be annoyed or molested; then doth it oftentimes come to pass, yea commonly, that the patiented becometh mute and dumb: like as also in the dead palsy the members are altogether numbed or utterly lamed, and so loss of understanding ensueth. But before that we do come to these infirmities, we purpose here to admonish, that before the description of other diseases of the head, those things are not discovered, which might be convenient for the brains; as Néesing, Treacle, Mithridate, Eyebright wine, conserve of the same, and such like. With these may be also well annexed, all that strengtheneth the brains, drieth the superfluous moisture, taketh away heat, and whatsoever might be else. But because our whole book is full with such like things, therefore it is the less needful for to write much thereof. For to dry the brains. FOr to dry and strengthen the brains, you have amongst other, many and sundry remedies. When you go to bed, swallow down two or three little pieces of Frankincense, this strengtheneth and drieth the brains marvelous much. The smell of Sugar is also very good received at the nose. Certain Aromatical wines which in the last part are described with their operations, and other more, as Calmus, compounded waters, Master Tristrams' water, are also very good for this use. And especially this following: Take Ireos three ounces, Lavender flowers, Rosemary flowers and the herb, Rose leaves, of each one ounce and a half, red Styrax, Benzuin, of each one ounce, Nigella, prepared Coriander, Epithymum, Stechas, of each one dragm. make a powder thereof, fur a cap therewith and wear it on the head. You shall have also many more such like whereas we shall discourse of the giddiness of the head. But if you desire any cooling things for the brains, whereto you have not only commodious things to lay thereon in the first Chapter and second §. but also in other places where we discourse of the Ague and Plague, as much as concerneth their virtues and infections of the brains; we will begin with that costly treasure of memory. Of the Memory. §. 1. Memory is a retaining of acts either heard or seen: Or memory is a comprehension of the things overpast; the which the mind, as present, doth keep and retain. Item, memory is a retaining, establishing, and preserving of matters which have been conceived in the spirit. If so be that this memory be hurt, then followeth forgetfulness of matters which be past and done. And there be two sorts described thereof by the Physicians: The first they do call the greater Lethargus, Lethargus. the sleeping disease, whereof we will speak apart hereafter. The other is less and without Ague, that may in time so take the upper hand, that not only the memory will be enfeebled, but also that men lose their understanding, and become childish and foolish. The cause of this is commonly a bad and cold complexion: otherwhiles also adjoined with cold and moisture which overruleth the hinder part of the head. If it be caused only through cold, Stupor. Cold brain. than it is Stupor, astonishment: These sick persons do speak neither of things past, nor yet things to come; they care for nothing, they sleep and wake méetly, they feel no drought of the tongue nor yet of the nose. Cold and dry. But if this disease be caused through cold and drith, then can the patiented sleep, thinketh well upon things which be over past, but not of any thing that is present: the mouth and nose are always dry. Cold & moist If it come through moisture and cold, than it is the sleeping disease, which forgetteth all former things wholly and thoroughly, and all present very quickly: they have very moist brains; so that the moisture runneth out at the nose and mouth. If heat and drith be causes, Mania. then cometh it to Mania, that is, the right madness. To the end now, that this precious treasure of memory may be continued and kept: thereof you shall have sufficient instructions which you find of the sleeping sickness, astonishment and madness: so that we will only speak here of that kind of forgetfulness which is caused of cold and moisture together, and is not an absolute Lethargus: nevertheless doth reign most. For this is to be applied for a general rule to defend the head from all superfluous moisture, how the same is to be effected you have many and sundry means, especially there whereas it is discoursed of the cold pain of the head, in the first Chapter §. 2. and also hereafter where we shall speak of giddiness. But to the end we have an orderly rule for to prevent this forgetfulness, therefore we will here prescribe an orderly means for an example. If this disease proceed of an excessive uncleanness, surfeiting of meat, of drink, of cold, and such like outward causes, then are they to be shunned, and good government observed, whereof we will once again speak more at large. For this, must also strong Clysters be used, take Consolida Saracenica, Betonie, S. john's wort, both kinds of Sage, both sorts of century, Rosemary, Stechas, Flouramour. Camomile, of each half a handful, Balm a handful, Coloquint one drag. and a half: all these things are to be bounden in a cloth and sodden in sufficient water, afterwards wrung, out and to take of this decoction 12. or 16. ounces, wherein shall be tempered Hiera Picra, Benedicta Laxativa, of each five drag. Salt one quarter of an ounce, oil of Lilies two ounces and a half. This Clyster (as is expressed) is strong; will you then have a milder? then use them that be described for the cold pain of the head: for a preparative potion is meet Oxymel Squilliticum, with the decoction of Galingale, or Calmus. Afterwards purge with these pills following, take Pillulae Cochiae one drag. Coloquint, Mastrix, Bdellium, of each half a dragm. make pills thereof with the juice of Balm, you may give them all together to a strong man, although they be strong. Hereafter you may use certain days Treacle, Mithridate, or Aurea Alexandrina one drag. at one time: afterwards purge again with Hiera Logodion, or Simplici, according to the importance of the matter. You must anoint the head with Bevercod dissolved in vinegar, and oil of Lilies, or rub the neck with some of these waters of life hereafter described, like as most of all those waters are requisite for this use which be described in the eight part. For this, is also convenient, Ginger, Mastic, Pieretrum chewed or bounden in a cloth by reason of his heat, they draw out much moisture. In like manner are things of a good savour or smell to be holden before the nose, and those that be of hot nature, as Muscus, Ambra, Lignum Aloes, Cloves, Nutmegs, Indie Spica, Flouramour, and such like savours: take Frankincense, Pepper, Cipers roots, and Myrrh, of each a like much; make with decocted honey a conserve thereof, give thereof a dragm. at one time. The ancient Physicians commend much to take every morning one drag. of Frankincense, Pepper half a scrup. and that with a draft of wine. Order of Diet. FOr forgetfulness of cold and moist causes are always warming and drying things to be used; the dwelling place must be clear and clean, and carnal copulation as much as is possible to be refrained, and that not only therein, for it is seldom found, that they that be immoderate therein, have a good memory or understanding: Mustard, Garlic, and all things which be of cold nature: in like manner, all excess of meat and drink is also very hurtful: likewise also Mutton, Marrow of Mutton bones, sleep immediately after meat, and such like: to the contrary all dry fruits which be parched, as Hasell nuts, and Chestnuts be very good. Also all Fowls are very meet for this, and the brains of the same, whereof we have made mention in the other description of diet, where we have spoken of the memory, ordinary going to stool, and making water, etc. moderate mirth, fresh water wherein Balm, Fennell, Bay leaves, and such like are decocted. The head may also twice a week be washed with lay wherein Camomile, Rosemary, Sage, Balm, Betonie, or which one will, is steeped or decocted. Like as for example to be followed, here we describe for these matters. A good powder. An especial powder for memory. TAke three ounces of Seine leaves, Seduarie, Cumin, Parsley, and Dill seed, of each one ounce, Ginger half an ounce, Cloves, Nutmegs, Calmus, Galingall, Pimperuel roots, Sage, Rue, Valerian, Annis, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar three ounces, powne all small, and temper them together; take thereof in the morning and evening about one drag. at one time: this powder doth not only strengthen the brains, but also the memory: it is also good against giddiness of the head, cleanseth blood, and is good for the stomach, strengtheneth the womb, preserveth the lights from all superfluous humours, withstandeth all diseases of the hart, pain of the liver, of the milt, of the gall, driveth away the cough, maketh a good colour and a clear face. It is also good to be used against all swellings, and against all pestilential air: holden in the mouth, it taketh away all toothache, stinking breath, and keepeth men in good health. The water of Carduus Benedictus is said to strengthen the memory, to take away the pain of the head, to amend the giddiness, and all other accidents of the head, if so be that one take the water or the decoction of the herb every morning two or three ounces at one time. Coriander seed and bitter Almonds confected with Sugar, do strengthen also the memory and the brains. You have heretofore in the second Chapter and first §. of two lay bags which strengthen memory, and in like manner in the eight Chapter 8. §. of the oil of Bricks which is also requisite for it. Secondly, there be also prepared for this many compounded wines, as the wine of Marjoram gentle, which not only strengtheneth the memory, but also causeth it, if it were lost, to return again. Another mean for to strengthen the memory. THere was by our time at Canterbury here in England, a Canon, a Doctor of Divinity and also in the Law, johannes Coletus. named johannes Coletus, to whom by that time he was sixteen years old, was an experiment imparted by a Christened jew, whereby he obtained such a marvelous strong memory, that he retained and kept all that ever he read in all his life time: the which when he was in his 39 year of age, he lying at the point of death, his friends prayed him to disclose and reveal this secret remedy and experiment unto them: where he hath declared that before he had a very gross and hard understanding; but through the use of this experiment he afterwards obtained such a sharp wit and memory, that he could not only remember and hold in mind that which he read, but also all that he heard and saw: Insomuch that he could recite by hart from word to word the Decreta, Decretals, the orders of all the Emperor's laws, with their expositions, Aristotle and other authors which he had seen and read. Also how many names that were rehearsed before him, he could afterwards without missing one repeat them again. Therefore may this experiment be reputed of a great value, and as a gift of God, because that thereby men may with so little trouble attain unto so great a matter. First, the head is to be cleansed with these things following: Take Pieretrum, Marjoram, Galingale, Ginger, Caraway, seed of broad Plantain, prepared white Mustard seed, of each a like much: this being beaten gross together, and if this powder weigh about two ounces, then seeth it in a quart of water stopped close too, when it hath now sodden well, then put a quart of strong wine unto it, and an ounce of clear honey, let it seeth again until about two finger's breadth of the liquor be wasted: herewith are you once every morning (in the increasing of the moon) to gargarise well and many times, holding it long and warm in the mouth, to the end it may vapour up into the head. Afterwards make this potion following: Take Ginger, long Pepper, of each one dram, Galingall one scrup. Cloves, Cubebs, of each one drag. and a half; powne them all together to powder, and bind them in a linen cloth, let them seeth well together in two quarts of Wine stopped fast as aforesaid: afterwards let it stand covered until it be clear, whereof you are to drink every morning fasting, and at evening going to bed a good draft, and that before you shall have anointed with the salve which shall hereafter be described. The virtue of this wine is for to draw a superfluous moisture out of the head. This being done, than place yourself in Summer time in the Sun, and in Winter season by the fire, and comb your hair softly a long time; so that thereby the pores may be opened: afterwards wash your head with the water of Rue, and drink a good draft of wine, and thereupon eat a bit or twain of bread that hath been steeped in the wine, then fast so unto the evening. Your supper must also be sober, your sleep quiet and undisturbed: continue this many days together, the longer the better. When now the veins be warm with kembing, then anoint the head and the temples with this salve following. Take white Lilies, Colewoort leaves, wild Balm, of each one drag. powne them together, put them in a pot, power therein two ounces of Salad oil, fresh butter as much as all the rest, three spoonfuls of the spirit of wine (which hath been rectified at least four times) water of Rue, of Sage, of Celendine, of each two spoonfuls, old white wine five spoonfuls, temper them well together, set it so six or eight hours in a warm place, then strain it through a cloth; afterwards seeth the liquor until it be as thick as honey, (and that by a small mild fire) then set it in the Sun so long till it be of the colour of Copper: This salve must be always made betimes, and it can continue good the space of two years. Also it behoveth to gather all the herbs for distillation when the days be at the longest: and then may also most meetly this salve be prepared. This salve must you (as is rehearsed) use after that the head is purged, you must anoint well the hinder parts of the head and the temples with it; afterwards cover it with a leathern cap or hat, so that the head may be warm that the said salve may have her operation the better in the blood and brains. In the evening is the head to be washed with good warm wine, and one must keep a good diet, and use meats that be light of digestion, also use moderate drinking. This order is to be kept at the first by the space of four days, and so to continue it the space of a whole year, every eight weeks once two or three days together. The next year afterward you may choose one day upon which it is good to take Physic, and then use this salve every three months once, when the Moon increaseth: The third year it is sufficient once in twelve months, and afterwards so long as you live, once in two years. Of the giddiness of the head, and infirmity of the Brain. §. 2. THis disease is called of the Grecians Scotomia, and of the Latinist's Vertigo, which is a giddiness or swimming of the head, we call it also the swimming of the head, for that it seemeth, that all which one seeth runneth round about: or the sight faileth when he will behold any thing, and he thinketh that he seeth swarming before his eyes many marvels, and things which be of strange colours, yea it often happeneth, that his eyes be very dark, and must fall to the ground: like as also it sometime happeneth to a sound body, if they run too much about: or to such as look too much downward from a great height, or upon a quick turning thing, or into running waters. This disease do they chief get, that are wont to frequent much the Sun, and their heads have been overheated: It is also caused of the stomach, if that it be overcharged with any superfluity, whereby the mouth of the stomach is harmed, and sendeth some bad vapours towards the head, which do cause this swimming or giddiness. In winter time and when the wind is southerly, then are all people more subject to this giddiness, than in dry summer. Of this giddiness the Physicians do make many kinds, like as also it is divers according to the nature of the humour whereof it is caused: but to speak of the foresaid giddiness, when any one thinketh that all that he seeth runneth round about, the sight vanisheth as he would fall to the ground, the face and the eyes wax red, the veins swell, the ears show themselves great and full of blood, thereby it may easily be adjudged, that it is caused through superfluous blood in the head, the which troubleth and molesteth the brains: therefore is this sick person to procure presently afterwards to open the vein behind the ear, and to let out three or four ounces of blood; for that is a certain remedy for this disease. And further, for all other spices of this swimming, of whatsoever cause that they may proceed: for if so be that this giddiness do continue long, it is much to be doubted, that the falling sickness or the dead palsy may come thereby. In like manner are boxing cups unpickt to be set above upon the head, in the neck, upon the shoulders, and on the legs. For this also are certain lotions of the feet to be used, made with herbs which do strengthen the head, whereof before in the first Chapter 3. §. for the heat of the head, and in the second Chapter 12. §. sundry are described. But although these foresaid veins do not appear and make show, and nevertheless the face were always red, then must the median be opened, boxing cups, as is said, to be used, to moisten the head with vinegar of Roses, and with oil of Roses, and to eschew all hot meats, much sleep, long watching, to look from great height downwards, and such like things: Lintels, milk, kids flesh prepared with verjuice, juice of Pomegranates or with vinegar, roasted pears or apples after supper are very good for him: of herbs, Lettuce and Purslane with vinegar may he also eat well: for his drink he may also temper vinegar or the juice of Pomegranates, Sugar water decocted with Fleawoort, or any small thin wines. For purging are meet yellow Mirobalans, especially if the giddiness be caused of Cholera, the which are thus to be used: Take one ounce and a half of yellow Mirobalans beaten gross, seeth them in eight ounces of water at the least, put thereto one ounce of sour Dates, let them seeth together unto the half; then temper amongst it three or four ounces of syrup of Violets, or of Roses, and so give it to the patiented in the morning fasting. Take six ounces of whey, lay therein to steep one dram and a half of Rhubarb a whole night, wring it afterwards out, and give it to the sick person cold or lukewarm. Take ten dry Prunes, sour Dates one ounce, seethe them in six ounces of water, then take thereof three ounces, and mix amongst them two drams and a half of the Electuary De succo Rosarum, and drink it warm. Item take sour Dates, Manna, of each one ounce, temper them with three or four ounces of Prune broth. Also these pills following may be used: Take Pillula foetidae, de Sarcocolla, of each one scruple, temper them, and make thereof seven pills. After the purging he is to keep him quiet, and to cover the belly with warm clothes. But if to this giddiness there happeneth no redness in the face, nor any ague, it may be concluded thereof, that the cause proceedeth of cold, whereof the matter lieth in the stomach, which there provoketh the patiented to wambling and vomiting, whereto the patiented is then to urge himself, thereby to be rid of it; & that through this means: Take Radishes, or Horseradish, one ounce, the seed of Orage and of Asarabacca, of each half an ounce, seethe all this in twelve ounces of water unto four ounces: unto this strained decoction you are to add half an ounce of Oil, Saffron one drag. vinegar four ounces, give thereof two spoonfuls in the evening after meat. Preparative potions are to be used according to the cause of the disease, for the space of certain days, and then to take these pills following, Aurea or Cochia, the weight of one dragm. Or in the stead of these pills, to use half an ounce of Hiera Picra, and Oxymel Compositum one ounce, with four ounces of water, wherein Hyssop and zeduary is decocted. It chanceth also oftentimes, that at the first this giddiness doth come with some swarming or fantasies which appear before the eyes, the which nevertheless in truth is nothing so. This the Physicians do call Scotomiam and Imaginationes, whereof before in the seventh Chapter and 12, §. is spoken at large. Of the which very many be helped by these means following: Take Eyebright two ounces, Mace half an ounce, beat them small; give thereof after the purging half a drag. or two scruples with wine or flesh broth. What further concerneth this kind of giddiness, you may discern hereafter, where we speak of Paralysis, with that which this swimming doth agree. This patient must refrain from all meats and drinks which be cold of nature: but Kids, Mutton, Pullet's, Partridges, Pheasants, and all other fowls that have their abode in hilly countries, he may well eat them, yet rather roasted than sodden: in like sort eggs and all that is dressed with wheat or Rice: small red wine, or rather honey water is to be his ordinary drink. But if this will not help, and the foresaid giddiness do still continue, then is this commended for a principal remedy, to wit, to open the head by actual or potential Cauteries above upon the seam (which is called Sutura Coronalis) to the end that thereby all bad vapours, which cause these infirmities in the brains might exhalate. Some use in stead of the foresaid Cautery this corrosive salve following: Take Cantharideses (the heads and wings broken off) two ounces, sour dow half an ounce, temper them with spirit of wine or vinegar, lay them behind in the neck, and behind upon the brawns of the legs, in bigness of half a dolor; let them lie so long until they raise a blister, that is, about twelve hours or somewhat more. These blisters are to be holden and kept open, with the laying upon them of a Colewoort leaf as long as is possible. But if so be that neither ague, nor vomiting, nor any other imposthume do befall with it, and yet nevertheless the giddiness persist and endure, then is the sick person oftentimes to be purged with the pills Cochiae, and to withdraw him (as is said) from cold meats, because that the cause of this disease proceedeth of cold. Further, he is to be let smell to a little bag of Annis seeds, and in like sort must he wear a cap with Annis seeds upon his head, and receive the vapour of the decoction of Annis seeds into his nose; for that the smell is very requisite, because it drieth and warmeth well. Also the head is to be cleansed, as oftentimes hath been showed: but this ensuing is especially good for it: Take the juice of wild Cucumbers one ounce, honey water wherein Marjoram is decocted, two ounces; temper and draw them into the nose: but take before, thy mouth full of clear water, so that it may come the less into the mouth. Gargarisms. Gargarisms are also to be used for this purpose, thereby to expel all phlegmatic humours which cause this malady: Take betony, Hyssop, of each one handful, liquorice, Rue, and Raisins (the stones being taken out) of each one ounce, Pieretrum, Ireos, of each half an ounce, Mustard seed, Licebane, Ginger and Mastic, of each one quarter of an ounce, clarified honey three ounces, seethe them in sufficient store of water, and scum them well, take thereof before and after meat, at each time two spoonfuls in the mouth, holding it long therein, and having gargarized, spit it out again. With this may you also use chewed Mastic, Picretrum decocted in wine or water, or steeped. But always (as is admonished before) the roots knit in a cloth: for it is otherwise too strong. Item, take Mustard seed, Marjoram, Pieretrum, long Pepper and Sage, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth it to the half, being strained, use it as before. The Pieretrum hath an especial operation against the giddiness, therefore it is also to be decocted and beaten to pap with the whites of eggs, and so laid upon the head. A powder for meat. TAke Nutmegs, prepared Coriander, of each half an ounce, Misselden of the Oak, Peony seed peeled, and Galingale, of each one drag. Calmus, Betonie, Cubebs, and Cumin, of each half a drag. Sugar, as much as you please. You have heretofore in the first §. a good powder for the memory, which is also meet for this purpose: and this following is very necessary for it. Take the juice of Fennell one ounce, Sugar two ounces, seeth it together like to Manus Christi. An Electuary. TAke a pound of Currans (well cleansed) liquorice cut small, bugloss water and Endive water, of each six ounces, set them seethe together, and afterwards wring it out hard: in this decoction are you to put of preserved Mirobalans, Chebuli and Emblici, of each six ounces, honey of Roses and Sugar, five ounces; let it seeth until it be somewhat thicker than honey: afterwards clarify it with the whites of eggs: when it is now cold, than temper amongst it one drag. and a half of Cinnamom powder, preserved Nutmegs one ounce, Lignum Aloes, Cloves, of each one drag. Fennell and Annis seeds, of each half a drag. conserve of Roses two ounces and a half. Of this confection you are to use every week the quantity of a Walnut. Item take Cinnamom, Cloves, Fennell, Galingall, chew them long in the mouth, and afterwards spit it out again. The confected Calmus is also much commended for this giddiness, and in like manner confected Coriander, as is more said in other places, where we have entreated of the memory. Preserved Mirobalans are also especial good after meat, also being dry to chew them in the mouth; for that they do hinder the vapours ascending up to the head, and consume all watery moisture: also how good Carduus Benedictus water is for this use, look in the place where we have spoken of the memory: the Treacle and Mithridate are also much commended for this purpose. The order of diet. THey that be troubled with this giddiness ought to live very soberly and moderately, to leave wine, or to water it well: if the disease come through heat, then is heat to be eschewed; if through cold, then is cold to be shunned: after meals take a piece of toasted bread and eat it. His meats must be light of digestion, and use little: like as is sufficiently showed in the hot headache. Of franticness, madness, or doting, and such like infirmities. §. 3. THe diseases of the brains are divided into three kinds, to wit, first if their accustomed operation be hindered. Secondly, if they be perished and enfeebled. Thirdly, if they be altered from their good disposition and nature into another: like as when a man falleth into foolishness and forgetfulness, that he forgetteth his writing, reading, and his nearest kindred, yea his own name: the which in truth, proceedeth out of a coldness of the brain, like to the palsy, and falling sickness, and such like accidents which suddenly assault men. But if this foresaid disease (whether it happen in the understanding or in the memory) be small, than it is a sign that the coldness is not great, Delirium. for these diseases have also their greatness and smallness. Delirium, doting childishness, be it howsoever it will, it cometh of some bad humour and distemperance of the brains, and is an erring, troubled & spoiled motion of the principal virtues of the mind; and if so be that an Ague befall with it, Phrenitis. than it is a right Phrenitis, that is Frenzy; which is not only caused through hot humours, but is also admixed with some Phlegma in the brains: but in case there be no ague with it, Mania. then is this malady called Mania, madness; and springeth out of hot humours, and chief of Cholera, which inflameth the brain too much; Melancholia, of which issue only despair, Dementia. sorrow and fear, and that which is called in Latin, Dementia, (to wit, when a man is wholly out of his right mind) proceedeth only of cold humours, like as hereafter again shall be more at large declared. Of dotage and childishness, called in Latin Delirium. §. 4. THis disease is for the most part in all sicknesses or infirmities of the brains, for that in case the same be distempered, (be it by whatsoever manner that may be) then will the understanding be thereby wholly or in part enfeebled, according to the greatness or smallness of the humour whence this disease is caused. When now these doting conceits and strange thoughts do come without crying, Melancholia. calling, or noise, as if he were possessed, than it is the very true Melancholia. But if the madness do come with chiding, scolding, leaping, cursing, and such like misdemeanours, than it is the right Mania, or madness, with all her syptomes, which do assail him no otherwise then as if he were possessed. If there be with this madness laughing, merriment, friendly semblance, then is the same always better than any of the rest: but if this come through burned melancholic humours, than it is the worst, and the behaviour none otherwise then as if he were possessed. Others make of these Delirium or Desipientia, 12. kinds, whereof the most part are here described. And to the end we might first of all have an example how that these kinds of sicknesses are best to be helped; therefore we will set before us a youth that hath lost his understanding, and is become distraught. At the first is very meet for it a very good government or order of diet, and to use all things which be warm and moist, to eat good raised bread, which is above three days old, otherwise he is to eschew all things that are made of dough: young Veal, Mutton, Lamb, Pullet's, Capons, young wild swine; in fine, he is to eat all that is young whether it be wild or tame, and to refrain all that is old. Of herbs are meet for him Endive, spinach, Purcelane. As concerning fruit, fresh Almonds, Hasell nuts, sweet Cherries, Melons, Gourds, Pompions, fresh Figs, Grapes, sweet Pears, Apples, oil of sweet Almonds, or fresh Butter. He must refrain from Vinegar; or if he will use it, he must delay it with Sugar or water: yet is he rather to use the juice of Lemons or Verivice, but seldom, and that made sweet with Sugar. For his drink he is to take sweet wine, and clear wine well watered, for that he will be very soon drunken, which is hurtful for him. In this country in stead of the foresaid wine, small beer is commonly to be used: he is to forbear all old and salt flesh. But if so be he cannot forbear wine, and were yet notwithstanding inclined to drink much, then are you to steep therein prepared Coriander seed, Sorrel seed, Purcelane seed, with the flowers of water Lilies, this will resist and withstand all drunkenness. Can he be satisfied with drinking of water? then let him drink none other than barley water or sugared water. bugloss leaves or the roots of the same are always good, whether they be used in meats or drinks, and all that may be made with bugloss. bugloss good for Melancholy. He must also moderately move and stir in going and standing. Copulation must he utterly eschew, because that thereby the best blood of a man is wasted, and worn away and the natural forces enfeebled. He must comb the head oftentimes, sing much, use music which is very commodious for all melancholic persons, his sleep must be somewhat longer than it was wont to be when he was in health. Because that this matter is very hard to be purged, and yet nevertheless it must be done for the most part, then is always the advise of a learned Physician to be followed, the opening of the Piles or hemorrhoids is especially commended for this disease. One may also drink many days together, three ounces of the juice of bugloss, for it is marvelous good for all kinds of melancholy. Also is very good two ounces of the juice of Hops (being wrong out) if it be presently taken without settling, preserved Citron pills one spoonful taken in the morning early, and in the evening two hours before meat are very meet, or two ounces of the syrup of Citron pills, with three ounces of Lettuce water used before purging, Comfortable Electuaries. TAke the flesh of a roasted Partridges breast twelves ounces, the roots of white Behen the flowers of Borage, bugloss, Seduary, of each one dram, Saffron one scruple, Mace, Saxifrage, of each one scruple, jacint, Smaragd, sapphires, and Hearts bones, of each half a scruple, three leaves of beaten gold, fired gold half a dram, prepared pearls one dram, three ounces of fresh Pine apple kernels: let this steep 24. hours with the flesh in foures ounces of white wine, and two ounces of the juice of Quinces, powne them all small, and seethe 12. ounces of white Sugar with the foresaid liquor, temper it all together: give thereof every morning half an ounce, and drink thereupon two ounces of bugloss water: afterwards take before dinner and supper one quarter of an ounce of it: for besides that it is good for the giddiness, it doth also strengthen all the members of the body. In like manner mark, that all which strengtheneth the heart, whether it be hot or cold, the same also strengtheneth the brain. Of Phrenitis, or franticness with an Ague. §. 5. WE will now discourse of that kind of franticness, which the learned call Phrenitis, which we define thus: Phrenitis is a frenzy or bereaving of the wits with an hot Ague, or Phrenitis is a doting and distraction or spoil of the understanding, which endureth not always, and that assaileth one with quivering, small voice, and with an ague, which doth also most proceed of some inflammation or swelling in the brains. And although there be many kinds of franticness, yet may they be divided into two principal sorts; the one which is caused of blood, the other of Cholera: out of both which, the third kind which is Melancholia, as a mixture doth sprout and spring. They that be burdened with the first kind, they may adjudge all things like as they be, know what it is; but how to think of it and use it do they know nothing at all. They that have the second kind of franticness, they do know in their thoughts or forecast nothing at all: but adjudge much otherwise of all that ever they see then it is. For both these sorts have you a notable history recited of Galen. They which be charged with the third sort, they be so distraught of their wits, that they can neither discern right, nor adjudge right. And now for to come to the right signs of the foresaid diseases, we will rehearse these following. The signs of 〈…〉. First inward Agues, heaviness of the head, drought, redness of the eyes and face, pain of the head, shunning of light, and strong motion of the pulse. Item, unquietness, much and filthy talk, drith and blackness of the tongue, tumbling up and off from the bed: their urine white, quick and strong breathing, crying out in the sleep, fear, impudency, do not cover their privities being uncovered, forgetfulness of all that is passed, terrible dreams, etc. And if, besides the foresaid signs, the tongue be red and yellow, and the understanding enfeebled with much watching: than it is a perfect Phrenitis, that is, franticness, with a strong Ague. For this the remedy is not to be delayed, but before they (which do proceed of blood) do take root, he is strongly to be let blood in the head vein, even till he swoon, if nature may abide and suffer it. But if so be that the sickness have endured already past the fourth day, and settled itself, then is the vein of the forehead also to be opened on the top of the nose, and to be diligent for to open the hemorrhoids, the which is very requisite and sure. And if so be that for some causes the opening of a vein be hindered, then is blood to be forced out of the nose, or at the least to set boxing cups on the shoulders. But if the cause be of Cholera, then is the body to be purged through Clysters, as hereafter followeth. Take two handfuls of Lettuce, Barley half a M. Mallows, Mercury, Violet leaves, of each half a handful, the flowers of water Lilies one ounce, and a little bran: seeth these together in a sufficient quantity of water: then take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, put thereto Salad oil, and prepared Cassia, of each one ounce, extracted Prunes five dragm. set this Clyster fasting. Another: Take Mallows, Blites, Mercury, Violet leaves, and water Lilies, of each one M. let them seeth together in sufficient water: afterwards take twelve ounces thereof and temper amongst it Triphera Sarrecenica one ounce, strained Prunes an ounce and a half, oil of Violets, two ounces, Salt half a drag. Further to purge withal, sour Dates are especially fit: for they do not only expel the bad humours, but also alter them. These are thus to be prepared. Take twelve ounces of sour Dates, seeth them in 24. ounces of water until the fourth part be consumed: this decoction is to be strained through a cloth, and to give him five ounces thereof at once. Item, take three ounces of Manna, temper it in the decoction of Prunes, and give it him in the morning. But if so be that the humours be burnt, then seeth with the Prunes a few Seen leaves, a little fumitory, and Epythimum, of each one quarter of an ounce, the roots of Polypodium one ounce, and in four ounces of this decoction, temper the Manna and sour Dates. Another. Take yellow Mirobalans one ounce and a half, stamped Prunes two ounces: seeth them together in ten ounces of water unto the half, or till that there remain four ounces over: then give it so. Or take one quarter of an ounce of Rhubarb, decoction of Prunes four ounces, beat the Rhubarb and so temper it amongst the decoction; add unto it two ounces of syrup of Violets: let this stand together the space of twelve hours, and give it him early in the morning. But if so be that the humour be burnt, then put some Seen leaves unto it, Epithymum, and the roots of Polipodie, of each one quarter of an ounce. After the foresaid purging, may the head vein upon the hand or in the elbow, be safely opened, and boxing cups fixed upon the shoulders. Also to open the Saphea, and to move the hemorrhoids, if so it seem requisite. If this sickness be caused of blood. TAke twelve ounce of the juices of Plantain, juice of shepherds purse and Rose-water, of each four ounces, Vinegar two ounces; make clothes or two wet therein, and then lay them on the forehead, and so over half the head. Item, take Violet leaves, Lettuce, and powned Barley, of each 1. M. Poppy heads, roots of Southernwood, and water Lilies, of each half a handful, Henbane, Poppy seeds, and Lettuce seed, of each half an ounce, Camomile, Melilot and Mallows, of each half an M. Seeth them all together in a sufficient quantity of the water of Sage: afterwards take a Sponge and therewith moisten from the forehead, or from thence where the hair beginneth, unto the neck behind as often as you please. Item, take the juice of Housléeke, of Lettuce, of Purslane, and of Nightshade, of each three ounces, Rosewater two ounces, Vinegar one ounce, temper and use them as before: this bringeth also sleep with it, and especially if one temper therewith two ounces of the juice of Poppy heads: cannot you get the juice? then take the distilled water itself, if you will have a plaster of it, temper Barley meal amongst it. Note also that these cooling things are to be used only in the beginning of the frenzy: for that if it be seen that the matter beginneth to yield, there are other things to be adhibited; as when it beg inneth to departed, then take a sucking whelp and take out the bowels, and so lay it warm upon the patient's forehead, or rather on the top of the forehead when the hair is shorn off. Item, take another whelp (the entrails being taken out as is said) bestrew it inwardly with Henbane seed, and lay it warm upon the head, this maketh the frantic to sleep: the same do also young Doves and Cocks opened in the back, and laid upon the head: or take the warm lights of a Wether, hold it upon the forehead, when it is waxed cold make it warm again in warm water, but wring it well out, and lay it again upon the forehead, and reiterate the same oftentimes. Of the dwelling of a frantic man, and other remedies concerning this disease. THe dwelling of any frantic persons must be temperate, more cold than warm: Bestrew his Chamber and bed with cold herbs, as Lettuce, Purslane, Housléeke, small and great Willow leaves, water Lilies, and Nightshade: have also clothes made wet in common water, round about him pluck away all pictures out of his eyes, for that they bring fantasies and troubles unto him, let honest people come amongst them, to the end he may be ashamed; let him smell to Roses, Violets, water Lilies, flowers, and Camfere, whereof may also bags be made, this is prescribed for an example, how all manner of frantic men are to be governed, now will we proceed forward. But if it be feared, that a man would become frantic, then take quick Brimstone, and Mastic of each one drag. and a half, temper them well beaten with half an ounce of good Treacle, and give a youth thereof half a drag. at once mixed with Cicorie water, an old body one drag. with old wine. He is to sweat thereupon as long as he is able to endure it: doth it not help at one time? then do it more times, but the patiented is to beware of cold and wind. Take Camomile, the herb Dill, Roses, Marjoram gentle, of each one M. seeth them and make clothes wet with it, and lay them warm oftentimes upon the patient's forehead. Take Violet leaves, Melilot, Mallows, Rosemary, Bay leaves, and Poppy heads, of each two handfuls, let them seeth together and use it as before: the conserve of betony, of Gilliflowers, and especially of peony flowers, is very convenient for this above all other, and not only for this disease, but also against all strange fantasies, frightings and fear, the which people have a nights and without any cause. A precious water. THis is much commended above all things for to keep men in their good understanding, and to restore the same if it were lost: take May Lilies stripped off from their stalks, power Muscadel, Malmsey, or any other old wine upon them, put this in a glass and stop it fast, and let it so stand certain days: afterwards distil it through soft seething in a kettle of water. This is not only good against the frenzy, but also in the dead palsy, where the speech is lost, against all faintness, against all consumption: it repugneth also all venom, and strengtheneth the heart; a spoonful taken thereof at once. These frantic persons are to be always kept sober in eating and drinking, as is expressed, and to use cooling things, for necessity requireth the same: They must eschew wine, and be content with small beer and Barley water, wherein the syrup of Violets, of Roses, or of water Lilies be mixed. He is to eat Orgemond or Ptisane (called Ptisana) or any other water paps. Also all other cold herbs stewed, as Lettuce, spinach, and Sorrell, yea some require this order to be kept so directly, that they will not allow any other thing in the world. But regard is alway to be had to the ability of the patiented: and heed must also above all things be taken, that this patiented be not made angry, nor feared, and not frighted; but as much as is possible to be kept with mirth. For to bring the sick to sleep and rest. §. 6. FOr that this malady doth bring with it much unnatural watching, therefore it is needful to write somewhat thereof, for that is very hurtful in the disease, because it doth dry the whole body, taketh away the appetite, troubleth the mind, contracteth the sinews, weakeneth the wits: also causeth some Ague, and bringeth with it other inconveniences more; as also the loss of sleep, which is a very bad sign in all hot diseases. The causes why one cannot sleep are many, as anger, sorrow, pain, heavy thoughts, a full and crude stomach, hard meats; as Toad estoooles, Beans, Oinions, and Mustard seed, the which do all bring terrible dreams: Also when there is an imposthume in the brains, great disquiet, barking dogs, and such like more which may hinder the sleep: these are the common causes which do keep one awake. But how the same is to be redressed, and how that the reviving sleep is to be restored, shall be showed hereafter. But now to prosecute our method, there be in the frenzy (called Phrenitis) which is with strong Agues, these things following prescribed. If it happen that this patient can attain to no sleep, like as it commonly chanceth in such diseases, whereby the sickness is aggravated; then may the sleep be provoked well with inward and outward things: whereto these safe remedies are very meet. Take woman's milk, of one that giveth suck to a daughter, four ounces and a half, the brayed whites of four eggs, and white powned Poppy seed as much as is needful to make them to a salve; spread thereof upon the forehead and the temples. Take the syrup of Poppy heads, the water of white water Lilies, and oil of Violets, each alone or mixed together, and use them (as hath been said.) Take Henbane seeds, and seeth them so long in wine until it be thickish, anoint the temples of the head, the nose, and ears therewith: this is very strong, but use it not but only in great need. Item, take Poppy seed, & Henbane seed, of each a like much, beat them small, and temper them with the white of an egg, woman's milk, and with a little Vinegar; use them as before. When one is come out of his natural sleep, or enfeebled in his wits, then make a sponge wet in this water following, and lay it warm on his forehead and on the temples of his head: being waxed cold it is to be renewed. Take Lettuce, Violet leaves, peeled Barley, Poppy heads, the roots of Mandragora, the white water Lilies of each a handful, Henbane seed, Poppy seed, Lettuce seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Camomile, Melilot, and Mallows, of each half a handful: let this seeth together in water. Take Cassia wood one dram, Opium two drams, and Saffron one dram, make a powder thereof, and at the most take one scrupe thereof, let it steep in Vinegar and Rose water; anoint the temples with it, it is very strong and safe. In like manner will be for this (amongst the common things) Oxyrrhodinum used: whereof some stand described in the first Chapter and second §. A Salve. TAke one ounce of Poplar salve, oil of Violets half an ounce, Henbane seeds, the roots of Mandragora, of each half a drag. Saffron, Cassia wood, of each one scrup. temper this together: the sleep was wont also to be procured with this following, binding it about the neck, and to lay it upon men's privities, and women's breasts. Take cold water and Rose-water, of each five ounces, vinegar one ounce and a half, wet a double linen cloth therein, and lay it over it. Item, take herbs of cold natures, as Willow leaves, water Lilies, Vine leaves, and Lettuce, seethe them in water, and wash the foresaid place, also the hands and feet therewith. This doth also, to set the hands and feet in cold water. A potion and such like to procure sleep. TAke white Poppy seeds half an ounce, roots of Mandragora, Henbane seed, of each half a dram, unbeaten Saffron four grains, stamp them all together, and bind them in a cloth, and then lay them in steep in five ounces of the water of water Lilies the space of six hours, afterwards wring it out, and give it to the sick person two hours before supper or dinner, from one ounce unto three ounces, according to the importance of the sickness and ability of the patiented. Item, take water Lilies twelve ounces, Opium one drag. steep them together in three pints of Malmsey the space of 24. hours, than cast therein one quarter of an ounce of Salt, white beaten Poppy seeds half an ounce, Henbane seeds one quarter of an ounce, Lettuce seed three drag. distil the same in séething water, whereof you are to give going to bed, from half a drag. unto a drag. This is strong enough for to cause the patiented to sleep six hours: wine doth also provoke sleep if one drink somewhat excessively; in like sort also wine of Wormwood, yet that driveth away heavy dreams. A confection and what else may be taken. TAke conserve of Violets and water Lilies, of each one ounce, white Poppy seeds, white Henbane seeds, of each half an ounce, Ginger three drams: temper this together, and when you go to bed, then take the bigness of a Hasell nut rather more than less: the Ginger is put thereto, to the end that his power might penetrate. Another. Take white Poppy seeds, Endive seeds, Lettuce seeds, and Purslane seeds, of each two ounces, Melon seed peeled, Pompion seed, Gourd seeds, and Cucumber seeds, of each a drag. and a half, Mandragora apples one ounce and one quarter, Saffron, Camomile, Dill seed, of each one drag. and a half, Lignum Aloes, one drag. Sugar twelve ounces, honey of Violets six ounces: the Sugar and honey you are to seeth in the water of water Lilies until it be thick; when it is almost cold, temper the other beaten small amongst it, and use it as before from one quarter of an ounce unto half an ounce. It is good for frantic persons to anoint the forehead, the temples, the nose and the pulse veins therewith, or to take it with the water of Lettuce one hour after meat. Another not so strong. TAke white Poppy seed three quarters of an ounce, the seeds of Violets, of Lettuce, of Endive, of each one quarter of an ounce, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seeds, Gourd seeds, Cucumber seed, of each half a drag. Sugar one quarter of an ounce, temper this as thick as you will have it, with the syrup of Poppy seeds. Here may you see that Poppy seeds are used almost in all receipts for the sleep, likewise all that is made of Poppy is good to procure sleep, as the confection Diapapaver, Loch de papavere, Syrupus de papavere, and Diacodion. A powder. Take Lettuce seed and white Poppy seed, of each half an ounce, Endive seed, Henbane seed and Ginger, of each one drag. Sugar four ounces, make a powder thereof. But if all these things will not help, then must Opium of necessity be used, to the end that nature may get some rest. But with what providence this is to be used, that do all experienced Physicians sufficiently know, without whose counsel the same is not to be done. Of the overheated children, when they awake out of sleep. TAke water Lilies or Purslane, Willow leaves, Vine leaves, and Poppy seed with the heads, of each one handful, let these séethe together in a pot of water, when it is then lukewarm set the child his feet therein, and struck him well downwards, likewise also from the shoulders to the elbow. This ensuing is much more safe and expert than any thing else anointed on the temples of the head. Item make a cloth wet in his mother's milk, or if the same be not to be had, in warm goats milk, lay thereof upon the forehead, and on the temples of the head, it cooleth well, and also causeth to sleep. Of Mania, another kind of franticness, which we commonly called Madness. §. 7. IT is discovered how that the Mania is a mad Phrenesis, without an ague, and is described by the learned, and defined after divers manners, which are meet to be here rehearsed. Mania (some say) is a distemperature of the understanding, which altereth the right and reasonable thoughts, with loss of voice, of wit, and of judgement, which were good in health. Other say thus, This Mania is a dottage or madness, and therefore a disease of the mind, which no otherwise distempereth the mind, but as any other sickness of the body, whereby can be no health. In fine, it is such a Melancholia, in case that it begin to root in one, that they become raging mad, and must be bound, yea the common sort think no otherwise, but that he is possessed with a spirit. The chiefest signs of Mania be these, unsteadfastness, alterations in words and deeds done without sense or reason, like as much talk and prating, much waking, leaping, great troubles, and such like. But if they be caused of a choleric Melancholia, then is the patiented the more unquiet, and so much the more inclined to chiding, calling, and great madness: but if it be mixed with blood, then do they only rage, and hold also their peace otherwhiles, the which cometh strait way again afterwards with so wonderful much talk, that they are hardly induced to hold their peace: they will be lean over all their body, they have heavy dreams, spit out otherwhiles some gall, which falleth séething upon the ground, their pulse is slow and weak, and their arteries hard. This is verily a terrible sickness, not only for the patiented himself, but for all them that do assist and keep him: and is cured through the same means that are prescribed for Phrenitis, and for this Melancholia following. Of Melancholia, or Dementia, a wonderful madness. §. 8. THis word Melancholia is to be taken after two ways: First, for one of the four humours of a man's body, the black part of man's blood, whereof we have as yet not admonished. Secondly, for a certain sickness which annoyeth & weakeneth the brain and mind, with great trouble and heaviness: and is thus described. Melancholia is a corruption of the judgement and thoughts, altered from their natural kind, into an unnatural and spoiled manner, tempered with fear and care: through which the black blood causeth a troubled and changed spirit; like as it is also true, that it is common with all melancholic persons (be it of whatsoever cause it will) to be always fearful and sorrowful: and if you demand of them the occasion, they know not to declare or allege any occasion unto you: they be so full of fantasies & marvelous imaginations. Otherwhiles they be weary of their life; nevertheless they shun death: they complain not any otherwise but that they be persecuted and murdered, or that some wild beasts will devour them; yea some be also moved in their wits; albeit that they fear death much, nevertheless sometimes destroy themselves. Other also being infected with this disease, they fall into ridiculous fantasies: (for an example) like as we do read in Galen of one that had a strong imagination; so that he thought he was an earthen pot, and therefore shunned the way from all such as met him, fearing that they would break him. There was another that so surely minded the fall of the Giant Athlas, which should carry heaven, that he thought that he also carried heaven, and was so weary thereof that he could no longer carry so great a burden, and yet would not cast it down for fear he should bruise himself and all men in the world to fitters. Some suppose and imagine that they be Emperors, Kings, Wolves, Devils, Fowls, and what may be more: some weep, some laugh, others shun the water. Also it hath been seen before times that learned men being plagued with this disease, afterward did not know one letter. To the contrary, unlearned men did know wonderful arts, could speak strange languages, who also prophesied: and others that did those things that seemed to be against nature. Some fear the things which be not to be feared, nor never can come to pass. But in this they be like to fearful men, yea all those men who always fear darkness: for like as such outward darkness bringeth fear with it; so doth Melancholia also cause a dark black blood, which maketh darkness in a body's mind, and a fear withal. This is also a cause wherefore the melancholic persons are easily possessed with the falling sickness. The cause of these melancholic fantasies do proceed most from the nature of the meats which engender melancholic blood; to wit, all Venison, but especially Hares, Coneys, and all old flesh, whether it be of Oxen, Goats, Bucks, Kine, wild Oxen, and rather if they be salted than fresh. Also of great sea fishes, Salmon, Sturgeons, etc. The like also of all herbs which do not moisten, especially of Colewoorts, and all other Pottages, as Beans, Lintels, Pease, etc. The black thick Wine, old Cheese, unleavened bread, and such like, do also increase Melancholy. The melancholic persons are also to beware of great labour, sorrow, heavy thoughts, much watching, from great hunger, and great thirst; and eschew also great cold, dry countries and dwellings. To the contrary is also good for them, young Mutton, Kids, Lamb, Pullet's, Hens, fresh flesh broth, Eggs, and whatsoever else is easily to be digested, and maketh good blood, as Borage, bugloss, etc. His bread must be white, light and well raised: To bathe oftentimes without tarrying long in it, is very meet for them. In like manner the hearing of music and all mirth, and all well savouring and odoriferous things carried about them: this is now a general rule for all those that be assailed with this Melancholy. But forasmuch as this grief of the mind, or heaviness, doth commonly proceed out of two parts of man's body, as out of the brains, and the Milt or Spleen; therefore is good heed to be taken, viz. when these grievous thoughts and fantasies do assail a body, as fear, sorrow, & also when anger doth get the mastery, than it is a sign that the Melancholy proceedeth out of the Spleen, and that the rather when it appeareth with swelling, & ache in the belly, loathsome colour, lost appetite, and vomiting: if it then come so far that the patiented do disclose his thoughts in words or deeds, than it is a sign that the melancholy hath fast settled herself, and that it is high time to use good advise for it: for if this malady do take root, than it is uncurable. Therefore first the Liver vein is to be opened in the hand; and if the blood be black, then let it bleed as long as the sick person may suffer it: but if it be fair red, then staunch it presently again. And if with this franticness were not the foresaid signs, but that this Melancholy (according to the frenzy) were caused through long continuance in the sun, or that the patiented be beaten on the head, then is his head vein to be opened, and he is also to use purging, and meat as is before said; his head is to be irrigated with warm water from on high, and afterwards to be anointed with oil of Roses, Vinegar, and woman's milk, and let him smell to things which be cool of nature, as Roses, Violets, , Camfere, etc. In fine, that which is before prescribed for frenzy, and in the first part of this book for Cephalaea and Hemicrania, is also good for this purpose. And if so be that none of the foresaid signs be present or apparent, then doth the melancholy not aggrieve the head only, but it hath also communion with the hart and liver. For this, the Median must be opened, and the sick person governed (as is said before) a certain space, otherwhiles holding up and interceassing, and then to begin again with physic, and continuing this so long, till he be thoroughly whole. Now in general to write of this sickness, it is first to be noted, that no medicine is meet for this which purgeth by vomit, for because that the matter is heavy of itself, it doth covet to be purged by stools, therefore it is good that he use some preparative potions, according to the advice of a learned Physician, and according as the patiented is able. Some also commend for this a potion of Epithymus, thus prepared. A potion of Epithymus. THis decoction or potion do we here describe to be made after three manners, the which also is a sure sign that the same as well by the ancient Physicians, as of later time, is of estimation and price. The first maketh Rasis thus: take Mirobalans Indi one ounce and a quarter, the roots of Polypodie five drag. Seine leaves nine drag. Turbith half an ounce, Epithymus 10. drag. seeth them all together (except the Epithymus) in 36. ounces of water; then at last cast in the Epithymum, afterwards take it from the fire and let it cool: strain it, and reserve it. The second manner. Take Epithymum, Stechas, Mirobaloni Indi, of each one ounce, Mirobalani Chebuli, Emblici, Bellirici, Turbith, the herb Pyony and Agaricus, of each two dragm. and a half, Polypody roots, and Seine, of each three drag. Fumitory, Squinant, of each one drag. and a half, rinds of black Hellebore roots one drag. Salgemme two scrup. Corants three quarters of an ounce; seeth them all together (except the Epithymum) in a pot of water a good space, than put thereto the Epithymum at the last, and let them seeth until three parts remain: when it is lukewarm, then strain it, and keep it in a cold place covered. The third manner. Take fumitory, Endive, Cicorie, of each one handful, roots of Polypody three quarters of an ounce, Cuscuta, Sorrell, bugloss, of each one handful, Thymus, Epithymus, of each one ounce and a quarter, Corants one ounce, Dates & Figs, of each one ounce, Seine leaves 7. drag. Turbith three drag. Agaricus half an ounce, seeth them altogether in a pint and a half of water of fumitory, until the third part be spent; then strain it, and lay to steep in this warm decoction two drag. and a half of good Rhubarb, Rinds of Mirobalani Chebuli one drag. and a half, Indi one drag. let them stand together: wring it oftentimes out, and keep it until you have need of it. But before this potion, these pills are first to be used: Take Agaricus two scrup. Aloe one dra. India salt, half a drag. black Hellebore half a scr. make as many pills as you will with it for to take at twice. Three hours before the potion also you may in stead of these pills, use the confection, Hamech, or Diasena. When as now it hath thus been continued certain days (according to the ability of the patiented) then let him rest three days, and live soberly (drinking small white wine, and then purging again as before) and so until four times one after another, for (as is said before) melancholy is wonderful hard to be purged. In fine, delay is in no wise meet, and the Physician is to do his very best for to make the sick person fat, for if that can be effected, then shall he quickly recover his health. And if it chance that he could not use this potion, then may he take in stead thereof the pills which expel black Choler, yet to use always before some preparative medicine, for which you are according to the importance of the cause, to follow the advice of a learned Physician. This potion following is very convenient, take Mirobalani Indi one ounce and a half, dried Prunes one ounce, seethe them together in 8. ounces of water, even to the half: afterwards strain them through a cloth, then dissolve therein two ounces or two ounces and a half of Manna, and use it in the morning betimes. All the time that he shall rest, may he use these things, as Laetificans Almansoris, Laetificans Almansoris. the which is thus prepared: Take Balm, the pills of Citrons, Cloves, Galliae Muscatae, Mace, Cinnamome, Nutmegs, Cardamome, red and white Behen, Pionie seed peeled, Seduarie great and small, Basill seed, of each one drag. and a half, Muscus nine grains, afterwards 20. Mirobalani, Chebuli, and 30. Emblici, power twelve ounces of water thereon, bray them so long in a mortar, until the fift part remain: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and mix therewith six ounces of clear honey: seethe it so long, until all the water be consumed: weigh that which is overplus, and temper always with twelve ounces of this decoction, one quarter of an ounce of the foresaid spices, or one ounce and a half in the whole quantity, and then make a confection of it. But if you will have tabulats or rotuls, take unto twelve ounces of Sugar one ounce, or at the most nine drag. of the foresaid spices; you shall take of the confection the quantity of a Hasell nut; it strengtheneth all the principal parts of man's body, and helpeth much the natural warmth and concoction; it withstandeth all grievous thoughts, and maketh also merry, and a good colour. A very precious Confection. TAke Lignum Aloes, Cloves, Cardamome, Amarantus, which is burnt to powder, Roses, Borage, and flowers of bugloss, of each one quarter of an ounce, parched Hasell nuts half a dram, sweet Almonds, and juiubes, of each one ounce, prepared fine Bolus 3. drag. Annis, Fennell, of each two ounces, Saffron two scrup. Doronicum, Hearts bones, Seduary, jacinth, Smaragd, and sapphires, of each one scrup. prepared pearls one quarter of an ounce, Basill seed one drag. 8. leaves of beaten gold, you are to seeth this together in the juice of Chamaedrios, of field Cypers, and juice of bugloss, of each three ounces, until all the juice be consumed. But note, that the precious stones, gold, and Saffron must not be sodden with it, but be at the last tempered amongst it. Of this is to be given in the morning early three dragm. in a draft of wine before dinner and supper, one drag. and a half to eat, and half an ounce of conserve of bugloss after it. This is especially fit for the melancholy, of whatsoever occasion the same doth proceed. If you will use it also in Mania, minister it with the water of Violets, and of water Lilies. Now for to provoke sleep, you are to give the decoction of Poppy heads, or lukewarm water of water Lilies one quarter of an ounce, and that two hours after supper. Another Confection. TAke burnt silk, prepared Coral, of each half a scrup. Hearts horn two scrup. prepared Pearls one drag. Cardamome four scrup. prepared Pingles two ounces, Hyssop, and liquorice, of each two scrup. Nutmegs, Cloves, Mace, Indie Spica, Cypers roots, Cucubes and Galingale, of each one drag. and a half, Cinnamom one quarter of an ounce, Saffron one scrup. white Sugar 24. ounces, seeth this with bugloss water, until it be as thick as honey, and then temper the rest with a little Musk amongst it. A Powder which is much commended. IT is said that it hath been many times found, that they which had this melancholic passion, have only through this powder recovered health both of body and mind. Take Epithymum one ounce and a half, Azure stone, Agaricus, of each one quarter of an ounce, Diagridion one drag. 20. Cloves, this being beaten together and tempered, you are twice a week to give thereof, but at the most one quarter of an ounce at once. Or you may use for this the confection Diamargarition, and all that is described before for the strengthening of the head, and shall be described hereafter for the comforting of the heart. To moisten the dry brains in this Melancholia, take the broth wherein the head of a Wether, or the feet be decocted: let certain Poppy heads be sod slew or six waumes, and so lay thereof wet clothes upon the head. Or take the flowers of Borage, of bugloss, Thymus, Epithymus, of each a like quantity, seeth this together, and wash the head therewith. Take the juice of Borage, and of fumitory, of each six ounces, foment therewith the head with a spoonge which is made wet therein: if you cannot get this juice, then take the water of the same herbs. Néesing is also very fit for this use: and that is to be provoked like as is taught in the second Chapter and 2. §. The learned do advise, that in this disease, after the purging, the head before and behind above the neck is to be cauterized even to the very bone, and to hold the holes open the space of 14. days. In fine, to rehearse the whole manner of curing this Melancholy, it consisteth only therein, that the black Melancholic blood is first and last to be purged, through all means possible. Also good heed is to be taken unto the Liver, and the physic to be ordained thereafter. Of the Palsy in general. §. 9 THis is indeed a swift, grievous and terrible disease, which (like as is said before) hath his offspring from the brain. It is of divers natures, each one worse than the other, which we will comprehend in five kinds: the first is Lethargus, which is the sleeping sickness: the second is Stupor or Tremor, which is astonishing and quaking, which some call the small palsy: the third is Paralysis, that is, the right or dead Palsy: the fourth is Epilepsia, which is the falling sickness, and all kinds of such like paroxysms, sometimes in old men, and otherwhiles in young children: the fift is Apoplexia, that is the most grievousest, which not without reason, we do call the power or hand of God. Because that these said sicknesses do resemble each other in many things, therefore we will before all briefly discover what difference there is between them, and wherein they do accord together. First therefore Apoplexia and Epilepsia, have this difference, that the last mentioned is placed before in the head, the man fallen neither calleth nor crieth out, the sinews stir, and are contracted towards the brain, he hath the breath almost wholly free, and cometh quickly to himself again. To the contrary, the Apoplecticus, or he that is stricken with the dead Palsy, the sickness is over his whole head, crieth in falling, the sinews will be slack, they have a grievous or no breath, and come slowly to themselves: but they resemble each other so like, that they be both caused of phlegmatic humours in the brain. The Palsy or Apoplexia, is also differing from the numbednesse and sleeping sickness, which is Lethargus, Subeth, and Congelatio: but in Congelatione, there is no restraint of the breath, as there is in the Palsy: secondly, it forcibly assaileth the sick persons; they thrust, cry out, and such like, which is nothing so cum Apoplecticis. Thirdly, that the sleeping disease cometh slowly, and the dead Palsy very suddenly. But herein they accord, that all they be altogether deprived of their understanding. Subet or Stuper, doth therein disagree with Lethargus and Congelatio, that at the last there assaileth in Lethargus an Ague, and an Impostume in the hinder part of the head: where contrariwise Subet or Stuper cometh without an Ague, and always without any soreness, and in the forepart of the head. Of the sleeping disease Lethargus, Veternus, Torpor. §. 10. THe nature of this disease is clean contrary to the foresaid frenzy: for that like as they be plagued with an immoderate watching; so are they in this sickness vexed with an insatiable sleeping. It beginneth first with an alteration in the colour in the skin over the whole body, and with a feeble pulse, sometimes with a small, and otherwhiles with a great and hurtful ague. It is also caused out of a cold moisture of the head and brains, whereby not only the understanding is enfeebled, but is for the most part always so spoiled, that they utterly forget all that they do speak, hear and see. The which also the Greek name Lethargus doth signify; for this cold slime doth through his toughness obstruct the hindmost tunicles of the brains, where the memory hath her seat. Amongst many causes this is one of the commonnest, namely, all that augmenteth melancholy, that causeth this sleepy sickness: but which they be, look in other places, viz. where the melancholy is described, which the first Register discovereth especially. This malady is caused of all meat and drink which ascendeth towards the head, as Onions, Garlic, Penniroyall, Mustard (howsoever they be dressed) and such like more: Also if he overcharge himself, liveth in filthiness, sleepeth much, and especially lieth on the back, whereby that the heavy phlegmatic vapours do ascend into the hindermost parts of the head, which do cause there otherwhiles an impostumation or depravation of the understanding, and sometimes much gaping or yawning. Here is also to be noted, that there be four kinds of diseases contained and comprehended amongst these sleeping sicknesses. First, Lethargus itself; Congelatio, which is the numbness; Stupor, that is, senselessness; Subet, which is called of the Arabians, a very deep sleep. And although it appear that all these be one kind of sort, nevertheless they have notable differences. The numbness and sleeping sickness do therein accord, viz. that they do both infect the hinder part of the brain, do take away understanding, and all sensibleness, and prefer forgetfulness. But they disagree herein, that in Lethargo the eyes be shut; and in the numbness they remain open, like as is sufficiently showed before in the 9 §. But to the end we might speak somewhat of their signs, these are the commonest; small continual agues with a deep sleep, and the patiented lieth always with closed eyes; if one call him, he openeth the eyes, & shutteth them close again by and by; the pulse is strong, but slow and sweaty, with forgetfulness of all that is past and done, and of present things, yea in such manner, if they ask for meat and drink, they forget to shut their mouth to: they draw their breath slowly, and with great trouble; the going to privy or stool is always thin, the urine thick and troubled, as of a four footed beast. If all these signs (or any of them) be marked, than it is easily to be adjudged, that it is none other but the sleeping disease. But if there befall something else with it (whereof it were too long to write) then do these foresaid signs alter and change. Now for the first mean all diligence is to be done, to let and stay that these sick persons fall not in any deep sleep, through the strong binding of the outward members, like as is taught in the ninth Chapter and second §. and in other places of the Hissing of the ears, frothing and rubbing the same hard: also the plucking by the nose or beard, and women by the hair of their privities, loud crying, and making great noise, yea if it were needful, by fearing them, to the end they may be sorrowful. Some Physicians begin first the cure with letting blood and opening of the head vein: and if there be no other occasions which may let and hinder it, few days after the vein on the forehead above the nose. They also do further the bleeding at the nose, by thrusting in of swine's bristles and such other. Afterwards they use strong Clysters, & two or three days afterwards néesing powder, for to expel sleep therewith: and if all these will not help, then is one to look if he can bring the patiented to parbraking & vomiting, whether it be through thrusting in of his fingers, feathers, plumes, or wax candles into the throat, or through the juice of Radishes tempered with Oxymel, or taking a Radish, sticking here and there into it pieces of black Hellebore laid all night in a cellar, taking out the roots in the morning, and boiling the Radish in water, and straining it through a cloth: tempering therein one dram of Saffron and four ounces of vinegar, whereof two spoonfuls are to be given him immediately after meat. The order of diet. Because that this malady is short, and inclineth speedily to life or to death; therefore is no great heed to be taken for meat and drink in this sickness: but thin Mead must be his only drink, for it digesteth and expelleth. Also he is to occupy the broth of Fitches and Barley decocted with Hen broth: it is a commodious meat for him; but of all fruits, and meats of cold nature, he must beware. But as much as concerneth the foresaid Clysters, we shall speak thereof when we discourse of the Apoplexia: for thereby be the brains discharged from all that hurtful matter. You must also in stead of the same, use these suppositories: Take stone salt, and beaten Bevercod, of each one dram, clarified Honey two ounces: make meetly thick and long suppositories of it. For to purge, this ensuing is very requisite: Take Hiera Picra half an ounce, Honey water three ounces; it is thin and bitter: or break the Pills Cochiae one dram, syrup of Roses one ounce, in three or four ounces of honey water: also he must drink sometimes of this honey water following: Take four parts of water, and one part of honey, seeth it so long as it will cast up any scum. The above mentioned Oxyrrhodinum three days together laid upon the head is also much commended. Or make this water, Stechas, Rue, Marjoram gentle, Marjoram, Bay leaves, Hyssop, and Nep, of each half a handful: seeth them all together in sufficient water unto the half: dip a spoonge therein, and apply it warm to the head. This foresaid water may from on high be irrigated upon the head, and the herbs being wrung out to be laid in a little bag on the top of the head. Item, take Pigeon dung, temper it with Honey, and so lay it upon the head; you must rub well the neck with Lily roots or with Squils. For this are also good all these oils ensuing used each by itself or mixed together, as the oil of Bevercod, of Spike, of Piretrum, of Mustard seed, and oil of Bays, the juice of Rue, or the herb decocted in Wine, and laid in the neck, is very highly commended. Because then the causes require (like as is said) that the head be purged through néesing, take the things whereof we have at sundry times spoken, like as the first Register shall show thee: if it be needful to purge yet more, you have further instructions for it in the foresaid places, where we have discoursed of the Palsy. Lastly, the patient's hair is to be shorn off, and afterwards he must have the head anointed with a salve of Mustard seed, Bevercod, and Vinegar tempered together, for it is strong and hot for to consume all melancholic humours in the hinder part of the head. There may also those things be used for it which are ordained for the Palsy, which be worthy of observation. Of Numbness and Astonishing, which is Stupor, Congelatio, whereon dependeth Tremor, which we call trembling. §. 11. THe second kind of this sleeping disease have we ascribed to Stupor and Tremor, that is, the numbness and trembling which commonly follow each other. What the first is for a disease, that is discovered in the beginning of this our book, viz. a strong cold, which comprehendeth the hinder part of the head (like to Lethargus) and maketh unmovable and senseless the party affected, and therefore is likened therein to the Paralysi, for that also (as is said) it is called a small Paralysis or Palsy. In this sickness the patiented lieth none otherwise then as if he slept, but hath the eyes open, and stirreth neither the eye lids, nor any other member of the body. If they do get this numbness, as they stand, they remain standing, or as stiff as a stick: if they get it writing, so do they continue sitting, as if they wrote: or if they get it with looking into the Sky, so they also remain seeing without any alteration; whereby then the common people do get an unbelief, saying, that they be taken away, and that they speak with God or with an Angel: amongst which otherwhiles Satan doth mingle his wiliness, whereby some do take and hold them for Saints, like as they sometimes show forth, that they have seen marvels in Purgatory and in heaven. In fine, these be likened to Idols, that do not see with open eyes, do not smell, nor hear, do not speak with open throat, neither go on their legs, like as the Psalm saith. This numbness or stiffness doth also most commonly take one in their sleep, that is, if any one have a leg or a foot stiff, like as the learned and we also call it stéeping, and hath lost for the space of a certain time his feeling, and motion, the which happeneth if that one member lie too hard upon the other, whereby the vital spirits are kept back: but with what infirmities of the brain this numbness agreeth, is sufficiently before rehearsed and showed. This disease is to be helped as the sleeping sickness Subet is cured, as you find written in the first Chapter §. 6. and afterwards of Cephalaea: but for this is especially commanded not to tarry long from taking of good advise, for that if one let this numbness grow old, then followeth after it a perfect palsy. Therefore, if any body have their feet or other member benumned, or will wax stiff, then are the remedies to be used for it, which are good for the palsy, and those that shall be hereafter described, and a good diet to be observed in eating and drinking. Also all such meats to be chosen which be warm and dry by nature, as Pullet's with their broths, and all other Fowls which make their abode in the hilly country. If this patient may also be brought to sweeting, it would be very good. The neck and all other stiffened members are every where to be anointed with Dialthaea, or Martiaton: for this is also good oil of Costus, with a little Benercod tempered amongst it, which is special good for trembling. But if the malady wax old, then purge with the pills Cochijs, and use otherwhiles the confection Anacardina, which is also much commended for the same: or take the oil of Eldern flowers one ounce and a half, temper it amongst one quarter of an ounce of Euphorbium, and anoint the head therewith. In like manner the head may also be anointed with the oil of Eldern leaves, Beverrod, and of Euphorbium, or use this water following, which is more milder. Take Borage, bugloss, fumitory, Stechas, Tymus, Tymiama, of each half a handful: séethe them all together in sufficient water, and let the head be therewith irrigated warm, or made moist with a spoonge. The néesing is also very requisite, and this is to be done in the numbness or stiffness with black Hellebore, by reason that the same vehemently riddeth away all melancholy, whereof two kinds are here described. Clysters are also very commodious for this kind of numbness, take Mercury, Balm, Seine leaves, roots of Polypody, Borage, bugloss, Annis seeds, and Fennell seeds, of each half a M. Also take Bran, seeth all these together in sufficient water, and take thereof 12. or 16. ounces. Temper amongst it Hiera Ruffi, Logodionis, of each half an ounce, oil of Rue four ounces, salt half a drag. then make a Clyster thereof. The second. Take Borage, bugloss, both the roots and herbs, Fumitory, Mercury, of each one M. Cuscuta, Fennell, Tymus, Tymiama, Stechas, and Amaranthus, of each half a M. also a little Bran: seeth this altogether, and take of this decoction as much as before: afterwards put more thereto, oil of Lilies, and Honey, of each one ounce and a half, Salgemma, one drag. Hiera logodion, or Ruffi, three quarters of an ounce more or less according as the patient's ability requireth. Of the shaking Palsy. §. 12. COncerning the shaking Palsy, the which is a kind of this forementioned disease, it is therefore added to the numbness, for that they both proceed from one kind of cause. There be diverse spices of this, which are here especially reckoned amongst the contagions of the brains, although they be caused through some offence or perishing of the sinews, and are thus described: The shaking is a continual strife of the natural powers, which willingly and after a natural manner are raised without ceasing, and is overcome by sickness. Also, this shaking is a weakening or diminishing of motion. This happeneth of many causes, as if one look from great height into the depth, or like as any body should speak to a severe Prince, a Tyrant, or any other great Sir, or Ruler; or if one see any devouring beast before his eyes. Also this shaking or trembling cometh of great anger, great joy, hard binding, through great cold and darkness, like as daily experience showeth. Item through great heat, unbridled incontinency, much bleeding, and also when there is little blood and spirit extant, as one seeth by them which be recovered of a long sickness. But because that it plainly appeareth by the foresaid reasons, that this disease is caused by divers means and accidents, therefore there be generally divers remedies appropriate unto it, wherefore if it proceed of perishing of the sinews, and cold causes (like as it most cometh to pass) then is to be used for it all that is ordained for the Cramp and Palsy. Generally of all other herbs there is praised for this, Three leaved grass, Coming, and Stechas, whether it be in Clysters or otherwise: of oils, the oil of wild Cucumbers, of Dill, of Cleavers, Articocae, which herb is marvelous forcible against the shaking or trembling. For his meat, are very meet for it the brains of Hares, young stars, and young Bevers, and also for all other diseases of the sinews. These Clysters following are also to be used, take century, wild and garden Sage, Rue and Cowslips, S. john's wort, and Mercury, of each half a M. also péeled wild Saffron seed one drag. Rue seed, Basill seed, silver mountain seed, of each half an ounce, Agaricus five drag. Stechas and Amaranthus, of each half an ounce: let them seethe together in sufficient water, take 12. or 16. ounces of this decoction, Honey, and oil of Lilies, of each one ounce and a half, Sal gemma, Pil. Cochiae, of each half a drag. temper them well for a Clyster, this is also good for the palsy and stiffness: but if the trembling come of excess drinking of wine, then is the same to be forborn, or at least tempered with Sage water, or common water wherein Sage is decocted: Meade is much more meet for this than wine, or common water tempered with the juice of Pomegranates, or Verivice. There is also to be demanded, what the cause is, that the head always shaketh most of all, and next after the hands: like as by experience is seen. The answer: For that the brain is a very phlegmatic part, the which imparteth her moisture to the other members. And for that the hands are next of all to the head with their sinews, & far from the natural warmth: they are also most annoyed with outward causes, for that they be seldom covered. Now that one may chief help this shaking of the head, (out of which might proceed much damage) first is the patiented to eschew all moist and cold meat, as fish, and especially sodden Crabs and Eels. He is also to refrain from spinach, Béetes, Purslane, Cucumbers, and such like herbs, and all that is made of dough, except leavened bread. Item, from all sorts of pottages, except red and white pease, and Rise. All fruit is also hurtful unto him, except Oranges and Lemons which be preserved. Milk, and all that is made of milk is he to shun like poison; and if he love his health, he must drink no wine. But his meat is to be wheaten bread with the bran: Also Veal, Kid's flesh, and lean powdered flesh, Fennell, Mints, Rosemary, Sage, wild Time, yellow Rapes, parsnip, Capers, and such like, are also very commodious. For his drink is this to be prepared; take six quarts of fresh Well water, and one ounce of dried Rosemary flowers; let it seethe until two quarts be wasted: afterwards temper thereto four and twenty ounces of Honey, let it then seeth again, and scum it well, until there be about a quart consumed: Afterwards strain it through a tied cloth, and let him drink thereof in stead of wine: but if he cannot well drink it, then temper a little red clear wine amongst it. But if so be that he must and will drink wine, then take Rosemary wine; for it strengtheneth the members, and also the sinews, whether it be drunken, or the members rubbed with it. The same doth also the wine of clary, Sage, and Wormwood, but above all others Rosemary wine. But if so be that the person be young & full of blood, then after the use of the foresaid Clysters open the Liver vein in the elbow, or upon the hand, and let out of it four or five ounces of blood, and the next day afterwards let him take these pills following: as Cochiae, de Sarcocolla, of each half a drag. with the juice of Roses, whereof are seven pills to be made, and he must fast after them five hours. Also to drink afterwards a good draft of warm wine, and an hour after he is to break his fast. After purging he is to drink every morning this potion following the space of a month, and to fast four hours after it. Take water of Artichokes, of betony, and Rosemary of each one ounce, syrup of Stechas and Oxymel, of each three quarters of an ounce: and once in twelve days he is to use these pills following: as Pill. foetidarum, two scrup. Cochiarum one scrup. whereof you are to make with the syrup of Roses seven pills, every evening when he goeth to bed he is to eat one quarter of an ounce of Calmus, and thereupon to drink a draft of Artichoke water. He is also from the neck downwards to the rump along the back bone, to be rubbed with warm clothes, and thereupon anoint it with the oil of Artichokes. He is also to drink half a drag. of the powder of a Hare's head burned, and that one hour before meat, with Mead, or water of Artichokes. Now after that the patiented is well purged, then may he every day two or three hours before meat, set boxing cups unpickt behind in the neck. A Powder. TAke field Cypers, Cowslips, Lignum Aloes, Ireos, Hermodactils, Stechas, Marjoram, Mints, of each half a dram, India Spica, Grains and Rue, of each one scruple: this beaten each by himself, and then tempered, bestrew all the head therewith when it is shorn. The Confection of Diamargariton. THis Confection following is very meet for all manner of shaking: it doth marvelously strengthen the heart in all venomous accidents, and is amiable to the stomach. Take Cinnamom, Lignum Aloes, Cloves, India Spica, Galingall, liquorice, Trociscos' de Violis sine Scammonio, Specierum, Diarrhodon Abbatis, of each five drag. Nutmegs, Aliptae muscatae, Seduarie, spikenard, Mace, Rhubarb, and red Storax, of each half an ounce, prepared Pearls, ivory, Heart's bones, Ginger, Blatia Byzantia, of each two drams and a half, Muscus, Ambra, Cardamom, Lovage seed, Basill seed, of each one dram and a half, Camfere one dram and three ounces of clarified Honey: temper these all together, and you shall give thereof early in the morning, and as often as is needful in the day time; to wit, one quarter of an ounce at once. If you will then have Tabulats thereof, then take twelve ounces of Sugar, and one ounce of the foresaid ingredience: seethe Sugar with Lavender water; or if you desire it more cooler, then take bugloss water, there is also at many Apothecaries Diamargariton frigidum, which is yet more cooling, because that the former is of a warm nature. Against the trembling or shaking are all Aquae Comp. good, which are described in the eighth part, taking thereof, or the trembling member washed or rubbed therewith. Item take Garlic, beat it with wine, and rub the shaking members with it: In like manner also, with the juice of wild Cucumbers, tempered with oil of three leafed grass, or used by itself. Take a sponge which groweth on the juniper tree in May, before the rising of the sun: put it into a glass, set it in the sun, and then will it change to water; wherewith wash the shaking and trembling hands, and let them dry of themselves. There is much taught in the second part, of the palpitation of the heart, which is also meet for this shaking. For the Resolution of the sinews or dead Palsy. §. 13. OF the third kind of Palsy we have told heretofore in the beginning of the 8. §. of the Resolution in the sinews, what manner of sickness it is that doth suddenly take away the free motion and action of a part in man's body particularly, or wholly, and maketh it dead & insensible. We do call the same a resolution of the sinews, or a dead Palsy, and them that be troubled with it, Paralyticos. This is now called by the learned, the great or dead Palsy or Resolution, for a difference of the foresaid trembling and shaking. In this are two kinds of natures hidden; whereof the one is Epilepsia, when it taketh the left or right side, and not all the whole body, & is called in Latin Resolutio, or Dissolutio neruorum, that is, a resolution or unbinding of the sinews, that the members have no strength or might in them, whereof we will here speak more at large, for this Palsy concerneth not the head at all: for if so be that the head be therewith infected, then is it a right Apoplexy. The Palsy or Resolution, whereof we at this present do speak, hath many causes: first, it is properly caused of cold moist meats, as fish, Swine's flesh, Milk, and all that is dressed therewith: all fruits, except Almonds, Hazel nuts, and Pistaces: also all cold herbs, as Béets, spinach, etc. In fine, all that is moist and cold is hurtful for this sickness. But if one will eat fish, Pork, and red Pease, then are they to be prepared with Rosemary, wild Time, Mints, Sage, and such like. The surfeiting with meat and drink, is in this sickness very prejudicial, like as also much sleeping, and chief for all them that be of a cold nature, and be old, or dwell in a cold or moist country. This disease may also proceed of beating, or racking of the sinews, of anger, of fear, great cold, hard binding of any of the members, and such like more. For this, all drying and warming meats are good; as well salted and leavened bread, Partridges, Pheasants, Turtle doves, and all small fowls: also Mutton and Veal dressed with the foresaid herbs. Some commend much Kid's flesh salted, the which should strengthen much the sinews. For this is also meet all kind of drying and warming Conserves, whether they be of roots, herbs, flowers, or spices: but wine is to be refrained as much as is possible. But in case that the patiented, by reason of his age, cannot forbear wine, then choose old red wine, which he is to drink tempered with a little Rosemary water: and if that like him not, than he may drink Rosemary water alone, whether it be decocted or distilled. If the red wine be against him or not to be gotten, then take thin white wine, and temper it with water wherein Cardamome is decocted. Now all they that will be defended from this Palsy, they are to use much confected Coriander, fasting and before meals; as also to use white prepared Mustard seed therewith. For this is also very good the blood of Turtle doves drunken. This sickness commonly appeareth with a new and full Moon, against which you are to prepare these things following. Take good Treacle three quarters of an ounce, Bevercod one quarter of an ounce, and temper it with Lavender water, and take it in the morning fasting. But if so be there appear any beginning of this sickness, then do many advise (and that rightly) that then the thumb and great toe are to be hard rubbed, chafed and stretched out; and likewise to rub with warm clothes the neck and the back bone downwards, that the blood may be drawn from the head and from the heart. Also there must be a little Treacle thrust behind in his throat. Bevercod holden in the mouth and under the tongue is also very good. Some do also give Bevercod and Pepper to drink, of each one drag. For this is also much commended Asa foetida, whether it be taken inwardly, used on the outside, or in gargarisms: and if you would take the same, then is one drag. and a half enough, with Pepper and Rue, of each half a drag. tempered with wine. This is good for all diseases of the sinews. The distilled water of black Cherries is also much praised for this sickness at the first, and especially if one put thereto as much Lavender water, and so take thereof three or four ounces at one time. The common order of this sickness is, that all remedies for this disease are applied to the hinder part of the head, and in the beginning before the fourth and seventh, or also before the fourteenth day to use no strong medicines, but only preparatives. And if so be that the sick person will yield unto it, than it were not amiss that he drunk no other thing the first four or five days, and did eat almost nought else but only honey water, yea also (if it be possible) to suffer hunger and thirst with it. The fourth day he is to have given him one drag. or a drag. and a half of Treacle or Mithridate, with waters meet for this disease. It is also found by experience, that all they that be burdened with this disease, shall get great ease, if they accustom to drink every morning three ounces of Rosemary or Lavender water, with three drag. of the powder of Pieretrum tempered amongst it. Item take the water of the blossoms of the Tillet tree, of May Lilies, and of black Cherries, of each one ounce, give it him so to drink. In like manner also stilled woman's milk is highly commended for it, and all kinds of Aquae Compos. Take ●●ced liquorice, and Annis seeds, of each one ounce, Elecampane half an ounce, peony roots one drag. Nutmegs one ounce, Spirit of wine sixteen ounces, Honey eight ounces: temper these all together and conserve them well. In winter put thereto one quarter of an ounce of long Pepper, use thereof every morning a spoonful or twain. This is marvelous much commended for a special remedy. Another. TAke Lavender water six ounces, water of the May Lilies three ounces, Elixir vitae, and the water of wild poppy, of each two ounces, oil of Bevercod one ounce and a half; temper it in a glass, and then set it in the Sun the space of eight days, whereof in time of need take a spoonful, and anoint therewith the temples of the head. M. Tristrams' water is also very fit for this purpose. Of Purging. FOrasmuch as purging is very needful in this sickness, therefore for example will we describe here a purgation. But it is above all advised, that the sick body drink every morning four or five days together five ounces of Rosemary water, and fast four hours upon it. Afterwards he is to take half an ounce of Hiera logodion, tempered in two ounces of agrimony water, in the morning, and to fast five hours after it; or to use these pills following: take Agaricus a scrup. Asa foetida half a scrup. Ginger twelve grains, Diagridion one grain: make pills thereof with the juice of Hyssop. When the patiented is purged, than he is to use this potion following, for the space of eight days together: Take the water of agrimony, and of Sothernwood, of each two ounces, put some Sugar amongst it. Other do rather advise this following: Take Calmus half an ounce, Cowslips three M. Saint john's wort, field and garden Sage, Betonie, Balm, Rue, Bay leaves, of each one M. Silver mountain, Balsam wood, Balsam fruit, and Basill seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, liquorice, Corants, Lavender flowers, Amaranthus, of each one ounce, clarified Honey six ounces, rain water which is clarified with the white of an egg, twelve ounces; let all these seeth together unto a syrup. Another. TAke Calmus six ounces, Sage three M. Stechas three ounces, clarified honey six ounces, white Sugar nine ounces; seeth them together in eighteen ounces of rain water unto a syrup, whereof you may take one ounce and a half, or two ounces at once, tempered with Sage water. Also you may use the syrup of Stechas, for all they be very commodious for this disease. Afterwards take the former purgation again, or the pills of Euphorbium, de Serapino, & de Opopanaco. And if the patiented by drinking of these potions do remain bound in body, then is he every evening before supper to swallow one of these pills following. Take of the pills of Alephanginae one drag. Trocisci Alhandali, Agaricus, of each half a scrup. Indie salt five grains, whereof make sixteen pills. Clysters. TAke Sage, Rue, Stechas, century, Mallows, Mercury, and Bran, of each half a handful: let them seeth all together, and take twelve ounces of this decoction; temper amongst it Hiera logodion half an ounce, Salt one quarter of an ounce, Salad oil three ounces, minister it warm. But for them that have newly gotten this dead Palsy, there is to be sodden in these Clysters, half an ounce of roots of bryony, or of Pyonie, for both these are good for the disease. Powder for sauce to meat. THis powder is he to strew upon the meat in stead of spice: Take picked Cinnamom one ounce an a half, prepared Coriander, Cloves, Galingall, Pepper, Cucubes, Mace, Nutmegs, of each one ounce, Calmus two ounces, Coutchenell half an ounce, Sugar six ounces: this is to be tempered together. Another. TAke Pepper two drag. and a half, Cloves, Cardamome, long Pepper, Seduarie, of each one dragm. India Spica, Mace, Saffron, of each one scrup. Sugar as much as you please: temper them well together. Item, about the third day is the patiented before the rising of the Sun, to take one dragm. of Treacle tempered with the water of wild Sage. This medicine is most highly commended of diverse Physicians. Of Bathing. IN this sickness is also bathing much commended; whereof there be two kinds naturally, as sea water; or that is sulferish by nature: Others which be prepared with herbs and such like. For the herb bath: Take the same herbs, roots, and seeds, which be named in the last sirupes, and one is only to receive the vapour, and sweat withal: or make this ensuing. Take Bay berries, juniper berries, and Pepper, of each as much as you please, stamp it to gross powder, and set the patiented in a dry bath: power of this powder on hot irons, tempered with Lavender water, to the end he may sweat well with the vapour thereof, then rub all his members infected with Venice Soap, until the Soap be dry again: Also his body is not to be made wet at any time with any thing, but only as he steppeth out of the bath with Lavender water, which is to be powered on a glowing Iron, and so moisten him with this vapour. And after bathing, tarrying in a warm place, the lame joints are to be rubbed hard with the grease of Storks, until they be dry; and afterwards with the suet of a Weather; and lastly with Bucks suet. This being continued so the space of four days, the great vein on the foot is to be opened, and boxing cups set upon the arms: then will he be helped. An especial Bath. TAke a Fox, uncase him, and (the bowels being taken out) seeth him in a sufficient quantity of water, and bathe the sick person with it: but yet not before that the body be purged, it is not otherwise permitted. Fomentations in stead of Baths. TAke Sage six M. juniper berries four M. the strong wine lées seven quarts; let them seeth together by a small fire: afterwards put it all together in a necessary kettle or pot, to the end the vapour thereof may evaporate and ascend unto the lame member, and use this so twice every day. Item, take dry Sage three M. séethe it in a pint of rain water until the third part be sodden away: at the length cast therein one ounce and a half of Stechados, let it seeth a waume or two: then temper amongst it half a pint of wine, or salt water, with half so much white wine, clarified honey two ounces: anoint and rub therewith the lame members. This (and other more which follow hereafter) is approved for this disease, if one cannot get the natural bath, or will not use artificial baths, which is always to be used before the anointing, therewith before hand to open the pores. Take a hot Tile, sprinkle it with good strong wine, receive the vapours unto the lame members, when they then be warmed and besweated, dry them with warm clothes, and anoint them with some of the foresaid things, now with the one, & then with the other, and cover well the lame members with a good wolves fur, or with somewhat like unto it. In like manner it is also good to rub the lame side with good wine, or spirit of wine only, or half so much white wine tempered amongst it: but if you will have it yet more forcible, then take in the stead of the spirit of wine, one of these Elixirs vitae following. A water for Inunction. TAke Rosemary, Marjoram gentle, and Bay berries, of each one handful, Venice Soap as much as the yolk of an egg, six ounces of Lavender water, temporal these together in a mortar, and let it stand a day: afterwards wring it through a cloth, the which is thus to be used: First rub the member well with a warm cloth, and anoint the water upon it. Also he is twice a week for to swallow or slide down, 9 or 11. prepared Mustard seeds, and to drink thereupon two or three ounces of Lavender water, and so to continue this the space of three weeks: otherwhiles he may anoint the lame side with the oil of juniper, but not too often: for thereby might come great hurt. The oil of Costus is also especially recommended for this use, which is thus made. Oil of Costus. Take the roots of Costus one ounce, Pepper, Pieretrum, Euphorbium, of each eight scruples, Beaver cod half an ounce, melt these all together in six ounces of the oil of Wall flowers, or in oil of Bay which is more forcible. Another. TAke powned Pieretrum, half an ounce, seethe it in six ounces of Salad oil, until the third part be consumed, let the sick person be anointed therewith four times in four and twenty hours: it is much commended of all ancient and later Physicians. A marvelous Oil called Hypobalsamus. THis oil is most highly commended for the dead palsy, and for all resolutions of the sinews, and is thus made: Take clear Turpentine six ounces, oil of Bays one ounce, Galbanum, Gummi Helenij, of each three ounces, Gummi Hederae, Olibanum, Lignum Aloes, of each one ounce, Mastic one quarter of an ounce, Myrrh, Laudanum, Aloes, Beaver cod, of each three drams, powne it gross; then add unto it two ounces of spirit of wine, let it stand three days, afterwards take Galingale, Cloves, Cinnamom, Nutmegs, zeduary, Cucubes, of each one quarter of an ounce, Diptamus, Comfrey, of each one ounce and a half: power thereon two ounces of spirit of wine: let it stand so four days, stirring it oftentimes about, distil it afterwards in a glass helm. This water is called also Balm water, which must be preserved alone, so also do with the oil: for it suageth and strengtheneth all the sinews marvelous much. For this is also meet the oil of Marierom gentle, the oil of juniper, of wild Cucumbers, of Tiles, and two precious balms which shall be hereafter described in the eight part, which are especial good for the lame members. This salve following is very good for all lame hands: Take Lavender, Sage, of each one handful, juniper berries three ounces, seeth all together in wine, and rub the fingers and other members with it. And if you will have this more forcible, temper it with the former oils unto a thin salve, which is wonderfully commended. Another. TAke Squils, Rue, Calmus, Nettle roots, agrimony, Cowslips, of each a handful, powne them all together, and power oil of Nuts upon it, and old Salad oil four and twenty ounces, and well salted water or wine as much also: let these seeth together until the moisture be wasted away, wring it hard through a cloth, and temper amongst it Saltpetre, Euphorbium, Pepper, oil of Bay, of each one ounce and a half, Galbanum, Turpentine, of each two ounces, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve thereof. This is marvelous good against the Cramp, against the cold Gout, and whatsoever ache else may proceed of cold. Also you may make of all the foresaid oil, salves, if you temper amongst it any grease of Bears, of Badgers, wild Cats, Hens, and Geese, of which you will. Item take Calmus, the roots of Lilies, roots of Costus, of each half an ounce, Pepper Pieretrum, Bevercod, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sage three drams, Stechas one dram and a half, Spicanardi, Squinant, of each one dram, and the juice of Cowslips which is well settled one ounce, of the oil of Indie nut kernels, of the oil of crabs, & wine, of each three ounces: afterwards powne all that is to be powned, the rest are to be bruised by themselves: seeth this by a mild fire so long, until the wine be consumed, afterwards put as much wax unto it as is needful for the salve. Item, it is reported that this salve ensuing doth preserve men from the dead Palsy: Take Bay leaves, Marjoram, Rosemary, Sage, Costus roots, Scariola, Mints, Millet, Consolida minor, Sanicle, of each one M. Spicanardi, broad and picked Plantain, Agrimonia, bugloss, and Rue, of each one M. and a half, Wormwood, Smallage, Saint john's wort, red and white Roses, of each two M. Hyssop, nettles, and Tansey, of each half a handful: beat them all together, and seeth them in three pound of fresh butter, until all the juice be consumed: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and temper amongst it white molten Wax three ounces, Mastic two ounces, Salad oil one ounce, and make thereof a salve. This is also good to preserve one from the Gout. Another Salve highly commended. TAke a plucked Goose, taking clean out all the entrails, and wash it with vinegar; afterwards make a dow of Sage, Frankincense, Mastic, powned Earth worms, Wolves and Cat's grease, fill the Goose therewith, and let her be gently roasted: the fatness which droppeth off is to be gathered in a pot, with some vinegar. This is a very piercing salve, which doth marvelously resolve and consume all hardness. But if the Wolves or Cat's grease cannot be gotten, then take sheeps suet in stead thereof, and anoint the neck and lame members therewith. It is also very requisite after the use of this salve, to wear a plaster upon the lame member, whereto this following is very meet: Take six ounces of the juice of Rue, which is very clear, and Pigeons dung as much as is needful for to make a plaster. This plaster is to be laid on the lame part. Also you shall many times find many kinds of remedies more in the fourth part, of the lameness and extenuation of the members. To be noted. IN this Resolution or Palsy, are two principal members, which are to be healed with the foresaid oils, waters, salves, and plasters, viz. the member which is taken, and the beginning of the sinews which are next to the same member. Take for example, if the Palsy or Resolution is in the one hand, then is the same, and all the parts of the back, from the neck unto the huckle bone to be anointed, for that the sinews of the hand have their offspring from thence. Further, boxing cups unpickt are to be applied upon the beginning of the sinews, which do also help well, because that they do warm and dry them: it is good also to rub the same places with Salt, Nettles, and Mustard seed. But always after purging certain days together, whilst that the patiented stayeth and ceaseth from purging, bathing, and such like, then is he to take every morning half an ounce of the confection Anacardina, for that it is commended above all measure in the cold Palsy: and if so be that there be any sweat or small Ague with it, (like as accustometh to happen, which his heat causeth) than it is a good sign: but if this follow not, then is the patiented to forbear ten days long from all use of Physic, and to continue only with good meat and drink. It is also here to be noted, that all that is described before, is only fit for the resolution which proceedeth of cold causes: but if they proceed of hot causes, the sickness will be augmented through the foresaid remedies. Palsy through falls or blows. IF so be that one do fall so hard, or be beaten or stricken, that thereby forthwith he be taken with the Palsy, than it is not to be helped: but if it come slowly afterwards upon one, the● this salve is very meet for it. Take Bevercod two scrup. Euphorbium one scrup. Pepper three grains, Pieretrum half an ounce: seeth all these in ten ounces of Salad oil unto the half, than temper with it five drag. of Brimstone, and a little wine: It is also especial good for the Spasmus or Cramp. Item, take Myrrh, Opopanacum, of each five dragm. Bevercod three dragm. Euphorbium one quarter of an ounce, oil of Lilies, and of Narcissus, of each two ounces, make a strong plaster thereof with wax, and spread it upon a cloth, and lay it upon the place aggrieved. But good heed is always here to be taken of the lameness (and of all that might concern the same) with heat or without heat, like as we have already admonished, that it may be known to apply the remedy thereafter. Lavender, Rosemary, Spicanardi, (which have almost the same operation) are inestimably good for the Resolution which proceedeth through cold causes. Therefore all conserves which be made thereof, are not only profitable for these causes, but also for all lost speech and lamed limbs. If so be that any will use any wine in this sickness, then is there none fit nor better than wine of Rosemary, or Wormwood wine. Conserve of Sage and of Cowslips are also much commended; with other things more which are declared in the Palsy. Convulsion of the mouth through the Palsy. §. 14. THis disease is thus described of the Physicians: Contorsio is a disease which altereth the natural shape of the face: or, Contorsio is a convulsion of the mouth and lips to the right or left side; so that it doth otherwhiles clear shut up one eye, and also the breath issueth out but at one corner of the mouth, whereby sometimes also the whole face is changed in colour. In fine, it is a Cramp, with a contraction and shortening of the sinews, which draweth the lips hither or thitherwards, and these be the most causes, (like as in the Cramp and Palsy hath been showed) that if it proceed of moisture, than it is a kind of Palsy: whensoever it is caused through drith, than it is a kind of Cramp. Also this contorsion or contraction cometh sometimes by reason of an imposthume, like as in the pain of the throat, which quickly strangleth a body. This Cramp or contraction of the mouth assaileth a body oftentimes suddenly, as in Phrenitide and such like, whereof at this present shall not be spoken, because that the same is commonly a sign of death: it cometh also not through repletion of the body, but through inanition and drith. But we speak here only of that which is caused of Spasmus or the Cramp, which distendeth the sinews from hour to hour, therefore is there some advice to be done and taken for it. But for to expel this disease there is somewhat to be done unto it out of hand, that there breed not a worse matter of it, as Epilepsia, or Apoplexia. This cure is first to be begun with Clysters, especially if the patiented be bound, and to acuate the Clysters by little and little. Afterwards he is to be let blood, if it be not that this accident be so small, that there were time sufficient first to take a purgation, and to take good heed whether the urine be clear and well coloured, and then to open the Saluatella, besides the little finger upon the right hand, and to let out three or four ounces of blood, and after that to purge. These preparative potions is he to take first of all: take Calmus six ounces, Ginger and Nutmegs of each one ounce, clarified Honey nine ounces, make a clear syrup thereof, and give the sick person thereof certain days together every morning two or three ounces tempered with the decoction of Sage. Afterwards he is to take these Pills: take Pill. Cochiae, de Sarcocolla, de Hermodactylis, of each one scrup. and Dysagridion two grains, make thereof 7. pills, with the juice of Rue, and take them early in the morning fasting, and fast six hours upon it: for this use are also good the pills Foetidae. Will you then have them more forcible? then take two drag. of the pills Cochiae, prepared Coloquint, and Bdellium, of each one drag. make pills thereof as big as a pease, and if the patiented be reasonable strong, then give him a drag. at once. Item, let his head be shaven and rubbed softly with warm clothes, until the skin begin to be red, and then anoint it with this following: take the juice of Swine's bread three ounces, Stechadoes, Penniroyall, Mints, Hyssop, of each one ounce beaten, and one quarter of an ounce of Violets, temper them all together. When he hath then purged well, and the matter is prepared, which is done in four days, then is he to use every day before meat this Gargarism. Take white Mustard seed two ounces, Vinegar one ounce and a half, Honey three ounces, seeth them all together in a pint of water unto the half, and skim it well. But it is here to be noted, that these Gargarisms must not be used at the first, that they make not an afflux of the humours, and the accident thereby be augmented. Item, take Nutmegs, Pieretrum, Stechados, of each half an ounce, seeth them and use them as before. You may also temper amongst it Oxymel of Squils. Another. Take three ounces of Calmus, Vinegar one ounce, and use it as before. This contraction of the mouth sometimes also yieldeth much spittle, and to further the same and to make it run the better, make this Masticatorie. Take Licebane, Mastic, white Mustard seed, Pieretrum, of each a like quantity, temper it with molten virgin wax, make small balls or pellets of it as big as Hasell nuts. This is to be chewed & spit out: the same doth frankincense & Mastic also together, or each chewed by itself. Sneezing. Sneezing is very good: wherewith it might be effected, you are to seek for that in the first Register. Salves. ALso the nape and hinder part of the head, the throat, the face, and the forehead are to be anointed with the oil of Costus: but it were good, that one made first a Cypers board hot, and bound it in a cloth, and laid it so long on the neck and shoulders, until the same parts were thoroughly warmed, and afterwards anointed. Item take the oil of Costus one ounce and a half, oil of Euphorbium half an ounce, Mints, the seed of Rue, Stechas, Penniroyall, Lignum Aloes, of each half a drag. oil of Bevercod one ounce, white Wax as much as is needful; besprinkle it with some Vinegar of Squils', and therewith anoint all the neck from the nape to the rump four times in 24. hours. Item take Calmus four ounces and a half, Ginger, Nutmegs, of each three drag. oil of Costus four ounces, wine as much as is needful: let them seeth together by a mild fire until the wine be consumed, strain it, and make a salve thereof with molten wax. A Plaster. TAke Betonie six ounces, white water Mints, field Mints, Penniroyall, Marjoram, of each one ounce and a half (altogether green,) Stechas two ounces, Pease meal one ounce and a half, Bean meal two ounces, Saffron half a drag. seeth these herbs in sharp lie unto grout; afterwards temper the meal and Saffron unto it, also oil of Bevercod, oil of Pepper, and of Rue, of each two ounces: lay it morning and evening warm upon the head, and upon the temples of the head, where this contorsion is. Another. TAke Opopanacum three ounces, Calmus three drag. Ginger, Nutmegs, of each one dram, Turpentine one quarter of an ounce, melt the Gum and Turpentine, and temper it with the rest unto a plaster; then spread it upon a cloth, and lay it behind upon the head, upon the neck, and over all the nape. Item, Take fresh Swine's bread half an ounce, Marjoram gentle seven drag. Lignum Aloes, one drag. and a half, seeth them in a pint of water unto the half: but before that the patiented draweth up this into his nose, he must first take his mouth full of honey, or sugared water, and then hold some of the said decoction in his hand, and draw of it three times through the right nostril, and thrice also thorough the left nostril, and that one hour before supper: the like also in the morning and at noon. This is very requisite for health: he is also every day two or three hours before supper to swallow down two or three corns of Myrrh. A capital Powder. TAke Stechas, Penniroyall, white water Mints, and betony, of each one drag. and a half, Pieretrum, Costus roots, Licebane, of each one drag. Marjoram gentle, powne it, and temper it all together: Strew therewith the uppermost part of the head, rubbing it gently. Also it is to be strewed thereon, when he hath anointed him with the oil of Costus. A Lotion for the feet. IT is also very good to use these Lotions for the feet before meat, wherein Woodbine is sodden. Also the feet, the legs, the thighs, the hands, the arms and face may be washed with this decoction following: Take Bay leaves two handfuls, juniper leaves three handfuls: seeth them all together in a good deal of water, until it smell sweet. Order of Diet. THis patient is to keep himself from eating and drinking; and all other things, as is taught in the Palsy, and Apoplexy: viz. to eschew wine, to drink honey water, to eat Kids, or young Goats, Roebucks, and Hares, rather roasted than boiled. All his other meats are to be besprinkled with Rosemary, Sage, Wormwood, white water Mints, garden Mints Penniroyall, and Coming. And albeit that hot spices are also good for him, yet may he in stead thereof use these following. Take Nutmegs one ounce, long Pepper, Bevercod, Galingall, of each one scrup. Seduarie half a drag. powne all small and temper them together. Item take Nutmegs, Ginger, of each three drag. of the confection of Calmus three ounces, Sugar as much as will suffice to make an electuary: this aught he to use in the morning fasting. Eggs howsoever they be dressed, Rice, Colewoorts, and Rapes he may eat. But from milk, and all that is dressed with it, from all fruit, and all that is of cold a & moist nature must he refrain. A dark habitation is also meet for him, and to look oftentimes into a looking glass, and to force himself to set his mouth right: great labour also is not fit for him, but rather rest and moderate sleep. To warm him, he is to burn that wood which is warm of nature, as Fir wood, and juniper wood: he is always to keep his head covered with a Fox fur, and to hold always a piece of Nutmeg in the mouth, in the place affected, or in stead of that these Trociscos': Take Calmus two ounces and a quarter, Ginger half an ounce, Nutmegs two drag. and a half, powne them all together, and steep them two days in water of Sage. Now if it be too moist, then let it dry away upon warm ashes, and then with honey make Trociscos' of it, of the weight of a drag. and a half, and hold them in the mouth: if you can swallow them, they will do no hurt. And if these things will not help, then must he purge again, and lastly make an issue behind in the nape of the neck, and on the veins under the ear, or under the chin with an hot iron or corrosive, and to hold it long enough open. Of the Cramp, and convulsion of the sinews by the Palsy. §. 15. THis disease is also a kind of Paralysis, called of the Grecians Spasmus, and by the Latinists Conuulsio, and it hath also no small agreement with the foresaid contraction or contorsion of the mouth, (like as hath been said already:) in like manner also with the Epilepsia, and all other diseases which be reckoned amongst such like infections, and it is described thus: Spasmus or Conuulsio, is a contraction of the sinews and muscles against our wills, which sometimes do convulse but one part, and otherwhiles the whole body. The Grecians for divers causes, do give this Cramp, sundry names, Opisthotonos, that is, when the sinews are drawn backwards; Emphrosthotonos, when they be drawn forwards; Tetanoes, when one member waxeth stiff like to a stick. The causes of these are otherwhiles when any one is thrust into a sinew, wounded or overburdened with too much labour or work. Also it is caused through great scouring of the body, through excessive bleeding, through unbridled lechery, fright and worms, etc. In fine, the causes do proceed of an intemperate nature, as cold which is augmented, and heat which is diminished: also of drith and moisture, according to that the body is full or empty. Of these differences there be yet more, which are here too long to be rehearsed. Nevertheless, yet can I not omit, that this Spasmus (of whatsoever cause that it do proceed, and especially if it be caused of a hot Ague) is not only a bad sign, but also that it is incurable: for by reason of the heat the sinews will be a great deal too dry, and shrunk up short, like as one for example may see by a leather lace, or such like, if one hold it by the fire, then will it be hard and shrinketh. On the contrary, if it be holden in a moist place, it will be lithier or limber. When as then such kind of Cramps do assail the whole body, and that the patiented beginneth to be childish, and addicted much to sleep, then is the disease in the marrow of the backebone, which hath his offspring from the brain. Also this disease cometh either suddenly, or slowly: that which cometh suddenly, proceedeth of repletion of the body, and is through purging (as hath been said of the Palsy) to be remedied. But it must be more and oftener anointed and rubbed with the oil of Costus, for that the humour is much grosser than in the Palsy, and may worse be consumed. But if so be that this sickness be by little and little bred and grown, then is the cure to be taken in hand after another manner, viz. at the first to use preparatives, and afterwards digestives are to be used, as followeth hereafter. The rubbing of the limbs downward is very meet, for that it disperseth and digesteth the moisture, and openeth the pores: afterwards are these salves or oils following to be used: to lay plasters upon it, to cover the limbs with Fox, Wolves, or Cat's fur, and to keep them warm: or if so be that one member alone be convulsed, it is to be wrapped about with warm clothes. Suppling or mollifying Salve. TAke the Mucilage of Fenegréeke, and of linseed, of each half an ounce, fresh butter and suet, of each two ounces, and a little wax, and make a salve thereof. Digestive Salve. THis Salve is described before in the 13. §. viz. where it beginneth: Take Calmus, Lily roots, etc. Of these two salves the patiented is to use at the first the mollifying ointment the first two days, and afterwards the other so long also, and so forth, now the one, and then the other, until that the matter begin to avoid. Item, take a fat young Cat, pluck off the skin, and take out the entrails, chop her small, and fill therewith a Goose, let her roast softly, gather the drippings, and preserve it well, for it is also good for the palsy through cold. You have before in the 13. §. one salve almost like unto this, and also one other salve more in the said discourse where it beginneth thus: Take Bevercod, etc. Take Euphorbium, Cinnamome, Saffron, Frankincense, Bevercod, Pith, Opopanacum, the juice of wild Rue, and dry Hyssop, of each half an ounce, Wax one ounce and a half, Pieretrum, Ammoniacum, of each half a drag. Salad oil as much as is needful for to make a salve, therewith are you to anoint the whole body. Take oil of sweet Almonds six ounces, beaten Saffron one drag. and a half, good wine evict 12. ounces, seeth them all together in a tin pan on a mild fire, until the wine be consumed, and anoint therewith the cramped limbs, this is a noble remedy. Many kinds of sewets or fats are very requisite for this, for to make salves thereof, viz. of Lions, Bears, Badgers, Hens, Goats, Capons, and such like, as shall be hereafter discoursed in the fift part, where we shall speak of the lame and extenuated members. There are many more common plasters and salves good for this, which are to be found ready at all Apothecaries, as followeth hereafter. Ceratum de Hyssopo, unguentum Arragon, Martiaton, Emplastrum de Meliloto, Diachilon, Oxycroceum dissolved with the oil of Lilies, oil of Tiles, oil of Foxes, of Bevercod, of Rue, and of blue Flower de luce, and all other which be warm of nature. Of the things which are to be taken inwardly, Treacle, Mithridate, confected roots of Eringus, and also Wormwood wine are very good. Of Bathing. ALl Baths which be by nature Allomie, or Sulphurish, or made artificially, are much commended. Also one may prepare a bath in this manner: take wild and tame Rue, juniper tops, Wormwood, Sothernwood, Penniroyall, Bay leaves, Cypers roots, Dragon blood, Squinant, of each one M. séethe them all together in sufficient water for to bathe therein, put the patiented into it, and afterwards lay him in a bed, that he may sweat. In like manner is meet for this a dry bath; but one must not abide in it long, for avoiding of swooning: you may also use the bath which is discovered before in the 13. §. Also gargarisms and néesing. Of the Cramp through emptiness and heat. IF this contagion assail one not suddenly, but by little and little, as after an Ague, through great scouring, vomiting, or through much bleeding, than it is very hard, and almost incurable, by reason that it is caused through emptiness, to wit, of Exinanitione, nevertheless necessary means are not to be omitted. First, Barley water is good for this patiented, especially if there be Crabs or prepared wood-Snailes decocted therewith, for that this drink will almost wholly and thoroughly turn to nourishment. Secondly, he may drink well watered Wine, rear eggs, and Henbroth prepared as hereafter followeth: Take a Hen, chop her small, and put her in a Can, power Rosewater upon it, and Wine, of each a good spoonful, stop it tied that there can come no vapour out, and so put the Can into a Kettle of séething water, and take clean away the fatness. But if the patiented be very weak, them take a Capon and roast him a little, afterwards drip it with unsalted Lard, A comfortable broth. beat him and press out hard the juice, temper it amongst the foresaid Henbroth, then will the same be the stronger. A better Broth. LAy a dressed Capon in wine, powned and distilled in a glassed helm; that water strengtheneth much in extreme debility: temper also amongst it the yolk of an egg. Item, chop a Pullet, hang the pieces on thréeds in a great glass or pot, stop it tied, and seeth it three hours long in a Kettle of water, and use the liquor that hath dropped out of it. If you will make it more cordial, then lay therein ten or twelve pieces of gold. For this is also milk meet; first woman's milk: secondly, Asaph's milk: thirdly, Goats milk, as new as you can get it. If so be that there come a scouring with it, than steel the milk with steel or flint stones. The meat which he is to use and take whensoever there is an ague with it, aught to be Kids, Lambs, and Hens, wherein spinach, Mallows, Béetes, Purslane, Lettuce, or such be decocted. Watered wine is also permitted, if there be no heat perceived. For Strengthening. TAke Pullet's or Kid's flesh which is meetly sodden seven ounces, chop it small; temper amongst it Cardamome, Cloves, Cucubes, Galingall, Ginger, Nutmegs, tragacanth, and Gum, of each one drag. Mace, Saffron, of each two scrup. Starch. liquorice, Currants, peeled Almonds, Pine apple kernels, Sebestes, Pistacies, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, Gourds, and Cucumber seeds, white Poppy seed, Lettuce seed, and Purslane seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar pennets four ounces; dissolve it in bugloss water, with other Sugar as much as is needful for to make a confection thereof. Of Bathing. FOr this disease is also commanded for to bathe in luke warm water. But to the end it might be the more forcible, cooling herbs may be decocted therein; as water Lilies, Violet leaves and Willow leaves. For this purpose also, bathing in milk is much commended. Item, at last shall the beginning of the sinews be anointed with warm oil of Violets, oil of Pompions, and such like, thereby to stay the exsiccation of them. This salve following is also marvelous good: Take Hens and Ducks grease, and the marrow of calves bones, of each half an ounce, the mucilage of Fleawoort, Dragagant, and Gum, of each three drag. oil of water Lilies, and Willows, of each one ounce and a half, Wax as much as is needful for a salve, anoint therewith all the back bone. It is also good for all other members. Cramp through wounding. But if this Cramp or contraction of the sinews do come through any wounds than are the oils of Camomile, Dill, and Flax tempered together, or each alone requisite & fit for it. Item take wine lées, temper some beaten alum amongst it: this is of a marvelous force and operation. Take linseed, and Fenegréeke meal, powned Dill seed, Henbane roots, and Annis seeds, of each a like quantity: temper them with the foresaid oil, and lay it warm upon it. Here be also two experiments which every one may prove: Take Victorialis longa, otherwise called Allium Alpium, and wear it always hanging about the neck: it should defend a body from the cramp. The second: Pluck off an Eels skin, and let it be dressed like leather; when you be plagued with the cramp, then lay it upon it; and when the skin is warm, then ceaseth the pain. Of the hag or mare Ephialte, and Incubus. § 16. ALthough that we have reckoned among the five species of the palsy or Apoplexy, the falling sickness Epilepsia to be the fourth; yet doth method first of all require, to write of this sickness, the which through unbelief is with us called the hag or mare, because that this Incubus is a messenger of a future falling sickness. The unbelievers make thereof Daemonium insultans, which is an upstarting and pinching Devil, the which we also in this country, as is said, make one another to believe, that they be witches. But in truth it is none other but a natural sickness, as hereafter shall more evidently appear. The Incubus is thus described: Incubus is a sickness which vexeth the body, whereby both motion and speech is taken away. Or more larger; Ephialtes is a sickness, when a body is in his first sleep, lying on his back, doth suppose and also believe none other, but that somewhat creepeth upwards from his feet unto the breast, the which wringeth, & vexeth him there as it were a ghost, & so wholly hindereth his breath & voice, that he cannot call for any help, yea it seemeth that it would murder him: therefore is otherwhiles heard of them, that be vexed therewith, such a kind of groaning, that as soon as the vexation or torment is past, they awake with great fear and trembling. And albeit that this disease of itself alone is troublesome enough, nevertheless somewhat else is to be feared thereby, viz. the convulsion or madness which is Mania, and (like as it is already said) the falling sickness Epilepsia, and especially of them which have great head veins; because that the brains (as the place of the understanding) are thereby enfeebled. Now when as such accidents come, then is there no long delay to be looked for: therefore it is meet indeed that there be advice taken for it out of hand, & first of all to take good heed, whether the sick person have a good colour. And if so be that also his veins be full, then is the Saphaea to be opened; secondly (if need require) the Cephalaea; thirdly, the vein of the forehead, or under the tongue. And if great heat of the time, or any thing else do hinder it, than set thereon too boxing cups with picking, the one upon the right brawn of the leg towards the heel, the other hard by the ham: but if it amend not thereby, then set two upon the shoulders. Also it is very needful to observe good order in eating and drinking, and to refrain from wine, sweet things, and especially of all that engendereth blood. Some allow wine, yet that which is thin, white, clear, and well watered, drunken soberly. For his meat are all fowls good which have abode in hilly countries, better than any four footed beasts: yet of these, the wild are always better than the tame. Item new laid eggs sodden rear, Capers, with Oxymel are good for him in the beginning of supper; he is to eschew fish, and especially sodden fish: he is to shun all fruit, except Raisins, Pingles, Pistacies, confected Pears, Quinces, and such like. All herbs be also forbidden him, except Fennell, Dill, and bugloss: but Rue, Sage, Marierom gentle, Hyssop, and Rosemary are especial good for him, which are rather to be reckoned for medicine than for nourishment. Furthermore, he is to refrain these things, as the Sun, cold winds, the fire, the smoke, incontinency, bathing, weariness, care, much vexation, deep speculation, and especially two hours after meat, all great noise, to look from any height, to look upon whirling things, or that turn suddenly about, and all that shineth much, all strong savours, long sleep, especially after noon, much watching, and such like: but meetly moving after dinner is very good. Also he must be rubbed otherwhiles from the shoulders to the breast, until beneath upon the legs, with warm clothes. And when that is done, then is the head to be kemmed and well rubbed. Peony roots worn about the neck, and smelling oftentimes unto them, are also very good. 15. Peony kernels péeled and drunken in honeyed water, do much hinder and let that the vapours which might obstruct the brains, should not ascend upwards, and do also strengthen the brains. Confected Mirobalani Chebuli taken every morning doth strengthen the head & the brains, and drive away the mare. If the sick body look bleak in the face, than it is a sign of Melancholy. Therefore is he to use the pills Cochiae oftentimes, to the end he may be well purged. Further, he is no otherwise to order himself in eating and drinking, than as is showed in Epilepsy; for that Incubus is none other than a small falling sickness, or Epilepsia. This water following is very good for to purge: Take Hyssop two handfuls, Currants one ounce, seethe this together in a pint and a half of rain water unto the half, take thereof three ounces, of Oxymel of Squils' one ounce and a half, drink it every morning continuing the space of eight or ten days, meetly warm. When the body is purged, then is the head also to be purged with this gargarism ensuing: Take Hyssop, Currans, and Oxymel sodden together with water, & gargarise therewith. Néesing is also behoveful, like as hath many times been expressed. In like manner may you carry these little balls or pellets in the mouth. Take Penniroyall one ounce, seven fresh Figs, long Pepper one dram, Pieretrum half a dram, powne them all together, and make pellets or round balls of it. It is also marvelous good twice a week in the evening and morning to take a half a dram of Treacle or Mithridate, with three ounces of water wherein Peony roots are decocted. If this disease be caused through great cold of the head, than it is to be anointed with the oil of Costus, of Rue, or oil of Bay: But if it be caused through overcharging of the stomach, than it is to be helped with vomiting, clysters, and such like. For this is also to be sought to strengthen the hart and the brains, which is very conveniently done with this confection following. Take red Coral, Heart's bones, Pearls, and burnt Silk, of each half a dram, Galingale, Cardamome, Grains, long Pepper, Cloves, Nutmegs, cleansed Myrtle, and Peony kernels, of each one ounce and a half, Cinnamom one ounce, Mace, Saffron, of each one dram, white Sugar thirty four ounces, seeth it unto a syrup in bugloss water, and make an Electuary of it. In the winter honey is to be used in stead of Sugar, whereof you are to take in the evening and morning the quantity of a great nut, and thereupon to drink a draft of water wherein Peony roots are decocted. The confection of Diathamaron and Diambrae are also very meet for this purpose. For a conclusion, if so be that these foresaid remedies brought not health with them, then are they once again to be used. At the last cast or need, there must be plasters laid upon the head, that corrode the flesh and skin on the forehead, wherein the skull is joined together, which is to be made with Mustard seed or Cantharideses, as is taught in this Chapter in the second §. and in other places, or to open it by an actual cautery. Of the falling sickness, called Epilepsia. §. 17. WE name this sickness with sundry names. And albeit that it be but one kind of sickness: notwithstanding it seemeth by diversity of the names to have some small difference. The Grecians do call it Epilepsia, the Latinists Morbus Comitialis, Caducus, Herculeus, and Lunaticus: the which we have comprehended all under four kinds of Apoplexies, and taught also thereby, that this falling sickness (as also all other) is an infection of the brain. This is a quick and speedy distraction of the understanding, whereby the party is so spoiled and rob of all his wits, powers, remembrance, and all the use of his members, that he must suddenly and unawares fall down to the earth, some, and lie a certain space without motion, seeth not, heareth not, neither feeleth, and sometimes, also doth forcibly stir and cast him self about; when he cometh to himself again, he knoweth nothing of it, what is happened unto him, although there be some that know all that was done with or about them. The causes of this sickness are divers, for that it proceedeth of the four humours of the body, and doth chief take his beginning of Phlegma, next of Melancholia, sometime of the blood, and seldom of Cholera. This is also increased by excessive eating, drunkenness, all savours of meats; and of all things which fume up into the head, as Onions, Garlic, raw fruits, and such like, that be of a cold and moist nature, worms of the belly, whereof the venomous vapours ascend upwards out of the stomach towards the head, putrefaction of the detained natural seed, of obstructed terms in women, like as oftentimes also happeneth to women which have first conceived, to sit long in the Sun with a full stomach, to eat or smell to Bucks livers. Also thunder and lightning do hurt them, whereby they are wont quickly to fall, as also long and much sleep, and all that increaseth Phlegma. There hurteth them also, who are infected with this sickness, the South wind, cold & moist countries, and the smell of these five things following, as goats horns, which is so forcible, that they that suppose to be clean rid of this sickness, receiving the suet thereof, must immediately fall to the ground. Item Galbanum, Myrrah, Benzuin, and above all the herb Smallage, like as it is found, that it hath caused one to fall only through looking upon it, therefore such persons must and are to be kept from them. Youth is also more subject to this disease than age: but it is easier to be cured in young persons than in old, like as shall be more at large taught hereafter. The signs of one that hath the falling sickness, are these: if he fall suddenly to the earth, bendeth him, beateth or striketh from him, loseth his understanding, and tometh at the mouth, if thereby his urine, nature, or excrements pass away; than it is a sign, that the sickness is the stronger. Order of Diet. IT importeth as well young as old people in this sickness, like as in all other sicknesses, but for this sickness must regard be had, especially of the age and youth, nature, custom, and ability of the patiented. In common falling sicknesses is first to be eschewed all cold moist and watery places, in like sort also all meats cold of nature, all that bringeth with it slime, and obstructions, as Dow, Milk, Fish, Gourds, Lettuce, Béetes, spinach, Purslane, Cucumbers, and fat flesh. Item all strong things, as Onions, Garlic, Scallions, Radishes, Coleworts, Mustard seed, all that is much salted, and all Spices. Item, fresh water, all strong wine, be it red or white, and chief sweet, they are very hurtful: like as is also to eat too much, and to swallow down meat unchewed, and to eat again before the former be digested, long sleep, and principally to sleep by day, he is utterly to eschew. But on the contrary, all his meats are to be drying, as Mutton, Partridges, Pheasants, all wood Fowls, with some Pepper, Zeduarie, and Galingall prepared, and always rather roasted then sodden: his drink must be thin, clear, small red wine; but if the wine be somewhat strong, than it is to be tempered with the water of bugloss, or the water wherein betony roots are decocted. Great motion is not fit for him, but rather much rest. The remedies which are to be used for this falling sickness are most of them here before (where we have discoursed of the hag or mare) described, which according to the importance of the cause must be used for old folks, which be burdened and troubled with this disease. And because (like as before is discovered) the young children by reason of their moisture, whereof they be full, are more subject to this sickness; therefore we will first (as much as shall concern that) describe these means, and remedies following. Of the Falling sickness in children. WIth sucking children nothing is safer to be taken, than that the mother or nurse do observe a good order of diet, eat meat that is light of digestion, and that moderately warmeth, that she refrain man, and all that maketh gross blood. And if she be conceived, then is the child to suck no more at any hand: before meat she is to move and stir well, and to drink watered wine or small Beer: she is to refrain and leave all fruits, and especially those that be cold and moist. In fine, she is not to govern herself otherwise than if she were herself infected with the falling sickness. When as the child doth wax stronger, and beginneth to feed on other meat, than it is to be governed according to the importance of his age, and of his sickness, like as by this prescription (and other Chapters written to this end) may be seen. These are always the remedies which by the ancient Physicians be commended for young children's falling sickness, and are found profitable. Take water of Rue, May Lilies, of each a like quantity; give a spoonful thereof or more, according to the bigness of the child, make pieces of Tiles hot, lay chopped Rue thereon sprinkled with vinegar, hold him that before his nose: the same is also good for ancient people. Temper Conserve of Violets in Endive water, or Pyony water; this is very good if there be any heat mixed amongst it. Make thick Almond milk, temper therein as much Sugar that it be as thick as pap, wipe thereof in the child's mouth, it nourisheth well, bringeth sleep with it, and defendeth the stomach from all foul stinking humours: the water of Chickwéeke is also very requisite for this. Others do commend much for this, the water of Cowdung: and if it cannot be had, then is the Cowdung to be broken into fair water, and strained through a cloth, and to give thereof half an ounce at least. Item, take the water of black Cherries, water of Tillet blossoms, of each a like quantity: give it in the time of sickness, or when it is thought to be at hand. The fish that is called Mustella Fluutatilis, or Trinca, called Trisca in Latin, hath two small bones lying upon the brains, which are to be dried and powdered, and given to the child. These are marvelous good: but these small bones are to be taken out of an unsodden fish, for when they be sodden they have lost their virtue. It happeneth also, that children when they be full of worms do get the falling sickness, which is very dangerous: against which you shall find hereafter in the third part, where we shall discourse of the worms, sundry good advises. Take young Magpies out of the nest, distil water of them, and give to young children a spoonful for the Falling sickness. Another. Take three young Magpies that cannot fly, Vngula Alcis, three drag. Heart's horn shaven one drag. and a half, distil them together, and use them as before: it hath been often proved. Item, take Carduus Benedictus water two ounces, Lavender water half an ounce, when you perceive that the falling sickness will assail any body, whether they be young or old, then look that you get a young hare, which sucketh still, take the maw out of it, (hang it in the air that the milk may dry in it) whereof give to the sick person one drag. or less (according to the importance) powdered with fresh water: for this are Pyony kernels good, worn about the neck, and also the powder thereof taken, the root sodden, and drunken thereof, and the powder strewed upon the meat, is also very good. A good Powder. TAke prepared Pearls one drag. red Coral half a drag. Miscleden one drag. and a half, prepared Amber two scrup. Heart's bones one drag. peony seed, and the roots, of each half a drag. white Sugar one ounce, beaten gold six leaves: of this powder is every week one drag. to be given with betony water: Sometime also half a dram or a dram tempered with a little broth. A Powder. TAke half a drag. of the skull of an executed man, prepared Pearls one drag. Heart's horn two scrup. Tormentill, Seduarie, of each two scrup. Sugar candy one ounce and a half, five leaves of beaten gold; temper them all together, and give it to the sick body with Pyonie water and such like. A Confection. FEtch these things following at the Apothecaries: take Diapenidium at the Apothecaries three drag. Pliris Arcoticon, one drag. Diambra half a drag. Cinnamome one drag. and a half, Nutmegs, Cucubes, of each two scrup. Ginger one drag. Sugar eight ounces, melt them in peony water, and make a Confection thereof. All that is before written of young children, is also to be used for aged people, taking always good heed, whether the sickness be great or small, and also with that which followeth hereafter. Yet more of the Falling sickness. But if so be that the Falling sickness doth assail young, full grown, or ancient people, than (besides all that is already discovered) this is one common and necessary rule, that every one which is infected with this sickness, keep himself at home in rainy weather, in places which be warmed with fuming works and fire, and be also dry. The chamber is to be strewed with herbs, which are necessary for the falling Evil as Rue, wild Time, Rosemary, of each half a M. powne them, and make them in a bag three quarters long, at night lay it on both sides under the head. If there be then any one infected with this sickness, that perceiveth something to ascend or climb up out of any member of the body towards the head, then must he, as soon as is possible, and before that he falleth or goeth beside himself, bind hard the place where he feeleth it creeping upwards, wring hard the fingers and rub the feet, set boxing cups behind on the neck, without picking, thereby to suppress the ascending vapours, and afterwards (if it may be possible) for to set or minister unto him this Clyster following. Take Swine's bread, black Hellebore, century, fresh white Daffodil, of each one drag. wild Saffron seed half an ounce, seethe this in a quart of water until the half. Take 13. ounces of this decoction, temper therein Hiera logodion, one ounce, oil of Euphorbium 10. drag. Salgemme one drag. and a half, temper all these together, it is a very strong Clyster for to draw the matter out of the head. Set also great boxing cups on the inside of the thighs, besides the buttocks, and rub well his arms and legs downward. Take the juice of Swine's bread, the seed of Rue, the Rennet of Hares maws, of each one quarter of an ounce, stir them together in a mortar, blow that into his nose through a Vulture's quill: there have been before times marvels wrought thereby. There is also a great noise to be made about the patiented, to open his eyes, and hold great light before them: when he is come to rest again, then is he to purge often with these pills Cochiae (or some other) but using always before certain juleps, thereby the more easily to take away the humour. Whilst that he useth these potions, he must presently upon it, likewise also two hours before meat, take and use the quantity of a Nutmeg of this conserve following. Take Pistacies shalled, which have been steeped one night in peony water three ounces, Doronicum, Hearts bones, Borage, and bugloss flowers, Violets, Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce, red and white Behen, of each one drag. and a half, Basill, red Coral, of each two drag. and a half, jacint, Smaragda, Saphir, of each one scrup. Grains, Lignum Aloes, of each two scrup. water Lilies, and Ivory, of each four scrup. five leaves of beaten gold, Muscu●, Ambra, of each five grains, Honey of Roses, syrup of Citron peeles, of each five ounces, Sugar three ounces: you are to seeth the syrup and Sugar in four ounces of bugloss water until the water be clean consumed: break the Musk and Amber in a little Lavender water, and temper all the rest amongst it. This may be also used whensoever he useth not the other pot●ons, and so forth now the one, and then the other. It is also advised to cover the place whence the disease is caused with plasters, which make blisters, and to let them lie so long upon it, until the blisters be drawn full of water, and break of themselves, and run out; the which are not to be suffered to shut in ten days; to the end the moisture have his full course, for this is one of the most principal remedies that is meet for this malady. Plasters which raise and draw blisters. TAke Mustard seed, Pepper, and Euphorbium beaten small, of each one drag. Honey of Anacardio, as much as is needful for a plaster: spread this upon a cloth the bigness of a Doller, and lay it on the place where you desire. But this ensuing is generally used: Take Cantharideses (heads and wings broken off) one quarter of an ounce, Honey of Anacardio, and sour dough, of each one drag. strong vinegar as much as is needful for to temper it together: lay this upon it as is said, when the blister is full, open it with a needle with a thread in it, and leave the thread behind, that thereby the humidity may be let out. Item, take black Soap, quick Lime, of each one quarter of an ounce, mix them together. A Stronger. TAke Cantharideses prepared as before, quick Lime, of each a like quantity, temper them with the juice of Daffodils, some do burn it with iron or gold. When as these blisters have run enough, they are to be healed with this salve: Take aristology, Ireos, Myrrh, Frankincense, Sarcocolla, of each one drag. oil of Roses four ounces, Wax as much as is needful; make a salve thereof. For this also is advised to set boxing cups with small picking upon the same place: And if the patiented, before the sickness assailed him, were grieved with any kind of vomiting, with gripping and panting of the heart, and came thereby to fall: then is the vomiting or casting to be furthered by all manner of means. Take blue flower de-luce roots one ounce, aristology half an ounce, century, garden Mints, Wormwood, Rue, Sage, Hyssop, Polypodie, Mallows, Mercury, of each a M. Silver mountain, Ameos, Dill seed, wild Rape seed, and Basill seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, beaten peony seed, and a little Bran: seeth these all together in a good deal of water: of this decoction you are to take 14. ounces, temper therein one ounce and an half of Honey, salt one quarter of an ounce, Hiera Picra, three quarters of an ounce, oil of Rue two ounces, make a Clyster thereof. For to Purge. Half an ounce or one ounce of Hiera Picra taken oftentimes, is very convenient. But it is better to use first some preparative potions, which are thus to be composed. Take blue flower de luce roots, or Ireos, peony roots, Fennell roots, and aristology, of each one ounce and a half, prepared Squils' one ounce, garden Mints, and Wormwood, of each one handful and a half, wild Thyme, Miscleden, wild and tame Sage, and Rue, of each one M. anise, Fennell seed, Pyonie seeds peeled, of each one ounce; Silver mountain, Bas●●l seed, of each half an ounce; liquorice, Raisins, and Stechas, of each one ounce, the juice of fumitory (or the water) two ounces, clarified honey six ounces, Sugar nine ounces: seethe the herbs, seeds, and roots all together; afterwards wring it out hard, and with the decoction, the Honey and Sugar make a clear syrup: give thereof to the patiented the space of certain days together one ounce and a half, or two ounces, with any of the waters meet for it. And because that the foresaid Hiera is gentle in purging, and this sickness doth require strong things; therefore take Hiera Picra two drag. and a half, prepared Coloquint, and Bdellium, of each half a scrup. Mastic three grains, make pills thereof with the juice of Wormwood, and give the patiented one drag. at night going to bed. In like sort when he goeth to bed, then is this salve following, the quantity of a Hemp seed, to be wiped at the least thrice a week in the patient's nose: Take Ox gall one quarter of an ounce, Starch half a drag. Nigella seed half a scrup. Marjoram gentle six grains, white Hellebore 5. grains, Euphorbium 3. grains, powne all reasonable small & temper it well together. After Purging. AFter purging is the sick person to use a comfortative, as hereafter followeth: Take prepared Pearls half a drag. Galingall and Cinnamom, of each two scrup. Seduarie half a scrup. prepared Coriander, red Coral, of each one drag. Nutmegs, Cloves, Cucubes, Coutchenell, anise and Fennel, of each fifteen grains, yellow Saunders, and Mastic, of each five grains, Diptamus, Misselden, peeled peony seeds, of each two scrup. confected Citron pills half an ounce, Sugar Candie half an ounce, conserve of Roses, and of Stechados, of each three dragm. but if the Conserve of Stechas cannot be had, take powned Stechas one dram, six ounces of Sugar decocted to a syrup in Rose water, and then temper the rest amongst it. In like manner are other stomachical things to be used; for which Mastic is highly commended. For strengthening of the stomach is this shield worn: Take Mastic three ounces, Spikenard, Roses, Frankincense, of each one drag. stamp them all together, and make it to a plaster with odoriferous wine, spread upon leather, & lay it upon the stomach: if it will not cleave fast, add wax, and oil of Mastic as much as is needful unto it. Another. TAke Laudanum, and Mastic, of each one ounce and a half, Frankincense one quarter of an ounce, Galingall, Seduarie, and anise seeds, of each one drag. and a half, Roses, red and white Saunders, of each one drag. garden Mints, and Bloodstone, of each one quarter of an ounce, Turpentine one ounce, melt the Laudanum in the Tuipentine in a warm mortar with a little of the juice of wormwood, temper the rest beaten small amongst it, and make a plaster or shield of it: you shall have more of these shields for the stomach in the third part. After the use of the purgation, the patiented is to take once a week at least, early in the morning, one drag. of Mithridate tempered with Balm water, and thereupon to remain lying the space of four hours, and to sleep if he can without using any thing else the same day. A Bag. TAke Species Electuarij de gemmis, Laetificantis Almansoris, of each one quarter of an ounce, Mace one drag. Marjoram, India Spica, Lignum Aloes, and red Stirax, of each half a dra. each stamped alone, make a silk bag and wear it on the left breast; when it is besweat, then let it dry again. Here followeth yet many a good remedy. TAke Pieretrum, Mastic, of each a like quantity, temper them with molten Wax, and make small balls or pellets thereof, of the bigness of a Hazel nut, chew them and spit out the slime, comb your head oftentimes, and anoint it with the oil of Mastic and Spikenard: the Gargarisms which follow hereafter are very meet for this sickness, Take Ireos, prepared Squils, of each one ounce and a half, Hyssop, wild Thyme, of each one M. Pieretrum one quarter of an ounce, Licebane, Mastic, of each one drag. white Hellebore one quarter of an ounce, peony seed peeled, and Ginger, of each five drag. Raisins (the stones taken out) two ounces, Vinegar half an ounce, clarified Honey three ounces: seethe all that is to be sodden, afterwards temper the vinegar and honey amongst it. Sneezing. THe Néesing (like as it is oftentimes said already) is very special good, thereby to purge the brain. But for this sickness are peony roots beaten commended above measure, and blown into the nose. If you temper this powder with the juice of Rue, and drop it into the nose, then will it be more forcible, for the Rue hath a marvelous operation against the falling sickness, like as hath also Spikanardus: these foresaid things are also good beaten, and smelled to the other, as this small bag following. Take wild Rue beaten half an ounce, Silver mountain one quarter of an ounce red Stirax one drag. and a half, peony roots five drag. temper them well together, and bind them in a little bag or cloth and smell unto it. Of things that may be hanged about the neck. IN this falling sickness are some things highly commended of all the famous Physicians, to be hanged about the neck, and they allege thereto also certain reasons and experiences, wherewith they do prove and show, that they that wear them about the neck, do not fall, and omitting it, their disease presently returneth. This is also no misbelief, like as the common people thinketh: but it is the smell or savour, which doth most vehemently withstand this evil, and therefore is the same at no hand to be omitted. Some writ also, that the red Coral and the Emerald hath the same virtue, which experience must teach us. This happily hath been (as hath been said) a cause of some superstition, as commonly it befalleth, that good things are abused: for every one can tell, that the Gospel of Saint john, pieces of the cross, and other such like fantastical relics, also sentences of the holy Scripture, have been used to unwitch and bless those that have been forespoken. It hath also been faithfully credited, that thereby great marvels might be wrought, if they were only either spoken over the patiented, or hanged about his neck, for the which this piece of juggling might also be used, wherein it is counseled, that a girdle be cut out of a wolves skin, even from the head thereof to the very tail, and so wear it about the body. But because it is not easy for every man to catch a Wolf, the same is also ascribed to the skin of an Ass. These things for the most part are accounted as gospel of old doting women: like as it is also with the gut of a Wolf, that is of many women applied to the naules of young children against the Colic and gripings of the belly: but these remedies following are of better estimation, and of a more secret or hidden virtue, to wit; bryony worn about the neck: also Thyme, Hyssop, Rue, and Southernwood worn likewise in the bosom, for by reason of their smell they may have some effect. A capital Unguent. TAke Marjoram gentle, Rosemary flowers, of each half an ounce, Lignum Aloes one ounce, beat them together, and rub them well with strong wine in a mortar; temper one ounce of Barley meal, Starch two ounces amongst it, apply this to the head being shaven; it easeth the falling evil marvelously. Item, take oil of Rue, oil of Pepper, of each one ounce, sweet Costus roots, Pieretrum, Ginger, Galingall, Rue seeds, of each one drag. and a half: mix them all together, and so apply them warm over both the shoulders. Item, take Bevercod cut small four ounces, oil of Olives six ounces, juniper berries beaten grossly three ounces, put a pint of strong wine upon them, cover it well, and let it boil a while: with this is the patiented to be anointed in the hams, in the armpits, and on the pulses of his hands. Also it is very good in this infirmity to anoint the forehead with the suet of a Stag. Indian Balm is in like sort good for all kind of falling evils, being anointed on the roof of the mouth; and albeit that it cureth not the sickness wholly, yet will it greatly hinder his return. Vngula Alcis. IT is a common error to wear a ring of this beasts hoof on his finger against the falling sickness, I have proved it oftentimes, but with no ease unto the patiented. A Confection or Electuary for the falling evil. TAke Pieretrum, Costus roots, Stechas, of each ten drag. Agaricke five drag. Dill seed, Assafoetida, aristology, of each two drag. and a half, juice of Squils', clarified Honey, of each 14. ounces: boil the juice and the honey with a gentle fire, until it wax meetly thick; afterwards when it beginneth to cool, mix the other ingredients with it: take of this every morning three drag. and fast four hours after it. Montegnana taketh God to record, that he hath known a thousand cured thereby. This following is not much unlike the former, take Pieretrum, Silver mountain, Stechados, of each ten drag. Agaricke five drag. Cardamome, Assafoetida, aristology, of each one drag. and a half, juice of Squils', and Honey twice as much as of all the rest, or as much as is needful: let them boil sufficiently, and temper the other things being powdered amongst them. The patient shall use every day of this confection one quarter of an ounce, and beware of gross meats. These two Electuaries following are very good for all manner of falling evils, except that which is caused of blood: take prepared Pearls one dram, Cloves, Galingall, Nutmegs, Cucubes, of each half a dram, Cinnamom one scruple, Couchenell, Lignum Aloes, red Stirax, of each half a scruple, red Saunders, Calamus, Doronicum, of each five grains, Peony seeds péeled, Mistleto, Diptamer, of each one drag. Currans one ounce, conserve of Roses, conserve of Stechadoes, conserve of Borage, of each two drams, white Sugar clarified in Rose water twelve ounces, make a confection of them. Another. Take Peony roots one ounce, Mace, Indian Spike, Saffron, red Coral, prepared Pearls, of each half a dram, Cinnamom, Cloves, Nutmegs, Ginger, Pepper, long Pepper, Cardamome, Grains, of each two drams, liquorice five drams, Anacardium one ounce and a half, Musk, Amber, of each seven grains, clarified Honey or Sugar twelve ounces, make an electuary of them: take of this the bigness of a Nutmeg, and drink a little Mead after it. It is very good against the falling sickness, the Palsy, and such like other infirmities more, it comforteth the brain, maketh a good memory, and expelleth the lethargy, and all obliviousness. One may use either of these prescribed medicines, or this powder following, take Cinnamon, Cloves, Galingall, Nutmegs, Mace, Cucubes, of each two drams, black, white and long Pepper, Cardamome, Annis seeds, Fennel seeds, peeled Peony seeds, Hissope, Diptamer, Mistleto, of each one dram, Saffron two dragms, Sugar candy five drams, make a powder of them, keep it in a leather sack, and use it in all thy meats. Item, take the seeds of Maiden hair half an ounce, Mistleto one ounce, Tormentill one ounce and a half, make them into powder and minister two drams of it at once, with the decoction of Peony roots when you fear the access of the disease. For this purpose serveth also white Mustard seeds prepared, conserve of Betony, the juice, the water, the herb, and the flowers: in fine, all that is made of Betony is very good for the falling sickness of the head, and for all other infirmities of the same. So is also the conserve of Peony roots, seeds, water, wine of Peony, and all what may be prepared thereof, as may evidently be seen by the former receipts: the preserved Eringus roots are also very profitably used therein. In like sort also Lavender, Rosemary, Spikenard, their leaves, flowers, wine, and whatsoever else is made of them: we have also mentioned of the taking of Mithridate and Treacle: likewise Guaiacum is very commodiously used for this infirmity. After due evacuation of the body, this is also much commended in the falling sickness, take the juice of Rue two ounces, Assafoetida half a dram, mix them together, and so take them. Item, take the skull of a sound man calcined or burnt, peeled Peony seeds, of each half an ounce, Tormentill, Mistleto, of each two drams, give it to the patiented as before: the same doth also burnt Hearts horn taken with wine, as also the liver of a Kite, and dried blood of a Sheep, the bladder of a Boar with the urine dried in an oven, and every day the bigness of a bean taken with Oxymel. Item, ravens eggs, Swallows flesh, Wolf's, Hearts, Fox flesh, either boiled or otherwise, the blood and flesh of a weasel tempered with the urine of a manchild. Item, Bucks blood taken, the hoof of an Ass burnt and mixed with strong Vinegar, and so anointed about the head. The liver of an Ass taken fasting, the gall of a Bear powdered, the fume of Peacocks' dung or otherwise used, Partridges livers dried, and one dram and a half drunken, the brains of Camels, or of Wesels used with vinegar, the bones of a man calcined, the blood of a Tortoise that liveth in fresh water, a Cuckoo put into a pipkin close stopped, and burnt to ashes, the stones of a Boar, of a wild Boar, of a Ram, and of a Bear drunken with water, the brains of Sparrows, with many strange things more that are highly commended of divers famous Physicians, but above all other things is the reuming of a Leveret much commended, as hath been said before. Every one may use of the premises those that he hath approved to be good: but if this falling evil (which very seldom befalleth) be caused of blood, then appeareth it with redness of the face, red eyes, and with large veins. In this case is the Saphaea to be opened, boxing cups to be set on the thighs, and legs, and on all other parts of the body. Three ounces of oil of Roses mixed with an ounce of Vinegar, and other cooling things more, are to be applied to the head: also to beware of these meats, that fume into the head, and that engender much blood, as hath been said, neither may the patiented use any Wine, sour Fruits, as Citrons, Lemons, Verivice: Pomegranates may he measurably use either raw by themselves, or mixed with his drink. Of the Friction. THe patient is to be rubbed downwards, to wit, from the neck to the very rump, from the breast to the legs, and from the thighs to the feet, the lower the better, with rough warmed, thereby to draw the matter downwards: after that, he is to use a reasonable motion, walking, and kembing of the head. Some counsel to rub the pulses with Strawberry water: and if all this will not help, then is an actual Cautery to be used for the extremest and last remedy, whereof hath sufficiently been spoken before. Of the Apoplexy or dead Palsy. §. 18. EVen as we have generally spoken of this fearful disease in the 9 §. this Apoplexia is the most vehement and last of all the former five infirmities, because it is more hurtful and perilous than all the rest; for it often befalleth, that these Apoplectici do not only lose their speech, senses, and memory, but also all motion, natural warmth and nourishment, yea remain wholly dumb, which happeneth by reason that all the passages of the brains are obstructed, whereby the vital spirits cannot be spread over the whole body: and because they are without sense, without feeling, and without all motion, do the Latinists call them Attonitos. This Apoplexia is described after two manner of ways, the one bereaveth a man of all sense and feeling, and that otherwhiles so long, that the patiented seemeth to be dead, wherefore it is also commanded, that he should not be buried before the fourth day: and to be assured that there is no life more to be expected, thou shalt hold a little feather at his mouth, which if it neither move nor wag, and that the body waxeth stiff, then is he departed. Likewise a glass of water is to be set upon his breast, and if the same be not stirred, than it is a sure sign of death. The other Palsy is somewhat easier, it doth first infect the breast, whereby all the sinews are constrained to move immoderately, and to hinder respiration, and this is rightly called Apoplexia. Others do divide it into three kinds: whereof the first is, when the patiented doth draw a little breath, but with great difficulty, as also when he foameth, his breath is not heard, but his voice a little, as if he were choked, and this is the worst and deadliest Palsy. The second hath a variable respiration or breathing, sometimes not perceived at all, and anon returning to his former course, without foam at the mouth: this also is not without great danger, and albeit that it were cured, yet doth it turn to some other sickness. The third kind is, when the breath remaineth in due order. The causes of these sicknesses are superabundant humours either in the brain, or in the blood, overcharging the stomach with meat or drink, overwatching, debility of the brains, drinking of cold water, cool winds, rainy weather, blows, falls, use of many cold meats, as fruits, fishes, lettuce, overmuch sleep, carnal copulation presently after meals, long rest or quiet, binding in the body, overmuch bleeding either by opening of a vein, or otherwise. This disease is both very common, and very dangerous for old folks, especially if they have kept an immoderate diet before. The common and surest signs of it are these, to wit, if the patiented be quickly snorting and not sleeping, be handled or pinched without sense or feeling. Likewise, the vehemency or debility of this disease may be discerned by the snorting: also it is to be taken for a most sure and infallible sign thereof, if he foam at the mouth, and is by no means possible to be cured; so that all Physicians herein agree, that nothing can be done but only to satisfy his friends, yet without all hope of recovery. But if the patiented snort not hard, then is the Apoplexy the less, and to be brief, a strong Apoplexy maketh quick dispatch of the patiented, or else there ensueth a dead palsy, which is much easilier cured: wherefore it is altogether needless to make any great discourse of this Apoplexy, and the rather, because that all the remedies serving for cure of this sickness, are declared in the treatise of the falling evil, and of the palsy. Afterwards heed is also to be taken, whether the face wax red, black, or green, as it commonly befalleth if some part be tied or bounden about hard: for this, are both the Saphaenae to be opened on the feet, and awhile after both the head veins, afterwards in the forehead above the nose. This being done, the arms above the elbows, and the legs beneath the knees are to be very strongly bound, that the blood might be drawn to the pains, yet (as it hath oftentimes been said before) not to let them be bounden too long without untying them, & then afterwards tying them again. Also you are to pinch the fingers of the patiented very hard, and rub both his ears and his nose so roughly, that it might be painful unto him. Some do counsel that the outward parts should be stroked downwards with wine, wherein Ireos or Calamus hath been decocted: also suppositories, Clysters, and boxing cups, and such like not to be omitted, nor yet the application of Oxyrrhodinum to the head. But if none of the foresaid signs do appear in the patiented, but only a little rattling in the throat when he breatheth, than it is an infallible sign of many waterish humours, for the which this Clyster following is to be used. Take Centory, wild and garden Sage, Rue, Southernewood, Marjoram, white water Mints, of each half a M. a little Bran, and half a Coloquint tied up in a cloth, boil them all together in sufficient water. Take of this decoction 16. ounces, and mix with it mel anacardinum, and oil of Costus, of each one ounce and a half, Sal gemmae one dram, Hiera Picra 7. drams stir them well together, this is very meet for the Apoplexy. To draw the phlegm out of the head, shalt thou provoke néesings with Ellebore, for the which this root is very appropriate, or use this following: Take white Ellebore, or néesing-woort one dram, Bevercod half a dram, Lignum Aloes one scruple, beat them to powder, and blow it into the nose; and if he could abide vomiting, the use thereof will not be unprofitable for him, open his mouth and power therein Oxymel of Squils with warm water, oil of Roses, & of Lilies. Item, boiled Radishes, or horse radishes in water. Also this vomiting may be provoked by putting a feather into the throat: give unto him not much meat, and if it be possible, give him nothing to drink but Meade, and the next day let him drink one dram or one dram and a half of the decoction of Annis seeds. Thou shalt call aloud and make a great noise about this patiented, also use music, thereby to awake him out of his deadly sleep, which if it will not help, then is he to be pulled, pinched, and very roughly to be handled. It is also very meet, that this patiented take every day one dram, more or less of the confection Anacardina with Oxymel, thereby to bring an ague according as the cause requireth, for it is very hot: wherefore the learned dispute greatly whether an ague be a good or a bad sign in the Apoplexy. Of outward applications. TAke Camomile, Melilot, Penniroyall, wild Thyme, Marjoram, Balm, Marjoram gentle, of each one M. boil them in water, and bath or foment the head therewith warm, stamp the herbs, put to them oil of Rue, and of Lilies, of each one ounce and a half, and apply them warm to the head; if it be cold weather, then anoint the head with oils that are warm of nature, and with the oil of Daffodils, of Bevercod, of Pieretrum, and such like: and not only the head, but also the neck and the whole back bone. Or make this salve following. Take Calmus, bitter Costus roots, of each half an ounce, Silver mountain, Basill seed, of each an ounce, oil of Spikenard, of Camomile, of Lilies, of each two ounces, white Wine three ounces: melt all that is to be melted, and boil them together on a small fire of coals, until the wine be consumed, then mix the oil amongst it, & anoint the whole head therewith, and the back bone downwards to the very end thereof: And if this will not help, then shave off all the hair on the head, and apply this plaster following, being spread on a piece of leather or a piece of fustian, and make it as big that the whole head may be covered therewith. Take Galbanum, Sagapenum, Opopanacum, of each two drams, Sulfer vife one dram and a half, Turpentine one ounce, melt and mix them well together. Now to finish this part of the brains, we must first remember two things briefly: First that it is most necessary for this patiented altogether to forbear wine, and to drink some small beer, or to continue with this Mead following, which is made of twelve quarts of water, and three or four quarts of Honey being well sodden and scummed. Concerning his meat hath sufficiently been spoken before. Secondly, if his speech be altogether or very much decayed, then is the water of Liriconfansie to be used, as it is described in the 5. §. before, and with it all manner of waters of life, which are specified in the eight part. Also Wormwood wine, Lavender wine, Spikenard wine, and the conserve of the same: but remember always, that all other wines be straightly prohibited: wherefore these aught also very circumspectly to be used. The thirteenth Chapter. Of the Mouth, and all that appertaineth unto it. AFter the description of the Brains, which are the uppermost inward member of the head, we will now speak of other parts, as of the Mouth and Lips. In the mouth, first is the pallet, the tongue, the gums, the roof, the teeth, the almonds, with all the other adjacent parts; as the voice, which is made and brought forth with the lips, tongue, teeth, and with other parts more. After them follow all manner of accidents that are incident unto them. Now to speak of the whole mouth it is to be admired, as also all other parts that are created by God: for above all that it containeth, it is the only means, whereby every living thing receiveth food for the whole body. Also by this the nostrils, the heart and lungs receive air, without which it is impossible to live. Thirdly, out of this proceedeth the voice and speeches, whereby one man understandeth an other, and whereby a man is different from all other beasts, which have nothing common with us but only the voice. These things are manifold, as hereafter shall appear more at large. Of the outward parts, to wit, of the lips, hath been spoken in the tenth Chapter: but before we come to this particular treatise, we will first of all show all that belongeth unto the mouth. Of putrefactions and exulcerations in the Mouth. §. 1. THese exulcerations or putrefactions of the mouth are of many sorts: one deep, an other not: some perurulent, some corroding, virulent, as well in the tongue as in the gums, consuming and spoiling them otherwhiles wholly. They proceed of divers causes, and amongst all other of these; to wit, if one scald his mouth with hot meats, or use any thing which is hot by nature; likewise also hot vapours which ascend from the stomach and ulcerate the mouth. If these exulcerations be red, the face also red and inflamed, and especially about the place where the sore appeareth; thereby may be adjudged, that it proceeds only of the blood: but if the colour in the face be yellowish, with heat and drith in the mouth, redness in the eyes, of the throat, and with blisters in the mouth, without any great swelling, and that the patient cannot abide any hot thing in his mouth; then proceedeth it of Cholera: but if the ulcers be white, without great pain, without any great swelling of the lips and gums, and if the spittle be saltish, then riseth the same of Phlegma. The melancholic humour bringeth her own signs with her, to wit, obscureness, hardness, and blackness. These infections are thus described: The putrefaction in the mouth is, when many blisters and ulcers are engendered, which do arrode the gums, tongue, and throat painfully, running from one place to another, and so spoil the mouth. Before thou take these exulcerations in hand, look whether they be deep eaten into the flesh or not, new or old. If they be not big but fresh, and not overladen with much moisture: then use these things following, which may suffice with some astringent and binding things admixed, as to wash the mouth with Well water, Plantain water, and Rosewater, wherein the blossoms of Pomegranates and their pills, and also Galls have been decocted. You may also use Risen water mixed with vinegar. Item, the decoction of Fleawoort seeds, or of dried Prunes, by itself, or tempered with vinegar. Item take rain water, boil therein the yellow seeds of Roses, with Galls as much as you please, and wash the mouth therewith: or extinguish Steel made red hot in milk, and wash thy mouth often therewith. Item, take Galls one dram, Rose water six ounces, vinegar one ounce and a half, put them together. Or take Roses, ivory, Coriander, Sumach, Lentils, Purslane seeds, peeled Gourd seed, & Cucumber seeds, of each half an ounce, beat and mix them together; and lastly add a little Camfere unto them. Take of this powder half an ounce, Rose water, vinegar, of each two ounces, use it as hath been said before: mix Well water with the juice of Pomegranates or wine: likewise the decoction of Barley mixed with Sugar, cleanseth the mouth. The water of Sage healeth all exulcerations, if the mouth be renced oft therewith. Also in a hot cause are very good all fruits that are sour, cold & astringent, being chewed, as Medlars, Mulberries, Choke pears, Quinces, Services, Framboys, and such like, especially if they be not over ripe. Also the juice of Vine leaves, and sour and tart herbs may be used for gargarisms. But if these gentle remedies do no good, then purge the patiented as the cause requireth, as before hath often been showed. But because this is for the most part caused through heat, he is to be purged with Cassia, sour Dates, or with the Electuary of Roses, afterwards open the vein under the tongue, or those that appear on the inside of the lower lip, which is very commodious for all hot infirmities of the lips. If sucking children be troubled with it, then is the nurse to be fed with cooling things, for by the alteration of their milk they are easily restored to health again: for this purpose is the oil of Sulphur very good, as well in young children as ancient people, but there are many common things that are altogether as good as that. Item, take the yellow seeds of white Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates. Starch, ivory, milk of Lentils, Purslane seeds, Coriander, Seine husks, of each a like much, and a little Camfere: make a powder of them, and rub the ulcer easily therewithal, or hold it in thy mouth with vinegar of Roses, Rose water, and oil of Roses. Item, for this hot exulceration thou shalt take the water of shepherds purse, of broad Plantain, of Roses and of Purslane, of each two ounces, the juice of Mulberries, honey of Roses, of each one ounce, mix them well together, and gargarise with it often. Item, take Galls, Pomegranate blossoms, and Cypers nuts, of each one ounce, Roses, white briar, two drams, acorn cups half an ounce; beat them grossly, and boil them in water, and wash thy mouth with it. When by these means the pain is somewhat abated, then mix fresh butter with honey of Roses, and anoint the place therewith: this mayst thou well account one of the best remedies. Or stamp a four Pomegranate with the pills, wring it out hard, and add as much honey to the juice; let them seeth together until it be thick. If thou wilt have it stronger, add the third part of beaten Acorns with it. The application of boxing cups is also very meet and fit for it: and if the patiented be full of blood, then is the head vein to be opened. But if the blisters be white, then is the patiented to be purged with Diaturbith, or with their pills following: Take Species Hiera Picra two drams, Species medicaminis turbith, two drams and a half, Coloquint half a dram, make pills thereof with wine, take of them one dram or one dram and a half at once. It is also very good to rub them with honey and salt; but these things following are more in use, and more fit for this purpose: Take Alum one ounce, boil it in Plantain water; you may also put Plantain leaves unto it, and wash the mouth often therewith. Take honey of Roses, warm water, & a little Alum, half as much vinegar as water, use it as before, it is very good. Take Roses one ounce & a half, Plantain one ounce, Alum half a dram, Myrtle seeds half as much, Pomegranate blossoms and pills of each one scruple, let them seethe well together & use it as the other. Item take one pint of water, and a good piece of Ireos cut small, and as much Alum, honey of Roses 2. spoonfuls, let it boil away two fingers breadth. In fine, whensoever Phlegma is cause of the ulcers, then must drying and astringent remedies be used, Cypers nuts, barks of the Frankincense tree, Frankincense & Mastic: and although one should mix these warm things with others that are cold and astringent, as Galls, Pomegranate pills, Roses, Myrtle seeds, & such like; yet is not that any error at all, but rather a help. Also of these things following may gargarisms be made, or little balls with the juice of Pears, or Quinces to hold in the mouth. There is in the seventh Chapter and fourth §. a water described for the eyes, beginning? Take broad Plantain water, with verdigris, and Dragon's blood. This may you use if the sore run much, and were very unclean, for it drieth and healeth much: Take Plantain water, boil therein gross beaten Myrtle seeds. This cleanseth the sores, and cureth them: Conserve of Roses held in the mouth long doth cleanse the same. Oxycraton, that is, wine, water, and vinegar mixed together, is also very good. If this exulceration of the mouth proceed of Melancholy, then shalt thou purge as followeth: Take Currans one ounce, Borage flowers, and of bugloss, Epythimus, and Seine, of each one drag. boil them in water wherein Mirobalani Indi, and Chebuli, of each half an ounce have been steeped and decocted, give three or four ounces thereof in the morning. In like manner may you purge with Hiera Ruffi, you shall also use a gargarism made with Currans and anise seeds, and mixed with honey. Hereafter do divers good things ensue for the infirmities of the tongue, that are also very good for this present purpose. Of the swollen Almonds. §. 2. IT chanceth also sometimes, that in these infirmities the Almonds or the pallet in the throat do exulcerate: of this pallet shall hereafter especial mention be made. But for the tumour of the Almonds, and other exulcerations in the throat, are these remedies following ordained. Take a quart of red wine, Roses three M. peeles of two Pomegranates, four Galls grossly beaten, liquorice half an ounce, Currans two dragms, boil them together until the fourth part be wasted: before thou dost adhibite this, wash thy mouth with a cloth dipped in wine, then use it warm: if it be with any exulceration, then add honey of Roses unto it, and wash it every day five or seven times. Aqua johannis. THis water is very good and effectual to gargarize withal, both in blisters and ulcers: Take Sulphur vife, red Mints, alum, & Sugar, of each half an ounce, Mastic, Frankincense, of each two drag. Pieretrum half a dram, Aqua vitae three ounces: beat all what is to be beaten, and temper them together: Take alum, Sugar, of each half an ounce, boil them together in Plantain water, mix it with the juice of Mulberries, wash the mouth therewith, it assuageth the swelling, drieth and healeth. The same doth also the syrup of Myrtle seeds, and of the juice of Nutshells that hereafter are described. In like manner also Milk, and the juice of Lettuce, each by itself. If the throat be exulcerated within, then take Frankincense, Sandaraca, Mastic, of each one drag. red Stirax half a dram: beat them together and receive the fume thereof at the mouth oftentimes: afterwards gargarize with Barley water and honey of Roses. For all impediments, putrefactions, and exulcerations of the mouth, are three divers gargarisms prescribed and ordained: whereof some are specified hereafter, wherewith is also declared how that commendable juice of Mulberries, honey of Roses, and more other things, are to be prepared. Of outward exulcerations, and contractions of the mouth, hath been spoken in the twelfth chapter, and §. 14. Of a stinking mouth and breath. §. 3. THis infirmity proceedeth not only from the mouth, but of many other accidents more, which the learned comprehend in the number of eight: first, when the gums do putrify and stink: secondly, bad and hollow teeth: thirdly, stinking humours that fall down from the head into the pannicles of the mouth, and there make the spittle to stink: four, stinking slime of the stomach: fifthly, the corruption of the lights: sixthly, stinking matter and purulencie, as in Phthisi: seventhly stopping in the nose, or some exulceration of the same, as in Ozena: eightly, the corruption before mentioned of the mouth. Of the foresaid infirmities have divers Authors sufficiently spoken, as also hereafter in many places shall appear. Here we entreat only of the corruption of the mouth, in the which we may comprehend the three last causes. And first of all, if this stench proceed from the brain, and settle itself in the tunicles of the mouth, which most commonly cometh of heat, then is there present a great itch, heat, thirst, and drought. For this shalt thou open the head vein, set boxing cups in the neck, purge the head with Pillulae aurea, or Cochiae, wash thy mouth often with Plantain water, or water of shepherds purse, receive the vapour of decocted Mallows or Lettuce, and smell of Roses, Violets, Waterlillies, Willow leaves, Saunders, or of Camomile. If it proceed of cold, then use some days together potions of Oxymel Compositum, or oxymel of Squils', purge with pill. Cochiae, and gargarize with this water following. Take Ireos, Cypers roots, juniper berries, Marjoram gentle, field Mints, wild Time, garden Mints, all of them, or as many as you please, use it often: you may also draw it up into the nose; you must beware of Fruits, Fishes, beans, all hard meats, and such as putrify speedily in the stomach. If the corruption of the mouth do cause this stinking breath, then shall you gargarize very often with the decoction of agrimony, and Olive leaves, adding as much Honey unto it, as you think good. Item, take Vinegar and extinguish it in gold, made red hot a good many times, with Cloves decocted in it; wash the mouth with it, this taketh away the stench: also gold only held in the mouth is very good: so likewise doth chewed Ireos. Take green oaken leaves, beat them to powder, and take of this one drag. every day fasting with Wine, it taketh away the stench. In the 12. Chapter and first §. in the description of the Memory you may find a good powder, which beginneth, Take Seen leaves, Seduarie, etc. Item, take Cinnamome, Cloves, Sage, Marjoram gentle, Balm, Nutmegs, Angelica roots, and such like odoriferous things, eat and chew them in thy mouth, spit them out, and take in fresh: they take away all bad savours and stenches. Of what cause soever this infection proceed, these simples following are very commodious for it, each by itself, to wit, avence, Cypers roots, Frankincense, Lignum Aloes, Cinnamome, Citron seeds, Rape sédes, Cloves, Myrrh, Blatta byzantia, Mastic, Cardamome, Agnus castus, Spica, Squinanth, Citron leaves, Roses, Saunders, Camphor, water Lilies, Rosewater, prepared Coriander, odoriferous apples, Quinces, Tormentill roots, and such like. Take white Saunders, Roses, of each five drag. red Saunders, Citron pills, Squinanth, Gallia muschata, of each two drag. make a powder or little balls thereof to hold in thy mouth. A Gargarism for all infections of the mouth. §. 4. Gargarisms are commonly made for all infirmities of the mouth, throat, and lips, to cleanse, to heal, and to cure them, but because we have described many such accidents, and have promised to show some gargarism for them, which shall be done at this present: and for that in all gargarisms three principal things are tempered, as the syrup of Mulberries, honey of Roses, and the juice of Nut shells, we will therefore first of all show how they are to be prepared. The Syrup of Mulberries Diamoron. THis Syrup is diversly prepared. The common people take half Mulberries and half Blackberries, and boil them like to a Conserve: of this do they give in hot diseases to comfort. Others take only the juice of black Mulberries, wring them through a strainer as soon as they are gathered, and so with Sugar make it to a syrup. The Apothecaries prepare it thus: Take six ounces of the juice of Mulberries, 12. ounces of the juice of Blackberries, both the berries as yet being not full ripe, clarified honey 11. ounces, sweet wine three ounces: let them seeth together over a gentle fire till it be reasonable thick, and keep it in a pot. The fourth and best means. Take juice of Mulberries, Blackberries, Framboys, and of Strawberries, of each four ounces, clarified Honey eight ounces, boil them with a mild fire till they wax reasonable thick. But note (as already hath been said) that the berries be not altogether ripe; and because the Framboyes & Strawberries be ripe before the rest, their juices are to be sodden with half as much Sugar, and so to be kept until the rest be red, all these sirupes have an especial virtue to cure all infirmities of the mouth, to cleanse, to cool and to dry: for which cause also they are good to be used against the Squinancy, and all infections of the throat. But if thou wilt make it stronger, than temper alum, Myrrh, Saffron, and Verivice, of which thou wilt amongst it, according as the cause requireth, Honey of Roses. THis honey of Roses is also made diversly, but commonly as followeth: Take Roses that are not fully blown, cut off the yellow tops, and to one pound of Roses put three pound of honey which hath been clarified very well, and so place it in the sun. One that is stronger: Take Rose buds (as before) one pound, beat & boil them in a pint and a half of rain water, wring it out hard, ad to the expressed liquor four ounces of the juice of Roses, clarified honey two pound, boil them together till it be thick enough. The third manner. Take clarified honey two pound and a half, juice of Roses new made four ounces, set them on the fire, & when it beginneth to boil, mix one pound of chopped Rose leaves amongst it, let them boil till all the juice be consumed: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and keep it close stopped; for the older it is, the better it is. This honey of Roses hath an easy astringent virtue, it cooleth, and is very good in all sharp rheums that fall from the head into the mouth: it withstandeth all putrefactions, corrosions, and white exulcerations in the mouth: it expelleth all stinking humours of the stomach, that are caused of the gall, if it be used in hot fevers; otherwise it doth cleanse the stomach of all sliminess, provoketh sweat. That which is made with the juice of Roses, looseth, and outwardly it cleanseth all ulcers, stinking wounds, and such like. If any man had taken physic, and would not willingly vomit it up again, he shall take a little of this honey of Roses after it. There is yet another manner of making this honey of Roses. Take six ounces of dry Rose leaves, put 15. ounces of boiling water upon them in a pot that may be close covered, let it infuse so eight hours, then wring it out hard, and take as many Roses more; make the liquor boiling hot again, put it on the Roses, and let it infuse as before; this reiterate thrile and no more: afterwards weigh the liquor, and to five ounces of it put three ounces of honey; boil and clarify it: this bindeth the body, and comforteth the stomach. The syrup of Nut shells. THe Apothecaries do call this syrup Rob nucum, and Diacaridion, which is thus prepared; Take the green shells of Nuts, beat them & press out their juice: of this take one pound, clarified honey half a pound, boil them to a syrup. Some do take of the juice and honey of each a like quantity: this syrup is very good for women and weak folks troubled with hot rheums that swell. You may add other things unto it, according as the accident requireth. The gargarisms which are most meet for the mouth, the throat, and the adjacent parts are these: Take Rose water, Plantain water, of each four ounces, honey of Roses one ounce, syrup of Mulberries half an ounce, Alum one dram, white wine eight ounces, let them seethe together as long as you would do an egg, gargarise therewith warm, it drieth and cleanseth, Take Plantain, Knot grass, & Barley, of each one handful, boil them until the Barley burst, strain it through a cloth, and add to it honey of Roses, syrup of Mulberries, of each half an ounce: use it as above. Item, take Barley half a handful, roots of bugloss as many, juice of Quinces one drag. and a half, Violets, Currants, and Stavesacre, of each two drag. boil them in a good pint of water, until the Barley swell: this healeth, and allayeth the pain. Take Pomegranate pills, broad and long Plantain, of each one handful, let them boil together in a pint and a half of water being strained, ad to it Vnguenti Aegyptiaci, syrup of Mulberries, and Nut shells, of each half an ounce, temper them all together: this drieth marvelously, and healeth all stinking exulcerations. But you may not swallow any of it down, by reason of ●he verdigris which is in the ●●lue. In great heat of the mouth and throat, with a sharp matter adjoined, which excoriateth this place: Take water of Nightshade and Purslane, of each three ounces, water of Borage and of Violets, of each two ounces, seeds of Fleawoort half a drag. Quince kernels half a drag. Dragagant a drag. and a half, steep it in Rosewater, press out the slime or mucilage, and mix them all together. Take Plantain water and wine, of each four ounces, burnt alum half a drag. honey of Roses, syrup of Mulberries, of each one ounce, boil them a little, and gargarise often therewith: this is especial good in all tumours of the throat, and also in the squinancy. There are many more such like gargarisms prescribed for many other diseases, as every where may appear. There are also divers Physicians, which without any exception, use in all gargarisms Scrophularia, and that not amiss: for it hath a wonderful virtue. Of the Pallet, and the falling down thereof. §. 5. IT is called by the Grecians Epiglottis, that is, the little tongue, by the Latinists Lingula, Vuula, and by us the pallet. It is also a very needful part and member of the tongue, it hath five several parts: first, the two almonds, Tonsillae, that engender the spittle, and moisten the tongue; and if they wax dry, then do they hinder the speech. Secondly, the Aspera Arteria, or Trachea, and Oesophagus. Lastly the pallet itself. This is the only instrument of the voice, whereby the same is fashioned, and for that cause it is placed in the midst of the throat, because it should cover one part of the throat, and preserve the breast, hart and lights, should direct the meat and drink received, to the mouth of the stomach. It befalleth often, that it hangeth down, and so troubleth one very much, which he is not accustomed to have before, as may be seen when the tongue is pressed down. If this proceed of heat, then is the pallet red, the veins about the eyes swollen, the face red, and the spittle swéetish; all which are signs of overmuch blood. But if it be white, then it is caused of a cold rheum, which falleth into the mouth abundantly: the voice is hoarse, the face pale, the pallet white, and much longer than it ought to be. Of the tumour and falling down of the pallet through heat. IF the pallet be red, then is the whole back bone from the very neck downwards, and both the arms to be rubbed with warm clothes, the legs are to be tied hard, and untied again; afterwards boxing cups are to be fastened on the thighs, against the fire; also if need require, the head vein may be opened upon the right hand. Item, a visicatorie unguent shall be applied to the shoulders (which is diversly described in the twelfth Chapter and 16. §.) and so let it remain thereon two hours long. Item, take Roses, Galls, and Pomegranate pills, of each one drag. alum one scrup. Salt half a scrup. make them into powder, and bear up the pallet with it. Or take Rosewater and vinegar mixed together, gargarize with it; or in the stead of Rosewater, you may take Well water. Water of Plantain, and Nightshade is also very meet for the same, but it must not be taken down. Item, mix the syrup of Mulberries and a little vinegar with water, and gargarize therewith. Another. Take the yellow seeds of Roses, and a few Citron seeds, boil them in Plantain water, afterwards mingle some honey and a little vinegar with it. This following is of no less virtue than the former: Take the syrup of Nutshells, one ounce and a half, the decoction of Sumach two ounces, temper them together, and use it certain days continually: if you will have it milder, then take Barley water in stead of the other, and mix some Pomegranate wine with it. Item, another that is stronger, and especially at the first: Take two ounces of Rosewater, one ounce of red vinegar, acorn cups, Hypocistis, juice of Sloes, calcined plume alum, of each one scrup. mingle them together for a gargarism. A Powder. TAke the green shells of Nuts dried, beat them small, and take a little spoonful of the powder; hold it to the pallet, and bear it up therewith continually: this hath oftentimes been approved. Another. Take alum (that is called Allumen lamenum) burn it, and use it as before: or burn Salarmoniacke, and use it as the other. Note also, that all the powders may most conveniently be used, after that the patiented hath gargarized: nevertheless they may be used when one thinketh good. Of swelling, and falling down of the pallet through cold. IF the pallet be white, then take Cinnamome, Ginger, Pepper, Pieretrum, Pomegranate pills, Galls, and Roses, of each a like much, make them into powder, and hold it to the pallet as before. Item, take long Pepper three drag. Ginger one drag. and a half, Album Graecum, that is, a white Dog's turd (of a dog that eateth nought else but bones) one drag. alum four scruples, Sal gemmae, half a drag. use it as all the rest: abhor not the dog's turd, for in this extremity it hath a marvelous operation. Item, take Sage, Mustard seed, of each one drag. boil them together in water, until there remain about eight ounces, then add one ounce of honey of Roses unto it. Take Album Graecum, being well dried, fine Bolus, of each one drag. alum half a dram, Pepper and Salt, of each half a drag. make them into powder, and use it as above. Take Oxymel, Mustard seed beaten, and vinegar, of each a like quantity, anoint the pallet therewith. Item, shave off the hair that groweth on the future of the skull called Sagittalis, apply a great boxing cup unto the bare place, and let it there remain a whole hour long. This may you reiterate three or four times a day; it draweth the pallet up again. What is to be done in the greatest extremity. IF the patiented have long hair, then let a strong man take hold of it, and pull it upward violently, until such time as one may perceive that the skin is severed or parted from the skull; then also doth the pallet ascend, because it is fast to the skin: it hath been found by experience that it hath helped immediately, and hath preserved the patiented from choking. But if this infirmity be of long continuance, and that the pallet seemeth to hang only at a little skin, and the neither end of it is much swollen, then there can be no other means used (although one is loath to follow it) but by incision to take it away; afterwards you are to use this gargarism following: Take the decoction of Ireos, and liquorice, of each a like much, mingle as much honey with it as you please, and a little vinegar. Item, vinegar and water wherein the blossoms of Pomegranate trees have been decocted. The order of Diet. IN this infirmity proceeding of cold, use excalefactive meats, drinks, and habitations, beware of all manner of violent motions, anger, vexation of mind, fear, and such like. The confections, Diatrion, Pipereon, Diamoscu, Diambra, and Mithridate are very commodious in this malady: or else to gargarize with Miva Citoniorum, and the water of Sloes. Take beaten Cucubes half a drag. make thereof with the juice of Roses or their water, two pills; they are very effectual. These pills following do also hinder the falling of the rheum into the mouth. Take Pill. Elephanginae one drag. Mastic, one scruple, make eight pills of them, take twain after supper at each time. Of the Tongue. §. 6. THe parts of the tongue are flesh, muscles, veins, and sinews combined together, spoongious and soft; which member amongst all living creatures, or amongst them that have a tongue is most different, not only by reason of her form, but rather by the voice: and indeed it is no less, for by her wonderful motion (whereof there be three in general) doth she bring marvels to pass. First, by the manner of the words and speech, whereby we can declare whatsoever we conceive in mind, and make it known to another body. By this groweth wars and peace, friendship and enmity, concord and discord: by this is both God and man praised and dispraised. In fine, by this is done both good and harm, as that merry Aesopus saith in his fables, that the tongue is the best and worst piece of flesh. The second is the taste, whereby it can discern which is bitter, which sweet, sour, tart, sharp, cold, hot, or any such like: also it adjudgeth what is good or bad for the stomach. The third is the sense of feeling, whereby it perceiveth what is hard or soft, hot or cold, etc. Besides all this, it helpeth to hold the meat received between the teeth, that there it might be chewed, and thence conveyed into the stomach. Also it serveth to gather the slime and moisture of the mouth together, & to spit it out, which by no means can be effected without it, as it evidently appeareth in those that have a dead palsy, and cannot wag or move their tongue. This member is subject to divers & sundry infirmities, as when the tongue is heavy and flow, hard and immovable, hot and dry; for which cause it is especially infected of Alcola, which causeth it to swell, harden, and exulcerate, etc. whereof we purpose to speak hereafter. Of the loss and unperfectness of tasting. AMongst the before mentioned infirmities, this is also to be placed, that in the taste, as in the sight and hearing, oftentimes happeneth that it be quite & clean decayed, so that there remain not one whit of taste; otherwhiles also is the tasting only diminished, as when one can perceive some taste, yet not perfect and to the full. Also it is oftentimes quite spoiled, as when one taketh sour for sweet, etc. As it befalleth to them that have the yellow jaundice, or to them that are troubled with a hot ague, wherein the patiented adjudgeth all what he tasteth to be salt, bitter, sweet, or without savour, according to the quality of the disease. The signs of the humour that causeth this infirmity, are these: The blood yieldeth a sweet taste. Phlegma also somewhat swéetish, with much spittle, humidity of the head, of the tongue, and of the whole body. Cholera causeth bitterness, saltness, and giveth a salt phlegm. If there be no taste at all, then is the mouth of the stomach pestered with many bad and superfluous humours. If it proceed of melancholy, then is the taste tart, and astringent, of all that he taketh into the mouth. There may also very sure signs be taken of the tongue: the which if it be white, than it is not only a sign of cold, but also that the stomach, head, and liver are full of Plegma: If it be red then doth it signify that this malady is caused of blood, & of hot rheums: The yellowness is a sign that Cholera is cause of all: If it be of the colour of lead, and blackish, it showeth Melancholy to be the cause of it, unless it should proceed of some unnatural heat, as in hot Fevers it commonly chanceth. Now concerning the remedies for this lost, bad, or corrupted taste: If it come of a hot sickness or Fever, and the patiented be full of blood, then is first the head vein, after the vein under the tongue to be opened, and a good diet to be kept, and all manner of cooling things to be used. He is also to be purged with a potion of the syrup of Roses, of yellow Mirobalans, or with these pills following. Take of the Species Hierae one dram and a half, shales of yellow Mirobalans three drag. Diagridij and anise seed, of each half a drag. temper them with syrup or the juice of Roses, and give a dram of them at once, more or less, according to the ability of the patiented. Or take five drams of the Electuary of the juice of Roses, or some such like matter: afterwards is he to hold in his mouth vinegar mixed with the juice of Pomegranates: otherwhiles also the juice of Lettuce, of Purslane, mucilage of Fleawoort, and of tragacanth, made with Rose water, & held in the mouth a long time, sometimes Risen water by itself used as before. These pills following are also to be made, and holden continually in the mouth: Take Roses, ivory, and bayberries, of each a quarter of an ounce, peeled Melon seeds, Gourd seeds, Cucumber seeds, Pompion seeds, Lettuce seeds, Purslane seeds, Endive seeds, tragacanth, of each one drag. make it into pills with the tragacanth dissolved; afterwards he is to gargarize with the juice of Endive, and of Nightshade, or with the decoction of Roses, Verueine, and Myrtle seeds. Thou shalt rub his tongue with pieces of fresh Melons or Gourds. All these things alter the bad savour and taste of the mouth in a hot cause. But if the loss of taste proceed of heat and drought with any humour with it, which may be perceived, if the tongue be dry, red, and without any spittle; then are contrary things to be used for it, to wit, cold and moist remedies. Contrariwise, if it be caused by cold, then note if there be any afflux of humours with it, or not: if there be (as commonly it befalleth) any superabundant humours with it, and if the body be full of blood, then is purging and letting of blood (as opportunity serveth) to be used: if not, minister unto him Oxymel compositum, or of Squils', with the decoction of Hyssop, Marjoram, Sage, and Stechas: afterwards purge him with the pills Cochiae. A Gargarism for the same. TAke Hyssop, and liquorice, of each an ounce, twenty sappy Figs, Honey six ounces: boil them in water, and gargarize therewith, and hold it a good while in thy mouth. If there be no agues with it, use this gargarism: Take the juice of Squils' one ounce, Vinegar twelve ounces, Well water and Honey, of each six ounces: let it boil a while scumming it. If the patiented do abhor every thing, supposing them to taste very unsavoury, than he is to be purged with an ounce of fresh Cassia, with Oxymel, and with the afore mentioned water. For this purpose serve also sharp meats, as Onions, Garlic, Leeks, Mustard seeds with vinegar, juice of Lemons, juice of Citrons mixed with other meats: also otherwhiles salt meats. Of a heavy and slow Tongue. THese infirmities are of two sorts, the one natural, and the other accidental, as when the tongue cannot pronounce the letters aright, but in pronouncing the vowels A, E, I, O, V, is no want in it, because that the tongue then need not much to be stirred: also in the saying of B, M, P, Q, wherein the lips do the greatest labour. But in these letters following must the tongue be most of all used, to wit, in C, D, G, H, L, N, R, S, T, X, Z. In the naming of F, must the breath be blown out between the upper teeth and the lower lip. If any of these be any hindrance, then may the same be ascribed to the tongue, especially if the same be inueterated through a long custom, which after remaineth for ever incurable. The other that proceedeth of outward causes, and lurketh in the sinews of the tongue, may be cured by Physic. Both these infirmities are caused of four sundry occasions. The first of a cold matter, that lieth in the sinews of the tongue, which is to be perceived, if they cannot pronounce perfectly the letters above showed in the third row, and especially the R. Besides this also their sight and hearing decreaseth: or when one would speak hastily, and therewithal dribbleth against his will, the which is a messenger of the dead Palsy. Secondly, it is also sometimes caused of hot agues: then can the patiented not draw his tongue backward, and it waxeth black and rough. Thirdly, this infirmity may proceed of the toughness of the humour that stayeth the tongue, as if it were fastened underneath, and therefore could not be put forth by the patiented. Fourthly, it is otherwhiles caused of certain flesh that groweth under the tongue, the which if the tongue be lifted up apparently may be seen. The first which groweth of cold, and without an ague, is thus to be cured: to wit, that after the patiented hath been purged, he open also a vein, and afterwards wash his tongue with this water following, but he is to take great heed he swallow none of it down. Take Salarmoniacke, Pepper, Ginger, white Mustard seeds, Pieretrum, Licebane, Borras, Salt, salt of Indie, Marjoram, seeds of Nigella, Marjoram gentle, of each one drag. boil them all together in a quart of water unto the half, and use it as hath been said. Item, boil Pieretrum in vinegar, and gargarise therewith. Look also that these things do not excoriate the throat, and make it raw: for the Pieretrum is very strong, and therefore it is commanded (as often hath been said) to tie it in a fine piece of cloth, and to chew it. A Powder. AFter the long continuance of this gargarization, take Salarmoniacke, Pieretrum, Pepper, and white Mustard seeds, of each a like much, make it into powder, and rub the tongue often with it: but children's tongues may you rub only with the powder of Sage, or wash it with Oxymel. Item, take honey of Roses two ounces, Sal gemmae two drag. mix them together, and rub the tongue often with it. Also make this gargarism following: Take Sage, Hyssop, Calmus, of each a like quantity, boil them in water. Take Costus roots that are sweet, white Pepper, Ginger, Licebane, Rue seeds, of each one drag. Pieretrum three drag. Grains half a drag. Mastic dissolved in vinegar one ounce, temper them together, and make pills of it of the bigness of small Nuts. Take one of these in thy mouth otherwhiles and chew it, they are very meet to draw the phlegmatic matter out of the tongue which there hindereth the speech. But of the bereaving of the speech by reason of the dead palsy have I showed before how the party so troubled is to be purged and dealt withal, yet notwithstanding that, I will proceed in teaching all what might happen unto the tongue. If the same seem to be caused of a cold and moist matter, then is the tongue to be often rubbed with Hiera Picra, tempered with a little Stavesacre, Mustard seed, and Pieretrum, but this is very hot and bitter, so that the patient shall hardly be able to abide it: but this following is milder. Take Salarmoniacke and Ginger, of each a like much, temper them with the juice of Squils' and rub the tongue with it. Item, Oxymel of Squils', and water wherein one or more of the former things have been decocted, is very commodious: but anoint the neck and the hinder part of the head with oil of Bays, and of Bevercod, afterwards apply this plaster following upon it, being spread on Leather. Take Gum three drag. Stechas and Marjoram gentle of each one drag. oil of Marjoram gentle, and wax as much as is needful for a plaster. Take Bevercod, wet it with the juice of Sage, and make pills of it, and hold them in thy mouth, or else take Nutmegs, Indian Nuts, Cloves, Pieretrum, Assa foetida, of each one scrup. Laudanum, tragacanth, of each one drag. make them into pills with wine, and hold them in thy mouth. So also may you hold a piece of a Nutmeg in the mouth, and chew it. Treacle, Mithridate, and such like confections are commended in this infirmity. The patient must also speak much and plainly. But if it come with the infection of any other sinews, than it is to be cured by the means that are prescribed in the Palsy. But if it proceed of an Ague, with a contracture of the tongue, then must you irrigate the patient's neck and shoulders from on high with warm water, for that moisteneth and warmeth the same place and the tongue also: afterwards anoint it with oil of Olives. How to moisten the tongue. IF then a great drith of the tongue happen with it (as it commonly befalleth in hot Fevers) then is the patiented to hold in his mouth oil of Roses or of Violets; but especially aught that to be observed which hath been said before in the loss of the taste, where it beginneth thus: Afterwards he is to hold in his mouth, etc. For this use serve also these things, to wit, preserved black Cherries, preserved Raspises, and whatsoever else is made of them, preserved Peaches, Barberries' and their syrup, the preserved red Cherries with their syrup, and such like more, syrup of Mulberries, of Nutshells, conserve of Roses, conserve of water Lilies, and many more such like, as is showed in hot diseases and pestilential Fevers. Diatragacanthum frigidum is very good in this and in all other hot diseases whatsoever. For this purpose serveth also sugarcandy, the mucilage of Fleawoort, of Quince kernels, and to wash the mouth often with warm water, Vinegar, and Rosewater. If there be any tumour with it, then use the julep of Violets, and of Roses, dried Prunes, dried Cherries, juice of liquorice, sour Dates, Manna, or which of them you please: but if the tongue were fast some where, then is it to be loosed with some instrument, and afterwards to bestrew the place with Ginger and alum. Lastly, if a piece of flesh should grow under the tongue, as if it were a frog, then doth the same proceed of a gross and tough humour: when the tongue is lifted up, then may you see it very red, and it is otherwhiles little or big like unto a little tongue. It is also sometimes round like a Hasell nut, and bigger, whereby both the speech and eating is hindered. Here must the patiented first be purged, let blood under the tongue, and observe a good diet, as in any other imposthume of the head, that might also proceed of fleagm. Afterwards is the frog to be rubbed with Salarmoniack, Galls, Salgemmae, or parched salt: or else you may prepare this for it. Take Pieretrum, Ginger, of each two drag. Salarmoniack, Salgemmae, of each a drag. and a half, Marjoram, Calmus, Ireos, Daffodils, Mastic, of each half a dragm, make a powder of them. Of this powder may you take one part, and with the white of an egg make it into Trocisces, and when thou wilt use them, dissolve them in Aqua vitae, and so anoint the frog under the tongue with it. With this water following may you also wash the mouth very often. Take Marjoram, Mints. Penniroyall. Nettle roots, of each one M. Pi●retrum two drag. boil them together in a pint and a half of water, till the third part remain. But if this malady do once inveterate and wax old, than it is to be cured with those things that are described hereafter in bleeding of the gums; amongst which this following is rehearsed: Take Sugar, alum, verdigris, of each a like much, mix them with honey, and rub it therewith. Item, if this infirmity wax too big, than it is to be cut, taken away and healed, as all other sores of the mouth. Some do counsel to burn it, which is uncertain in this place: but this is to be observed, if this frog be hard and black, than it is doubtless the true Canker, which is altogether incurable. For the Alcola, or hardness and cliffs in the tongue. THis Alcola of the tongue proceedeth of the foresaid hot and dry causes, when the tongue waxeth black, dry, hard and full of cliffs. For this must the patiented first be purged with this purgation following. Take Rhubarb three drag. Spica half a drag. Squinant one scrup. of the decoction of fruits, called at the Apothecaries Decoctio fructuum, which shall hereafter be described, eighteen ounces; let them infuse in this decoction a whole night, in the morning press it out, take four ounces of the Colature, syrup of Pomegranates one ounce, syrup of Lemons half an ounce, temper them together, and so take it three mornings together. If these potions have not sufficiently purged (for they be very gentle) then take of these pills, Cochiae, Foetidae, Aureae, of each one scrup. and of them all one dram; make seven pills of it, gargarise after that purging with warm goats milk, and eat five or six Cherries after it. And because wine is very hurtful in such a heat, this water following shall be very meet for it. Take half a handful of Barley, thirty dry Prunes, Barberies, Cinnamome, of each half an ounce; boil them in four pints of water until the fourth part be consumed. In like manner may you use this potion for to cool: Take the juice of Quinces one ounce and a half, Rob de Berberis half an ounce, water of Purslane three ounces, temper them together. For this purpose serveth also whatsoever hath been written in the first §. of the corruption of the mouth, but especially the gargarisms. Of the tumour and swelling of the Tongue. THis is caused of blood, or of phlegm that falleth down out of the head. It happeneth sometimes that the tongue doth so swell, that it lieth before in the mouth, whereby the spitting and all other her actions are hindered. In this you are to purge the head with the foresaid pills. If it then proceed of cold phlegm, which is discerned, that the tongue or face are always white, and the mouth always full of moisture, then is the tongue to be rubbed so long with the juice of Onions, of Citrons, syrup of Raspes, or with sour Pomegranate wine, until all the spittle and slime be gone away: for these foresaid things do separate the matter. Item, take Ireos, white Mustard seed, Pieretrum and such like, all of them, or each a part, boil them, and use it in the washing of the tongue. Item, boil Dates, Raisins and Figs, of each a like much in sweet wine. This gargarism is also good being used oftentimes. Take Fenegréeke, Raisins, Fennell seed, Lily roots, and Figs, of each half an ounce, boil them together in a quart of water, until the third part be wasted, afterwards temper three ounces of honey of Roses amongst it. Item, take Squils and Oxymel three ounces, mix them with the decoction of Bevercod. Or boil Rue, Cypers roots and Pepper together, or which you please, in vinegar. But if heat be cause of this tumour, that will be perceived by the redness and swelling up of the face and tongue, without any spittle, and with sweetness of the mouth: for this you shall presently open the head vein, then under the tongue; for this assuageth the pain, and cooleth the blood. If it be needful, then purge with the Electuary de Succo Rosarum, syrup of Roses, or with Cassia, fasten boxing cups in the neck, that the affivent matter might somewhat be withdrawn. Also the patiented is to gargarize with sour and astringent remedies, as with the juice or syrup of Raspes and of Lemons: the juice of Lettuce is also good for it, likewise the juice or wine of Pomegranates. Of the imposthume of the Tongue. THe tongue doth otherwhiles impostumate through abundance of blood, which is known by the redness, the tumour, the sweetness in the mouth, and by the puffing up of the face with redness. If it proceed of Cholera, than it is perceived by the great burning, vehement pain, and bitterness of the mouth. Or if it be caused of phlegm, that may be seen by the paleness, by the small store of pain, and much spittle, without any great swelling being spread over the whole tongue. When this infirmity cometh of Melancholy, then groweth the tongue hard, ash coloured, and with small pain. But if it proceed of heat, then purge the patiented as hath been showed in the tumour of the tongue and Alcola: and in the beginning make gargarisms of cold things, as of Gourds, Shepherd's purse, Purslane, Endive, and especially of Lettuce, Milk, Rose water, or the decoction of Roses, and rub the tongue with a Peach, which is very profitable for this purpose. But if by these means it do nothing amend, then use oftentimes honey, milk, and the decoction of Lily roots and Raisins, Fenegréeke, and of Fennell seed. For his meat he may use Colewoorts, Orage dressed with oil of Almonds or of Olives, Figs, Raisins, and Lineseede chewed and spit out again with the slime. When this tumour or imposthume is broken up, then take any one of these things following, to wit, Butcher's broom, Barberies, Myrtle seed, of each half an ounce, agrimony one handful, boil them in a pint of water until the half, then add Meade or honey unto it two ounces, and gargarize therewith often. It preventeth great harm that might ensue. Old wine is also very good, being held in the mouth, and spit out again. But if it proceed of cold, then purge the patiented with pills Cochiae, or with the confection Diaturbith, and make this gargarism following for him. Take Fenegréeke, Lily roots, and Fennel seeds, of each one ounce, ten Figs, Currants one ounce and a half, Bay berries one ounce; boil them in a sufficient quantity of water: let him hold this in his mouth, & wash his mouth with it very often. It easeth the pain and ripeneth all impostumes of the mouth and throat, especially if you add honey unto it. This imposthume is accounted the middlemost thing between the ulcers of the mouth and the Squinancy: for they do agree together both in their causes and their remedies, as hath been showed before in the first §. Of the loss of speech. But if of any of the foresaid causes the speech is hindered or taken away, and yet the voice remain, and that the patient could not utter his mind, then is he to take twice a week one drag. and a half of Hiera logodion, with the decoction of Rosemary. A Gargarism. TAke a drag. of Coloquint, Heart's tongue two drams, Ginger, Galingall, Costus roots, Greines, of each half a drag. boil them together in a pint and a half of water even to the half; wring it out hard, and temper with it Oxymel of Squils' six ounces, and let it boil a while longer: afterwards hold it warm in thy mouth, and wash thy mouth therewith. This will not deceive thee. Take Mithridate or Treacle two drag. water of Sage, of Marjoram gentle, and Rosemary,, of each three ounces, or which of them you can come by; wash thy mouth with it in the morning and at night, and spit it forth again: and thus much for the tongue. Of the Gums and Mandibles. §. 7. IT is sufficiently known that children are borne with the Gums and Mandibles, whence first the teeth do grow: wherefore it is first needful to write of the root, and then of the tree. These Mandibles have their situation one near to the other, called by the Latinists Praesepioliae, that is, little mangers, for so in the old time were the mangers of beasts wont to be parted. In them are the teeth fastened, with veins and sinews at the bottom. These Mandibles or Gums are subject unto many infirmities, as impostumes, putrefactions, corrosions, aquefactions, bleeding, increase and decrease of the Gums, the which are caused of the rheums in the head, or else of vapours ascending out of the stomach: of the which, and first of all of the imposthume, now shall be spoken. Of the impostumation of the Gums. IF with this impostumation be great pain admixed, so that the impostumated Gums be red, than it is caused of heat. In this case is the head to be purged with water wherein Prunes have been decocted, and Rhubarb or Manna mixed with it, and afterwards to use mild Clysters: also to open the head vein, and to be let blood under the tongue: lastly, to fasten boxing cups to the shoulders, and to hold this following in the mouth a good while. Take honey of Roses one ounce and a half, Vinegar half an ounce: when you spit it out you are to take in fresh again. If then any other sores do happen unto them, they are to be opened with a phlegm, and then to wash it thrice a day with water wherein alum, Myrrh, or Salt is sodden. Item, take half a pint of the water of Knotgrass, alum half an ounce; dissolve it in the water, wash the teeth and Gums with it: Afterwards take Pomegranate pills beaten, dip a cloth in them, and rub them gently with it. In like manner you may also find in the first §. those things that are very meet for this purpose, because both these infirmities do proceed of one cause. Item, wash the mouth often with vinegar and alum; afterwards with the wine of Pomegranates with a little alum dissolved in it. Look the description of the syrup of Mulberries in the fourth §. before. Item rub thy gums in the mornings with the unguent of Egypt, but swallow none of it down: and gargarise often with honey of Roses and syrup of Mulberries, of each a like much, mingled with the water of Plantain. For all impostumes and corruptions of the gums or teeth, which procure a stinking breath, and if there be much blood and moisture with it, then is the party to be purged according to his ability with yellow Mirobalans and sour Dates, then to open the vein of the head, and to apply a great boxing cup in the neck, to rub the gums until they bleed, and to wash the mouth with this water following. Take blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, acorn cups, and Roses, of each half an ounce, Stavesacre two dragms, boil them very well together. This following is to be used for to heal and to dry it: Take Roses, Cypers nuts, Galls, and burnt alum, of each a like much; boil them together in Vinegar and water, add unto this decoction as much honey as you please. After the use of this Gargarism strew this powder upon the sores: Take burnt alum two drams, blossoms of Pomegranates, plume alum, Myrtle seeds, of each one dram and a half, Hearts horn one dram, mix them well together. He is also often times to be purged with the foresaid capital pills Cochiae. Of the bleeding of the Gums. THis may happen of some outward accident, as of blows, falls, and such like, the which must be known of the patiented. The inward causes are either heat or cold of a sharp matter falling down out of the head, corroding the gums and the sinews of the teeth, and making them to impostumate: in somuch that if it once begin to inveterate, it soon changeth into the Canker, whereby all the teeth fall out. But if this blood be thin and subtle, then are these four things following to be put in practice. First, to take away the corrupted gums: Secondly, to mundify and cleanse that which is infected: Thirdly, after mundification, to astringe or draw together and heal them: Fourthly and lastly, to confirm and strengthen the gums and jaws, that the matter may not have recourse thither again. First there are many kind of powders in such vehemency used, that the venom Orpiment is added thereto: but my counsel is to omit it, and to use this following in stead thereof: Take roots of Daffodils and Pomegranate pills of each a like much, make them into powder and rub thy gums therewith, and an hour after wash thy mouth with warm wine or vinegar. Secondly, you may make this decoction following: Take Olive leaves one M. and a half, Pieretrum half an ounce, Ginger, Mastic, Ireos, of each one dram. Honey two ounces, boil them together in a pint of water to the half, wash thy mouth therewith. This following is very good for all infections of the gums and jaws. Take honey of Roses three ounces, warm water one ounce, dip a cloth in them and rub the gums with it, & an hour after wash thy mouth with Wine or water wherein dried Roses have been decocted. In like manner this following mundifieth very well: Take water of Camomile one ounce, honey of Roses three drams, temper them together and wet the place infected with it: afterwards wash thy mouth with wine wherein dried Roses have been decocted. Thirdly, they are to be cured with this powder: Take Frankincense, Aloes, Sarcocolla, and Dragon's blood, of each one dram: beat them small, and strew them in the gums. Item, take Laudanum, Mastic, Frankincense, & Coral, of each a like much; make them into fine powder, and apply it to the place infected: it confirmeth, hardeneth and cleanseth the gums & jaws: and when the sore is well mundified, than it doth also incarnate and engender flesh. Fourthly, this following is highly commended. Take Cypers leaves, or nuts, half an ounce, Well water a pint, boil it until the half part remain, dip a cloth in it and apply it to the grief: this doth not only confirm and strengthen the gums, but defendeth them also from all bad rheums. Another. TAke blossoms of the Pomegranate tree, alum, Roses, Hounds tongue, acorn cups, and Plantain, of each a like quantity, boil them all in wine and wash thy mouth therewith: it strengtheneth the gums and teeth, and hindereth the bleeding. Item, boil Galls, Olive leaves, Lentils, Mugwoort, and Pomegranate pills, of each a like much in water, and wash thy mouth with it. Another that is stronger. TAke Pieretrum, Lily roots, of each one drag. the outward ●ind of Galls, and blossoms of the Pomegranate tree, of each two drag. beat them small, and rub the gums therewith. Take the same ingredience, but in greater quantity, boil them in red Wine, and add the fourth part of vinegar unto it; with this thou shalt wash thy mouth. By all these former things is easily to be seen, that many remedies there be for the former infection of the teeth and gums, which are also very good for all ulcers and corruption of the gums. Of the outward applications. FOr both the former infirmities, and for all pain and griefs of the gums, these things following are very good, which may be outwardly applied. Take linseed oil, Camomile beaten, Hollihocke roots, meal of Fenegreeke, Butter, of each half an ounce, oil of Dill or of Camomile four ounces, this assuageth the pain, maturateth and digesteth. Item, sheeps wool unwashed, wet it in the juice of Roses, of Violets, or of Willow leaves: Or make a bag the breadth of ones hand full of dried Roses, decoct it in vinegar and water, wring it out hard, and then apply it outwardly. Take cold water only or vinegar mixed with Rose water or wine of Pomegranates, and wash the mouth therewith. Item, use the juice of cold herbs, as of Nightshade, of the bigger and lesser Housléeke, of Plantain, of Purslane, or which of them you can get. For this purpose serveth all the wine wherein Galls have been decocted. If then neither the pain nor bleeding will cease, then is the same place to be opened with a Lancet, or Horseleeches to be fastened unto it. But if the gums be not apt to bleed, not exulcerated nor painful, nor the face any thing swollen, and that the patiented be not well after meat, but when he hath eaten meats cold by nature, then may you easily guess, that this infirmity proceeds of a cold phlegm. Wherefore every such patiented is to be purged with Pil. Cochiae, Hiera Picra, exacuated with a little of the trocisces of Coloquint, or Diaturbith. Afterwards he is to wash his mouth with astringent decoctions, as of the blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Akorne cups, alum, Salt, juice of Rue, and such like. Also for a change he may gargarize with the decoction of Figs, Fennel seeds, and seeds of Lilies. The roots of the blue Flower deluce provoketh the gums to bleed much, whereby the pain is assuaged. The decoction of agrimony tempered with alum is approved to be very meet. Of this matter look into the first §. where you shall find many good remedies for this purpose. Of the Fistula in the gums. WHat a bad accident this Fistula is shall be showed in the fift part, for it appeareth in this place, as in all other places with salt and sharp deflurions: you shall cure them with those remedies that have been described before in the infections of the tongue, and putrefaction of the gums, so that at this present time I purpose not to write much of it. Take Galls one ounce, Myrrh half an ounce, make them into powder, and strew it on the sore. Wash thy mouth often with Vinegar of Squils', or take Galls, Roses, Lentils, acorn cups, Bedegar blossoms, and péeles of Pomegranates, of each a like much, boil them all in water, if it proceed of a hot cause: but if of a cold, then boil them in wine. If the Fistula be deep, and the gums corroded, then take the blossoms of Pomegranates, plume alum, of each a like quantity, make them into powder, strew it once in three hours upon the sore. For this serve also the blossoms of Pomegranates boiled in Vinegar and Honey, and the mouth washed with the decoction. Amongst divers other dentifrices, this that followeth is the safest. Take calcined alum, Plume alum, blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Ireos, Pieretrum, Sumach, Barbaries, Galls, acorn cups and Dragon blood, of each a like much, make a powder of them. This powder may also be tempered with vinegar and hon● and wash the mouth therewith, it is very good for all manner of exulcerations of the mouth. When the Fistula is mundified to the bottom, then are you to use incarnatives. Others do commend the use of actual and potential cauteries, but they are nothing commendable but at the last need, and in the greatest extremity. Of the wasting away and consumption of the Gums. TAke Cinnamome one ounce, Frankincense, Roses, of each two drag. Dragon blood, three drag. bestrew the gums therewith very often. Take Myrrh, Mastic, shells of pine apples, Date stones, Hearts horn and ivory blossoms of Pomegranates, Roses, Dragon blood, of each a like much, use it as before: it confirmeth the teeth. Take Pease meal, make it into little cakes with honey, and dry them until you can powder them again, take of this two drams, Dragon blood, Frankincense, Mastic, of each two drag. aristology and Ireos, of each one drag. rub the gums therewith. Of the mollification of the Gums. FOr this infirmity are all those remedies very meet, that shall be prescribed for the wagging or looseness of the teeth. For a conclusion. ALthough the gums were altogether corrupted and black, yea although all the teeth were lose, yet these remedies following have done wonderful much good. Take Wormeaten Galls, Sumach, Myrtle seeds, acorn cups, and Plantain seed, of each one drag. white Vitriol, plume alum, of each one drag. and a half, yellow seeds of Roses, and refuse of Cloves, of each two drag. and a half, beat them all grossly, and let it boil in a sufficient quantity of water: when it hath sodden a good while, then add forty young buds of the Mulberry tree, and so let them seeth until the half part remain. Wash thy mouth often with this decoction, afterwards thou mayst strew this powder following upon thy gums: Take Mastic, Sandaraca, juice of Sloes, Hippocystis, of each one scrup. prepared Tu●ia one drag. white Vitriol four scrup. make them into powder. Of the Teeth. §. 8. MAn hath for the most part 32. teeth, although some there be that have but 28. or 30. and they are differing in form. First, there are four above and as many beneath, that are sharp and broad, therewith to cut and divide the meat as it were with a knife, for the which cause they are called of the Latinist's Incisores, they have but one root only. Afterwards there are on each side of the former four more above and below, which are broad above and thin below, and for that they are called by the Grecians and Latinists Dog teeth, because they be most like unto the teeth of Dogs: they have but one long root, and are made to break that which the former have as yet not sufficiently broken. Thirdly, there are above and beneath on both sides commonly twenty teeth, albeit that some have but sixteen, and others but six on each side, which are called in Latin Molares, that is, grinding or cheek teeth. Their office is to grind and chew whatsoever the former teeth have not as yet sufficiently broken and chewed. Those that are in the uppermost mandible, are fastened unto three roots, the lowermost only unto two: although that sometimes it befalleth, that the two former of them have three roots. The Philosophers do write, that the foremost teeth are engendered of a pure and superfluous moisture of the skull; the middlemost of a reasonable good humour; and the very hindermost of a gross humidity of the foresaid skull. The pains and griefs of the teeth are divers, insomuch that amongst the Physicians there are accounted twelve or thirteen kinds of them of the which we shall speak hereafter. These infirmities have all of them sundry causes, to wit, outward and inward: which difference we purpose also to observe. Of the pain in the teeth through outward causes. THis is caused through the continual use of sour and astringent things, as unripe fruits, through much picking of them with pins, and other stinking things that remain in them▪ also through falls, blows and thrusts, sharp wind, too hot or too cold meats, but especially of those that be dressed with honey, which causes must be known and inquired of the patiented, thereby to order and govern himself. Of the pain in the teeth through inward causes. THis kind of toothache is of divers sorts, and it hath also sundry causes. First, if it proceed out of the head or brain, then is the patiented not without some pain in the head: out of which there falleth continually great store of slime. If this pain be caused of the mandibles and teeth, that doth manifestly appear. But if one doubt which tooth might first have provoked this pain, then let the patiented bite somewhat between his teeth, first between two, then between two more, and so from tooth to tooth until you come to the tooth itself where the pain resteth. By this means also you may know whether the pain be in the sinews or no, because the other teeth be nothing painful. If it proceed from the stomach, then is there pain felt in the same, after which doth ensue vomiting, and especially of a sour and stinking matter. If it be procured by the blood, then may it be known by the heat and redness. If of Cholera, then is the pain with pricking and shooting. That which cometh of Melancholy, is known by the great and hard swellings. Of Phlegma, by the whiteness of the face, and by the small pain. If it be caused of many humours, then is the patiented heavy headed, with much spittle in the mouth. The pain that proceedeth of drought, is thereby discerned: if of windiness, then shall you perceive much beating and stirring with it. Wherefore of these inward means, to wit, of the four humours may this impediment be caused. The teeth grow hollow and full of holes, they rot, the worms do spoil them, and the sinews are weakened, that at the last they fall away, and are so that they may easily be drawn out. How to prevent and remedy the same, shall be showed hereafter. How to procure teeth in children without pain. NOt without reason are we to bethink ourselves how to ease the young and tender babes of that pain and grief which they do suffer in breeding their teeth, especially if the pain continue long, as it often hath been seen, that it hath continued three or four years. This is for the most part caused of the debility of their nature, or of worms, which do consume the moisture, whereby the teeth should grow. When this delay in teeth is caused through the debility and weakness of nature, then must the child be fed with roasted birds, bread dipped in broth of flesh, and such like, according to the age of the child. They have also a great lask commonly with it, which must be stayed. The mandibles where the teeth appear are to be rubbed softly: and amongst all other remedies that may be invented for this purpose, the brains of a Hare dressed with the milk of a Bitch are the best. If you cannot get them, then take butter, oil of Lilies, the fat of Hens or of other birds, each by itself, or mixed all together. And because that in these remedies following there be many sharp ingredients, as Orpiment, Sneezing wort, Coperas, Stavesacre, Southernwood, Henbane, Opium and such like more (of which we will make mention but little) which are in no wise to be taken down: wherefore here we will admonish and show how they ought in the greatest need with the most safety to be used. First, they are to be applied only to the dolorous and painful tooth with a piece of Wax covered about, to the end it should touch but only the place aggréeved. Otherwise they might also harm the good and sound teeth. The patient must also hold his mouth open, and downwards, that the spittle and slime might run out; neither are they to be applied too hot or too cold. If this pain proceed of cold rheums, as also of the use of cold meats, than put the patiented into a warm place, cover his head with warm clothes until he feel the warmth apparently. Afterwards anoint his head with the oil of Camomile, of Rue, of Behen, of Bevercod, and of Spica, or in place of them with Aqua vitae three days together. A hard yolk of an egg applied to the tooth is also very good, and afterwards is the tooth to be washed with warm wine: Or take vinegar, wherein Pieretrum, white Mints, and Marjoram hath been decocted. Item take Pieretrum, white Mustard seed, pepper, Borras and Ginger, of each a like much, make a powder of them, and rub the teeth therewith; or strew it on a little cotton, and apply it to the very root of the tooth. But before you use any other kind of remedy, take heed you purge the head very well, that you draw not down more humours out of it unto the teeth, the which may be effected through the pills or potions which every where are sufficiently described. After purging you may use any one of these things following: Take Mastic one ounce, Sage a M. beat and boil them in eight ounces of wine or vinegar until the half remain, wash thy mouth therewith. Item take good white wine six ounces, temper half an ounce of Sandaraca with it, boil them together until one quarter of it be wasted, and hold it in thy mouth warm, and if you add one drag. of Philonium Romanum, then will it be so much the stronger. Or take of the foresaid Philonium two drag. red wine four ounces, and hold it lukewarm in thy mouth. Galls decocted in vinegar are also very good for this purpose. In like manner Betony or Plantain decocted in vinegar or water, and used warm. Pellitory of Spain bound up in a cloth and chewed in the mouth, draweth out much slime. Take Assa foetida, and Frankincense, of each a like quantity, hold it on the painful tooth. The decoction of Alehoofe is also very good for it. Likewise the conserve of gilly-flowers, of Lavender, of Spikenard: Rosemary wine, Sage wine. Item take the roots of Sperage, boil them in water, and wash thy mouth often therewith. Others do commend Garlic, Ginger, Agrimony, each by itself, or mixed together, and so applied to the tooth. Also the water of Marjoram gentle should be very good for this use. In like sort M. Tristrams' water which is described in the fift chapter and first §. Item take white and long pepper, Cucubes, Saxifrage, the bark of the Mulberry tree, Caper roots, and roots of Southernwood, of each a like much, boil them according to the quality of the pain in water, wine, or vinegar tempered together, or each by itself: it is very good, and confirmeth the gums. Pepper, Pellitory of Spain, roots of Diptamer, and Licebane chewed together, or each by itself, are commonly very commodious for the toothache. These remedies following are more cooling. TAke a little branch of a Cherry tree, scrape off the outmost rind, take the yellow rind and boil it in wine, take of this decoction in thy mouth as warm as thou canst suffer it. In like manner if the rheum fall into the teeth, then boil Oaken leaves in wine, and hold it often in the mouth: it draweth out the slime very well. The water that issueth out of a Vine being cut, is also very good for the toothache, if it be held in the mouth. Yet more remedies that are approved. TAke eight ounces of wine, boil it in half an ounce of Esula, wash thy teeth therewith three times in a month, it preserveth the teeth from pain, but it is very violent and dangerous to be used: but this that followeth is safer and better. Take Roses and boil them in milk, hold them a good while in thy mouth, and lay the leaves to thy teeth. Take Camfere the bigness of a pease, boil it in two ounces of vinegar, and hold it in thy mouth, it is very good for all manner of pain in the teeth. Item take of a Heart's horn, to wit, that which hath been cast off in March, cut it into small pieces and boil it in well water, take the decoction into thy mouth warm, repeat it three or four times, and after the use of it (as many men suppose) the pain should not return again: whosoever shall approve it and find it true, may commend and love the experiment. Others do counsel to take of the skin of a Snake that hath been cast off by her, one drag. and to boil it in three ounces of vinegar unto the half, & to take it into the mouth: it should also be an approved remedy. Oil of Roses lukewarm only held in the mouth assuageth the pain. Boil a Frog in water and vinegar, until the flesh part from the bones, & wash the teeth therewith. The juice of Béetes dropped into the contrary ear of the pain, is also counseled of some men: likewise of Cichory, of Daffodils, and of earth worms. But if this toothache proceed of a hot cause, then hold any of these things following warm in thy mouth, as the oil of Willow leaves, oil of Poppy heads, and oil of Roses (as hath been said before.) The juice of Sorrel slaketh the heat greatly. You may also anoint the place with the juice of Nightshade, of Purslane, of Lettuce, of Endive. Item boil the roots of Nettles and Sage in wine. Henbane seed and Opium mixed with oil of Roses, do make the tooth insensible. If Cholera be admixed, then is the patiented to be purged with the Electuary of Succo Rosarum, with Cassia, sour Dates, or yellow Mirobalans. If it be caused of overmuch blood, then is the head vein, the vein in the lips, and that under the tongue to be opened, or the gums made to bleed, & boxing cups to be applied behind in the neck. What else may be used for the pain in the teeth. Above in the twelft chapter and first §. have I described a good powder, which beginneth, Take Seen leaves, etc. which is also very commodious for this purpose. Item take Myrrh two drag. Frankincense half a drag. Mastic one drag. and a half, Cuttle bone, and red Coral, of each 15. grains, Argoyle two drag. Glass small powdered five drag. Lignum Aloes, Cinnamom, Cloves, Sarcocolla, of each half a drag. make them into powder: it confirmeth and whiteneth the teeth, and it cureth the sore gums being rubbed therewith. Item take Pellitory of Spain, Licebane, of each a like much, beat them and temper them with a little white Wax, and cover the tooth therewith of all sides. A wonderful remedy. Take the liver of a green Euet, and the fruit of Tamariske, roots of wild Cucumbers, & Propolis, which is taken out of the hole of the Béehives, of each a like quantity. This may you use for all manner of toothache, either in washing with it, or applying it to the tooth, or in using it outwardly. Of the outward applications. PArched Millet applied unto it is very good. Item take Mallows, fry them in butter until they be soft, and so lay it outwardly unto the pain. Item toast a slice of bread upon hot coals, and apply it to the cheek where the pain is, and renewing it still being cold with another that is hot; do this eight or ten times together: for when the pain is departing then it is most grievous, wherefore leave it not off. But if the foresaid means do not ease the pain, then make this composition: Take Bevercod, Pepper, Ginger, red Storax, Opium, of each half a scrup. this being beaten, temper it with honey of Roses, and put the quantity of a Hemp seed unto the root of thy tooth. Item take Opium the bigness of an Hemp seed, warm it in thy hand until it be soft, and apply it to the painful tooth, it assuageth the pain. If you will forbear the Opium, then use any of these juices following, to wit, juice of Southernwood, of Henbane, of Poppy, or to use the Philonium Romanum, as hath been before said: yet are you always to add unto them a little saffron, Cassia wood, or Cammomils', to mitigate their great cold. For this purpose serveth also Mithridate either inwardly or outwardly adhibited, for it is very good for all infirmities of the teeth. It is also advised that the patiented abstain from meat as long as is possible, and that he use a dry bath to sweat, and méetly exercise. But if the pain be not mitigated by all these means, then is the root of the tooth to be seared with a hot iron, or to be drawn out altogether. Of the toothache in the Pox. Mix the juice of Wormwood with the white of an egg, and apply it to the pain. For the same use serveth the decoction Guaiac. holden in the mouth warm; and all those things that have been mentioned before. Of hollow and rotten teeth. THe cause why these teeth wax hollow and rotten, is some stinking matter adjacent unto the tooth, the which doth putrify the same. To prevent this impediment, is the putrefaction to be taken away; which hath been showed before, and shall more largely be declared hereafter. You shall in no wise omit to pick and cleanse your teeth after meals with a tooth-picker, and afterwards to wash thy mouth with wine. The remedies that hinder the putrefaction of the teeth are these, namely Lycium, Frankincense, Mints, Myrtle seeds, Spica, Gallia muscata, Cypress roots, Mastic, Galls, Turpentine, Pepper, Camphor, and seeds of Nigella, if there be heat with it. This water following should also prevent this putrefaction, or (if it were once entered) take it away, & allay the pain. Take of the middle rind of the Mulberry tree one ounce and a half, of the best Ginger one ounce, boil them in strong vinegar unto the half, and wash thy mouth therewith in the morning. Item take the ashes of Rosemary, bind them in a cloth, and rub thy black and putrefied teeth therewithal. Take Aristology beaten, temper it with honey, and use it as before. Take the water of wild three leafed grass, mix as much alum and Honey unto it as thou please, and wash thy rotten teeth with it. Or take the inward part of galls, and as much Pellitory of Spain, beat them to powder, and add some Stavesacre unto it, and lay somewhat of it on the rotten teeth. Item Borras & Stavesacre decocted together, or each by itself. This remedy following is no less commended than any of the former: Take Pellitory of Spain one drag. Ammoniacum and Opium of each one drag. melt the gum, and mix the rest being beaten small with it: thrust some part of it into the hollow tooth, it taketh away the sense and feeling of the same. Item take prepared Coral, blow it through a little quill into the hollowness of the tooth, it taketh away the pain, and preventeth the putrefaction of the tooth. All these things may be mixed with Treacle, and so used. We have also showed divers and sundry remedies before in the 13. Chapter and the 1. §. against the corruption of the mouth, which may also be used very well in this necessity. Wash thy mouth often with the decoction of Roses, Nep, and a little Pellitory of Spain. Thou mayst also put a little of the spirit of wine into thy hollow tooth: also any of the waters of life that shall be described in the eight part of this book. Some men do use Aqua fortis, and it helpeth much, but you must deal very warily with it. These stinking teeth are oftentimes the cause of a stinking breath. If the tooth be altogether corrupted, then is the only and best remedy to draw it out; otherwise must one wash the mouth always after meals, with water sodden with Sal Armoniac, or otherwhiles with vinegar, wherein hath been decocted some Pellitory of Spain, and Stavesacre. Vinegar of Squils' tempered therewith is also very good. After meals (as hath before been admonished) is the hollowness of the tooth to be picked and cleansed of all superfluity. If this pain proceed of cold, then are you to thrust into the hollow tooth a little piece of Galingal, of ginger, of Cloves, of pepper, frankincense, or of Myrrh. If it be caused of heat, then use Roses, Sanders, Camphor, and such like. Of the worms that are in the teeth. IT is evidently known, that if the pain be not overmuch, but that there be felt a continual stirring and crawling in the teeth, that the same was wont to proceed of worms: for if 〈◊〉 wash his mouth with warm water, and hold the hollowness of the tooth up towards the Sun, then may the worms apparently be seen to stir in them. For this thou shalt take Aloes one drag. Myrrh half a drag. make them into little pills with wine, and thrust them into the hollow tooth. Item boil Coloquint in fair water, and wash thy mouth with it. Make a fomentation of Henbane seed, or (which is safer) of Onion seeds, or of Garlic seeds, then wash thy mouth with warm water, and spit it into cold water, then shalt thou see the worms swim in it. Take Myrrh, Aloes, and red Storax, of each a like much, put a little of it into thy tooth where the worms are. Or take Calmus bruised, boil it in a little wine, dip a little cotton in it, and lay it over or in the hollow tooth. In the greatest extremity make a fume with Opium, Bevercod, and Onion seeds, or with white Henbane seeds or Mustard seeds, receive this fume through a tunnel into thy hollow tooth: but at one time take but the quantity of a barley corn to fumigate withal, and take heed the fume pass only into the hollowness of the tooth, although you should get a little pipe of purpose to put into thy hollow tooth, and to fit it unto the tunnel. If all these means bring no ease, then let it be drawn out, and bleed thoroughly. Of grinding of the teeth in children. THis commonly happeneth unto children in their sleep, through the debility of the muscles that stir and move the jaws: this after a while leaveth them altogether. It may also be caused of worms that are in the stomach or intestines, but then their grinding of their teeth is not all after the same manner, they rub their noses, etc. Of which thou shalt have further direction in the treatise of the worms, where also shall be showed how this is to be remedied. But if this infirmity do continue for some other cause, than it is commonly the messenger of the dead palsy, contracture, or of some other affection of the sinews: for the which you are to use those things as are thought meet for every such infirmity. But for this it is especial good to anoint the cheeks and the whole neck with unguentum Martiatum, or the oil of Bevercod, of Spikenard, of juniper, of Bays, and such like. Of the pain in the teeth that cometh through the application or use of cold things. ALL manner of oils that are warm by nature, applied to the tooth, or holden in the mouth, do ease this pain. Item take Bay berries, aristology, and alum, of each a like much, boil them in a sufficient quantity of wine, wash thy mouth with it warm. If thou wilt have it stronger, add Hiera Picra unto it. The same operation hath old Treacle mixed with wine, and a good while after not to take any other moisture in the mouth. Note also that whatsoever is used or applied to the teeth, may not be hot: for they are thereby corrupted and spoiled. Of the standing an edge of the teeth. THis proceedeth otherwhiles of a sharp and astringent slime or rheum, which falleth into the roots of the teeth: or of some other sour matter that lieth in the stomach, and fumeth up into the mouth and teeth, whereby the teeth are set an edge. But for the most part it is caused of sour and unripe fruits, as of unripe Grapes, Lemons, Raspes, Corna, Sloes, and such other: for this purpose serveth Purslane with her seed beaten together, and vinegar put upon it, bitter or sweet Almonds, liquorice, and the juice thereof, Salt water, milk of an Ass, to wash the mouth with the decoction of Aristology and Bay leaves. These things may you mix together, use or chew them as you please. To hold warm wine in the mouth is also very commodious. Or as soon as ever you do perceive this infirmity, then chew six of the grains of pepper, and afterwards wash thy mouth with warm wine, this helpeth immediately. This doth also oftentimes proceed of cold, as hath been before said. For when one will cure the toothache with overcold things, then will thereby the small heat of them be extinguished, so that they lose their sense and feeling. Now to cure the same, you must take some kind of oil that is warm by nature, as I have showed you before, and also bite the yolks of eggs hard roasted, or hot bread: to anoint the gums with the oil of Spikenard, and afterwards to hold warm wine in the mouth, wherein Cubebs have been sodden. Lastly, to chew Mastic in the mouth a great while, and then to wash it with warm wine. How to confirm and fasten Teeth that be lose. THe cause of this looseness of the teeth may be blows, thrusts, defluxions that fall out of the head into the teeth, that (as it were) resolve and slacken their sinews, and lose their roots. It may also proceed of a great drought, as it happeneth unto them that recover of a long lingering disease: the corruption of the mouth and teeth may also cause the same. The signs of this looseness of the teeth may be discerned by beholding them diligently. The cure of this infirmity is comprehended in two principal points: to wit, in a good regiment or diet, and in the adhibition of good remedies. First, he must take heed not to bite hard upon any thing, but to use soft meats: also not to speak much, thereby to eschew the cold air: also he is not to sleep with an open mouth, neither are the teeth to be touched roughly either with the fingers or with the tongue. If this looseness of the teeth do come of blows and such like, with an evident heat, then is he to use the pills and blossoms of Pomegranates, Medlars with their leaves and rinds, Services, Quinces, Lycium, Galls, Butcher's broom, ivory, Roses, Saunders, Ambers, Mirabolan stones, Date stones, red Costus pills, Hypocistis, sealed earth, fine Bole, burnt Harts horn, sea Muscles, and all that may be made and sodden with these things. But if these proceed of cold, then use Laudanum, Frankincense and her bark, parched Cumin seed, Cress' seeds, parched anise seeds, alum, pitch, Myrrh, parched salt, Cipres nuts and leaves, Mastic, Sarcocolla, Sandaraca, and all that may be made with it. Here now do follow some things that confirm and fasten the teeth, gums and their sinews. Take garden Mints, fresh Olive leaves (if they may be had) of each an ounce, Roses, Myrtle seed, Butcher's broom seed, wood of the Barberry tree, and the fruit of the same, of each half an ounce, beat, cut, and boil it in unripe wine, and hold it in the mouth. Water of Nightshade, of Plantain, and of shepherds purse do fasten the teeth; and if in this water and vinegar together you boil the blossoms of Pomegranates and Myrtle seeds, then will it be the better. In like manner you may boil Galls, Medlars, Lentils and Services, of each half an ounce. For this purpose serve also Cypress nuts and leaves, acorn cups and Seen leaves, all together, or each by itself, decocted in wine, and used as the former. Item take alum, Frankincense, Mastic, Cypress nuts, Rosemary flowers, of each a like much, boil them together in a sufficient quantity of rain water and red wine, and wash thy mouth with it very often warm. Item take Hearts horn, salt and Myrrh, all of them burnt, of each two drag. boil them in honey, and rub thy gums therewith within and without. Item take burnt alum half an ounce, Rose buds half a handful, Bedegar, red wine one pint, boil them unto the half, take of this being warm into thy mouth often, and hold it a good while therein, for it is very good. Another. Take Ireos, Coral and Frankincense, of each half a drag. temper it with honey of Roses to a confection, anoint the teeth therewith, and in the morning wash them with wine wherein hath been decocted Sage, Rosemary and Roses, of each a like much. Item take Alum, burnt Harts horn, Roses, Dragon blood, acorn cups, Hyppocistis, blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Galls, of each a like quantity, boil them in strong red wine or in vinegar, and wash thy mouth therewith. Vinegar and Oxymel of Squils' are also especial good for this use. To wash the mouth oftentimes with Rosemary wine, confirmeth the gums, and fasteneth the teeth. Of the falling out and drawing of the teeth. THe last and extremest means for the toothache, is, that the teeth might either fall of themselves, or be drawn out. To prevent the falling of them is unpossible to many men, yet are these things following prescribed for it, amongst which this that followeth is very sharp, and yet for all that very safe and good to be used. Take the bark of a Mulberry tree, Caper roots, Pieretrum, the bigger and the lesser Esula, red Orpiment, roots of Coloquint, of each two drag. put as much vinegar on them as will cover them, let it so rest eight days, and every day put a little more vinegar unto it, and use it as hath been said. Open the gums round about the tooth as much as is possible with some kind of instrument, then rub them ten times in one day with the foresaid water; it maketh the tooth lose, and separateth the root. Item open the gums as before, anoint it with oil wherein Frogs have been decocted: & when the tooth is very lose, then take it out. You may also do as hereafter followeth: Take Pellitory of Spain, Scammony, white Hellebore, Euphorbium, of each one drag. beat and steep it in vinegar, open and lose the gums about the tooth, and rub it often therewith; it is very forcible, and therefore to be the more regarded. Item take Nettle seeds, roots of the Mulberry tree, and roots of Celendine, of each a like quantity, boil them in wine or vinegar: this should have the same operation with the former, and it is much safer. Another. Open the gums, and lay bare the root of the tooth, and strew Euphorbium in it, this will doubtless lose the tooth, that it may easily be taken out: afterwards wash thy mouth with the decoction of Myrrh, for thereby will the place or hole be drawn together, and all pain abated. Take the dregs or lées of strong vinegar, and apply it to the tooth many days together: afterwards draw out the tooth. But if it will not stir, then rub the place with fresh butter or some other grease of birds, and especially with the brains of a Hare sodden, which have a hidden virtue and operation for this purpose, as before hath been said. This remedy following applied to the tooth, maketh the same to fall out without any pain. Dissolve two drag. of Ammoniacum in vinegar, temper Henbane seeds beaten amongst it, and anoint the tooth and the root thereof. Item take the juice of Esula with meal, make a dow of it, temper it well, and let it boil a while, and apply it to the tooth. Of the double tooth. OTherwhiles two teeth grow unnaturally one before the other, which is not only unseemly, but hindereth also very much; wherefore it must be taken away with an instrument, and with applications. If you will take it away by application, then are you first to lose the gums from it, and make a little ball of Wax, and mix the juice of Esula or of Néesewoort with it. The same doth also the blood of a leaf frog. Or take the root of a Mulberry tree and Pellitory, of each half an ounce, wet them in vinegar, and dry them in the Sun until they be as thick as honey, then temper them with the foresaid juice of Esula, and anoint the tooth thrice a day with it, and it will easily fall out. The juice of the roots of Nettles mixed equally with Galbanum should do the same. In like manner also beaten Fig leaves applied to the tooth. To make and to keep the teeth clean. TAke Cuttle bone, white sea Muscles, Spuma maris, alum, Aristology, parched Barley, Sulfer vife, Cinnamom, and long pepper, of each a like much, temper it with honey, and rub the teeth often therewith. Or take Argoile two drag. beat it small and searce it, wash it with good wine, rub the teeth once a day with it, and afterwards wash thy mouth in the winter with warm, and in summer with cold wine. This following is highly commended. Take two drag. of Date stones, red Coral prepared three drag. Lupins, and the roots of the yellow Flower deluce, of each three drag. beat all that is to be beaten, and afterwards make a confection of it with clarified honey, which must be so hard that you may make small placents or trocisces of it, dry them in the shadow: when you will use them, then dissolve one of them in wine or vinegar, and wash thy teeth therewith every morning, when thou hast first rubbed them well with a cloth, & keep the moisture a good while in thy mouth. Item take burnt Oyster shells, and Sandaraca, of each half an ounce, Ireos' two drag. Aristology, Gentian and Centory, of each half a dram, use it as before. It is bitter, but it drieth and cleanseth much. Or take one drop of the oil of Vitriol, wet the teeth with it, and rub them afterwards with a course cloth: this taketh away all blackness of the teeth, but it is very sharp. The same operation is ascribed unto the oil of Sandaraca Take alum and salt, of each a like much, beat it small, distil it in a glass Alembic, and rub thy teeth therewith. These last three things are very strong, and my counsel is to refrain them. But if one would keep his teeth clean, then are not those things to be used that do change the natural white colour of the teeth into another hue. The causes are both outward and inward, as the long use of tincting or colouring meats, and the continual dressing of the same in brass pots. There groweth also a hard substance to the teeth, which may be called Argoile. The inward causes may be a corrupted and foul stomach, which commonly doth colour them green, and especially when one hath oftentimes eaten many Toadstooles. The cure thereof is this: if it be caused of bad meats, then must the patiented first of all be let blood. If the teeth be pestered with Argoile, then is the same to be taken or scraped off gently. And because this colouring of the teeth doth only proceed of bad humours, they are therefore often to be rubbed with parched salt, afterwards with the dentifrices or powders that make white teeth, (which shall be described hereafter) and rub them therewith: and last of all with a piece of Scarlet dipped in honey. How to make the teeth white. TAke Venice glass, mole it upon a marble stone until it be very small, add unto it white pebble stones burnt, in like sort powdered, and Ireos, of each a like quantity, rub the teeth therewith. Item take burnt Date stones, red Coral prepared, of each two drag. put them mixed together in a piece of linen cloth, steep it in wine, and rub the teeth with it: this maketh them white and strong. Another. Take Pumice stone, Cuttle bone, and red brick, egg shells, the white skin taken out of them, prepared red and white Coral of each half an ounce, Pellitory of Spain, Alum, of each two drag. and a half, Ireos' two drag. Sandaraea three drag. Mastic, Myrrh, of each half an ounce, make them into powder, and use it for a dentifrice. Item take Pellitory of Spain, Alum, of each two drag. and a half, Dragon's blood, blossoms of the Pomegranate tree, of each half a drag. mix them together, and use it as before. Some do use the Cuttle bone only, others only egshels, they are both very good and safe. How to preserve the teeth from all accidents. MAny Physicians do write, that whosoever will preserve and keep good teeth, he must observe two things especially: first they do command not to use Milk, Fish, Radishes, dry Figs, dates, sodden honey, and all other meats that be dressed therewith. Also to abstain from sour and green apples and pears, prunes, Services, Medlars, Lemons and Garlic, all which by nature are hurtful unto the teeth. In like manner all things that are very hot or very cold, and especially the sudden change of hot or cold meats. A good diet is also very commodious for this purpose; vomiting (as before hath been showed) is very bad and hurtful: also to bite on very hard things. The teeth are always to be kept clean, that nothing remain between them and stink. The means whereby the teeth are preserved and kept good, are these, to wit, that you rub them often with the bark of Tamariske, with the péels of Pomegranates, with the rind of an Ash tree, with blossoms of the Pomegranate trees, or with red blossoms of the Peach tree: they cleanse the teeth and confirm the gums. You may also temper white Sugar with Hony, and rub the teeth therewith: in cold causes with the oil of Behen; in hot causes with the oil of Roses. Item take the powder of a Hares head, rub the teeth and gums therewith: or take Hony and Salt, and burn them to ashes: beaten Lupins are also very commendable with any addition. Item beat Myrrh and plume alum into powder, or temper burnt Allu●● with vinegar, and wash thy mouth with it: or else take burnt Hearts horn, seeds or flowers of Tamariske, Cipres roots, Roses, Spikenard, of each one scrup. Salt half a scrup. make it into powder and rub thy teeth with it. Myrrh sodden in Wine, and the teeth washed therewith, fasteneth the teeth, and drieth the superfluous humidity of them. Chew Mastic and rub the teeth and gums with it, it maketh them clean and strong. The teeth also are always to be kept clean and pure, and not to pick them with an iron, but with a tooth-picker made of Lentiscus, which is the tree whereof droppeth Mastic, which is much commended for the teeth: remember also to wash the teeth after every meal. The fourteenth Chapter. Of the Voice. WE have concluded before in the 13. Chapter the voice to be the last part or portion of the mouth, which part is only proper unto all those living creatures that have lungs: for although fishes and some other beasts seem to have a voice, yet it is nothing else but a noise; for a true voice proceedeth of an open breast. Also the voices of all females are much less (except the Cow) then of males. But it is not our intent to speak of any other voices, but only of the human voice. Amongst all living creatures you shall hardly find any thing more changeable and inconstant than the voice. For behold a man or woman from childhood even to old age, and you may easily perceive the mutability of it: and which is above all things to be admired, that those children which speak very timely or young, begin to go very late. It is also no less marvel that this voice being shut up and included in something, can nevertheless be understood. As for example, put a long trunk to another body's ear, speak in it what and as softly as you please, yet shall he perfectly understand every word of your saying. Likewise you may as well know one by the voice as by sight: for it is most sure, that if you hear one speak and see him not, you shall as well know him by his voice, as if you saw him and heard him not. In like manner the voice maketh great difference both in words and in names in divers speeches over all the world. It breedeth great delight by abreviating, and extending, by singing high or low, soft or aloud in music. And in this it exceedeth all other parts whatsoever, and is the only means, whereby we may disclose and make known our hidden thoughts and secret conceits of the mind unto our friend: also there is nothing else in which we differ from brute beasts but only in the voice. We will not speak of any weak voices, which are caused of some long sickness: for we have already written of them before in the thirteenth chapter. But we purpose only to treat of those things that do corrupt or spoil the voice, as of hoarseness and such like. If the voice be decayed of a cold cause, then drink half a drag. of beaten cubebs at your lying down, sodden in three ounces of the decoction of Guaiacum. The common people think it a good experiment to steep Horstongue in wine, and to drink the same. But the tabulats of Diaireos are especially commended, which are made as followeth: Diaireos. Take Ireos half an ounce, Penniroyall, Hyssop, liquorice, of each three drag. tragacanth, bitter Almonds, Pine apple kernels, cinnamon, Ginger, Pepper, of each one drag. and a half, figs, dates, Currants, of each five scrup. red Styrax three scrup. and a half; and for every ounce of this powder, take twelve ounces of Sugar, cut the fruits small, beat all the rest and make tabulats, or an Electuary of them. This is called at the Apotheries Diaireos Salomonis. Another. Take Ireos half an ounce, Sugarcandy, and the abovenamed spices without Sugar two drams, Sugar twelve ounces, boil it in the water of Hyssop until it be thick, then make tabulats of it. Both these kinds of Diaireos are good for the cough, proceeding of a cold rheum, and for a whéesing breath. Of Hoarseness. §. 1. THis hoarseness proceedeth of many and sundry causes, but especially of cold and sharp humours that fall out of the head into the throat, and there make it dry, whereof shall be spoken at large when we shall speak of the infirmities of the throat: we will now only show what is convenient for the roughness and hoarseness of the same; for the which Sugarcandy holden in the mouth very often is very commodious: also the confection Diatragacanthum, whereof there be two sorts, to wit, the hot and the cold, which may be made as hereafter followeth. The cold Electuary of Diatragacanthum. TAke white tragacanth one ounce, gum Arabeck five drag. Starch two drag. liquorice, peeled Melon seeds, Gourds seeds, Cucumber and Pompeon seeds, of each one drag. Camphor five grains, sugar pennets one ounce and a half, beat them to powder. If thou wilt make tabulats of it, then take of this powder one ounce, of the best Sugar twelve ounces, boil it in water of Violets as it behoveth. This confection is also very good for all infections of the lights, and of the breast, which do proceed of heat and drought, and especially for them that are declining to a consumption, and them that have a dry cough doth it much help. The hot confection of Diatragacanthum. TAke tragacanth, Hyssop, of each two ounces, pine apple kernels, sweet Almonds, and Linséed, of each three drag. Fenegréeke, Cinnamom, of each two drag. juice of liquorice, Ginger, of each one drag. make it into an electuary or confection as before. This is very good for them that have a tough and slimy cough, and that cannot get up any thing: also for all them that have a whéesing and short breath, and that are subject to a consumption. Take juiubes, boil them in water, steep Cotton seeds in it, and hold them in thy mouth a long time: it hath a marvelous operation in all hoarseness, drought, and roughness of the throat. Amongst all other things that have been found good by experience, the tabulats of Diatragacanth are much conmended: wherefore every night when you go to bed shall you dissolve one of them in sweet wine, adding half a scruple of Saffron unto it, and drink them all together; this hath cured many men of an inveterate hoarseness. A good potion. Take five pints of water, half a pint of honey, six Figs, one ounce of Currans, two drag. of liquorice, boil one pint of it away, and scum it well, drink every morning fasting a good cupful warm: you shall also temper or mix your wine with it. This potion is also very commodiously used against the cough. Honey of Roses is also very good for all drought and hoarseness of the throat, for it moisteneth and easeth it. In like manner also the conserve of Roses, oil of sweet Almonds, syrup of Violets and Honey water, which commonly allayeth all roughness of the throat. But if this hoarseness proceed of a cold rheum, then is Fennell seed very profitably used, howsoever it be adhibited: but for this purpose are confected Cumin seeds, Caru● and confected Almonds much better. Likewise whatsoever shall be written hereafter in the second part of this book for the cough, may also be used in this infirmity. How to make a clear voice. §. 2. ONions and Garlic, as also the Hyssop wine, are much commended for to make a clear and good voice, also the tabulats called Diaireos Nicolai. This electuary following is also much commended for this purpose. Take Cabbage seeds, Hyssop, Elecampane roots, fool foot, roots of the Flower deluce, Horehound, of each half an ounce, Annis seeds, Fennel seeds, Ameos, Cubebs, Aristology, of each one drag. and a half, Oxymel compositum, Sirupus de Prassio, of each three ounces, Sugar pennets three drag. Pineapple kernels that have been infused in Vine cuict two days four ounces, Saffron one drag. clarified honey twelve ounces, temper it to a confection or electuary. Take of this in the morning half an ounce, with two ounces of the decoction of Nettle roots. If it be not too much trouble for you, take one half of it in the morning, and the other half at night, mixed with a little Sugar. This may be used for all harshness and hoarseness of the throat. The water may you alter or change according to the quality of the disease. And so we end the first part of this our Book. The second part of this Practice of Physic, Containeth the Breast. THe Anatomici, by dividing man's body into the outward and inward members, do affirm the second part of the same to begin in the uppermost part next under the Head; thence to extend itself downwards unto the Midriff, which is a skin that parteth the Heart and the Lights from the Belly. This part maketh show outwardly of very few members, to wit, of the Neck, of the Breast, Ribs, Shoulders, and upper parts of the Back; and containeth inwardly two of the principallest members, as the Heart and Lights: of the which, and of the diseases of the same, and how they are to be helped, shall now be shown. The first Chapter. Of the Neck. THere is none other disease to be seen in the Neck outwardly, than a swelling or tumour, which is called Bronchocele, the which either cometh by nature, or else of some outward cause: the same chanceth also sometimes to swell inwardly, although that commonly depend and is caused of the first swelling. Of Bronchocele. §. 1. IF any man have this tumour in the throat by inheritance or descent from his parents, and naturally is borne with it, as commonly happeneth in Bintsgaw, and in many places more, whereof at this present shall not be spoken: for that all Physicians hereupon conclude, that they are altogether incurable. But that which is not natural, which proceedeth commonly of phlegmatic or waterish humours; with the which otherwhiles wind is admixed (by joining both together) breedeth knots on the neck. For by experience it hath been found, that when these Tumours have been opened by incision, that sometimes there is found nothing in them but water, therefore is the same called a watery Bronchocele. Sometimes there will be therein a thick matter like Honey, and otherwhiles a tough ashcoloured slime, as it were snot or snivel. Lastly, it hath also been seen, that there is but a little water in it, with much wind, which in opening (even as other wind) is let out and flieth away. These tumours are caused most of cold raw Northern winds, and of thick slimy phlegm, whereby all such phlegmatic defluxions are increased: also through continual use of gross meats that augment Phlegma. When as such swellings appear, then must you not delay and rest thereon, but seek some remedy betimes, and not follow the counsel of such as do say, that it will wear away of itself. The order of diet. IT is first needful that he take heed of eating unleavened bread: in like sort of all young sucking beasts, and that are fat and slimy, as Swine's flesh, fish, and chief sod milk, and all that is dressed therewith: also of moist fruits, as Cherries, Pears, Apples, Haselnuts, and Melons: also of cold and moist herbs, as Béetes, spinach, Lettuce, Endive, Purslane, Verivice, and fresh butter. But contrariwise, warm and dry dwellings, situate in the East and South, are very good, and not much sleeping, for that increaseth much phlegm: also quiet and idleness are hurtful. Therefore are all such patients to endeavour themselves to go and walk much, and to hold always the head upright. And if that cannot be done, let them be rubbed with hot clothes from their heads downwards towards their feet, until the skin be red therewith, and also both their feet. Their heads shall be seldom washed, and then only with lie and Soap after the driest manner, like as you may find a good instruction thereof in the discovery of the headache. Their drink shall be small white Wine, that is old and of a good taste, the which must be delayed with decocted water: in their meats they must beware of all superfluity, and arise from their meals with appetite: also they must chew their meat well before they swallow it. Now to the remedy of this Tumour, first you shall prepare the humour whereby this swelling is caused with oxymel of Squils', which is acuated with Pepper and Pellitory of Spain. This must be continued certain days fasting, taking two or three ounces mingled with wine. In like manner (if need require) open a vein: afterwards use this laxative powder following, whereby the corruption may be drawn out of the head and out of the stomach, the brains strengthened, and all humours consumed that run towards the swelling. Take beaten Hermodactili, Turbith, of each one drag. Ginger two scrup. Diagridion six grains, flowers of Esula half a drag. mingle them together: you are to give at once half a drag. of this powder or two scrup. at the most, tempered with three ounces of Meade once every week, and that early in the morning; whereupon he must fast four hours. And this shall he take continually a whole month together. Prepare also this following, and it will consume the corruption and the wind, whereby the Tumour is caused: Take Camomile, Melilot, of each one ounce, anise seeds, Rue, of each one ounce and a half, dried Goose and Pigeon dung, Sal gemmae, of each two ounces, all beaten grossly. Of this compound take a handful, and steep it eight hours long in Sopers' lie, and then let it seethe a little; make a sponge wet therein, and bind it warm on the grief. Take one of these waters following, the which you can get best, to wit, water of aristology, of wild Cucumbers and Rosemary, make a sponge wet that will cover the same and the places about it, wring it out, and lay it warm thereon, and renew it often. You must also anoint the part infected and the places about it with warming oils, and then lay this plaster following. Take of Diaculum magnum (called the Apostolicon plaster) Ammoniacum, of each a like quantity, temper therewith Ireos, and Sal gemmae, both beaten, as much as the other, spread thereof upon leather: three drams of Opopanacum, Litharge of silver, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, of each one drag. Myrrh, Miscleden, Frankincense, of each one drag. and a half, Gipa, Bolus, Aloe, of each half a dram, the mucilage of Hollihocke half an ounce, Tupentine one ounce, or as much as is needful: powne all that is to be powned, dissolve the gums in vinegar, and temper the powder therein, and then make it into a plaster with wax. This is also good for Bronchocele. divers powders for the same. TAke Hasell nuts, Sponges, Sea-bals, writing paper burned all together, Cuttle bones, and seeds of Plantain, of each half an ounce, Pepper, Ginger, Sal gemmae, Pumice stones, Nutmegs, Galls, white and long pepper, Cinnamom, black and white Hellebore, of each one quarter of an ounce; make them into powder, and give thereof every morning half a drag. The Hellebore or Néesewort is somewhat dangerous, therefore this following is safer: Take new sponges, and burn them in a luted pipkin or pot until they may well be beaten, and give him thereof every morning with wine one drag. Another which is much used: Take clean washed sponges four ounces, burn them in a luted pot with half an ounce of Sponge stones, Pumice stones, and Cuttle bones, of each one drag. red cloth burnt like to the sponges, half an ounce, mingle them and use them as before. Make also this gargarism: Take Oxymel of Squils' one ounce, syrup of Calamint one quarter of an ounce, blue Ireos and Marjoram gentle, of each two ounces, temper them all together, and therewith you are to gargarize morning and evening every other day. Let him smell to this that followeth: Take Rosemary flowers, Marjoram gentle, and Spica, of each one quarter of an ounce, Lignum Aloes one drag. and a half, Mace, Ameos' Laudanum, red Storax, of each one drag. Amber half a drag. powne each a part, and bind it up in a piece of silk, and let him hold it always in his hand for to smell to. Capital powders. TAke Cucubes, Nutmegs, Lignum Aloes, Rosemary flowers, Swine's bread, of each half a drag. Sandaraca one quarter of an ounce; powne them and temper them together: take every morning five greines thereof, and strew it on the top of the head. Or make a little bag five singers long and three fingers broad, and lay it on the head. Take the herb called Heart's tongue, beat it small, mingle it with eggs and meal, bake cakes thereof, and take always thereof before meals, especially one hour or more before noon, about one quarter of an ounce. If one have something sticking in his throat. §. 2. IF one have a great bit of meat sticking in his throat, then are you to clap him behind above and under his neck, that thereby the meat may be removed, either by vomiting it out, or swallowing it down towards the stomach. In like manner also, you are to give him water oftentimes, or rather oil of Roses to gargarize therewith, and let it down: for it dilateth the throat, and maketh it slippery, whereby the same bit will sink down the better. And this is also good for all slimy things, as Raisins and Figs sod in Mead. Item take bread, chew it not too small, and swallow it down. Do the like with Figs, for they are very commodious for this purpose. Item take a bit of hard sodden flesh, bind it on a strong thread, and slide it down, and afterwards pluck it out again: if the bone or any thing else that sticketh therein cannot be forced downwards, then with a mullet or other instrument draw it out. But if so be that all those things will not help, then may you use a leaden pipe which is throughout full of holes, somewhat smooth without, and somewhat bend, which you may thrust into his throat to the neither part by force. Take the mucilage or slime of Linséed, Butter, prepared Cassia, oil of Almonds, of each a like much, lay them on the throat. The vomiting after meat is also found good for this intent, and is therefore to be moved. When a Horseleech taken in drink remaineth sticking in the throat. §. 3. ONe shall perceive this, not only by the place where the same was drunken, but also by the biting and tickling in the throat, and by the clear blood that he avoideth, and by the wambling and vomiting. For this you are to press his tongue downwards, and to look into his mouth whether the Leech can be seen or not; if yea, to take it by the head with a mullet and draw it out; if not, then must you make a gargarism with Mustard seed & vinegar, or with vinegar & Assa foetida, or with vinegar and salt, which you will, and gargarize therewith. Or you may blow beaten Mustard seed, and Nigella seed into his throat. Also you may gargarize with Onions, or the decoction of Garlic. The ashes of our Lady's thistle blown into the throat, is commended above all the rest. The root of Gentian beaten, and all that is bitter. When as the Horseleech is fallen away, then seeth the blossoms of Pomegranates in water, and gargarize therewithal. To stay the blood, take the blossoms of Pomegranates, Frankincense, Sang. Draconis, and Starch, of each one drag. blow this powder into his throat. Item take the blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Sumach seeds, and Sang. Draconis, boil them in water, and gargarize therewith. You may also blow the foresaid things into the throat, or boil them in Wine and drink it. Another. Take garlic, Lupins, and Coloquint, of each one drag. Gith seeds half a dram, Mustard seeds one drag. and a half; boil them all together in sixteen ounces of vinegar till the fourth part be consumed: then dissolve three drag. of Salarmoniack in it, and gargarize therewith. But if the Leech be gone down into the stomach, then are you to use the same remedies that are prescribed against worms, and there kill it. Or take meal of Lupins, Turbith, Stechas, Penniroyall, Gith, of each one quarter of an ounce, mix it with the juice of Wormwood, and make trociskes of it of the weight of a drag. of which dissolve one in three ounces of the decoction of Gith, and take it fasting. It is very forcible, but fafer and easier things may be used for it. Of the Squinancy or swelling in the throat. §. 4. THis Squinancy have the learned given many kinds of names, and that of the place in the throat where it appeareth, or according to the quality and nature of it: as Angina, Cijnanche or Synanche, which last name the Physicians have altered, naming the same Squinanchem or Squinantiam. And with all these names have they meant but one sickness, to wit, a tumour in the throat; even as they call Pleuritis the pleurisy. They describe the Squinancy thus: Angina is a strong perilous sickness, that ariseth about the throat, in the mouth, and about the throat bowl, and very quickly stoppeth the breath. Or Angina is a phlegmatic defluxion, that sinketh into the outward part of the throat, and there swelleth so that all the inward parts of the throat are thereby shut up, and the breath hindered. The causes are divers: for it is engendered as well through great heat, as through great cold, and also through sharp Northern winds; but especially when the same bloweth presently after a South wind: Likewise also if one sit bare headed in the Moonshine a long time. But this sickness doth chief come and proceed of defluxions that fall out of the head into the throat, and there cause a swelling; and chief in the falling of the leaf or harvest, when the rheums are most of all mingled with sharp Cholera; like as the same are in winter for the most part mingled with Phlegma. Sleeping also immediately after meals with hanging of the head increaseth the same. Fat meat, and all that is dressed with milk, Melons, and violent motions strait after meats, cause also this sickness. The same do also denimous things, as black Hellebore, and all Toadstooles. So are sometimes blood, Cholera, Phlegma and Melancholia occasions of this sickness, which nevertheless do seldom strangle a man. The signs of Angina are a short breath, with bad swallowing; otherwhiles blistering of the tongue, so that the drink taken will be driven out at the nose again: the speech goeth through the nose more or less, as the sickness is of importance. If the blood be cause of it, then is the pulse strong, the face, eyes and tongue red, the mouth sweet, great pain and retaining of the breath. If it come of Cholera, then is there great heat with little spittle, thirst, blistering, and drought of the tongue, bitterness of the mouth, and great pain with it: the breath is not so short as of blood, the tongue is yellowish: this is also augmented in harvest, and in summer, and if one be choleric also. If this sickness proceed of Phlegma, then is there too much tough moisture in the mouth, sometimes salt, and of an evil taste, the face is bleak and the tongue also: then is but little pain, little thirst, and a little tumour. But if it proceed of Melancholia, then is therewith sourness in the mouth, the swelling is hard, his face ashcoloured. Also this Squinancy cometh by little and little, and not so sudden as the other. Now to ease this disease, there is nothing better than to eat and drink but little: the drink shall be a julep of Roses tempered with Well water, or Sugar water, or any things Mead. Further, he is to eat light meats, as bread mollified in fresh flesh broth, and such like. He shall also oftentimes two hours after meat take Pillulas Elephanginas, and let his head be offer combed and stroked. And let him gargarize with wine of Pomegranates and barley water mingled together. Afterwards he is to cleanse his mouth with six ounces of Barley water, wherein is tempered one ounce of the syrup of the outward green nut shells. Before meat he is to use water to wash his feet, wherein Woodbine, Bay leaves, Marjoram gentle, and Rosemary are decocted, and he shall rub his legs downwards with these herbs. Also he is often to use three ●● four grains of Mastic, and one grain of Cucubes, or Lignum Aloes, to chew it in the morning, and to hold it in his mouth. For this infirmity it is also very commodious for one to avoid much filth through the nose. And as this Squinancy is caused diversly, so do the learned also divide the same into four kinds: First, when the throat and the bulk, with the parts round about them, do swell: Secondly, if about the throat there be no swelling seen on the outside, notwithstanding above all this, that the breath is so short that one would think that the patient would be strangled: Thirdly, when there appeareth a swelling on the outside of the throat: Fourthly, when the throat swelleth as well within as without. But after what manner soever it cometh, it is always a perilous sickness, and especially the second kind, for that it is very quick and speedy, so that oftentimes it dispatcheth one in two or three days; and commonly it is more dangerous for children then for aged folk: therefore do the Latinists call this kind of Squinancy Strangulatorem, which is, Strangler, as it were somewhat that fell into the throat, the which then so stopped the breath, that one must therewith be strangled. For Strangulatio they say, is nought else but a speedy death, by reason that one can get no breath, even as it happeneth when the throat is stopped. And this is the difference between them: the Squinancy (as it is said) killeth one very hastily: Peripneumonia (which is a sickness of the lights) doth with a painful breath strangle by little and little. But if rheums fall into the throat, then are they a cause of strangling, for that thereby the pipes of the lights in time are stopped. If in swallowing he feel a narrowness and pain that the breath be painfully drawn, and that the patiented have scarceness of breath, and is constrained to hold open his mouth, then is the Squinancy at hand, which is great or small, as may appear by the vehemency of the signs. And for that this disease proceedeth as well of blood, Cholera, and heat, as of cold and Phlegma, and so requireth special remedies, therefore we will hereafter in particular speak of them. Of the Squinancy or pain in the throat through heat. §. 5. FOr this Squinancy, regard is to be had to the face and the eyes, whether they be red, and the face puffed up, and whether the patient's spittle be sweet: Also whether he (being healthy) hath used much nourishing meat and drink, for when these signs (as is said) do appear, than it is certain that this Squinancy proceedeth of superfluous blood and heat, then is the head vein to be opened without all delay on the right hand, and to let out four or five ounces of blood, according to the ability of the person, and to use this Clyster by and by after it. Take Mallows, Hollihocke roots, Violet leaves, Camomile, Adiantum, of each a handful, seeth these in sufficient water unto the half part. Take 12. or 16. ounces of this decoction, oil of Dill, and of Saffron, of each one ounce, oil of Bevercod half an ounce, Hiera logodion one ounce, the juice of Swine's bread (if you can get it) one scruple, Diagridion half a scrup. salt one drag. minister it warm. If the sickness be somewhat tolerable, then within twelve hours after set two great boxing cups on the shoulders hard by the neck very warm, and let them bleed well. But if the patiented be corpulent, then is the Median to be opened on the same side, or the little veins under the tongue. This letting of blood is not to be done at one time only, but if the patient may well abide it, shall be the oftener reiterated, and the less at once, for it dispatcheth and driveth the matter from them. But until the patiented be let blood, Clistered, and boxed, he must be rubbed with warm clothes, and first, from beneath the knees even to the feet; afterwards, from the thighs to the knees; thirdly, from the shoulders unto the huckle bone; four, from the shoulders unto the hands: or at the leastwise bind the same members hard, and make them lose often, as hath been said. Then both before and after purging be presently to be used all cooling and astringent gargarisms, whereof divers are described in the third Chapter and the fourth §. Or make it thus, Lay the seeds of Sumach to steep in Rice water, and gargarize therewith. Or take Coriander, Sumach, Galls, Hippocistis, Pomegranate pills, of each a like quantity, seeth these in sufficient water until the half be consumed. This following is also very good (being used within the first three days) Take the water of Purslane and Plantain, of each four ounces, syrup of green Nutshells three ounces, tempered and holden long in the mouth. Item, to gargarize with warm milk easeth the pain. Take syrup of Poppy heads, and syrup of Mulberries, of each one drag. Rose water three ounces, tempered and used as the other before. Or take Barley water as much as you will, and mingle amongst it syrup of Pomegranates, Mulberries, and honey of Roses as much as you will. Item take small sliced liquorice, Currans, Figs, Fleawort, Quince kernels, and white Poppy seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, barley one ounce and a half, seeth it in sufficient water till that the barley break, put unto it two ounces of the honey of Roses. This is very good to be used after the purging. Take Acorns that be old, beat them small, give of them to the patiented twice a day half a drag. at each time, in what you please. This is special good against the swelling of the throat: it is also good to take the fume of them into the throat. Item take dried white dogs dung, half an ounce beaten small, tempered with the syrup of Mulberries, and give it to the patiented to swallow by little & little: it helpeth & drieth marvelously. What ought to be used outwardly. BEfore there be any salves, plasters, or any other thing laid upon the outside thereof, you are to froth and rub the patient's arms and legs (even as before is said) and anoint the same members afterwards with fresh butter, or with the oil of sweet Almonds. Or use this following: Take the salve Dialthea one ounce and a half, mucilage of Fleawort and of Quince kernels, of each one quarter of an ounce, prepared Cassia & fresh butter, of each one drag. leaven and Dates, of each half an ounce, oil of Violets two ounces, and make a salve of them. Item take a Swallows nest, and seethe it in Well water, strain the same through a narrow seeve, and in this water boil the roots of Lilies, Mallows, Hollihockes, Violet leaves, Pellitory, Camomile, Adiantum, of each one handful: stamp them all together with Barley water and Linseed meal, of each one ounce, Camomile two ounces, and thereof make a plaster. Another of Montagnana. Take a Swallows nest, Mallows and Hollihock roots, of each one handful, Camomile, Adiantum, of each two handfuls, barley meal three ounces, oil of Camomile one ounce, and lay it warm on the throat. Afterwards if any imposthume appear, then take Figs, Fenegréeke, and Squils, of each half an ounce, seeth them together in a pint of water till but half remain, temper it with three ounces of Oxymel, and then gargarize with it. And if you think that it be too mild, then open the swelling (if you can come to it) and wash the mouth often with wine and honey. For purging thereof. THis purging must be effected with cool things, as sour Dates, Prunes, Confections, Cassia and Manna (as shall seem good:) also mild clysters are to be used, as hereafter followeth. Take Mallows, Hollihock roots, Violet leaves and Orage, of each a handful, of the seed of Melons, Cucumbers, Gourds and Pompions stamped gross together, of each one drag. and a half: seethe them all together in sufficient water, take of this decoction 12. or 16. ounces, Cassia one ounce, salt one drag. minister it warm. Good heed is also to be taken, that the patiented have a soluble body; and to that end serve suppositories made of Venice soap, using the same oftentimes. If the same ache of the head be mixed with Cholera, the which may be known hereby, that is, if with the swelling there be a pricking and gnawing pain, yellow colour, bitterness in the mouth: also if that he in time of health have eaten such meats as augment Cholera, then is the sick body to be purged with the abovesaid things. Rhubarb is also very commodious for it, in this manner following: Take one ounce of Manna, Rhubarb one dram or twain, steep them in six ounces of prune-broth six hours long; then strain it out hard: afterwards use the Clyster which is described in the twelfth Chapter of the first part 5. §. for madness or frenzy which beginneth thus, Take Lettuce, etc. Hereupon you are to open the head vein on the hand, and set cups on the neck and shoulders. Use also these aforesaid gargarisms, or this following: Take the juice of Nightshade that is well settled, six ounces, Roses, sliced liquorice and Fitches, of each half an ounce, good white wine three ounces, let it seethe méetly well; then temper it amongst one ounce and a half of Cassie, and gargarize therewith often. This helpeth and easeth the pain. In the increase of the sickness, there is sometimes used Myrrh sodden with wine. In like manner also the mucilage of Barley tempered with goats milk, Sugar, Nightshade, and a little Saffron. Thus may then the bad matter be drawn outwardly: Take sheeps wool dipped in oil of Camomile and Salad oil, and lay it upon the sore. Or (if one can get it) take one quarter of an ounce of Snakes skins, which the Snakes do cast every year, and seethe it in an ounce of oil of Almonds: then wet a cloth therein, and lay it on the place where the sore is a whole day and a night. This plaster following is to this end also much commended. Take Fenegréeke and Linséed meal, of each one quarter of an ounce, Hollihocke seeds, Camomile, Hyssop, of each one handful. These three last seeth, and stamp to pap, and then mingle it with the foresaid meal, and with two ounces of Camomile oil, and two ounces of the oil of Lilies: afterwards seethe it all together until it be somewhat thick, and then lay it warm on the neck. In like manner are highly commended the swallows with their young ones, burnt in a pot to ashes, and the same blown into the throat, or tempered with honey, and the throat anointed therewith, or gargarized, which is a passing good remedy. But above all other is Oxymel with Rosewater and vinegar in the beginning most commended. Likewise the syrup of Mulberries and green Nut shells: so that the skilful Physicians do write, that those three last are the best remedies of all others. Prepare also these pills to hold under the tongue: Take Assa foetida one drag. Ireos' half an ounce, make them up with the juice of Colewoorts. If you think that the patient will be strangled and cannot swallow, then take Hemlock seed, Radish seed, Assa foetida, Borras, Myrrh, Ammoniacum, and common Salt, of each a like quantity: of these altogether, or of some of these make a powder, and blow thereof into the throat. A great boxing cup (without pricking or otherwise) set behind in the neck, helpeth that the meat and drink will be the easier swallowed down. But in case that the imposthume be broken, then are you often to gargarize with Mead and wine, wherein Sugar and Ireos be sodden. julep of Violets is very good for these kind of pains. Pain in the throat through Phlegma, and cold taking. §. 6. IF the face and the eyes be not red nor fiery, and that the patiented have his mouth always full of spittle, and is hoarse without great pain, with other signs more of Phlegma: then shall Treacle and Mithridate be used, for that they mitigate the pain, expel all swellings, and cleanse all exulcerations wonderfully. Further, you may use this gargarism following: Take Ireos half an ounce, Hyssop, Adiantum, of each one drag. liquorice, Currans, and Figs, of each one ounce, Fenegréek and Lineséede, of each half an ounce, Barley one ounce and a half, let it seeth together in sufficient water until the half be spent. Also you may make choice out of the last mentioned gargarisms in the 13. Chapter and 4. §. of that shall best like you, and that is special good which is prepared of the syrup of Mulberries and syrup of green Nut shells, for a foul mouth: for both of these are specially commended for all pains of the throat, as daily experience teacheth. The root of devils bit sodden in water, and therewith gargarized, doth marvelously ease the squinancy. For to purge are very requisite the pills Cochiae, Foetidae, de Hiera, and the powder Medicamen de Turbith, according as need shall require. And if need be, let a strong Clyster be made and ministered, as you shall find in the twelfth Chapter and the 17. §. that which is very meet for this, which beginneth, Take century, etc. There are Trocisces also used that are to be holden in the mouth, and are to be made and dressed thus: Take Mastic, Frankincense, Raisins, red Storax, and Nep, of each one quarter of an ounce, beat them all to powder, and make trocisces thereof in weight half a drag. The ancient Physicians did use to take a green Eldern stick, to shave from it the uttermost bark, and did take the green and yellow rind of it, and strewed them with wheat flower, and so held them in the mouth. They do warm and dry much. Outwardly you must anoint the neck with Salad oil, Camomile oil, and oil of sweet Almonds, or with the ointment of Dialthaea, and washed sheeps wool laid upon it, and afterwards the plaster before mentioned in the 5. §. with Cassia, or this that hereafter followeth, for that there is small difference between them both. Take the unguent of Althaea one ounce and a half, the mucilage of Fenegréeke and linseed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cassia, fresh Butter, of each one quarter of an ounce, sour dough, and fat Dates one ounce, oil of sweet Almonds two ounces, and thereof make a salve or plaster. Or take Wheat, Fenegréeke, and Lineséede meal, of each two ounces, water six ounces, oil of Camomile two ounces, seeth them till they be thick enough, and afterwards spread it on a cloth, and lay it about his neck. Item, take Goose dung, and Swine's blood, of each a like quantity, mingle them, and lay it five times in 24. hours about his neck. Some ancient Physicians do counsel to take warm Honey of Anacardio, Mel Anacardium, and let the neck be anointed thick clean over, that blisters may be raised, whereby the matter might have an issue forth. Item, take white dogs dung (of a dog that eateth nothing but bones) Swallows dung, or Wolves dung, which you can get, beat them to powder, afterwards temper it with honey, and anoint the neck therewith. This may you make for a gargarism, or blow into the throat with a pipe. If sudden strangling be feared, then are you to clip or shave off as much hair from the top of his head, that a great boxing cup may be set thereon, which must be often fastened, and taken off again. In greatest extremity is wont to be made a vent in the patient's throat between the two gristles, that he through the same vent may take air and breath, the which vent afterwards when the swelling is gone, is to be cured as other wounds are. Of the Ulcers of the throat. §. 7. WHen as then the foresaid Squinancy or any other defluxion hath so annoyed the throat, that thereby the skin is broken, and the throat exulcerated, then take Cypers nuts, Calmus, Sulfer vive, alum, Roses, Pomegranate pills, Mastic, Frankincense, and Pieretrum, of each one drag. and twelve ounces of Aqua vitae, temper them all together and keep them for thy use. Then in the time of need, take a little thereof, and gargarize therewith, for it drieth, cleanseth and healeth marvelous well. If this be too strong, then alloy it with Plantain water, Knotgrass water, or Prunella water. For this purpose is also good a decoction of Guaiacum. In like manner also Aqua johannis, which is described in the twelfth Chapter of the first part and 5. §. But of all such things that do greatly hinder the same, you shall find good instructions hereafter in the beginning of the description of the stomach. The second Chapter. Of all Rheums and Defluxions in general. THis Greek word Rheuma, termed also in English a rheum, is nothing else but a defluxion which descendeth or falleth from the head into the throat or breast, which doth otherwhiles so stop there the pipes of the lights and throat, that the patiented seemeth to strangle or choke. Also these Rheums do often fall into the nostrils, where they cause the Pose, which is described in the second part the eight Chapter, and 6. §. And forasmuch as these kinds of Rheums, according to their several natures have several names, as that which falleth into the nostrils is called Coryza: that which descendeth into the breast, Rheuma: that which cometh into the throat, Bronchus: Nevertheless, all tough and slimy defluxions which fall from one member into another, are called rheums or defluxions; for that they provoke (as is said) not only the strangling in the throat, but also are both noisome and troublesome unto the breast; whereof we shall shortly write: therefore it is very requisite that we make mention of them at this present. First these rheums do proceed of divers causes, like as when the humours of the brain, through the same, through baths, vapouring meats; as Onions, Garlic, Mustard, Pepper, and such like, are made thin and fluxible. Secondly, these are caused of great cold, whereby the parts of the head be thrust and compelled together, and the humours forcibly expelled; even as water is wrong out of a sponge. In like manner may they be stirred up of the superabundance of some humours, be it of Cholera or Phlema, or of some other outward alterations, as of a sharp Northerly wind, that bloweth suddenly after a South wind. In fine, the plasters that are neither too hot nor too cold, are available for all such defluxions; to wit, as followeth: Take Rosin two ounces, Laudanum half an ounce, Myrrh, Mastic, of each half a dram Sandaraca one quarter of an ounce, Bean meal, Pease meal, of each half an ounce; dissolve the Rosin and Laudanum in one ounce of lie, and let them seeth till they be very soft: then put it into a mortar, & mix the meal amongst it: Spread this warm upon a cloth, and lay it upon the whole head. If you will have it harder than leave out the meal, and temper together with the other one drag. and a half of Wax. This comforteth the brains, stayeth the rheum, drieth all tough slime that falleth into the nostrils, mouth, and throat, and would choke one. For it is often found, that those that have been at the point of death, have by this means been recovered. Item take new Barley meal two ounces, Nigella seeds, Mustard seed, and Mice dung, of each one ounce, Ox galls, or the urine of a manchild, as much as sufficeth therewith to make a plaster. Or take fresh bryony roots twelve ounces, Wormwood, Rosemary, Marjoram, all green, of each a handful and a half, Barley meal two ounces, Saffron one dram, Scammony half a dram, oil of Lilies three dragms: seeth well all the roots in water, afterwards stamp them well to growt or pap amongst the other herbs, and therewith temper all the rest, except the Saffron which must be also added unto them. Last of all spread thereof upon a cloth, and then lay them all warm over all the polled head, covering the same warm. This is also commodious for all old headaches, especially for such as proceed of cold humours: for it consumeth all defluxions and bad vapours of the brains that fall out of the head into the eyes, ears, teeth, and throat: it is twice a day to be renewed. These two plasters following are also highly commended to be very good for the same: first, put above upon the head a meetly great box or cup unpickt upon the same, on the seam of the skull (the hair being cut off before) & the place that the cup is fastened unto must be first well rubbed, till it be red, and let the cup draw it well. Afterwards lay this plaster following thereon: Take Laudanum, Gummi Heleni, Sandaraca, Frankincense, white and red Storax, and Rosin, of each a like much, melt the Laudanum, Rosin, and the liquid Storax together, and temper the other with them: But if it be hard, then make it softer with oil of Lilies plasterwise. The second is more forcible than the first. Take Aloe, wild Mints, and Citron pills, of each a like much; mix them together with Laudanum in a warm mortar, with as much juice of Sloes as will make it soft. Of Rheums that proceed of cold. §. 1. THe cause of these rheums are strong cold Northern winds, and chief if there did blow before that, a mild moist South-west wind, as hath been told already. Also to lie bareheaded in the nights when it is cold, whereby the moisture is forcibly driven together, and chief if warmth follow after, as hath been heretofore showed of the Sponge. Also moist fruits do cause these distillations, as Cherries, Apples, Pears, Peaches, and such like. These Rheums are known by these signs following: as weariness and heaviness of the whole body, sleepiness, heaviness of the head and forehead, paleness of the face, with full veins, stuffing of the head or nose, bereaving of the sense of smelling, swelling up of the eyes, pain in the throat, motion to vomit, dropping of the nose, and swelling of the Almonds. In like manner is the head also in the feeling found cold, and the rheum is neither sharp nor biting at all. The which is commonly engendered and maintained, if the complexion, the time, the age, and the weather be cold. As for example. If that any one do run into the cold air bareheaded out of a bath, or after any other great warmth, especially in the nights, and begin to get a tickling in the nose, then is it a sure sign that he hath already gotten a defluxion, and then must the patient's head be covered so long with warm clothes, that he feeleth manifestly that his head beginneth to warm inwardly, or in stead thereof he shall lay these things following upon his head. Take beaten Millet four ounces, Salt one ounce, parch them in a pan, and lay this upon his head as hot as may be suffered. Or take a good quantity of Salt, power thereto as much Wine as is requisite to dissolve the same Salt, and being a little sodden, wet clothes therein, press them out, and lay them very dry upon his head, this drieth and is safe. You may also prepare this salve. Take Pigeons dung, wild Rue, Bevercod, and white Mustard seed, of each one drag. oil of Rue three ounces, Euphorbium half a drag. Wax as much as will suffice for a plaster, but let the forepart of the head be shorn, and the place anointed therewith where the sore is, it is forcible and drieth much. Will you now have more plasters and salves for the same? then look into the first part of the description of the cold pain of the head, for these things are also very commodious for this pain. Yet note this, that all that is here discoursed, is to be speedily effected: for if this disease be to be mastered, the same must be done at the beginning, when as the patiented is incontinently to have a vein opened on the right hand between the thumb and the forefinger, letting out four or five ounces of blood. Clysters. AFter the full dispatch of letting of blood, minister a Clyster unto him at night. Take Bran, Mallows, roots of blue Flower deluce, Beets of each one handful, seethe it all together in sufficient water, and then take of this decoction 12. or 16. ounces, confection of Bevercod a drag. and a half, prepared Cassie and Tho. Sugar, of each five drag. oil of Lilies and Camomile, of each one ounce and a half, Salt one quarter of an ounce, mingle them all together, and minister it méetly warm. The next morning following give these pills: take pills of Hiera composita two scruples, Cochiae one scruple, make seven pills and use them at one time. Against the evening let him be rubbed with rough warm clothes, even as is said not long ago in the first Chapter and 5. §. of the pain of the throat. And this is to be observed certain days every morning and evening. Gargarisms. If therefore these rheums be cold, thin, and wateris, then can you not do better, than to make the same thick, the which may be performed with Mastic, Frankincense, Cypers nuts, and such like, if one do gargarize oftentimes therewith, or use this following. Take Myrrh, and Frankincense, of each one ounce, Cypers nuts, Nutmegs, and Mastic, of each half an ounce, beat them all together, and boil them in twelve ounces of red Wine unto the half, and gargarize therewith. Cakes to be holden under the Tongue. TAke Mastic, Nutmegs, Cypers nuts, of each half a dram, red Storax, and Frankincense, of each one dram and a half, fat Raisins (the stones taken out) Sugarpane, of each one quarter of an ounce, make a dough thereof with Mead, and then make Cakes thereof as big as small Beans, the which you are to hold continually day and night under the tongue. Syrupes and purgations. FOr a syrup, Take Sage, Cypress leaves, of each one ounce, Lignum Aloes one quarter of an ounce, clarified honey and Sugar, of each six ounces, and let them seeth together in a syrup, as hath been often taught. Another. It is also very needful, that in such diseases the head be well purged, whereto this syrup following serveth well: Take Elecampane roots, Ireos, Currans & liquorice, of each one ounce, Hyssop, Adiantum, of each a handful, Mastic, Frankincense, of each one dram, Nutmegs, Cypress nuts, of each half an ounce, seeth this together (as is beforesaid) with Sugar, and give him certain days continually two ounces which three ounces of this water. Take twenty juiubes, thirty Sebestes, Currans one ounce and a half, dried Violets half an ounce, cut liquorice five drams, and ten figs, seethe them all together in a pint and a half of water, unto the half; afterwards strain it out, and let it settle. You have also here before in the first part for the cold pain of the head, sirupes and other things that serve for these rheums. For purging these pills following are special good, as Hiera Composita and Cochiae. Three days after purging, there is to be set above the buttocks two great boxing cups unpickt, two hours before supper, and let them draw well, and the next morning take of this confection following the quantity of a Walnut: Take Ginger two ounces, liquorice one quarter of an ounce, Cloves Nutmegs, and Cardamom, of each one drag. and 18. ounces of refined white Sugar; temper them all together one amongst another. Another, Take Cinnamome one dram and a half, Nutmegs, red Storax, of each half a dram, liquorice, Currans, of each one ounce, Sugar candy half an ounce, refined Sugar five ounces, make a confection thereof, and take half an ounce thereof every evening when you go to to bed. The seventh day after that the patiented hath been purged, he shall every day two hours before meals, at noon and at night, twice every month wash his mouth with water wherein Costus and Asarabacca, of each half an ounce is decocted. Take of this water four ounces, of Oxymel Compositum two ounces, therewith shall he gargarize two days one after another, till he have washed it eight times. For this cold rheum is also special good the herb Calmus, as it is described in the eight part of this book. Three corns of white Frankincense swallowed down before he go to bed are also commended: And if so be that the rheum be waren a little thicker, than is there no better advice in the world: for it comforteth and drieth not only the brains, but stoppeth the rheum also from falling. It is also good counsel after purging every third or fourth day, three or four hours before meals, that you take a dram of Treacle or Mithridate, the which is better for aged than for young folks. Capital Powder. AFter letting blood, you are every evening two hours after supper, to strew the head with this powder following: Take red Storax, Roses, ivory, wild Vine leaves, Cloves, Sandaraca, of each one dram, and make a powder thereof. Another for to smell on: Take Nigella that is parched on the sire, bind it in a cloth, and smell often thereto. Or take Lignum Aloes, red Storax, of each one dram and a half. Nutmegs, Cypers, Frankincense and Cloves, of each one dram, parched Nigella seeds one quarter of an ounce: stamp them all together, and bind them in a cloth. The vapour or smell of Sugar is also good for the brains, and driveth away all cold rheums. In this behalf Pomanders may be made also, as followeth: Pomanders. Take Laudanum and Horehound, of each half an ounce, Lignum Aloes, red Storax, of each one drag. and a half, Nutmegs, Cypers nuts, Frankincense and Cloves, of each one drag. Amber half a drag. powne all small that is to be powned, & dissolve the Laudanum with Rose water in a warm mortar, and make thereof a pomander. Another: Take one dram of Laudanum, Lignum Aloes, red Storax, Frankincense, of each half a drag. Nigella, Cinnamom and Cloves, of each two scruples, Nutmegs, Cypers nuts & Sandaraca, of each one drag. Galliae Muscatae one drag. Myrrh, Lavender spike, Mastic, Costus roots, of each one scrup. Amber half a scrup, Muscus three grains: dissolve the Laudanum with a little Wax, and temper the rest being powdered amongst it, form thereof pomanders as big as you will have them: afterwards make holes in them, and put into them the Musk and Amber mixed with a little Rose water. Such like pomanders shall you have more hereafter in the sixth part. You may also make bags with all these foresaid compositions. For this disease some do counsel to néese, and some suppose it hurtful: but if these things do help the patiented, than I counsel that this néesing be omitted, that the brains and the head be not thereby disquieted. Plasters. TAke Pigeon dung, Rue seeds, Mustard seed, Frankincense, Mastic, Nigella, of each half an ounce, mingle these things with Oxymel of Squils', and then put the rest amongst it, spread it upon leather, and lay this plaster on the top of the head. This plaster drieth the superfluous moisture of the head, and strengtheneth the same, and you may put thereto Stechas, Rosemary, Marjoram gentle and Cloves. Of the Diet in these rheums. EVery such patient must have special care, that he never lie upon his back: for if the rheums fall backwards, then is it to be feared that they will provoke the cramp or palsy, or might choke one. His dwelling place or chamber shall be prepared for drith and warmth, yea in summer season also: for if he should use moist things, than it will be the worse for him, and be in danger of the palsy. In fine, the greatest care of all must be, that his dwelling be free from all moisture, and if the place be not so by nature, then take fire, and cast therein these things following, (or one alone) therewith to fume his chamber: to wit, Sandaraca, Laudanum, Rosin of both sorts, Frankincense, red Storax, and such like. Make also a fire with juniper wood, Baytrée wood, Tamarisk wood, or with any thing of that nature: and the patient must be warm clothed, and have a special regard to his head, and he shall wear always on the breast a soft small cushion, filled with down or Hare's hair, or (which is better) with Squirrels hair, the which he is to keep about him night and day. Concerning his meat and drink, every such patient must refrain from wine as much as is possible, and drink only Sugar water tempered with wine or juice of Pomegranates, to wit, the sixth or seventh part of it. So that nature finding no superfluity of the meat, may the more easily work upon the moisture of the rheum, and therewithal consume it. Here is to be noted, that one ought not to eat unless hunger urge thereto: otherwise might one evil light upon another, and the stomach thereby be weakened. But when natural hunger cometh, then may he eat, yet evermore arise and cease with appetite, and avoid all superfluity, especially if he feel any distemperature in the stomach, and drink not before meat, unless the meat before were passed through the stomach, which happeneth at least eight hours after that it is taken. His bread shall be in winter and in the spring time wheaten bread with the bran: but in harvest and in summer he may eat bolted bread. Also it were not hurtful for him in case the same bind him not overmuch, that always after meat he eat a little biscuit baked with Annis seed, in which bread (be it howsoever it will) is to be observed, that it be baked light, rising or puffed up, and salted a little more than ordinary, and that it be not above three days old. Concerning his flesh, all kinds are good for him, Veal, Kid's flesh, young Mutton, and lean Pork, but not too much, nor too often. All old and fat flesh must he shun and forbear. Of wild beasts, Bucks and Does flesh is best of all. Hare's flesh, albeit it be somewhat melancholic, yet nevertheless because it drieth, is not very unwholesome for him, yet chief if it be dressed with Pepper, but he must forbear Coneys and Hedgehogs. It is also requisite to show what parts of the beasts are most wholesome for this sickness: to wit, the stomach, the hart; the skin, the sinews, the milt, the entrails, the brains, the lights and such like of the foresaid beasts, are hard of digesture, and their fat is windy. Other parts are much easier of digestion and warmth of nature: reasonable fat flesh is easy to be digested, the wings or pinnions and the legs are good for him at noon, being sodden; and at night are good roasted: but fried in a pan is not for his diet. All fowls, as Capons, Cocks, and chief Hens, wild and tame Pigeons which are not fully feathered, and have been killed a day or twain before, and are well dressed: these may he eat frank and freely. Young Peacocks, Geese & Ducks, shall he also refrain, or at least eat of them very seldom, and that roasted. Of all wild birds, these are good for him, Partridges, Pheasants, and small birds; as also stars, Finches, Nightingales, Larks, Sparrows, Snites, Dishwashers, and such like; by reason that all their flesh is much drying. Swallows, Magpies, and Woodpigeons are not to be used: Quails shall he also abstain from, in regard they are hurtful for the stomach, and breed loathsomeness. No kind of fish is to be used: but in case that he will eat them, then let them be hard broiled; to wit, Roches, Pikes, Gugeons, Perches, and such like: and they will hurt the less if they be dressed with Parsley and Mints: and they are always better broiled or fried, than sodden and stewed: also the salt fish is better than the fresh. The Eel, the Tench, and the Crevets are also forbidden. Likewise Milk and all that is dressed therewith: but he may eat ●eare eggs out of their shells, or poch; but hard eggs are nought. Of all manner of Pottages, there is only allowed of Panicum, red Pease, and Rice. The herbs that are commodious for this must be in operation drying and warming, as Sage, Fennell, Mints, wild Thyme, Rosemary, Marierom gentle, Basill Dill. Contrariwise he must forbear Lettuce, Endive, spinach, Cherries, and all that are cold and moist. In like manner also Radish, Léekes, and Onions, (after what manner soever that they be dressed) shall he forbear. Rapes or Turnips have much superfluous moisture, therefore are not to be used: but Olives and Capers are good for him. He must avoid all cold and moist fruits, parched Hasell nuts, Almonds, Figs, Raisins, Pinapple kernels: Pistacium may he use without danger. All meats that are between sour and sweet; in like manner that which is dressed with Ginger, Annis seed, Fennell, Parsley, Saffron, Cinnamom, Nutmegs, and Mace, are very commodious for him; and the rather if they be swéetened with honey than with Sugar. Item a Salad made of Parsley, Mints, wild Thyme, & Vinegar, is very profitable for him. His best drink is honey water or Mead, Cinnamom and liquorice wine, amongst which are to be tempered some of the foresaid waters: And if he will needs drink wine without mingling it at all with water, then is to be taken (as is said) a thin and pleasant white Wine, the which ought to be drunken delayed with steeled water. Lastly is the patiented after meals to use somewhat that closeth the stomach, that the vapours ascend not into the head; as prepared Coriander, toasted bread, roasted Quinces, or such as be confected with honey. In the morning fasting, to go or walk on foot, or to ride a horseback softly, is very commodious for these Rheums. And if the patiented be not so strong, then may one use in stead thereof to rub him with warm clothes, (even as is oftentimes afore said) and after meals to keep himself quiet two or three hours. Of watching and sleeping. THis patient must wholly forbear sleeping on the day time, unless he be otherwise distempered, and must forbear it at the leastwise two hours after meat: first he must lay himself on the right side and then on the left side, and not on the back; for how hurtful the same is, hath been showed sufficiently before. The heat of the sun and of the fire must he avoid, and forbear loud calling and speaking. And to conclude, touching these cold and stifling rheums, we will tell how they are to be prevented, the which may be effected through these means following. And for that this disease proceedeth of a cold and moist stomach and brains, all things (measurably warm and dry) are good for it, as these confections following. These Species, Diatrion piperion, Aromaticum Rosatum, of each half a drag. Mace one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamom one drag. and a half, Sugar three ounces, syrup of Roses five ounces; the Sugar and the syrup seeth till they be méetly thick; afterwards mix the other spices amongst them in a mortar: take every day four hours before meals, as much as a Nutmeg. And this must you continue a month together, and afterwards three times a week, as long as you please. Or make this confection to be used after meat, and take thereof three drams at one time: Take Species Di●mbrae, de xylo Aloe, of each one drag. and a half, Violets, Water Lilies, Sorrel seeds, and Endive seeds, of each one scrup. Sugar four ounces, seethe it in water of Violets, and make Manus Christi of them. A plaster for the stomach. TAke Laudanum and Rosin, of each five drag. prepared Coral and Ivory, small Endive seed and Purslane seed, of each one scrup. The two first you shall dissolve in sharp vinegar, and put thereto molten wax as much as is needful, and thereof make a plaster or twain for the stomach, and wear them all the winter upon it. When these rheums are a dividing, then must you prepare a dry bath, as hereafter followeth. Take a sweeting tub, make it méetly wet with wine and Rose-water, afterwards hail the same over a glowing fire till that it be through dry: then make the same wet again with a sponge or cloth, as before: and do this so long, until that the tub be through hot; and then set the patiented therein, and cover the tub over with clothes, which must stay upon the hoops, yet holding his head without: and let him sit so sweeting one hour or twain. Hot Rheums. §. 2. AS in the beginning is generally treated of rheums, so are there also declared certain causes of the hot rheum, therefore it is needless to rehearse the same again. These rheums are much provoked through idleness, through sleeping a days, through superfluous eating and drinking. Also if the head be too hot covered, great labour, overheating of himself, and such like. The signs and tokens that one hath the rheum, are these: to wit, the face is red, mixed with bleaknesse or pale colour, great heat in the nose, with itchings, when as the mouth and the throat are full of bitterness and sharpness. And if the head be hot in feeling: the which rheum is thus to be cured. First, it hath not been a little disputed of amongst the learned, whether a vein must be opened or not; but for the most part they affirm it: some would open the head vein, other the median, and some the Liver vein. But this letting of blood must be effected, according as the rheum falleth more on the one side than the other, and when the rheum is almost stayed. For it hath been often seen, that they that have been let blood in the beginning of the rheum, have always remained and been the hotter. But to diminish all such subtle courses of the rheum, and to make it thick, then must he hold in his mouth these gargarisms and losings. Of Gargarisms. TAke syrup of juiubes, of Violets and Poppy seeds, of each a like much, temper them with Barley water: Or take juiubes, Sebestes, Violets, white Poppy seeds, and Quince kernels decocted with Barley water, use it in the evening after meat; it is passing good. Item, take syrup of Poppy seeds, syrup of Mulberries, of Roses, and Well water, of each three ounces, wine of Pomegranates one ounce, make it warm, and gargoyle therewith. Losing. TAke white Poppy seeds, Purslane seed, and Lettuce seeds, of each one dram, tragacanth, Gummi Arabicum and Saffron, of each half a drag. Opium five grains: powne all that is to be powned, and make it with the syrup of Poppy heads to a dough, then make losings thereof as big as small beans, and hold one of these in thy mouth. And for this also are commodious these common losings, Diapapaver, and the cold Diatragacantha. Item, take Gummi Arabicum, Dragagant, Starch, liquorice, Quince kernels, and seeds of Fleawoort, beat all these small together, make thereof as aforesaid losings with the mucilage of Fleawoort, and hold them under thy tongue. Also there may otherwhiles be made for a change the small losings, called Bechion, of Diachodion, Diamargariton, and all the sorts of losings, which are here worthy to be described. The preparation of the losings for the cough and rheum after divers manners. THe black losings are called at the Apothecaries, Bichion, or Bechion, the which are made after two sorts; to wit, as followeth: Take the juice of liquorice, and Sugar, of each half an ounce, Starch, tragacanth, peeled Almonds, of each one quarter of an ounce, the Mucilage of Quince kernels, as much as is needful for to make losings with it: these do thicken all subtle rheums, and delay their sharpness. Another sort: Take Pine apple kernels that have been steeped a whole night in Rosewater, and bitter Almonds peeled, of each three quarters of an ounce, juice of liquorice two ounces, beaten liquorice three drag. make a dow with Rosewater, and then make thereof losings: they are very good against the Cough, and against all raw swellings of the throat. The white losings are thus prepared: Take white Sugar, and Sugar candy, of each a like, Starch the fourth part, beat them all together, and with tragacanth dissolved in Rose water, make losings of them. Item, take six ounces of white Sugar, Sugar candy, and Sugar pennets, of each two ounces, beaten Ireos' three quarters of an ounce, Starch almost five drag. beat these all together with tragacanth dissolved in Rosewater, and make losings of them. The third manner is this: Take Sugar pennets one ounce, Sugar candy three quarters of an ounce, Manus Christi without pearls and with Rose water, half an ounce, fine Bolus one drag. and a half, white Sugar one ounce and a quarter; make losings thereof with tragacanth as aforesaid. If that then need require that these rheums must be yet more suppressed and made thicker, then take Starch, tragacanth, peeled Almonds, Beane meal, black and white Poppy seed, Gum, and fine Bolus, of each a like much: this must you beat together with the mucilage of Fleawoort or Quinces; and make losings thereof. For to Purge. Necessity also requireth in this sickness for to purge: Decoctio pectorals. the which is to be begun with the syrup of juiubes and Sebestes, or with the drink at the Apothecaries called Decoctio pectoralis, the which is thus prepared: Take Borage, bugloss, Violet flowers, of each one drag. juiubes and Sebestes, of each fifteen, Venus' hair, Scabious, Folefoote leaves, of each a handful, Annis seeds two ounces, Figs and Dates, of each five, liquorice cut small three drag. husked Barley half a handful: let all these seethe together in a pint and a half of water until the third part be sodden away, strain it, and take the clearest of it, and keep it in a cool place. Take small cut liquorice one ounce, juiubes and Sebestes, of each ten, seethe them all together in sufficient water, and make it as abovesaid. In this manner are there many more made: but these are the commonest. For purging, take three or four ounces of the first mentioned decoction, break therein Cassia and Manna, of each one ounce, mingle them together, and drink it warm, and you may drink a good draft of the two foresaid pectoral decoctions. Another purgation. Take Violets and water Lilies, of each one quarter of an ounce, Damask Prunes ten or twelve, sour Dates one ounce, seethe them all together in eight or ten ounces of water till the half part be consumed: you are to take three or four ounces of this decoction: temper therein one ounce of new Cassia, confection of Succo Rosarum, or conserves of Prunes three drams, mingle them, and give them early in the morning. The third purgation. Take four ounces of broth wherein Prunes are sodden, steep therein a quarter of an ounce of gross beaten Rhubarb all night, and in the morning strain them, and temper therewith two ounces of the syrup of Roses, and give it fasting in the morning, in the summer cold, and in winter warm. But if you had rather have pills, then prepare them thus: Take the shales of yellow Mirobalans half an ounce, Rhubarb one ounce, Aloe, Diagridion, of each five drag. Mastic and liquorice of each one scrup. beat them all together with the mucilage of Quinces unto a mass: you are to take thereof a dram at once. After Purging. Have regard whether the matter be yet watery and thin, then are you to give to the sick body somewhat that is made with Poppy seeds. For this is also good cold losings of tragacanth, conserve of Roses and water Lilies, also he must smell to things that are cold of nature, as Rosewater (the which he must also draw up into the nose) Camfere, Roses, Saunders, Pomanders of cold natures, whereof some are described in the sixth part. But if the rheum be tough and thick, then is all that to be forborn that is made of poppy heads, and make this water following: Take dried Hyssop, liquorice, Venus' hair, Figs, Hollihock seeds, and seeds of Mallows, of each a like much, and he shall hold in his mouth tragacanth with a little loch de Pino. Because these salt rheums have some communion with the liver, then is highly commended for this, strange baths, that flow from iron or other mines in the ground. When this patiented will go to bed, then is he to take a quarter or half an ounce of the conserves of water Lilies, and use also one of these two capital powders following: Take Mace one quarter of an ounce, red Coral, ivory, red and white Saunders, of each one scrup. Sandaraca one quarter of an ounce, water Lilies one drag. and a half, Cloves half a drag. temper them together being all beaten small, and therewith bestrew the crown of the head, and every other day when you will strew other powder thereon, brush off the first. This following is more cooling: Take Roses, Myrtle seed or leaves, Coral, and Butcher's broom seeds, of each a like much. This being powdered small, use it as before. The order of Diet. THe best meat that this patient may use (when he is not overweake) are paps of Barley, of Spelt, of Starch, of Oaten meal, and always add some Sugar pennets. In like manner may he eat these herbs following dressed or sod with other meats: as spinach, Orage, Purslane, Mallows, and Béetes, also Melons, Gourds, Cucumbers. But if he be weak, then is he to eat Kids, Hens, and such like sodden with these foresaid herbs and mildly salted, rear eggs, Oil of sweet Almonds, and all small birds are very meet. The best that he may use for drink is Barley water, or Sugar water, and both having liquorice sodden in them. Item clean fresh Well water tempered with syrup of Roses or Violets. He must wholly forbear wine: but if that will not be, then must he use a thin wine tempered with a little verjuice. It is also good counsel for all rheumatic persons to sleep as little as is possible, and that with the head upright. The which together with the whole body must be well covered, and in the mean while if any sweat follow, he must let the same have his course. It is also thought good, that the forehead, the temples, and the whole breast be anointed with oil of Violets, water Lilies and Roses, mingled together, or with each a part: Or that his breast be anointed with oil of sweet Almonds and fresh Butter. When as the sickness is declining, then is the patient's head to be washed (if ever he used the same) with clear lie, wherein is decocted or steeped Marjoram gentle, Roses, Camomile, and Melilot, and afterwards he is to be combed, and dried with warm clothes. Of Rheums with agues. §. 3. IF in case that through the foresaid remedies the rheum will not be stayed, which happeneth often through the abundance of humours, then befalleth oftentimes a cough and ague to follow it, whereby one may well guess, that the same proceedeth of a choleric humour, that lieth still hidden in the veins. Therefore is the letting of blood very needful for this, and especially in the liver vein. Afterwards you must purge the body with Cassia and Manna, or concerning the same take the counsel of a learned Physician. For this also must continually be used those Losing wherein is no Ireos. And for to take away this hurtful matter of the rheum, it is specially advised, that the same be derived from the breast into the nose where the same may be the better evacuated. To this end, take Ammoniacum half an ounce, small beaten Pellitory of Spain one quarter of an ounce, make this with the juice of blue Flower deluce into dough, and thereof take a little on a knife, and put it in the nose, and forthwith you shall see the water to run out of the nose. This is a secret. Item, take the juice of the root of blue Flower deluce one ounce, beaten Stavesacre and Pieretrum, of each one drag: make some cotton moist herein, and so put it warm into his nose. He must also be prevented and kept from eating of flesh, and drinking of wine as long as the ague and the cough endure. Barley water tempered with julep of Violets and syrup of Violets must be his drink: for this suppleth, moisteneth, and cooleth the breast, and maketh the matter thicker. But if it proceed of cold, then are you to boil Venus' hair, Hyssop, and liquorice amongst them. When as then the ague and cough begin to cease (which one may feel as the drought and spittle beginneth to cease) then are you to prepare this water following: Take five fat Figs, ten juiubes, twenty Sebestes, Raisins (the stones taken out) one ounce and a quarter, liquorice cut small five drag. let them seeth well together in sufficient water. Afterwards strain it, and take thereof three ounces, syrup of Violets five drag. temper them all together, and you shall give him this potion, if the rheum proceed of heat: but if it proceed of cold, and the phlegm or spittle will not be loosed, then seethe Venus' hair and Currants with the foresaid things, and leave out the syrup of Violets. If the Rheum would not pass through the nose. §. 4. TO conclude, we are to add this following to the rest. If so be this rheum do stop the nose a great while, and that there is no heat with it, then are fumes to be used for it. And heed is to be taken, that if the moisture that issueth out at the nose be subtle, sharp or yellow: make a smoke with a little Sulphur, that hath been steeped in a little vinegar, and is dried again, or with husked Barley or Beans péeled, that were also steeped in vinegar and are dried again, and beaten to powder. For this also serveth Saunders, and the Fume of Sugar. Or you may prepare this following: Take gross beaten brimstone one quarter of an ounce, seeth it in 8. ounces of red vinegar, and receive the vapour of into your nose. Or sprinkle the Sulphur with wine, and lay it on a hot stone. Item, make a vapour of sodden Barley, water Lilies, and white Poppy seed. Also you may sprinkle vinegar alone upon an hot iron. For this is also good the vapour or smoke of Partridges feathers. But if there be no heat nor redness in the face, then make a fume of Costus roots and Frankincense. Or take Gith seeds steeped in wine, and so sprinkle it on a hot stone. Take also Lignum Aloes, Mastic and Frankincense, of each a like much being powned together, and receive the vapour thereof. Likewise is commodious for this, Sandaraca steeped in vinegar, and the same sprinkled on a hot stone, and the vapour thereof received into the nose. And for as much as there is very much written at this present of this rheum, and shall be more discovered thereof in the description of the rheum, of the cough, and pursiveness: therefore will we here make an end of this Chapter. The third Chapter. Of the foremost part of the Breast, Thorax. THat which we generally call the Breast, hath his beginning there where the neck endeth, downwards unto the lower rib; albeit that Aristotle ascribeth the whole body from beneath under the neck without the arms, even to the privities below, unto it: yet this Thorax includeth the foremost and hindmost part of the body, from the neck even to the midriff. The foremost part is in the middle of it downwards, somewhat lower and heightened again where the breasts or paps are; even so in the hinder part down along the back bone it is lower, and on both the sides higher towards the shoulder blades and ribs. This place is not altogether bonny like to the skull, nor of one piece, but very orderly the one with the other intermingled, & filled with bones and muscles: so that the ribs comprehend and defend behind and before the inward parts, even as it were with a bulwark. And even as this part of man's body is outwardly defended with bones: even so are also the inner parts with veins, arteries, and strong sinews joined together, and fashioned very formally, thereby to take air into it, and to yield it out again, whereby the hart the lights, and other parts should be refreshed, and preserved in their estate. Also the breast (like as other parts of man) is subject to many kinds of maladies: as partly may be seen in the description of the rheum. For when these mischievous rheums fall upon the breast, then do they harm the lights, stop the wind pipes, make a man pursive, stinking breathed, much coughing, and anguish: so that at the last they rid matter and filth, with many more such accidents, whereby the lights are perished and hurt, whereof afterwards more at large and plainly shall be parcelwise discovered. And to follow our wonted method, we will first speak of the outward parts of the Breast. Of women's breasts, milk, and of their diseases. §. 1. THe women's breasts are by nature endued with two kinds of wondrous works: The first, that through their means the new borne child receiveth his food, to wit, from the blood, which through natural warmth is altered and brought into milk. The second, that they are a defence & cover of the hart, whereby when they warm them, they are also in like manner kept warm of the said hart. Even as our body warmeth the clothes, so do the clothes also keep the body warm. And this cometh more to pass in women than in men, by reason that their breasts are bigger by odds. The substance of women's breasts is a soft flesh, by nature spongeous, thereby to draw much moisture unto it. Contrariwise, men's breasts are hard and clung together, especially in them that are not overcharged with fatness: both of them have their nipples in the midst of their breasts: The which in women are very meet & comely instruments for to give their new born children their said sustenance. Man's milk. Otherwhiles also men's breasts do give milk: but this is a token rather of unable humours than otherwise. Thus to proceed with women's breasts, they are subject to divers and sundry accidents. Otherwhiles they grow a great deal too big, the which seemeth not only ill, but is also sometimes an occasion of other diseases. But this cometh rather by nature or inheritance, and according to that one woman is fatter and corpulenter of body than another. But by nature (as it hath been said) they are vessels of milk, whereby in some women it is too little, and in some too much. Therefore it is very needful to seek a remedy, how in the one to lessen them, and in the other to augment them. For where milk is too abundant, there provoketh it many kinds of diseases, to wit, that it doth clod and congeal in the breast, whereof hardness, heat, swellings, canker, worms, and such like do ensue. In like manner the nipples do also chop, which bringeth thereby great anguish to them that give suck, and infect the children that suck the matter and blood into their bodies, with sundry sicknesses. Of the overmuch growing and hanging down of the Breasts. §. 2. WHen as this superfluous and overmuch growing of the breasts happeneth in hail, young and plethorical women, there shall (in my best opinion) the nature be suffered to have her free course, lest by taking them away, some greater mishap be procured: yet some do counsel for a sure remedy, that if one anoint the breast with the gall of a Hare, that then they will not grow too great. Item, take Barley meal, and goats milk, of each a like much, vinegar half so much, let them seeth well, and be laid on the breast: it is taken for a certain remedy: in like manner fry Mallows in Salad oil, and lay it over the breast. These things following are yet stronger: Take Hypocistis, the pills and blossoms of Pomegranates, acorn cups, and burned lead, of each three drag. alum, Ceruse, the juice of Sloes, and roasted Lentils, of each one drag. Snails with their houses burnt, and Southernwood, of each two drag. and a half: Make a salve thereof with the juice of Plantain, and therewith anoint the breast. Item, take Frankincense, Mastic, of each one ounce, sea Muscles one drag. and a half, temper them together with red vinegar. All that is taught here doth not hinder only the growing of the Breasts, but also that they be not lose or hanging down: these things may also be used against the falling down of the Mother, even as in the third part shall be further declared, in the description of the diseases of the womb or mother. Pills. TAke Ferne roots, Sarcocolla, and alum, of each one drag. Sandaraca half a drag. make five pills thereof with the juice of Ireos, whereof take one, and fast four hours after it. These pills do not only consume all superfluity, but also the natural fatness of man's body, if they be oftentimes used. Secondly, he or she may (if they will) strew beaten Amber upon all their meat: and if you will have it work better, put the powder in wine; for the wine carrieth the force of it very quickly into the veins. Thirdly, take beaten Galls, Cypers nuts, of each six ounces, alum prepared, Iron dross, of each three ounces, seeth them together in a good deal of Tanner's lie, and wash therewith meetly warm, and make often wet therewith the hands, feet, face, and breast with a sponge. The like are you to do also on the privy members: Or take stamped Henbane seed, seethe it in wine, and then lay the wine over the Breasts. But I cannot counsel you to take this by reason of his great cold. Of Milk in general. §. 3. FOrasmuch as this wonderful alteration of the red blood into so fair & white a colour, daily happeneth in women and also in beasts, therefore is their force and might accounted the less: nevertheless hath God ordained it for all creatures that are borne alive, for their first and most requisite nourishment. Of the difference of women and beasts Milk, it is not our meaning here to discourse: but concerning women's Milk, the yellow is always better than the white; so is also the same more forcible in brown women then in white. In Ponto by the River Astaeo it is said that milk in women & in beasts is black. But without any circumstances, we will only discourse of the Breasts of women, and of the accidents incident unto them. Of the want or scarcity of Milk. §. 4. IF women that give suck have want of Milk, then must we search out the cause thereof: This may proceed sometimes of some hot or dry, or of some cold quality of the Breast, that the blood which should alter into Milk, be dried out. Likewise both these infirmities may also be cause of some infection of the liver, yea and sometimes of the whole body; that if their complexion be too dry that then the increasing of Milk is not to be effected, but of pure blood. Item, the want of Milk may also be caused through want of meat, or by the use of such meats as make much blood: as if they be cold and dry. Much bleeding (be it by what means soever it will) and the bad digesture of the stomach and Liver, sore labour, or if the child suck too little, may be a cause of the want or scarcity of Milk. The signs of this infirmity are evident and apparent: as when the Breasts are wrong, and the Milk doth not issue forth. Also if the child have not enough to suck. Item, whensoever that the mother which giveth suck be fretting by nature, be lean, be not long since recovered of some long sickness, sweateth much, and is without all exercise. But if the infirmity do proceed of bad meats and drinks, it is then good counsel that they do eat good wholesome meat, that is light of digesture, as Hens, Partridges, Capons, young Mutton, Eggs, broths of good flesh, and drink good wine: Some women are accustomed to increase their milk, that they drink a good draft of milk wherein Fennell seed hath been steeped. But if the infirmity be through too much bleeding, by what means soever that the same come to pass, then are you to prevent the same through meet and necessary remedies, as is sufficiently showed in their proper places. But if the women be of a hot nature, as full of Cholera, then are they to drink Barley water, and Almond milk, and to eat Cocks, Hens, and Partridges dressed with Lettuce: also to use cool fruits and their seeds; fish of running waters, Borage, spinach, goats milk, Cow milk, Kid's flesh, and Lamb sodden with verjuice: they are also to refrain from wrath and sorrow, and to be always merry. But if these mothers that do give suck, be phlegmatic of nature, and have lack of Milk, then is their foresaid meat to be dressed with Saffron, Cucubes, or Cinnamome, and other spices: also to eat it being sodden with Fennell roots and seeds, Pistacia, and Pine apple kernels. Whether the malady do then proceed of heat or not, it is alway needful that the stomach be comforted: for the which these things may serve, as Annis and Fennell feeds confected; but chief Caraway and Coming also confected. To eat Fennell seed green, helpeth also greatly for the augmentation of milk. Likewise Caraway seed, Annis and Fennell seed sodden in water, are very commodious for this purpose: also to eat green Marjoram fasting in the morning is much commended for the same. And I cannot here pretermit to rehearse diverse other remedies more, that are prescribed of others for the increasing of milk, like as hereafter may appear: Take ten earth worms, wash them in Wine, seeth them in flesh broth, strain them, and in the morning give thereof a draft to drink. It is also holden for certain, that if these Worms be dried and beaten to powder, and if you give to the patiented half a dram to drink in flesh broth, that thereby the milk will be much increased. For this also you may take this Plaster following: Take Parsley roots, and the herbs, Déeres suet, of each half an ounce, red Storax three drams, new oil of sweet Almonds three ounces, Barley meal one ounce and a half; let the roots seeth well, and stamp them to pap, and then mingle the rest amongst it, and lay it warm upon the Nipples, for it increaseth the milk. Item, take beaten Annis seeds two drams and a half, temper them with the broth of Colewoorts, and give it to the party to drink when she goeth to bed. Item, take Barley water, seeth therein green Fennel and Dill, make it sweet with Sugar, and drink thereof at your pleasure. The like doth Linséede sodden in the broth of fresh meat and drunken. Some believe, that if a woman do drink a dram of fine powdered Crystal with Honey or Barley water, that thereby the milk will marvelously increase. Some impute the like operation to be in the prepared sapphire stone, if the same be tempered with water, and the breasts wetted therewith. I account neither of them good: but they that will may try them, for the cannot be hurtful. Against the superfluity of Milk. §. 5. IT cometh oftentimes to pass when women have lain in, that their Breasts do happen to swell through the abundance of milk, and do bring more inconveniences with them; namely, that sometimes the whole body thereby wasteth: for the greater abundance there is of milk, so much the more blood is thereby consumed: if it be not sucked out, then doth it clod and cougeale, hardeneth and turneth at the last with great pain into an imposthume. The causes hereof are superfluous blood, much eating and drinking, and especially such kinds of meats as engender blood. Therefore must the same be in the beginning prevented, and those kinds of meats refrained; and to eat and drink but little. And in case there be much superfluous blood, then in the mother vein to be opened, that thereby the blood may be drawn downwards. Otherwise, there be two means to take away this superfluous blood: The first mean is through the use of Rue, and chief of wild Rue with their seeds, Basil and Coming stamped together, if one take of them every day one quarter of an ounce, the same drieth the milk. The herb Rapistrum is very forcible for the same, the which may appear in Swine: for when they eat of this herb, then are they rid and quit of all their milk, whereby the Pigs are constrained to starve. You may also lay these hot things on their Breasts. But these following are more sure: Take Rosin as much as you think good, temper it with the Cream of milk, spread it on a cloth, and lay it lukewarm over the Breasts. Item, take eight ounces of Honey, and two pints of water, let them seeth well together, and scum it well, and then wet therein a thréefolded cloth, and lay in on the breasts; and when it is cold, take another: this driveth away the Milk. Item take chickweed, let it seeth in goats milk, or in water, lay it over the Breasts. Also the water of Knotgrass or Venice soap water, are both very good, used as before. Item take one drag. of Saffron, eight ounces of Malmsey, wet a cloth therein, and lay it on the Breasts, as aforesaid. Item, take green garden Mints, stamp them and mix them with oil of Roses, and do as before. And for this purpose is the oil of Mints also very good. Item, take Beane meal mingled with vinegar, and sodden to a pap or grout, tempered with oil oil of Roses to a plaster, and lay it on the Breasts. Take Beane meal four ounces, oil of Roses and red vinegar as much as needeth for to make a plaster. Or Beane meal and of Lentils, of each two ounces, Saffron one quarter of an ounce, oil of Roses as much as is needful: all which foresaid things do dry up the milk. For the clotted or congealed Milk in the Breasts. §. 6. THis congealing of the Milk in the breasts may proceed as well of heat, as of cold: Or that the Milk is too gross, and cannot have passage through the veins into the Breasts, or cannot be sufficiently sucked out, and there congealeth, hardeneth, putrefieth, and impostumateth. The tokens thereof are manifest, as hardening, inflammation, and pain in that place where the milk is congealed, that if one do draw or wring the Breast, yet doth it give no Milk at all. To prevent therefore this congelation, women must keep themselves very sober in eating and drinking, use moist meats that may make subtle milk. For this is requisite, Mints, Parsley, Saffron, and Cinnamome in their meats, and their drink must be neat white wine, and use commonly this following for the congealed milk. Take grated white bread as much as you will, new milk, and oil of Roses, of each a like much, for to make pap thereof; let these seeth together, and lay it warm upon the breasts; it dissolveth knots and swellings that proceed of congealed milk. Item, if the milk do pain any body, then take Cork, kindle it well, and then powne it to powder, temper it with oil of Roses and a little Vinegar, and therewith anoint the breasts. Or take of the fat of a Kid one ounce and a half, liquid Styrax one ounce, Wormwood one ounce and a half, Coming and Dill seeds, of each one drag. Annis seeds half a drag. Barley meal half an ounce, oil of Wormwood one ounce and a half; temper the rest amongst it being beaten small; and lastly put a little Saffron to it, and use it as aforesaid. This salve following is very good for to dissolve the congealed milk: Take Déeres suet three quarters of an ounce, liquid Styrax one ounce, Wormwood, Coming, and Dill seeds, of each one ounce, oil of Wormwood, Ducks grease, of each one ounce and a half: make an ointment or plaster thereof, and at the last add a scruple of Saffron to it. If this congealing of milk be with an inflammation, and that it were needful to cool more: then mix the mucilage of Fleawoort, of Fenegréeke, and Purslane seeds together, of each a like much: make of them with molten Wax an ointment, and therewith anoint the Breasts. Item, take chickweed without bruising it, apply it warm to the Breasts. Item take the juice of Colewoorts, of Nightshade, and of Coriander, of each a like quantity: This being mingled together, lay it with a cloth warm upon the Breasts. Also beat Rose vinegar and oil of Roses together, use it as before. Likewise Colewoort leaves or their juice mixed with Saffron easeth the pain. Take Fenegréeke meal, and make a plaster of it with oil of Violets and Vinegar. But if the Milk be augmented by extreme cold, then take water and wine together, and lay it on the Breasts. Or boil Camomile, Melilot, Fennell seeds, Annis seeds, Dill seeds, Fenegreeke, linseed, Southernwood, Ginger and Basill, which you will, and use it as hath been said, especially if there be not an Ague with it. That which is sodden mayest thou beat, and with the oil of Camomile make a plaster of it, and so apply it. The Bevercod and his oil is very good for the same purpose. And especial good plaster. Take the crumbs of white bread, Barley meal, Mustard seeds, Fennell, and Hollihocke roots roasted under the ashes, of each a like much, powne them well together, and with the oil of Camomile, make a plaster of them, and apply it warm on the Breasts: it softeneth the hard knots, dissolveth them, and suffereth them not to congeal again. Item take Mints, and make a plaster thereof with white bread and Vinegar. But if so be that this congealing grow to an imposthume, then make the Breast moist again (as is already declared) with warm wine & water, also with the foresaid pap of Mints and crumbs of white bread, or Myrrh mixed with Saffron and Bread. But if this impediment happen to break, then cleanse it and heal it as you do other tumors; whereof shortly hereafter you shall have a sufficient declaration. For the hardness and inflammation of women's breasts. §. 7. Whereas the Breasts, not through the congealing of the milk, but through other occasions chance to be hard and inflamed, they which may soon be felt with the hand, or discerned with the eye: then may you use for the same any of these things following, which you will. First lay Rice about four hours long to steep in wine, afterwards seeth it well, and lay it on the Breast: Or temper Rice meal with oil of Violets, and the white of an egg, putting thereto a little dissolved Dragagant. Iten take sifted Beane meals and Barley meal, of each one ounce, Linseed meal & Fenegreeke meal, of each half an ounce, temper it to a salve with oil of Roses: Lastly, ad thereto one scruple of Saffron, spread it on a cloth, and so lay it over the hardness and the whole Breast. Item take Barley meal & Beans meal, of each three ounces, beaten Coming half an ounce, oil of Violets one ounce, Deeres suet one ounce and a quarter; make thereof a plaster with the water of Sorrell: and for this is also to be used that which is described in the sixth §. of the congealing of Milk through heat. This plaster following is exceeding good: Take the flowers of Mallows, Violets, Celendine, Daisies, and Cinquefoil, of each a handful; let them seethe together in sufficient water, until there remain eight ounces: then strain it, and mingle it with wheaten meal, to the consistence or perfection of a thick pap, than temper with it Hen's grease, or Swine's suet, and so let it seethe together unto the plaster. This must you spread on a cloth as thick as a finger, and lay it morning and evening upon the inflamed and sore Breast. Another. Take Beane meal and powdered Mints, of each three quarters of an ounce, powder of read Mints half an ounce, prepared Coriander and Pease meal, of each one dram, Roses half a dram, two ounces of fresh butter, mucilage of linseed one ounce, muscillage of Fenegreeke three quarters of an ounce, sheeps suet and Duck's grease, of each one ounce, the yolk and egg, oil of Turpentine half an ounce, Saffron three grains: temper them all together and make a salve thereof. Item take the crumbs of two or three white loaves (according as their bigness is) Salad oil three ounces, powned Hollihocke roots one ounce and a half, Fenegreeke meal half an ounce, two yolks of eggs, oil of Roses and of Camomile, of each one ounce, mingle them all together, and lay them upon the Breasts. Item take earth worms as many as you will, wash them with wine, & burn them to powder in a tied stopped pot, temper this powder with oil of Roses and of Lilies, and therewith anoint the Breast, and cover it over with fatty sheeps wool wrapped in a cloth. This maturateth very well and suageth the pain. This powder is also highly commended, taken with some sweet things, against the worms is the belly, the weight of a dram and a half, and is in like sort very good against the yellow jaundice. Of the tumours of swelling of the Breast. §. 8. TAke broad Plaintaine and Purslane, of each one handful, stamp them to pap, Commomill, Melilot, of each one ounce, Barley meal four ounces; temper them being small with oil of Violets and Roses amongst the juice, until it wax to be a thick salve. And lastly, mingle amongst it half an ounce Gummi Helenij, dissolved in strong vinegar, spread it on a cloth and lay it on the swelling. Item, take Salld oil and Cow dung, mingle them and strain them through a cloth; then put Fenegréeke meal amongst it, until it will serve for a plaster. Or take Peach leaves only; or as much Rue with them; stamp them to powder, let them seeth in water until it be a pap: lay it on the swelling: it easeth the pain, and ripeneth the imposthume. This salve is also highly commended: Take Plantain and Mallows, of each one handful, the lesser Housléeke six handfuls; let all be sodden green until it be a growt, strain it out, then add unto it three ounces of the oil of Roses, beaten Camomile Melilot, of each one ounce, Barley meal four ounces, Bdellium, dissolved in vinegar one quarter of an once: let them seeth together unto the consistence of a plaster. Of the Impostumation of the Breasts. §. 9 THese impostumations do proceéed of two special causes: First, of congealing of the milk whereof is written already: Secondly, of other bad rheums that sink into these parts and there putrify, breeding there divers accidents: as namely, the Canker, Kingwoorme, Gangrene, and such like. According to the nature of the foresaid rheum, it happeneth also quickly, in women which have not their Terms, that their Breasts do impostumate by reason of the abundance of blood, that taketh his course thither. The signs of this grief are, that the woman hath not conceived nor can give suck, that this swelling doth not divide itself into many places, but remaineth in one place only. If it be caused of blood, than is the Breast full of pain, with beating and redness. Or if it come of Cholera, then is the pain greater, the breast redder, and yellowish, and with greater agues and more heat than that which proceedeth of blood. If it be of Phlegma, then is there small pain, and no ague with it: the Breast is white, with a small tumour. For to remedy this must the cause be known: If it proceed of blood, than first of all open the mother vein on the same side where the sore is, for to withdraw the matter thereby. But if there be any want of the Terms or flowers, then are they to be provoked by all means possible; and in the augmenting of the swelling must the Liver vein be opened, or at leastwise the Median: afterwards temper oil of Roses, with Vinegar, and wet a cloth therein, and lay it four times a day upon it: You may also seeth Camomile therein. Of these things following you may use which you will. Take Beane meal, Fenegréeke meal, Linséede meal, and crumbs of white bread, of each one ounce, Myrrh half an ounce, Saffron one drag. and a half, roasted Hollihocke roots four ounces, four yolks of eggs, oil of Violets, and Linséede oil, of each three quarters of an ounce: if it be too hard, then make it softer with water, and use it till that the swelling be ripened. Or make this following: Take six ounces of clarified honey, Barley meal two ounces and a half, two yolks of eggs, Mayrrhe and Sarcocolla, of each half a dram, let the honey and the meal seeth together until it be méetly thick, stir them the yolks of the eggs amongst it, and at last the powder. But if you will have it more cooling. put thereto three ounces of the oil of Roses, and honey of Roses four ounces, and six ounces more of Barley meal. This is a wonderful plaster for to consume and cleanse all swellings, not only of the breasts, but also of all other members. Item, take Ireos, as much as you please, cut it small, then put as much oil Roses thereon as will cover the Ireos' root, let it seethe very well, and strain it; afterwards put one half ounce of Ireos unto it, oil of Voilets four ounces, Ceruse, Wax, and Mastic, of each one drag. and therewith anoint the Breast. When as then this Tumour is sufficiently maturated, and will break out, then make pap of Wheat meal, Salad oil, and common water. If it will not break out of it self, then is it to be opened with a Lanset, and afterwards cleanse it with Honey, the juice of Smallage, yolks of Eggs and Turpentine, and a salve made thereof. Or take the common salve unguentum de Apio mundificatiwm, unguentum de Apio mundificatiwm. the which is thus to be prepared: Take clarified Honey, & the clear juice of Smallage, of each one ounce, Wheat meal three quarters of an ounce, temper them together: This is also good for all Fistulas and Carbuncles. This Salve is to be used for any kind of sore, with a Tent or Lint for to cleanse the same. But if this Tumour be caused of cold, then are all warming oils to be used thereto, as of Lilies, Spike, and Bevercod, and such like: And you may lay thereon water of Honysuckles, whereby divers are helped: but washed with water of Cardus Benedictus, and the powder of the same strewed thereon, helpeth above all others. All things that are ordained in the first part, the 13. Chapter and 1. §. against the uncleanness of the mouth, are also commodious for this. For to maturate, take six fat Figs, green Cresses, Dock roots, Holy-hock roots, Lily roots, Fenegréeke meal, and linseed meal, of each one ounce, let them seeth well to a pap, stamp it well together, and temper it with three ounces of Barrowes grease, this suageth the pain, and ripeneth exceedingly. When as this imposthume is sufficiently ripened, open it with a Lanset in the lower part of the same, or with a Corsie, afterwards cleanse and heal it, as you do all other impostumes. For the Canker in the Breasts. §. 10. HItherto hath only been spoken of the impostumes & tumours of the breasts, whereof otherwhiles do spring and grow the Canker, Fistulas, & other inconveniences: but here will we only discourse particularly of the Canker, worm, and Fistula of the breasts. For the sore which the Chirurgeons call the worm, this is their common plaster: Take Rye & Wheat meal of each alike much, temper amongst it about one third part of Copper powdered small, and make a dough thereof with Rose water, spread it on a cloth, and lay it warm thereon; but this availeth not much, a better way must be taken to cure this malady, and so to withstand this Canker or worm. First, it is very needful that the patiented at least thrice a month be purged of melancholic humours, that he keep a good diet in meat and drink, and use always such things as are somewhat cooling, & very much moistening. Also he must eschew all sharp, salt, windy, and fat things, and such as are soon corrupted in the stomach, & chief from all that increaseth Choleram, and Melancholiam. For to prevent this, prepare this drink following. Take Thymus one quarter of an ounce, the roots of Polypody and Seine, of each one dragm, the seeds of Gourds, Cucumbers, Pompous beaten, and Violets, of each one dram and a half, Cinnamome, yellow Rapeseed, of each one scruple, let them seethe altogether in eight ounces of Hopwater even to the half, strain it, afterward take of this clear decoction and temper therewith three ounces of the whey of Goat's milk, and so drink it warm, and fast six hours after it. Secondly make this plaster following: Take Fenegreeke and Barley meal, of each two ounces, Mallows 3. handfuls, of great Houseleek 8. handfuls, of small Houseleek 4. handfuls of the oil of Roses six ounces, brayed in a leaden mortar: seethe the herbs in whey, afterward beat them altogether to pap, and temper the other things amongst it. Then let it seethe again in six ounces of the water of Nightshade until it be sodden away. The patiented is first to anoint the sore with oil of Roses that is brayed in a leaden mortar, and afterwards let him lay this plaster following upon the sore, and the foresaid oil must be also prepared. Take one pound of the oil of Roses, put it into a leaden mortar, and bray it with a leaden pestle three or four hours long. This plaster cooleth, suageth the pain, and preserveth one from all other corrosion. Thirdly, if this Canker corrode any further, then must it by two manner of ways be hindered: first, by laying somewhat on the sore: secondly, by applying somewhat about the sore. The first shall be prepared as followeth. Take Barley meal four ounces, of the oil of Violets, oil of Roses, prepared with lead, of each three ounces, four whites of Eggs, prepared Tutty two ounces, Bloudstones that be stamped ten times in a leaden mortar, with the water of water Lilies one ounce, afterwards bray the whites of Eggs a great while with the oil tempered amongst the Barley meal: and lastly, the Tutia, and Bloudstone, and then therewith anoint small taints, and lay them on the sore. The Second. TAke of the foresaid oil of Roses prepared with lead one ounce and a half, the juice of Nightshade two ounces, Starch one ounce, fine Bolus one ounce and a half, sealed earth two ounces, temper them all together in a leaden mortar, and therewith anoint round about the Canker or disease of the breast. Of the Fistula of the Breasts. §. 11. IF this or any other sore of the breast would turn to a Fistula, then look what hath been said in the first part the seventh Chapter and 11. §. of the Fistula of the eyes: likewise that which is written in the third Chapter and fift part, of the impostumes of the arsegut, wherein you shall find sufficient remedies. Of the Clefts or chaps of the Nipples. §. 12. TAke fresh molten suet of young Lambs powered on water, and afterwards washed with water of Roses as much as you please, and therewith anoint the Nipples. Item, take Gum of the Cherry tree, and Frankincense, of each one ounce, Wax and Gum of each half an ounce: melt the Wax with one ounce of fresh butter or Barrowes grease, then mingle the rest amongst it, and use it as aforesaid. Take oil of Violets and oil of Eggs, of each three dragms, Heart's suet and Goat's suet, of each one quarter of an ounce, make as much as is needful for a salve. Here before in the first part, the tenth Chapter and 1. §. there are set forth two good salves, that do also serve well for this purpose. Take a white Lily leaf out of his oil, and lay it on the Nipples, it is very good. All these foresaid means cannot hurt the child, although it do suck at the same breasts. What the hair on the Breasts doth signify. §. 13. THe Philosophers do agree all together in this, that all they that have no hair on their breasts, or very little, are more timorous, fearful, and much slower of nature, than they be that have much hair upon their breasts, who are at all times more manly, stout, and courageous. The fourth Chapter. Of the Back in general. ON the upper parts of the Rump is the backbone, which (as is said) standeth deep into the body about the shoulders and ribs: but on both the sides is the back somewhat higher. This beginneth at the neck, and reacheth downwards even to the fundament. Four and twenty sundry bones are imputed unto it, the which the Greeks do call Spondyli, and the Latinists Vertebras, and in our language, the chine or back bones. The neck hath seven, which are less than all the rest. The back hath twelve: five stand also close to the loins, whereon the last and utmost piece of the back bone is fastened, which is called the Rump, in Latin Cauda, or the Tail, which is joined together of three pieces, and is a Gristle or Tendrell. The foresaid pieces of the backbones are all hollow within, filled with marrow, the which is not much unlike the brains in substance, and yet an offspring and beginning of all hard sinews. This substance of the brains may be assimilated to a plentiful fountain, whereof many small brooks and divers streams do flow, which we call Sinews, whereby we have both motion and feeling. These Sinews are about threescore, which do come all of them (each through his own passage) from the backbone, and spread themselves into all the members of man's body, where they cause both moving and feeling. From them do the hands and feet, all parts of the face, and the bowels (the instruments of the voice only excepted) receive their sinews, whereby they do move and are holden together. Therefore doth it also happen, that whensoever any of these Chinebones, through the which the sinews do pass, are wrinched or bruised, either by falling, striking, or any other way, some parts are thereby lamed, lose their sense and feeling, and otherwhiles deadly diseases are thereby procured, even as it is mentioned in divers places of this book, so that we purpose not to discourse here of any other thing, but of the pain or ache in the back, and of the crookedness of the same. Of the pain in the Back. §. 1. THis pain in the back proceedeth of Rheums that fall into the sinews of the muscles, or of great labour, and such like occasions, for the which these things following are good. Take Mugwoort, Melilot, and Camomile, of each one handful and a half, Melilot seeds heated in a pan, four M. the herbs and flowers chopped small, mix them all together in a little bag, and lay them warm upon the back bone, use it often and that fasting. Afterwards, anoint the back bone with this salve: Take oil of Spike, oil of Lilies, of each half an ounce, oil of Camomile and Dill, of each one ounce, Saffron, Lavanderspike, Madder, and agrimony, of each one dram, Mastic and Squinant, of each one scruple, Wa● as much as is requisite for to make a salve. Item, seeth Nep in your meat, which draweth the noisome and grievous matter out of the neck, it driveth also away all pain in the shoulders and back bones marvelously, if it be stewed in the said broth. In like manner take Siluermountaine seed, seeth it in water, and drink thereof twice or thrice a week, every time three or four ounces, for it is very good against all weariness, and pain in the back and reins. Anoint the backbone with bears grease: Also the oil of a Fox is effectual against all pains of the backbone, reins, kidneys, and Gout, the which is thus to be prepared. Oil of a Fox Uncase or flay off the skin of a young Fox, take out his bowels, and cast him in fountain water, and sea water or salt water. Put thereto three pounds of Salad oil, Salt three ounces. When it is almost sod, then put unto it Dill and Thymus, of each twelve ounces, let it seeth together till the flesh fall from the bones, and when all the water is sodden away, then strain it. The oil of Bricks, which is described in the first part, is also passing good for this, either by itself, or when it is tempered with some other things. Of the pain in the backbone that proceedeth from the kidneys, of the gravel and other things more, shall be spoken elsewhere. Of the crooked Back. §. 2. THere are three sorts of this: The first doth come before, the second behind, and the third groweth on the left or right side. Children are more subject to this disease than aged folk, by reason that their bones be féebler, easier to be wrested & wrung out of their natural place. This happeneth of inward and outward causes. The outward be falls, blows, stripes, ill handling of young children, racking and such like bad dealing with young tender children. The inward causes do come of the Cramp, contraction of the sinews, abundant wind, rheums, smellings & such like, that settle themselves in the back bone, and do thrust and wrench awry the young weak bones. The signs of the Cramp, that cometh through great inanition, is manifested and apparent by the consumption and faintness of the whole body. The signs of the windiness are, if the patiented that hath the crook Back have much griping and contractions in the Back. If there be any imposthume approaching, then is there great pain in the back, or in some certain place of the same, with a strong Ague and vehement pulse. But if there be but one of the Back bones wrested out of his place, then must it needs follow, that the Ribs which are fastened therein, be also drawn overthwart, whereby the body must be crooked, and the shoulder blades raised, the which maketh an unhandsome breast and uncomely body, as daily experience teacheth us. Now to prevent this mischance betimes, it is first counseled for all young folks and children, as followeth: so that at all times according to the age (as much as is possible) every one may know how to frame himself thereafter. Take Coming, Caraway, Fennell, and Annis seeds, of each two handfuls, Rue seeds three handfuls, Bran six handfuls; make it all together very warm in a pan on the hot ashes, put it then all together into a dry bag, & lay it upon the place where the pain is: and when the place is well warmed, then anoint it with this salve following. Take mucilage of Fenegreek and of Linséed, of each one ounce, oil of white Camelina, oil of sweet Almonds, oil of blue Flower deluce, of each one ounce and a half, Plaster de Muscilaginibus, (which in the first Part the sixth Chapter and seventh §. is described) four ounces; melt this with Wax as much as is needful: Lastly, add unto them two scruples of Saffron: do this four days together. Afterwards must the crook Back be bounden together with bolsters and other things, as need shall require, and renew the binding every morning: Or else without putting the child to pain, do this six days one after another; and this being done, return to the laying on of the bag, and anointing with the foresaid salve, which shall be also used four days together: afterwards lay this plaster following upon the Back bone and shoulder that is wrenched. Take of the foresaid plaster de Muscilaginibus two ounces, Oxycrocei plaster one ounce and a half, spread these upon a cloth or leather, and lay this plaster thereon, bind it very carefully as aforesaid, and let it lie so six days without opening of it. The Oxycrocei plaster is also good for this by itself, and profitable, which you may also find always ready at the Apothecaries, like as is here described after three manner of ways. The plaster of Oxycroceum is thus prepared: Take Wax, Pitch, Rosin, Saffron, Oxycroceum. of each one ounce and a half, Turpentine, Galbanum Ammoniacum, Myrrh, Frankincense, and Mastic, of each half an ounce, Vinegar one ounce, dissolve therein the Ammoniacum and Galbanum, then seeth them so long until they become thick, and until that the vinegar be sodden away, then melt herewith the Wax, Pitch, and Turpentine, but the Mastic, Frankincense, and Myrrh shall you temper herewith first beaten small; when this is mingled all together, then strew the Saffron therein, and mingle them all together very well. Item, take Ammoniacum, Sagapenum, Galbanum, of each half an ounce, Pitch four ounces, Rosine, Wax, of each six ounces, Mastic, Frankincense, & Myrrh, of each one quarter of an ounce, Turpentine three ounces, and Saffron half an ounce; and make it up as aforesaid. Oxycroceum Vigonis. TAke eight ounces of Salad oil, Hollihocke roots, the lesser Consolida roots, of each half a handful, Myrrh, Frankincense, of each one dram, Roses one dram and a half: you are to cut and seeth the herbs and roots in red wine and water until half be consumed: strain them hard out, and in this decoction boil the oil, put thereto also Bucks suet two ounces: afterwards seeth it again so long until all the moisture be sodden away, then put thereto three ounces of Lytharge of gold, Bolus, sealed earth, of each two ounces, red Lead one ounce and a quarter, Wax one ounce, and whilst it is hot ad unto it two ounces of Turpentine, Mastic one drag. and lastly, whilst it is soft, put thereto one ounce & a half of powned Saffron, as is afore said. This last is marvelously used of the Chirurgeons. They are all of them not only good against the crook back, but also for all fractures, and other members which are pained, and they mollify and consume all hardness. It is also good for these children sometimes to drink the water of Southernwood, of Hollihockes, of blue Flower deluce, of each one ounce tempered, and to use three days after one scruple of this powder following: Take half an ounce of the seeds of Smallage, one dram of Coming, Parsley seeds, Annis seeds, and liquorice mixed, of each two scruples. And you may give the patiented to eat after meat, a piece of the Confection of Pistacium or Cinnamome. And there is to be strewed upon his meat some of this powder following: Take half an ounce of good Cinnamome, liquorice, and Hollihocke seeds, of each half a scruple, Saffron one scruple, stamp them all together, and mingle them one amongst another. If this patiented be but ten or twelve years old, then were it very good twice in a week, always before supper, that he swallow one of these pills following: Take prepared Aloe one dram and a half, Bdellium half a dram, Smallage seeds half a scruple, and make seven pills of a dram. But if on an aged body there grow a crooked back, then must he use the pills of Hermodactilis, Foetidae, or Cochiae to purge withal. All the meats that he is to use, must be hot unto the second, and dry in the first degree, therefore must his chamber be always kept with a fire of Fir-wood, juniper wood and such like, that must burn therein, & to fume the same with Bay leaves, white Mints, Penniroyall, Styrar, Laudanum, Cypers wood, Gallia Muschata, Sandaraca, Lignum Aloes, Frankincense, Mastic, and such like, each alone, or tempered together. He must forbear cloudy weather, rain, and dews, and use no exercise: also he must not sleep much, nor lie much on the same side of the crooked back, and he must refrain lying upon his back, that his breath be not thereby painful to be drawn: watching is also ill for him. Further, he must forbear all that is made of meal: but Kid's flesh, Mutton, Hares, Roe dear, and young bears flesh are very good for him, and specially if the same be dressed with garden Mints, wild Mints, wild Thime, parsley, and Balm. Of fowls these be good for him, Hens, Capons, Pullet's, young Pigeons, Pheasants, Partridges Turtle doves, and wild Pigeons, either boiled or roasted, being dressed with the foresaid herbs. He may also eat roasted Ducks, and also all field fowls: but Quails (by reason of their moisture) he shall leave. Fish is not good for him, and especially those that be sodden, except they be dressed with the foresaid herbs: but being roasted they are for his disease most meet, except Eels, Crabs, Mussels, Oysters, the which very seldom are to be used: and he must forbear all Beans. All herbs of cold natures are hurtful for him, as Lettuce, Borage, Purslane, spinach, etc. Of all seeds he may use them that are of a warm nature, as Coming, Caraway, Annis seeds, Parsley seed, Cardamome, and Greines. Touching roots, the wild and tame yellow Rapes or Turnips, and also all other Turnips may he use: but he must beware of Onions, Garlic, and Radishes. No herbs of cold natures are meet for his salads, neither yet Capers; but Rapunculu●, Sperage, Hop sprigs, may pass well enough, dressed rather with wine then with vinegar. Salted or powdered Verivice, the juice of Lemons, and juice of Oranges be tolerable: but he must beware of eager Vinegar, and Pomegranate wine. He may use all manner of spice (but soberly always in his meat) he must forbear all cold and new fruit, as Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches, etc. but in the stead thereof he may eat Raisins, dried Figs, Almonds, and Hasell Nuts. His drink must be small Beer, or some thin well savouring wine, he may water the wine with some water, wherein Cinnamome or liquorice hath been decocted. But above all other, it were good for him (if he can come by it) for to use from the midst of September to the midst of March, this drink following, or at leastwise temper his wine therewith. Take Well water seven quarts, clear Honey four and twenty ounces, Ammy flowers, and Marjoram gentle, of each one drag. Basill seed half a drag. Artichoke roots three drag. Rue seeds two scruples, shaving of liquorice and Annis seeds, of each three drag. let the water and honey seethe together till there be about two quarts sodden away, letting it remain still all a night, and in the morning make it hot again and strain it through a cloth, preserve it being stopped close, for it will do him good. The learned do give counsel accordingly, that every such patient must purge twice a year, to wit, in the beginning of Summer, and beginning of Winter, and that according as a learned Physician shall advise him. Further, for this disease of the crooked back are two things to be regarded: first, that it do not increase: secondly, how to take away the same. For which, this plaster following is to be made. Take oil of Camomile, oil of Lilies, and Althaea salve, of each one ounce, oil of Foxes one ounce and a half, oil of Spike one quarter of an ounce, soft Stirax one quarter of an ounce, Cypers, Sage, Marjoram gentle, Squinant, Stechas, Wormwood, Melilot, and linseed, of each half a handful, prepared Earthwoormes, and Nutmegs, of each one ounce, Hollihockes, half an ounce, seeth these all together in a pint of Wine unto the half, then strain it through a cloth, and make a hard plaster thereof with Wax and Turpentine. But before this plaster is to be laid upon it, the crook back must be well fomented with this following: Take Hollihocks two handfuls, Calmus half an ounce, Mallows, Camomile, Dill, linseed, and Melilot, of each one handful, Spike, Squinant, Fennell, Coming, Wormwood, and Stechas, of each half a handful, cut them small, and let them seeth well. And it were also very good that he used these pills all the year, take prepared Aloe one ounce, Opopanacum, Sagapenum, of each half a dram, temper them all with the juice of Roses, take one pill thereof about the fourth day every evening before meat: and if so be that he do take twice a month the weight of one dram of these pills one hour after supper, it is very good for him and good advice. These confections following shall also be prepared for him: Take betony, Stechas, An especial remedy against the crook back. Marjoram gentle, Bdellion, Mastic, Rue seed, and cinnamon, of each one quarter of an ounce, powned Calmus three drams, roots of Artichokes one dram and a half, red and white Behen, Saffron and Nutmegs, of each three scruples, liquorice four scruples, Honey of confected Ginger twelve ounces, and white Sugar two ounces, whereof take throughout the whole year before meat the quantity of a Nutmeg. And this is a special mean whereby this disease may be helped. But if the patient cannot take of it every day, yet is he notwithstanding to use the same every third day, or twice a week. Many things commodious for the crook back. SEcondly, all these things following are good for this crook back, Zeduary chewed, or laid upon the outside, likewise Calmus be it confected or otherwise used, Centory is very good for all infirmities of the sinews, howsoever they be. Gum Sagapenum in manner of a plaster laid thereon, or anointed therewith, is very forcible for it. Mucilage of Fenegréeke made with lie, and the shoulders and all the backbone rubbed therewith. Sulphur baths alone have oftentimes brought that to pass, through a hole whereby the vapour may come against the back. The decoction of Sperage being drunken, is very good for this. A good salve. Take oil of Bricks one ounce, oil of Costus half an ounce, the plaster Ceroneum Nicolai three ounces, temper them together, and therewith anoint the backbone for the space of one whole month when one goeth to bed: then cover it with sheeps wool. Betony sodden in all meats is very commodious, or a dram thereof powdered drunken with Honey water. The roots of Briony sodden, and the decoction thereof used for Clysters, is also very good, and the whole backbone fomented or bathed therewith. Of the shoulder blades. §. 3. THe shoulder blades do suffer sometimes great pain, and that through many kind of causes, like as through any choleric or phlegmatic humours that be mingled with some blood, and fall down into the shoulder blades, and there provoke pain, that spreadeth itself afterwards into other members, which is known by feeling and handling of it. For this, make this salve following: Take oil of yellow Violets one ounce and a half, of Costus one ounce, ivory, red and white Saunders, and Roses, of each one dram, Starch one ounce and a half, Saffron one scruple, yolks of eggs two scruples, stamp all small that are to be stamped, and temper it in a mortar. Item, take mucilage of Fleawoort, Starch, of each one ounce and a half, Saffron one scruple, Roses, seeds of Plantain, Sorrel, and small Endive, of each half a dragm, and the yolks of two eggs, stamp all these small together, and then make them into a salve, and when you will use it, then let the shoulders be first well rubbed, and warm the salve. These things be also very good for all pains of the backbone and of the kidneys. For this also serveth the salves of Arragon, and Marciaton, oil of Saffron, oil of Foxes, and badger's grease, of each alike much tempered together. In like manner also the oil of Pieretrum, oil of Euphorbium tempered together, or each apart, do serve well for all old pains, for they are very hot. Further, all that is very commodious which purgeth the head; Cupping, or boxes set on the shoulders, being anointed with this salve following: take unripe Salad oil one ounce, oil of Euphorbium half an ounce, parched Salt beaten small one quarter of an ounce, and temper all together. If there come any such pain with any vehemency whereby the sleep is hindered, then take oil of sweet Almonds, oil of Camomile, of each half an ounce, oil of yellow Violets one ounce and a half, Duck's grease, badger's grease, and Saffron, of each one dram, make a salve thereof with Wax. Item, take Camomile, Melilot, Dill seed, Ameos, Balm, and Marjoram gentle, of each one ounce, let it seeth well, and put it together in a bladder, or (which is more commodious) into a sponge, and so lay it warm upon it. Or take Colewoort leaves, betony and Balm, of each three handfuls, Beane meal two ounces, Wheat meal and Linséed meal, of each one ounce and a half, Saffron one dram, and two yolks of eggs: Seeth the herbs until they be soft, then stamp them all together, and lay them on all together, as is done with other plasters. Of the Ribs. §. 4. AFter the said backbone and shoulder blades, there followeth amongst the outward members of the uppermost parts of the body the Ribs, whereof by nature there are twelve on each side, which is together four and twenty. The uppermost fourteen do meet together, whereby they join themselves in the backbone and on the breast, and become as it were one bone. The lowermost five of each side are named the short ribs, and there is not one man amongst a thousand, that hath 11. or 13. ribs in one side. When as then the Ribs through any outward cause, shall be thrust or broken out of their natural places, or else rotten through any long continued imposthume, the Chirurgeons must be entertained for them, unto whom I commit them; yet notwithstanding, these two remedies following are highly commended. If then any body have broken or sprung a rib, then take Elecampane roots, roasted amongst the ashes, beat them to growt, raw Honey, Butter, Horsgrease and Althaea salve, of each a like much, let it seeth well together: Secondly, use one of the foresaid plasters of Oxycroceo, and lay it over the ribs. Under and about the ribs cometh the most perilous sickness Pleuritis, which is the Pleurisy, of Pleura, whereby the Greeks call the ribs, whereof we will now write. Of the Pleurisy, Pleuritis, a sickness, with great pricking in the side. §. 5. THis sickness is described by Galen as followeth. Pleuritis is a pain of the side or of the ribs, which is spread abroad in the skin that covereth the ribs, even to the shoulders, with Agues, pricking pain, cold, short breath, and cough. He doth further describe the same sickness in another manner, saying: the Pleurisy cometh in the skin that covereth the ribs, with an inflammation of all the muscles thereabouts, with a strong Ague and with such pain, as though the whole ribs were thrust through with bodkins, with shortness of breath, slow pulse, which afterwards increaseth, with a vehement cough, sometimes without avoiding any thing, and otherwhiles by casting out of bloody matter. These manners of Pleurisies the learned do call Incoctas Pleuritides, which is unripe Pleurisies. It seemeth also sometimes that this pain doth stretch itself even to the throat, and is always with a strong ague and pricking in the side, whereby there followeth of necessity a shortness of breath. But this Pleurisy bringeth with it no spittle, and there is no other difference between it and the other Pleurisy, the which may be only differenced thereby, that at the last nothing is coughed up. All they then that have the Pleurisy without spitting, they will be plagued with a dry cough. Their pulse is faint, and showeth no inflaming in the breast, and there is no strong ague, nor any cumbrous breath therewith: and when one doth wring the patiented in the place of the pain, then will he feel pain; and by reason that there is no humour which may be inflamed in the breast, from the beginning, but in the outward muscles only, which humour being afterwards ripened, showeth itself outwardly as an imposthume, the which may be opened outwardly. Thus much testifieth Galen in this matter, whereby his successors do conclude, that there be two kinds of Pleurisies, to wit, a right and a bastard Pleurisy. Of the true Pleurisy hath here been spoken: the bastard Pleurisy is called that, which is opened on the outside. But we will in these and more other subtle descriptions not use many circumstances. First, there are many causes of these Pleurisies. The outward causes may be unnatural heat or cold, much exercise, Northern winds, even as these sicknesses do reign more in winter than summer, superfluous drinking of cold water or wine, carrying of heavy burdens, falling, straining, striking, and after great heat to come suddenly into the cold, as also by drinking much Must. The inward causes proceed by repletion of the whole body, and always most (above all other humours) through Cholera, afterwards of blood, thirdly of Phlegma, and very seldom of Melancholia. In like manner, wind may breed this false Pleurisy, the which may hereby be known, to wit, through anguish of the side without coughing, or with some small cough: and if the place be wrung or touched, then will it cause pain, that so swelleth otherwhiles and rankleth, that it breaketh out outwardly, or that it must be opened on the outside. The true tokens of the Pleurisy you heard out of Galens own words: but that it may be known of what humours it proceedeth, is to be marked by these words following; in that of Cholera the urine is yellow and thin, the pulse hard, swift, and continuing, the pain is great and pricking, the whole body yellowish, the spittle mingled with a little redness, there is much thirst approaching, with bitterness of the mouth, and no sleep, with divers other accidents more, which Cholera commonly causeth. But if the Pleurisy do proceed of blood, then is the urine red and thick, the spittle ruddy, the veins full, the pricking pain is not so big, but there is drought and anguish with it, the mouth is always sweet, the forehead and eyes are always heavy, the patiented is young of years and full of blood. The tokens of Phlegma are, when the spittle is white, when the pain is not too great, when there is but little thirst, and much sleep therewith, the urine is bleak, slow pulse, and other signs more that Phlegma accustometh to bring with it. The Melancholia causeth the spittle to be a little leaden coloured, wherewith is no soreness or continual pain. In like sort, there are certain tokens of life or death. The signs of death are these, when no remedies will help, and all accidents, as pain, pricking, shortness of breath daily increase: and contrariwise, it is a token of life, when all they diminish. Commonly the stitch in the left side is more perilous than that in the right side, for that it is nearer the hart. But to come to the remedies, then will we first take in hand the Pleurisy which proceedeth of heat and of blood. Of the Pleurisy of heat and blood. §. 6. WHen as any body getteth a pricking pain about the ribs in the side, with a cough and an Ague, then must he first use this Clyster following: Take 16. ounces of broth wherein a lambs head or calves feet be sodden. Put therein one ounce of flight Sugar, the yolk of one Egg, two ounces of Salad oil, Salt one dram and a half, temper them all together. If need be to make a strong Clyster, Take Pompeon seed, Cucumber seed, and Gourds, of each half a handful, Purslane seed & Lettuce seed powned together, of each one dram, Mallows, Béetes, Violets, and Mercury, of each half a handful; seethe them together in sufficient water even to the half part; then take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, and temper therein oil of Violets three ounces, Electuarium de Psyllio two ounces, Cassia and Tho. Sugar, of each half an ounce, Salt one quarter of an ounce; and set it warm. In like manner it is needful to let blood with speed. Therefore is the liver vein to be opened, and that (like as all learned and also Galen himself teacheth) in the same side where the pain is: for this helpeth very soon, and the other very slowly. But Rasis maketh this difference: If that the patiented be full of blood, than first must the vein be opened in the side where there is no pain, and that not only once, but also oftentimes, even as the sickness doth require, and the malady doth continue, the which may be forty days continually. But if there be great weakness or any other occasion at hand, that one durst not open the vein, then at the least set cups or boxes under the pain with much pricking, as the cause importeth. And after letting blood, them anoint the place of the pain or Stitch with oil of Camomile, oil of Dill, or with this salve following, the which is stronger: Take oil of sweede Almonds, oil of Violets, and unsalted Butter, of each one ounce, Althaea salve half an ounce, mucilage of Hollihocks, and of Frankincense, of each half an ounce, Wax as much as is needful: anoint the place therewith where the stitch is, and afterwards lay this plaster thereon: Take roasted Hollihocke roots three drams, Violets and Camomile, of each one quarter of an ounce, Barley meals three quarters of an ounce: Temper them together with the oil of Camomile and Violets as much as is needful for a plaster, and lay it warm on the place of the pain: It suageth the pain, and the stitch that proceedeth of hot Cholera. Another that is also very good. TAke dry Violets, red Saunders, Barley meal, the seeds of Mallows, Bran, Camomile, and Melilot, of each a like much, powne all that is to be powned, & make it with oil of Camomile and Wax to a plaster. And if therewith the pain do not cease and suage, than put Beane meal, Fenegreeke meal, and linseed meal unto it, of each one quarter of an ounce, and one Fig or twain: and use this so long, until the pain (as may seem to the eye) be delayed and suaged, and until the spittle avoid more easily. The order of diet. ALbeit that the abstinence from eating and drinking is very highly commended of all old Physicians, who have commanded for the first three or four days only Barley water to be used: yet is the custom of our country and nature, not to observe it so strictly: but (according to their command) to keep all possible abstinence, is very good advice, yet in such manner, that nature, aswell through such great abstinence, as by reason of the sickness itself, be not overthrown. Others do prescribe as followeth: If the sick body the first or second day do cough up no phlegm, then is he to be kept with Barley water only: But if he hath been purged and let blood, then shall he at noon drink Barley water, or the decoction of red Pease: At night he is to be fed with the crumb of white bread, that is steeped in sugared Almond milk, and after it to drink a good draft or twain of Almond milk. When as he cougheth up much phlegm, then may he eat well of a sugared Pomegranate, and so moderate himself three or four days. Afterwards, when the phlegm beginneth to be white or red, and to come easily, then may one let him sup up a little broth of a Pullet, with a little Saffron, which strengtheneth the hart and ripeneth phlegm. Is the matter cold? then let a little Hyssop and Parsley roots be sodden therein. For a cold Pleurisy a little wine may be well afforded, the which in a hot Pleurisy is not to be permitted. After the seventh day must his meat be the broth of Pullet's, Barley pap, stewed Raisins, Figs, Prunes that are always dressed with a little Saffron, or Parsley roots. Sometimes also are good broiled river fish, and roasted Pullet's or Chickens permitted. And when as the Ague hath clean forsaken the patiented, then may he eat measurably Pullet's, Partridges, Capons, Turtle doves, Pigeons, Rabbits, & rear eggs, until he have thoroughly recovered his health. He must also keep himself always warm, and to sweat a mornings: he may otherwhiles for pleasure eat Raisins, Figs, Pine apple kernels, and also two or three Dates, yet he must always have regard that he keep a soluble body: & to this end these herbs following are to be dressed and used; as spinach, Orage, Borage, Lettuce, Violets and Mallows, with Almond milk, the which is good also for all hot coughs: sheeps feet sodden very mellow are passing good for him. His bread must be wheaten or barley well baked; sops of bread and Almond milk with Sugar pennets, are very meet for him. Contrarily, he must abstain from Vinegar, Verivice, and all sour and salted things; and likewise from eating and drinking too much. Also from smoke, wind, loud crying, wrath and sorrow, and above all, is carnal copulation hurtful. Hereafter have you yet many more potions that serve for such hot Pleurisies. Wine must be for this utterly forborn, and in stead thereof he must be cherished with Almond milk, or with sugared Barley water, the which for all Pleurisies is much used and commended. And it is principally to be dressed in this manner: Barley water. Take peeled Barley one pound, wash it very clean, afterwards power nine pound of water unto it, and let it seeth even to the half; then strain it through a cloth. This is good for all infirmities of the breast: it looseth phlegm, and withstandeth the Ague. Some do seeth with this barley water, Figs, juiubes, Currans or liquorice, and such like, every one according to his own pleasure. Some do take vine Snails out of their shells, and seeth them with the Barley water, which cause the tough slime in the breast to avoid and drive it out. For dainty folks you may prepare this decoction: Take a Hen or a Pullet, seeth therewith a good handful of Barley until the flesh go from the bones, strain it, and temper it with the foresaid Barley water. Item, take white bread crumbs, bind them in a fine cloth, stéep them in Barley water, strain them often thorough, and put thereto as much Sugar as you please. Item, take peeled Barley half a handful, juiubes, Sebestes, of each ten, or in their stead five Figs, one ounce and a half of Raisins, liquorice and Currans, of each half an ounce, cut all that is to be cut by a mild fire in as much water as you think good. Or take liquorice cut small three quarters of an ounce, Currans two ounces, Sugar candy one ounce, Barley a good spoonful, and a pint of water or as much as you will, let it seethe till about the third part remain, and use it as above. To every such patiented is not only forbidden wine, & other things, but also spices, Mustard, Garlic, hard and old flesh, Eggs, Cheese, Milk, and all that is dressed therewith, he must forbear all fruits and herbs, except such as be soluble and do open the body. In fine, all that warmeth and hindereth the ripening of phlegm, like as all sour and cold things do. Here follow many things against the Pleurisy. SO soon as the common people find not speedy amendment of the expert Physicians, then will they be incensed therewith and discontented, and will go seek for other counsel: therefore are these things following very well to be used, where there is any great heat approaching: Take Corn roses one quarter of an ounce, stamp them, and wring out the juice, and drink it with Violet water in the beginning of the sickness: it is a very good remedy. This following is commended for an especial mastery in the Pleurisy: Take the red skin out of the Hasell nut and their shales, make them very dry, stamp them, and give them to the patiented twice or thrice a day with Carduus Benedictus water, or Endive water. But if you will have it stronger, then use the red skin alone, take out that which is in the shell, and leave the shell, and give him thereof a scruple, which sufficeth at one time. Some do counsel for to take the water of water Lilies before the Pleurisy be full possessed, for a preservation of the Pleurisy. But I cannot well agree thereto. A wonderful remedy that might be tried. TAke a tooth of a wild Boar, file from it two scruples, and drink this powder with Scabious water or Well water: And you may also take it with two or three ounces of sweet oil of Almonds; for the oil of sweet Almonds (taken with Sugar candy) is a blessed medicine for the Pleurisy. This is also good for it, conserve of Violets, and of water Lilies; and both these sirupes, to wit, the sirupes of Endive and Pomegranates, and specially the cold tragacanth losings which are described in the first part, the 14. Chapter and 2. §. In like manner the confection of Diapenidion, Diapapaver, and conserve of Roses, and in great distress and weakness Pearl sugar, which is called Diamargariton Frigidum. These waters following are also very good for this sickness, as water of Carduus Benedictus, of Dandelion, of Levisticum, of Cicorie, Violets, Borage, bugloss, and all that is made with all manner of Sugar candies, Sugar pennets, and of liquorice. And heed must alway be taken, that the patiented in the time of this sickness have always an open body, the which may always easily be brought to pass, through the common Clysters and Suppositories, whereof we have here before mentioned twain, the which may be made stronger or weaker, according as need requireth. Likewise it is very commodious also to give the patiented two ounces of Manna, within three ounces of broth, wherein were sodden juiubes and Violets. And if so be that the sickness be not too vehement, and overthroweth the patiented not too sore, then may he use these sirupes, to wit, syrup of Violets one ounce, syrup of liquorice half an ounce, Barley water, wherein Violets or liquorice were sodden, three ounces; give him this in the morning early, and use it certain days one after another. For this serveth also the syrup of poppy heads, although it were but to provoke sleep. Another. Take Endive, small Endive, Liverwoort, Lettuce, and Venus' hair, of each a handful, peeled Melon seeds, Gourd seeds, Cotton seeds, Violets, water Lily flowers, of each one ounce, Sugar twelve ounces, make a syrup thereof, and use it as is afore said; whereupon, take this purgation, to wit, new Cassia two ounces, of the foresaid broth four ounces, and give it him in the morning early very warm. You may also put thereto half a dram of Rhubarb, and half a scruple of Spica. But in case that the patiented be very narrow in the breast, as it often happeneth in this sickness, then take Manna, and new Cassia, of each three quarters of an ounce, and make thereof a drink with the foresaid broth. For this, are also these confections following to be used: Take Diapenidion without spices, and two ounces of the conserves of Violets, mix them together, and use it often. Take syrup of juiubes, and syrup of Violets, of each three quarters of an ounce, temper them with the water of Folefoote and of bugloss, take this also once a day when you please. But of the narrowness or passions of the breasts, you shall afterwards in this Chapter find many good remedies. An expedite cure of the Pleurisy. AS soon as the pain of the Pleurisy is felt, shall boxes be fastened on the place of the pain, for this helpeth marvelously. Then open a vein on the contrary arm, and the next morning in the same side where the grief is. Afterwards thou shalt give him this syrup following, as you find the sickness to be either hot or cold. And when you find that the matter ripeneth or digesteth a little, then apply this plaster following upon the place affected: Take Hollihock roots, Mallows, Violet leaves, and Camomile, of each one handful, decoct them in water, and beat them to growt, add as much oil of Almonds as shall be needful. But if the phlegm will not be raised and spit forth, then set boxes on the place again as before, with picking, and let them draw well. Also add to five ounces of his drink, two ounces of Oxymel of Squils', for that it breaketh the tough phlegm, and casteth it forth with ease. Of the Pleurisy of Cholera. §. 7. IF the Pleurisy proceed of Cholera, then are soluble medicines to be used at the first, like as hereafter follow: take Endive, small Endive, Lettuce, Liverwoort, white Diptamus, Venus' hair, (all green if they can be gotten) of each a handful, peeled Melon seed, Pompeon seed, Cucumber seed, Gourd seed, seeds of Hollihocks & Borage flowers, of each half an ounce, peeled Barley one ounce, liquorice, Currans, juiubes, Sebestes, of each one drag. Violets and water Lilies of each half an ounce, seeth them all together, and with twelve ounces of Sugar make a syrup thereof, even as we have taught before. And the common syrup of juiubes is also good for this. Item, in stead of the foresaid things may you use this following. Take syrup of Violets three ounces, syrup of Poppy heads, of Venus' hair, of each one ounce and a half: mingle these together with sufficient water of Endive, and so drink it at twice, afterwards take this purgation: Take Violets, Borage flowers, and bugloss flowers, of each half an ounce, Prunes, juiubes and Sebestes, of each ten, Spikenard half a dram, liquorice and Currans, of each five drams, let them all seeth well together: then take four ounces of this decoction, and steep therein half, or a whole dram of Rhubarb, let it so stand in a warm place all night, and drink it warm. This being done, lay upon the affected place a sponge that is made wet in warm water, wherein Camomile, Violets, and Dill are decocted. But if these herbs be not to be gotten, take warm Well water, and wring out the sponge meetly well, you may do the like with a bladder that is filled with warm milk and linseed oil, and so lay it over the place of the pain. Or you may use this: Take a pint of milk, and two pints of honey tempered well together, and laid with tow upon the place. Item, take Mallows, and Hollihocke roots, of each one handful, chop them well together, and fry it with butter or Salad oil, and so lay it upon the pain. This following is good to expel the blood: Take Bolus and Salt, of each a like much, make them to pap with honey, and bind it on the place where the pain is. Hereafter follow Plasters, Salves, and such like. TAke crumbs of white bread about four ounces, fresh Butter or Salad oil, three ounces, Hollihocke roots two ounces, Fenegreeke half an ounce: cut, stamp, and seethe it well in goats milk, mellow to pap: and when it is almost cold, then stir amongst it one dram of beaten Saffron, and so lay it warm on the pain. Item, take beaten Hollihock roots, Mallow seeds, and Barley meal, of each a like much, let it seeth together in goats milk until it be thick enough, than put thereto sufficient oil of Camomile, and spread it on a cloth. You have here before in the fift §. of the pricking of the pleurisy two plasters of roasted Hollihocke roots, the which are marvelous good for this. This also following is very excellent for the great stitch and oppression of the breast: Take half a pound of Cassie taken out of pipes, as is taught in the Preface, temper amongst it one ounce of the salve of Althaea, oil of sweet Almonds, and powned Hollihocke roots, of each two ounces, spread them on a cloth, and make thereof a plaster, and lay it on the stitch. Item, take four ounces of white bread crumb, soften them one hour in goats milk, afterwards powne them well, then put thereto one ounce and a half of Cassie, three whites of eggs, Saffron ten grains, and oil of Roses as much as is needful for a plaster. Of the Pleurisy of Phlegma. §. 8. IF the Pleurisy proceed of phlegmatic humours, and that the pain draw downward toward the lowermost rib, then is the patiented to take oftentimes half an ounce of the conserves of Hyssop, tempered with Carduus Benedictus water, and a little Saffron. Other do take a sweet Apple, which they make hollow, and fill it with Frankincense, & then stop the hole again with a piece of an Apple, cleaved to round about with dow, & so let it roast a while. This Apple is eaten as a preservative against the Pleurisy, that people might not be taken with it, although they be subject to it. Item, take a sweet Apple, cut a piece out of it, and put therein one scrup. of beaten Mastic, close it again with the same piece. Roast this Apple in hot ashes, and so eat it. Take the uppermost crops of Nettles, seethe them in Well water, and strain out the juice through a cloth, give him thereof at two or three times in the beginning of the sickness, three ounces at one time. For purging of this phlegmatic matter, prepare these sirupes following: Take Hyssop and Venus' hair, of each two handfuls, peeled Melon seeds, Pompion seeds, Gourd seeds, Cucumber seeds, Butcher's broom seed, Sperage seeds, linseed and Fenegreeke seeds, of each one drag. good vinegar half an ounce, cut and powne all that is to be cut and powned, let them seethe all together. To this decoction put three ounces of clarified Honey, nine ounces of Sugar, then make thereof a syrup: this is passing good when the Phlegma is thick and tough. But if you will not make a syrup for it, then take common syrup, to wit, of Venus' hair, of liquorice, or Hyssop: but the syrup of liquorice is marvelously commended for this. For a purgation: take Violets. bugloss flowers, and Borage flowers, of each one ounce, liquorice, Currans, of each two ounces, two or three Figs, Agaricus one dram and a half, let all these steep and seeth together, take four ounces thereof and temper therewith three dragms of the confection Eleschoph, and then drink it at one draft. When you have purged, then anoint the pain with the oil of Dill, or oil of Lilies; afterwards seethe Camomile and Venus' hair in water and vinegar in a bag, strain it out, and then lay it warm upon the pain. Item, take Barley and Pease, of each one ounce and a half, Bran one handful, beat them gross and make thereof a bag of a quarter of a yard broad, seethe it, and use it as above. Thirdly, take Myly and Salt as much as you will, warm it together in a pan, put it into a bag, and lay it warm thereon, especially if the matter be windy. Of the Pleurisy of Melancholia. §. 9 But if this disease proceed of Melancholia, (which chanceth seldom) then strain the juice of one handful of Borage and bugloss, and being clarified, give it him with the foresaid syrup. For purging, take black Hellebore, Thime, Epythimus, the roots of Polipodie, Seine leaves, and such like, even as in the description of Melancholy, in the first part the twelfth Chapter and eight §. is taught. When as the sick person beginneth to cough up phlegm, than it is necessary that he use to drink for it every day of common Barley water a good draft, of the decoction which here before in the cold Rheum in the second Chapter is expressed, and beginneth thus: Take twenty juiubes, etc. which cleanseth the breast. And if the great pricking and shooting remain, and he do cough with pain, then is the patiented to drink of this potion following three or four mornings together: Take ten fat Figs, fat Dates, Smallage seed, Fennel seeds, Venus' hair, liquorice, Hyssop, and Mallows, of each five drams, seeth them all together in six and thirty ounces of water to the half, and trouble not yourself therein, albeit the patient should cough up matter or corruption. Of the bastard or false Pleurisy. §. 10. WE have mentioned heretofore of the false Pleurisy in the fifth §. and made her nature known. If the patiented have plenty of blood, then is his Saphaea or liue● vein to be opened. Afterwards, set upon the place of the stitch, a cup or box or twain with pricking, or according as the humours in that sickness do reign, as blood, Cholera, Flegma, or Melancholia do exceed, and afterwards purge and use stronger Clysters than for the true Pleurisy were prescribed. But in case that the patiented feel this stitch about the Diaphragma, then open the Median, and use the foresaid warming things, that divide the matter: let the place be often rubbed with a hand or cloth that thereby the pores may be opened. This being done, then lay this plaster following thereupon: Take two ounces of Fenegreeke meal, and Pitch three ounces, Wax one ounce, most them both, and mingle the meal amongst it, with oil of Camomile to a plaster which you may spread on Leather, and cover it with silk, and so lay it on the stitch. But if the Ague be not too big, then may you use thereto the Oxycroceum plaster. Item, take the ashes of Colewoorts, tempered with Pullet's or Swine's grease. But if the anguish show itself outwardly, and yet will imposthume but slowly, then must the same be opened, be it with an hot iron or with a Lancet. What doth lose phlegm, that shall be set down hereafter in the description of the cough, of the shortness breath, whether it proceed of heat or cold. But if the phlegm that at the first shall be coughed up, be black and yellow together one amongst another, and that the Ague end not on the seventh day, than it is a very bad sign, if therewith be any heavy rattling in the throat, with redness of the cheeks, lead coloured and dark eyes, then is death at hand. When the Pleurisy showeth itself outwardly. IF the Pleurisy show itself outwardly, with any redness, and the party feeleth great pain in the touching of it, than it is a certain token of a false and bastard Pleurisy, that is settled outwardly on the ribs. For the same, is a cup or box to be set thereon, or to lay a blistering plaster of Figs and Mustard seeds, and let it lie thereon so long, until the place begin to impostumate, and then open it, and heal it like as other impostumes. But if the matter wax hard, than it is to be maturated with this plaster following: Take Hollihocke leaves one handful, Camomile, Melilot, and violet leaves, of each half a handful, Fenegréeke seed, and Linséed beaten small, of each half an ounce, Bean meal, and Barley meal, of each two handfuls, oil of sweet Almonds, oil of Dill, and of Violets, of each one ounce, then temper the one with the other, and so lay it on the place. Hereafter follow plasters and salves that assuage the stitch and pain, be it of whatsoever occasion it may be. Take Mallows, and Hollihocke roots, of each one handful, seeth them together to pap, and then stamp them together with oil of Violets, and Barrow's grease, and so lay it on the sore: but let it not lie too long thereon, that the matter be not maturated too soon. Item, take oil of yellow Violets two ounces, of the oil of sweet Almonds and oil of Camomile, of each half an ounce, fresh Butter one ounce, Saffron one dram and a half, white Wax one ounce and a half, Dill seed, Camomile, Ducks grease, of each half an ounce, and three yolks of Eggs: make thereof a salve or plaster. This poultis following, doth much assuage the pain: take Bran as much as you please, seeth it in Wine unto a pap, and put thereto a little Salt. Another. Take unripe Salad oil three ounces, four fresh yolks of Eggs, Saffron one drag. new oil of Roses one ounce and a half, seethe it a while, and set it on warm ashes, and stir well amongst it the beaten yolks of Eggs: put afterwards unto it Starch and Barley meal, of each one drag. and a half, and last of all the Saffron: if you will have it more forcible, then put fresh Butter to it, and Bdellium, of each one drag. and seeth it with decocted sweet Wine, as thick as you desire it. Or use this following. Take Camomile, Dill seed, Venus' hair, Hollihocke seeds, and Folefoote, of each two handfuls, Currants three handfuls, six Poppy heads, six ounces of fresh Butter, xxxvi. ounces of sweet sodden Wine, put unto it (when all is well sodden and brayed) one dram of Saffron. A good salve. Take Althaea salve, and Butter, anoint the place therewith where the pain is, and strew thereon beaten Coming, and lay a warm Colewoort leaf thereon. When the Pleurisy taketh a woman with Child. §. 12. IF it then chance that a woman be in doubt of bearing the space of two months, were brought a bed before her time, and brought a dead child into the world, or were much inclined to the same, and so be taken with the Pleurisy, she must not be let blood, but she must have cups set on her buttocks, and be picked well, whereby to draw the blood downward. But women that are wont to miscarry in haste, they may well be let blood, yet always taking good heed to their strength. But for a general rule, all women (albeit they miscarry or not, or that they have conceived) are to have the liver vein opened. But if it be not the right Pleurisy, then make a bag with warm Millet and Bran, and lay it where the stitch is felt, and anoint the back with Althaea salve. But they that are not with child and have the Pleurisy, it is much counseled, that their Terms be provoked as much as is possible, whereof in the fift part is very largely discoursed. And the other (even as is already said) are to be helped (according as they be of strength) by other medicines. Rules for such as are recovered of the Pleurisy, that they fall not into it again. §. 13. FIrst, all they that be subject to this sickness, are to shun all dwellings (and principally in winter season) that are situate in the North and West, and near the water. They must also forbear all tough slimy meats, and all that is made of dough, Cheese, Milk, and such like: also from vinegar, sour and sharp, and all kind of tart things: Capers and Salad oil are also enemies unto him. Item from all pottage, except of red and white Pease, and Beane broth, which be good for him; and dress Hens, Pullet's, Veal and Pigeons with it. All cold fruits, as Apples, Pears, Chestnuts, etc. are hurtful for him: but Figs and Raisins are very meet; sodden Colewoorts, and all sorts of Rapes and roots, as parsnip, Parsley roots, and such like, are very good for him: and all Barley paps also. His drink must be thin, white, and sweet wine, or common Beer which is very clear. To drink water, is for this straightly forbidden: but if the patiented desire to water his wine he may do it; yet with water that is decocted with Cinnamome or liquorice. After his meal tide is he to keep himself quiet one or two hours. Watching is very hurtful for him: but to sleep long is very good and needful. In eating, he must also beware of swallowing down meat not well chewed, and of overcharging his stomach with meat and drink, that there follow no harm to the stomach. He must look well to all these, and that he be always merry and of a light heart. Secondly, he must take good heed for to have always an open body; and before he use these pills following, he must first use these potions: Take of the water of Folefoote five ounces: Sugar one ounce, drink it every morning fasting at one time. The pills are thus to be made: take prepared Aloe one quarter of an ounce, Opopanacum, Bdellium, and Colloquint, of each one scruple, make pills thereof with syrup of Roses six of a drag. then take every four days one or twain, according as you are bound, and in the evening one before supper. A Salve. TAke Asarabacca, Hyssop, Mallows, and Rosemary, of each three quarters of an ounce, Sandaraca three drag. Spica nardi one quarter of an ounce, Dragon blood, and the juice of Sloes, of each one drag. Starch five dragms; powne each apart as small as may be, then temper it with Malmsey, and keep this stopped tied: Herewith are you to rub the back bone and shoulders softly, and afterwards a Fox case bound thereon. And the patient must have his vein opened on the right hand besides the little finger, and let it bleed four or five ounces of blood. These are the most principal means, whereby these perilous sicknesses may be prevented: but we will add somewhat more to the rest. Certain several remedies against the cold Pleurisy. §. 14. FOr the true Pleurisy do serve these compounded Confections and losings: which are prepared two manner of ways, Diaprassium, Diahyssopum, Diaire●● Solomonis, & Lohoch de Pino. Item all that is prepared against the cold cough, as confected Elecampane roots, Treacle, Mithridate, sweet syrup of Pomegranates, and Parsley roots sodden in wine, tempered with a little vinegar, and thereof drunken often. Also M. Tristrams water, and other more Aquae Compos●●e. But by reason of the ague some cooling things must always be tempered amongst it. For the common drink you have here before in the sixth §. a special Barley water: mollists crumbs of white bread therein bounden in a clout, strain it often out and mingle some white wine amongst it. Honey water quencheth thirst, it provoketh also the tough humours & flegmes to avoid, and it is good for all coughs. Thin wine tempered with water is tolerable for this, if the Ague be not too strong. Iten, take Cicera, Venus' hair, as much as you please: let it seeth with a little liquorice. For common things, these following are very good for the cold Pleurisy; as Assa foetida, Nettles with their seed, Balsam wood, with their fruits, Ireos, Myrrh, the right Acorns, for which some do take Calmus, or great Galingall and Starch. The fifth Chapter. Of the Lights or Lungs. WE have hitherto spoken of the outward parts of the Breast, and discoursed of their infirmities: now we will write of the inner parts, and will begin with the Lights, for that they are made as a separation between the pipes of the Lungs and the Hart; also as an instrument of the breath, ordained of God for the use of the body, thereby to draw in the outward air, thereby to cool and quicken the heart and all inward parts, wherewith to form also and effect the voice and speech in all that hath received life. Therefore hath nature made the substance of the Lights light, and like a sponge, form with many pipes, whereby they might be the more meet to draw the breath out and in. Some ancient Physicians are of opinion, that they were without blood; but it is not so, they have their blood too, and are full of it: but as soon as it cometh out of the Breasts, the body is void thereof. What great difference is between the Lights of men and of Beasts, is not here needful to be written. In like manner that the smaller the Lights be in ones body, the more swifter can they endeavour and bestir themselves. This noble and necessary member is subject to many grievous and deadly sicknesses, whereof we will speak hereafter: But first of all we will begin with the Cough. Of the Cough. §. 1. FOrasmuch as the Cough is a messenger of all the diseases of the Lights and of the Breast, and that through the grossness, drought, moisture, spittle and other excrements; whereby men may easily adjudge how the breast and lights are made within: therefore it is advised first of all to write thereof. The ancient Physicians do write thus of the Cough: The Cough is a natural motion of the Lights, the which by the air and moving virtue of the muscles that are within the Breast, is meet and made for to cough up all that which hurteth the lights. The moving and breathing in the breast is appropriated by nature; as the néesing for the brains, and the digesture for the stomach. But before we go any further, we will speak first of the Rheum, the which provoketh the cough most of all. Of the Rheum or Catarrh which falleth upon the Lights. §. 2. HEre before in the second part, the first Chapter, and 4. §. and afterwards in the description of the Squinancy, there are written many things of this Rheum of the lights, which may as well be understood of the Rheum in the lungs as of the Squinancy. For the peril of stifling is even as much, whether the lights were stopped, or the throat were shut up. Such things happen oftentimes through a tough slimy matter, which falleth out of the head upon the lights, and into the breast, the which is very ill to be gotten out, and there resteth and abideth. We will therefore first show by what means all such stops of the lights are to be remedied and cured. And for that these Rheums are more incident to children, by reason of their moisture, therefore we will express certain necessary things that are requisite for the said young children. Take Lineséede which is beaten mollify it in clear honey, give it to the child to lick thereof: it driveth out the slime, it separateth it, openeth the breast, and purgeth mildly, whereof give him five or six times, according as it purgeth much or little: but if so be that the child will not eat any thing at all, then is there no hope of health to ensue. But then roast an Onion in warm ashes, wring out the juice, put thereto as much Hens and Capons grease as there is juice, and temper it by a soft fire, and anoint the child's breast therewith. Item, take Mastic, Frankincense, and Citron pills, of each a like much, and make thereof a powder, and rub the Child softly therewith above upon the future of the skull. Also you may let him l●ke oil of sweet Almonds, tempered with Sugar candy, for it mollifieth the breast, and looseth it. These losings following are not only very good for children, but for aged people, whether the same be used in losings, or in form of any confection, ℞. Agarici albi ℥. 18. Spec. Diambrae. ℥. 5. Dia●reos Solomonis, drag. 1. Spec. Diatragacanthi, scrup. 4. Polypodij quercint, ℥. 1. Omnia in pulverem redacta, cum Saccaro incorporentur ad placitum. But with men in years it hath another respect. They that be sixteen or eighteen years old, who are infected with this disease, they shall rule themselves according to this regiment following. Concerning the order of diet, you have here before in the first Chapter and 4. §. and god advice and instructions afterwards. Also, it is very good that the Liver vein be opened, and five ounces of blood let out. Afterwards two scruples or one scruple of the pills Cochiae to be taken, and to sleep one hour after them, and five hours after that to drink a draft of sugared Barley water, and then to eat somewhat. This so done, he must use this Potion following warm in the morning: Take syrup of Endive, Honey of Roses, and syrup of Stechas, of each half an ounce, water of Cicorie, and of Endive, of each one ounce and a half, tempered together. But for this accident are Clysters more profitable, like as these be following, which are recited and put for an example. Take Poppy heads, small Houseleek, Mallows, and Bran, of each half a handful, Asarabacca, and betony, of each half so much, seethe all together in sufficient water, then wring it out well, and take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, oil of Violets and of Saffron, of each one ounce and a half, Hiera Picra, and S. Thomas Sugar, of each three quarters of an ounce, Salt one quarter of an ounce: these Clysters are you to use before noon. He may lay roasted Millet, with Salt and Camomile upon his head, and to set oftentimes cups or boxes upon his shoulders and buttocks (without picking) is highly commended. Or if that the party be full of blood, then ought they to be picked. Also if by nature he be subject to the Piles, than ought they to be opened by rubbing with rough clothes or figs leaves; so also is the Ox gall very good for them. Afterwards must he be washed every day with sharp Ley, and therefore use convenient Soap, and let him be well dried, continuing this ten days together, but in the mean time shall he take the pills Assaiaret, and refrain the cold air, and keep his head well covered. This Salve following is very commodious, if the shorn head be anointed therewith, it raiseth many blisters, and thereby draweth out all the moisture from the brains, and strengtheneth the head exceedingly. Take one ounce of Nep, Beane meal, and Pease meal, of each three ounces, stamped roots of Costus and Mace, of each half an ounce, Mustard seed one dragm, Pigeon dung two ounces, Marjoram gentle stamped three quarters of an ounce, seeth these together in sufficient water to pap, and use it as is said: for this purpose serveth also oil of Mastic. Item, take oil of sweet Almonds, and Hen's grease, of each half an ounce, Saffron one scruple, and therewith anoint the throat and the breast. To this end may also this syrup following be prepared: take five Poppy heads with the seeds of panis divi johannis cleansed from the kernels, one ounce and a half, Myrtle seeds half a dram, prepared liquorice one ounce and a half, seeth them in a pint of water, unto two parts, wring it out and strain it, and put afterwards thereto Sugar candy, and Sugar pennets, of each two ounces, seethe it as thick an honey. And if the rheum fall vehemently on the breast, that it seemeth to strangle one, then take half an ounce of Agaricus, letting it steep 24. hours long in six ounces of the water of Venus' hair, afterwards wring it out, and put as much Sugar unto it as you please. And seethe it to the thickness of Honey for your daily use, whereof is to be taken half an ounce at a time. If this Rheum come with heat, then make these pills following, and keep them one day and a night in your mouth. Take white Poppy seed, Purslane seed, and Lettuce seed, Sugar candy and Sugar pennets, of each one dram, Saffron one scruple, and make them all to pills with dissolved Dragagant. But if the Rheum be with cold and a great cough, then take red Stirax, Cipers nuts, Frankincense, Laudanum, juice of liquorice, and Amber, of each one dragm, Raisins (the stones taken out) one drag. and a half, Sugar candy three drams, make pills thereof with syrup of Hyssop, and use them as before. This powder following is approved for staying of the Rheum: Take Spica of the Indies one quarter of an ounce, cinnamon one quarter of an ounce, of the skull of a man that died through violence three quarters of an ounce: take every time it cometh one drag. after meat in Wine, or any decoction. You may also make this in losings with Sugar, or to a powder. Further, you may take and receive a fomentation for this Rheum, as in the first part the third Chapter, and 2. §. Item, take Frankincense and Sandaraca (which are very requisite for this,) the water of Consolida regalis is also very meet for this use. Certain ancient Physicians do highly commend Barley water mixed with julep of Violets. Item, take clear and well washed Turpentine one quarter of an ounce, beaten liquorice one dram: put thereto seething hot flesh broth, and stir it still about until the Turpentine be dissolved, and drink it when you go to bed. Other do take also washed Turpentine, tempered with Hony, and beaten liquorice: both these are marvelous good, and specially if the patiented therewith be troubled with the infirmity of gravel. Item, Honey and Vinegar wherein Agaricus hath been steeped, taketh away all danger of choking. Likewise for this is very good the syrup of green nut shells, which is described in the first part the thirteenth Chapter, and 4. §. look for it there. It is also here before oftentimes mentioned, that as men will go to bed, they are to swallow three or four grains of Frankincense, for that they do strengthen much the brains, and do dry and stay cold Rheums. If so be that through this Rheum the Pleurisy is feared, the which is thereby oftentimes caused, then take four ounces of new made oil of Almonds, and small filled bones of a Boar ten grains, tempered together, and so given the patiented to drink. And if so be that through all the aforesaid remedies the Rheum be not removed, then do the learned give counsel for the last mean, which is to cauterize on the seam of the skull, the which any may do very well, if one be afraid that the patiented be in danger of stifling. What is commodious for the obstructed Lights. §. 3. FOR the obstruction of the lights (which provoketh the cough, the shortness of breath, and many other diseases) is all that highly commended which causeth to rid much phlegm, like as hereafter more amply (where we shall speak of the Cough) you shall see: yet are these things following used against this present stopping, to wit, conserve of fumitory, and all that is made of that herb: it openeth the obstructions of all parts. In like manner, Conserves of Marjoram gentle, Sage, oil of bitter and sweet Almonds, oil of Wormwood, syrup of Violets, of Vinegar, and Acetosus compositus, which do separate and lose these Rheums that are impacted in the Lights. In like sort Oxymel of Squils', and Agaricus, have a special operation for to lose all tough phlegm from the lights, for which this confection following is highly commended: Take Frankincense Myrrh, liquorice, Saffron, and Cassie wood, of each one dram, beaten small together, and Honey (sodden with Malmsey somewhat thick) four ounces, tempered all together. This confection is special good for this malady. But every one ought to know whether this Rheum do proceed either of heat or of cold, thereby to rule and direct himself, and may make choice of medicines that may be commodious as well for the one as the other. Remedies for the Cough. §. 4. WHat the Cough is, and how it is described of the learned, is declared before in the 1. §. But as much as concerneth the inconvenience of the Cough, we will divide it into two sorts, to wit, a dry and a cold sort, both proceeding either of inward or outward causes. The outward are, when as any thing cometh into the throat, be it powder, dust, any pestilent air, or any other bad air, dry, moist, or hot air, wherewith the Lights be infected. In like manner smoke, sharp meats dressed with Pepper or much Salt, Medlars, Vinegar, Verivice, Lemons, or such like, which passeth through the throat, be it through meat or drink, which do slide into the unright throat (as the common people use to say.) The inward causes are tough slime, and rheums, (whereof before hath been written) that fall into the breast and the stomach. And when any vapours come into the Lights, be it of an infirmity of the stomach, Milt, Liver, Mother, and such like: the which infirmities bring with them their own signs, and show whereof they spring and sprout, which would be too long to be rehearsed at this present. But to come to the remedies of both these sorts of the Cough, it is to be marked, whether the Cough be dry or no; for when it is so, then cometh it of heat: And if so be that the patiented be full of blood and red in the face, then according to the permission of his age, of the country, of the time, he is to be let blood without delay, especially if the party be dry and leave. But if it last long, it is to be feared that it will come to a consumption (which is Phthisis.) For this are good all cooling and moist things, as conserve of Violets, stewed Barley (which is Ptisana) and such like things. Against all dry Coughs. §. 5. THat which at the first of the stewed Barley and other things hath been said, the same is also good for this dry Cough, whereas little or nothing at all is coughed up: But this drink is especially commended for it. Take syrup of Violets, syrup of Poppy heads, and syrup of juiubes, of each a like much, water wherein Barley, Violets, liquorice, Raisins, and Sebestes be sodden, as much as you think good, tempered with Sugar. Purging is not only commodious, but also needful, the which is thus to be effected: Take of the said decoction, seeth therein Prunes of Damas●, and sour Dates, of each half an ounce, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, Cucumber seed, Gourd seeds, and Venus' hair, of each one quarter of an ounce; take four ounces thereof, and temper therein one ounce and a half of Cassi●, for it cooleth and openeth. The ancient Physicians do praise peeled Beans; it is possible indeed, for that it will make the water thick. In like manner do they commend fresh Butter wherein Almonds and Sugar are mixed, stewed Gourds, juiubes, spinach, Endive, Lettuce, Purslane, oil of sweet Almonds, Kids flesh, Pullet's, and such like. It is also good that the patiented always keep somewhat in his mouth, sometimes one thing and otherwhiles another, to wit, losings of tragacanth, Sugar pennets, liquorice, the juice of liquorice, Sugar candy, or such like: and for this you may prepare this confection following: ℞. Specierum, Diapapavere unciam unam, Diatragacanthi frigidi, Diapenidionis sine speciebus, 〈◊〉 dragmam unam, Sacchari violarum uncias duas, Species Diaireos unciam unam, fiat mixtura. Or take that which followeth: Take Poppy seed beaten small one ounce and a quarter, Starch, tragacanth, and Gum, of each half an ounce, peeled seeds of Gourds and of Quinces, of each three drams; then make thereof a powder. Item, take Sugar pennets sixteen ounces, seeth it with water of Folefoote unto the thickness of honey, or somewhat stiffer, and take thereof oftentimes in the mouth. Item, take a little pan, and fry Currans therein, stirring them still about, that they burn not; and eat thereof every morning a full spoonful. Item take half an ounce of Manna, dissolve it in fresh oil of sweet Almonds, if there be any dressed therein, strain them through oftentimes. For this also is meet a bath of fair water, wherein are decocted Violets, Mallows, and Hollihocke roots. Because that this kind of dry Cough hath need of moisture and mellowing potions, for which these things are noted down: Take of the black losings, and temper them with the syrup of Violets, and with the foresaid decoction, and drink thereof as often as you will, it is marvelous good. And you may also use it with the syrup alone. Item, take new milk, temper it with sweet butter and sugar, and drink when you go to sleep, it easeth the Cough above all measure. Or take four pints of water, and the fourth part of a pint of honey, six Figs cut small, one ounce of liquorice, seethe them together unto a pint, scum it well, and drink thereof every morning a good warm draft, and delay also the patient's wine therewith. This is also marvelous good against all hoarseness. Another. Temper fair Well water with any of these sirupes following, and drink thereof, to wit, with syrup of Violets, of Poppy heads, or of water Lilies. Item, take Barley water one pint, seeth therein four or five Crabs, according as they be big, or in their stead hedge Snails, for they are special good against all dry Coughs. This potion following is called at the Apothecaries Decoctio pectoralis, The pectoral decoction. and is much used and had in all the Apothecary's shops at Ausborough, and also very commodious: for it scoureth the stomach, melloweth the Cough, cleanseth the tough slime in the breast, and moisteneth also the same. Take new Figs half an ounce, Dates and juiubes, of each one quarter of an ounce, Mallows, Hyssop, Currans, sliced liquorice, Annis seed, Fennel seeds, and Barley, of each one quarter of an ounce; seeth them all together in three pints of Barley water unto the second part: but if there be much phlegmatic slime with it, then let there be sodden therewith one ounce or twain of Honey. The like remed have you also here before in the second Chapter, and the second §. Of that which may be used outwardly. TAke Cammomils' alone, or with Roses and Thime sodden together, and receive the vapour or fume thereof into your nose. Hereafter follow divers Salves, and such like. TAke the mucilage of Dragagant, and of Gum, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of sweet Almonds, and of Violets, of each one ounce, Hen's grease and calves marrow, of each half an ounce, Wax as much as is needful to make a salve. Or take oil of Violets four ounces, as much white wax as will make it thick, spread thereof upon a cloth, and then lay it upon the breast. Item, take the mucilage of Lineséede, and of Hollihock roots, oil of Lilies, and Goosegrease, of each half an ounce, Saffron ten grains, and a little molten Wax: make a soft salve of them, and therewith anoint the whole breast. This is special good for young children, and not unprofitable for people in years. The things hereafter following are exceeding good to anoint therewith the breast, if so be it be used alone, or tempered with other things, like as the oil of Cammomils', oil of yellow and blue Violets, oil of Lilies, and Poppy heads. Item, all fat of Hens and Ducks, of which two fats take one ounce, of Saffron one scruple tempered together, and the breasts anointed therewith. There are at the Apothecaries two kinds of breast salves, which are called Vnguenta Pectoralia: Take mucilage of Fleawoort, Dragagant, Gum, linseed, and Fenegréeke seed, of each one dram, Hen's grease, marrow of calves bones, fresh Butter three quarters of an ounce, washed together with the water of Violets, oil of sweet Almonds, and of Violets, of each half an ounce, Wax as much as need requireth, and so tempered all together into a salve. This suageth not only the Cough, but also all pains of the breast. Another. Take oil of Violets two ounces, oil of sweet Almonds one ounce and a half, fresh Butter two ounces, Ducks grease one ounce, Mucilage of Hollihocke roots, linseed and Fenegréeke, of each half an ounce, let these seethe all together until that the mucilage be consumed. Take molten white Wax as much as is needful for a salve, but stir it well about until it be cold: this hath the same operation with the other. Of a moist and cold Cough. §. 6. WHen the Cough cometh with much slime and moisture, and will not be removed, and that therewith be no Ague nor Lask, then are these losings following to be given him, with water wherein Venus' hair and Hyssop is sodden. Take Fennell seed, Smallage seed, juice of liquorice, Venus' hair, and peeled Almonds, of each a like much, make trocisces or losings thereof with the mucilage of linseed. You are also to prepare these Sirupes following, which are passing good. Take Ireos and Elecampane roots, of each one ounce and a half, Hyssop and Venus' hair, of each two handfuls, white Mints, Pimpernell, Mallows, Marjoram, of each half a handful, fried Linséed one ounce, raw Barley one ounce and a half, liquorice & Currants, of each two ounces, Honey and Sugar, of each six ounces, make of them a syrup. For this is also meet the usual syrup of liquorice, also Stechados, Oxymel of Squils', and syrup of Venus' hair three or four days one after another, with water of Venus' hair or Scabious drunken. When as then the matter is prepared with the foresaid things, then purge the patiented with pills Cochiae and Aureae, of each half a drag. Or take one ounce of Cassie, Agaricus one drag. and a half, Turbith also one dram, Sal gemmae and Ginger, of each three grains: give it him with four ounces of water, wherein are sodden Venus' hair, Hyssop, Scabious, liquorice, and Violets. After purging, some do give Mithridate and Treacle for old coughs, thereby to consume the matter. Also for old Coughs the Treacle Diatessaron is to be used, but take what you please giving him a dram at one time, according as the person is young or old, with a little Barley water. The Breast is also to be kept warm, and the same to be anointed, whereto this following serveth: Take Mucilage of Fenegréeke, and Lineseede, of each two ounces, fresh butter one quarter of an ounce, oil of sweet Almonds one ounce and a half, Wax as much as is needful. For this is special good the salve Althaea, and when you have rubbed the breast warm therewith, then cover it with carded sheeps wool. Further, these things may be used outwardly: to wit, that in the morning there be laid on his head a bag of parched Millets and salt, or a bag with Penniroyall, Marjoram, and Mints laid upon the head: Or in the stead thereof, Styrax, wild Mints, Myrrh, & Sandaraca, of each a like much beaten to powder, and cast upon the fire, and the vapour or fume thereof received into the nose and mouth. For this is also good Nigella seed, or Sandaraca, each alone. Item, take Rosemary, Penniroyall, Camomile, white Mints, and Sage, of each a like quantity: let them seeth together, and receive the vapour or fume. You may make also of these things following a cap, and wear the same continually on the head: it is very commodious for old folk. Take Stechas, Amaranthus, Camomile, Melilot, Agnus castus, and Rue, of each a handful and a half, Annis seed, Fennell, Coming, prepared Coriander, of each half an ounce: then lay this Cap upon a hot stone, which is sprinkled with wine, and so set it warm on his head. The patiented is also to hold Myrrh a long time in his mouth, and afterwards swallow it down, for it hath a marvelous operation in all cold coughs. A bath to wash the feet is also very commodious for this: take for the same Thime, Roses, Cammomils', and Salt, of each one handful: let them seethe together, and put the feet therein even to the knees. This may he use three days long, and then renew the same. Other things more that are very requisite for this purpose. FOr this is also good all that warmeth the breast, whereof there are many sorts, as two kinds of Di●ireos, the which in the first part, the 14. Chapter §. 1. are described: Likewise Diatragacanthum calidum, which is also there described in the 2. §. Meade is also very go● against the cold Cough, and all diseases of the Lights, which is taught to be prepared diversly in the eighth part. What pectoral potions the Apothecaries have in use, the same is showed is the second part, the second chapter, and 2. §. Elecampane wine taketh away all cold diseases of the breast. The same doth also oil of Lilies, of sweet Almonds, oil of Poppy heads, trocisces of Diapenidion, Looch de Pino, which is a confection of Pine apple kernels, Looch sanum, & chief Looch de Scylla, toasted Figs, Dates, the decoction of an old Cock, with wild Saffron seed, wherein Hyssop, Ireos, Raisins or Nettle seeds is decocted. Elecampane, Saffron and all that is prescribed for the cold rheum. And because that these Losing, Looch, or confections are many times rehearsed in this our book of Physic, therefore it cannot be misadvised that we describe them and other such like here, Diapenidion. and begin first with Diapenidion, which is made thus. Take Sugar pennets two ounces, sweet and bitter Almonds, and white Poppy seed, of each three drams and one scruple, cinnamon, Cloves, Ginger, juice of liquorice, tragacanth, Starch, Gum, seeds of Melons, of Gourds, and Cucumbers, all peeled, of each one drag. and a half, Camfere seven grains, make thereof small powder being all beaten and chopped, and with an ounce of this powder, 12. ounces of Sugar, and seeth it away with water of Folefoote unto losings, and then let it melt in your mouth. This Sugar is very good for all old coughs, for hoarseness, for digestion, and coughing up of phlegm. Looch de Pino is thus prepared: Take fresh Pingles fifteen drams, Looch de Pino. steep them all a night in the water of Folefoote, sweet Almonds, parched hazel Nuts, tragacanth, Gum, liquorice, Starch, Venus' hair, and Ireos, of each one quarter of an ounce, 17. or 18. Dates, one ounce and a half of bitter Almonds, Honey of Roses, fresh Butter, and white Sugar, of each one quarter of an ounce, 18. ounces and three quarters of clarified Honey, cut and powne all that is to be cut and powned, and then temper them together with the said Honey, this is passing good for all cold Coughs. There is also another Looch or confection, Looch Sanum & expertum. the which is called Sanum & expertum, which is hail and approved. Take Cinnamom, Hyssop, and liquorice, of each one quarter of an ounce, juiubes and Sebestes, of each fifteen, Currans, Figs, and Dates, of each one ounce, Fenegréeke two ounces and a half, Venus' hair half a handful, Annis seed, Fennell, Ireos, linseed, and white Mints, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth them together in 24. ounces of water unto the half part, then strain it out, and put to this decoction twelve ounces of Sugar pennets, seethe this together again until it be through thick, afterwards mingle the other things therein cut and beaten small, prepared Pingles one ounce and a quarter, as is afore said, peeled Almonds, juice of liquorice, tragacanth, Gum and Starch, of each one quarter of an ounce, roots of Violets one dram, stir them well together until it be white. It is very good against the Cough and hoarseness that cometh of cold: it melloweth and emptieth the breast of all phlegmatic matter. Looch de Scylla which is of Squils', is very forcible to cleanse the Cough, slime, Looch de Scylla. and phlegm out of the breasts, and to separate the same: it suageth all pain and smart of the breast, and it may be thus prepared: Take the very best and purest part of a Squill parted asunder with a wooden knife, stamp it with a wooden pestle, and wring out the juice: take so much Honey as there is juice, and seethe it together until it be thick enough. Of an old Cough. §. 7. IF the Cough be waxed old, and so fierce that it will not let one sleep, then doth Rasis ordain to take Myrrh, Styrax, and Opium, of each a like quantity, and to make pills thereof, and take one or two of them. It is often showed before how hurtful the Opium is, whereby every man may know how to deal therewith: this following is safer: Take Syrup of Poppy heads half an ounce, or more, or eat a little Poppy seed with Sugar, both of them make the Rheum thick, and do stay the same that falleth into the breast. Item, take a handful of Hyssop, cut liquorice, and Currans, of each three ounces, Fenegréeke and Linséed, of each one ounce and a half, beat them and seethe them in two pints of water until two parts remain, cover the pot with a funnel, and receive the vapour or reek in at the mouth. And for that the Cough is very a common disease, therefore will it not be amiss briefly to comprehend what things are commodious for this Cough. First, if it proceed of heat, then are good for it the Violets and Sebestes, Dragagant, Gum of Arabi, Starch, white Poppy seeds, juiubes, Mulberries, mucilage of Barley, of Fleawort, of Quince seeds, peeled Melon seeds, Gourd seeds, Cucumbers seeds, Purslane, Endive, Lettuce, Melons, Almonds, Sugar pennets, oil of Violets, of water Lilies, and such like. Conserves of water Lilies do cool and moisten the breasts, the throat and the tongue, and chief the syrup of sweet Pomegranates. If the Cough proceedeth of cold (and if it be grown old) then are these things following very profitable, hazel Nuts, with Honey, do ripen the Cough, Smallage, Hyssop Venus' hair, Mallows, Scabious, Betony, wild Thime, white Mints, Marjoram, great and small water Mints, and Chamedrios: of roots, liquorice, Ireos, Squils', Lilies, Elecampane, the roots of blue Floure deluce, Garlic, boiled Calmus, Seseli, Pease, Fenegreeke seeds, Nettle seed, Annis seed, and Fennell seed, linseed, seeds of Verbascum péeled, and seeds of Hollihocks, which are both good in heat and cold. Of Fruits, Figs, Dates, Bayberies', Raisins, sweet and bitter Almonds prepared with Starch, are special good for all Coughs, sweet oil, Pingles, sweet Pomegranates, & juiubes. Of all Spices is very commodious Pepper, Cinnamom, Saffron, and Cardamome. Further also of Gums Bdellion, Assa foetida, Myrrah, Galbanum, Mastix, Sagapenum, Sartocolla: Likewise Sulphur, Hony, Sugar, and all that is sweet, Sugar pennets, Sugar candy, Agaricus, Hony combs, swallowed down or mixed with salves, and fine Bolus. Of Compositions, are Losing, Barley water, many Confections, Sirupes, and Manus Christi, whereof one that hath understanding and knowledge, is to make choice of such as he shall see to be requisite for the cause. In like manner is highly commended for this the Conscrues of Rosemary: all Oxymels are good for the Cough, specially they that have Agaricus in them: notwithstanding in grievous Coughs is to be used the advice of a learned Physician. For the Cough in children Bathing is hurtful: the drink of their Nurses shall be water and Sugar. Also it is very good for to put always Sugar, or the powder of liquorice in their pap. All sour things are ill, and contrary to the Cough, as Vinegar, Verivice, all sour drinks and meats, and all that is cold of nature, or in any wise sharp, are straightly forbidden. What ordinance or government of life is to be observed (be it in cold or hot Agues) you may see above in the second part, the second Chapter, and 2. §. where it is at length described. But this is only yet to be therewith annexed, that all moist phlegmatic Coughs, whether they proceed of heat or cold, reasonable walking, standing, and watching, is most meet, by reason that the matter which causeth the Cough, doth always fall more into the breast sleeping than waking. What is good for coughing up of Phlegm. §. 8. ALbeit we have told here before what raiseth the Phlegm, and is commodious for the losing thereof, yet can it not be but expedient to rehearse here again certain of the forementioned things, and to add other remedies more thereto, whereby the phlegm might be furthered and brought up. The Syrup of liquorice is one of the most precious remedies for the Cough: after that the syrup of Horehound, De Prassio, and of Hyssop, De Hyssopo. If there be much tough phlegm at hand, then is Oxymel to be tempered and drunken with Barley water. Waters of Folefoote and Elecampane are passing good and forcible to lose phlegm: likewise Manna, and Sugar pennets. Will you then have good Tabulates for this? then take Starch, peeled Melon seed, Gourd seed, Cucumber seed, and Pompeon seed, of each (being all peeled) half an ounce, tragacanth and Gum, of each three quarters of an ounce, liquorice one quarter of an ounce, Sugar pennet● two ounces, Saffron four grains, Sugar candy two ounces, Violets one quarter of an ounce, seeds of white Sesamum half an ounce, of the syrup of Violets twelve ounces, dissolve the Sugar therein until that you (with other things therein tempered) may cast Tabulates. If you will make a confection thereof, (like as it will best frame unto it) then seethe not the Sugar too hard. And you are to anoint the breast with these things following: Take Ducks grease one ounce, fresh Butter half an ounce, oil of Sesamum and of Violets, one ounce and a half, Saffron one scruple, Gray's grease and Wax, of each three quarters of an ounce: melt them together, and wash it twice with Barley water wherein some Saffron is sodden, then mingle Saffron amongst it, which is then put amongst it because it is special good for the breast, for all manner of coughs and heavy breath, therefore is it to be used at all times in their meat. Will you have the salve more maturating? then temper amongst it the mucilage of Sesamum, and Fenegréeke, of each one ounce, with a little molten Wax. And if so be that the belly, the fundament, the privities, and all parts round about them be anointed with it, then will all Rheums be stayed therewith. Item, the breast anointed with the salve Althaea, ripeneth Phlegm, and riddeth it very much. The like doth also the pectoral unguent described in the end of the 5. §. In like manner also a stomachical powder, which is expressed in the first part the 13. Chapter and 1. §. of the Memory, the which is also good for the Cough, and for the Lights. Item, M. Tristrams' water, and many other remedies that are also discovered before in the sixth §. And for that there is written much of the Rheum or Catarrh before, whereof the said Cough is moved, and there is likewise much hereafter to be said also of the shortness of breath, the which infirmities are to have one and the self same kind of remedies: therefore we will proceed now and speak of other maladies which the Breasts and Lights are subject unto, and how they are best to be cured. Of a short panting Breath. §. 9 OF this heavy and panting breath hath been mentioned before: that the lights are by nature ordained an instrument, dwelling place, and distributors of the breath, therefore (albeit they be subject to many diseases) yet can there not a more dangerous accident happen unto any, than that the breath be hindered, or cannot be drawn or yielded forth again, for that whensoever this chanceth, then will the affected party be quickly choked. Yet doth it come to pass oftentimes, that if any do get a short panting breath, of which if he be not soon rid, death must needs ensue; therefore are all Physicians full of care and trouble in the cure of the same. And whereas this malady proceedeth of many kinds of causes, therefore have the Physicians given it many kinds of names, and specially the Grecians, which difference we are also (as much as is possible) for to imitate and follow. That we may therefore first speak of the pursiveness or shortness of the breath, and whence the same proceedeth, we will indeed first of all describe three sorts of pursiveness, as Dyspnaea, Asthmaea, and Orthopnaea. Dyspnaea is, when the breath is drawn painfully and out of course, and therefore all that are so affected be called Dyspnaeici, who do draw their breath with great labour through the narrowness of the breast and of the lights, and they are more troubled in drawing it in, than in letting the same out again. Asthma is an uneasy drawing of breath, where there is more grief in letting out the breath than in taking of it in, so that this happeneth with a strong wheasing and noise, yea with such narrowness of the breast, that it seemeth that the party would thereby yield up the ghost, and departed this world. Orthopnaea hath both these accidents, that cometh commonly so strong, that the sick person (if he be as feeble as he may) must yet notwithstanding be always upright for fear of stifling: and these persons do find indeed, that when they are upright, than they draw their breath in, and let it out the easier: so that Dyspnaea is caused only through the feebleness of the drawing in of the breath; Asthma, for lack of this force that ought to drive out the superfluous vapours out of the lights, and Orthopnaea, where that there wanteth vigour to draw the breath in, and again to let it out. But these three infirmities of the Lights are very nigh of condition the one to the other, yet have they their several signs from what humours they proceed, which are chief caused of blood and phlegm, but less of Cholera, and very seldom of Melancholia. The cause of this pursiveness may proceed as well of outward cold, as of unnatural heat, as also of falling, thrusting, and striking, whereby any of the inward parts of the throat be tainted or pained, as Sinews, Arteries, Muscles, Neck, and such like, jointly or particularly, whereby the breath is hindered, even as the same may be provoked by some sudden strong stirring of the body, pestilent air, vapour or damp of Quicksilver. The inward causes are phlegmatic matter throughout the whole body, or in any part thereof the which for the most part infecteth the head and the lights, long and continual use of any choking and binding things. Item, if there were any imposthume in any part about the breast, as in the throat, pipe of the lights, as in the Squinancy, pain of the stomach, suffocation of the mother, and such like. Also when as any Rheum falleth into the lights, which is comprehended under the foresaid parts. The outward causes must be understood by the patient himself, to wit, whether he have led an unruly life, whether he have eaten much fruit, much Swine's flesh, much Beef, or have been fed with much Verivice, Vinegar, Medlars, or Chestnuts, all which do breed a short breath: but if this shortness of breath do come of the Squinancy, look for the signs of the same, and likewise for other incident sicknesses, as for the signs of the Pleurisy, inflammation of the lights, suffocation of the mother, superfluity of phlegm, even as of either of them is sufficiently spoken in his place. Concerning the remedies for these sicknesses, we will first of all show in what manner the patiented is to behave himself, for that helpeth much, and chief, for that these diseases do many times so mooter and plague people (for the space of many years) that they can neither live nor die. Because then this pursiveness, coughs, and shortness of breath are caused of all humours of a man's body, which is blood, Cholera, Phlegma, and Melancholia: therefore we will for brevity sake, declare no certain rule of living, to the end that every one of discretion might know to rule himself according to the nature of every patiented, and other circumstances, as also by many other instructions that are described here and there in this book. Notwithstanding to frame an introduction thereto, this is the beginning. If in case that this pursiveness proceed of tough phlegm that obstructeth the breast, you shall know it by this, to wit, if the patiented be plagued with a grievous and pinching shortness of breath, and that most at all times when as this tough slime shall be removed, to wit, two hours after midnight, even until the morning. And if that he through want of sleep, can scant come to himself through weakness of wit, with a strange pleasant taste of his mouth, and casting out of salt phlegm, whereby that the foot and the eyes wax bleak, the breast is without heat, or with very little: yet the breast being burdened with a grievous Cough and short breath; thereto cometh also a heavy freighted head, lithernes of the whole body, a slow, feeble, and sometimes also a still pulse. And if the matter which is impacted in the breast be stirred, then trembleth the patiented: yet with these other signs more are many alterations, which are incident unto them, according to the importance of the Ague, as it cometh to pass. Of the six unnatural things, which are called Res non naturales, whereto is also added a rule of diet for the Pursivenesse. §. 10. IN the Introduction of this book of Physic, in the eleventh Chapter, is a brief discourse of these six unnatural things, the which the learned call Non naturales, whereof we then promised to speak more at large. And to the end this may be orderly effected, therefore are we to speak somewhat thereof at large; and to that end, because the same is very commodious for many sicknesses already mentioned, and others that are yet to be described hereafter. But these are not therefore called unnatural, because they are contrary or besides nature: for sleeping, watching, etc. are not contrary unto nature, but only by reason they have not received their natural offspring of blood, Cholera, Phlegma, and Melancholia, wherewith the nature of man is united and joined together: and when they agree orderly together nature will be supported by them, especially for that they are but accidental things, that are not nature herself, but be the furtherers and preservers of the same: and by reason thereof have gotten these names, as followeth. air. The Air is of the learned decreed for the first, wherein they that have a short breath are to observe this rule; to wit, that men are for the same to choose a subtle, warm, and dry Air. Contrariwise, men are to shun the cold and moist, and chief the South wind, for that oftentimes is an occasion of a narrow breast or pursiveness. But if you cannot get such an air, then make fire in your chamber of juniper wood, and of a Bay tree, Cypers wood, Béechen wood, Oaken wood, and such like. Item make a fume with Myrrh, Laudanum, Ambra, Musk, and red Styrax, three ounces; temper them all together in Sage, wild Thime, Penniroyall, and all manner of odoriferous herbs. Or if one be kept in a Stove, the same must be made but meetly warm. All places next to the earth, & all vaulted chambers must he refrain. The windows of his chamber must stand towards the East and North, the which in the heat of the morning until noon are to be kept open, and afterwards shut up; and when the Sun beginneth to go down, then to open the same again, thereby to refresh the air. All dwellings that stand beside still standing pools, are to be avoided. In like manner also all dark, cloudy, thick, and stinking air. And when you are to go abroad, then is the Pomander following to be carried in your hand, and smelled to continually. Take Spica of India, Galingall, and Mace, of each one dram, Laudanum half an ounce, Frankincense, Sandaraca, of each half a dragm, Musk and Ambra, of each two scruples, make thereof a Pomander with Malmsey. Look also that the chamber of his dwelling be strewed with herbs of hot natures: but from Rue and Smallage let him beware, for that they hurt the brains. Or sprinkle often the chamber with wine wherein the same herbs are sodden. Motion. Motion: Motus is accounted the second unnatural thing: touching this is commanded in the straightness of the breast, that whensoever any such do rise in the morning, that he shall go forthwith and ease himself, and beware how he wear any clothes that are narrow about the neck and breast: yet must he wear clothes well lined, but no lining of any Beasts that frequent the water, or of Wolves. He must also not wear any heavy thing on his head; yet must he see that his head be well covered alway, and defended from the cold, with a light Cap or Hat. He must also give himself to meetly stout walking, or to ride upon an easy trotting horse, or to shoot in a handbow, or use such like exercises. In the evening one hour before, and one hour after meat, shall he exercise himself, yet not above his ability, so that the short breath be not moved too much, wherewith Venery is also comprehended, for that it is a deadly poison to a full stomach, by reason that the same aught to be done six hours after meals. But if these exercises cannot be achieved by reason of great feebleness and other occasions, then in stead of them the patiented is to be well rubbed with hot clothes over all his outward or utmost parts, even as the same is sufficiently taught in the second part of the first Chapter and §. 3. and in other places. This rubbing may be also well effected with oil of Camomile, Dill, or with Salad oil, and in such manner that if the shortness of breath be extreme, then in the beginning is he to be futhed, and rubbed mightily, and afterwards very midly: and this is all to be done in such sort as the patient may well abide and suffer it. If there be great weakness approaching, then let his clothes be fumed with Musk, Amber, Cinnamom, Lignum Aloes, Gallia Muscata, and such like: or lay on those parts certain clothes which have been wetted in Malmsey, or any other kind of Wine, wherein Cloves, Galingall, Mace, Spica, etc. are decocted. Sleep and watching are said to be the third unnatural thing. And for this sickness is commanded that men give themselves to steep at any hand, be it at noon or evening, Sleep. but only two hours after meat: but it is better that one utterly forbear sleeping a days: seven or 8. hours long is the fittest time for sleeping, yet the same may be diminished or augmented according to the custom of the sick body; or his diet. First they are to lie high with their heads, and on the right side, until the digesture of the stomach be consummated: and afterward awhile on the left side, and then again on the right side, and to lie upon the belly is commodious for digesture, but it is not good for the eyes. To lie upon the back is most perilous, and a cause of all diseases of the brains, the Sinews, the Palsy, the Frenzy, and such like, because that thereby all superfluity of the humours do fall down backwards: contrariwise, measurable watching strengtheneth much, yet according to the importance and custom of nature, and power of all natural humidities; for if one take not heed thereto, then cometh none other thereof, than all mishap. How that all excessive watching shall be withstood, is to be seen in the first part the 12. Chapter, and 6. §. Repletion and inanition are the fourth unnatural things, which the Latinists do call Repletionem, Repletion & manation. and Inanitionem. You must have an especial care that the body be kept free from all superfluous humours, for thence do grow many & sundry infirmities, wherefore it is necessary that they be expelled in the morning through going to the stool, through the urine and sweeting, & by all other such like means. And if so be that nature cause not all this of itself than ought it to be compassed through the help of stronger means: and first to begin with the easiest remedies, that is, with meat and drink, but if the same cannot be perfected, then must other things be used according to the quality of the disease: but what serveth best for the grief in the breast (whereof we here do treat) shall be showed hereafter. The first part of the foresaid unnatural things is called of the learned Accidenti●animi, Affections of the mind. which are things that concern the mind, as anger, rage, weeping, frightednesse, fear, heaviness of the mind, sorrow, and such like, whereof also proceed great sicknesses, and thereby this disease of the breast is specially increased, for that thereby are the tough phlegm in the breast drawn, and the bringing of them up hindered, therefore are all such sick folks to be always merry and of good cheer. The sixth and last part and unnatural thing is meat and drink, Meat and drink. of which all is to be chosen that is good, & to forbear all that is hurtful. For that it is a general rule, that those so infected are never to be overladen with meat and drink. Also it is better that such do moderate themselves, taking at three times but a little, than at one time or two times to overcharge themselves with meat and drink. Secondly, that they swallow not down the meat unchewed. Thirdly, they that have a grief in their breast, are to forbear eating of all that is cold, moist, slimy, and astringent of nature, as unleavened bread, sodden fish, beef, inwards, and feet of all beasts: also Milk, Cheese, & all that is dressed with Milk, Lettuce, Purslane, Béets, spinach, etc. may he not eat. Meats that be good for him, are well raised white bread which is not above three days old, and bread wherein Annis seed, liquorice, Saffron, cinnamon, and Fennell are baked. Of flesh is to be chosen good Mutton, Veal, Lamb, Kids, Hares, Coneys, Roe bucks, and the lungs of a Fox. Of Foules these are very commodious, Hens, Pullet's, Capons, young Pigeons, Pheasants, Partridges, Blackbirds, wild Ducks rather boiled than roasted. Also there be good for him Broths, Coleworts, Parsley, Fennell, Mints, Sage, and Hyssop, which are to be used often, but Turnips and spinach very seldom: dry Figs, Raisins, and Currans eaten before dinner and supper are much commended. And his meat is to be dressed with Fennell seeds, Annis seed, Comine, Caraways, Pepper, and such like things more. Pease porridge & Bean broth is also good for him to use: likewise Raisins decocted in Almond milk, or goats milk. To have his meat dressed with Sugar and honey is very good, Vinegar or Verivice tempered with any kind of Spice, as Saffron, Ginger, Nutmegs, Cloves, cinnamon, or Cardamome. In stead of Salad oil is fresh Butter, Barrows grease, and Goosegrease good for him. Further all that be grieved in the breast, shall occupy much these herbs in their drinks and otherwise, as Venus' hair, Hyssop, Horehound, Elecampane, and Saffron. For his drink, Wine is not utterly forbidden, but he may drink some small draughts, and that the oftener, Sweet and pleasant Wine is most wholesome for him, tempered in the Summer with Well water, and in Winter with decocted water, notwithstanding that good sweet red Wine were as good. But if the patient will not gladly drink Wine, then is this mead following to be prepared for him: Take three quarts of the water of cinnamon and Saffron, of each one dram and a half, Hyssop one dram, seethe it so long until the fourth part be sodden away; then put thereto twelve ounces of honey, and seethe it again till the third part be sodden away: scum it, and then let it run through a cloth. Of all wines the Rhenish wine is most commended, brewed a little with water, for it fumeth not into the head, but hasteneth towards the bladder, and carrieth the matter with it. Sweet Lemons, Pomegranates and Quince pears, being well sugared, are also permitted for the appetite: but Marmalade strengtheneth much the breast and lights. This is then the order to be observed in this sickness, chief when as it proceedeth of phlegm, and not for any short time, but the same is still to be continued: for as we have already showed, this sickness is of long continuance, and perilous, so that if one do his very best therein, yet it is in young persons very hard, and in old folks almost unpossible to be cured. And although there be many sicknesses of the breasts (like as is already rehearsed, and shall be yet again spoken of hereafter) yet is there no evidenter means for to know whether the Lights be infected or freighted, then through the Cough, and by that which is cast up in coughing. It is also to be noted, whether the breathing be uneasy, slow and wheasing, etc. For the troublesomeness of the pain, and of the fetching up of the phlegm, do bewray the matter which causeth the disease and ulceration of the Lights, therefore must all Physicians look diligently unto it: for when the matter is known, then is it easily to be discerned, whereof this grief in the breast is caused. This may suffice for this present. Of the breast oppressed with Phlegm. §. 11. WHen any such sicknesses do light upon men, then must they be known and discerned (as is already recited) therefore we will write first of Phlegma, as of the most common infection of the breast. In this sickness is first the Basilica to be opened in the right arm, letting out four or five ounces of blood, and afterwards this drink following to be used. Take ten or twelve Figs, Dates, Smallage seeds, Fennell seeds, Venus' hair, Hyssop and Horehound, of each five drams, seethe them together unto about the half, take about three ounces thereof, and temper therewith this Confection following, and take such once in every three days, or once in every four, five or six days, for it exceedingly expelleth the superfluous matter from the breast. Take the juice of liquorice, Hyssop, and Venus' hair, of each ten drams, Pepper, bitter Almonds, aristology, Cress' seeds, and Nettle seed, of each three dragms, Honey as much as is needful for to make a confection; the Honey must be boiled and clarified. But above all it is to be advised, that after letting blood he take one dram, or four scruples of Pillulae de Agarico, which are much commended for this sickness. Or use these pills following: Pillulae de Hiera compositae, Aurearum, of each two scruples, make thereof seven or nine pills with syrup of Roses, and take thereof twain early in the morning: and five hours after that take a draft of lean Hen broth; and then one hour afterwards break your fast. The next day, take in the morning this preparative Syrup. de Bizantijs, de Calamintha, de Glicyrrhiza, of each half an ounce, water of Cicorie, of Violets and Balm, of each one ounce, temper them all together, and drink thereof eight days long fasting. When this is done, then take this purgation following: Take Electuarij Indi, two drams, De Psyllio half an ounce, temper them all together in a little warm wine, and drink it in the morning early. Some do counsel also, that after purging heed be taken that one vomit with beaten Mustard seed and Honey: for that doth vehemently expel the matter off the stomach. And if that you perceive the matter be to be cast up, then take the water of blue Flower de luce, Hyssop and Marjoram, of each one ounce, water of Folefoote two ounces, Sugar half an ounce; temper and use them every morning for the space of one whole week: afterwards take three ounces of new Cassie, and water of Folefoote wherein two scruples of Rhapontica, and Spica half a scruple were steeped, drink it warm, and fast six hours after it. This unguent following may also be used every day, anointing the belly warm therewith covering it with a piece of warm fur: Take oil of Saffron, oil of Camomile, of each three quarters of an ounce, Ducks, and badger's grease, of each one quarter of an ounce, Saffron half a scrup. white Pepper, Ireos, and Rue, of each one quarter of an ounce, white Wax as much as is needful, thereof to make an unguent or salve. Here is also to be noted, that all sour and eager things, and all that is dressed therewith, as sour Pomegranates, Oranges, Lemons, and such like, are very hurtful: In like manner is also gross sour wine and Salad oil very hurtful. These pills following are to be prepared: Take good pot Aloe three drams, Agaricus and the root of Polypodie, of each one quarter of an ounce, Coloquint one drag. Spica, Ginger, and Indie salt, of each half a scruple; beat them all together, and steep them in the juice of Roses and of Endive, of each two ounces, keep it in a warm place, stir it about till it wax dry, then afterwards power thereon again two ounces of the juice of Marjoram gentle, and let it dry also. Thirdly, temper therewith two ounces of the juice of small Endive, and half a scruple of Saffron: when it is dry, then take the weight of a drag. thereof, make pills of it; of which take always one every fift day before supper, and one more two hours after. This may every such patiented use all his life long in all countries. The like also when he useth the preparative Potions, if he be bound in his body, he may freely take one of them in the evening before meat. These pills have great force to preserve health; for they cleanse the breast, the stomach, and the liver. He must eat every week a piece of green Ginger, and fast at least four hours after it. In winter time must he strew upon his head twice a week, this powder following: Take Lignum Aloes one dram, Mace one quarter of an ounce, Stechas, Marjoram gentle, and gross Marjoram, of each one scruple, Roses, ivory, and Sandaraca, of each one drag. and a half, beat all small and temper them together. For a confection: take Spec. Aromatici Rosati, Trociscos' de Rosis & de Spica, of each half a drag. six ounces of white Sugar, make thereof Tabulates, and eat thereof after meat. If you use not green Ginger, then is also good for you, the Tabulats of Diaireos Salomonis, and more confections that serve for this end, even as it is described in the discovery of Asthma. There is a fume also to be made for this patiented, with Myrrh, Costus roots, Saffron, Cassia wood, aristology, or Galbanum, which liketh him best, each alone, or mixed together. Also he is every evening to wash his feet, even to beneath the knees in warm fresh water, wherein Roses and Violets, of each two handfuls, Mints, Marjoram and Stechas, of each one handful, have been sodden. Of the right pursiveness with a sore old Cough through tough Phlegma in the Breast, which is called with one word Asthma. §. 12. BY this name Asthma some later Physicians comprehend the three foresaid species of pursiveness, to wit Dispnaea, Asthma, and Orthopnaea, for that the breath in these three sorts is hardly drawn, which is peradventure because all the diseases of the breast and the Lights have a natural participation together, that they are very hardly to be discerned, even as may be well observed out of these desciptions following, where the lights and breast commonly are comprehended together: nevertheless they have partly their difference, whereof we (as far as is possible) shall give good instructions. It happeneth also oftentimes, that these plegmaticke humours do fall out of the head into the lights and breast, that they fill them full, and if then that nature be not so strong that she can avoid or consume the tough slime, then will it corrupt there, and convert into that, whereof then (if it be not looked to) the Hectica or Phthisis, which is the consumption, is wont to follow, as hereafter shall appear. Therefore is this Asthma to be always prevented: for when it beginneth to be confirmed, then is there no more help to be done, nor cure to be wrought. As much as then concerneth the order of living in this sickness, he must (as much as is possible) rule himself according to these foresaid ordinances; for which, all they that are vexed with Asthma, are to have twice a week cups fastened on their buttocks without picking: what is further fit, as to open the breast, and to bring up phlegm, you have good remedies in the second Chapter of the Cough, and yet more not long before in the 8. §. that may stand also in some stead for this purpose. Now follow divers confections and other medicines that are good for Asthma, Take Sage, Venus' hair, Folefoote leaves, Lungwort, Violet leaves, and Hyssop, of each a handful, Penniroyall and Thime, of each half a handful, flowers of bugloss, Violets, Borage, and Cicorie, of each half so much, Annis seed, and Fennell seed, and seeds of Mallows, of each half an ounce, Elecampane and liquorice, of each three quarters of an ounce, Parsley and Polypody roots, of each half an ounce, ten or twelve Figs, Currants four ounces, prepared Agaricke three drams, Spica, Squinant, Galingall, and Cinnamom, of each half a dram, Ginger and grains: seeth this altogether with a mild fire in sufficient water, until there do remain about a pint, wring and strain it well out, then put as much Sugar unto it as you think good, and let it seethe to the thickness of Honey, use this Lambative, and lick thereof as much and as often you please. Confection of Currans. The Confection of Currans, which are used of all Apothecaries, is thus prepared: Take Peony roots half an ounce, dried Hyssop, Balm, and Heart's tongue, of each half a handful, liquorice cut small half an ounce: seeth these all together in sufficient rain water, wring it hard out, and strain it through a cloth: Put into this decoction washed Currans that be well powned: seeth it once again with the decoction, and strain it through a cloth or a hairne scarce, put thereto a pound of Sugar, and let it seethe into a confection: it is special good to open the breast, to suage the Cough, and to maturate the phlegm. Another. Take washed Currans, or Raisins five ounces, seethe them softly until that they swell, power them into a sieve and press them through, put thereto twelve ounces of Sugar, and then seethe them together into a confection. This Confection following is good for the common people, take Colewort leaves with the red stalks, cut the stalks & ribs, stamp them in a wooden mortar, an strain out the juice: let it seeth, and take as much Honey as there is juice; seethe it all together unto the thickness of Honey, stirring it alway about. If you will have it stronger, than temper some Saffron amongst it. Another. Take Holy-hock roots one ounce, Elecampane half an ounce, let them seethe together in water of Violets, stamp them to pap, temper therewith one dram of chervil seed, and make thereof a confection with sodden Sugar, let them seethe together in water of Violets, stamp them to pap, temper then therewith one dram of chervil seed, and make thereof a confection with sodden Sugar, let them seethe together until they be thick. Or take one dram of Rhubarb, oil of fresh Almonds three ounces, and two ounces of the cream of Milk, temper them together boiled on warm ashes, & use thereof often, for it is very good. Some put thereto one dram of Rhubarb more, which is not to be discommended. Young children may have this kind of powder prepared: Take Mastic, Frankincense, and Citron pills, of each a like much, beat it small together, wherewith rub the child softly in the seam of his skull. Afterwards give him hereof to lick; take fresh oil of sweet Almonds, temper therein white Sugar beaten; but if the obstruction of the breast be much, than temper amongst it Trociscos' de Agarico, or give him the powder thereof to drink; in like manner also Rhubarb with Spica of Indie, with Cinnamom, or Squinant, according to the importance of the cause. Old folks may use this as well as young children. How commodious the Cassia is for all sore Coughs, is sufficiently declared in our Introduction. But for this pain in the breast, it is needful that it be tempered with Agarick, or some other thing, according to the quality of the sickness. But for this is especial heed to be taken for women with child, that it be not given them without great cause, because it maketh pain or ache in the belly. Item, take Sulphur 'vise two grains, temper it with a little Honey, and so take it in, for it is marvelous good. There is also to be had ready at some Apothecaries a costly compound Trociscos' de Sulphur, Trocisci de sulphur Adulphi. or called Adulphi, and is thus prepared: take losings of Cole, Dragagant, & Sugar pennets, of each half an ounce, Ginger two scruples, liquorice three drams, Ireos' one scruple, Hyssop, Nettle seed, Rosemary flowers, Saffron and Sulphur vife, of each seven grains, mix it with Looch sanum, and form trocisces thereof, take a little of it, letting it melt alone in the mouth, and use it often. They make also a Confection of Brimstone: take Sulphur vife one scruple, mix it with fresh Butter, and Mucilage of linseed, or Elecampane one ounce, take thereof often, and a little at once. The Confection of Fox lights, that is, Looch de pulmone Vulpis, is above all other remedies, Loo●h de pulmone Vulpis. for the Asthma (which is a shortness of breath) very much commended; for it is not only good for a sore Cough and short breath, but it healeth and cleanseth all ulcers of the breast and Lights. And for the consumption it excelleth all other remedies, & is made thus: Take prepared Fox lights, the juice of liquorice, Annis seed, Fennel seed, and Venus' hair, of each half an ounce, clarified Sugar seven ounces and a half; beat these together, and decocted with Sugar in the water of Folefoote leaves, temper it into a confection. Hereafter follow some good Potions for this shortness of breath. Take Sebestes, Figs and Dates, of each four, Venus' hair, Violets, Currants and liquorice, of each one quarter of an ounce, white Poppy seed one ounce, Cinnamom one quarter of an ounce, Annis seed, Fennell, agrimony, Hyssop, of each one ounce, 20. juiubes, Sugar or Hony five ounces, three or four pints of water: let this seeth together until the third part be sodden away, strain the liquor through a cloth, and put the Sugar thereto or honey, and let it seethe again until it be clear. Iten take 3. quarters of an ounce of Figs, Dates, Horehound, Smallage seed, Fennel, Roses, Venus' hair, Hyssop and liquorice, of each five drams; seethe them as before, or to the half. The common people may seethe water with honey and Hyssop: & as the shortness of breath beginneth to lessen, he must lay one dram of Agaricus in the water of betony and Hyssop to steep, and temper amongst it some honey of Roses, and so drink it together. Also the common Mead, and Sugar water, is good to drink. Another Potion. Take a pint and half of white wine, steep therein one handful of Horehound; let it seethe together until the third part, strain it and put thereto six ounces of clarified Honey; let it seethe a little together, and scum it diligently, whereof the patiented is to drink every day two or three ounces. Some do take three ounces of Honey, and do melt therein half an ounce of Turpentine washed, or as much Oxymel: Both are good and sure. A marvelous good medicine which is highly esteemed in Turkey. Take the liver of a Wolf, the Milt, Lights and brains: salt well the brains, and take of these four of each a like much, let them be dried well that they may be powned: Give the patiented thereof one quarter of an ounce with a little fresh broth three days one after another in the morning fasting, and let him fast afterwards five or six hours. The sick party must take his drink through the Wolves throat; & when this is so done, they report that they (which use the same) be from thenceforth freed of it all the year following: but if it return not within one twelve month, that then it will never come again. And if he had this sickness any more afterwards, they advise that one should make a lace of the Wolves maw, and wear the same all his life time on his naked body; for thereby should he be certainly freed of this sickness. But to try these things is the best way. Water distilled of Elecampane, or broth wherein it is decocted is very good, and chief if it be mingled therewith. Hereafter are some things described, which the diseased may hold under his tongue without chewing as big as a bean, and swallow it down by little and little. Take Looch de Pino one ounce and a half, Sugar pennets half an ounce, powne them together. Item, take Looch de Farfaria (called add Asthma) as much as you think meet, and as much powned Hollihock roots, make a hard confection thereof with prepared honey or sugar. And if any do resist these weak things, then shall he in the stead thereof use Diapenidion described in this Chapter and 6. §. And if it happen (as it woonteth often) that the sick person by reason of this cough cannot sleep, then is he once or twice a week to take this potion when he goeth to bed. Take placents of Ireos one dram, the confection of Philonium Romanum half a scruple, temper it with one ounce and a half of Hyssop water, and at the same time strew on the top of the patient's head this powder following: Take Sandaraca one quarter of an ounce, Cloves one drag. Mace two scruples, Roses, water Lilies, Violets, and Poppy heads, of each half a drag. Lignum Aloes one scruple, stamp each a part and temper them together. Plasters or Unguents for this Asthma. TAke fat Dates and Figs, of each one ounce, Mallows, Hollihocke leaves, of each three handfuls, roots of Mallows and of Hollihockes, of each half an ounce, cut them to pieces, and boil them together into a pap, mix Pigeon dung amongst it, Turpentine, and Rosin, of each one ounce, the mucilage of linseed, and of Fenegréeke as much as is needful for to make a mild plaster, lay it warm upon the breast; the same doth also the fat sheeps wool. Item, take Comfrey roots, broad and narrow Plantain, Purslane, and Henbane, chop them small and seeth them together in the waters of Plantain and Purslane until it be thick, beaten well and mixed with Pomegranate pills, acorn cups, Galls, and Myrtle seed (which have been steeped eight hours in warm water:) then strained out hard and powered to the rest and boiled unto a little; afterwards mingle it with fine Bolus, the meal of Lupins, and Barley meal, of each half an ounce, Gummi Helenij one quarter of an ounce, Wax and Turpentine as much as is needful for to make a meetly thick plaster, then spread it on a leather and lay it upon the breast. The unguent Althaea is very good to anoint the breast withal, as the same is often here before commanded to be used. Item, anoint the breasts with the oil of Wall flowers, of Bays and Dill tempered together or each a part. Or take oil of Violets and of sweet Almonds, of each one ounce, Ducks grease and butter, of each four ounces, Saffron two scruples, white Wax as much as needeth for to make a soft Unguent. Certain excellent things in general. §. 13. THese things following are much commended for all diseases of the breast, and for all coughs in general. First, the gum Ammoniacum dissolved in Barley water and honey, and taken: aristology, bitter Almonds, & oil of sweet Almonds dressed with all meats, Boiled Sothernwood, Balsam wood, & the fruits of the same: prepared Coloquint is wonderful good for this, being used in pills: Cypers decocted in wine, confected Elecampane roots, Galbanun, the roots of blue Flower de luce, Myrrh put into pills of Agaricus, Coriander and Spikenard seed, rear eggs supped up, or Cawdles made thereof, Léekes with Barley water and honey, Nettles and their seed with Barley water and Honey, Woodbine, Sandaraca, green Rue boiled in Vinegar, Squils are special good, roasted, or howsoever you will use them; for that they be commended and esteemed above all other medicines. Saffron tempered in the broth of a Cock, wild Saffron seed, the gum Sagapenum given in with Rue water, Sesely seeds, Fox longs prepared one dram only, Hyssop and all that is prepared with this herb, is good for the lights and the whole breast, confected roots of the Star thistle Eryngton, conserve of Rosemary, and all that is made of Rosemary, Betony, Gilliflowers, and all that is made thereof: Nutmegs that are confected, do consume all superfluous humours, not only of the Lights, but also of all the inward parts, albeit that some suppose, that they are hurtful for the Lights: Walnuts that are confected in Sugar or Hony, do warm the Lights and all inward parts, for which this thing following is very good. Take a sweet Pomegranate, cut it in four parts, Strew the pieces with Sugar candy, and bind them together again, binding or wrapping them in a moist cloth, and let them roast leisurably, then take out the core, and eat it for a medicine. Conserves of Eyebright openeth all inward members, and all obstructions of the Lights, like as doth also the wine which is described in the first Part against the diminishing of the sight. Calmus which is confected, hath a special power for the oppilation of the Lights, and to open all inward obstructions. Coming doth also the same, Caraway and Fennell confected, or eaten raw: likewise Fennell is good for all Coughs, roughness of the throat, and hoarseness. Treacle and Mithridate are also very good for this. All Losing of Diapenidion, of tragacanth, juice and syrup of liquorice, and all kinds of Oxymel (as is already said) are altogether marvelous good for this disease. Siliquae roasted in ashes are also good against all shortness of breath, and all kinds of Coughs: M. Tristams water: In like manner both the sirups of Vinegar, Simplex & Compositus are also special good for this purpose. Also all the forementioned Potions for the Cough and the breast, even as they are set down in the second Chapter §. 2. In like manner also a costly stomachical powder, which is described in the first Part, the 12. Chapter §. 1. that may be also used for Asthma. Of shortness of breath through Cholera. §. 14. IN the beginning of the description of this shortness of breath we have showed, that the same is caused very seldom of Cholera; and if the same should be caused thereby, then is the same yet to be cured through the same means, as in all places are expressed hereafter and before. Therefore is here no special matter to treat of, but only the signs that are of this sickness through Cholera, and afterwards to see wherewith to delay the heat. As concerning the signs thereof, it cometh with great drought, heat, and gnawing about the breast, and the same rather in the right than in the left side, with a yellow colour all over the breast, wherewith cometh also a roughness of the tongue and of the throat, and especially about the time when the Cholera accustometh to move and stir, which is from three a clock until nine in the day time, whereby the patiented will also cast up small store of phlegm, and that is yellowish: In his sleep appeareth yellow things, and fiery fantasies, as lightning, and such like. The pulse is hard, quick, and continual, except the patient had lost most part of his natural strength: the Urine is thick, yellow, and ruddy, but in the bottom clear and subtle: yet do these signs alter with every mutation of an accident, according to the which every expert person may know to direct himself. These things following do cool the heat of the breast in general, and the inflammation of the Lights, as Cassia, new Conserves of Roses, julep of Roses, syrup of Roses, and such like; conserves of Borage, bugloss, and their wine, if they be not expressly forbidden for some reason. In like manner the Cherry wine, which is of a temperate nature. Item, Conserve of Violets & julep, Conserves of Cicorie do cleanse all inward members of Cholera, driveth it out through the stool, and doth withstand all Agues of Cholera. Peaches confected in Sugar are also a special comfortative for all hot diseases, for that they cool all inward members, like as doth also the Conserves of water Lilies. Take the juice of chickweed, and Verueine, or the water wherein they are decocted (if you please) it is very good for all Coughs. syrup of the right Endive is special good for hot Lights, and for all inward hot parts. Likewise also Manna of himself and his confection, Electuarium de Manna, which is ready to be had at all Apothecaries. Of the shortness of breath through Melancholia. §. 15. EVen so it is also with Asthma through Melancholia, which is through the heavy blood, that happeneth very seldom, whereof these are the signs: a right leaden colour of the face and the breast, running eyes, with great heaviness of the spirits, wherewith is also a fearfulness, faintness of hart, desire to be solitary, especially from nine of the clock in the day time, until two or three in the night: he complaineth also of more abatement or lack of breath in the left than in the right side, and of little sleep: he is also vexed with many heavy fantasies, he cougheth up much thin spittle, and that with much ado: his water is thin, white and clear, his going to stool is lead coloured and hard. There is heard much rumbling and wind in his breast and in all the body. Yet do these signs alter through divers occasions, so that you must note the meat and drink that the patiented hath accustomed himself to use before time. How this disease is to be remedied and cured, you shall find in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, §. 8. of Madness, of Melancholia, and all that is said in the third part of the foul melancholic blood. Of the shortness of breathing or Pursivenesse through wind. §. 16. WHereas there is any short breath, or heaviness in the breast through wind, the same will be always augmented through meats and medicines that engender wind, as may well be noted through the rumbling and course of the wind in the breast and other places more. For this must be used, Rue, and Penniroyall, of each one ounce and a half, Serapinum, Opopanacum of each one dram, Coming one ounce and a half: all this being beaten together, make thereof a salve with molten Wax, and anoint the breast therewith very warm. This salve is also very good for all heavy breathing that proceedeth of gross tough matter, and that is impacted into the Lights: for it separateth and consumeth the same. What further might be done for this, that may you sufficiently perceive by all the forementioned Treatise, wherein hath been spoken of this sickness. For this short and sore breath through wind cannot be alone by itself: but there must be with it either Cholera, or Phlegma, or Melancholia, or blood: of all which there is sufficiently written. Of the spitting blood through some disease of the Lights. §. 17. THe spitting of blood may come of many occasions of the brains, which are wont to be eased through bleeding at the nose, whereof is written in the first part the eight Chapter, and 7. §. Secondly, through any hurting or bruising of the throat or the mouth, for which you are to look in the first part the 13. Chapter. Thirdly, through hurting of the gums, whereof we have sufficiently mentioned in the first part: also the sa●e is sometimes caused of the Lights, breast and stomach, also of the Liver and of the mother, etc. This spitting of blood do the Greeks call Hemoptoin, whereof we will write at this present. The cause of this bleeding may happen through falling, thrusting, and such like outward occasions of the breast, or of any horseleech drunken, through great heat, or great cold, strong coughs, to cry loud, to vomit much and vehemently, through long use of hot peppered meats, or through use of onions and garlic, through much subtle blood, through neglect of accustomed letting blood, and through some disease of the lights: or when a vein chanceth to break, whereof hereafter we shall discourse in particular. The signs of this spitting of blood that cometh out of the breast, or out of the Lights are, that when the same proceedeth out of the breast, then will there be felt great pain in the same: and contrariwise, when it proceedeth out of the lungs, there will be felt very little pain, the spitting blood, out of the breast is not so perilous as that from the Lights. But when there is a vein broken open, then runneth it most abundantly. If it be caused of any other inconvenience, as of impostumations, bruises, or hurts, then cometh up but little blood, and that full of scum. When as then a sick man through haking without coughing fetcheth up blood, it cometh from some little veins about the throat, where you may easily come by it with any kind of remedies: but the patiented for this disease must forbear to eat excessive meat and drink, by reason that thereby much blood is engendered, whereby through the superabounding in the veins the throat openeth: but if he be provoked to such bleeding through vomiting, than it is a sign that it cometh from the stomach: the which is not much to be feared, for that the same is to be easily prevented through letting blood, setting boxing cups, opening the mother vein, or opening their terms or flowers: in like sort by taking some astringent things, as the seeds of Sumach, sour grapes, and such like. Item, through this potion following: Take fine Bolus, Gum, Dragon blood, Pomegranate blossoms, & Frankincense, of each a like much, powne them together to powder, and take thereof three drams, and temper it with sodden juice of Quince pears. For meat is very good, Starch, peeled Beans, Lentils, Pease, unleavened bread, Turtle doves, and common Pigeons. Of fruits, all that bind, as Medlars, Services, Quince pears, Prunes, Pears, and such like. For drink, milk wherein are quenched glowing pebble stones, steeled water, thick red wine a little now and then, syrup of Poppy heads tempered with water, wherein Quince kernels and Myrtle seeds are decocted. It happeneth oftentimes that such spitting of blood cometh of itself, without any cause at all, whereby the patiented is neither hindered nor harmed at all, and is to have his course: but if the same do chance through coughing, which is a sign that the same ascendeth from the lights and the breast, then is it to be feared, that it will be Phthisis, that is, the consumption which then ensueth, because one cannot come to this place with necessary remedies. Then for this sickness it is best to let blood immediately at the first, and that in the Liver vein, whereby the blood may be derived from the Lights. Others do first of all open the Saphaea on the feet, that the blood might be drawn downwards, and always on the same side that it is adjudged the disease to be. The third sort counsel for this disease, to set boxing cups on their buttocks. This being all done, the patiented is to be laid in a cool chamber, where he may be as quiet as may be, without much stirring of himself, and must keep from him all that might inflame his blood, as anger, crying, copulation, laughing, hot coverings, hot and salted meats and drink, bathing and such like. There are also no red colours to be brought in his sight. Above all this, binding is one of the principallest remedies against abundant bleeding, therefore is that also here to be used, as in other places is sufficiently taught. There are ordained many more remedies against this spitting of blood, even as hereafter followeth, whereof you may choose that which liketh you best. Take Frankincense and Dragon blood, of each three drams and one scruple, of yellow Amber one dram, prepared Bloudstone and sealed earth, of each ten drams, alum two drams and a half, flowers of Pomegranates three drams, Opium two drams, Rhubarb one quarter of an ounce, make thereof 18. trocisces with syrup of Poppy heads, then temper every day one in Purslane water, and so drink it. And if this spitting of blood be too violent, then may the patiented take one more at night. These things following are more certain, because of the Opium: Take Mumia, Mastic, fine Bolus, and Dragon blood, of each alike much, being all beaten small together, make trocisces thereof with Purslane water: for this is also good Trocisci de Carabe, and of Terra Sigillata. Now follow certain confections and such like, wherewith the cause of this spitting of blood will be taken away, for the which this following is a certain remedy. Take a dram of Egshels beaten small, and temper it with half an ounce of the syrup of Poppy heads, or syrup of juiubes: temper also with it the confection of Philonium Romanum, half a scruple, and so take it: if you had rather drink it, then mix it with some Purslane water. Item, take conserves of Roses and Violets of each one ounce, the confection of Triasandalon three ounces, prepared red Coral, Purslane seed, & broad Plantain seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, temper them together with Rose water. Or take the spices of cold tragacanth cakes half an ounce, yellow Amber, prepared red Coral, Bloudstone, fine Bolus, Plantain seeds, and Houseleek, of each one dram & a half, Gum, broad Plantain seed, of each half a dram, Mastic, Frankincense, of each three grains, Raisins one ounce, white Sugar as much as is needful, Purslane water and Rose water, of each two ounces; seeth therewith the Sugar, until it be as thick as Honey, and temper the rest being beaten small amongst it. Item, take Pingles one ounce, Currans one ounce and a half, beaten liquorice half an ounce, Ginger one drag. Cinnamome two drag. as much Sugar as the rest: seethe them with the water of Plantain, and temper the rest, being chopped and beaten amongst it. Take Henbane seeds ten grains, prepared Coral one scruple, two or three ounces of Plantain water, temper them together, & give it him to drink: put also thereto the tabulats of Diatragacanthum, the confection of Diacodion, Looch de Portulaca, each alone, or tempered to a confection with the syrup of Myrtles: the red losings are also to be holden in the mouth that stand described with other. Treacle or Mithridate do marvelously withstand the spitting of blood, if there be taken of them one dram and a half, tempered with Vinegar and Purslane water. The confection of Fox lights described here before in the 12. §. are also highly commended above all other remedies. Against all clodded blood in the breast, be it of any wounds or otherwise, you are to drink this: take field Cypers, stamp it small, and lay it 24. hours to stéep in Scabious water, wring it well out, and drink oftentimes thereof warm. Item, take the herb Horsetaile, beat it to powder, and drink thereof every time one drag. with Plantain water twice a day. This powder may you also cast upon the meat, and a little Bloudstone mixed amongst it. Item, take prepared Bloudstone, mix it with water or juice of Purslane, and swallow it down; for this stone hath a special force to staunch blood, like as experience bringeth with it. Or take two scruples of prepared Bloudstones, and temper it with the renning of a young Dear, and make pills thereof, and hold them awhile in your mouth. Item, take juiubes, Sebestes, Dragagant, Gum, of each one quarter of an ounce, Annis seed, and seeds of Hollihockes, of each one drag. one quart of steeled water: seeth these together to the third part, whereof the patiented is to drink four times a day. Item, take syrup of Poppy seeds, of juiubes and Myrtle seed, temper them together, or take each alone; make a drink thereof with water wherein Quince or Myrtle seed is boiled. Another. Take Myrtle seed, broad Plantain seed, both beaten small, of each one dram, temper them with Purslane water, and drink it treatably. Or use this following in this manner also, take beaten Lupins one quarter of an ounce, prepared Bloudstone one dragm, tempered with Purslane water, and drink it as is said. betony laid in Wine is also many times approved in the spitting of blood. There may also salves be used outwardly upon the breast; yet here is to be noted, that it is very commodious for the spitting of blood, but for the cough very hurtful, therefore this following is rather to be used: take oil of Roses, or Myrtles, of sweet Almonds, & juice of Prunes, of each a like much, and make thereof a salve with molten wax. Item, take beaten Frankincense, temper it with the white of an Egg, and lay it on the breast. Or take the juice of Sloes Hyppocystis Dragon blood, blossoms of Pomegranates, Galls, Mastic, and Roses, of each four scruples, Turbith, fine Bolus, of each one dragm, oil of Roses, of Myrtles, of Mastic, of each half an ounce, the white of an Egg well beaten, and Wax as much as is needful for a salve. The black Tabulates described in the second part, the second Chapter, and 2. §. shall the patiented hold under his tongue. And if this be desired to be more forcible, then is it to be prepared as hereafter followeth: take tragacanth, Plantain seeds a little parched, and Gum, of each half an ounce, Bloudstone, the yellow seeds of Roses, fine Bolus, sealed earth, Amber, and red Coral, of each one dram, mucilage of Fleawoort seed tempered with Purslane water, as much as is needful for to form therewith these trocisces, use them as is said. It is also needful that the body be purged. For which this syrup following may be vse●: Take Myrtle seed and the seed of Butcher's broom, Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates, the yellow seeds of Roses, acorn cups, Galls, juice of Sloes, and Hippocistis, of each half an ounce, white Saunders, Quinces and ivory, of each one quarter of an ounce, tragacanth, Gum, fine Bolus, and Dragon's blood, of each one drag. and a half, sealed earth and Mastic, of each three drag. Frankincense, white Poppy seed, of each two drag and a half, prepared Bloudstone half a drag. the juice of Plantain, and juice of Quinces, of each six ounces. You must strain and scum the juice, then power thereto as much rain water as will serve to seethe it together, and make thereof a syrup with Sugar, whereof give one ounce and a half tempered with three ounces of Purslane water during certain days early in the morning. This syrup doth not lose, but stoppeth much rather, and stauncheth blood. For the purging use these pills, de Agarico two scrup. Cochiae one scrup. make thereof seven pills. Or make the syrup of Roses laxative with Rhubarb in an astringent decoction, and Purslane water, wherein the shells of yellow Mirobalanes be decocted, and this is a soluble and good purgation, it cleanseth well the blood. But if the cough be with it, then against night give him a pill of Cynoglosso, and let him hold one in his mouth by day. For a broken Vein in the Lights or breast. §. 18. THe signs of a broken Vein in the Lights are (as is already said) if the blood be suddenly spit out or powered out by heaps, and that clear, clean blood, and not clodded, then is present remedy to be looked for before it turn to an imposthume, or that the blood be congealed and turned into matter. For if so be that there be neglect thereof, then is there danger of never more to be helped. And if so be that such forcible blood will not be stayed, then are you to open out of hand the Liver vein in the arm of the same side, where you think that the vein of the Lights is broken, and then to let no more but two or three ounces of blood. And if you perceive that there is any Cholera run out with it, then is the bleeding of the nose not bad for the same. But if this will not help, then is the head vein to be opened between the thumb and the first finger, and let out about two ounces of blood. There is good for this to purge choler with Cassia, sour Dates, Manna, and such like. To draw the blood downward, the patiented is to be rubbed softly with warm clothes in the outward members, also to set great boxing cups unpickt on the top of the buttocks: and if the piles could be made bleed, that will do it much good. Salves. TAke beaten Galls, Acorns, Butcher's broom seeds, and the juice of Sloes, of each half an ounce, Myrtle seed, seeds of Plantain and of Purslane, of each three drag. tragacanth, Gum, Isinglass, Glue, of each five drams, Barley meal one ounce and a half, Starch, Mill dust, of each one ounce, Saffron one drag. seeth it in red wine, which is somewhat mild, and make pap thereof, and lay it upon the breast, and renew it once every four and twenty hours. And in case that the pap cleave hard on the breast, then must you lay a fresh thereon. Item, take Sorrell water, water of Balm, Cicorie and Rose water, of each six ounces, Trociscos' de Spodio, de Rosis, of each two scrup. red and white Behen, Doronicum, Hearts bones, and Pearls, of each one scrup. Malmsey half an ounce, temper it together and seethe it a little, then dip a four square cloth in it, and lay it lukewarm over the left breast: in like manner one more on the same side of the back bone, and refresh it every day once. For staunching of blood there are many sundry remedies described in the first part, the eight Chapter, in the 7. §. where we have spoken of the bleeding of the nose, yet is there here cammanded to be used (if need require) these things following. Take Henbane seed and white Poppy seeds, of each five drag. sealed earth and red Coral, of each two drag. and a half, prepared Bloudstone one drag. and conserve of Roses four ounces, temper them all together and make a confection thereof. Use a little thereof, and that with great heed. For this also may be taken the oil of Rosin distilled with Ireos and prepared Sulphur two ounces, Ireos' one drag. beat it together very small, and use thereof every day three or four grains. Yet it is to be understood, that this is not to be done, but after all the foresaid things, as letting of blood, and such like. Afterwards it is very good once in eight days to take one quarter of an ounce of Turpentine, with a little Ireos rolled with powder of liquorice. This following is to be laid under the tongue: Take cold Dragagant tabulats two ounces, prepared Bloudstone, Amber, Glue, red Coral, and Pearls of each one dram, temper them all together with Looch de Papavere, as much as all the rest, and hold at all times thereof in the mouth the bigness of a Bean. Order for meat and drink. IT is very needful in this disease to observe a certain order in eating and drinking: therefore he is to feed with that which cooleth measurably, which thickneth the matter, and draweth it together. From the first day to the fourth, the sick body is to be kept soberly: afterwards is his meat to be dressed & sod with one of these things following, as tragacanth, Gum, or a little clean Glue, or a pap of Starch, of Mill dust, or at the leastwise other meat strewed therewith. Pap of Goat's milk that is prepared with pebble stones or steel is good for him. Sodden calves feet or Lambs feet, Pullet's broth, or Capon broth dressed with Isinglass are very commodious for him. There may also sometimes a piece of a Tench or an Eel, with other entrails of fish be sodden in other meats: for it is certain that those things for this sickness are very commodious. In like manner are the Lentils sodden with Wheat, and dressed for this sickness very meet: for this is also fit juiubes, Dates, Barley, thick milk, fresh Cheese, all kind of flesh wherein is little blood, as Wood Pigeons, turtle Doves, and Partridges prepared with binding things, as with Quinces, Barberies, Raspes, and such like. If this spitting of blood be caused through heat, then dress his meat most with Lettuce, Purslane, Gourds, Melons, Daisies, shepherds purse, and such like. For his drink this following is very good: Take twelve ounces of very good Honey, four pints of water that is twice stéeled with steel, being well sodden together, temper amongst it tragacanth and Gum, of each one drag. and a half, Saffron one scrup. let it seethe again until the third part be sodden away. But if one will not drink thereof alone, then is good red wine to be tempered amongst it. But let him drink what he will, if Isinglass be sodden in all his drinks or the powder thereof be mingled amongst his drink, it is the better. He may also otherwhiles take a draft of Rose water, or Purslane water. Rain water is commended above all other sorts of drinks, if a vein be broken in the breast, and chief if there be a little fine Bolus or burnt ivory tempered amongst it. This following is praised for a precious and an approved powder: Take the seeds of Plantain, Butcher's broom seeds, and the juice of Sloes, of each one drag. prepared Pearls, red Coral, Amber, Blondstone, and Dragon blood, of each one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus three quarters of an ounce, tragacanth, Gum, and Frankincense, of each three drag. temper and beat it together. You are to take one scruple of this powder with Purslane water four times a day, one hour before breakfast, one hour before supper, and likewise two hours after. For congealed blood. §. 19 WHen it is thought that (after the vein is stopped in the breast) there is yet still a little clotted blood behind, then are these things to be used thereto. For which is fine Treacle highly commended, if thereof be taken one dram, or a dram and a half, with three ounces of water, wherein liquorice and Venus' hair have been sodden. Or take old Treacle one drag. one ounce of Vinegar, two ounces of Rosewater, temper it together and give it him. For this is also good the water of Larks spurs, billet coals one quarter of an ounce beaten small, and given to drink in Vinegar, is a general medicine for all clotted or bruised blood. So is likewise the renning of all young beasts especially good for all clotted or bruised blood. If then any body hath caught a great fall, or is hard strucken or thrust, and afraid of any clotted blood, then give him every morning and evening (each time) two or three ounces of the juice of chervil. Item, take chervil water and Lovage water, of each one ounce and a half, or two ounces, & drink it at a draft. Or take of Rhubarb half an ounce, Lacca one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus, & sealed earth, of each one dram, Rhubarb half a dram, if you put thereto some Sponges, it will be so much the better, make a powder thereof, and use it as is aforesaid. Another: Take fine Bolus half an ounce, sealed earth one dram, Dragon blood and Spermaceti, of each half a dram, make a powder thereof, and give him a dram of it with white wine. This plaster following may also be made: Take goats milk & honey, let them be well warmed together, then temper amongst it as much fine Bolus, until it be as thick as a plaster, and so lay it upon the breast: it wasteth the clotted blood. If any be afraid that through falling or thrusting he have broken any thing in his body, or fear to have any clotted blood within him, then is he to drink one dram of this following with warm wine or beer. Take four ounces of the roots of red Bluglosse, cut them in pieces, and let them seeth in a pot of red wine until they be soft, then take them out and beat it to pap, put thereto two ounces of Spermaceti, and one pound of fresh Butter, let them melt together with a small fire, and therewith anoint the place, where the pain is greatest, and chief about the breast. Lastly, in the middle of the spitting of blood, take one ounce of the juice of Plantain, temper therein two or three grains of Opium, and give it to the patiented. Or make these conserves following: Take white Pepper and Henbane seed, of each five drams, sealed earth and Opium, of each one quarter of an ounce, peeled Hemp seed and Saffron, of each four scruples, Bevercod, Spica, Euphorbium, Pieretrum, Pearls, Amber, Zeduary and Doronicum, of each one scruple, Camphor six grains, sodden honey as much as is needful, give of this half or a whole dram with one ounce and a half of Plantain water, tempered with half an ounce of wine. Comfortable things in and after the spitting of blood. §. 20. FOr to keep nature by her might and power, these confections following are to be used. Take the flesh of Capons that are sodden with tragacanth in steeled water six ounces, white and red Coral, tragacanth, Gum (both a little toasted) of each one dram and a half, fine Bolus, Amber, sealed earth, Mumia, and Bloudstone, of each one dram, Purslane seed and Plantain seed, of each three drams, Almonds steeped in the juice of Quinces, three drams, juiubes, Sebestes (so dressed also) of each one ounce, Specierum Electuarij Regum, one quarter of an ounce, Species of the cold Dragagant Tabulats four ounces, white Sugar and Sugar candy, of each one pound and a half, or so much as you please, seethe the Sugar with Pullet broth, and mix all the rest amongst it, and make of them morsels. Another. TAke Species de Gemmis, which are set forth in the description of the hart, one dram, and give it with sirupes of Apples, this strengtheneth the hart and the Lights, it is very good for those that after spitting much blood, be so faint hearted, that they seem to have no more pulse. For conclusion: for this spitting of blood we will here present some particular things to be used for the same, where there is neither Physician, nor Apothecary near hand: bitter Almonds with Starch are passing good for this, and also for all cold coughs: Agaricus one quarter of an ounce, steeped in six ounces of Purslane water, and wring it well out, and so in one day at two times taken. Flowers of Pomegranates, Hippocistis, and prepared Coral, of each one dram, with the white of an egg and Gum tempered together to Trocisces, and so holden under the tongue. The juice of Quinces, century, burnt and washed Hearts horn, prepared Amber, Lycium, sealed earth, fine Bolus, Myrtle seed, Myrrh, or a little of all of them, three or four grains at one time taken with wine is passing good. Likewise the juice of Mints, or of Purslane is highly commended for this disease. For this is also good the white Henbane seed, but not above three grains at once to be taken. The yellow seed of Roses, white Brier, and many other things more that are above rehearsed, amongst other compounds (which are to be used alone) are very good. Of the infection of the Lights which is called Peripneumonia. §. 21. THis name is as much to say in Greek as Phlegma, which is phlegm, slime or corruption of the Lights, which matter infecteth the lights, maketh them swell, and bringeth an hot Ague with it. This is caused chief of Cholera, or of Phlegma, that which falleth through the veins, or out of the head into the lights, and may be caused of the matter that provoketh the Pleurisy, or Squinancy, and falleth into the lights. And although the Peripneumonia, as an imposthume of the lights, happeneth to break out, whereby the lights are wounded; yet is it notwithstanding therein severed from the Phthisi, that this infection of the lights is rather placed between the small skin which covereth the lights, than in the substance of them where it can procure an exulceration; where contrariwise the Phthisis which is the right consumption, harmeth, impostumeth, and rotteth the very substance of the lights. The signs of this Peripneumonia, or malady of the lights are these, namely, a troublesome breath, as if one would choke, whereby the sick body is compelled to lift up himself, his breath is always hot, so that he doth always call for cold air. This phlegm is sometimes somewhat brown, and otherwhiles pure red, and sometimes green and black and scummy. They do feel a wring and pain in the breast, that reacheth from the ribs to the backbone. There is also a strong Ague commonly therewith, the tongue is red, and will be in time slimy and black, so that when one toucheth it with the finger, it cleaveth thereto. They cannot lie neither on the back nor side, but must sit alway upright: the cheeks are always so red, as if they were painted. If then these signs all or in part do appear, then is it most certain that there is an imposthume in the lights, the which otherwhiles causeth such a strangling, and Apnaea, that the patient can get no more breath, and that it cannot be thought otherwise, but that the patient must stifle, and all this without any great stitch or feeling of great heat, which nevertheless is very great over the whole body. The remedies for this sickness are, that the head vein be opened, and afterwards the means be used which here before in the fift Chapter in the 5. §. are prescribed. The remedies for this sickness are, that the head vein be opened, and afterwards the means be used, that here before in the 5. §. is ordained for the Pleurisy, be it of what cause soever that they proceed: but good heed must be taken, for that this imposthume sticketh déepelier in the body than the Pleurisy: so that whatsoever one layeth outwardly upon the body, must be stronger and always tempered with such things, that may convey the medicine to the lights, and make the phlegm to be loosed the sooner: that which is to be laid on the outside, must not be laid on the side, but above over the breast; and if that the patiented be not let blood, then is he to be let blood in the liver vein in the arm. Of the anguish of the Lights which is called Empyema. §. 22. THis disease of the lights is altogether like the foresaid Peripneumonia, and proceedeth commonly of these causes following, to wit, when one is thrust hard upon the breast, or hath fallen, whereby afterwards there flow bad humours to it, that at length alter into matter. Also, this sickness can be caused of a continual use of some certain vaporish meats and drinks, or through a Rheum that falleth out of the head upon the lights, and cannot be coughed up by any means, so that there it doth putrify, and must needs turn to matter: Or that inwardly within the breast some imposthume happen to break, whereby the matter runneth into the hollowness of the breast, like as of the Squinancy, of the Pleurisy, and Peripneumonia commonly chanceth. In fine Empyoma, which is an anguish or imposthume wherein much matter gathereth together, the which is burdened with all the foresaid matter with it. When as then any such anguish cometh into the Lights, then is it very hard or unpossible to be helped, for that there be no other means for to cleanse the same than through the Cough, the which still exulcerateth more, and consumeth the lights. The signs of the imposthume in the Lights, are oppression of the breast, a painful breath, to cough up corruption, with a dry and salt Cough, to speak snappishly, a disordered pulse, with a small Ague, which is rather perceived by night than by day, whereby there is but little sleep. And to know in what place of the Breast that this imposthume is, these are therefore the signs, namely, if it be in the right side, and the patiented do lie upon the left side, then hath he much more pain and grief. Item, make a cloth wet in water wherein fine Bolus is dissolved, bind the same round about the breast, and upon the place; where the same cloth is first of all dry, there is the grief: if it dry on both sides, then are both the sides therewith infected. This sickness, be it as perilous and incurable as it will, notwithstanding are there no other remedies to help it, than they that are ordained for the pain in the Breast, for the Pleurisy, and chief for the cough: So that there must be used for the same now and then sirupes, and otherwhiles Plasters, Confections, Pills, Tabulats, Gargarisms, and such like, now one, and then another. For as much then as we have notified in all the foresaid places, and in the ensuing Phthisi or Consumption, many remedies, therefore it is needless to reckon them here again, but only to remember, if the amendment come slowly, that then it should not be discontinued and left off, for that this disease accustometh commonly to tarry forty days and longer: and if so be that the sickness be not cured in forty days, then cometh thereof the consumption. And whereas it often happeneth, that neither inward nor outward remedies do help for this sickness, then doth the last refuge and necessity constrain, that other remedies be sought for: to wit, that lastly the Breast must be opened, be it with a hot iron, corsie, or incision, that thereby the filth and matter be let run out, whereby the breast is to be cleansed, the patiented cured, and old age achieved, therefore we will not pretermit to make known, what the ancient Physicians have taught thereof. First all such Plasters are to be laid therein, that do discuss matter and maturate it: as these following: take Fenegréeke, and Linséede meal, of each three ounces, eight or ten fat Figs, six or seven Dates, two ounces of Pease meal, Camomile one ounce and a half, powne them all together and seeth them in wine, and temper therewith two ounces of Turpentine, and linseed meal one ounce and a half, oil of Camomile one ounce, then make a plaster thereof, and lay it on the breast where the pain is. And if you suppose that this swelling proceed out of a cold cause, than put thereto two ounces of Pigeon dung, Saltpetre one ounce, and oil of Lilies as much as is needful: Treacle or Mithridate (if there be no Ague) taken inwardly or laid thereon outwardly are very good. And that this imposthume might the sooner break out, the patient must provoke himself as much as is possible, to lie on his side where it is, not to forbear coughing, but to provoke himself much rather to cough up the same, as much as he can, thereby to break the same the sooner. But if the anguish will not of itself incline to any breaking, then must the place where the same is, be opened on the outside, with an hot iron, Corsie or incision. When as the matter is all run out, and the imposthume mundified, than it is like other impostumes to be cured. And if so be that through riddance of much filth, be it through coughing it up, or any other issue, that nature doth begin to be weak, & requireth strengthening; then is the patiented to be well provided for, with good light bread, and sweet white wine, and broths of Hens, & use all fowls that haunt the high countries. goats milk is very good for him to use: also rear eggs, sodden Barley, Colewoorts broth, dressed with Hyssop, Parsley, and with oil of sweet Almonds. Lastly, all his meats are to be tempered with Hyslope and Saffron, by reason that they have both a special congruity or affinity with the Lights and the Breast. Also there may be used a confection of the flesh of Capons, described of late in the 19 §. for a strengthening. With these foresaid things we will add some other things, that are not only commodious for the imposthume of the Lights, but also for the Asthma, and all other diseases of the Lights: but chief some Potions, as wine of Marierom and Asarabacca, like as both of them in the end of this book are described. Item, take Fenegréeke, linseed, Holy-hock roots, Mallows, and wild Saffron, of each one handful, dried Hyssop, and Venus' hair, of each one handful, eight or ten fat Figs, Currants two ounces, Sugar pennets, liquorice, of each one ounce, Fennel seed one dram, Turbith half an ounce, Ginger one scruple, Sal gemmae half a dram; seeth all together in three quarts of water, unto two quarts, and every day give the patiented thereof six ounces. He may also use this Cock water following, the which is thus to be prepared: when as the greatest extremity is past, and when the patiented beginneth to recover, then give him a good Cruse full of this broth following, for certain days continually. Take a Cock of three or four years old, course him so long until he lie still; afterwards kill him, and stuff him with Currans, Figs, liquorice, wild Saffron, Venus' hair, white Mints, Penniroyall, Fenegréeke; if you cannot get all of them, take the most part of them, of each a like much: let them seeth in a great kettle that you need to power no more water upon it, drink of this as is said. But the third day, take six ounces of this Potion, and seeth therein two cut Figs, unto three ounces: then put thereto a dram of Treacle or Mithridate, Philonium Romanum half a scruple, washed Turpentine one dram and a half, and then take it all at one time. This order must he observe certain days together, albeit that it should last one whole year, which would be the better. Likewise there is good for this sickness, Turpentine taken with Hony, and prepared Fox Lights, for it openeth the Breast, cleanseth the same, and healeth the Lights. Another Cock water. Dress the Cock as he ought to be, and stuff him with Hyssop, liquorice, and Venus' hair, of each half a handful, Currans half an ounce: let them seethe well together, and lastly put a dram of Thymus unto it, use this broth, as is aforesaid. Item, melt a drop of Ammoniacum in a spoonful of the water of life, and drink it fasting. Of the consumption Phthisis, a disease of the Lights. §. 23. THis Phthisis, (the which by reason of her nature, is called the Consumption, and of the Latinists Tabes) is an ulcer of the Lights, of the Breast, of the throat, or of the mouth of the stomach, wherewith is always a Cough or a small ague, whereby the whole body consumeth away, and waxeth impotent. Or Phthisis is an exsiccation and weakening of the body, whereby the whole body will be consumed, even as the Greek name showeth. Item, Phthisis is a sickness of the Lights, that drieth away and consumeth the flesh, marrow, and all other powers of the body. In fine, Phthisis is all that harmeth the Lights, or devoureth them. This disease is also of such nature and quality, that it seldom infecteth the very young, the very old and aged persons, but most of all, as Hypocrates testifieth, those that are between eighteen and 35. years of age: and this is the cause that the eager and sharp matter in this age, be it through natural or accidental causes, doth as then reign most of all in these kind of bodies. First, this Consumption can proceed of many causes, as of a sore Cough, whereby any vein doth break in the Lights, or of any eager brackish rheum that falleth upon the Lights, and there through his eagerness doth arrode some vein of the Lights, as a drop of water through continual falling pierceth a hole into a hard stone. Secondly, this can also be caused through an imposthume of the throat; the which breaking, falleth into the breast, and there annoyeth the same. Thirdly, of any imposthume in the breast which after the Pleurisy, inflammation of the Lights, or spitting of blood, is not well cleansed and taken away. Like as of Empyema (which is the infection of the Lights) hath been said. Fourthly, such can also be caused through some obstruction of any accustomed course of women's Flowers, or course of the hemorrhoids, which being closed up, by their vapours do endamage the Lights. Fiftly, it cometh through extreme outward heat, or cold raw winds, and especially in the falling of the leaf. Also strains, wounds, pestilent air, through long use of many hot spices, Oinions, Garlic, and other things more, which do engender much and subtle blood, whereby a vein quickly cometh to break, whereby afterwards the blood putrefieth there, and turneth to an imposthume. These sicknesses can also be well provoked through long conversing in quicksilver, the vapour whereof harmeth and putrefieth the Lights. These also are the commonest signs of this sickness, to wit, when the sick man's nose waxeth small and sharp, when the temples of the head fall down, their arm pits do strecth out like wings, whereto cometh afterwards a small hot Ague, Cough after meat, oppression of the breast, grievous breathing, mattery spittle, the which is always a little died with blood, which if it be cast over hot coals, yieldeth a stench; or if one cast it in a kettle of water, doth sink to the bottom. The cheeks of the patiented are always ruddy, the nails on the hands and feet will be crooked, he is sometimes hot, and otherwiles cold. In fine, they that are oppressed with this wretched sickness, are always very raging and unpatient, so that no body can do enough for them, etc. When as then besides all these signs, the blood beginneth to consume, to dry away, and the hair to fall off, then is he very far spent. Now for to come to the means whereby all such sicknesses are to be helped, then is there first an old saying, that the old and ripe consumption is not to be cured: The cause is, that all such ulcers of the breast do corrode too deep. Secondly, because the Lights must be in continual motion, where notwithstanding all cures have need of quietness. Thirdly, through continual motion doth race and eat in the deeper. Fourthly, for that the disease lieth so deep in the body, that Physic can hardly or slowly come to it. Fiftly, if hot remedies be to be used for it, then increaseth the Ague: if cold remedies, then have they but small force to pierce to the place infected: Or if there be drying medicines used thereto, then do the same oppress and putrify there. These sicknesses may be settled a long time in children and old folks, in corpulent and fat folks, and specially in women: but if the sickness do draw to an end, & that besides all the said signs the stomach faileth, and the lask approacheth with it, then is there small hope more at hand, notwithstanding, although this sickness (as it is said) is very dangerous, and long continuing, yet are the due remedies that serve for the same not to be despised nor abjected. And before all, as much as concerneth this disease, the eyes are to be fixed on seven kind of things. First, to see that the Rheum be stayed, for the which you may here before find divers remedies in the Squinancy in the twelfth Chapter and 2. §. Also in the fifth Chapter 2. §. Secondly, heed must be taken to the ulceration of the lights, for which in this present description of the lights very many remedies are prescribed, more shall be hereafter specified. Thirdly, to drive away the Ague, and for that to this sickness many kinds of Agues are incident, as may appear in the sixth part of this book. Fourthly, care must be taken to diminish this Cough, nevertheless to beware not to hinder altogether the coughing up of the phlegm, for the which look here before the 4. and 5. §. and also afterwards. Fiftly, the patient must observe a good rule of living, whereof hereafter followeth a good instruction. Sixtly, means must be made to take away the spitting of blood, whereof is at large discoursed in the 17. §. Seventhly and lastly, care is to be had to lengthen the sick bodies short breath; for this, look into the 12. §. of Asthma: what is further needful for this sickness shall follow hereafter. First there are here expressed four principal things, as well fitting the patiented for food, as for remedy, to wit, Honey, conserve of Roses, Crabs that are taken in fresh waters, Figs, and certain other fruits. As much as concerneth the Honey of Roses, it is alway more forcible than the common Honey, because that it expelleth phlegm and matter, pierceth and cleanseth, therefore is Hony accounted a safeconductor of all other medicines which are commodious for this sickness. But if so be that there be with it a vehement heat, and putrefying Ague; then in the stead of the same Honey is Hony water to be used: for which cause some say that the Honey is not to be used in this sickness alone without scumming, for if the same be not scummed, and do not seeth, it is hurtful, and causeth the lask. The second is the conserve of Roses, through which only some preserve themselves, and prolong their life: and if through use of this the body chanceth to be stopped, then is syrup of Hyssop to be used, and if the same be too hot, then are Trociscos' de Camphora and cold Tabulats of tragacanth to be used. Thirdly are the Crabs, which must thus be prepared: Take fresh water Crevets as many as you will, seeth them so long in well water until they may be plucked in pieces, then cut off the feet and skins, take off all the shells, and wash them well in Ley that is made of Vine-ashes, afterwards seeth them very mellow in Barley water: the patient must eat the Crabs, and drink the water. Fourthly, there are good for this disease in stead of Physic, Raisins, Figs, Pingles, Pistacia, Currans, Sebestes, and juiubes. But for this we will discover more other remedies, amongst which is chief commended Asses milk, and if the same cannot be gotten, Goat's milk is to be taken in the stead thereof: also bread sopped therein is to be eaten, and if that may be, he is to use no other drink sugared: but if that cannot be, then is he to use therewith some sugared Beer, yet is it no counsel to use the Milk, if therewith be any putrid Ague. Here is also to be noted, that woman's milk surpasseth all other milk: but be it what milk that it may be, yet must the same be drunken new milked, for all milk very quickly taketh an alteration and corruption. But if all manner of milk be loathsome to the party, then prepare him this potion: Take Ireos one quarter of an ounce, of Hyssop and green Venus' hair (if it may be gotten) of each one handful, peeled Barley three ounces, Melon seed, Cucumber seed, Gourd seed, Pompion seed, seeds of Verbascum, Fenegréeke, juiubes, and Sebestes, of each half an ounce, liquorice and Raisins, of each one ounce, white Sugar nine ounces, Honey three ounces, seethe it all together except the Sugar and the Honey in a sufficient quantity of rain water, according as you will have it strong, let it seethe to the second part: when it is strained, then put the Sugar and Honey unto it, let it seeth awhile and clarify it. And if so be that after the use of milk, there follow a small Ague, then shall he in stead of Milk, use Barley water, or a thin Barley pap, for that cleanseth the breast, and cooleth the same, and expelleth phlegm, but as soon as the Ague goeth away, then may you return to the use of the Milk. The rule of living. FIrst, they that have the consumption are to choose all such dwelling places, where it is always cold & moist, and chief where he is troubled with the Ague, situated to the North east and on the water. But if he cannot get the same, then must his chamber be often sprinkled with fair water; and if he be of ability, then is the chamber to be sprinkled in the place of common water, with stilled water of Violets, water Lilies, Cucumbers, Gourds, Pompions mingled; or each by themselves: or strew the chamber with Violet leaves, water Lilies, Vine leaves, and with other cold herbs. The chamber may also be fumed with these fumigations following, which are made of water Lilly flowers, Lettuce seeds, and Purslane seeds beaten together. He must not cover his head too warm. Secondly, almost all exercise and travel is hurtful, principally when as yet his head is full of humours; therefore shall he refrain all labour, and be still and take his rest. Thirdly, he must beware that he do not over eat himself, and it is more commodious to eat oftentimes, and a little at once, than for to eat once or twice a day very much: and so it is also with his drink. He must also beware and refrain to eat with hunger, and that which he eateth must he chew very well, whereon many do think but little, that do either hate or smally esteem their own lives. In like sort must he eat to expel all the superfluity of the stomach or bowels. If there be any such thing in the stomach, then must it be taken away by stools, for vomiting is very hurtful for this disease, but Manna or Cassia are to be used herein. But if the going to the stool be hardened in the Bowels, then must this Clyster be ministered: Take Mallows, Béetes, Violet leaves, and small Woodbine, of each a handful: seeth them together in sufficient water, take thereof twelve or sixteen ounces, oil of Violets, and of white Sesamum, of each one ounce and a half, fresh Butter three quarters of an ounce, Sal gemmae four scruples▪ or one quarter of an ounce of common Salt, minister it only in the morning. Fourthly, his sleep must be seven or eight hours long, and not at all but at the least one hour after supper: he must shun sleep a day times, and is to sleep half sitting, and not to lie upon his back nor on his face. Fiftly, he must beware of anger, of calling aloud, and of all that will impact the phlegm in the breast, as of sorrow, fear, fright, and above all things of Venery, for there is nothing that more abateth the nourishment of the body then the same, but he must by all means possible endeavour himself to be merry and of good cheer. As much as concerneth the sixth, to wit, meat and drink, for that you have this common rule, as, that his bread be of good white Wheat, and baked well, rising: also if the same be dressed with the water of Folefoote, it were very commodious. Of flesh's are good for him, fat Pullet's, Hens, Capons, and all field fowls, as Pheasants, Partridges, etc. Also young Kids, Calves, Hares, roasted Pigs, Fox lights, and the suet of all these beasts. All water Fowls, wild Pigeons, and Geese are forbidden him. But this meat is specially commended, take Almond milk when he hath a strong Ague, and where there is no Ague take Goat's milk, and seeth crumbs of white bread to a thin pap, and let him eat thereof, and such like paps made with Wheat meal, Barley meal, or Millet meal, sweetened with Sugar or Sugar pennets: amongst which one may temper some white Poppy seeds. All fish are permitted for this sickness, and chief all river fish: Crabs have also a special property, virtue, and secret operation against this malady. And if one cannot get Crabs, then take in the stead of them garden Snails, and let them with their houses boil with Hyssop and Fennel, then take them out, and bestrew them with Sugar, or fry them with Butter, as it liketh the patient best, for they cause the phlegm to arise, and moisten the body: all herbs that moisten and cool are good for this disease; yea it behoveth that all the patient's meat be dressed with the same, as namely with Beets, Lettuce, spinach, Borage, Purslane, Melons, and shepherds purse, which have a special operation for this sickness in cooling and moistening. But Colewoorts and Turnips must he forbear: Rice sod in water, wherein 24. hours before wheaten Bran hath been steeped, may he well feed upon, for through the Bran doth the water get a cooling and moistening operation. So is there also good for this sickness, red and white Pease, notwithstanding that they be warm and dry in the first degree, which warmth and drought is taken away by dressing. For amongst all kind of pottage, there is nothing more requisite than this for the Lights. But the ancient Physicians do much commend stewed Barley, Pusanam, of all other pottages, for it is light of digestion, slippery, and looseth the phlegm very well; it altereth also the bad, dry, and aguish complexion. And albeit that Barley is hot and dry in the first degree, yet all such drought is taken away through the moisture wherewith it is boiled, whether it be sodden and dressed in water, Almond milk, or some fresh broth; for it is familiar to the stomach, cleanseth the same, quencheth thirst, putrefieth not in the stomach: for these virtues is Barley commended of all ancient and later Physicians that are expert in physic. So do they also commend Otemeale, which hath almost the same virtue, and is like to the Barley, but is not so common in use, yet are the right Oatmeal paps very good, so are paps also of Beane meal, of Lentils, of rough bearded Wheat, of Starch dressed with Almond milk, or the broth of Hens, as occasion shall serve. Above the foresaid fruits the Hasell nuts are tolerated and allowed of, yet but few, lest they spoil the stomach: unsalted Cheese is very good for him, but old Cheese is highly forbidden, and albeit (even as is said) milk is for meat tolerated, yet is not Butter, nor Hog's grease, neither Salad oil commendable for this disease: neither yet any meats which are dressed with much fat. Oil of sweet Almonds, and oil of Walnuts are accounted for the best, because that the other stuff the head: all salted fish and flesh are hurtful, like as be vinegar, verjuice, and such like, and especially if there be salt in it: but if any of these be used, then delay the sharpness with Sugar; but sweet pomegranates and Citrons well Sugared may he use well enough. Hony is not good in his meat, although the same used after another manner be good and profitable, even as is here before expressed. He must beware of all spice, unless they be dressed with some other cooling herbs, as with Violet leaves, Purslane, spinach, Lettuce, Endive, and such like. But Saffron is much commended for this disease, for it strengtheneth the hart, the breast, and cleanseth the lungs. White Wine is good for his drink, if it be clear and somewhat sweet: but the sour and hard wine harmeth him: if so be that the Wine do not fume into the head, then let him drink it by itself, but if it be heady, then temper it with sodden water, or the water wherein liquorice, bugloss, Elecampane, Folefoote leaves, and such like are decocted, this must be his drink at meals, but if he drink between meals, then is he to drink sugared Barley water. Here have you now the second time a description of the six unnatural things, the which the Physicians do call Res non naturales, like as the same are before set down in the description of Asthma. Here do follow many remedies for this disease. TAke the tails of fresh water Crabs six ounces, prepare and dress them as is before instructed, the seeds of Endive, of Sorrel, of small Endive, and of Lettuce one dram and a half, Pingles that have been steeped one night in Folefoote water two ounces, stamp & chop them all together, and seeth them with four ounces of Sugar & Honey to a Confection. There is also another Confection made of Crabs, Looch de Cancris. called Looch de Cancris, as followeth: Take the tails of good fat fresh water Crabs four ounces, Raisins the stones taken out two ounces, 30. juiubes, liquorice two ounces, Venus' hair, Tassel leaves, Hounds tongue, and Dill, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth this all together in sufficient water to the half part, then wring it out, and put thereto syrup of Poppy heads, and white Sugar, of each four ounces, and when it is well clarified, and decocted to the thickness of Honey, then put unto it syrup of liquorice, Almonds chopped small, and Gourd seed, of each half an ounce, seeds of meadows and Quinces, of each one quarter of an ounce, Purslane and white Poppy seed, tragacanth, Gum and Starch, of each one drag. powne all these small together, Species Diamoschu, and Diambra, Another Looch. of each one dragm, temper them all well together. Item, this Looch ensuing may also be prepared for this, the which is very good for the consumption, the drought and heat of the throat: Take liquorice sliced, Raisins without stones, of each one ounce, juiubes and Sebestes ten or twelve, seeth them all together in two quarts of water, that there remain not above the eighth part, then strain it through a cloth, and put thereto five ounces of sodden wine, Sugar pennets two ounces, and so let it seethe thick together, whereof the patiented is to take twice or thrice a day, and likewise in the night treatably, a small spoonful at once, for this are also good Looch de Pino, De Farfaria, and Looch de Papavere. To these foresaid confections is this following highly commended: Take the juice of Pimpernell, of Bistorta, or powders of the same, of each half an ounce, conserve of Roses one ounce and a half, temper them well together, and let them seeth over a small fire; or if it be hot weather, set it in the Sun until it be thick. About the Bistorta is a great debate amongst the learned, B●storta. every one may therefore look unto it that will. Item, the confection of Fox lungs described before in the twelfth §. is special good for all such as have the consumption, taking daily the quantity of a Nutmeg. The operations that Treacle and Mithridate have in this disease, are declared in many other places of the book. The warm and cold Dragagant tabulats are also special good for the consumption, and that according to the importance of the same. Item, take eight ounces of Hen's flesh which is sodden in Barley water, and as much Almonds, beat them all small together, and temper therewith one ounce and a half of Starch, and the whites of five eggs well beaten, with four ounces of beaten Sugar, temper them all together with Rose water, and let them seeth well without the Almonds and the hens flesh: when it beginneth to be thick, then stir the Almonds and the Hen's flesh amongst it, and make morsels or small cakes thereof, and let them dry in an oven. The confected Almonds are special good for all such as consume away, for they give good nourishment; in like sort the confected Pingles, if they be steeped first 24. hours in Rose water. This following is a costly powder: Take white Poppy seed one ounce and a quarter, Starch and Dragagant of each three drams, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, Cucumber seed, and peeled Gourd seeds, of each seven drams, seeds of Purslane and Mallows, of each five drams, ivory, and the juice of liquorice, of each three drams, Sugar pennets, as much as of all the rest, make a powder thereof, and give every morning thereof one quarter of an ounce, with the syrup of Poppy heads, or syrup of juiubes; this is good against all ulcerations of the Lights, and against all Coughs, for that it is of wonderful operation, yea also in them that do cough up pieces of their Lights. If you will have a powder of it for to strew upon your meat, then put as much more Sugar unto it. Item, take Lungwoort, and prepared Foxelights of each half an ounce, and two ounces of Sugar, and make thereof a powder. And you may make these pills following for to lay under the tongue, which are very good against the Cough, and against the Ague: Take peeled Melon seed, Gourd seed, Cucumber seed, and peeled Pompion seed, of each five dragms, white Poppy seed, Purslane seed, of each seven dragms, Sugar pennets as much as all the rest weigh, mucilage of Quinces as much as needeth for to make pills therewith. Item, conserves of betony, and conserves of Gillofloures (being both of one operation) are passing good against the consumption: The conserve of water Lilies cooleth marvelous well, and the wine thereof. In like manner Rosemary wine, and of Clarie, are also good for this, even as in the last part of this book their operations are discovered. Here followeth also a precious Capon water which much strengtheneth the heart and restoreth all weakness: Take an old Capon, chop him small, and put unto him bugloss water, the water of Borage and Dandelion, of Endive, and Carduus Benedictus, of each eight or ten ounces, gross beaten cinnamon, and Pionie seed, of each half an ounce, Saffron and Nutmegs, of each one scrup. Roses, Mints, Sage, and flowers of Borage cut small, of each one handful, bugloss the root and herb one ounce, Heart's tongue, Violets and Rosemary flowers, of each half a handful, Misselden of the oak half an ounce, let all this digest in a Stiller, and afterwards distil it like other water, this is special good for children. These cold remedies following are very meet for a consuming body, which is hot and dry, to wit, conserves of Roses, syrup of Poppy heads, Roses and Violets, Purslane, cold Dragagant tabulats, and the confection of Diarrhodon which is very temperate. Of warming remedies if the patiented be not too hot, like as in Asthma, these following are good, Diacuminum, Diaireos Solomonis, Dia Hyssopo, Dia Calamintha, Diaprassium. In like manner, the syrup of all these aforesaid, also the syrup of liquorice, juiubes, and Venus' hair, but chief the last of them, which is not too hot. This patiented aught always as well before as after meat to sit in a warm bath of water, and to sit therein so long until that the veins begin to swell and grow big. Plasters and Unguents have also good operation in this disease, to wit, such as hereafter ensue: Take prepared Crabs tails (as is taught before) twelve ounces, seeds of Endive and of small Endive, of Sorrel, of Lettuce, of each one dram and a half, Mace one quarter of an ounce, peeled Melon seed, Gourd seed, Cucumber seed, and peeled Pompion seed, of each three drams. Pingles two ounces, beaten Sugar four ounces, and Honey of Violets as much as needeth for to make a plaster, and so lay it warm upon the breast. A good Ointment. TAke the fat of a white Cat, Heart's suet, Barrowes grease, the marrow of Heart's bones, Dogs grease, and badger's grease, of each one ounce, Honey two ounces; melt all these together on a mild fire: afterwards put thereto Bevercod and Euphorbium, of each half an ounce, long Pepper four scruples; beat that small which is to be beaten small, and make thereof with sufficient Wax and oil of Camomile an ointment. Some have not without cause dried betony and field Cipers, stamping of each half an ounce, with three drams of Turpentine put unto it: and as this unguent is somewhat hot, so is this following temperate. Take one ounce and a half of the oil of Violets, fresh butter three quarters of an ounce: melt them and power them into a mortar, and put thereto one ounce and a half of woman's milk that hath a daughter sucking on her, stir it together until it be well tempered, and anoint the breast therewith, it is good against heat, it suageth and looseth phlegm: therefore it is also good in Asthma and Hectica. Item, take the whole purtenance with hart, lights and liver as it hangeth together of a black Calf, chop it together very small, and distil it in a glass helm in seething water, you may take thereof as much as you will, and temper amongst it as much Nettle water as of the former, and rub therewith the withered members. If so be then the marrow in the bones do also whither away (as is admonished at the first) then take a fool of a year old, let it be killed, flayed and all the bones cut in pieces: take the marrow out: then take washed Turpentine, Hound's grease, and Heart's suet, of each half an ounce, cut and melt the marrow, but the skin that sticketh to the bottom preserve that alone: for being powdered it is good for all sores, the molten marrow keep still in the pan, and temper one with another as long as an egg may be sod, and let it cool: you may take thereof the bigness of a Walnut, and anoint yourself twice a day therewith, on the hands and side, and elsewhere if it be needful. It is also to be noted, that there is another sort of Consumption called Febris Hectica, which proceedeth also of this contagion of the Lights, but we will speak further thereof in the sixth part, where we do treat of all other sorts of Agues, as also of other witherings of the members, of lameness, and the Pox, in the fourth Chapter of this book. Of the stinking breath in Phthisis, or the Consumption. §. 24. OF all the former diseases and putrefactions of the Lights, it is easily to be understood, from whence the breath hath his beginning and whence it stinketh, and that it cannot be amended, if the disease whereby it is corrupted be not taken away and cured; whereof is spoken more at large in the first part, the 13. Chapter, and §. 3. therefore we will speak more briefly of it: for which Master Tristrams' water is very good. Likewise the juice of Wormwood tempered with Vinegar, and the mouth washed therewith. Confected Calmus, Elecampane and Citron pills, are also very good with their sirupes. In the first part the twelfth Chapter, and 1. §. is a powder set down which beginneth thus, Take Seen, etc. Annis and Fennell seeds confected, and such like, do also take away the stinking breath: the which also do sweet and bitter Almonds, be they confected or no. But heed must be taken for the consumption, that no lask or flux happen with it: and if such do happen, then is this powder following to be used. Take Gum of Araby, ivory, fine Bolus, and Myrtle seed, of each a like much, make thereof a powder, and minister thereof every day as long as is very needful, three drams at a time, with syrup of Poppy heads and Myrtles. For to conclude this Chapter of the Lights, we will add hereunto certain needful and necessary things: to wit, the medicines which by nature voluntarily ease the Lights, as Ireos, Hyssop, liquorice, Raisins, Venus' hair, Squils, Saunders, Pingles, Foxelights, Horehound, Honey, Sugar, Dragagant, Fenegréeke, Barley, Saffron, Ameos, Colewoort broth, the broth of an old stewed Cock, Cherries, Lignum Aloes, Hasell nuts, Opopanacum, Serapinum, Myrrah, Radishes, Daffodil roots, Lily roots, Frankincense. These things following do cleanse the Lights and the Breast; as Agaricus, Hyssop, Woodbine, Sarcocolla, Cassia, Ireos, Coloquint, the confection of Diasena, and the pills Cochiae. These things following do strengthen and warm the breast and the Lights, as Hyssop, Horehound, Ireos, Elecampane roots, Camomile, Hollihocke roots, Currants, Squils, Balsam wood, Myrrah, Serapinum, Lily roots, Venus' hair, liquorice, India Spica: and amongst the compounded things are Diacalaminthum, Diaprassium, Diahyssopum, Ireos tabulates, the confection of Pingles and Looch de Pino. For the cooling of the breast these things, juiubes, Sebestes tragacanth, Gum of Araby, Starch, and white Poppy seed, sweet Almonds, Violets, Sugar candy, Mulberries, Saunders, Sugar, etc. Of the compounded things, the confection Diapapavere, cold Dragagant, Salads, Sugar pennets, and other things more: that with many more are described before. We must note further, that although the disease of children, which is called the infection of the heart be a malady of the Lights, and a kind of Consumption, yet for some causes it is described in this Chapter following. The sixth Chapter. Of the Hart, the most precious part of man's body. ALl they that are expert in natural things, or in Philosophy, do write, that the Hart is the first member that is found in all living bodies; and in like manner the last that dieth of all other parts of a living body: the which is very well to be believed, for that it is a perfect fountain & offspring of life, & of all natural heat; and is also itself hotter than any other member: therefore in all beasts it is set in the midst of their bodies, that it might warm the blood, spread the same abroad over all the whole body, and thereby preserve life right in the middle of the breast, (which is contained in this second Part of this book.) The Hart hath his place in men's bodies, but with his picked end tendeth towards the left side, and left nipple: therefore do the common people suppose that the hart lieth in the left side. Out of this springeth first the vital spirits, Spiritus vitales, which with a continual stirring and moving preserve it, and that with such force, that the same being out of the body, yet it forcibly stirreth and goeth up and down, even as one may specially see by the hearts of the Salmon and Sturgeon. Through which continual stirring from this place, it doth communicate his motion through all the Arteries, and also the life itself unto the whole body, the which is to be known by this, that when the same is infected with any imposthume, or with any weapon never so little pierced, that forthwith the vital spirits, yea life itself must departed out of the body; like as is daily seen by the like experience of the hearts of all beasts which are killed, whereas the hart being found sound, so soon as the same is never so little touched or stirred, that then all warmth and help is taken from all other members, whereupon immediately death ensueth, and is none otherwise but as if ones hart be not before harmed. Item, this hart is also the dwelling place of all inclinations of the mind, as mirth, vexation, sorrow, fear, care, hope, love, hate, anger, malice, mercy, sufferance, or forbearance, and such like. Fourthly, appear in the Hart such diversities of affections, with such a force and virtue, that if the one do reign above the other, the same draweth such an humour unto it, as is most acceptable for it: As anger draweth unto it Cholera, mirth discusseth the blood over the whole body, and through fear and fright hasteneth it towards the hart: in great sorrow and vexation it draweth the melancholic blood unto it, etc. How were it then possible to express all the causes of these and of other more wonderful passions of the hart? yet have many renowned and learned men written very amply thereof, whose books may be read and perused. Also it is certain, that all bodies, which have great hearts, are fearful, and faint hearted, for that they have not so much heat as is needful for them. Contrariwise, all small hearts, which draw the heat the better together are stout and valiant: This may well be understood of great and spongeous hearts, which are not so wide, nor filled with so many vital spirits: like as are other great and compacted hearts, that be hot, and filled with vital spirits, then can they not otherwise but show themselves manly and courageous, like as the common proverb saith, he hath a great Hart. The Hart hath some fatness on the top, yet in lean bodies very little, but in fat bodies somewhat more, the which is ordained by nature therewith to moisten the Hart, that through his continual stirring it should not be so sore dried. Likewise it hath otherwhiles a thick fleshy skin which lieth round about the hart, and sometimes waxeth almost as hard as a bone, the which the Grecians call Pericardion, and we the closet of the hart, and hath such moisture in it, like as it were urine, yea otherwhiles like as it were with a sweet dew. And when as this moisture cometh to dry up, like as it happeneth in them that consume or live in great sorrow, then must death follow after it. Like as to the contrary doth come to pass, when there is too much of this foresaid moisture, that thereby is caused the panting of the Hart, and distemperature of the vital spirits. It were here too long to rehearse all the signs of a hot, cold, dry and moist Hart, or of a cold and dry, hot and moist, cold and moist, or hot and dry: all the which are intemperatures or Intemperies: of which is spoken in the first part and 1. §. We will also touching this, recommend the Reader to Galen, who hath at large discoursed of these Intemperies. But I must adjoin thereto three things which concern the hart, whereof the hart of them that died of Cardiaca or swooning, or their hearts that died through poison cannot be burnt. Secondly, the foolish fantasy of the Egyptians, that were of opinion, that men's hearts do every year augment one quarter of an ounce, and that during fifty years, and that afterwards from year to year it did abate as much again, which was the cause that men could not live above one hundredth years. Thirdly, that the heathen of their offered beasts (and also julianus the Emperor that fell from Christ) do marvelously seduce people and persuade, that all things to come may thereby be known, whereof we will speak no more at this present. We will now proceed with our intent, and treat of all the diseases and accidents of the hart, and do teach thereby how the same are to be helped and cured. And albeit touching this there be many maladies and accidents described by the learned, yet we will nevertheless briefly rehearse only of the faintness of the heart, of whatsoever cause that it may proceed, as swooning, quaking and panting, be it through heat or cold; amongst which may be contained all accidents and maladies which are incident unto the hart, and lastly add thereto of the malady which is commonly called, the griping of the hart. Of the fainting of the Hart in general. §. 1. EVen as the Hart is the most principal and precious part of the body, so doth the same declare that there is the more care and providence to be had, for to avoid and take away his maladies, for to cure all that which hurteth it, and to prefer all that helpeth; and to obtain the same, thus do the learned write these common rules hereafter following. First, that with expedition some good means and counsel be used and had against all that might happen unto the hart, for to expel the matter which is cause thereof, for that there is no part of the body which may tolerate less delay of help. Secondly, for other members which have any disease, there one thing is commanded, another forbidden, so that thereby no hurt might happen, which nevertheless is not so duly observed, as whensoever is given to one that hath the Ague, Wine or Flesh, which notwithstanding is clearly forbidden: but this must be more strictly observed in the infirmities of the hart, by reason that it is much more needful for to strengthen the same as can be best, and to comfort it. Thirdly, if any member be by nature hot, and yet there striketh more heat unto it, then must a great cooling be used: but one may not do so to the hart, whereto less or smaller things be used, neither yet to delay it so long, before you seek remedy to cure it, as shall be hereafter declared in the eight and ninth instructions. Fourthly, the parts that are helpers of the motions and actions of the whole body, must not at any hand be touched with any strong purgation, so that thereby the same parts, and consequently the whole body be not overweakened, the which must so be observed in the hart, by reason that the same doth procure all actions of the whole body. Fiftly, for that the diseases of the hart are caused for the most part of blood and wind, therefore is Phlebotomy much better for it then purging: but if the malady proceed of blood, then must the Liver vein be opened on the right side; if of wind, then is the Liver vein on the left side to be opened. Sixtly, if that purging medicines must needs be used; then is there always to be put thereto that which may comfort the hart, as hereafter shall be taught, thereby to strengthen the same, and to preserve it, by reason that all purging medicines are not a little contrary to the hart. Seventhly, it must be narrowly looked unto what part of man's body doth send these humours towards the hart & causeth this malady, for to make ready the purgation accordingly, and to add the cordial things unto it, as hath been said. Eightly, if that the Hart have gotten a bad hot complexion, that the same must be cooled, then is to be tempered amongst the cooling medicines some warming things: for if nothing but only cold things were used, then might perchance the natural heat be quenched, and the patiented killed. Ninthly, the cause of this mixture of cold and warm things is; for that cold things are commonly of no force or power without the help of warm things, to penetrate to the Hart. As for example, the Saffron is therefore added to the Trociscos' de Camphora. For that all which shall here afterwards be written of the malady of the Hart, is no other thing but a faintness, whereof the one is greater and the other lesser than another, like as Lipothymia and Syncope, it is needful to write of their differences. Lipothymia is a swooning or defect of mind, which sometimes is but small and sometimes great, and is soon ended: contrariwise Syncope cometh suddenly upon one, and that with such vehemency, that he can neither feel, see, nor hear, so that between death and him there is no other difference, then that as yet he hath some breath. Notwithstanding is the Lipothymia not so little to be regarded, but that speedily help must be had for it, for that it may quickly turn into Syncope. But before all things shall every one know, that both these tremble of the heart, have so great acquaintance with the panting of the hart, that many Physicians have comprehended them under one title, as the remedies described every where do testify the same: but that they have made many necessary differences between hot and cold swoonings, and first to write of the foresaid small swooning, or defect of mind, which taketh one unawares, therefore are these things following to be used which do strengthen and warm the hart, as Balm, Borage, Rosemary, Basill, Penniroyall, Marierom, Wormwood, and specially marish Mints. Of roots, Cipers roots, Zeduary, Costus, Ginger, Elecampane roots, both the Béetes roots, and Doronicum. Of seeds, Ameos, Smallage seed, Annis seed. Of Spices, Cardamome, Nutmegs, Lignum Aloe, Saffron, Cucubes, Cloves. Item, take Muscus, Ambra, Hearts bones, Citron pills, Mastic, Myrrh, Blattae Byzantiae, good and pleasant tasting Wine. Item, take these warming confections following, as Diamargariton Calidum, Diacinamomum, Diapliris, Laetificans, Dia Moschu, Diambra, Aromaticum Rosatum, which is of a temperate nature, Treacle, Mithridate, confected Citron pills, confected Elecampane roots, and other things more that do follow afterwards. These things are of a temperate nature, as jacint, Smaragdes, sapphire, Rubies, Pearls, Coral, Gold, Silver, Amber, Mirobalanes Bellerici, bugloss, silk worms nests, ivory, Barberies, Tormentill, Hearts bones, and Saffron. To cool the hart, take Melon seed, Pompion seed, Cucumber seed, Gourd seed, the seeds of Fleawort, Sorrell seed, prepared Coriander, pomegranates, Lemons, Citrons, and their juice, Quinces, sour Apples, Pears, Raspes, new and dry Prunes, and all pleasant savouring fruits, water Lily flowers, the juice of the Vine, Vinegar, Roses, Violets, shaven and burnt ivory, all kind of Saunders, Amber, and sealed earth. Of compounds, is the confection of Diarrhodon Abbatis, Triasantalon, Manus Christi with Pearls, Diamargariton frigidum, Trocisci de Camfora, conserve of Roses, of Violets, Syrup of Raspes, Lymons, Violets, Roses, water lilies, Vinegar, and Oxysacchara, and all that you shall find written hereafter. Moreover, there are hereafter set down divers confections, that comfort the hart in heat and cold. The order of life or diet for this faintness of the Hart. A Bad stomach is otherwhiles no small cause of this swooning, for it procureth before the swooning come a heat over the whole body. As soon as this shall be perceived, it is not amiss to use for it confected Balsam wood, but in the stead thereof take Tabulates of Xyloaloe, which are very requisite for this. Secondly, he is to take every morning one dram of fine Treacle, which must be twelve years old, with Rose water, of the confection of Muscus, Diamoschu dulcis, he is to drink of it oftentimes with Basill water one quarter of an ounce at a time, but that which concerneth the stomach shall follow hereafter. Fourthly, this patiented is to have hanging about his neck a good smaragd stone, or at the least selected Coral. Fiftly, take one dram and a half of Rose buds which are not fully blown, Vine leaves, red and white Behen, flowers and seeds of Basill, bark of Frankincense, Marierom gentle, of each one dram, Balm one dram and a half, Camfer one scruple, Amber half a scruple, Musk two grains, each beaten by itself, and being bounden in a piece of silk, are to be smelled unto oftentimes: but if the faintness be not helped thereby, and that it be feared that he will be more fainter, then must those things be used against the swooning that are described hereafter. But for the first, you are to use these cordial waters and plasters following: Take Balm water twelve ounces, Rose water, Violet water, the water of Willow leaves, and of wild Vine leaves, of each six ounces, ivory, Roses, red and white Saunders, Hearts bones, seeds and leaves of Basill, of each two scruples, Musk two grains, Amber five grains, Muscadel two ounces, let all these seethe together about one quarter of an hour (except the Musk and Amber) make then a piece of red Scarlet cloth wet therein, one quarter of a yard square: wring it warm out, and lay it four or five times in an hour upon the hart. A spoonge may also be laid in this water, and smelled unto oftentimes: for both of them do marvelously comfort the Hart. If so be that the swooning doth not yet cease, then take two ounces of this foresaid powder, and temper amongst it as much Barley meal, one scruple of Saffron, and seeth it with good old wine until it be reasonable thick, temper it well in a mortar with four leaves of beaten gold, and one dram of prepared Pearls, spread these upon a piece of red Scarlet cloth, and then lay it on the left breast. This is approved to be marvelous good, and to have sometimes helped such a grief within one quarter of an hour, and sustained the sick person by his strength. Of Syncope the great Swooning. §. 2. THe second and sorest swooning of the Hart is called Syncope, and is thus described: Syncope is a distraction of all feeling and stirring of the whole body, with extreme faintness. Amongst many other inward causes whereof, are these: receiving of any pestilent or other stinking air, whether it be in time of the plague, or of the stench of any hollow caves, or of the biting of any venomous beasts, as of Scorpions, mad dogs, and venomous fumes of metals, like as in the melting often happeneth: of great fear and frighting, of former diseases, as of the dead palsy, the pleurisy, inflammation of the lights, suffocation of the mother, of worms, of overwatching, of many laskes, of much bleeding, of great hunger, of much smarting, of great pain, yea also of great joy, & other strong motions of the mind. So that this great swooning hath great familiarity with the dead palsy: albeit there be a difference, whereof we are to speak. If any get the palsy, then remaineth his face by good semblance: but in this swooning it is like to a dead body. For in this swooning, all the blood runneth towards the Hart, so that the patiented remaineth without any feeling, and in such an estate, that no man can tell whether he be dead or living: so that there is a common proverb of it, That such dead men ought not to be buried in three days. Secondly, they are like one to the other, in that neither breath nor pulse is perceived. Thirdly, in the palsy the patiented feeleth before a heaviness in the head, but not in the Syncope: nevertheless they accord in this, that the affected party lieth as though he were dead. But in this swooning it is certain, if it come after a long panting of the hart, and continueth long than it is a messenger of death, and chief if there be Ellebor blown into the patient's nose, and it doth not stir and move him at all. The signs of the swooning to come, of what cause soever it be provoked, are sweeting and panting of the Hart, a slow and feeble pulse, bleaknes of the lips and face, chillness of the outward members, numbness of the sense of feeling and moving: where these signs appear, there a strong swooning draweth near, and there is need of good counsel. First, and with speed, when the swooning approacheth or is extant, then is the patiented to be spouted in the face with Rose water, or (if that be not ready to be had) with cold Well water, and it will be the better if there be a little Musk tempered amongst it: for thereby will the natural heat be driven inwardly, and the vital spirits revived. Stop also his nose and his mouth a little while: for if the breath find no vent, then turneth it back, and thereby quickeneth the natural heat. Secondly, his arms are to be bound hard, and then made lose, and bound hard again. The palms of the hands and plants of the feet are well to be rubbed with raw clothes, salt and vinegar, to the end that the matter may be drawn from the hart. Thirdly, his stomach and about the mouth of the stomach is also to be well rubbed, whereby the natural heat may be quickened. All fragrant herbs, which are hot of nature, are to be holden before his nose, as all kinds of Spice, Musk and Amber, if so be that the cause of this matter be cold. But for women that do fall into swooning through the suffocation of the Mother, it is another case, as shall be showed elsewhere, for that all odoriferous things are hurtful to be holden before their noses. A grain of Musk dissolved in Wine and then given, is passing good. And if the patiented have vehemently closed his mouth, then is the same to be broken open with a wooden stick, and his tongue, teeth, and roof of the mouth to be anointed with Treacle or Mithridate. But if the cause be through heat, then must the patient have cold things given him to smell unto, as Camfer, Saunders, Roses, and such like here before expressed. And of what cause soever this swooning doth come, yet is it alway good that there be made a great noise about the patiented, and that he be called upon by his name, and blow Camphor in his nose, or Saunders in stead thereof: these are now the commonest means, if the swooning be procured through heat or cold, that are to be used at a sudden. Secondly, all the windows are to be set open, that then the patient may be refreshed with the fresh air, and they are to speak very friendly unto him. Also you are to anoint his pulse, nose, and temples, with the foresaid things, and give him all comfortable things, as is before said, that nature may thereby be strengthened and quickened. An order of life for Swooning. FIrst, all men that are subject to this swooning, must beware of all cloudy, moist, and cold air, and shun such like dwellings, must suffer no sweat upon the head, must cast off all sweaty shirts, and put on clean: he must forbear all moist and cold meats, as spinach, Béetes, Lettuce, Purslane, Endive, Cherries, hazel Nuts, Abricocks, Cucumbers, and such like, but new Figs are good for him. Further, he must be kept from all gross binding meats, from all that is made of dough, from all Fish, as Eels, Tenches, and all great corpulent Fish. But Crabs and small Fishes which are taken in fresh waters he may eat, being a little broiled. He must also eschew all old and fat flesh, Cheese and such like. He must use for his drink all clear white Wine that is not sweet, or a good old mild sort of Beer: he must wholly forbear drinking of water: he must not overcharge his stomach with eating and drinking, but chew his meat well, and leave off eating with appetite. He must not sleep after meat, or at least not too long. He must walk well two hours before meat, yea run up hills, for that consumeth well the moisture whereof the swooning is provoked. He must specially fly all anger, sorrow, vexation, and other troubles of the mind, as is sufficiently declared before. But what medicines are to be used for the swooning, shall be here taught: the patient must as soon as is possible, take these pills following in the morning betimes. Take pills of Rhubarb one dram, Hiera composita one scruple, make nine pills thereof with Rose water, afterwards give him this drink following 6. days one after another: Take half a drag. of Agaricke, Hermodactili, and Rhubarb, of each one scruple, Diagridij, and Sal Gemmae, of each two grains, Ginger, Squinant, Spica, and Annis seed, of each three grains, Honey of Roses half an ounce, let it steep one whole night in three ounces of water wherein woodbind is sodden, afterwards let it seethe a walm, and strain it out. For to make pills, take good Aloes two ounces, Mastic, Saffron, Violets, and flowers of bugloss, of each half a scruple, ivory and Roses, of each three grains, Diagridion seven grains, Agaricke, Turbith, and prepared Azure stone, of each half a dram: steep it all together with Cicorie water three days long, and (being well stopped) let it dry in the Sun, or in another warm place, yet stirring it often about until it be meetly thick: take then a dram thereof, and make thereof seven pills, whereof every evening you are to take one pill a certain time long, afterwards a whole year thorough take one pill about the fift day: but if the patiented be full of blood, and of sufficient strength, then are you after purging to open the Liver vein in the elbow on the left side, and to let him bleed about five ounces. For to keep open the body, you are to use this powder: Take Epithymum, roots of polypody, Thymus, Harts tongue, and Cuscuta, of each one dram, Argall and Seny, of each half a dram, Mace four scruples, stamp and mingle it all together, take one dram thereof at the least twice a week at one time, tempered with a little wine, or some fresh broth: it purifieth, breaketh wind, and cleanseth the hart and stomach. Item, take at the least (once a week) as much Pieretrum as the bigness of a Pease, chue the same, and spit the moisture out of the mouth. Another. TAke a good piece of white bread, mollify it in good Muscadel or Malmsey, if so be that the cause of this swooning be of cold: but if it proceed of heat, then mollify the same white bread in Rose water, in juice of pomegranates, in juice of Quinces, in the juice of Citrons, or any flesh broth, and so eat it. Also this patient may use conserve of Roses, Borage, bugloss, and Rosemary, and other things more, which shall be expressed hereafter in the trembling of the hart, after that heat or cold hath the upper hand. There are yet many more confections and cordial things prepared, which are very profitable for this purpose, and do remain described before in the discourse of the cold pain of the head where it beginneth, Take conserves of Betony etc. Item take Pistacia three ounces, white Sugar six ounces, syrup of Roses four ounces, seeds of Basill, red and white Coral, Roses, ivory, red and white Behen, of each one drag. Zeduary, Amber, and Saffron, of each two scruples, jacint, smaragd, and sapphire, of each half a scruple, Mace, Cinnamom, and Cloves, of each one drag. six leaves of beaten gold, Pearls four scruples: the Pistacia steep (being cut small) three days long in Malmsey: afterwards seeth the syrup and the Sugar thick enough, and first temper therein the moist Pistacia, and afterwards the rest beaten small, whereof is to be taken the space of six weeks every morning the bigness of a Walnut. This powder following is to be strewed upon the meat: Take Cinnamom half an ounce, Saffron one dram, Zeduary three quarters of an ounce: beat and mix them all together. The Zeduary hath a special power for to strengthen the Hart. And there is to be dressed always in his meat bugloss and Balm. Cordial waters. To this end are prepared divers cordial waters, as hereafter followeth: Take Cinnamom and Cloves, of each one ounce and a half, Nutmegs one ounce, red and white Roses, of each ten handfuls, Lavender flowers seven handfuls, hyssop two handfuls; power then thereupon a quart of Malmsey: temper them all together, cut them small, and let it so stand nine days together, and afterwards distil it. Item, take good wine five quarts, two races of Ginger, forty Cloves, Cinnamom three quarters of an ounce, Mace one quarter of an ounce, Spike two handfuls: If you will have it more forcible, then put two Nutmegs cut unto it, let it steep all together six or seven weeks long, and afterwards distil it. Thus have the ancient Physicians done. Or, take four quarts of good wine, Spike three handfuls, green Marierom gentle two handfuls, Mace, Cloves, Cinnamom, and Nutmegs, as much as you think good: temper them together, and set them a whole month long in the Sun in a glass: This may you keep so, or distil it. Another. Take Lavender three handfuls, steep it in a pint of wine, or Malmsey, stop it tied; then set it for the space of thirty days in the Sun, and afterwards distil it. Of all these foresaid waters may a little be given him when he beginneth to get the swooning, or hath the same already. This juice following is justly praised: Take a Capon or a Partridge, roast it leisurely, baste it with Rose water and Muscadel, or any other good wine wherein Cloves have been steeped; then press the juice out of the said bird, and give him some thereof, and the rest let him eat now and then some. And that this juice may continue good the longer, temper it with as much hard Sugar as you think good. But will you have another? then wring likewise as much juice out of a Pullet, or out of young Kid's flesh, take two ounces thereof, new pressed juice of Quinces one ounce and a half, and one ounce of good mild wine; temper them all together, and give the patiented to eat thereof. For this is also commodious all Aquae Compositae, which are described in the eighth Part. For this swooning may be used outward remedies after many manners: first, through shields: Take Borage flowers, and Violets, of each one handful, Cordial shields. red and white Saunders, red and white Coral, red and white Behen, and Roses, of each one dram, Saffron half a dram, burnt red Silk 15. grains, Camfers, Muscus, Ambra, of each two grains, poune them all together, and mix them in a red silken bag, and so lay it on your left breast. Another. Take Ireos half an ounce, tame or wild Balm, Citron pills, bugloss flowers of each one dram, Mace one quarter of an ounce, yellow, white and red Saunders, and Lignum Aloes, of each half a dram; temper them with the powder of the capital bags, which are described in the first Part, the twelfth Chapter, in the beginning, where is mention made of the Brains: take thereof as much as is needful for a bag to lay on the Hart. The same is also wonderful good in time of the plague, being laid upon the Hart. Item, take Ireos three ounces and a half, Damask Roses six ounces, Marierom, Cipers roots, and red Styrax, of each half an ounce, Cloves one quarter of an ounce, Calmus half a dram, Muscus two grains, used as above. This following is a very precious cordial shield: Take Borage flowers, bugloss flowers, red and white Saunders, red and white Behen, Nutmegs, and Couchenell, Lignum Aloes, Saffron, Seduary, white Diptamus, Cucubes, Basill seed, Balm, and Citron pills, of each half a dram, Galliae musca●ae one scruple, Muscus and Ambra, of each six grains, beat them all together gross, and put it into a red Crimson bag, and lay it over the breast. Here follow divers more. Take juniper berries, power thereto water of Sage, poune them to pap, and then bind it luke warm upon the Pulse. Item take Cinnamom, Mace, Saffron, Cloves, as many as you will, put Malmsey unto them, and lay it all upon the Pulse. Take unpouned Saffron, fasten it in the left hand one hour at the least; it strengtheneth much the Hart. Take clean burnt Balm, Peniroyall, Cloves, water of Sage, and Roses; temper them, and anoint therewith the patiented, especially on the Pulses, under the nose, and upon the temples of his head. The ancient Physicians do rub the hart with fresh Borage flowers; it is very good, but it is very weak. All odoriferous things which are hot by nature, are to be used against the swooning through heat. But Hyssop is chief to be commended for it, and all those who are subject to this swooning are counseled to smell oft unto it. This Balm following was ordained for the Emperor Ferdinandus: A precious Balm to comfort the Hart, first ordained for the Emperor Ferdinandus. Take a pound of Turpentine, six ounces of Virgin honey, twelve ounces of water of life, even as hereafter be divers described in the eight part, Lignum Aloes, Turbith, yellow Saunders, Sage, roots of blue Flower deluce, and Chamedries, of each one dram, Nutmegs, Galingall, Cucubes, Cinnamom, Mastic, Frankincense, Cloves, Spica, white Mustard seed, Saffron, Ginger, Rue seeds, and Costemary roots, of each three drams, Musk one dram, Amber one quarter of an ounce; beat them all gross together, and let it steep all together one day and a night in the water of life. But the Musk and the Amber are to be broken alone in some Muscadel wine. Lastly, temper the Turpentine therewith, and distil it in séething water. A good Salue. TAke Amber, zeduary, red and white Coral, Blaettae Bysantiae, Basill seed, red and white Behen, and Rosemary flowers, of each one dram and a half, Mace one quarter of an ounce, Sorrell, small Endive and Cicorie, of each half an ounce, Roses and water Lilies, of each three quarters of an ounce, Rosin one ounce and a half, Laudanum half an ounce, white Wax three dragms; melt the three last things together, and as they begin to be cold, then mingle the rest amongst it: afterwards let it be spread on a round cloth, and laid upon the left breast. If it be too hard, then make it softer with oil of Roses; both which are good (as is said) against the swooning and faintness of the Hart. Yet is the Balsam much hotter than the salve, for it is temperate, and therefore you may know how to use it accordingly. When you have made it softer, then anoint the whole breast therewith. This capital powder following may also be used for this: Take Indie Spica, Ameos, Bay berries, Marierom gentle, of each one dram, Lignum Aloes one dram and a half; beat all apart, and mix them together with five grains of this powder: You must every evening when you go to bed strew it on your head. Of the beating or panting of the Hart. §. 3. THe Grecians do call this disease Palmos, the Latinists Palpitatio, Tremor, or Saltus Cordis, which is a trembling or panting of the Hart, contrary to the common custom. It is caused (even as we have taught in the beginning of this Chapter) of the abundant moisture which is in the closet of the Hart. With these there may be yet more other inward causes, as the pain of the stomach, vexation & offence of the Hart, of the Liver, the Lights, the Milt, or Mother: Also of wind, ill damps, corrupted blood, & such like. The outward causes are commonly great heat, sudden and great cold, great emptiness, great sorrow, fright, great fear, and other motions of the mind: Further, of venom taken, biting of venomous beasts, pestilent Agues, corrupted air, stinking dwellings; like as in prison, Mines, or other such like, which are under the earth: of belly worms, and all other things that vex the Hart, the which are well to be understood of the patiented himself. The inward signs are these: If the panting of the hart proceed of worms, then is the beating of the hart bigger before meat then after: but if the same come of a bad stomach, then may it easily be marked through pain in the same place, if the same be wrong: Also by the wambling and vomiting: If it come by fullness of the same, then is the disease most grievous after meat; but if through emptiness, than it is most sore before meat. If it proceed of fright, sorrow, and such like, you must understand and learn that by the patiented: If it come of winds, than it is very suddenly upon one, and soon gone away again. If it be provoked of heat, then is the pulse swift, and the breath is strong, and disordered. If it proceed of blood, then is the urine gross, and the pulse beateth speedily and strong, his face will be red, and about the hart is always great heat, the patiented is always light hearted, the which is much augmented through meats that make and engender much blood. Or if this disease be caused of Cholera, then is his urine yellow and thin, the pulse beateth continually, swiftly, with great thirst, possibly through daily meat, whereby the Cholera is increased, or of former pains taken. If this be caused of Phlegma, that appeareth by the white and thick urine, of small, slow, and disordered pulse, the patiented is sleepy & faint-hearted. This is also wont to be caused of meats that procure Phlegma. Likewise in winter time, when this panting of the hart is caused of Melancholy, then is the sick body fearful, the body decreaseth, and falleth away, and that most of all in Harvest, with many more melancholic signs that are elsewhere described. This panting of the hart doth often haunt both young and aged people, whereby the occasion is hardly to be adjudged: and in all such it is found, that the letting of blood hath not only eased them well, but also thoroughly helped them, and chiefly if therewith they have observed a good order in eating and drinking, and use all such medicines as have abated the blood and other humours: howbeit the same happeneth very seldom that aged people be cured thereof, for that they most of all chance to die of a hot Ague, or of swooning, and that commonly between forty and fifty years. Thus much for the beating or trembling of the hart. Of the panting of the Hart through heat. §. 4. IF by the panting of the hart there be discerned a swift pulse, and an Ague, then is it a sign that it cometh of blood or Cholera, the which is not without danger: for it often happeneth, that then they do fall into a swoon, & thereby immediately remain dead. Now for to remedy this, must the sick persons face, hands, feet, and pulse veins be forthwith sprinkled and rubbed with these compounded waters: take Rose water four ounces, Mints water two ounces, Roses, ivory, red & white Saunders, of each two scruples, Muscus and Ambra, of each two grains, Vinegar two ounces, Malmsey two scruples, mix them all together, and when you will use thereof, then stir it well about. Secondly, take pleasant Wine, and water of bugloss, of each one ounce, Specierum Diamoschu dulci one scruple, temper it, and give it to the patiented warm to drink. Thirdly, he shall continually smell to odoriferous bags, that shall hereafter be described. Afterward, as soon as is possible, ought the Liver vein be opened in the right arm, and four or five ounces of blood be let out, but not before that the sick person hath gone to stool. The next day following, he shall take this potion: take syrup of Citron pills one ounce, small beaten Rhubarb, and prepared Agarick, of each two scruples, syrup of Roses half an ounce, Ginger and Spica, of each six grains, Sal Gemmae two grains, temper them all together with three ounces of the water of Borage, and so drink it luke warm, and fast thereupon four hours. You may also cause him to be purged with Cassia, Tamarines, yellow Mirobalanes, Manna, and Rhubarb, putting to either of them some Agarick. As for example, you may take this Purgation following: Take water of bugloss one ounce and a half, Cicorie water two ounces, Rhubarb one dram and a half, prepared Agarick one dram, the juice of Roses half a dram, Spica one scruple, Ginger five grains: let this steep 24. hours in a warm place, and making it hot in the morning you must strain it through a cloth, and so drink it warm, and then fast four hours after. This being done, he must eight days one after another, take every morning this drink following: Take syrup of Apples, syrup of Citron pills, and Oxysacchara, of each half an ounce, water of Balm and of bugloss, of each one ounce, Cicorie water one ounce and a half, temper them all together to a potion. And it were not ill that he take every fourth day one of these pills following: Take Aloe one quarter of an ounce, Rhubarb one dram, Agatick four scruples, red and white Behen, Saffron, Mace, and India Salt, of each three grains, make pills thereof with the juice of bugloss, six to a dram. If there be greater heat approaching, then is it advised, that at the first every day be taken half a dram of Trociscos' de Camphora, with syrup of pomegranates dissolved, and so continue four days together. And if this will not help, then must the patiented drink new Buttermilk, with all these purgations and letting blood. It is also highly commended, to carry a sober life in eating and drinking, yet to take heed that the patiented remain by his strength. We will here mention some more things that are very commodious for the panting of the hart, like as fragrant things which are of a cold nature, as Violets, water Lilies, Roses, all Saunders, Coral, Pearl, Camphor, Heart's bones, jacints, Smaragdes, shaven ivory, Amber, Coriander, the juice of Lemons, Rose water, odoriferous fruits, Quinces, Pears, Apples, and their like. Amongst compounds are the confection of Orange pills and their syrup, the confection of Citrons, and their sirupes, conserve of bugloss, Roses, Violets, Borage, confected Cherries, and their sirupes, the flowers and roots of Cicorie confected, syrup of Sorrell, Borage wine, and Cherie wine, the Tabulats of Diamargariton, Diarrhodon Abbatis, Dragagant, and Manus Christi with pearls: but the Physicians do ordain many compounded medicines, as hereafter do follow. The laxative syrup of Roses is specially commended, if there be any stopping of the belly, for it cooleth and diverteth all ill vapours from the hart, whereby the hart is much pained. There are also made for this many confections, according to the importance of the patiented, whereof there follow some hereafter: Take conserve of Roses half an ounce, conserve of bugloss two ounces, conserve of water Lilies one quarter of an ounce, Pearls, jacints, Smaragdes, Citron seed, Sorrel seed, and red Coral, of each one dram, red, white, and yellow Saunders, prepared Coriander, ivory, red and white Behen, Hearts bones steeped in Rose water, of each half a dram, filled Gold and Silver, of each two scruples, Gold and Silver leaves, of each xv. Sugar one ounce and a half: beat them all small together, and temper it with Rose water, but not on the fire. Item, take the juice of sweet Apples, and of bugloss which is clear and settled, of each two ounces, Doronicum, Citron pills, Borage flowers, Roses, shaven ivory, of each half an ounce, Basill seeds half an ounce, Myrtle leaves, Balm, Coriander, Cinnamome, Galingall, Seduary, Spike, Lignum Aloes, silk, and Saffron, of each one quarter of an ounce, small filled Gold and Silver, of each two drams and a half, red and white Behen, burnt Harts horn, Mace, Galliae Muscatae, Amber, Heart's bones, red Saunders, of each three drams, of all Mirobalans, of each half an ounce, Smaragdes, Berill, jacincts, sapphires, Granates, which be prepared, of each one dram, pearls three drams, Amber and Camphor, of each half a scruple, Musk one dram, make a powder thereof, and to every ounce of powder put twelve ounces of Sugar: dissolve the Sugar in Rose water, and seethe it for to make Tabulates thereof, or a confection. This confection is of a temperate nature, very forcible for all swooning, and maladies of the hart. These two next following are cooling. Take conserve of Roses, bugloss, Borage, of each one ounce, Species de Gemmis, and Rubies, of each one scruple, Heart's bones, & peeled Citron seed, of each 10. grains, syrup of Apples as much as you desire to make it soft, use thereof in the morning two hours before meat. The other: Take conserves of Roses two ounces, conserves of bugloss one ounce, Species Triasandalon, ivory, Sorrel seeds, peeled Melon seed, Gourd seed, and péeled Cucumber seed, Limon seed, and Oxysacchara, of each three quarters of an ounce, Sugar half an ounce, pearls two scruples, three leaves of beaten Gold, mix it with the syrup of Apples unto a confection. And if this panting of the hart come too often, then give of this powder following half a dram tempered with Rose water, and water of bugloss. Take red Coral, hyacinth, Smaragdes, and Saphir, of each five grains, small filled Gold three grains, Pearls half a drag. temper them together, and put thereto a spoonful of white Vinegar, & make a potion thereof. Item, take red Coral, Pearls, jacincts, and Smaragdes, all together prepared, of each one scrup. & give thereof half a drag. with some kind of distilled water. Restorative waters of Capons are very requisite for this, which must be thus prepared: Boil the Capon in water, wherein hath divers times gold been quenched, chop it afterwards in pieces, and put thereto flowers of Borage, bugloss, Violets, Roses, Citron péeles, Cinnamome, Cloves, Balm and Saffron, of each one dram. If you cannot get all these, then take as many of them as you can get, and distil them all together with flesh and broth in hot water: and then when any body is very feeble, give him a meetly draft thereof; it strengtheneth not only the Hart, but the stomach also marvelous much. There is also another made with spices, as followeth: When the Capon is made clean, then stamp him with bones and flesh in a mortar, afterwards power it into a glass helm, Borage, Balm, Endive, Fennell, and Rose water, of each two ounces; then put thereto the stamped Capon. Item, put more thereto the water of Wormwood and of Comfery, of each one ounce, Spec. de gemmis, Diarrhodon Abbatis, Diamargariton the cold, Cinnamome, Lignum Aloes, of each one scrup. distil them all together as before. Moreover, there is another Capon water to be distilled, as followeth: Take an old Capon that is made clean, put thereto four quarts of water, let them seeth well together, then pull off the skin, and the fatness, and then break him all to pieces, and distil water thereof as before. You are to salt this water, so that it may last the better without stinking. You have also here before in the fift Chapter in the 22. §. a precious water, which strengtheneth the Hart wonderful much, the which may be also used for the same. Syrup of Apples. We have often here before admonished of the syrup of Apples, which is thus made: Take the juice of sweet and sour Apples, of each five ounces, seeth it to the half, scumming it, then let it stand two days to settle; put thereto three ounces of Sugar, and then seethe them together unto a syrup. Another: Take the juice of the best tasting sweet and sour Apples, of each twelve ounces, seethe it until it be well scummed, then put thereto six ounces of Sugar, and let it seethe together to a syrup. These sirupes strengthen the weak panting Hart, preserve one from swooning, and strengthen the stomach. Item, take Rose water, the juice of sour Apples, and water of bugloss, of each three ounces, seeth these together to a syrup, or to a julep. For this is also good many kinds of accustomed sirupes, as the syrup of vinegar, and of Lemons, of Raspes, Violets, water Lilies, verjuice, Sorrell, Borage and bugloss, also julep of Violets and Roses: the which are to be found in the first Register by their names. Confections and Powders for to use inwardly. TAke Species Diarrhodon Abbatis, Aromatici rosatis, de gemmis, and prepared Coriander, of each three drams, prepared Bloodstone one drag. and a half, Trocisci de Spodio cum semine, acetosae, two scruples, shaven ivory half a drag. Heart's bones half a scruple, prepared Pearls four scruples, Granades, jacints, Smaragdes, Rubies, sapphires, Coral, and Roses, of each one scruple, Cinnamome one quarter of an ounce, Sugar six ounces, temper them all together to powder. If you will make Sugar plates thereof, then seethe it with Rose water, as hath been taught. The like confection or powder may be made also of the Species De gemmis, or any other that like you best. And always for one ounce of Species, you must take 12. ounces of Sugar. Of such things as are to be applied outwardly for it. FOr this are highly commended the cordial waters, and to that end we will express many: Take water of bugloss six ounces, water of Cicorie twelve ounces, water of Balm four ounces, Species de gemmis the cold, Laetificantes Almansoris, of each one scrup. Species Triasantali one drag. and a half, white vinegar half an ounce, and Malmsey two ounces; let it seethe a little, and then make a scarlet cloth wet in it a quarter of a yard square, wring it out, and lay the same on his left breast four or five times, before and after meat, and twice again before he go to bed. Take Rose water, and Sorrell water, of each three ounces, of bugloss two ounces, red Coral, red Saunders and Roses, of each one drag. Musk, Amber, of each three grains, Saffron one scruple, Vinegar one ounce and a half: temper them together, and then lay it divers times luke warm upon the left breast. Item, take Species Diamoschu, Laetificantes, de gemmis the cold, of each two drag. Malmsey four ounces, water of bugloss, Sorrell, water of Cicorie and Violets, of each one ounce, temper them together, and lay it thereon, as before. The chiefest Physicians of Augusta Vindelicorum, have these things following in use: Take water of Borage, Sorrell, bugloss, Balm, and Rose water, of each eight ounces, two kinds of Species de gemmis, of each half a dram, Heart's bones, and burnt Hearts horn, of each half a dram, Saffron seven grains, Rose vinegar one ounce and a half, temper them all together. Another: Take Borage water, the waters of bugloss, Sorrell, Roses, Balms and Violets, of each two ounces, Vinegar of Roses one ounce and a half, red and white Behen, of each half a dram, flowers of Borage, bugloss, & Violets, of each one scruple, Cinnamome one dram, three Hearts bones, Lignum Aloes, yellow Saunders, and burnt Hearts horn, of each one scruple, prepared Pearls one dram, ivory, and Saffron, of each ten grains, Spec. Diamargariton one drag. temper them and use them as aforesaid. Another: Take two kinds of Spec. de gemmis, of each one dram, Diamoschu dulcis half a dram, Cordialium one dram, Saffron, Indie Spica, red and white Behen, and Spec. de Canna, of each one scruple, prepared Pearls half a drag. yellow Saunders two scrup. Muscus two grains, two Hearts bones, one ounce and a half of Vinegar of Roses, water of Balm, Sorrell, Borage, bugloss, Rose water, of each three ounces, water of Melilots four ounces, temper them together, and use them as above. Take red Saunders half an ounce, Citron pills, white Saunders, Roses, red and white Coral, Amber, and burnt ivory, of each one quarter of an ounce, Heart's bones, and Saffron, of each half a dram, Spec. Laetitiae Galeni, Diamargaritonis, of each two scruples, Camfer ten grains: powder these all together, and temper them well, and when you will use them, then take the foresaid water, which beginneth: Take Borage water as much as you please, etc. Item, take Rose water, and the water of water Lilies, of each six ounces, the juice of sour Apples three ounces, water o● Balm & bugloss, of each one ounce and a half, Vinegar half an ounce, red Saunders, Citron seed, and Sorrell seed, of each half a dram, Camfer five grains, Cinnamome four scruples, temper them all together. This following is of a temperate nature: take water of Balm, bugloss, and Sorrell, of each four ounces, water of Cicorie, Roses, and Willow leaves, of each one ounce and a half, Saffron five grains, Vinegar one ounce, Malmsey three drams: temper it well, and use it as before. These following are more cooling: Take water of bugloss, small Endive, Borage, and of Violets, of each six ounces, of Rose water eight ounces, Spec. de gemmis the cold, one ounce and a half, Camfer half a scruple, white Coral four scruples, prepared Pearls one dram and a half, beaten Gold leaves eight, Malmsey two ounces. For shields to lay upon the out side, you may take all the foresaid things, For shields. except the Sugar and Rose water. Item, take Roses, flowers of bugloss, and of Borage, of each two drams and a half, Citron seed, ivory, Myrtle leaves, white Coral, and Coriander, of each one dram and a half, Camphor one quarter of an ounce, red and white Saunders, of each four scruples, make a shield thereof, to lay upon the left side of the breast. Or take red and white Saunders, red and white Coral, of each one ounce, Balm, bugloss, Citron pills, Hart bones, and burnt silk, of each one dram, Spec. de gemmis the cold, and Saffron, of each half a drag. Camphor one scruple, mix them together. The same virtue that these shields have is also in the Plasters, for which these following are highly commended, as well to cool the panting of the hart, as the pulse, and therewith for to strengthen the breath, hart, and all natural powers. Take Doronicum, Hearts bones, red and white Behen, of each one dram and a half, red and white Saunders, ivory, leaves of wild Grapes, red and white Coral, of each one quarter of an ounce, Roses three drams, water of bugloss and Barley meal, one ounce and a half, Saffron two scruples and six grains, four ounces of Malmsey, oil of Saffron half an ounce, molten Rosin half an ounce, and make a plaster thereof. Another. TAke red and white Behen, Hearts bones, Doronicum, jacints, Smaragdes, sapphires, of each two scruples, Pearls one quarter of an ounce, four leaves of beaten gold, Rosin one ounce and a half, boil the Rosin in thick red Vinegar, make a plaster, and spread it on a red woollen clout, and then lay it on the left breast. For these sick persons it is also very commodious (like as is already expressed) to hold at their noses continually odoriferous things that are cold of nature. For which be used the Pomanders which are described in the sixth Part, or these following: Take Basill, Roses, Violets, ivory, and Hearts bones, of each two drams, Camfere two scruples, Musk and Amber of each four grains, red and white Saunders, red and white Coral, of each one drag. beat each alone, and being tempered, bind them all together in a red piece of silk, and smell thereon continually. These simples also are very commodious, especially if there be an Ague with it, as Violets, Roses, Saunders, water Lilies, Rose water, Vinegar, and such like, as hath before been showed. Clysters to comfort the Hart. It is very profitable also for the patiented every morning to use these Clysters following: for it doth not only lose the body, but also strengthen the Hart. Take Mallows, Violet leaves, linseed, and Fenegréeke, of each one handful and a half, seethe them in broth wherein hath been sodden a lambs head, then take twelve ounces of this decoction, oil of Violets and sweet Almonds of each one ounce, the marrow of calves bones, Ducks grease, Hen's grease and sweet Butter, of each three drams, Tho. Sugar one ounce: all this being made, then set it warm. In like manner may this salve be continually used: Take oil of sweet Almonds, Ducks grease and sweet butter, of each one ounce, the juice of Mercury four ounces; séethe these together till the juice be thoroughly sodden away: with this ointment anoint from the Navel downwards unto the Hips, in the evening when you go to bed. This Clyster may be used both in cold and hot causes of the panting of the Hart. Now as concerning the order of life, especial care must be ●aken that he be not overcharged with eating and drinking. In the beginning of this sickness, Barley paps are very commodious: Also Hens or Pullet's dressed with Vinegar or Verivice. In fine, he ought not to order himself in this sickness, then according to the custom of other hot diseases. It is very good to séethe or steep in his drink Borage or bugloss with the flowers. He must refrain from all cloudy cold and moist air, his bed and his chamber shall he hang and strew with Willow leaves, Roses, water Lilies, and Vine leaves, and that principally when it is hot weather. Also he must beware of all windy and flatulent meats; as Milk, Pottage, Honey, fruit, and especially gross slimy meats, as those made of dough, gross fish, unleavened bread, old Cheese, Chestnuts, and such like. In like manner also from all sharp and heady things, as Onions, Garlic, Radishes, Léekes, and such like. All gross wines are nought for him, and water also decocted with liquorice. Of the panting of the Hart through cold. §. 5. WHen as there is no Ague with the panting of the hart, then is it a sign that the same proceedeth of cold which is caused for the most part of a watery Phlegma, whereby the breath is hindered, yea sometimes is stuffed with such force in the breast, that it seemeth that they will stifle. This hath also a slow inconstant Pulse, with an heavy breath, and sluggishness of the whole body and mind, and with an ill favoured colour of the face. This is to be remedied as hereafter followeth: Take water of Balm, water of blue Flower deluce, and Agrimony, of each one ounce and a half, and a little Sugar; and then drink it four or eight mornings together very warm. But if the patient cannot go to stool, then is this Purgation following to be given him: Take Electuarij Indi one ounce, De Succo Rosarum half a dram, temper this with three ounces of good wine, and give it him in the morning betimes. And if the body be bound at the time when the foresaid drink is to be used, then must the patient take always one hour or twain before supper, one or two of these pills following: Take Pillulae de Sarcocolla one dram, Alephanginae one quarter of an ounce, make thereof four and twenty pills with the juice of Roses. Also he must drink this every morning: Take Treacle or Mithridate one drag. or one and a half, according as you think best, and temper this with good wine. Some do advise, that at the first, yea forthwith you do give with wine one dram, or a dram and a half of these Tabulates following: Take Mastic, India Spike, Lignum Aloes, Cinnamome, Cloves, Cardamome, and Citron pills, of each one drag. and a half, Musk half a scruple: make a powder thereof, and give it him as aforesaid. But the principal things serving to this panting of the hart, we will briefly express, to wit, all that is warm of nature and smelleth sweet; as Amber, Musk, Saffron, Lignum Aloes, red Styrax, Cloves, Citron pills, Nuts, Cinnamom, Marierom gentle, Basill, Spike of Indie, Balm, Borage, red and white Behen, Doronicum, Zeduary, Cardamome, Rosemary, and Basill seed. Of all these things are made confections, powders, & other compositions, as shall appear hereafter. Of compounds these are commonly made at the Apothecaries, as Diambra, Dianthon, Diathamaron, Laetificans de Gemmis calidis, Aromaticum Rosatum, de Xylo Aloes, Diapliris, and confected Citron pills. Here follow certain Electuaries for to use inwardly. Take Mastic, Cinnamom, both kinds of Basill, Mints, Marierom gentle, and long Pepper, of each a like much: when you have ten drams of this powder, then mix therewith prepared Pearls, red Coral, Amber, silk, red and white Behen, and India Spike, of each half a dram: afterwards mingle it with Honey unto an Electuary wherein Mirobalans Chebuli be put. This is good not only for the panting of the hart, swooning, and for faintness of the hart; but also for a cold and feeble stomach, for it strengtheneth the same exceedingly. This must also be noted, Nota. when any confection is to be made wherein there is no certain quantity of Honey, then are you to take always for one ounce of powder three ounces of Honey, and then mingle them well together. Item, take the flowers of Borage, bugloss, Rosemary, red and white Behen, Saffron, Doronicum, Lignum Aloes, liquorice and Basill seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, jacint, smaragd, and sapphire, of each half a scruple, Sugar thrice as much as the other; make a powder thereof: whereof the patiented is to take a scruple at the least at meal tides. Conserves of yellow Violets are very much used, and also highly commended for this panting of the hart. You have also before in the first Part the twelfth Chapter a good stomachical powder, in the first §. which serveth for this purpose. Item, there is in the 5. §. a water of Lilies of Conuallies. Also in the eight part many sundry waters of life, hot of nature, which are for this very commodious. Confected Nutmegs do strengthen all inward members, and consume all superfluous humours. Conserve of bugloss, Borage, Marierom gentle, Rosemary, Cowslips, & Cicorie mingled with other, or each of itself, do much strengthen the hart. In like manner are good for this all Pomanders which are hot of nature, and are to be sought for in the Register, and those are special good, wherein Musk and Amber are put. Item, steep the space of certain hours Balm in Malmsey, and besprinkle therewith a hot brickbat, and then receive the vapour into the nose. There may also be laid outwardly cordial waters upon the left breast, which are thus to be prepared: Take Balm water, & bugloss water, of each six ounces, Vinegar one ounce, Cloves one dram, Saffron half a dram, Musk half a scruple; lay it with a cloth upon the left breast. Some do use the juice of the herbs (when they be settled) in steed of their waters, which are also very forcible. Item, take bugloss water, and the water of Sorrell, of each three ounces, water of Willow leaves, Rose water, and Wormwood water, the water of Grass and of Balm, of each two ounces, Spec. cordiales temperatas one dram and a half, Saffron eight grains, Myrrh, Diptamus, Gentian, Lignum Aloes, yellow Saunders, Basill seeds, red and white Behen, jacint and smaragd, of each half a scruple, the juice of Lemons three ounces, Vinegar one ounce, and Malmsey three ounces, temper them all together; it is wholly temperate: so that it may be used for the comforting of the Hart in cold and heat. Another. TAke fresh Rosemary flowers three ounces, Sage flowers, bugloss flowers, Borage flowers, of each one ounce and a half, Saffron one scruple, seethe the flowers in sufficient Muscadel, and then stamp them well together, and lay it warm upon the left breast, this doth not only strengthen, but maketh also a light breathing. There may also shields be made for this, even as here do follow two sorts: Take flowers of Borage and bugloss, of each one handful, red and white Behen, and Saffron, of each one dram, burnt red silk one scruple, Cloves, Cinnamome, red Coral, and Roses, of each half a dram, Heart's bones, Musk and Amber, of each three grains: put all these in a red silk bag, then must you besprinkle them with warm bugloss water, and so lay them to the left breast. Item, take Zeduary, red and white Behen, Rosemary, India Spica, Roses, red and white Saunders, Borage flowers, ivory, Myrtle leaves, bugloss flowers, and Camfer of each two scruples, Saffron and Gallia Muscata, of each one dram, Ambra half a scruple, Musk four grains, and make a bag thereof. This is very temperate. There are also these plasters and salves, that hereafter follow to be used: Take Laudanum three ounces, Cloves & Citron pills, of each one dram, Musk one scruple, Turpentine half a dram, melt then the Laudanum with the Turpentine in a warm mortar, temper the rest amongst it, and so make a plaster thereof, spread it on a red clout, and so lay it on the left breast. For to make a salve or ointment, take unripe oil of Olives, and oil of Roses, of each two ounces, Sandaraca one dram and a half, parched Salt three drams, Roses and Cypers roots, of each half a dram: beat them all small together, and keep and preserve it until occasion serve to use it. For it happeneth oftentimes, that such humours do draw downwards, and fall in some place of the hip, the knee, or ankle, the which must be kept warm. Lastly, you ought not to rest, until the patiented be free of this panting of the hart, without using any medicine unto it, or that the disease may with all diligence be diminished, if the same could be perfectly cured. Therefore must always a little Saffron be mixed amongst all his meats, and if that cannot be gotten, then is the dry powder to be dressed amongst his meat. All these confections may be made thus: Take the Spec. Laetificantes Almansoris, Dia Mosch● dulcis, De gemmis temperatis, of each three quarters of an ounce, red and white Saunders, red and white Coral, of each one dram, Syrup of Citrons, syrup of Roses, and of Vinegar, of each five ounces, white Sugar three ounces, seethe the syrup and the Sugar until it be thicker than Honey, and when it doth begin to be cold, then mix the powder amongst it, and use thereof in the morning, and two hours before supper, about the bigness of a Walnut. Thirdly, make two bags in this manner: Take Basill seeds, flowers of bugloss, of Borage, Marierom, red and white Coral, red and white Saunders, of each half a dram, jacint, Smaragdes and Saphir, of each five grains, Camphor one scruple, wild Vine leaves one quarter of an ounce, Mace one dram and a half, stamp them all small, and fill herewith (as is said) a little bag, and lay it on the hart. The rule of life for this sickness consisteth in light meats, as in all field Foules, in meats that be dressed with odoriferous spices, yolks of new laid eggs are very meet for him: further, behold what is taught in the discourse of the cold brains, and cold head. For his drink, white Wine soberly drunken is good. For Wine, be it as strong as may be, if one drink too much thereof, then doth it cause cold diseases: and if one desire to delay it, then is it to be done with water, wherein glowing Gold hath been extinguished. This Wine following doth strengthen the hart and the stomach also: Take Ginger two ounces, Galingall one ounce, Cinnamome two ounces, Zeduary one quarter of an ounce, Roses one ounce, Borage flowers one ounce and a half, and roots of bugloss, beat them together grossly; and steep them in eight quarts of Mu or new Wine. These spiced Wines are also good for the hart, if the disease do come through cold: in like manner Wine of Borage, of Heart's tongue, of Rosemary, of bugloss, and of Hyssop, of Marierom, and of Asarabacca, all which have power to warm the panting of the hart, and also to strengthen it. Item, take Balm water, and bugloss water, of each six ounces, Sugar nine ounces, seethe them to twelve ounces, and then use it as a julep. Or take water of bugloss alone, wherein Cloves were sodden, and drink sometimes thereof, for it comforteth marvelously. Item, take Parsley with the root, boil them in Wine, according to that you will have it strong: temper therewith a little Vinegar, and drink the same. It taketh away the panting of the hart, and all pain of the same. Besides all this, the patiented is to forbear all milky, doughy, moist, and windy meats, to arise from meals with hunger, and half a thirst: he must after meat not move nor stir much, nor yet suddenly give himself to sleep: he must also (according to his old wont) not sleep too much, whereby he might consume and diminish the humidities of the body: he must also for the most part lie on his right side, and fly all anger, sorrow, and all other vexations. Of the panting of the Hart through a bad stomach or Appetite. §. 6. HEre before amongst the signs of this sickness, we have taught also that the panting of the hart, and the swooning, are caused oftentimes through a bad stomach. But if this disease come of a full stomach, then must the cure begin with refraining from meat and drink, and first with opening the Liver vein, afterwards the Median. But if this be not very needful, then are you to minister to the patiented a mild Clyster, for that all strong purgations are enemies to this disease. Further, he must observe for his meat and drink, even as is showed hereafter, in the description of the stomach. Now for to strengthen the stomach through outward things, choose for it out of the foresaid remedies that which best liketh you. Of the panting of the Hart through frighting. §. 7. IT is also admonished in the beginning, that the Hart may come to much distemperature through fright and fear, and that through the concourse of blood, for which, this water of Eldern flowers is marvelous good. Lay then into a glazed helm chopped Eldern flowers: afterwards lay thereon whole Eggs with the piked end upwards, and the same opened alittle: then again Eldern flowers, and so Eggs, until that the helm be so full as the water is high, wherein the helm standeth, and is to be distilled. When it is thus distilled, then are you to lay of this Eldern water with a cloth upon the hart, thus do the ancient Physicians accustom to make it. But mark that not only fear and fright do disease the hart, but also all other motions of the mind, which are herebefore for the most part already expressed: but what power they have in furthering the sickness and health, is sufficiently before discovered in both the descriptions of unnatural things, which the learned do call Res non naturales, in the first Chapter and 10. §. Of Heaviness, a disease of the Hart. §. 8. THe cause of this infirmity is Melancholia, where are sorrow, fear, and many wonderful fantasies without any cause at all, which are thus to be purged: Take Mirobalani, Chebuli, and Indi, of each one dram, Epithimi one dram and a half, fine Bolus five grains, Muscus three grains, make pills thereof, or mingle them with Wine: but this following is more common: Take Senie leaves one ounce, beat them, and cast them in the juice of Borage and of bugloss, of each six ounces, the juice of Apples three ounces: let it seethe alittle, and wring it out, and then mingle therewith six ounces of fine Sugar: then let it seethe again, and when it is cold, temper amongst it one dram of Saffron, and use thereof as often as you please, at each time one ounce, in Wine, or tempered in one of the foresaid waters. You have also in the 5. §. before a very good confection, which beginneth thus: Take Mastic, Cinnamome, etc. which may also be used for this passion. This following is also very expert: Take roots of bugloss half an ounce, Zeduary, and Doronicum, of each one quarter of an ounce, beat them to powder, and give every day thereof one dram with Wine. Behold also what hath been said before in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, and 8. §. of the madness, Melancholia, and also in like manner in the third part, which are commodious for this. Of the griping of the Hart. §. 9 HEre before in the end of the fift Chapter we have rehearsed, that this sickness which we do call the griping of the hart, is rather a disease of the Lights, or a kind of consumption, than a malady of the hart: but be it taken as it will, yet nevertheless is this sickness very grievous for young children, and almost incurable for old folks. And in fine, this english name doth signify none other, than the Fever Hectica, whereof we shall further discourse in the sixth part (where we do write of all Agues) for we have always thought good to add thereto this that followeth: Take Walnuts with the shells, burn them wholly to ashes in a pot, and thereof give a child one scruple, or more, according unto the strength of the child. Item, take dry brown betony, & therewith fill a small bag, and lay it on the child's breast. Women are of opinion, that if the child may live till the ninth day, then will it recover health. For this you have also a special Capon water for children that have the consumption, in the fift Chapter, the 22. §. It is also sufficiently known to all the world, how that the hart by pestilent air, will not only be feebled and infected, but also inflamed with a full destruction, against which you shall find sundry fit remedies in the sixth part, in the treatise of the Plague. For conclusion of this Chapter of the Hart, and of the second part of this book, we will not omit the description of the Species de gemmis, whereof is so often mention made, which are to be found at every good Apothecaries after two kinds of preparations, to wit, the cold, and the hot Species, which may be used to Confections, Powders, Cordial waters, and such like, but by reason that the preparation of the same is very divers, therefore we will here set forth and describe only four sorts of the most common preparations. Species de gemmis frig. Spec. de gemmis frigidae which are cold of nature, are thus prepared: Take Pearls 3. drag. Rubies, jacints, Granades, Smaragdes, and sapphire, of each one drag. Heart's bones half a drag. ivory, red and white Coral, of each one drag. Roses one drag. and a half, white and yellow Saunders, flowers of bugloss, Borage, Sorrell seed, and Basill seed, red & white Behen, of each one dram, beaten Gold and Silver, of each five leaves. Species de gemmis calidae. Species de gemmis calidae or Mesuae: Take prepared Pearls three drag. sapphire, jacints, Sardonix, Correils, Granades and Smaragdes, of each one drag. and a half, Zeduary, Doronicum, Citron pills, Mace, and Basill seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, red Coral, Amber, and filled ivory, of each half a scruple, red and white Behen, Cloves, Ginger, long Pepper, Spica, Cassy wood, Saffron, and Cardamome, of each one drag. Cinnamome, Galingall, & Zeduary, of each one drag. and a half, small filled Gold and Silver, of each two scruples, Amber 〈◊〉 quarter of an ounce, Musk half a drag. each beaten by itself, and then tempered together. Species de gemmis temperatae. Species de gemmis temperatae. These species are of a temperate nature, not too hot, also not too cold, the which may be prepared as is thought good. Species Cordiales, Cordial species. For this, take Pearls, ivory, Granades, Cinnamome, Tormentill, and fine Bolus, of each three drag. red, white, and yellow Saunders, shaven ivory, and unicorns horn, of each one quarter of an ounce, jacints, sapphire, white and red Coral, Valerian, Diptamus, Zeduary, and Lignum Aloes, of each one drag. sealed earth five scruples, silk two scruples, Hearts bones half a drag. red and white Behen, of each two scruples, five leaves of beaten Gold, Musk and Amber, of each ten grains, either of them prepared after his manner, are to be beaten together. Species Dia margariton frigidae. The same operation have also almost the Species Dia margariton, whereof there are 2. kinds hot & cold; the warm are here before described in the 12. Chapter 12. §. the cold are thus prepared: take peeled Melon seeds, Pompion seeds, Gourd seeds, and péeled Cucumber seeds, Purslane seeds, white Poppy seeds, white, yellow, and red Saunders, Ginger, Roses, water Lilies, Borage flowers, and Myrtle seeds, of each one drag. white and red Coral, of each half a drag. Pearls three drag. prepared together and being all beaten small, temper them all together. This holdeth all fell people that fall quickly into a swoon, in their strength, whether it be caused of the stomach, or of the hart; it fortifieth all the inward vital parts: it is also good against all Coughs, against the consumption; and all those that be brought low through a long sickness, it bringeth again to their former might and strength. The third part of this Book of Physic, Containeth the Belly. THe third part of man's body, have the Anatomists (who are the surveyors of the uniformity and members of man's body) ascribed to the belly, which beginneth outwardly from the breast, and inwardly from the Diaphragma, descending downwards even to the legs. This part hath outwardly these members following: on the forepart the Navel, which is placed in the midst of the whole body and belly; under which do follow both the parts of generation, the which in man are the testicles or stones hanging down in a cod: behind are the rains and the buttocks which cover the fundament. The inward members are the stomach, the liver, the gall, the kidneys, the bladder, the bowels, and in women the mother: all which are subject to very dangerous diseases; of the which we are now to write and discourse. The first Chapter. Of the Navel. THe first outward member of the bellly is the Navel, which is called the root of the belly, for that nature hath form it as the first amongst the feeding parts, and also in new borne children holdeth fast in the mother's belly, no otherwise then as it were a root in the earth. For like as the root of a tree draweth nourishment unto it whereby it groweth: even so doth the navel also, which draweth the blood unto it out of the mother's body thereby to nourish the child, and make it grow. Even as the foresaid root of a tree, of all that which it draweth unto it for food, doth not drive away any thing but all that which is watery and unnecessary for his nourishment (as the gum which one seeth on a tree): even so doth the string of the navel, which sweateth out all superfluous moisture which is not good for nourishment, and doth gather all the same together in the Secundina until the birth day, the which is called of women the flood, or breaking of the water. All people be they young or old may get a rapture of the navel, which swelleth and hangeth out of the forepart of the belly; the which causeth chief to women a great hindrance if they be not helped thereof, like as we shall write hereafter more at large when we shall discourse of the rapture: yet we will here discourse and write somewhat of certain things for the behoof and ease of young children. Take Comfrey one ounce, stamp it well, put thereto half an ounce of molten Wax, temper it well, and then lay it upon the navel. But if the rapture be very great, then take Bears grease, and therewith anoint the whole back bone of the child; it causeth the Navel to be drawn in. It is found to be oftentimes good for all ruptures of the Navel, be it in people of discretion, or in young children, that the herb Perfoliata and his seed be sodden and laid upon the rapture, and so worn, or carried continually upon the navel, until that thereby the rapture be cured. And the same seed being also sodden in water or in wine, and one drag. thereof given to drink, or stamp the herb and the seed, and give thereof to the child the weight of one scruple and a half to eat in pap. Also you shall hereafter find a plaster of Perfoliata which you may use for this purpose. A good powder. Take Lupins meal half an ounce, linen one quarter of an ounce, temper them together, and take thereof one quarter of an ounce: then temper it afterwards with wine, and lay it upon the navel. Satyros. Some do write, that when a man without lust of women hath his yard erected, and coming to a woman the same will not suage nor relent, that then it is called Priapismus, Satyrismus is the erection of the privities, which is lost by copulation. The cause of both these infirmities, are gross thick vapours or damps, with small heat that they cannot suddenly spend, as also abstinence from women, continual use of Pease and beans, and other pottages. In fine, if there be not speedy remedy for these causes, then may ensue after it as great a pain and distension of the sinews, as at the last might cause an intolerable cramp and imposthume. For to remedy this infirmity, four things are to be noted: first, that the patiented beware of all such things which might cause the yard to stand, and stir up venery: what these are, we will show immediately hereafter. Secondly, he must endeavour to vomit, to let blood, and to take mild purgations. Thirdly, to rub well the uppermost members, and not the undermost, to hinder the defluxe of the matter. Fourthly, the patient must refrain women's company, except it be that he have very great lust thereto. And for to cure this, it is therefore advised that first the Median be opened, and afterwards cause the patiented to vomit. If it will not thereby amend, open the vein again, and give the patiented a little of the mucilage of Fleawoort, which is made with the water of Purslane or of water lilies, or bathe the members and parts about it with boiled Rue, Agnus castus. Cumin, and such like. Item, anoint the kidneys and the privities with herbs cold of nature, of which the seeds of Fleawort, Camphor and Poplar salve are tempered. For his Salad he must take Purslane, Endive, lettuce, and such like. For vinegar, the juice of Lemons and Citrons are good in all his meats. To fast much, and live only by water and bread is very good for him: but in case he will drink wine, then must it be well watered. This plaster following shall he wear on the reins and the privities, so long as this sickness endureth: Take white wax six ounces, melt it, and wash it ten times in cold water: afterwards temper amongst it half an ounce of small bruised Camphor, or wear upon the rains a thin plate of lead full of holes, and wet it often with vinegar and Camphor. This powder following may also be prepared: Take Fleawort two drams and a half, Purslane seed, prepared Coriander, and Lettuce seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Camphor one dram, temper them all together being powdered small, and give every morning one dram thereof with the syrup of Lemons, or fair water. Under the patient's shéets must be laid the leaves of Agnus castus, and he must lie always upon his side. But if he cannot abide to fast, then is he to eat much bread of Millet, and many Salads, and his drink shall be white Wine, wherein Rue, Cumin, Coriander, and such like have been steeped. Also cold sirupes, cold confections, and such like, are very commodious for him. The sent of Bevercod, of Camphor, of Saunders, Roses, and all cooling things are also passing good for him. The third Chapter. Of the Testicles and Cod, and of sundry Ruptures. NAture hath fastened behind the yard or secrecy a wrinkled bag or purse, wherein the testicles or stones are kept. This member is subject to many Hernies or Ruptures, the which the Latinists do call with one common name Herniam: which notwithstanding is manifold, and yet comprehended in three of the principallest, which are caused of swelling, of scabbines, or of striving, all which do fall down into the said Cod. Yet is there another kind of rapture which cometh about the Navel, or about the privities, be it in man or woman, whereof we have made some mention before in the first Chapter. The first sort of ruptures hath many differences, and each hath his proper name, and are to be compared with each other in four kind of ways, to wit, when they are caused through wind: through puffing up of the veins with the blood, Varices: when the bowels or rim of the same little or much falleth down into the cod: lastly, when as the cod is so filled with water or other moistures. Other do ret●● four kinds more, which nevertheless may be contained amongst the foresaid four. The causes of all these mixtures are either inward or outward. The outward causes may be falls, thrusts much labour, heavy burdens, loud hooping, coughs, extreme blowing or winding, and chief when one hath well eaten and drunken. The inward causes are, when his bowels or rim cannot stay in his due place, but cometh to fall down into the navel, privities, and into the cod. Likewise winds, humours, or gross melancholic blood, like as is said. The signs of all common ruptures, are an extuberation or swelling, and puffing up of the same place beyond nature. These Hernies appear at the first like to a small egg or nut, which by little and little increaseth. If this rapture proceed of wind, that may be heard by the shréeking or rumblng, and it may be discerned with the eyes. Of the uppermost Hernies or Rupture, which happeneth above the Cod. §. 1. FIrst, to speak of the rapture which happeneth above the cod, (which is called Scrotum) it is advised that forthwith remedy be had for it. The new ruptures in children, are easily to be helped; & contrariwise when they wax old (especially in old folks) then are they hard to be helped without incision. All chirurgeons do know well, what kind of truss they are to make for this: forasmuch as it is difficult to describe the same, therefore be they to be put in trust therewith. It is commanded, and not without reason, that the patient must be laid on his back, and that the bowels which are fallen down must be put up softly again, until that they do lie in their due place: then must this plaster (spread upon a thin piece of leather) be laid upon the rapture, and on the top thereof a bolster bounden pretty and hard. They that be about thirteen years old, must lie on their back; and if they must needs arise, then must they beware of stooping, and hold still their hand upon the rapture. But young children must be dealt with somewhat milder. But for this can no certain rule be prescribed: but regard must always be had to the age, to the strength, the time and disease, and so to deal thereafter. Now for to help these ruptures, we will decipher first certain plasters which are very fit and requisite for it: Take Pitch and Mastic, of each three drams, Frankincense one quarter of an ounce, Hypocistis, Sarcocolla, Plasters for the rapture. and the juice of Sloes, of each one dram and a half, bloodstone, Dragon blood and Aloe, of each two drams and a half, birdlime one dram and a half, Comfrey, Galls, Pomegranate péels, fine Bolus, of each three drams, Aristology one quarter of an ounce, Sumach, blossoms of Pomegranates, of each one dram, two ounces of Dear suet, Turpentine and Wax as much as is needful. The gums and juices dissolve in hot vinegar or wine: the rest powne small, and make thereof a plaster. Another: Take pitch half an ounce, white and red Wax, Litharge of gol●, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, Momy, of each two drams and a half, birdlime, Myrrh, Cipers' nuts and Frankincense, of each one dram, Gips or plaster, prepared Bolus and Aloe, of each half an ounce, Mastic, Comfrey and Daisy roots, of each three drams and a half, Turpentine one ounce, Aristology round and long, and Galnuts, of each one ounce, Dragon blood one quarter of an ounce, but melt the Gums in vinegar, and powne all that is to be powned: the Pitch, Wax and Turpentine are to be melted, and the rest tempered amongst them: the Wax may be augmented and diminished according to the importance of the time. This plaster is also good for all fractures of bones. The ancient Physicians were wont to use for this rapture, this plaster following: Take Cipers nuts two ounces, Myrrh, Cipers' roots, Marjoram gentle, Galls, the juice of Sloes, Frankincense and Gum, of each one ounce: the Gum is to be dissolved in wine, and the rest tempered amongst it, and so (as it is said) laid upon the rapture. You shall not unloose the truss but once in four or five days, and then renew the plaster. Item take fish lime two ounces, Momy one ounce and a half, pitch and Ammoniacum, of each one ounce, break them all to peers, and lay it to steep one day and a night in three ounces of vinegar and oil of Mastic: afterwards let them melt together, and temper therewith Mastic, Frankincense, fine Bolus, Dragon blood, Gum, and Fenegréeke meal, of each three drag. and stir it long together. Item take Daisy flowers and roots, wild tansy flowers and roots, Comfrey, of each half an ounce, Mastic one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Sloes and Pomegranate flowers, of each half a dram, Hare's hair chopped small one dram, birdlime one ounce, pitch two ounces, Wax five drams, oil of Roses as much as is needful, to make therewith a plaster. This salve following is much in use: Take Pitch three ounces, red Wax, Butumen judaicum, Ammoniacum, Galbanum and Turpentine, of each two ounces, Litharge of gold one ounce, Henbane seed, Aloe and Mastic, of each three ounces, Gips or plaster, and fine Bolus, of each three ounces and a half, both kinds of Aristology, of each two ounces, Frankincense and Myrrh, of each two ounces and a half, prepared Earth worms, Comfrey and Daisy roots, of each two ounces, fresh blood of a heavy minded man six ounces, Isingals and Glue as much as is needful: the Gums let steep three days in vinegar, afterwards temper them with molten pitch and wax: when it beginneth to be cold, then mingle the other things beaten small amongst it: lastly put the blood thereto, and when it is well mixed, pour it upon a stone, and work it very well with greasy hands, and spread thereof upon leather, and lay it upon the rapture under the truss. Another. Take Iron dross five drams, Momy, tragacanth and Gum, of each three drag. Frankincense, the juice of Sloes and Sandaraca, of each one dram and a half, Isinglass, Cipers' nuts, of each one ounce, birdlime three ounces, Gips two ounces, Rosin 18. ounces, make thereof a plaster with the juice of Celendine. Item take Pitch one ounce, Litharge of gold, red and white wax, Iewes lime, Ammoniacum and Galbanum, of each one dram and a half, Bird-lime one ounce, Turpentine washed with vinegar, both kinds of Aristology & Galls, of each two ounces, and two scruples of Cipers' nuts, Myrrh, Frankincense, of each one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus and Gips, of each one ounce, Mastic, Comfrey and Daisy roots, of each one ounce, Dragon blood and Momy, of each half an ounce, mingle them well together to a plaster. Another: Take the gum of Cherries, dissolve it in Salad oil, put thereto Mastic and Frankincense, of each a like much, melt it, and boil it to a plaster. Yet another. Take Gum, Dragagant, Mastic, fine Bolus, Dragon blood, Isinglass and common Glue, of each one dram, Frankincense one dram and a half, Iewes lime half an ounce, Pitch and Momy, of each one dram and a half, Tar one quarter of an ounce. First melt the Pitch, then add the Glue and Tar, and temper then the other things amongst it beaten small. When it is cold, then anoint your hands with oil of Roses, and work well this salve. This following is taken for a secret: Take Dragon blood half a dram, Myrrh, Sarcocolla, Opopanacum, Brimstone, Amber, Mastic and Comfrey, of each two drams and a half, Myrtle seed, yellow Mirobalans, of each two drams, the bark of Pineapples, and Cipers nuts, of each four scruples, four or five garden Snails out of their houses, tragacanth dissolved in red vinegar one dram▪ fish lime melted in vinegar also as much as is needful for to make the foresaid things to a plaster: afterwards dry it by a small fire. Six hours after, drink three ounces of this water following: Take Comfrey & Tormentil, of each one quarter of an ounce, Codwoort, Sengréene, Cinqfoile, Mugwoort, and herb Trinity, of each two handfuls, Garyofillata, Verbascum, and broad Plantain, of each two drag. and a half, Roses, Horsetaile, of each half a handful, cut and powne it gross, and put thereto red seething wine and Aqua vitae, of each six ounces, or so much as wfl cover it well: let it so stand fourteen hours: afterwards strain it through, and wring it out, & make it sweet with syrup of Myrtles. But if so be that three ounces be too strong to drink at once, then is he to take but one or two, and this potion may be tempered with somewhat else. A plaster called De pelle Arietina. Hereafter follow three kinds of plasters De pelle Arietis, which is commended above all other plasters as a certain remedy: Take pitch two ounces, Litharge of silver, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, Mastic, of each one ounce, white and red wax, Iewes lime, Aloe, and both Aristologies, of each one ounce and a half, Bird-lime, fine Bolus, of each three ounces, Gips, Myrrh, Frankincense, Turpentine which is washed well in vinegar, prepared earth worms, Comfrey, Sengréene, of each two ounces and a half, half a Ram's skin made clean from the hair and wool, and cut small, the blood of a red bearded young and healthful man six ounces, prepare them all together as hereafter followeth: Take the cut rams skin, let it seeth to tough slime, then wring it out hard, and temper amongst it common glue, and fish lime, or Isinglass, of each one ounce and a half, afterwards let it seeth well together. You must dissolve the gum in vinegar, and you must powne all that is dry: in like manner also the green roots, herbs and earth worms to pa● you must work the birdlime amongst the blood till that it dry, and the plaster wax hard, then are you to preserve this plaster in a glass stopped tied. The second. Take Pitch, Wax, Iewes lime, both the Aristologies, Earth worms, prepared Turpentine and Aloe, of each one quarter of an ounce, Litharge of gold, Ammoniacum, Opopanacum, Galbanum, Bdellium, Sagapenum, Mastic, Comfrey, and Daisy roots, of each three drag. Bird-lime, Bloudstones, Dragon blood, Frankincense, Gips and Myrrh, of each three drag. man's blood three quarters of an ounce, and the fourth part of a Ram's skin, seeth this to lime, and strain it through, and dissolve the Gum therein, seeth it all together, and mix the rest amongst it. The third. Take Pitch, Aloe, Henbane, Aristology, Behen, Saffron, and Chickwéed with red flowers, of each two ounces, white Wax and Iewes lime, of each one ounce & a half, Litharge of gold, Galbanum, Ammoniacum, Momy, Opopanacum, Mastic, Cipers nuts, Dragon blood, of each one ounce, fine Bolus three ounces and a half, Gips, Myrrh, Frankincense, Turpentine, of each two ounces and a half, birdlime and man's blood, of each twelve ounces, temper these with the glue or mucilage of a sheeps skin and of sodden Hollihock rots. Many have been cured only herewith. You have also before in the second part, the first Chapter, 1. §. a plaster which beginneth thus: Take Pitch hafe an ounce, etc. the which is also very good for this purpose. But note, before that you lay the plaster upon the rapture, rub it with water that is distilled out of a sheeps skin when the wool is off. Item some other things more to lay thereon: Take the juice of Sloes, seeth it in water, and lay it on the rapture, and bathe the same therewith: it healeth without cutting. For young children in steed of this plaster are poultices also to be made, as hereafter followeth: Take meal of Lupins and linen, of each a like much, and make with wine a pap or pultis, and lay it between two fine clothes upon the rapture. A milder plaster for children. Take beans as many as you please, and steep them in warm water, péele them, and let them dry again: afterwards stamp them to powder, and take thereof two ounces, small filled Oaken wood one ounce, Comfrey sodden treatably in wine, and then stamped, three ounces: let all this seeth méetly thick, and spread it on a cloth, and lay it three times a day on the rapture, and a nights but one time, and let it be well fastened with a truss: do this four or five weeks space until the rapture be cured, and the skin pretty strong. Another. Take Consolida Saracenica, Gariophilata, Plantain, Fennel, Sanicle, broad Plantain and Paul's betony, of each one handful, chop all small, and let the plaster seeth until it be thick, then lay it on the rapture, and tie it as behoveth. It hath been told before in the first Chapter how wonderful good this herb Perfoliata is for all ruptures, which oftentimes hath been by experience found and approved. Here follow some salves. Take woman's milk 16. ounces, Badgers grease, Capon's grease, Heart's suet and Comfrey, of each two ounces, the innermost rind of a Cherry tree cut small one ounce and a half; let it seeth so long as a hard egg, strain it hard through a cloth, and therewith anoint the rapture four weeks long morning and evening: truss up the rapture as behoveth, and keep the patiented lying still on his back. Badgers grease is also special good for all ruptures. Hereafter are yet more sundry salves described, which are very good for this kind of rapture, and some potions, whereof the first is before described, beginning thus, Take Comfrey, etc. Item take broad Plantain, Hound's tongue, of each half a handful, Comfrey, Daisy roots, of each half an ounce, Myrtle seeds three drag. blossoms of Pomegranates, Bay berries, a drag. and a half, Ladies mantle, Sanicle, Consolida Saracenica, and Agrimony, of each one handful; seethe them all together in wine and water, of each one pint, unto the half, strain it, and put thereto sugar, at each time one ounce. Item take Sengréene, Consolida Saracenica, red Béets, herb Benet, Fennell, Knotgrass, and Paul's Betony, of each one handful; boil them all in wine, and drink of it twice a day, but not at night. An old body must continue with it twelve weeks, and a child six weeks. Some add unto it Lady's mantle and Sanicle. Item take the root of the long Consolida, one or twain, Consolida Saracenica with the root, Hound's tongue with the root, of Paul's Betony, and roots of polypody, of each a like much; chop it very small, put it in a bag, and put thereto three pints of wine, and distil it through a glassen helm, take thereof in the morning early a good draft, at afternoon, and in the evening when you go to bed again: yet at all times warm. Some do make this potion yet stronger, and put half an ounce of Perfoliata unto it, Watercresses one ounce and a half, Cicory roots one quarter of an ounce, and a pint of red Wine. Or take Comfrey, Consolida Saracenica, Auens, Ladymantle, of each a like much; let it seeth together with good wine in an earthen pot, and drink thereof between meals. Another. If so be that the Rupture be not yet a year and a half old, then take two pints of small wine in an earthen pot, and put thereto Pirol●, S. john's wort, and Strawberry leaves, of each one handful, stop the pot close and let the same seethe until the second part, and drink thereof morning & evening méetly warm. This must also be continued two or three months space, till that he be cured. Now follow some Confections, and such like. Take Calmus and Comfrey, of each one ounce, Solomon's seal roots, Horse tails, of each half an ounce, cut them all small, and let them seeth together in sour wine until it may be stamped to pap, and then temper it amongst this powder following: Take Cipers nuts one scruple, small chopped Hares hair half a scruple, Mastic, red Coral, Momy, Sealed earth, Cinnamom, of each fifteen grains, and Cassia woo● two scruples. Lastly, take four ounces of clarified Honey, and temper it to a Confection: thereof may be taken every day one dram. or a drag. and a half with wine wherein Cipers nuts are decocted. Item take Corna as many as you please, seethe them in red wine, and strain them. Then take thereof eight or twelve ounces, and seethe the same with six ounces of Sugar méetly thick, and then mingle therewith Hares hair (cut it as small as may be) one scruple, great and small Comfrey, and Tormentill, of each two scruples, herb Trinity half a drag. Horse tails, Consolida media, rinds of Pine apples, and the seeds of Butcher's broom, leaves and roots, red Sarifrage, of each one ounce and a half, Iewes lime one ounce, Hyssop one ounce and a half, Hare's hair cut small three quarters of an ounce, Galls and Cipers nuts, of each one quarter of an ounce; roots of Solomon's seal, wild Cucumber roots, of each one ounce, roots of Sperage one ounce and a half, Numularia one ounce; temper them all well together with honey and sugar as much as is needful, and take thereof every evening and morning the quantity of a Walnut in wine. Otherwise these things following are counseled much to be used: Valerian every day one dram taken in wine, Cressy seeds also in wine: but the same must not be used oftentimes. Item Shepherd's purse cut small and decocted in wine. In like manner also the herb Cardopatium, To foment the Rupture also with these things following, is very good: Take Daisy leaves with red flowers, and Consolida Saracenica, of each a like much, Paul's Betony, Perfoliata, Pyrola, and Watercresses, Hearts tongue, Cicory, Sanicle, wild Thyme, Cardopatium, and the herb of the same, of each half so much, chop it small, and make thereof two bags, seeth them in water, and lay first one bag, and then another, fomenting the Rupture every time six or seven hours long. After that, the Rupture must be trussed again as before. This water may last good three days long in the winter time. Item take Rue, Agnus Castus, Marierom, and white Mints, of each one handful, Annis seed, Fennell seed, Rue seed, and Siluermountaine, of each one dram; Camomile, Melilot, of each two ounces; stamp it all together, and let it seethe in a quart of water until the third part be sodden away; foment therewith the Rupture. This is also good for the Hernia Aquosa, the waterish Rupture, whereof we will hereafter speak more at large. Of the Ruptures that fall down into the Cod. §. 2. NOw we will speak of the breaches or ruptures that fall down into the Cod, whereof the causes are divers, as it standeth here before declared in the fourth §. that they may therefore be helped by sundry remedies, shall hereafter appear. Of the Rupture through wind. §. 3. THe causes of this kind of Rupture may proceed of meats which are windy, as certain pottages, milk, and all that is dressed with milk, all doughy meats and unleavened bread, sweet Wine, brains and marrow of beasts. Such must beware of cloudy air, and all moist dwellings, all heaviness of the mind, and he must eschew sleep. Further, sodden fish, moist fruits, great riotting, much exercise immediately after meals, continual use of all moist meats are hurtful for this disease. For to cure these Ruptures, it must be endeavoured to drive out the winds, for the which at the first this clyster is very requisite: Take Coming, Annis, Caraway, Fennell, and Ameos, of each one drag. Rue one handful and a half, seeth these together in a quart of water until the half, take twelve ounces of this decoction, oil of Rue, of Bay, of each one ounce and a half, India salt, and Sal gemmae, of each half a drag. Tho. sugar one ounce and a half, make a clyster thereof, and minister it once a day. Secondly, is the patiented every morning to take seven hours before meat one drag. of Mithridate with two ounces of the water of Rue. This is a divine medicine to expel wind, and to take away the occasions thereof. There may a goodly be used outwardly, and to take thereof a pint, Sulphur vif beaten two ounces, grains half an ounce, beaten grossly, this so sodden together until the third part be sodden away: in this warm water wet a sponge, and lay it five or six times a day upon the privities. Secondly, set often copper cups which have narrow mouths upon the belly. For this is also good, all that expelleth wind. Of the waterish Rupture Hernia Aquosa. §. 4. IF any where in the veins, in the pores, or in the liver or other parts, do gather some water, which falleth downwards, then must it at last fall into the cod: but the Liver is always the most principal cause from whence all such moistures have their beginning. Therefore when as all such waterish Ruptures happen to any, it is quickly to be discerned by the navel or cod, which immediately afterwards do swell up, and seem to be perspicuous, whereto these things following are to be used. First of all the patient must be purged; for if such happen not often, the matter of the sickness will not be carried out of the body. In like sort, if there be not kept a good order of diet, and the water be not expelled, then runneth it again downwards towards the cod, whereby at length may be caused a greater harm. And to purge all those humours, take this drink following: Take Agaricus and Hermodactili, of each one drag. and a half, Ginger one scrup. Ireos' one drag. Honey water four ounces, then make the Honey water warm, and let the foresaid things be steeped therein 24. hours, afterwards wring it well out, and drink it warm, and six hours afterwards eat and drink warm beer and bread upon it. But if so be this drink through the bitterness thereof go against your stomach, then take this ensuing, Electuarium Indium three drag. copper eight grains, water of blue Flower deluce two ounces, temper them all together and drink it. Or take these pills: Take the root of Laureola, which hath been steeped five days in vinegar, one scruple, Sulphur vif four grains, Copper two grains, liquorice, Annis and Dragagant, of each four grains, make pills thereof with the juice of Roses, and take them all at one time. There must also be given to this patiented those things to ease and drink which do move urine, whereof many are specified where we shall speak of the Dropsy Ascite: but of these three things following, choose which liketh you best. Take red Pease about six ounces, two Fennell roots, let them seeth well together, and take five ounces of this decoction: or drink five ounces of Broome water. Thirdly, take the water of Melilot, and water of Smallage, of each two ounces and a half, Sugar as much as you please, and drink this a whole week long. A Confection to strengthen the Liver. TAke Trociscos' Diarrhodon, and Spec. Diacinamomi, of each one drag. ivory one scrup. four ounces of white sugar; seeth it with Fennel water, and make tabulats of it: of these take one quarter of an ounce before meat. When as then through the foresaid means the water be somewhat voided, then are these plasters to be used: Take Mastic one ounce, Cipers' nuts half an ounce, tragacanth and Gum, of each one drag. temper these together unto a plaster with oil of Roses. This stoppeth, that there can no more water run unto it. Item take Seseli, Coming, Camomile and Melilot, of each one ounce; seeth these together in a quart of water until the third part be spent, and foment therewith the Rupture. Then lay this plaster upon it bounden warm to it: Take roots of blue Flowerdeluce, and roots of wild Cucumbers, of each three ounces, Pease meal and Bean meal, of each two ounces, oil of Rue and juice of Bay leaves, of each two ounces; let this seeth till it be méetly thick, and so lay it upon the ruptures, and bind it warm unto it. But if this cannot be made, then use the first with Mastic and Cipers nuts. The Apothecaries have also one in use, which they call Emplaistrum ad Rupturas, which is also very good, and is thus to be made. Take Nutmegs, the juice of Sloes, Gips, Coming, Annis, Rice, Pyrola, sour Dates, Cipers nuts, Sanicle, of each one dram and a half, fish lime or Isinglasse, half an ounce, Bdellium two ounces: but dissolve the two last in vinegar, and with the rest beaten small make a plaster of it. Another. Take Bran twelve ounces, beat it very small, and let it run through a seen, put amongst it two ounces of beaten Coming, make a plaster of it with Oxymel. You may also seethe it well with white wine unto a plaster. Item take Lily roots one ounce, Linséed meal one quarter of an ounce, Bean meal one drag. Coming and wild Rape seed, of each one ounce, Sulphur vif one quarter of an ounce, Cipers' nuts one dram, Bdellium melted in vinegar half an ounce: beat all that is to be beaten, and let it seethe to a plaster with white wine. Item take Marjoram, foment therewith the whole privities, or anoint it with the juice of Yarrow: take also oil of Pepper and of Saffron, of each a like much, and therewith anoint the rapture. But if so be that this waterish rapture be taken for a species of the Dropsy, then must you look for more other plasters, which stand described in the treatise of the Dropsy Ascite, and choose which you like best. But if the water (which is so gathered together) must be let out, then are you after the purgation to lay the foresaid plaster upon it, and open the cod, yet let not the water run out all at once, and being run out, then lay drying plasters upon it. It is also opened sundry ways, as with a hot iron, with a thread thrust through it, also with a corrosive, and otherwise, which we commend to the Chirurgeons. But if so be that you be once cured, and that the same return again, then is he to be ruled in all things, like as is from the beginning hitherto prescribed. Of the Rupture through Blood or Phlegma. §. 5. ALthough that out of all the humours of man's body, there be specially caused four ruptures, yet notwithstanding is the same very seldom caused through Cholera. In like manner also not often of blood, unless that such happeneth through strokes, wounds falls, carriage, and through use of meats which make much blood, that be very hot, moist, and sweet, and such like. These ruptures do make show with notorious swellings, with heat, & many humours, which may easily be known by their feeling, for at the last they will be red, and beating or panting. The Liver or Median vein is to be opened of such a patiented, and four or five ounces of blood let out, according to the strength of the patiented. And the next day must he purge with this potion following: first, Decoctio fructuum. must you make ready a decoction, which the Apothecaries do call Decoctio fructuum, as followeth. Take figs and Prunes, of each fifteen, juiubes and Sebestes, of each twenty, Hops a handful and a half, Endive, Purslane and Cicory, of each half a handful, peeled Melon seed, Pompeon seed, Cucumber seed, and peeled Gourd seed, of each one dram, sour Dates one ounce, Violets half an ounce; seeth these all together (except the Dates) and break them into this decoction, it is very good for the breast, and cooleth naturally, take of it three ounces, Rhubarb two scruples, Spica four grains, conserve of Prunes half an ounce, temper these well together, and drink it warm, and fast thereupon the space of six hours. The same day lay upon the rapture six ounces of green Nightshade, but if you cannot get it, then take dried Roses and broad Plantain, of each two ounces, Linseed sodden in vinegar, twelve ounces, barley meal five ounces, oil of Roses four ounces; let all these seeth together unto a thick pap by a mild fire treatably, and then lay this upon it twice a day. Item take water of Endive, Nightshade, barley water, and bean water, of each a like much, temper amongst it a little saffron and oil of Roses, make it wet in a cloth and lay it thereon. Or take Barley meal, Lentil meal, Bean meal and Violets, of each a like much, temper these all together with the juice of the herb of winter Cherries unto a plaster or salve, and use it as above. But if so be that the pain of this accident will not staunch, then powne Henbane amongst it. The third day must two cups be set behind on the buttocks, and that at such time as the patiented hath least pain, letting them draw much blood. His meats must be cooling and drying, as Verivice, the juice of Pomegranates, etc. His drink must be sour and thin wine. This is also to be noted, that this kind of rapture is of that nature that it may be cured in eight days. But the rapture which is caused of phlegmatic humours, is much more common, and they that gladly haunt strange women, are more subject to these ruptures. Also all they that live riotously, eat hard meats, and have sat upon a cold stone with their naked body, which may be known through the coldness of the disease, when it beginneth to mollify, and when one doth thrust his finger into it, that the dent of the finger tarrieth a good while in it, which in the windy rapture nor in the water rapture happeneth not to be. Also the place is not perspicuous, and the swelling remaineth at a stay. This disease is to be cured with these purgations following: Take Turbith one quarter of an ounce, Ginger one dram, white sugar three drams, temper them together: of this must the patiented every fourth day take one dram with Wormwood water, and between them must he every morning take this potion: Take water of Balm, Betony and Wormwood, of each one ounce and a half, Sugar half an ounce, Vinegar of Squils' one ounce, mix them together. Now for to strengthen the parts wherein the phlegmatic humour engendereth, it is very good every morning to take one dram of Treacle which is ten years old. This plaster following is also marvelous good for to consume all such matter: Take Sandaraca two ounces, Sarcocolla one ounce, ashes of Beane straw, or Vine stocks six ounces, Vinegar of Squils' two ounces, as much water as is needful: let these seeth together unto the thickness of a plaster, and lay it upon the sore as above. Some do take in steed of common ashes, the ashes of Saponaria, which may be well done. Of the fleshy Rupture. §. 6. THis rapture may also engender of good blood, for that the nourishing operation doth works so vehemently therein, that the blood turneth into flesh. It may also be caused through great heat of the cod. When as then this excrescence of the flesh doth much increase, then will this member be much feebled, and the new flesh which at the first was not hurtful, will be utterly destroyed. This excrescence of flesh, or fleshy rapture, is first of all known, for that therewith is no pain at all. The heat is to be known by the redness of the place where the disease appeareth, and by the hardness it is also known, for that it agreeth with other flesh. Lastly, it is also to be discerned and known by the speedy increasing, by reason that sometimes it will be as big as one's head. The outward causes of the fleshy rapture are all that overheate and overmoisten, whereby the blood inflameth and will be fat, even as all delicate meats, yolks of eggs, good fresh broth, sweet Wines, Dates, Sugar, and all that is dressed therewith, and such like. For to remedy this, first the Liver vein or the Median is to be opened, and that at several times, first one, then another. Secondly, you must look to open the hemorrhoids in the fundament, through continual rubbing it with Ox gall or with water wherein Sulphur vif is decocted. Thirdly, through often applying great cups upon the buttocks, hips, and other fleshy parts. He must eat no other meats than that are cooling and drying, thereby to hinder the generation of the blood: for which this plaster following is also to be laid thereupon: Take Lentil, Nightshade, Roses, and broad Plantain, of each six ounces, Barley meal twelve ounces, three whites of eggs: seethe these all together in sufficient vinegar, and thrice as much water, then make thereof a plaster, and lay it upon the whole cod five or six days one after an other. Now when as this patiented hath purged, and done all that is prescribed, then is this plaster following to be laid upon the rapture: Take Bolus two ounces, sealed earth and starch, of each one drag. Mil dust one ounce and a half, Sandaraca and Mastic, of each one quarter of an ounce, make a salve thereof with the juice of Roses in a leaden mortar, and lay thereof twice a day over the rapture. Afterwards use this corroding ointment: Take black Soap two ounces, Orpiment one ounce and a half, Sulphur vif half an ounce, Copperas one dram and a half, temper all together in a mortar with water wherein Sal Armoniac is dissolved: lay this upon the lower part of the cod, about the breadth of a groat, and let it lie therein about one hour, but no longer, so that it may not bite in too deep. When there is any ulcer, then lay easy things thereon, as Barrowes grease or butter until that the escarre fall off. When this is all done, then take for this the salve of the Apostles: afterwards are you to lay this biting salve again upon another place of the cod, so that it may be opened in six or eight places, yet so, that one may commodiously come to it with the foresaid things. When you then see that such excrescens be consumed, which may be discerned and known hereby, that the cod is come to his wont bigness again, the which sometimes happeneth to endure half a year before it come thereto, then must you proceed with incarnatives, which things require an expert and patiented Chirurgeon. Of the Rupture which is caused of broken veins, called Varicosa. §. 7. HEreof we have in the beginning of the 4. §. made mention, how that it is none other but an intumefaction of the veins through blood, for in the cod are many veins that compass them all about. This tumour or rapture proceedeth of melancholic blood, to which do help sorrow, vexation of the mind, many fantasies, and gross meats, whereof the melancholic blood is engendered: like as also of gross red wine, salt flesh, pottage of Beans and Lentils, and all that is dressed with sharp vinegar. Such a patiented is to rule himself no otherwise then is taught in the fleshy rapture, but that he must not use any of the corroding salve, but in steed thereof use the plasters De Muscilaginibus, and especially those that be made with Opopanaco, Serapino, Bdellio and Ammoniaco. For this is also good baths which are Sulphurish, Copperish, and warm by nature. And (to speak the truth) this species of rapture is not to be helped but with great pains, and continuance of time. Of the terrible Rupture, called Buris. §. 8. THis rapture cometh also through melancholic blood, which not only falleth down into the cod, but also infecteth them wholly, so that beyond all measure it cometh thereby to swell, yea will be black and cold, and sometimes without any ulceration. But if so be that there come unto it any hard swellings, which afterwards break out and yield much matter, then may the same be well taken for Elephantiasis: yet if so be that the swelling be not so big, and hath nevertheless the foresaid signs, then is it to be taken for the right Hernia Oscenae, which some do call Ossealis, which altogether descendeth into the cod. This disease will be cured like other hard swellings, or as hereafter followeth. Take bean meal three ounces, Camomile, mucilage of Hollihocke roots, anise seed, Fenegréeke seed, and Raisins without stones, of each half an ounce; temper them with yolks of eggs. These things following are good for plasters; as Cumin, Nightshade, Bean meal, Camomile, Melilot, oil of Lilies, Cow dung, crumbs of Rye bread, and more other things aforesaid. But if so be that the hardness will not wear away, but inclineth to maturation, then must the same be opened and healed as other impostumations. The plaster Diachilon is good to be used at the first, and the gum Ammoniacum by itself; for that they either consume or maturate the swelling in short space. There is also good for this Bean meal, Fenegréeke meal, Lily roots, Colewoort leaves, and figs, as much as you please, sodden together, and then powned, and so laid upon the grief. Also this rapture is to be oftentimes anointed with the oil of Camomile, Lilies and Spike, and chief when there is no special heat therein. It is also to be noted, that it is not good, if it be known that the Cod is full of matter or corruption, to leave the same long therein, lest that the testicles thereby might also spoil and putrify. For this is this rule to be observed, to the end that in time the melancholic humours might be drawn out and purged away; to wit, to open the Liver vein on the left side. The next day must he take half an ounce of Catharticum Imperiale, with Violet or Waterlilly water. Now for to cause the matter to discuss and consume, take six or eight days one after another these potions following: Take Violet water, Lettuce water, and Hop water, of each one ounce, syrup of Citron pills one ounce and a half: take this warm early in the morning. Of the Ruptures whereby the Bowels do fall into the Cod. §. 9 THe eight and last sort of ruptures is here above mentioned in the title. The descending of the bowels or rim, is oftentimes very suddenly, and otherwhiles very slowly. But howsoever the same come, yet for all that can it not be without pain, and chief if it be touched: the inward causes are none other than wind which clearly appeareth hereby; if the patiented hold up his breath long, the rapture will be the greater, and in breathing out the smaller. The outward causes are sufficiently expressed in the treatise of the Ruptures of wind, and of the Navel. For to help this disease, before all things diligence must be had, that the bowels which are descended may be brought again into their place. And for to compass this, take hold on the cod underneath, and treatably thrust it up. Take also a great boxing cup, set it above the privities or hard by, and let it draw a good space. The patient must also lie higher with his buttocks than his body, that the bowels thereby the easier may return into their due places. If there be any great pain approaching, than first of all look to suage the same, and chief with clysters, which are thus to be made; to wit, the decoction wherein Linseed, Fenegreeke, and white Sesamum seeds beaten grossly have been boiled, and therewith butter and oil of Violets be mixed. Item, take Hens and Cocks broth, and oil of Sesamum, of each six ounces, Sal gemmae half an ounce, or a little less; temper them together, and minister this Clyster meetly warm. Another. Take twelve ounces of sweet Wine, fresh butter, and oil of sweet Almonds, of each two ounces, Benedicta lax. half an ounce; temper them all together for a clyster. Further, the whole Cod with all parts that are adjoining are to be well fomented or bathed. What waters are to be taken for it, you have them set down before in the end of the first §. beginning thus, Take Rue, etc. Yet another in the fourth §. beginning thus, Take Se●eli or Silver mountain seed, etc. In one of these warm decoctions wet a great sponge, and lay it over all the privities: which being done, then let the rapture be softly shooved back. Afterwards must you lay this plaster following over it, and bind it as hard as may be abidden and suffered. Take Cipers roots two ounces, Mill dust three ounces, Comfrey and Daisy roots, of each one ounce, fish lime or Isinglass, one ounce and a half, tragacanth, Gum, Momy, and burnt ivory, of each half an ounce Dragon blood, Sagapenum, Sealed earth, and fine Bolus, of each five drams: the meal and powned roots shall you seeth in two third parts of water, and one third part of red vinegar, until it be thick enough; then mix molten Wax amongst it as much as is needful, stir it with dissolved Gum well together until it be cold. You have also before in the discourse of the Navel and upper Rupture, many good plasters which are good for this use. But if so be that the rapture be large, and all that is fallen down be much, then lay the plaster thereon which is described in the treatise of the upper rapture, in the beginning of the 1. §. for it is singular good also for this kind of rapture. Make a plaster thereof after the form of a shield, whereof the narrowest end may pass under the cod between the legs, and the broad end over the whole cod: this being done, than put thereon an accustomed truss. Lastly, heed must be taken to cure and strengthen the place of the rapture where the bowels come through: for the which this following is very commodious. Take iron dross which is sodden in vinegar and Myrrh, of each half an ounce, Dragon blood, fine Bolus, Frankincense, Mastic, Sealed earth, and the juice of Sloes, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cipers' nuts and Momy, of each three quarters of an ounce, Isinglass two ounces, temper them all together with Wax and Rosin as much as is needful for a salve, and therewith anoint the Cod thrice a day, and knit it up with the truss as is usual. If the rapture be not too wide and too old, then may it be well cured therewith in ●orty or threescore days. Of the Ruptures of Children. §. 10. THe young children are subject to the foresaid ruptures of wind and water, more than aged folk, and are also to be cured with the foresaid remedies. Concerning the upper rapture of children, especial mention is made in the fift §. But as in the beginning of this description we have said that children and tender bodies are to be dealt withal more milder and subtler than with aged folks, therefore is the same to be had in mind. For the first, these are as much as is possible to be defended and kept from crying, and to be let lie with stretched out legs, and after the first binding not to unbind it in ten days. If the rapture as then be not yet cured, then is the rapture the second and third times to be trussed, for that by the first truss they heal not thoroughly, but all after as they be still or unruly. But if the children be so small that they suck still; then must the mother or the nurse keep a good diet in eating and drinking of dry meats: and they must eschew all meats which be moist of nature. For to keep up the Matter that it descend no more. §. 11. FOr this purpose are good the last mentioned clysters, the binding and rubbing of the knees downwards, the setting up of boxing cups on the buttocks unpickt, the opening of the liver vein or Median, wherewith also according to the importance of the cause, remedies must be used through vomits, whereby the matter that falleth out of the head will be diverted: for all ruptures are much subject to the defluxion of humours, and especially the great ruptures. Lastly, it is very necessary that women do further their Flowers or Terms; and for men, the hemorrhoids or Piles. For to stay the reversion of the Rupture that it come not again. §. 12. THis must be effected through such things as expel wind and phlegmatic matters, whereof is sufficient store declared, and chief that which hath Turbith in it, in the 5. §. If you had rather have pills, then take Coloquint one scruple, Turbith one dram, Bdellium one dram, and Ginger one scruple; make thereof twelve pills with Hiera logodion, whereof the patiented is to take three in the morning early, and thereupon drink one ounce of the water of blue Flower de luce méetly warm and sugared. This medicine is good for all phlegmatic diseases. This foresaid matter will be expelled through these things following by urine: Take water of Broome, Madder, and Smallage, of each one ounce and a half, temper it, and drink thereof about half an ounce at a time: and immediately afterwards take three pills of powned Millium solis seed, mixed with the juice of Smallage: or take one dram of beaten Lignum Aloes, with Honey water. Also you may use twice a week one dram of Mithridate, tempered with Mint water. Thirdly there is a strong confection discovered, made by Nicholaus, by the name of Opopyra, which hath a special operation to dry up the phlegmatic humours. And if you desire to make the same, then are you to use the advice of an expert Physician, for it is very hot. There are also simples, which be very necessary for to stay the bowels after the first curing from falling down into the cod any more: whereof, the first are Cipers nuts, when they are green to confect them with syrup of Roses, whereof one is to be taken three or four hours before meat, and that continuing two or three months long. Secondly, after the same manner shall be confected Pineapples (the kernels being taken out) and use them in like manner. Thirdly, take one dram of Momy, and make therewith twelve pills with the juice of Roses, and take thereof always three hours before meat, one, two, or three months space together. Fourthly, you are to swallow every morning threée or four pieces of Mastic, and continue it three or four months: it is the most surest. Fiftly, you are four hours before meat to take a root of Consolida media. Sixtly, the powder of Cipers' nuts is to be used in all meats. Seventhly, there must be worn a plate of filled iron upon the rapture. Eightly, the patiented is to sit oftentimes in an Alum bath, which is very sure to prevent the recedive of all such accidents. For this may be prepared these confections following: Take Frankincense, Mastic, the juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, of each one dram and a half, Roses, ivory, parched Coming, Dill seed, of each one dram, Cipers' nuts half an ounce, small filled Steel, Iron dross, decocted together in red vinegar, of each one quarter of an ounce, dried seeds of Pomegranates one ounce; beat them all small together: Honey of Roses eighteen ounces, white Sugar twelve ounces, Granado wine six ounces, tragacanth, Gum, of each half an ounce; seeth both of these gums with Honey, Sugar, and this juice until it be thick. When it beginneth to be cold, put it into a mortar, and temper the other things amongst it, stirring it well about, and give the sick body thereof two drams in the morning two hours before meat: also two hours after supper one dram. With this have many been cured. The order of life or diet. §. 13. EVen as all diseases in the world have need of a good diet, so hath this malady most of all need of it: but if the patiented do not govern himself in this sickness as it behoveth, then are all medicines of none effect, but in vain. For this is first required to keep himself as quiet as is possible, and to lie upon his back. The patiented is also forbidden all cold and moist places, carnal copulation, much stirring after meat. To overcharge himself with meat and drink is also very hurtful unto him, all strong drinks, and chief Must or new wine is forbidden him. All meats that are binding, as sad baked bread, and all that is made of meal and dough must he forbear. Of all sorts of pottages, there are none more hurtful than Beans, Turkey beans, and Lentils: contrariwise, he may eat well smoke dried flesh, and all kinds of fish: but new milk, and all that is made thereof, is hurtful for him. Item butter; and all cold and moist herbs must he forbear, as spinach, Lettuce, Béets, Mallows, Purslane, etc. unless they be mingled with some warm herbs, as Rosemary, Mints, Thyme, Marjoram, and such like. Meats that are good for him, are well leavened bread not above three days old, Brewis of fresh flesh broth, rear Eggs, Veal, Mutton, Pork, Hares: Item Capons, Hens, Pheasants, Partridges, Ducks, Doves, and all other field fowls. All fish fried in oil, and salt fish may he use otherwhiles, etc. Hard salt Cheese is also sometimes permitted. All sorts of Turnips, Olives and Capers may he also use. All manner of spice may he eat dressed with his meat. Also Annis seed, fennel seed, Coming, and such like. All manner of sour things in his meats cannot hurt him, as Vinegar, Verivice, Lemons, Oranges, and such like. For his drink shall be good clear wine or beer. But if the patient can neither drink wine nor beer, then is he to use this Mead following. Take Rosemary half an ounce, Cinnamom half a dram, Balm flowers, Ginger, borage, Nutmegs, of each half a dram: seeth these together in seven quarts of water until the fourth part be sodden away: afterwards put thereto sixteen ounces of honey, let it seeth again until the third part be consumed. This drink is special good in the winter, and if the same be not continually used, yet may the wine be delayed with it. This order is as well directed for phlegmatic humours, as for the cause whereof this rapture hath his being. And if the same be caused of Cholera and blood, we have thereof discoursed before. The chirurgeons have two other means to heal the Rupture, which is, by incision, and with cautarisation, whereof we are not purposed to write. The fourth Chapter. Of the Testicles or Stones. SOme do name both these parts, the privities: which name doth signify more than the stones only of men or women, for that it is thought to be too gross a term, the stones: but if the matter b● honest which is spoken of them, then can the true name of them not be shameful nor dishonest. Both these small parts of a man's body were once fashioned thereto by God and nature (like as is discovered) whereby to continue mankind: for which cause they are by good reason accounted amongst the principallest parts of man's body. For how greatly mankind is depending thereon, it is to be seen by such whose stones be cut out, who have no beards growing, do lose their man's voice and natural heat, yea are wholly unfit for generation: In fine, do almost alter wholly into the nature of women, we may therefore with good reason write thereof. Men and women have both of them two of these stones, therefore do the Grecians call them Didymi, which is, Twins or Twiling. In men they hang outwardly out of the body in the abovesaid cod, and are of a fast fleshy substance, round and somewhat long, inwardly hollowish, wherein they receive the purest and cleanest blood of the whole body: and for that they be hot and moist, they prepare that for the full perfection of the seed. Women have the stones inward, on each side of the neck of the Mother one: but they are much less than the stones of a man, and also of another fashion. It is also adjudged, that the right stone is hotter of nature than the left; therefore the right also (is said) will engender a son, and the left a daughter. It is found by experience, if a man have one stone cut out, yet may he engender children: likewise they that have three stones are very unchaste of life. Of the diseases which these members of the body are subject unto, is sufficiently discoursed in the treatise of the Cod: for there can hardly come any infirmity to the cod, wherein they do not suffer with them, whether they chance to swell through wind, or any other humour. But chief young children get lightly such diseases: for which you have this plaster following for to use, as well for young as for aged folks: Take Lily roots four ounces, Linséed meal, Bean meal, half an ounce, yellow wild Rape seed half an ounce, Sulphur vife one dram, make a plaster thereof. But before you lay on the plaster, anoint the place with oil of Pepper and Saffron, of each half an ounce, temper them, and use it warm. Another plaster. Take small beaten Annis seeds, temper them with well brayed whites of eggs, and lay warm upon it. This is approved and found good. The fift Chapter. Of women's privy Members. THe Privities of women make outwardly a small show, but within are much like to the privy members of a man. The neck of the Mother or Womb is in steed of the Yard: the Mother or Womb is compared with the Cod, where on the neck of the same (like as is said) the stones are fixed: so that with good reason may be said, That whatsoever men have outwardly, the same have women inwardly: but for honesties sake we will write no further of it. But as much as concerneth the inward parts thereof, and all that appertaineth thereto, shall be discovered hereafter: here shall only be touched certain diseases which these parts are subject to. For which, first of all the common advise of women is against all pain of these parts, be it of whatsoever cause that the same proceed, to wit, that Betony be laid to steep in Wine, and to drink thereof. Of the inflammation of the place with swellings. §. 1. TAke the whites of Eggs, and bray them with a long piece of alum a good space, then will it be a salve; spread it upon a cloth, and so apply it, and when it is dry refresh it: this hath been many times approved and found certain. Item take of the white of an egg half a nutshell full, and Salad oil, stir them well together, and therewith anoint the hot place. Or take the green and yellow bark of Eldern sticks, put them in a little bag, boil them in wine, and lay them warm thereon; it driveth away all swelling, as well that which is caused of childbirth, as otherwise. Item, take for the hot swelling of women's privy places, Consolida Saracenica, Auens, and Lady's mantle, as much as you please: powne them all together, and wring out the juice, temper it with molten Capons grease and fresh butter, anoint the place therewith between day and night four times at the least. Of the Clefts of this place. §. 2. THe Grecians do call these clefts Rhagades, and are such clefts as discover themselves with excrescence of flesh, which for the most part standeth always inward, and bléedth not of itself, unless they be rubbed hard with the member of a man, which proceedeth of inward & outward causes. The outward causes may be falls, strokes, or bigness of a man's member: Also through putting in any sharp thing, as Gith seed, & such like. The inward occasions are, when as any inward swelling happeneth through descent of some sharp humour which there seeketh issue; and (to tell the truth) this is very hardly to be healed, especially when all such diseases do stand deep in the neck of the mother. But these clefts are to be healed with the same remedies which shortly hereafter in the treatise of the Arsgut shall be described, yet if there be no Ague nor sharpness present, then may these pessaries following be used. Take Ducks grease, and the marrow of a Stag's bone, of each half an ounce, Saffron one scruple, oil of Lilies and of white Daffodil, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wax as much as is needful, wherewith to frame pessaries. These pessaries must be put up into the place, yet bounden at a thread, they draw the clefts together. Item take Frankincense and Hypocistis, of each half a dram, Aloe half a scruple, Dragon blood three drams, the juice of Sloes one dram, dried Ass dung one ounce, dried Mints a scruple, Egshels one dram and a half, three whites of Eggs, paper two scruples, three ounces of the juice of broad Plantain, Vinegar one quarter of an ounce, temper them all together: it is especial good for all clefts of the whole body. But if so be that there be any heat or sharpness therewith, then is oil of Roses to be used for it, and the pessaries must be anointed with this white unguent: or make a pessary of Cotton, steeped in Rose water or Plantain water. But if the heat thereof be great, take the juice of Purslane, mucilage of Fleawort, and juice of Housléeke: work this the space of certain hours in a leaden mortar, and temper a little oil of Roses amongst it: this healeth and cooleth. It is also very good against the Canker of the Mother, and such like diseases. Item take tragacanth and Gum, dissolved in Rose water, washed Aloe, Ceruse, Frankincense, and Dragon blood, of each one dram, litharge of Gold half an ounce, oil of Roses two ounces, wax as much as is needful; stamp all that is to be stamped, and make a salve of it. Also this hereafter following may with a Siring be squirted into the place: Take washed white bread, Frankincense, Bolus, and Dragon blood, of each one ounce, powne it, and seeth it in four ounces of goats milk unto the half, then strain it through a cloth, and use it as hath been said. Of the ulceration in the privities of Women. §. 3. ALL that is ordained herebefore for the clefts, is also good for all ulcerations of the privities in women: so is also in like manner that which followeth hereafter: Take fresh butter, badger's grease, and Deeres suet, of each one ounce, the marrow of a young steer half an ounce, five beaten yolks of Eggs; temper them all together over a mild fire, and stir it continually: when as it is almost cold, then put thereto Violets, Camomile, and Roses, of each one ounce, oil of Olives one ounce and a half: let this seeth softly one quarter of an hour, stirring it always about: afterwards strain it through a cloth. Item take Barrowes grease wherein Dill hath been fried, May butter, and Heart's suet, of each two ounces, Salad oil one ounce and a half, the marrow of a young Steer, and Roses, of each one ounce, Violets, Camomile, of each one dram and a half, six yolks of eggs well beaten, temper it as before: you may put thereto a little Bevercod, this is, the elder, the better. For a general rule note, that whereas any ulceration or clefts do show themselves outwardly, that for the same these foresaid remedies are commodious: if so be that they stand deep in the neck of the Mother, then use the foresaid pessaries, and thrust them in deep enough, for which cause the pessaries must be reasonable long. Also for all swellings and exulcerations use the oil of white Daffodil, for it is very much approved for it. When any body catcheth any sore through carnal copulation. §. 4. THis is to be understood of any sore which commonly cometh through copulation or venery. For this you shall take calves suet, letting it melt treatably upon hot coals, than temper therewith the marrow of an Ox: when it is melted, let it be cold: when you will use this, then take a little of it and anoint the sore therewith. But if it happened that one have his ordure to come forth before, then take a small tunnel, and stick it into the fundament, like as it were a Clyster pipe, then pour therein the molten fat, but not too hot. The patient must also keep in his breath, and afterwards pluck out the tunnel, and so stop the fundament with Cotton, that the same fat might not run out again. And two or three days after he must bathe in warm water, or foment with a bag that is filled with Oaken leaves, Plantain and Roses, and is decocted in water. For to make a Woman to be as narrow as a Maiden. §. 5. TAke Consolida Saracenica, Plantain, red Roses, and Shepherd's purse, of each a like much, and chop them small: when you have two handfuls of them, then take a pound of May butter; melt it, and put thereto the said herbs: then let all seeth softly together half an hour long; afterwards strain it through a cloth, and therewith anoint the place. Item take Coperas and let it dissolve in well water, wet a cloth therein, and lay it in the place; but it must otherwhiles be refreshed. If than one be troubled with the Crablice, look the first part, in the third chapter, in the 8. §. where is sufficiently written of Lice. For to speak then more at large of this matter, and to declare (like as is said already) how much importeth mankind in the soundness and health of these parts of generation, therefore we will first speak of the Spermaticall flux or running of the rains, be it by day or night: afterwards of the impossibility of the venerial act: Thirdly, of the barrenness both of man and woman, and how to redress it. Fourthly, what belongeth to the Secundina or Skin wherein the child is wrapped, we will show hereafter. The sixth Chapter. Of the Spermaticall Flux or running of the Rains. THe Grecians do call this infirmity Gonorrhaeam, which is, when one against his will, without the erection of the Yard hath his seed running out, through the loss of his strength and unnatural heat. This is caused through the feebleness of the virtue retentive, which is in the instruments of the seed, which may happen through any overcoldnesse, be it by sitting on cold stones, or otherwise. It is else daily seen, if any bear this mischief too long, that he waxeth lean thereby, and falleth away. And it is also no wonder, that by reason of this flux of the seed which sometimes ten yea twenty times happeneth between day and night, that thereby the best nourishment of the body is withdrawn. If so be then that this Spermaticall flux is caused through weakness of the retentive virtue, then happeneth it without feeling: or if it happen through the force of the virtue expulsive, which is known before by certain impotency and trouble of these parts. But if the same grow through outward accidents, that must be understood of the patiented. And to cure this infirmity, first it is to be known, that albeit this disease proceedeth for the most part through heat, yet notwithstanding the same may be caused through cold, therefore we will here first write of the running of the Rains which cometh through heat. Of the Flux of seed, or running of the Rains through heat. §. 1. THis flux of seed, is (as it hath been said) felt with some grief. All cold things are acceptable to the patiented, and hot things do put him to pain, as to a man which is superabounding in seed, doth this flux of sperm bring not any feebleness, & he waxeth not thereby lean at all: but if such come through heat of the seed, then feeleth he also heat, itching and grief: this must first of all be begun with a good order of diet. And first he must choose for his dwelling a place and air which is neither too hot nor too cold, neither too moist nor too dry. It is also not convenient for him to stir or go much, neither to ride: but rest and sleep is highly commended for this infirmity, and not too long, but a little, and that oftener. Deep speculations, sorrow, vexation, fright, fear, and especially all venerial thoughts must he eschew. All purgations, and that which abateth the body are very hurtful: and if need require, the same is easily to be effected through vomits, sweats, and Clysters. For vomiting, take water (wherein Radishes have been sodden) three ounces, syrup of Vinegar one ounce and a half, give the patiented this warm, after that he hath eaten sundry meats. For to provoke sweat, take Barley water three ounces, strong Wine two ounces, give it him very warm, and let him sweat. The clyster must be thus prepared: Take Beets, Violet leaves, Nightshade, Tassel leaves, of each one handful, let them seethe well together, and take twelve ounces of this decoction, Tho. sugar one ounce and a half, yolks of Eggs, oil of water Lilies, and of Roses, of each two ounces, salt one dram and a half: the clyster must be set in the evening before meat. In eating and drinking must be eschewed all that nourish well, except there be great feebleness approaching, whereof aught most of all to be advised. Also he must eschew all that provoketh venenery, as all sharp hot meats, spices, fat and windy meats: but much rather may he use all that are contrary to these, as water wherein Lentils are sodden, and Waterlillies tempered in all his meats and drinks: also conserves of the same. Prepared Coriander is also good, be it of what manner soever they be eaten. These things have a special property to expel incontinency. In like sort also Purslane, Endive, Cicory, and Lettuce. But Lettuce seed excelleth all these, if one eat much thereof: it stayeth also exceedingly and speedily the running of the Rains. Item, oil Olive and Nightshade, are very good for this. All these foresaid things is such a patiented to use continually, meetly sour vinegar, Oranges, and the juice of Pomegranates may he also use otherwhiles, and herewith eat sheeps feet, and other beasts feet. Fish that are taken in fresh waters, are also good for him, with vinegar and other sour things, and dressed with salad oil. All sea fish shall he forbear. Concerning flesh, there is good all kind of Venison, water Fowls, and in fine, the flesh of all Déeres that be not fat, but in good plight. For his drink must he have red clear and pleasant Wines, and if he desire to have them watered, then take thereto water wherein Coriander, Lettuce, Purslane, (and that which is yet better) Gum of Araby, and dried Waterlilly flowers have been decocted. And that we forget not the venereous and lusty women, it is specially advised, that for them shall be made a potion of the juice of Betony and Cicory tempered together with vinegar. Item, yet more against concupiscence of man and woman that are hot of nature, may plasters be made: Take Henbane, Opium, Camfere, the mucilage of Fleawoort, Purslane seed, and oil of Poppy seed, make a plaster thereof, and anoint or lay it upon the kidneys. Yet must this plaster by reason of the extreme coldness be used providently. Also to go bare footed is good likewise for this: and they that be full of blood are to be let blood. These things following do much dry the natural seed, to wit, Rue, and Agnus castus, wild Mints, Coming, and morsels made thereof. But chief if one do take the seeds of the premises with vinegar. Item take Dill seed three drams, Lettuce seed, and Purslane seed, of each half an ounce; drink thereof every time one dram and a half with the water of Lentils. Item take Rue seed and Henbane seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Roses and flowers of Pomegranates of each three drams: make thereof a powder, and give thereof to drink one quarter of an ounce at one time with water or watered wine. But to return to the léesing of the sperm, it is not amiss to write what is inwardly to be used for it. First then shall this confection following be necessary for it: Take Comfrey roots three ounces, cleanse them and cut them small, peeled Pompeon seed and Waterlillies, of each one dram, the juice of liquorice two scruples, prepared Coral, fine Bolus, Myrtle seed and Roses, of each ten grains, Gum half a dram; beat them all small (except the roots) and make thereof a powder: seeth the roots in red Wine, and stamp them to grout; then temper the powder amongst it, and put thereto the syrup of Citron pills and of Oranges, as much as you please, and then let it seeth together again to a confection. Take every morning one spoonful thereof before breakfast. Item, temper the Conserves of Roses with Marmalade, as much as you will: or take either apart. Another. Take prepared Bolus one quarter of an ounce, Conserves of Roses three quarters of an ounce, temper and use thereof every time one dram. Or take a whole new laid egg sodden and sugared. A famous Syrup for heat. TAke Purslane seed, Lettuce seed, and Waterlillies, of each one ounce, prepared Coriander, roots of Waterlillies, of Dandelion, and of Nightshade, of each half an ounce, Camfere half a dram, or fifteen juiubes, Dates (eight days steeped in vinegar and chopped small) two ounces, Rue seeds, mountain mints, and parched Coming, of each one dram; seeth these all together in two quarts of water unto the half, then strain it through, being very hard wrong out, put more thereto, twelve ounces of the juice of Quinces, Sugar six and thirty ounces, and let them seeth all together, and clarify them. Lastly, cast a little Mints into it, whereof shall be taken two ounces with three ounces of Purslane water, it is very precious and approved. For this is also good these sirupes following: as De succo Endiviae, de Cydonijs, de Rosis siccis, Rosatus solutiws, and Mirtinus. It hath been also said before, that for this disease no purgations are fit. But if such were most needful, then is there to be given him one ounce, or one ounce and a half of fine Cassia with Purslane water. Another which is stronger: Take Cassia one ounce, and De succo Rosarum one quarter of an ounce, beaten seeds of Agnus castus one scruple, water-lilies three ounces; temper them all together. Also there is to be given him one ounce, or one ounce and a half of Cassia with honey or milk. Afterwards take every morning a draft of well decocted barley water, and temper therewith (according as the heat is great) a spoonful or twain of the juice of Housléeke, or Purslane, for it cooleth much. Item take one ounce, or one ounce and a half of Cassia, strew it with the powder of liquorice, and swallow it down in the morning fasting. Item use fourteen days continually in the morning early a little Cassia out of the pipes, and spit out the kernels. A Confection that is very fit for this. Take prepared Coriander one quarter of an ounce, powder of Mints three drams, Lettuce, Purslane, and peeled Cucumber seed, of each two drams and a half, Gum, Coming, (both parched) of each one dram, parched Dragagant one dram and a half, Waterlillies one quarter of an ounce, all these beaten small together. Sugar fifteen ounces, and seeth the Sugar in Purslane water, and then make Tabulates of it. Hereafter follow Potions. Take Comfrey roots and seethe them in water, drink thereof three or four ounces with Sugar: it is very fit for this disease. Item, steeled water (wherein Myrtle seed hath been decocted) being drunken, is also very good. For this is also meet Plantain water, Sorrel water, Purslane water, and Cicorie water. Or take Mallows and Hollihocke roots, boil them in water, and drink of it. Or take of the Trocisci de Carabe, de terra Sigillata, & de Spodio, which you will, or of each half a dram: for the whole Dose mix it with whey, and so drink it. What ought to be used outwardly. IF so be that this infirmity have long continued, then make Smiths Cinders glowing hot, and slake them in wine, and bathe therewithal. You must fill the Navel with Stag's suet, which stayeth the affluxion of the heat and sharpness of the matter. If the patiented then desire to make water, them must the patient hang his privities in Plantain water or Nightshade water. Item, take old oil of Roses two ounces, oil of Quinces and Myrtles, of each two ounces and a half, Lead, white Lead, Bloudstone (both washed in Lettuce water) of each half an ounce, Starch one ounce and a half, Willow leaves and water Lillie flowers, of each five drams, Camfere one quarter of an ounce: mix one with another in a leaden mortar with the juice of Plantain, and make also a salve thereof. For this disease shall you find many remedies both in the ancient and later Physicians. The cooling salve is also very commodious for this; like as is the ointment of Saunders unguentum Sandalinum, unguentum Sandalinum: which is made in this manner. Take Roses three drams, red Saunders two drams and a half, yellow Saunders one dram and a half, fine Bolus one quarter of an ounce, ivory one drag. Camfere half a dram, white Wax one ounce, oil of Rose buds three ounces: the Wax and the oil are to be melted together, and then temper the other things amongst them. This is not only good for this disease, but also for inflamed Kidneys, and to cool the liver, the stomach, and all other parts. With any of both these ointments anoint the patient's Kidneys and the Cod, even to the end of his Yard. Item, take oil of Myrtles, Roses, Mastic, of each half a dram, shaven ivory one scruple, Camfere two grains: powne all that is to be powned, and with a little Wax make thereof a salve, wherewith anoint the Kidneys. This salve is also good for the whites in women. women's whites. It is also much commended to wear upon the Kidneys a piece of thin beaten Lead. Of the Flux of sperm, or the running of reins through cold. §. 2. IN this infirmity is felt with the pain in the head, a distemperance also of the brains, & a vexation of the whole body with cold, even as in Mania. For this be especially Mints very meet Rue also, and the seed thereof be highly commended for the same, mountain Mints, Agnus Castus, Artichockes with the roots, parched Coming, & Caruway, Annis, Frankincense, and their barks, Mastic and Marierom. This patient must then providently (as is said) and mildly purge, & afterwards every morning take a dram of Treacle with betony water. You may give him also stewed Pears or Quinces to eat. Likewise rear sodden eggs wherein is a little Mastic powder strewed, and red Coral powder. Also the reins and bladder are to be anointed round about with oil of Mastic, and oil of Roses. Of the Flux of the sperm or seed in the sleep. §. 3. Above the afore mentioned flux of the seed, this yet is to be annexed unto it, when as the seed also passeth away in the sleep a nights, and very seldom by day. The cause of this is daily riotting and surfeiting, and specially meats which are dressed with spice, and be easy of digestion. Secondly, the thoughts upon a fair woman whom one loveth. Thirdly, to sleep sound, and to lie upon the back, abundance of blood, abstinence from women, hail youth, whence all other signs are to be had and taken, these are also to be remedied like the former. If it be caused of fullness, it is to be cured by abstinence: if through lust after women, then will it be eased with a godly Matrimony, as also by the use of cold and dry things, as is already said, of the running of the reins, of that which proceedeth not of abundance, but maketh a man unfit to get children, as shall be hereafter spoken of. Of what and whereby natural sperm or seed will be most augmented. §. 4. THe cause of the diminishing or increasing of natural seed may as well proceed of intolerable heat, as cold: also of inward and outward causes. The cold is repercussive, and keepeth back, the heat consumeth. Likewise it may grow by falls, and such like other things more, whereby the brains are weakened. Item, of some kind of lesion of the stones and other parts, also of inward, as a bad concoction of the seed, cutting of the stone, or the Piles, whereby the generation of the seed is hindered, of sore precedent diseases, of sorrow, heaviness, temptation, smallness of the humane member, and (amongst divers other causes) of age also. Now for to help this disease (even as is before said) not to increase lechery or fleshly lust, but in favour and preferment of Matrimony. For this therefore is good, warm and dry weather, and also all such dwellings, yellow Rape seed baked in bread, as much that there be put one scruple in half a pennyworth of white bread is very requisite: young fat flesh, not salted too much, a sauce with Saffron, long Pepper, and tails of Stincus prepared with good Wine: all sour, sharp, doughy & slimy meats, must be forborn, long sleep, and especially after meat doth annoy: for the long sleep immediately after meat doth no less hinder venery, then surfeiting with meat and drink. He is also to eschew all vexation, sorrow, and care. But in general, these things are good for the increase of humane seed, and to recover the loss thereof again, to wit, Eggs, Milks, Rise dressed in Milk, Sparrows brains, yea the whole birds. Also the stones of these Beasts following, viz. as of Bulls, Cocks, Bucks, Rams, Boars, and all their pissels. Of pottages are very good that of beans, Ciches, Lupins: the first bitter broths of them cast away, and the rest sugared, Pease, Turkey, or French Beans, and Wheat, sodden in fresh broth, and dressed with Spice, Annis, Fennell seeds, white and red Mustard seed, Colewort seed, and yellow Rape seed, the seeds of white Sesamum, Fenegreeke seed, sodden with Honey in fat flesh broth, Linséede tempered with Sugar and other meat, and also Nettle seed. Of roots these following are highly commended, as stewed Onions, Garlic, Léekes, yellow Rapes, fresh Ragwort roots, and confected Sugar, or the powder thereof, drunken with the water wherein Mustard seed is sodden, confected roots of Eringus, confected Ginger, Costus roots, Sperage, Thistle roots, Radish, Zeduary, Squils' roasted, confected Asarabacca, Pieretrum, and Cypers nuts. Of Herbs, are the garden Cressis, and branches of Sperage. Of Fruits, hazel Nuts, Pistacia, Almonds, and above all, Marchpane made thereof. All Spices are very commodious for this use, as Cinnamom, Cardamome, Galingall, long Pepper, Cloves, Ginger, & Saffron. For this is also very highly praised Assa foetida, the weight of one dram and a half drunken in good Wine: in like manner also tragacanth, the pissell of a Bull, or of a Hart, the weight of one scruple taken also in Wine; likewise the tails of Stincus the weight of a dram, taken before meat with Wine. Of things compounded you have these confections, Diamoschu, Pliris, Aromaticum Rosatum, Diambra, Dianthos, Diagalanga, Trionpipereon, and Diamargaritan Calidum: also Mithridate in like manner. And above all other things is the confection Diasatyrion commended, for it strengtheneth the stomach. This following is much used at Augusta: Take Ginger one dram and a half, Almonds, Pingles, and Pisticia, of each one ounce, the kernels of an India Nut, and Sisarum, of each half an ounce, the pissell of a Hart five drams, Cynqfoyle, Palma Christi one dram and a half, Galingall, Cloves, Cinnamom, white Mustard seed, long Pepper, wild yellow Rape seed, white Behen, of each one dram, Onion seed, Radish seed, Rape seed, and Ashen keys, of each two scruples, the sides and tails of Stincus three drag. borage one quarter of an ounce, Sugar two pound, seethe it in Wine as you would make Tabulats, or a confection of it. This also following may be prepared: Take yellow and other Rapes, Onions, Sperage roots, wild Mustard seed, Radish seed, Pingles, Ash keys, roots of Eringu●, of Satyrion, sweet Costus roots, Ginger, long Pepper, and Cress' seeds, of each a like much. Also take clarified Honey, three ounces to one ounce of the powder, then make thereof a confection. Of the same may three drams be taken at once, tempered with Sugar pennets and new Milk. One may use outwardly Wax made to an Ointment, with oil of Bevercod. Or take Bevercod, Marierom gentle, oil of Costus, of each a like much, put thereto a little Musk or Zibeta, and therewith anoint the yard, with other places adjoining unto it. If you will have a slighter, then take the gall of a Bear. An especial ointment: Take of the great winged Aunts three drams, oil of white Sasamum, and oil of Lilies, of each one ounce, powne the Aunts and put them into the oil, and so let them stand the space of six days in the Sun: afterwards wring out the oil, and put thereto Euphorbium one scruple, Pepper & Rue, of each one dram, white Mustard seed half a dram: set this again into the Sun awhile, and anoint all over the privities therewith. Another. Take oil of Lilies two ounces, oil of Bevercod one ounce, Euphorbium, Pepper, white Mustard seed, of each one dram, Muscus half a scruple: temper it unto an Ointment. If so be that then the natural heat be thereby excitated and stirred up, and other kindness do come upon you, then do what in you lieth. The seventh Chapter. Of Barrenness in general. WHen as then neither in the one nor in the other, as that neither in the Man nor in the Woman, there appeareth any infirmity in the parts of generation, and both parties are mighty enough for the work, notwithstanding cannot come to any generation, then must there be a certain cause of barrenness, whereof there be many kinds. First then concerning the Man, it may be well caused through outward and inward accidents: the outward are the hard meats, whereto there cometh then also the unbelief of Withcraft. But if so be that the same proceed of inward causes, then doth the same proceed of the weakness of the most principal parts of man's body, as of the Hart, the Brains, the Liver, the Stomach, & the Milt. Or he may be too fat, or too lean, with many more other infirmities, which may be in the privy members, that are not to be here discovered. The signs of the Barrenness of the man are these, great heat, which may be known by feeling him. The woman in receiving feeleth the great heat of the seed, he hath great desire to the action, and is very hairy over all his body, and got hair very early about the privities: But if so be that cold be the cause, then are these things found to be all contrary. Concerning the Women, the Barrenness may be caused by drinking too much cold water, by continual use of sour meats, by anger, by fear, by frighting, and other motions more of the mind which may cause all the same. Item, when a woman after copulation stirreth by and by, leapeth, runneth, or danceth too much. If it proceed of any inward cause, then must it be either of the constitution of the whole body, or of some other infirmity of the parts of generation. If of the constitution of the whole body, then shall some principal part of the body feel the same, to wit, by reason that the Terms are hindered, or flow too much. Also a woman may be too old, or too young, or too fat, which maketh barren. If the malady be in the parts of generation, then dependeth it most in the mother or womb, which hath some ulceration, or is too wide or too narrow, or too much obstructed, and such like. The signs of Barrenness in women are these, to wit, when it proceedeth of the coldness of the mother, then hath she her Terms very little, and if they do run, yet are they not well coloured: they have also but little hair on their privities, they be by nature slow and slack, they care not much for men, and are commonly of a pale colour, for which doth also much help the long use of meats or drinks which are cold of nature. If the Barrenness be caused through heat, then hath she likewise her flowers or terms very little, mixed with yellowness, the woman is hasty headed, crafty, thirsty, desirous of the man, hairy about her privy place, she hath a quick pulse, and black hair, with other tokens more, all which dry or moist diseases must needs be in the mother, or in the neck of the same. Thirdly, they are sometimes of a contrary complexion, for that the seed cannot be rightly mixed, or sometime also too near like one another of complexion: For an example, when a cold man cometh to a cold woman, or that they be both dry of nature: and if in all things else they be also of like complexions one to another, then is it unpossible that the woman can conceive. There shall be more other signs described how to know by whom the let and infirmity cometh, to wit, do cast both Spermata upon the water, and that which driveth on the top, is barren. Item, sprinkle both their urines upon a Lettuce leaf, and whosoever doth die away first, the same is unfruitful. Or take five corns of Wheat, seven Barley grains, and seven Beans, put them all into an earthen pot, and piss thereon, let it stand so seven days long, and if they begin to sprout, then is the person fruitful, or if they rot, then is he or she barren, be it man or woman. Or let him piss in a pot, and let the urine stand awhile, if worms grow therein, then is that urine barren. These three last proofs do the ancient Physicians themselves say to be uncertain, therefore we will let them rest. Item, make underneath an odoriferous fume, as of Myrrh, red Storax, and such like odoriferous warm things to pass into the neck of the womb, through a tunnel, which being close covered round about, if the woman find that this smoke go through the body, and feeleth it in her nose, then is she fruitful. Another. Take gross beaten Garlic, and lay the woman with her back thereupon, if so be that she feel the smell in her nose, then is it a token of fruitfulness. There are more such like tokens which are said to be approved: but how that fruitfulness is to be furthered and helped, there are divers remedies hereafter rehearsed out of the writings of the most famous Physicians, out of which may be chosen according to the complexion of women, whether they be hot, cold, moist, dry, fat, lean, oppilated, or contrary by nature. For to help and prefer or hasten fruitfulness. §. 1. IF that fruitfulness be desired to be furthered and helped, then must the cause that hindereth the same be abated and taken away, of which the learned do reckon very many, which may be contained in three especial points, as when a woman is to hot, and too dry, too cold, and too moist, or hath her terms or flowers too much or to little, of which three especial points we will now discourse. Of Barrenness through heat. §. 2. ALl such women must beware of hot air, dwellings, and such like: also of clothes which keep the parts and sinews about the womb too hot. Also they must eschew all hot meats, as Spice, salt flesh, strong Wine, very fat meats, warm herbs, as Smallage, Fennel, Thyme, Southernewood, Rue, long watching, to lie much on the reins or Kidneys, great labour, anger, heaviness, and such like motions of the mind: but all that moderately cooleth that must be used. They must take oftentimes conserve of Roses, or cold tragacanth losings, and the confections Triasantali, also to hold before the nose and smell to Camphor, Rose water, and Saunders, as hath been many times told for hot sicknesses. Above all these, must the Basilica or Liver vein be opened in the right arm, and to let out about five ounces of blood. On the next day is this purgation to be used: Take Elect. de Epithimo, de succo Rosarum, of each two drams and a half, the whey of Milk four ounces, temper them well together, and take it in the morning, then sleep afterwards about one hour and a half, and fast four hours upon it: this being done, drink a good draft of whey, and you may break your fast one hour after. Other do purge with Triphera Saracenica, and Rhubarb, and also minister preparative potions mixed either with sirupes of Violets, Roses, or Endive. Or take the water of water Lilies four ounces, water of Mandragora one ounce, beaten Saffron half a scruple: drink them luke warm, and do this eight days one after another. Also you may use these pills following: Take Broome flowers, Smallage, Parsley seed Coming, Mugwort, and Feuerfew, of each half a scruple, Aloe half an ounce, India salt and Saffron, of each half a dram, powne them all together and mix them well; afterwards power thereon five ounces of warm Feuerfew water: close it to, and let it stand and dry in a warm place: do this three times one after another. This being all done, then make six pills of each dram, and take always one thereof before supper about the second day, all the while that this foresaid Potion is used, afterwards you must take one thereof about the third or fourth day, until that she have conceived. After the foresaid Potions must this purgation following be used: Take the conserve Benedicta lax: one quarter of ounce, de Psillio three drams, Electuarium de succo Rosarum one dram and a half; temper them together with Feuerfew water, and drink it warm in the morning early: three days after this purgation must the Median vein be opened in the right foot, to wit, five or six hours after breakfast, and according to her strength must be let out five or six ounces of blood, the next day, and also five days one after another filled ivory is to be taken, one dram and a half with Feuerfew water. And the whilst that this Potion is by her used, then is she in the morning one hour before that she do arise, and also at night before she go to bed, to sit in this bath following, and remain therein about half an hour. Take wild yellow Rapes, Daucus, Balsam wood with the fruits, and the seed or keys of an ash tree, of each two handfuls, red and white Behen, & Broome flowers, of each a handful and a half, Musk three grains, Amber, Saffron, of each one scruple, seeth all these in sufficient water. But the Saffron, Musk, Amber and Broom flowers must be put into it when all the rest be sufficiently decocted and wrong out. A profitable Confection. Take Pistacia, Pingles, Eringus, of each half an ounce, of the sweet roots which the Italians do call Dolcegine as much also, of Saffron one dram, Lignum Aloes, Galingall, Mace, Gariophilata, red and white Behen, and Balm flowers, of each four scrup. shaven ivory & Cassia rinds, of each two scruples, syrup of confected Ginger twelve ounces, white Sugar six ounces: seethe these well together with the syrup in twelve ounces of Balm water until it be all decocted: when it is cold, then put the rest amongst it, and stir it well together: Lastly mix Musk, and Amber amongst it, of each half a scruple. Hereof must a woman take thrice a day, to wit, in the morning, one hour before noon, and one hour after supper, every time the quantity of a Nutmeg, and that especially after purging and bathing. This confection is rather a strengthening and warming medicine than cooling; and is specially to be used when it is perceived that the phlegm and slime be approaching. For Barrenness through drought. §. 3. FOr this must be eschewed all that which is hot, for that hot things consume the natural moisture too soon; notwithstanding their meat and drink must be méetly warm, as Barley and Oaten paps, Pullet's, and small hard fishes. For this is to be used small Clysters: as the broth of lambs heads, and common herbs which do moisten: to wit, Violet leaves, and such like: Pessaries of Hollihocke roots fattened with fresh Butter, and so put into the neck of the Womb. Goat's milk and such like, that do fatten and moisten, are very commodious for this purpose. In like manner also Almonds and Pingles, which not only through their fattening withstand the drought, but also do strengthen all the sinews. Of Barrenness through fatness. §. 4. THe great fatness is no small cause of Barrenness: therefore are all such women to lead and observe such a rule of life, whereby the superfluous fatness may be consumed, whereof in the first Part you shall have an especial Chapter. But for a general observation, they must not sleep much, & chief by day. Also they must forbear all baths, except such as be warm of themselves. For this is also good a dry sweet bath very commodious and profitable. To purge often is also good for this. Item strong Clysters which warm and dry, and other things more which hereafter shall be described. Of Barrenness through cold and moisture. §. 5. A Woman which is cold and moist, meetly strong exercise is very good for her, except it be then, when she hath accompanied with her husband: after which time she ought to rest two hours at the least. Also she is not to be overcharged with any meat: but rather to refrain always with appetite. Much sleep, sorrow, anger, etc. she must beware of. To eat much fish is hurtful unto her, Milk, fresh Cheese, and all that is made of dough; Béetes, Lettuce, spinach, Endive, Purslane, Cherries, Hasell nuts, Garlic, Onions and such like, are not meet for her: fat flesh, much broth and Vinegar must she refrain: for they be hurtful for the Womb. There is therein specially to be considered, how to cleanse the womb from all excessive moisture; for which are to be used some preparative potions of Oxymel of Squils', or at the least of Oxymel Composito, and syrup of Wormwood, with a decoction of Annis, Fennel, Coming, Cuscuta, and Heart's tongue. And then to take thereupon Pil. Benedictae one dram once every fourteen days, and then to fast five hours after them. Secondly, take Styrax Calaminta, field Mints, Asphalathus, Ameos Seseli, Rue, Balsam wood and the fruits, red and white Behen, of each half an ounce, make a bath thereof, and let her sit in it even to the Navel. In the mean time no delay must be in anointing the places adjoining about the womb, with warming and drying oils; as oil of Spike, oil of Elder, and such like. Also this Confection is to be used: Take Cinnamom, Cardamom, Saffron, Cloves, Mace, long pepper, Cypers roots, Nutmegs, Coming, Lignum Aloes, and Cassia wood, of each one scrup. Cucubes and Doronicum, of each four scruples, Musk, Amber, & Balsam, one dram, white Sugar eighteen ounces, Malmsey, bugloss water, and of Balm, as much as is needful for to seeth the Sugar, then make a Confection; whereof she is every evening to take a spoonful when she goeth to bed, also half so much before supper. Another. Take yellow Rape seed, Pease, and scraped ivory, of each one quarter of an ounce, Nettle seed, Ameos, Sesel, India Spica, Cardamome, Blatta Byzantia, Bay berries, Nutmegs, Cypers nuts, Hyssop, Marierom, Spikenard, and Cypers roots, of each one dram, white, black, and long Pepper, half an ounce together; Ginger and Cinnamom, of each one ounce, this being all stamped and mixed together make with honey a Confection thereof, and lastly temper therewith two or three grains of Musk. All the foresaid things are special good to consume the winds of the womb. Now for this purpose followeth here certain simples and compounded medicines; as Annis, Fennell, Caraway, Smallage seed, and Rue seed, each used alone. In like sort, Marierom, Agnus Castus, flowers and seeds, Coming, prepared Spikenard seed, Bayberries, Rue, the Tabulats of Diacumino, and Aniso, that do altogether consume moisture. For to fume or to foment are specially commended these things following, Rue, Carni, Ameos and Gallia muscata. Item, take Galliam Muscatam, Bdellium, Bevercod, Laudanum, Hare's grease, and Nutmegs, of each half an ounce, let these seeth all together in water, and wash or foment therewith. This following cleanseth and also warmeth well the Womb, and drieth the moisture of the same: Take Coloquint beaten gross one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamome three drams, temper them with good wine, or with oil of Spike, dip Cotton therein, and put the same into the neck of the womb. Item take Swine's bread, form thereof a pessary of the bigness of a Date stone, & women must put this into their privy places, being fastened to a thread: it is passing good. They may also lay this plaster following under their navel being cut round. Take the plaster called Ceraneum two ounces, Laudanum one ounce and a half, Galliae & Aliptae muscatae, of each half an ounce; temper them with oil of Spike, and spread it on a round leather, and use it as is aforesaid. For to dry and correct a slimy and moist Womb this following is to be used. Take Silver mountain, red and white Behen, ash keys, shaven ivory, yellow and wild Rape seed, of each one drag. Cinnamom, Mace, Cloves, Galingall, long Pepper, Rosemary flowers, Balsam wood, Blattae Byzantiae, Maierom gentle, and Penniroyal, of each four scruples, Balm, bugloss, Citron peeles, of each two scruples, Pearls one scruple, Musk two grains, white Sugar four and twenty ounces, seeth the same with Malmsey, and make thereof a confection. This confection is very good and approved for all that is aforesaid, and also for fruitfulness. For to comfort the retentive virtue of the womb. §. 6. IF so be that there be any infirmity in the retentive virtue of the womb, which doth commonly happen through over coldness, for the which are strengthening and warming things to be used, as Amber, Frankincense, with their rinds, Mastic, Lignum Aloes, Cloves, Nutmegs, Sage, Galingall, Calmus and Cardomome. Also she must be governed like as hath been said in the discourse of barrenness. Item, there is more good for this, that the neck of the matrix be often washed with water wherein Cypers roots are decocted: or with water wherein Iron dross is sodden, which is stronger. Also for this may serve Mastic strewed upon hot coals, and the fume thereof received from below. A very good salve fit for this: Take the juice of Roses, of Pomegranates and Cloves, of each one ounce, Frankincense, Hypocistis, the juice of Sloes, Mastic, prepared Coriander, and Iron dross, of each one drag. Sealed earth and Starch, of each one ounce, bruise these very long in a Leaden mortar, and anoint the privities therewith oftentimes. But if the infirmity proceed of heat, then are things to be used which be astringent, roborating and cooling, yet tempered with some warm things. The cold things are these, burnt and washed Hearts horn, Amber, juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, Muscle shells: Bolus, Galls, Dragon blood, Sealed earth, flowers and shales of Pomegranates, Acorns with their cups, the rind of the Medlar tree and the fruits, Services and Myrtle seed, of all these foresaid simples may salves, plasters, and other things be prepared, which are all fit for this infirmity. Of Barrenness through repletion of the body, and obstruction of the Terms or Flowers. §. 7. THese women must forbear all slimy meats, as milk and all that is dressed therewith, also from all doughie meats, pottage and old fish, unleavened bread, new Cheese (but old Cheese is meetly tolerable) from all cold and moist fruits. Touching all other meats, they may live according to their old custom: their drink must be reasonable or mean strong white wine. Concerning the medicines, you must first begin with the letting of blood, opening the Basilica in the right arm, and to let out four or five ounces of blood. The next day following you may cause to be mixed together Pillulae de Opopanaco, and of Hiera Composita, of each half a dram, and to make seven pills thereof, and to take them in the morning, and then to sleep one hour and a half upon it, and five hours after to drink a draft of sugared water, and then one hour after that to eat. This being done, this powder following is to be prepared, and to be used four grains thereof every mealetide in all their meats. Take Cinnamome half an ounce, Saffron one drag. Spikenard two scruples, liquorice four scrup. whereof make a subtle powder. Immediately after the pills, they are to use this potion six or eight days continually early in the morning: Take Syrupum Acetosum compositum, De Eupatorio, of each three quarters of an ounce, Mugwoort, Feuerfew, and the water of Elecampane roots, of each one ounce, temper them together. Or take the foresaid waters alone without sirupes five ounces at one time. Other pills: Take Aloe two ounces, Agaricus, and Opopanacum, of each one drag. and a half, Spica, Mather, Cinnamome, Saffron and Indie Salt, of each one drag. Coloquint four scrup. the juice of Feuerfew four ounces, temper all together, and set it in the sun, and stir it often about until it be dry, do this thrice. Then take the weight of a dram, and form six pills thereof, & use one every three days just before supper. Also likewise one in the day time, so long as they use these foresaid potions: but not when they purge. The said purgation must be made thus: Take Electuarium Indum half an ounce, de Succo Rosarum one drag. temper this with three ounces of water of Elecampane roots. After this second purgation, she is one month long to take the waters of Feuerfew, Elecampane roots and Balm, of each one ounce mixed together, before noon and against night she is to sit in this bath following: Take Balm, Maierom gentle, white Mints, Penniroyall, Feuerfew, and Mugwort, of each a handful, small and great Camedrios, Spica romana, Daucus, agrimony and Stechas, of each a handful, seeth these all together in sufficient water, until that about the third part be sodden away, and then put thereto Musk three grains, Lignum Aloes, Galliae Muscatae beaten small, of each a dram. This being so prepared, then shall the set herself therein, and keep herself from her husband three days. In the mean while, she is to put into the neck of the womb this pessary following: Take Saffron half a scruple, Musk, Amber, Lignum Aloes, and Ash keys, of each three grains, Hares renning, as much as is needful; form it like to Date stones, and she is to wear it all the day in her body. Another: Take Hares renning one dram and a half, shaven ivory, red and white Behen, and Ash keys, of each half a dram, Sesely, Penniroyall, Nep, Savine, Galliae Muscatae, of each half a scruple, being all beaten small and tempered with oil of Spike until it be soft; then temper therewith Musk and Laudanum, of each two grains, dip some wool therein, and use it as before. For the poor is only the oil of Lilies commended with a pessary of Cotton dipped therein, and so put up and holden therein the space of three hours. When such women have purged and bathed, then must they, before that they come at their husbands, be let blood in the Saphena or Median, two hours after supper, letting out three or four ounces of blood, if so be that she be any thing strong. It were also very good that when such women arise a mornings, they do gird about them a long garment, and set some fire under them, and to strew therein this powder following, that she may receive the vapour thereof, and use a little at once. A very good confection: Take Doronicum, Ash keys, Mugwort, Feuerfew, flowers of S. john's wort, of each one dram, Balm, Basill, of each one quarter of an ounce, shaven ivory half an ounce, Amber one scruple, Musk five grains, small filled Gold half a dram, the powder called Near one dram, Syrup. de Calaminta three ounces, Syrup of Citron péeles five ounces, Sugar six ounces, all that is to be powned powne small, seeth the Syrup and Sugar meetly thick: and when it beginneth to be cold, then temper it with all the powder (except the Spec. near, Musk and Amber) the which must be put in at the last. Keep this confection in a Galley pot, whereof the woman is to take immediately after her second letting blood, every morning the quantity of a Nutmeg, and fast four hours after. In like manner also after meat the bigness of a Bean, and drink thereupon a draft of good wine; the which hath helped many women. The powder before promised for suffumigation. Take Laudanum half an ounce, Galliae Muscatae two drams, Musk, Amber, of each three grains, Lignum Aloes, Opopanacum, of each one dram, make them into powder, and use a little of it one time. For to further the fruitfulness in man and woman. §. 8. TAke Rapes, Sisarum, shaven ivory, Sesely, red and white Behen, Ash keys, of each one drag. Cinnamome, Doronicum, Mace, Cloves, Galingale, long Pepper, Rosemary flowers, Balsam wood, Blattae Byzantiae, Marierom gentle, Penniroyall, of each two scruples, Balm, bugloss, Citron peeles, of each one scruple, Indie Spike, Amber, Pearls, of each half a scrup. Sugar decocted in Malmsey one pound, make Tabulats thereof or a Confection. A powder for to strew upon the meat: Take Nutmegs, Cucubes and Ginger, of each half a drag. long Pepper, Mastic, Cinnamome, red and white Behen, of each one scruple, stamp them together, and so use them as is said. Item, take the stone of a Boar hog being two years old, & the pissell of a Stag shaven small half an ounce, four pair of Fox stones, and fifty or threescore Sparrows brains, wild yellow Rapes, Eringus roots, Satyrion, confected all together in Sugar & shaven ivory, of each three ounces and a half, Cinnamome, the pissell of a Bull, Pingles, Dates, and India Nut kernels, of each two ounces, long pepper, Ginger, and Rosemary flowers, of each half an ounce, Seseli one dram, Nettle seed, Cloves, saffron, Mace, Galingal, Cipers roots, Nutmegs, Cassy wood, Cucubes, Doronicum, field Mints, Penniroyals, India Spica, Musk & Amber, of each one drag. white Sugar refined in the water of wild Mints, four pounds and a half, make thereof a confection: this confection may be both by men and women used in the morning fasting, and in the evening when they go to bed, whereof have been great wonders seen. Another. Take clarified honey three ounces, Linseed, Greines, and shaven ivory, of each one ounce, Borage three ounces, make thereof a confection, and temper therewith 24. ounces of sugar, Musk and Amber, of each half a scruple, Cinnamome two grains, Cloves and Mace, of each one grain, it is a very mild medicine. It is also very good that men and women receive every morning a little Treacle, to wit, half a dram, with half a dram of shaven ivory; but for such as be young, it is not so good by reason of the heat. A good salve. Take Galliae Muscatae, Nutmegs, Bevercod, Hare's renning, Laudanum, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Spike, oil of Mastic and of Myrtles, of each three drams, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve therewith: these are to be used as the other. Wine of Rosemary is also much commended for this. In like manner the Morolfe wine: all which are described in the last part, with other more such spiced Wines, which are very fit for such overcold and barren men and women. For to make a woman fruitful, for which this serveth for a potion & bath following: Take Wormwood and Mugwort, of each a handful, seeth them together in a quart of goats milk almost to the half, whereof every morning and evening she is to take a good draft. For to bathe: Take wild Penniroyall, Mugwort and Rue, of each one handful; make a bag thereof, and let them seeth in rain water: bathe therein every eight hours, and always about the third day a fresh bath. For a conclusion, in women is (as it is already said) the greatest cause of barrenness, for that the Matrix or Womb is not clean, is overcooled, or hath some other infirmity, whereof hereafter in this part shall be discoursed and taught, also what is meet and fit for the same. The eight Chapter. Of the Rains and their pains. EVen as we have described now the outward parts before of the belly in this third part of our book of Physic, so doth the cause require that we ought to write somewhat of the hinder part, amongst which the Rains are comprehended: and that these rains are a part of the back, it appeareth by all that here before in the second part in the fourth chapter, and also afterwards is written, therefore it is thought needless to make any further mention thereof. These Rains do suffer by reason of the Kidneys very great pain, when the same are vexed with heat, ulceration, gravel, stone, or other malady, the description whereof yet hereafter followeth in this third part, where it may also be noted and observed what may be good & commodious for the same. There be commonly commended for hot pains in the rains oil of Roses, Violets, and yellow violets, Waterlillies, and Poplar buds, in like sort also three salves following, of Saunders, the cooling ointment of Galeni, and the Poplar salve are very good, and that in all hot causes. But if the pain proceed of cold, then is Honywater to be drunken, & confected roots of Eryngus, Fennell, Coming, Caraway, be it confected or otherwise, are to be eaten, for they assuage much the pain. Some use also the conserves of Peony. This salve following is especial good: Take blue and yellow Violets, of each one ounce and a half, oil of sweet Almonds, of Sesamum, of each one dram and a half, fresh butter one ounce, Saffron one scruple, white Wax one ounce and a half, Duck's grease, oil of Camomile, oil of Dill, of each one quarter of an ounce, and a small yolk of an Egg, the oil, grease, and butter melt together, and at the last put the Saffron and yolk unto it, and stir it well about, it suageth much the pain which is caused through the gravel, stone, and any thing else, therefore it is called by the Grecians Onodynum, even as the Apothecaries do call it unto this day unguentum Anodynum. The ninth Chapter. Of the Buttocks. THere are two Buttocks given to men for their use, by nature compiled of a compact, fast, muscly, and hard flesh: and not narrow piked, bearing up like to Beasts, but pretty and round, as well for a comeliness of the same place, as for to sit on, and ease the whole body, covering and defending the fundament, that the same cannot be violated nor strained through sitting. These foresaid buttocks do seldom suffer any other infirmity, but such as be subject to Chirurgery, as wounds, ulcerations, fistulas, Cankers, and such like. Besides this, is no more to be spoken thereof: therefore we will pass over to the Fundament or outward part of the Arsegut, with his infirmities, which are incident unto it outwardly and inwardly. The tenth Chapter. Of the Arsegut or Fundament in general. THere have been some dotterels in the world, who have complained of nature, wherefore she had not chosen as well a bone or some other neither member of the body, whereby she might expel the excrements, as she did this mild place of the body; which gross speech is to be scorned as a great folly: for how could she have ordained a closer, fit & handsomer place than this? Concerning then this Arsgut, it is a conveier of all excrements, long & wide; and whereas it cometh to our sight with a round circle, it is there shapen of a muscly & sinewy substance, (like as are the lips of the mouth) therefore hath it also such power that it openeth like a purse, & shutteth fast again, that it might not receive any wind or any thing else. Unto these privy places do there come sundry accidents, amongst which the most manifest is, when this gut doth fall out of the body, therefore we will first of all writ thereof. Of the going out or hanging down of the Arsegut, Procidentia Ani. §. 1. THis may be caused by two manner of means, to wit, when the Muscles and Lacerts, which do open & shut this gut with two sinews (which presently divide themselves into two parts) do give & relent through some falling down of humours, or thrust the same out through some imposthume. Of the said sinews, that which openeth the Arsgut is outward, and that which shutteth the same inward. If so be then (as it is said) that any of these sinews be too sore feebled or slacked through any humours, then followeth immediately the Procidentia, or hanging out of the Arsgut. The signs that this is happened through some resolution of the sinews, are, that it may easily without pain be brought again into the body; like as contrariwise if there be any imposthume with it, then will it not be done without grief. Also there is always a hardness with it, & an apparent distemperature. Now for to remedy this, cause first that the patient may have his going naturally to the stool, that he be not suddenly forced for to open the gut. But if there be no swelling with it, and that you have no other thing near hand which is fit for it, then let the patient sit in common warm water. Otherwise it may be made stronger as thus: Take acorn cups, Gall nuts, flowers of Pomegranates, and Myrtle leaves, seethe them together in water until it be a little red, and sit therein. The same do Cipers nuts alone, or the juice of Sloes, wherein Myrtle seed and the seeds of Verbascum are decocted. After this bath, than foment the dependent gut with warm oil of Roses, and afterwards strew this powder thereon: Take white led, blossoms of Pomegranates, Antimony, and alum, of each a like much, make thereof a subtle powder. Item take Butcher's broom half an ounce, Galls, the yellow seeds of Roses, Cipers nuts, Myrrh and Frankincense, of each one dram, beat them to powder, and use them as aforesaid. Another. Burn Dates to powder, and strew that powder thereon, as is said. Or take Mumia, Lycium, Hypocistis, and beaten Galls, of each two scruples, Oistershels two drag. and a half, and use it as before. This following is also very good for this: Take Hypocistis, Mastic and Myrrh, of each one dram, beat it méetly small: first anoint the gut with oil of Mastic and Roses, strew it then with this said powder: this being done, thrust it softly into the body, lay a cloth thereon wetted in gross wine, and it is good to put a little Sandaraca unto it. It is also very good to anoint the place oftentimes with steeled wine for the same: and in like manner Savine dried, beaten, and strewed upon it. Item, after the anointing with oil, anoint the gut with the juice of Sloes: when as then through any superfluity of humours this gut doth fall down in children, then take Myrrh one dram and a half, oil of Roses one ounce, anoint it therewith, and then put it up again softly into the body. This Procidentia Any, or falling down of the Arsegut, happeneth for the most part in the Piles with an excrescence of flesh, the which the Grecians do call Condyloma: for which Parietaria is very good laid often upon it, whereof we will write more at large hereafter. Of the relaxation or slacking of the Arsegut. §. 2. THis disease doth manifest itself sometimes through the first recited falling down of the Arsegut, and otherwhiles without the same, & is such an infirmity (as hath been told already) that the sinews which do shut it are become altogether without might, insensible and lame, insomuch that he cannot perceive his Ordure, and doth it without any sense or feeling: also oft times so contracted and made so senseless, that it holdeth up and stayeth the Ordure altogether, whereby cometh gripings in the belly, and other great inconveniences. The causes of this, are sometimes falls, thrusts or blows behind on the back, and especially on the place whence the sinews have their offspring, whereby the power of the opening and shutting of the Arsegut is enfeebled. In like manner when any body hath the Piles opened, whereby the Piles are in that place spoiled. This infirmity may also be caused by sitting too long on cold stones, and by suffering too much cold in the feet. But if this disease do come through cutting, or any other bruising of the sinews, then are all remedies in vain. If it come through cold, which taketh away all motion, then is the place to be kept always warm: for which this bath following is very good, which is thus prepared: Take Cipers nuts and the leaves, Mints, Savine, Costus roots, Sage, Bay berries, rinds of the Pine tree and the leaves, of each one handful; seeth them all together in a good quantity of water, so that the sick person may sit therein; when he hath been bathed, then lay a piece of felt in this water, and lay it to the patient's Arsegut: he must use this bath twice in four and twenty hours, it warmeth and strengtheneth the sinews of the Arsegut. Also he must seeth therewith Rue, Scenanthe, alum, garden Mints, field Mints: and if it will not alter therewith, then use these clysters following: Take six ounces of this foresaid decoction, and oil of Spike two ounces, and mix them together: and anoint the Arsegut outwardly, and all other places adjacent with oil of Lilies, Bevercod, and of Euphorbium, tempered all together, or used each apart. If there be any phlegmatic moisture with it, then put unto it half an ounce or three quarters of Hiera Picra: if that there be heat with it, let the patiented after the use of all necessary medicines take a bath of water, wherein hath been decocted the rinds of the Medlar tree and the leaves, the rinds of Oak, Services, Pomegranate rinds and blossoms, Chestnut shales, or those that may be gotten of them, yet always putting some warming things unto it. For this is also especial good all natural baths, which are Sulphurish, Allumish, yea there is also good for this Sea water or salt water. Of the Impostume of the Arsegut. §. 3. IF there happen then any ulcer or imposthume in the Arsegut, whereby one can not get it into the body, and the same is caused through heat, there is nothing more fit than to open a vein, and afterwards to provoke vomit, whereby the matter may be derived: but for this is no purging good, and especially because the disease is in the fundament, but lay this following thereon: Take peeled Lentils three ounces, Roses and the juice of Sloes, of each one ounce, the juice of Nightshade three ounces, beaten Hollihock roots, Figs cut, Linséed and Fenegreeke beaten small, as much as you think good: let this seeth all to pap, and at the last temper therewith three or four yolks of Eggs, and as much Butter as you think good, and lay it warm upon the place where the pain is. If so be then this be caused through cold, then put unto it a little of the roots of Lilies, Camomile, Melilot, and such like. And if so be that this Arsegut by reason of the imposthume, will hardly be put up again into the body, then must the patiented be set oftentimes in warm water, and afterwards anoint the Arsegut with oil of Camomile and of Dill, which are melted with a little Wax; this suageth the pain. In like sort also descendeth the neck of the Matrix in women, and is in such sort to be cured, like as hereafterwards amongst other infirmities of the womb shall be written more at large. Of the Piles called hemorrhoids. §. 4. AFter the foresaid falling down of the Arsegut, there cometh one disease more in the fundament, the which we call the Piles, and the Grecians hemorrhoids, which is a flux of blood; and Sycoses, that are Figs, which the Latinists do call Ficus, Figs, and Mariscas. All these are Accidents and Tumours, which do come behind in the Fundament, or in the lowermost part of the Arsegut. And they do appear by their swelling, and otherwise (whereof they get their name) sometimes with blood, and otherwhiles without blood, but seldom without pain, but vexeth folks with great trouble. They take their beginning from some small veins, which spread themselves into the uttermost parts of the stomach, and are thereof called the Pile or Emroyd veins. When as these be then overcharged with blood, or any other humours, then do they open themselves, and expel the melancholic blood from them sometimes in great quantity, whereby nature is much unburdened, and getteth great health; therefore it is often commanded for to open the same, even as hereafter shall be admonished: also they bleed otherwhiles so excessively, that great travel is taken before they can be stopped, whereof we shall speak hereafter. There be also some of these veins which lie somewhat deep upwards, and therefore are called the blind Piles. These Piles are properly the hemorrhoids, like as by their name may appear. Others be without blood, of the which, they that make show outwardly on the Arsegut are first of all the Figpiles, by reason that in their whole substance and quantity they be like unto figs, and also are therefore called Verrucales, the which are much worse than the other, whose cause is only melancholic blood. Other do show themselves like to a black ripe grape, so that they be called Vnales, which have their matter from blood mingled with melancholy. The third are like to Mulberries, red and blackish coloured, wherein the blood doth apparently exceed. The fourth kind is like to the bladder of a fish, which is extended very much without blood, filled or stuffed with melancholic humours; but these sorts are seldom seen. The first sort are the secret Piles, which do come within the Arsegut, and be very hurtful, especially those which extend towards the privities, for that through their hot tumours they hinder the passage of the urine, whereby the strangury is provoked, and especially when they do not bleed. Now for to know these hidden Piles and diseases, there is nothing more certain than to set a great box or cup on the Arsegut without pricking, the which will draw the Arsegut outward, so that it may be apparently seen how that the case doth consist within. The sixth kind of Piles are the Figs, a certain excrescence upon the Arsegut outwardly, who with a little vein like the stalk of a fig, is fastened to the gut, form as it were a small dry fig, from thence a little bigger, and is pressed down on the top like a Fig, which is called of the Greeks Condyloma, which is an excrescence of flesh, for it happeneth sometimes that round about the roundness of the Arsegut, or fast besides it, there do come great scabs which sometimes (yet uncertain whether it be first or last according as the patiented ruleth himself) do happen to bleed, sometimes much and sometimes little. These figs and swellings are tempered also with blood and melancholy, a little red outwardly and perilous enough, even as hereafter shall be further expressed. In all these Species of the piles, the learned have a general rule, that they esteem them for an accident that can hardly be cured. They recite nine causes of these accidents, albeit we will recite but four. First, for that it is in an unclean place, and no man meddleth willingly therewith. Secondly, for that this place is very hard to be seen. Thirdly, for that it is a place whither all uncleanness of the body doth descend: Lastly, for that it is a place cold by nature, and therefore void of strength, notwithstanding there be many good remedies provided and ordained for them, as hereafter followeth. But before we discourse of the foresaid remedies for the piles, Blathers, Figs, Warts, Tumours, and their accidents, we will first of all show their causes, and teach how the same may be cured, for which the principallest is to observe a good diet in meat and drink, and such like. Of the Diet. IT is sufficiently declared before, that the greatest cause of these accidents is the heavy melancholic blood, which is mixed with the pure blood, and perisheth the same, which all other members expel from them, like as it were a poison, and so falleth downwards from the other blood into the veins, openeth them through his heat, and maketh them bleed. This is altogether caused of a bad digestion of the stomach, and other members, and of all such gross meats, whereof there can be none other engendered but melancholic blood, the which must be altogether left off, as Beans, Lentils, and other Pottages. Item, Coleworts, Cheese, old Beef, Hearts, Hares, Goats, salted and smoked flesh, sodden Wheat, Rice, unleavened bread, which bring much moisture with them. Also all water Fowls, Eels and other Fish without scales, feet, heads, and all entrails of Beasts, gross Wine, Must, and Beer. Item, all things which burn the blood, as much Mustard, Pepper, garlic, Onions, Léekes. All things which be very cold do also increase melancholy, as Melons, Cucumbers, and such like. Amongst the medicines which are contrary for this disease, are Coloquint, century, Scammony, and chiefly Aloe, very hurtful for the Arsegut, for it openeth the piles. Even as we have recited what is hurtful for this disease, so will we also teach what manner of diet might be commodious and profitable for the same. The dwelling of this patient must be a warm and dry place, which is close and toward the South. But if the house be not of itself fit thereto, then is it to be prepared for the same with fire and fumes: yet is always to be eschewed things which be too hot, and must take the mild mean which are hot and dry, as Frankincense, Lignum Aloes, red Styrax, Laudanum, and such like. And whereas all kinds of piles do agree in this, they be caused of blood and melancholy (like as is already alleged) and of both together mixed, so may the patiented use one and the self same diet. Next after the dwelling place, the patient must also according to the time of the year, provide himself of clothes, which are meetly dry and warm, keep the head well covered, and defend the outward members from all cold. His meat must be white bread, not above three days old, Eggs, Butter, Lamb's flesh, Veal, Kids, Mutton, Pullet's, Capons, Partridges, Pheasants, and Pigeons, yet of all these a little: in like manner all field Fowls. His drink shall be good white Wine, all gross and sour Wines shall he forbear, albeit that it were much better a good Sugared water than Wine, sodden Milk, fresh and meetly well salted Cheese, be meetly good for him; but good regard must be had that he feed thereof moderately, so that the stomach be not overcharged. But if any excess be perceived, then is it not amiss that the patiented be moved to vomit, and to take that with one ounce and a half of Vinegar, and three ounces of warm water, & afterwards to put the finger into the throat, and if that will not be, then may he take an easy Clyster. These patients are always for the most part bounden in the body, the which bringeth with it great pain and grief, therefore diligence is to be had that he keep an open body, for this shall he sup every morning and evening before meat some broth, wherein is sodden Mercury, Mallows, Borage, Beets, and fumitory, and with a little of the oil of sweet Almonds or Butter. Also to eat sometimes new Prunes and Reisons, and drink upon it some broth of Coleworts; after that, he may eat some other meats. Also it were not amiss, to eat against this binding of the body one dram of peeled wild Saffron seed, or one quarter of an ounce of Cassie, now the one, and then the other. Reasonable motion, yet more with the hands, then with the feet or the whole body, is very good, but riding and sitting hard is very bad. In fine, long rest is better than short, so must it be always with sleep. He must lie most upon his right side, but little on his left side, or on his back. Lastly, he must utterly eschew all sorrow, vexations, anger, and other passions of the mind. To staunch the bleeding of the piles. §. 5. FOr to come to the remedy of this accident, therefore we will first begin if these piles happened to bleed overmuch, how and wherewith the same is staunched. First therefore we will rehearse this (whereof hath also been spoken before) that if this bleeding chance without pain, and not but by flaws, then is it no counsel to stay it unless the patient were greatly weakened thereby. For when these veins begin to bleed, then do they exonerate the whole body of many melancholic diseases, as of the Leprosy, Pocks, dry Itch, Dropsy, quartain Agues, hardness of the Milt, or Spleen, and more other such like infirmities, which grow of blood, and of such like humours, as hereafter shall appear in a proper §, wherein shall be taught how the same shall be opened: also if they that accustomed to bleed and now remain stopped, do cause the Dropsy, the Consumption, and many other Sicknesses. But if the bleeding of them do get the mastery, and thereby do weaken the patiented, then must the same be staunched; and take good heed, whether the same bleeding be on the right side, for it is sometimes a messenger of some long lingering sickness, as headache, giddiness, hindrance of the breath, and to conclude, feebleness of the whole body, so that he cannot well go nor stand: at the last followeth great thirst and binding of the body. When as then these kinds of inconveniences do all appear, or part of them, then must such bleeding be staunched out of hand, and forbear from all manner of Spices, also from Onions, Garlic, Mustard, strong white Wine, Venery, great labour, and all such like things, which inflame the blood; and to the contrary, use all things that increase blood: for this, is also good the sirupes of Quinces, Roses, Myrtles, Trocisci de Terra sigillata, and de Carabe. These staunchers of blood must be laid outwardly upon the Fundament: Take the white of an Egg, and temper amongst it beaten Momy, sealed earth, fine Bolus, and Dragon blood. Also these things following by their proper virtue, staunch this bleeding, as Amber, prepared Bloudstone, burnt or prepared Coral, Dragon blood, fine Bolus, Vitriol, Aloe, Plantain, Mastic, Blossoms of pomegranates, the barks of Frankincense, Cobwebs, Hares hairs cut small, Ass dung, and powdered Basill. The compounded things are these, Trocisci de Corallis, de Spodio: Also, one may take one dram of Amber and sealed earth with water wherein is decocted Butchers broom seed. The pills of Bdellio, and de Sandaraca, must one take the first eight days the weight of half a dram, and fast five hours after it. Powders and other things to staunch Blood. TAke the bones of bulls feet, red and white Coral, the stones of Dates, Oyster shells, burned all together, of each one quarter of an ounce, Vitriol half a dram, ivory, Amber, and Bloudstone, of each three drams, Dragon blood, the juice of Sloes, the powder of sour Pomegranate blossoms, tragacanth and Gum, both of them toasted, of each two drams and a half, beat them together very small, and temper one amongst another, then strew it upon the place of the bleeding, & lay Cotton thereon, which is made wet in Rose vinegar, afterwards bind it hard upon it, this stauncheth blood marvelously, although it had continued a year and a day; and not only for this, but also for all excessive bleeding. There may also a plaster be made of the foresaid powder, and Mill dust with the juice of Plantain, Comfrey or Tassels. Item, take Aloe, Frankincense, Dragon blood, pomegranate blossoms, and Sief memithe, of each a like much, make a powder thereof, and use it as before. Another. Take Cypers nuts, and worm eaten Galls, of each half a dram, Dragon blood, Mummy, tragacanth and Gum, both of them toasted, of each one dram, Gips half an ounce, temper them all together, and strew therewith the whole Arsegut, it stauncheth bleeding a whole day. One more. Take the yellow seeds of the Rose, stamp them to powder, strew it thereon, for they dry and staunch blood. Item, take Hermodactyli two scruples, prepared Antimony one dram, Frankincense one scruple, Myrrh half a scruple, make a powder thereof, and strew it upon the piles where they bleed: and further, spread round about the same piles this salve following: Take of the unguent Pompholygos half an ounce, unguent of Roses two ounces, oil of Quinces, Linséede oil, and oil of Nuts, of each half an ounce, Hermodactyli two scruples, Pomegranate blossoms & tragacanth, of each one scrup. Mummy, Dragon blood, and prepared Tutty, of each one dram, Bean meal and Mill dust, of each one dram, Plantain, Verbascum, Willow leaves, Myrtle leaves, and Horse tails, of each one dram and a half, Camfer ten greines, oil of Roses as much as is needful therewith to make a salve, spread thereof upon a woollen cloth and lay it upon the Fundament: the blood of the piles hath therewith been staunched at sundry times, when all other remedies had been used, and would not help, until this aforesaid was applied. Item, take Gips, beat it small, and make it to dough with the beaten white of an Egg, this stauncheth blood marvelous well, and that in a quarter of an hour, in what sort of bleeding soever it be. Item, take Aloe, Frankincense, Dragon blood, fine Bolus, and small cut hairs of a Hare, of each one quarter of an ounce, beat them all small, afterwards take a Cobweb out of a Mill, rub it amongst it, and make thereof a salve with the white of an Egg, and anoint the place therewith; this also stauncheth much. It is also good for rent or cut veins, where the blood cannot be staunched. Or take the water of Hound's tongue, distilled from the herb and root; when the piles grow inward, then are you to take every morning thereof four ounces, but if they be outward, then cleanse the same, and lay on this water with a cloth, it healeth much. Another: Take the kernels of Abricockes one ounce and a half, oil of Mastic, and unripe Salad oil, of each three ounces, the juice of Sloes, tragacanth, Gum, and Fish lime, or Isinglass, which have been long steeped and are dissolved in the foresaid oil, of each three quarters of an ounce, temper them together, and dip Cotton therein, and hold it continually on the Fundament. You may also prepare this following: Take Mastic, Spica, Cypers roots, Squinant, Calmus, Saffron, and Myrrh, of each a like much, make a plaster thereof with red Wine, and lay it over the Liver. Item, take the juice of Plantain two ounces, Rosewater half an ounce, beaten seeds of Butcher's broom, as much as is needful for to make a mild plaster, lay this upon the Arsegutte. Here now follow some Salves. TAke oil of Myrtle and of Mastic, of each one ounce, Trocisci de Carabe, Paper glue, Date stones, ivory, Sandaraca, and Bloudstone, of each one dram, Wax as much as is needful for to make therewith a soft salve, anoint therewith the fundament. Or take beaten Plantain, Verbascum, Willow leaves, Myrtle leaves, and Horse tails, of each a like much: to an ounce and a half of this powder, add ten grains of Camfere, and oil of Roses as much as is néeedfull for to make salve thereof. This stauncheth blood, and drieth gently. A precious salve. Take Coming, Caraway, Rue seed, Ameos, Seseli, & Galliae Muschatae, of each one dram and a half, Rosin three drams, oil of Dill two ounces, Salad oil one ounce, Lignum Aloes, and Cloves, of each half a dram; melt the Rosin in the oil, and temper it with the other things being beaten small, stir it then well about until it be a thick salve. This salve verily hath great virtues, it stauncheth the excessive Terms in women, if they anoint the reins and hips therewith: being applied on the Navel and the stomach it expelleth wind, and taketh away vomiting and parbraking. Will you then have it stronger to use for the piles? then temper amongst it two scruples of Saffron, and one dram of Opium. Other good Salves more. TAke dried Orange péels, beat them very small, put thereto a roasted Apple, and bruise it in a dish: then temper the foresaid powder amongst it until it be as thick as a Salve: then wash first the piles with Plantain water, and afterwards anoint it with the foresaid salve. Take two ounces of new Wax, three ounces of Honey, four ounces of Butter; melt them all together, and strain it warm thorough a cloth: then set it upon the fire again, and stir therein as much Wheat flower until it be as thick as pap, and then lay it thereon. Item, take white Dogs dung, that hath eaten nothing but bones, burn it to ashes, and make a salve thereof with clean Barrowes grease, and anoint therewith the piles, and then strew thereon the powder of Hermodactiles. Or take the stones of Indian Mirobalans, burn them to powder: thereof take half an ounce, prepared Iron dross one quarter of an ounce, temper them well together with the juice of Plantain in a mortar, and therewith anoint the Arsegut within and without. If so be that these forementioned will not help, then take two ounces of the juice of Roses, the brayed whites of a couple of Eggs, Gips three drams; bruise them in a mortar one amongst another, and use it as aforesaid. The like is also counseled, when as this bleeding cometh too sore, that the Basilica is to be opened, whereby to derive and withdraw the blood, and afterwards that he be bathed with water wherein linseed and the seeds of Hollihocks be decocted or at the leastwise that he be well fomented therewith. Lastly, like as it is said already, there must be laid thereon beaten parietary, or Pellitory of the wall. For to foment withal, take Pomegranate blossoms, Roses, Cipers nuts, seeds of Butcher's broom, Pomegranate péels, Myrtle seed, the juice of Sloes, Frankincense, of each half an ounce, beat them a little, and seethe them in thick red wine, and water, of each a like much, and foment the place with sponges; or set the patiented in water wherein Galls, Pomegranate blossoms, butcher's Broom, Myrtle seed and such like are decocted. Item, seethe Turnip leaves in water, and therewith wash oftentimes the Fundament meetly warm. Another: Boil Rose campion in thick red Wine, and foment the piles often therewith. If so be that through all these remedies the blood be not staunched, then dip a little wool in boiling oil, and lay it hot upon it, then will it cease. Afterwards place him in water wherein Galls, Pomegranate peels and the blossoms, the bark of the Medlar tree, Services, Roses, and alum, of each one ounce beaten gross were decocted: but red wine were more forcible for this. How that the inward piles are to be staunched. OF this hath mention been made at the first; and for this purpose do serve these foresaid remedies, if they be to be had. For the staunching of these piles, if they do bleed excessively, then is this salve especially to be ordained for them: Take pomegranate blossoms and peels, Mussel shells, Frankincense, Mastic, Dragon blood, sealed earth, and Cobwebs, of each a like much; make a powder thereof with dissolved Isinglass, and common glue in steeled water: make then a taint of Hare's hair, or at leastwise of wool, and lay it to steep therein, and put it into the Fundament, refreshing it oftentimes. What is to be used inwardly to staunch this bleeding. FOr this excessive bleeding of the piles are these things following highly commended: Take Mirobalani Indi, Emblici, Bellirici a little parched, of each five drams, Pearls half a dram, temper them all together with the juice of Garlic, and use half a drag. thereof at one time with steeled water: the party is also every morning to eat a couple of confected Mirobalans Chebuli, and to fast four hours upon it, and that during the space of ten days, or as long as the bleeding continueth. A stronger: Take the confection of Triphera, ex part Phenovis, or de Scoria ferri, (of which you will) one quarter of an ounce or less, tempered in two ounces of Purslane water. Also the juice of Yarrow may be taken for this one ounce and a half: the same stauncheth much. Item take Wormwood, Venus' hair, and Sorrell, of each one handful, Sorrel seed and the seeds of Plantain, Melons, Purslane and Roses, of each one dram; seethe them in fair well water, afterwards wring it out, and put thereto the shales of yellow Mirobalans one quarter of an ounce, red and white prepared Coral, Citron seed, of each half a dram, let it seethe to three or four ounces, then mix with this decoction Syrupum Acetosum Compositum one ounce, Syrupum de Plantagine half an ounce, take this certain days one after another in the morning betimes. For this is also good one quarter of an ounce of Galbanum, dissolved in water and drunken. A very commodious confection for to be taken always before meat: Take Butcher's broom seed, parched seed of broad Plantain, the juice of Sloes, and Coriander, of each one scruple, Amber, all beaten small, and Sugar which is dissolved in Purslane water three ounces: take three drams thereof at one time. Above all these astringent medicines you shall find many more in the discourse of the excessive flux of the Terms in women: also in the first part where many are specified for the staunching of blood, the which are altogether good for this purpose. How that the piles are to be opened. §. 6. WHat good this bleeding of the piles doth cause when it cometh by nature and of itself, and from what sickness it will preserve a man, it is partly declared in the 5. §. Likewise what this bleeding doth procure if it be staunched contrary to the old custom: also what inconveniences may come & ensue thereof. When as this bleeding discontinueth, & the piles do vex the patiented with great pain and extuberation, then are they to be opened for to let the blood have his accustomed course; for this preserveth one (besides all the recited perilous maladies) from all corroding ulcers, wildfire, cankers, madness, melancholy, falling sickness, inflaming of the Lights, both the kinds of dropsies and consumption. And if so be that this blood be staunched, then is it to be feared, that all the foresaid diseases may ensue thereby: therefore when any body desireth to open them, then are these things following to be used. First put the sick body in a bath whereby the piles may be mollified. Or in the steed thereof make this fomentation: Take Marierom, field Mints, and Mallows, seeth them in wine, and receive the vapour thereof from beneath, sitting on a close stool méetly warm: the next day after open the Saphea, or the Median. The Saphea is upon the hindermost part of the foot, besides the heel, whereby the melancholic blood is drawn downward: afterwards anoint the piles with oil of bitter Almonds, or oil of Nuts: also a little Cotton is good for this, made wet in the juice of Onions, and laid thereon. This may you effect also with the Galls of all beasts, although the Ox gall be especially commended above all the rest. Secondly, put Horseleeches into them through a pipe, whereby they may fall right upon the piles, for by nature they do draw out the melancholic blood, which is contrary to the boxing cups: Therefore if there be boxing cups set upon it, then must they be fastened unpickt, be it on man or woman, and that between the privities and the Arsegut. Thirdly, rub the Arsegut with Fig leaves until it begin to bleed, in like sort may the powder of Nep, of Marierom, of Fleawort, of Swine's bread, & of Pepper, or any other biting powder, as Cantharideses and Esula: also Flammula may be laid thereon. But if you will have milder things, then take the juice of century, or water wherein a good quantity of Mallows be decocted. Item, beaten Stavesacre tempered with Honey. Fourthly, this is the most certain way, viz. that two or three piles be opened with the Flew, and to the end they may not shut suddenly together again, like as their nature is, then use this salve following: Take oil of Peach kernels, of Abricock kernels, (or the same kernels beaten) and the juice of Garlic, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve. But if so be that these inward piles cannot be seen, then must the patiented be required once to strain hard as if he would go to the stool. Do not the piles as yet appear thereby? then let a box or cup with a wide mouth be set upon the fundament: when these have plucked out the Arsegut, then open a vein or twain that be fullest. Fiftly, use this salve following: Take small beaten Aloe one quarter of an ounce, Ox galls one ounce, Vinegar two ounces, temper them all together, put therein some Cotton, or wet a cloth, and rub it well therewith. Item, take century, Rapontica, Stavesacre, Flammula, and white Néesewort, of each alike much, temper it with Ox gall, and the juice of Onions; let it then dry, stamp it, and once again do as before. Reiterate this four times together, when you will use this, then wash well the piles with warm water, and temper the foresaid powder with Ox gall, and anoint therewith the piles. Another. Take two small Onions, four heads of Garlic, beat them together, and temper them with the meal of Lupins, and with very eager Vinegar unto a plaster, which will open the piles immediately. Sixtly, make a long suppository of Swine's bread, put it up into the fundament, & keep it therein a whole night; if it come out, then put in another, until the piles begin to bleed. Also with the suppositories of wild Cucumber roots do the like. Item, take Coloquint three drag. bitter Almonds half an ounce, sodden Honey three ounces, and make suppositories thereof, and use another every five hours, so that the piles will then bleed immediately. Some do open these veins with hot irons, and some through Cauteries potential, as Arsenicum and such like, but because they are perilous, it is better to rest with the former remedies. Against the pain of the piles. §. 7. IF so be that there be any imposthume besides the pain of the piles outwardly on the Arsegut, then must the patient's Liver vein be opened on the right hand, and this plaster following laid upon the Fundament thereby to assuage the pain: Take the yolk of a roasted Eglantine, one dram of Saffron, Opium half a drag. Linséede meal, Wheat meal, the mucilage of linseed, Butter, and Goat's suet, of each half an ounce, a fresh yolk of an Egg, Roses one dram and a half, Wax as much as is needful for to make therewith a soft plaster. Item, take Hollihock roots six ounces, Lily roots one ounce and a half, great Mallows and Henbane, of each one dram and a half, Camomile one ounce, Melilot and Dill seed, of each one quarter of an ounce: let these séethe well all together, and stamp them to growt; then temper therewith Fenegréeke meal, Linséede meal, and Barley meal, of each three quarters of an ounce, oil of Sesamum one ounce and a half, Opium half a dram: make thereof a soft plaster, with the decoction wherein they were boiled. Many kinds of Salves, against the pain of the piles. TAke oil of the kernels of Abricocks one ounce, oil of Roses half an ounce, Duck's grease, and washed Butter, of each three drams, Bdellium one quarter of an ounce, melt it in the foresaid oils, Wax as much as is needful therewith to make a soft plaster, Or take oil of Peach kernels, and oil of bitter Almonds, of each one ounce, liquid Styrax, Bdellium, of each one dram, temper them well together, and therewith anoint the grief. Item, take oil of Roses, oil of the yolks of Eggs, Ducks and Hen's grease, of each half an ounce, Wax three quarters of an ounce, melt them all together, and use it like as the rest, covering it with warm clothes. Item, take of that well known plaster Diachilon one ounce, oil of Roses half an ounce, the yolk of an Egg, Saffron and Opium, of each one scruple, temper it well together, and therewith anoint the place where the pain is. Another. Take Opium one dram, dissolve it in Rose water, make Cotton wet therein, and lay it upon the piles, and keep it a little while therein, it doth presently assuage the pain. But note, that all these narchotick and stupefactive remedies must be applied warm unto it. Item, take oil of Roses and Violets, of each a like quantity, and lay it warm upon it with a woollen cloth. Or take oil of Roses and fresh Butter one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Garlic one dram, Bolus, Dragon blood, Gum, Roses, Myrrh, and Pomegranate blossoms, of each two scruples, powne all that is to be powned, and temper them all together. Item, take oil of Roses, & the white of an Egg, of each a like much, with a few crumbs of bread steeped in Milk, and a little Saffron tempered amongst it, and so use it. Item, take Vine cute two quarts, and the yolks of two Eggs well brayed, Saffron half a dram, Camomile powder, and Dill powder, of each one dram, temper them together. Or (that which is more marvelous and better) take the yolks of four Eggs, oil of Roses three ounces, Saffron one dram, temper them together: this is somewhat stronger: Take the oil of water Lilies, Camomile and Dill, of each one ounce, Saffron one dram, the yolks of three Eggs, Barley meal two ounces, let these séethe together in two ounces of the juice of Lettuce, until the juice be wasted, then put thereto Henbane seed, and Opium, of each one dram, and lay it upon the piles. Item, take the middle of corn roses, and temper it with the oil of Abricock kernels unto a soft salve, and use it as the rest, for it is very good, and approved. Philonium Romanum rubbed on the piles assuageth the pain greatly. Item, take fresh Butter, and oil of Violets, of each half an ounce, and beat amongst it the white of an Egg. Or take oil of Roses, and Linséede oil, of each one ounce, oil of Abricock kernels one ounce and a half, mucilage of Fenegréeke, and of Linséed, Butter and Goat's suet, of each one ounce, the yolks of three Eggs, and Wax as much as is needful for a salve. Another. Take linseed, Holy-hock seed, Fenegréeke, Verbascum seed, S. john's wort, Mallows, and Hounds tongue, of each one handful, seethe them together in water, and foment the place infected with a sponge, afterwards anoint the foresaid place with oil of Eggs, for every ounce and a half whereof, have one grain of Opium. Or take Salad oil as much as you think good, powned Chalk as much as is needful therewith to make a plaster, it drieth well, and cooleth much. This can oil of Olives do also alone, being made warm, and sheeps wool undressed dipped in it, and so applied unto the piles. Item, take Verdigreace one quarter of an ounce, burnt alum one ounce, dissolve them in Wine, & then use it with sheeps wool. Or take Ducks grease, the fat of sheeps wool, Goat's suet, and white Wax, of each a like quantity melted together. Item, take Heart's suet one ounce & a half, the grease of a Heronshaw half an ounce, melt and stir them together until they be very white. This next following is passing forcible for to assuage the pain: Take a great Onion, make it hollow within, and fill it with Salad oil, or fresh Butter: afterwards close it again, and roast it in the ashes until it be mellow, then bind it on the piles. Also you must boil Onions to growt, and temper them with Sugar, and use it as is said; they be both very good. Item, anoint the piles with the juice of Rosemary or Cloves, and lay a Peach leaf upon it, this assuageth much the pain. This following drieth, and easeth also the pain: Take powned Housléeke two ounces, small bruised lethargy of Gold one quarter of an ounce, seethe them with fresh Butter to the thickness of a salve. These two salves ensuing do mollify the hardness, and take away the pain: Take Ducks and Hen's grease, of each one ounce, oil of Roses two ounces, Wax as much as shall suffice: let them melt together, and cool afterwards, then mix the yolk of an Egg amongst it, and one dram of Opium, and half a dram of Saffron. Item, take fine Bolus, Gum, Mastic, Dragon blood, Roses, and Pomegranate blossoms, of each three drams, powne them all small, Butter one ounce, oil of Roses three ounces, juice of Garlic three ounces, juice of red Saxifrage four ounces, melt all that is to be melted, and temper the rest amongst it, this allayeth the swelling, assuageth the pain, drieth and healeth all ulcers, and it is also especial good for all clefts of the fundament. Certain Powders for the same. TAke Garden Snails as many as you please, put them into a pot stopped tied, and burn them at a potbakers' oven to ashes, strew these upon the piles, it assuageth the pain forthwith: also it is to be assuaged with Egg shells, wherein Chickens have been hatched, or with dried Cipers nuts powned to powder, and strewed thereon, as before. Of fomenting, bathing, and such like. TAke Mallows, Hollihocke leaves, Violet leaves, Bearefoote, Garlic and parietary, of each two handfuls, Camomile, Amaranthus, of each one handful, chop the herbs, seethe them in water, and place the patiented lukewarm therein. Or take Oaken leaves, Houndstoong, Mallows and Camomile, of each two handfuls, Fenegreeke, Lineseed, of each one ounce, stamp and séethe them in water; then make a spoonge wet therein, and so apply it warm unto the fundament. Also you may lay these herbs following, being sodden, thereupon. Item, take small beaten Pease, cast them on a hot stone, and receive the vapour from beneath: it suageth the pain, it drieth wondrously, and taketh away all superfluous flesh. If so be that the fume or smoke be noisome to you, than put some wine thereto. Item, take Caruway, make it pretty moist with wine, cast it also upon a hot stone, and receive the smoke, as aforesaid: or take Gariophillata and Lady mantle, of each one handful, seethe it in a bag, and therewith foment the rains. This hath helped whereas the piles hang out a finger long, and it cannot hurt women with child. Take Venus hair and Water torch, of each a like quantity, butter as much as you think good, let it seeth all together, power the butter through a cloth, and herewith anoint the piles: it is said that this hath helped the piles, where the pain hath continued twelve years long. You may also anoint the piles with Duck's grease, wherein Colewoorts have been fried, be it before, or after the bath. Of the Piles which are called Verrucales. §. 8. NOte that this sort of Piles are called Verrucales, for that they be much harder than the other, and therefore have more need of mollifying and discussive remedies: and those must be used according to the opportunity of the time and the age of the patiented. In the summer there is to be laid thereon three yolks of eggs with oil of Violets, also sweet unsalted butter, or oil of sweet Almonds tempered with mucilage of Lineséed, and Fenegréeke. If so be then the pain be intolerable, then temper a little Opium, Mandragora, Henbane seed, Poppy seed, or such like amongst it. The old Physicians describe very many such like things for remedies, but these aforesaid shall be here sufficient. Of the Piles that do hang far out. §. 9 But when as the Piles do hang far out, and do so dry that they wax black and stinking, then are they often to be anointed with warm butter, until the blackness be again clean: and if so be that such stinking moisture would proceed further, then use the foresaid corrosives. But in case that this rotting cease, then will it heal forthwith with the salve of Ceruse and such like. There are also used sometimes for this hot irons. Also while they be green, they may be cut off with a pair of scissors, and afterwards the white of an egg and oil of Roses laid upon it, to assuage the pain. But when they be old, than it is safest that they be bound about with a silk thread, and so often repeat the same till they die and fall away of themselves. The which afterwards is to be further healed with the salve Apostolorum, and to lessen the pain, steep the silk thread or horse hair in Rose water before, wherein is dissolved two or three grains of Opium. In the same manner may all other warts of the body be driven away, whereof we will speak in the fift part. Here before in the common description of the Piles, we have rehearsed the kinds of these grievous Piles. Through these Piles there is to be feared, when they begin to corrode, that they may so infect the Arsegut, that there may follow a Canker or Fistula, yea that which is more, if there follow a salt defluxion to them, that the ways may be so dilated and opened, that the patient might bleed to death. For this disease, there is great heed to be taken, to forbear all hot meats, as Radishes, Mustard, Garlic, Onions, and from all spiced meats. For this must he also abstain from all over cooling and slimy things, as fish, dough, and all entrails, sinews, and skins of beasts. Meetly good red wine shall be his drink. But if (as it often falleth out) there come any other Piles, then are such meats and drinks to be forborn as make melancholic blood, as pottage of Beans and Pease: but red and white Pease, and Turkey beans may be eaten sometimes dressed with Salad oil. Also in this case the Median is to be opened, and five or six ounces of blood to be let out, according to the strength and age of the patiented. But if this letting of blood may not be done for some causes, and that it be thought better to apply Horseleeches, as is already said, that may safely be done; yet first make the place moist with cold water, for than will they fasten the rather. When as the Leeches be full, then fall they off of themselves: if not, then strike them off with a twig, or burn them off with a Wax candle. But if after their falling off the bleeding will not staunch, then lay this plaster following thereon: Take Starch and Mill dust, of each one drag. fine Bolus, Dragon blood, Aloe, Sarcocolla, Frankincense, Hypocistis, of each one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Plantain as much as is requisite, temper it in a leaden mortar until it be very tough. A plaster: Take of hard Pitch three ounces, Rosin and Isinglass, of each one ounce, tragacanth, Gum, Sarcocolla, of each one dram and a half, refuse of Iron half an ounce, make a plaster thereof with red vinegar. This is for this purpose as forcible a remedy as may be found: Item, take wood ashes two ounces, Yarrow, Pellitory of the wall, Camomile, and roasted Squils, of each two ounces, burnt alum one quarter of an ounce, red wine as much as is needful for to make a plaster, and apply it warm. Item, take Yarrow, parietary, of each one handful, Salt half an ounce, and use this daily. It is said also that this for certain will cure the Piles, namely, Venus' hair with aristology beaten and tempered with red wine, and so continually used thereon. This following is said to be infallible: Take the ashes of an herb which the Germans call Roorwort, and roasted Squils, of each two ounces, honey as much as is needful for to temper this withal; apply it, and it healeth very speedily. The confection of Iron dross de Scoria ferri, must be used six days one after another, every morning one quarter of an ounce, and fast five hours upon it. And if the Piles be without any afflux of humours, or other accident, then are you to use this following: Take oil of Abricocke kernels 3. ounces, liquid Styrax one quarter of an ounce, four hard sodden yolks of eggs, prepared Iron dross, Sandaraca and Sarcocolla steeped in woman's milk, of each one dram and a half, Musk three grains; bruise this a long time together, afterwards temper as much Barley meal amongst it as is needful for a plaster, anoint therewith the Piles inwardly and outwardly. But if so be that the patient have need of any purging, use thereto those things that are ordained in the description of the other Piles. Or take of the confection Diasena three quarters of an ounce, temper it with whey of milk, and take it betimes in the morning. After the purgation the Arsegut is to be anointed the next day with these things next after following. Take Swine's bread, Cowslips, Bistorta, Dog fennel and red Saxifrage, of each one dram and a half, Alumen jamenum one drag. oil of Abricock kernels and Rosine, of each one ounce: temper them all together, and anoint therewith four times a day, and lay this plaster following upon it. Take the plaster Apostolicon that shall be hereafter described, half an ounce, Copperas, Frankincense, Colophonia & Orpiment, of each one scruple: mingle it all together in a mortar, till that it be a plaster, with a little dissolved Laudanum, but it may not be laid upon the fundament: but whereas the least exulceration is, the vain exulcerated is to be anointed with the foresaid salve, and if there come any scabs thereto, then must they be oftentimes anointed with the oil of sweet Almonds. The Plaster Apostolicon which is also called Triapharmacon, is described after two manner of ways: the first is a good Triapharmacon, for that it is made of three things, as followeth. TAke small lethargy of gold and vinegar, of each four ounces, Apostolicon. old Salad oil eight ounces, let them seeth so long together until all the vinegar be sodden away, always stirring it about, till it be the thickness of a plaster. This plaster maketh the flesh grow, and healeth all wounds. Some put amongst it one quarter of an ounce of verdigris, Wax and Turpentine, of each as much as pleaseth them best, and when it is made, than it is called at the Apothecaries Apostolicon. The second: Take eight ounces of Salad oil, small bruised lethargy of gold four ounces, Vinegar eight ounces, let it seethe well, and then put thereto prepared Galbanum, Frankincense, Myrrh, Mastic, Tormentill, of each half an ounce, Dragon blood three quarters of an ounce, Aloe two ounces beaten small, Wax one ounce, then mingle them all together, and let it seeth to a plaster. There are other means more to heal these kinds of piles, namely that they be cut off where they be thinnest: But by reason that then they bleed much, therefore it is more certain to take away the same with actual cauteries or hot irons, which is not unknown to all Chirurgeons, which is afterward better to be helped. Some take them away with potential cauteries or corrosives, as with powned Anacardus, Orpiment, Arsenicum, and such like: afterward they lay salve thereon that assuageth the pain; and mollify the escars with sweet butter, or some other fatness: But the binding, whereof we have spoken, is more certain. Of the impostumes in the Arsegut. §. 10. IT happeneth also very well when that one cometh to burn, cut, or corrode these piles, that thereby the blood is staunched: which notwithstanding, for that it cannot have his course, doth sometimes putrify there, and impostumateth, and causeth also therewith great pain, heat, Agues and thirst: for which these things following may be used. First, the Liver vein in the arm on the side of the accident, is to be opened, thereby to diminish the affluent blood. If the patiented also be corpulent, then are boxing cups to be set on his shoulders with pricking. Further, you are to bind the uppermost parts of the body, and to chafe them, by reason that for this accident may no purging medicines be used, to the end that thereby the matter may be drawn out downwards. But if the great obstruction or binding of the body require any purgation, then must the same be brought to pass with Clysters, and according to the opportunity of the time, to open also a vein besides the Ankles, and to use this salve. Take oil of Abricocke kernels two ounces, Bdellium one ounce, liquid Styrax one ounce and a quarter, fresh butter, Ducks grease, Starch, of each one ounce, white lead one drag. and a half: temper it a long time in a mortar, and make a salve thereof, anoint therewith this imposthume when the gut is turned and drawn forth, you shall find good ease thereby. Secondly, take grease, Mallows, Fenegreeke seed, of Sesamum and Lineséede of each six ounces; séethe them in water, strain them, stamp and temper them with half an ounce of Rye meal, oil of Abricocke, unripe Salad oil and oil of sweet Almonds, of each one ounce, roots of Smallage, Elecampane roots, of each half a dram: lay this warm thereon, or set it thereon, that it touch very well the Arsegut, it is very good. Thirdly, if this imposthume be not hereby sufficiently mollified, then use this hereafter following: Take Salad oil seven pounds and a half, sweet red wine six quarts, Saffron one dram and a half, Bdellium one ounce; séethe all these together until the Gum be dissolved: herein shall the patient be set 4. times a day, being made luke warm, as deep as to his privities. Others use for such Impostumes as proceed of heat, this plaster: Take Mallows and Nightshade, of each one handful, Violets and shaled Lentils, of each two ounces; let this séethe till it be as thick as grout: afterwards stir it well about in a mortar, and mingle therewith oil of Violets, Roses and the white of an egg, of each a like much, as shall seem needful for to make a plaster: spread then thereof on the Arsegut, and lay over it. Take white Led five drams, Frankincense one dram and a half, litharge of gold one quarter of an ounce: This being beaten small, temper it with oil of Roses, and therewith anoint the imposthume, spread it on a cloth, and lay it thereon. Item, take the crumbs of white bread, or in the steed thereof three ounces of Mill dust, oil of sweet Almonds two ounces, beaten Saffron half an ounce, temper them one amongst another, and lay them warm upon it. If there be a great heat present, than foment the imposthume with Rose water, Purslane water, or water of Nightshade, & afterward apply this salve following thereon: Take crumbs of white bread three ounces, oil of Roses two ounces, Saffron, Opium, of each one quarter of an ounce, four yolks of Eggs, fresh Butter one ounce, mix them well together, and use it as above. But if it proceed of a cold cause, then use this following: Take Onions, Garlic, and Woolblade, of each a like quantity, boil them till they be soft, and beat them to a grout, afterwards add as much Butter and oil of Cammomils' as shall suffice. All that hath been written before to assuage the pain, may be also used for this: But note this, if so be the imposthume begin for to maturate, then are you to look to open it, to the end that the matter corrode not inward, & so there follow a Fistula after it, which happeneth very often. Afterwards use this salve following for to finish the cure: Take burnt lead, Cypers nuts, and prepared lethargy of Gold, of each one dram, Rosin one ounce, oil of Mastic half an ounce, Wax three quarters of an ounce: first melt the Rosin with the Wax, and when it beginneth to stream, then mingle the foresaid powder amongst it: you may also strew the powder of Knotgras upon it, for it drieth much, and causeth great alterations. Of the Clefts that are called Rhagades. §. 11. WHat manner of infirmity it is, is sufficiently declared in the fifth Chapter 2. §. These may proceed of five sundry causes in the Arsegut: as of the bloody ●lix called Dysenteria, of too hard excrements; of heat and drought of the Arsegut; otherwhiles also of the piles that corrode inward; lastly, of some outward inconveniences that cleave the Arsegut: the signs are pain, and burning, and sometimes such clefts as may be seen, and do yield a black green, or red stinking matter. There are also two sorts, the one with matter, and the other without matter, whereof shall severally be spoken. First for to cure those that are without matter, the party is first of all to be purged (if need do require the same) and to open a vein, like as it is told of the piles, and especially with Epithymo, Polypodie, and Whey, by reason of the melancholic blood: also in like manner with the pills of Bdellio, or with Clysters, and other like purgations. Afterwards when these clefts do yield matter, then are they often to be washed with water, wherein are sod Roses, Polypodie, and alum, and afterwards anoint them with this salve following: Take ashes of Muscle shells, and roots of Polypodie, of each two ounces, leaves of the Olive tree half an ounce, poune them all small, and temper them with oil of Roses, and if they be with inflammation, then use salve made with Ceruse and Camphor and other salves that follow hereafter. This following is marvelous good, for it drieth, cooleth, and also healeth. Take lethargy of Gold, white lead and burnt lead, of each alike much, bruise it in a leaden mortar with Rose water, oil of Roses, and whites of Eggs as much as is needful, and with a little Camphor, until that it be wholly black, anoint the clefts therewith, and lay a cloth over them. If there be no heat thereby but only a manifest drought, then take Hens and Ducks grease, marrow of Heart's bones, and calves bones, and the fatness of sheeps wool, of each half an ounce, fresh Butter, oil of sweet Almonds, oil of Poppy seeds, tragacanth, oil of Lilies, and oil of Peach kernels, of each one quarter of an ounce, Myrrh, Starch, Mill dust, Momy, Frankincense, Mastic, Dragon's blood, white lead, and burnt alum, of each one dram, Wax one ounce and a half, melt all these in the foresaid oil and fats, and make thereof a salve: this salve assuageth the pain, moisteneth and causeth the flesh to grow. Item; take yellow Wax, oil of Sesamum, Duck's grease, Marrow of Ox bones, the fat of camels feet, or (in the stead of them) Goats suet, or Hen's grease, and Bdellium, of each a like much, melt these together in Mucilage of linseed, & temper them together, for it is very commodious. Item, take Turpentine, Duck's grease, oil of Violets, of each two ounces, dissolved Dragagant and Wax, of each one ounce, pouned tragacanth two ounces, temper them by the fire unto a salve. Or take mucilage of Licebane one ounce, Hen's grease one ounce and an half, the yolk of a new laid egg, Saffron one dram, temper them one with an other, and anoint the clefts therewith. Another. Take Dragagant and Gall nuts, of each a like much; temper them with molten Ox suet, and a little oil of Roses unto a salve. But if the ulcers be deep, and yield much stinking matter, then are both outwardly and inwardly sharp waters to be used for them, and especially dress it with the remedies that are described in the first Part and the eight Chapter, of the ulcers of the Nose, or strew them with verdigris, and powned Anacardus for to cleanse them. But note, that this corrosive inwardly in the Arsegut is not wholly without danger, unless the Arsegut be drawn out by a boxing cup. Afterwards cool and heal them with white lead, or any other cooling and healing salve. Item, take washed white lead, Aloe, Mastic, Frankincense, and Dragon blood, of each three drams, oil of Roses one ounce and a half, Wax as much as is needful. For this you may also use the salve that was before described, and made in the leaden mortar, or prepare this following. Take Pomegranate blossoms and the pills, Myrrh, washed white Lead, Lead, washed Aloes, seeds of Roses, Frankincense, Mastic, Dragon blood, and burnt Mussel shells, of each one quarter of an ounce, Olive leaves, burnt alum, Alumen plumosum, verdigris, and Litharge of Gold, of each one dram and a half, Wax one ounce, melt this in as much oil of Roses as is needful to make a salve: use this often times, and wash the ulcers twice or thrice a day with water wherein Galls, burnt alum, Olive leaves and Roses are decocted. These are very good for all such like diseases, being holden over the vapour or damp of water wherein Mallows, Hollihock roots, Violet leaves, and Bear foot is sodden. Of the Fistula and Canker in the Arsegut. §. 12. THis infirmity cometh very suddenly into the Arsegut, and albeit it hath been accustomed (like as in other the like diseases in the body) to use incision or an actual cautery: notwithstanding in this place it must be utterly omitted, that there be no sinews hurt. For it might easily thereby befall, that the patiented afterwards should never stay his ordure, but (against his will) to let his excrements pass from him. The cause of these Fistulas may be the bad healing of the diseases in the Arsegut, be it of what cause soever it may proceed. In like manner also through using of the piles badly, or any other imposthume that hath not been opened in time, but that the matter was left to stink or putrify therein, all which may cause fistulas, as is above said; amongst the which there are some that penetrate the Arsegut, others the neck of the bladder, and some that remain always at a stay. These are hereby discerned, that either the urine, the ordure, or winds pass through the Fistula. Also if the Muscles be therewith infected, then can he not retain or stay his excrements, but as soon as it descendeth to this place it passeth from him. If then these Fistulas be moist and mattery, and the matter sharp and stinking, and waxeth from day to day bigger, than it is a sign of a depascent Fistula, for the which strong remedies must be used to stay the same, that they corrode not deeper: for it happeneth otherwhiles that these depascent ulcers will consume the whole buttocks and all parts adjacent, and bring a body at the last after many miseries to his lives end. But if so be that this Fistula corrode no deeper, then must the same be cured with drying things, so that for a while they neither run nor swell any more: but if so be the matter come to run again, then must be done as before, and that so long as one liveth. As concerning then the curing of this Fistula, it must always be looked to, that the hole be kept open, which may best be effected with the pith of an Alder tree, dried Gentian roots, or Briony roots: afterwards you must use those things that are set down in the first part, the eight Chapter, and 11. §. and also afterwards of the Fistula of the eyes. Some do commend two or three drops of oil of Sulphur to be injected into the Arsegut, which will have a wonderful operation; and if so be that there follow any inflammation, that it should be delayed with the white of an Egg, or fresh Butter. Fistulas and such like ulcers, are to be washed with Rosemary wine, for it cleanseth and keepeth the ulcers clean, but of this Fistula will we entreat further hereafter in the fift part. Of the itch in the Arsegut. §. 13. THe causes of the itch in the Arsegut are four: First, that there remains somewhat that is sweaty or saltish in the fundament, which causeth the same: Secondly, through the worms Ascarides, that have their being in the end of the Arsegutte: Thirdly, some kind of ulcers that are in the lower part of the gu●te: Fourthly, sharp humours, as it oftentimes happeneth thorough some uncleanness that resteth in the Arsegut, and then must the Arsegut be washed with warm water, & be cleansed with clothes or wolblade leaves. But if the same come through the small worms, then take a sharp Clyster, yet not above eight ounces in quantity: also dip wool or any such like thing in soft Pitch or Turpentine, then do the worms stick fast thereon; beside, the Pitch doth kill the worms by nature: or anoint a great taint with Bird lime, and bind it on a thread that it may be drawn out again. You may also see in this present part what hath been written for the worms, but if the same be caused through any ulcers, then use for it the white salve and others more: but keep the ulcers always clean and dry with fresh clothes, wash the same oftentimes with water wherein agrimony, Olive leaves, and such like are decocted, put also burnt alum thereto, and plume alum, and bind clothes over it, and keep yourself quiet. But if this itch proceed of a sharp matter, then use Suppositories with Opium, Clysters, and others, as shall appear hereafter for the lask or looseness of the body. The eleventh Chapter. Of the inward members of the third part. IN the beginning of the third part of this our book of practice, we have given to understand, how that therein are contained the Stomach, the Liver, the Gall, the Kidneys, the Bladder, the Bowels, and in women the Mother or womb; but because we have hitherto treated of the outward parts and their accidents, therefore will we now discourse orderly of the inward members; and first we will begin with the Stomach, for that the same is covered with the Liver, and lieth on the top thereof: for it hath not only his beginning at the mouth of the stomach, but is also the meat room or kitchen of all the other members, and therefore will we (and that by good reason) place it before. Of the Stomach in general. §. 1. Under the Diaphragma or Midriff, between the Liver and the Gall on the right side, and the Milt on the left side, that is, right in the midst of the body, yet a little more on the left side, there lieth the stomach, that is so ordained by nature, for that the Liver might keep room and scope. The Stomach is called of the Greeks Gaster, Col●a, and sometimes also (although unjustly) Stomachus, and of the Latinists Ventriculus. It is ordained for a receiver of the meat, to dress the same, and afterwards, like as out of a Cupboard, to impart all that is cooked, to each member his due, & that might suffice for his sustentation and nourishment, and to send out all that is unclean or not fit for the nourishment, thorough the bowels and other natural passages as a superfluity. His substance is outwardly hard flesh, inwardly compacted full of veins, rough, and with many pleites or folds, whereby it draweth the meat unto it. His form is long, and round, hollow within, and like a Tun, to let pass easily that is received, wide beneath, and near the mouth of the Stomach (which is properly called Stomachus, Oesophagus, and by the Arabians Meri) it is narrow. In comparison of the bodies of beasts, it is not big, so that thereby it doth not much exceed the blind gut Intestinum ca●cum, and is otherwise not much unlike to a dog's maw. With the uppermost end of the Stomach doth it receive the meat, and with the lower end doth it let all that is digested fall into the bowels, from whence all superfluities are cast out. Both these ends of the stomach, below and above, after that the meat is received, do shut up most wonderfully, lest that the concocting and digesting warmth should vanish away. For if in the mouth of the stomach there were not such closing, then could not the meat be well digested: whereby then must ensue a noisome vapour, and a diminishing of natural heat. So happeneth also of the lower passage of the stomach, when as it, after the meat is received, will not be shut up, a bad digestion and other diseases, as the flux, etc. whereof we will hereafter speak more at large. But thus much we would write in general of the stomach: Now will we proceed forward with particular things. Of the neck and mouth of the stomach. §. 2. THis passage, through which the meat and the drink descendeth out of the mouth into the stomach, is properly one piece of the same: therefore will we first write thereof, as of the beginning of the stomach. The neck of the stomach is of the old Grecians, and now adays called by all learned men Oesophagus, and unrightly Stomachus, and of the Latinists Gula, the which we in English do name properly the upper part of the stomach, the neck: and the nethermost part, the mouth of the stomach, which lieth right in the pit of the heart. So that both these parts have some difference, and that by reason of their situation and for other causes more, even as also Galenus maketh two sundry Chapters of them. These foresaid neck and mouth of the stomach, are subject to many diseases, be it out of heat, cold, drought, moisture, or of any compounded complexion. Also through the obstruction of those parts, whereby the meat is drawn into the stomach. Item, through impostumes, ulcers, blows, wounds, and other inconveniences, all which may hinder the swallowing, whereof much is written in the second part, the first Chapter, §. 5. But we will here only rehearse somewhat of the signs, and their difference. When as now then the whole neck hath any disease, then can the meat not be but slowly swallowed. But if the disease be in a certain place of the neck, then remaineth the meat sticking in the same place. But whether it come of heat or drought, that shall be bewrayed by the drought and thirst, for that cold water is very acceptable unto him. But if so be it proceed of cold, then hath the patiented neither heat nor thirst, but only an anguish in the throat. If so be that one can hardly swallow through excessive moisture, then doth the same appear through much spittle and whiteness of the tongue. Or the same cometh through drought, that maketh the drought of the tongue and the mouth known, for the patient will drink continually, or wash his mouth with cold water. If there be any imposthume in these places, then have you the signs of Squinancy therewith: whereof we in the second part, the first chapter, the 4. §. have mentioned. Also when he would drink, then runneth the drink out of the nose: neither can he addict himself to lie, but seeketh always to sit up. Then cometh this disease through blood Cholera, that may be known by the pricking pain, also by the thirst, heat and Ague: and to the contrary, when the same is caused through cold, then is the pain small, but with drought and the painfulness of swallowing is felt in more places then in the place of the tumour. But if this imposthume break out, then do they cast up matter, and are very prone to vomiting, whereby also they lose their pain in swallowing. These impostumes are also to be known, if that one do swallow down, Vinegar or any other sour thing, or that is salt, not only into the neck of the stomach, but also even into the shoulder blade. Or if the same be caused through any crick of the neck, then will the pain also be known there: or there groweth a bunch either before or behind. And if so be that the same be caused through the cramp, then shut to the patient's mouth: and he shall feel the pain most of all in the Nipples, and on the breast. But before that we come to the remedies for this infirmity of swallowing, we must prescribe some common rules: and first, because that the neck and mouth of the stomach are tender parts, therefore heed must be taken that there be not used for it any sharp or biting things, that thereby they be not grieved nor hindered in their actions. Secondly, if these parts do rankle, or get any malady (like as often happeneth) then must all sharp, sour and biting things he eschewed, unless the same things be drying withal, yet very little, because such sharp things do augment the same pain, do feeble the natural power, and inflame the whole throat. Thirdly, if so be that the neck of the stomach be over cold, then must plasters be laid upon the shoulders, and there about. But if this coldness be in the mouth of the stomach, then must the plasters & other things be laid upon the pit of the hart. Fourthly, if there be a hot imposthume with pain and a choleric body, then must he be let blood, purge, and use other remedies, even as hath been said in the description of the Squinancy. Fiftly, the remedies that are to be used for the healing of the exulceration of the throat, and to incarnate, they are always to be tempered with some tough slimy thing, to the end that they may cleave the faster in the throat, and thereby also may have the better operation. Now to come to the remedies: If that this impediment be only caused through heat, or heat and drought, then purge the patiented with sour Dates, Cassia, and Manna tempered in some broth, wherein Prunes, Violets, and Figs have been sodden; for all these things do expel such matter, and moisten the throat and the neck of the stomach, like as in this disease is required. Therefore shall the patiented (and that oftentimes) use syrup of Violets, water Lilies, and such like, and swallow the same leisurely. There may also be made a syrup of Prunes as hereafter followeth: take four or five Damask Prunes, Violets two ounces, seeds of Lettuce, Endive, small Endive, Purslane, of each half an ounce, Sugar 18. ounces, make a syrup thereof, like as before in the Introduction is taught. Beneath under the neck between the shoulder blades there must the patiented be anointed with cooling oils, or any such like plasters laid thereon, that are tempered with oil of Violets, water Lilies, and oil of Roses: afterwards take wheat meal three ounces, the mucilage of Fleawort, juice of Housléeke, of each one ounce and a half, juice of Purslane one ounce, stamp them together unto a plaster. Take the juice of great and small Housléeke, Rose water, of each two ounces, Melon seed, Lettuce, Gourds, Cucumbers, Purslane, and both kinds of Endives, of each one quarter of an ounce: let this seeth all together unto a plaster, then stamp them to growt, and use it as above. If there be no drought thereby perceived, then may be put thereto red and white Saunders and Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce, and one ounce of Vinegar. But if there be great drought therewith, then use the mucilage of Fleawort, Dragagant, the seeds of Quinces, Violets, and such like: also he must eat cold herbs (whereof the seeds are here above named) fried with Butter, and anoint himself outwardly with all manner of beasts marrow. In like manner are also very good for him conserves of Roses, the cold losings of tragacanth, and Diapenidion without spices, and new rear eggs. These ensuing pills are also to be prepared, and to hold them continually in the mouth, and lastly, swallow them down: Take tragacanth, Gum of Arabia, Purslane seed, Mallows, and Quince kernels, of each one quarter of an ounce, liquorice one dram and an half, the gum of Cherry tree a dram, make thereof flat pills: Barley water and Buttermilk are good drink for this sickness, also he may drink watered wine. But if this impediment be caused through cold (like as most commonly happeneth) and if so be that need require, then give to the patiented some potions of Sirupo de Pr●ssio, de Calaminta, or de Hyssopo, and purge him with Diaturbith, or Hiera logodion, and if it be needful put a little Esula to it. These tabulates shall he also hold in his mouth, and then swallow down the juice of them, to wit, Dianison, Diatrionpiperion, Diaireos Salomonis, Diapliris made with Musk, and such like. Upon the shoulders must he be anointed with the oil of Costus, or with the oil of Rue. For this is also good the salves Martiaton, Agrippae, and Altheae, whereupon this plaster following is to be applied: Take Laudanum, the fat of sheeps wool, Galbanum and Ammoniacum, of each one ounce, dried Mints, Sage, India Spica, Spica Romana, and Cloves, of each one drag. Wax one ounce, oil of Spikenard as much as is needful to make a plaster, spread it over a cloth half a quarter of a yard, in compass four square, then draw it over with Syndall, and lay it after the length from the neck to the ridge of the back. Amongst other Medicines may also those be used, that shall against a cold stomach be described hereafter, whence is to be taken also an order of life. If that then this impediment in swallowing be caused through excessive moisture, than i● the first described order to be observed: but that is not needful to expel such excess of matter, but to keep a sober diet in eating & drinking: further, he must use this gargarism following. Take Cypers nuts, and the leaves, of each one handful, Frankincense and his rines, one ounce of each, burnt alum three quarters of an ounce, plume alum half an ounce; séethe this in a quart of Wine, and gargarise herewith, afterwards wash clean the mouth, but swallow it not down: or he shall use all that in the first part, the thirteenth Chapter, and 6. §. is taught, of the swelling of the tongue. If then a hot or cold imposthume, or the Squinancy be approaching, then rule you like as it is showed in the second part, the first Chapter, and 4. §. of the Squinancy: now we will go forward with the Stomach. To preserve and keep a good digestion of the Stomach. §. 3. HOw much the health of man is sustained through a well digesting stomach, is sufficiently known to all the world: and it is also very true, that if the same receive no wholesome meat, it cannot digest it well, the which appeareth in the disease of the stomach, that all meats must corrupt, the which may evidently be discerned through the sickness that shall hereafter follow. Therefore it is first requisite and necessary to prescribe a rule, how to keep this good digestion in her full efficacy. And although in all places hereafter, whereas shall be discoursed of any of the infirmities of the Stomach, it shall be taught what shall be eschewed or used: notwithstanding, it cannot be but available briefly to comprehend the same in these ten rules. The first is, of the motion of the body, which (as followeth) is much commended. The motion of the body is a preservation of a man's life, a quickening of natural heat, and an excitation of sluggish nature, a digesture of all superfluous humours, a strengthening of all the members, an overthrow of the diseases, a medicine for all anguishs, a gaining of time, renewing of youth, of mirth, of old age, a pleasure, a help of health and blessedness, an end of all infirmities, an enemy of sloth and lithernes, therefore do they fear and shun all labour, that will want mirth, and if any body desire not every day to eat he may keep himself from all labour. This motion is most commodious for sober folks before both mealetides, if they move not above their might: for when one beginneth to be weary, then must he rest, and each one must exercise and stir according to the ability of his body. The men of occupations have exercises enough about their occupations; but if any one at any mealetide have surfeited, then must he fast the next day, and use temperate motions, to consume all superfluity through abstinence and exercise. All people that have great exercise, may much better digest gross meats, than they that are idle and live at ease, whereby may easily be discerned the virtue of motion. The second is of the property of meats, that they be not too hot of nature, or too cold, whereby they may not inflame the natural heat, or might overcoole it, the which is also to be understood of all other qualities of meats. Secondly, providence must be had that all meats be well boiled, sod, and roasted, otherwise can the stomach not digest it as it behoveth. Thirdly, binding things eaten before other meats, they bind the body, like as if they be eaten after the same, they lose, & are laxative. Fourthly, light meats are, Barley well sodden, well baked bread, small Fishes, Partridges, Pheasants, and such like. Fiftly, meats that are acceptable to nature, will be the more willingly received by the stomach, and also digested. But this is only to be understood of healthful persons, and of them that use the same moderately: otherwise, that is not always good which is pleasant to the mouth. Sixtly, although the subtle & light meats do less molest digestion, and are requisite for health, yet are they nevertheless nothing the stronger or apt for labour, therefore they pass all others herein, that feed on gross meats. Seventhly, would or might any one not eat such healthy meats altogether? then is he notwithstanding to do the contrary as seldom as he may, tempering with some wholesome meats, like as men do pepper & wine with Mushrimps, and Spices or Garlic with Fish, etc. Eightly, slimy meats tarry long in the stomach, before that they pass into the bowels. Bread with his bran goeth much sooner into the bowels, than where the bran is bolted out. Ninthly, flesh broiled on the gridiron giveth good nourishment when it is digested: but it goeth slowly towards the guts. Tenthly, Pullet broths do delay the humours more than Hen broth, yea and give much more nourishment. The third rule dependeth on the quantity of the meats, whereof too much must not be taken in least they make some grief or wind in the body. Secondly, much meats do not moisten thoroughly, but only those that be without sharpness, sourness, saltness, and bitterness. Thirdly, when any body hath taken much meat and drink, and thereby findeth some weakness or drought in the stomach, he shall then the other day afterwards fast, and sleep the more in a temperate place. Fourthly, a hail man shall take even so much meat, as shall not grieve him. Fiftly, all they that live lasciviously and riotously, do die before their old age. Sixtly, great bodies have need of more meat and drink than small bodies: they require also more heat and vital spirits for their sustentation. Seventhly, much and many meats taken at one time be prejudicial two manner of ways: first, by reason of the variable digesture, as when light meats are mingled with gross meats: secondly, for that it is seen, that there is more eaten of that which is pleasant in taste, than with moderate feeding would suffice. The fourth rule containeth a good diet, whereby the meat is not to be tempered with the medicine, for that it were an unmeet cost, when as the seeds of wild Saffron, Nettles or wild Time should be mingled amongst meat, that spoil the meat, hurt digesture, and drive it into the bowels before the body have his nourishment out of it. Secondly, gross and hard meats are to be eaten always at the first, and afterwards the light meats. Thirdly, if one do eat mild and moist things at the first, and then afterwards hard meats, then do the light meats run quickly through the stomach, and lead the hard gross meats away with them undigested. Fourthly, all they that be lose of body, are to take at the beginning of their meal tides binding things and spices: and if not, then are they always first to take that which will quickly pass through the stomach, and lead the way to other meats. To this end are Melons, Peaches, and other fruits to be eaten before one eat bread or flesh: for that when as they which be harder do hinder the passage, then is the digestion spoiled, and so it is with all other kinds of meats. Fiftly, meats which be of this nature that they do not easily pass through, or without requisite digestion, then must the gross meats be first taken, and the light meats last of all: as Mutton before Birds, and Beef before Mutton. For the bottom of the stomach by reason of his heat, hath more force to digest the gross meats first, than the top or upper part of the stomach. Sixtly, milk and sour things are not to be eaten above once, for that the milk runneth into the stomach, whereby the digestion is hindered. Seventhly, Butter, milk, and Radishes, are not meet together, nor yet with any birds: for the birds having subtle flesh, will be spoiled through the sharpness of the Radishes. Eightly, sodden wheat in flesh broth or in water, is not to be used after Rice, for that both of them be of gross nourishment, and do obstruct the ways. Ninthly, Vinegar, Oil, and all manner of fatness are not at any hand to be kept in Copper vessels, for that they do draw the venomous nature of the Copper unto them. The fift rule containeth the time, that in the winter and spring more meat is behoveful than in the summer: for that then the stomach is at the very hottest. Secondly, that there be nothing eaten until the former be digested. Thirdly, in the winter, things be not tolerable to be eaten which do little nourish, as herbs, and such like, but compact and strong meats are to be used, which be long in digesting. Fourthly, in summer is the most fit time to eat before the heat cometh, and in evening when the heat is past. Fiftly, in the spring is one to eat but little at dinner, and in summer nothing at all. In the harvest fruits do bring many sicknesses with them: but in the winter one may eat his fill. The sixth rule prescribeth a diet for every complexion. First, he is not to forbear meat which is hot & dry of nature: for there is nothing more hurtful unto him than abstinence. Secondly, for to preserve & keep a good digestion, those meats are to be used which do best agree with every one's complexion: to wit, if any be warm by nature, that he then feed upon meetly warm meat, and so the like for dry and moist bodies. Thirdly, if so be that heat do increase in any one, then must cool things be taken for it. Fourthly, a melancholic man must feed upon moist things and somewhat warm: A choleric body cold and moist meats. Fiftly, all that be hot and dry of nature, and do much exercise, for them are all light and subtle meats very hurtful. The seventh rule doth yield a reason of repletion & inanition, whereof is first to be marked, that how much the more you feed an unclean body, so much the more doth the same annoy and hurt it: for when the meat is mixed with the corrupted humours it is then also corrupted: the same happeneth also unto them who have the stomach full of bad humours. Secondly, no man ought so to overcharge himself with meat, but that he might feel still some hunger. Thirdly, when one hath filled himself well the one day, although he might the next day feel some hunger, yet is he the next day to forbear as much as is possible, and to sleep in a temperate place. Fourthly, when any accustometh to eat flesh and to drink wine, and doth not labour at all, the same person (to the end he may be discharged) is the oftener to be let blood. Fiftly, there is nothing worse than when one hath fed on strong meats, before they be digested to eat again: for when as the one meat cometh to the other undigested then do they both spoil. Sixtly, all they who after dinner take their supper upon it, must then fast out the same. Seventhly, all that do live soberly, and after much eating and drinking do fast again, they live the longer. Eightly, all rioters and great drinkers must sometimes force themselves to vomit, and betake themselves therewith for to fast it out, and to sleep a day times. The eight rule comprehendeth the drinks: which first are not to be used so much that the meat come not to swim in the stomach, for thereby will the digestion of the stomach be spoiled. Secondly, albeit some be of opinion, that men ought not to drink to their meat, yet do they speak against all skill; therefore be they not to be heard. For one ought to drink, that the natural heat be not aggravated. Thirdly, when he feeleth good thirst, and when as the heat of the stomach requireth the same, the which never happeneth to such as be hail but when they do either eat or do great labour, and after a long Easterly wind. Fourthly, all sharp, new, gross and sweet wines, likewise, all they which are kept in Sulphured casks, and also all Must aught to be eschewed if so be that they be not used for medicine. White, clear, thin, red & pallet wine which is not troubled, and of a good taste, drunken moderately, is very healthy: but to water them much is very noisome, because that thereby is made gripings in the belly, windiness in the stomach, tumour in the milts, and spoileth the digesting of the stomach. The ninth rule is of the customs. First, all they that be wont or accustomed to eat much, and that of all manner of gross meats, shall not only altogether rely on the strength of their stomach: for they shall not be able to escape the harm which they shall feel thereby in time to come, because that thereby bad humours are increased in the body by little and little. Secondly, the custom of eating once or twice a day, and if that thereby men remain healthy, it is not good to alter it: for that custom (as is wont to be said) is nature itself. Thirdly, good and tolerable custom is to be continued. Notwithstanding, if one were wont to be drunk every day, or to drink in the morning fasting, who is it that can commend the same? Even so is sobriety to be adjudged of, and fasting. It is also to be understood, that all they who be wont to eat twice a day, and would accustom themselves to eat but once a day, that the same might cause some inconvenience unto them, and so to the contrary: for the stomach cannot tolerate it. Fiftly, all they that use to eat at a certain hour, and should suddenly alter it, do stand in danger that the same will not prosper well. Sixtly, although that the accustomed meat and drink be such that it be not much to be commended: notwithstanding it ought not slightly to be changed into other meats and drinks which be taken to be healthier. The tenth rule requireth the dressing of meats: to wit, that each meat be boiled, roasted and dressed as it ought to be, so that the stomach get no loathing thereby, and the same meat may the better be digested. Thirdly, delicate sauces for each meat in particular provoketh one to eat more than is good for him: therefore they ought to be omitted and forborn. Fourthly, stinking and putrefied meats, be it fruit, flesh, fish, or whatsoever else, howsoever they be dressed, can bring none other but badness with them. Hereof is now sufficiently spoken for the preservation of good digestion, and how the bad digestion of the stomach is to be amended. For that what might fail therein, these sicknesses following sufficiently do declare. Of the debility of the stomach in general. §. 4. OF these debilities or infirmities of the stomach there be three principal accidents under which are all other comprehended. The first the Grecians do call Bradypepsian, which is slow digestion. The second Apepsian, which is when the stomach cannot digest. The third Dyspepsian, which is when the digestion is utterly spoiled, and the meats do turn into bad humours, which is when the stomach is wholly weakened and departed from his natural actions, and hath lost the same: which default may be provoked through inward and outward causes: the outward causes be the motions of the mind, as anger, care, sorrow, rough winds, and gross meats which be hard of digestion; as old beef, hard, old, and unleavened bread, Hasell nuts, old Cheese, cold herbs and fruits whereof hath been used much a long time, as Gourds, Melons, muhrooms and Apples etc. Item all excess, windy meats and drinks, pottages, Mustes, and all overmuch watered wine, or water drunken alone (if it be not in great heat) and to eat before the former meat be digested. Item, blows or falls in and about the stomach, bathing in very hot or cold times: also inward and outward heat and cold of nature, great exercise, extreme venery which infée●l●th much and weakeneth the natural powers. Likewise overmuch sleep and rest: also to study too much, and strait after meat. The inward maladies of the stomach be these; over great heat, cold, drought, moisture, winds, impostumes, and such like: Also through the infirmities of other parts; as if out of the brains there do fall any rheums into the stomach, or when the hart beateth, the liver is obstructed with any choleric humours, the Milt with melancholic humours, and the stomach is too much over charged. When as then the property of each member is weighed, then may easily be discerned what annoyeth the stomach. If then the debility of the stomach be caused through heat, that is to be known by the stomach: also there is evermore thirst with it, and all cold things are welcome to the patiented, and hot things are loathsome. Or if this debility do come through any slimines, then is there heaviness in the stomach, drought, bitterness, and wambling. When as this proceedeth of cold, that may the stomach find: for that the thirst is small, the digestion little, and no desire of meat: warmth is welcome, but cold is tedious unto him. If it be of phlegm, it is known by drowsiness, swelling, much spittle, quick passage of the meat through the body, and almost after the manner of one that hath taken somewhat he doth belch with a sour taste, & such like. But if this infirmity of the stomach do come of any melancholy, then is there also drought, heaviness, and wambling with it, the teeth will be lose, the patient will be plagued with unnatural lust of eating, the Milt doth swell whereof great heaviness doth follow of the mind. If so be that the same be caused through drought, then ensueth great thirst thereby, drought of the tongue, binding in the body, unlustines, and harm through dry meats. If it be caused through moisture, then is there little thirst with it, but loathsomeness of all moisture; all drought doth good to the patiented, and there is much spitting with it. Or if these humours be mixed, that is easily to be perceived through the signs aforesaid; like as every accident bringeth with it a proper description. But before we come to any particularities, we will here discover one thing, which is so renowned that it can preserve the stomach from all diseases, and suffereth nothing to putrify therein, because it expelleth all humidity and uncleanness from the stomach, and cleanseth the same: they which use it often get never any more pain in the stomach: it causeth mirth, it strengtheneth the hart and head, it cleanseth also the rains and the womb exceedingly: which are the pills of Amber called de Succino, which are thus prepared: Pills of Amber. Take the white or other Amber and Mastic, of each one quarter of an ounce, Aloe five drams, Agaricus one dram and a half, right Aristology half a drag. this being all beaten small and tempered with the syrup of Wormwood, make thereof a mass of pills, and form seven pills of one drag. Take always two or three of them when you go to bed. Of a weak stomach through cold. §. 5. FIrst this is to be noted, that (to speak naturally) the stomach in the summer and in the harvest is coldest of all, and that by reason that the heat is drawn into the outward members, and therefore is so much the weaker about the stomach. Contrariwise (as we have mentioned before) the stomach in the winter and spring time is hottest of all, because the outward cold driveth the heat inward: and therefore then people are to eat so much the more. For in the debility of the stomach regard must be had of the times. Now for to write of the coldness of the stomach, so it is, that (besides all the foresaid signs) the meat will scarce settle itself in the bottom of the stomach, so that the same otherwhiles after the patiented hath taken it, hath no rest ere and before he hath vomited out the same again undigested: and although it be digested, yet happeneth it slowly. Also if one feel with the hand thereon outwardly, then may it be perceived to be cold there: It is also full of wind which is expelled upwards and downwards. There be yet more other signs herebefore rehearsed of a cold stomach: When as then the cold of the stomach is small and of no continuance, then is the patiented every morning to take Trociscos' de Rosis two or three drams in an ounce of Miva cydoniorum wherein Coming and Ameos be boiled. Trocisces of Roses. The aforesaid Trocisci are thus to be prepared: Take Roses three drams, Lignum Aloes, Mastic, Indie Spica, Cassy wood, Squinanth and Wormwood, of each one drag. beaten altogether small, and tempered with old wine, and then form. These Trocisci are very good taken with half an ounce of the spirit of wine. They are also to be fed with light meats, which have but little moisture and superfluity: Also their meat must be strewed with Galingall, Pepper, Ginger, Cloves, Ameos, and such like. Before meat the patient is to exercise himself well: they that use this water, must always drink more thereof after meat than before. After meat he must sleep much, & drink neat old Rhenish wine; but eat less than he was wont, for the weakness of the stomach cannot digest much meat. Meats which be requisite for him are Muttons, Kids, Hens, Pullet's, fowls, Partridges, Pheasants, Pigeons, Quails, and such like; yet rather roasted than boiled and dressed with spice: also rear eggs and such like. But if this weakness of the stomach hath long continued, then may be used one of these Sugar plates following (which one will) one quarter of an ounce or more at once. Or if so be that it be made after the manner of a conserve, then to take one ounce at a time daily with wine: viz. Diatrion Pipereon, Diagalanga, Dianison, Diamentha, Caryophilatum, Rosata novella, Diacyminum, Diaolibanum, also the warm tragacanth cakes, the which also do strengthen the stomach and procure digestion. But especially is the Confection Diacinamomum commended for a blessed medicine for all moist, bad, and spoiled stomachs, as that consumeth all superfluous humidity, helpeth digestion, and strengtheneth the eyesight, therefore be there two sorts here described. Confectio Diacinamomi. Diacinamomum. TAke of the most purest Cinnamom fifteen drag. gross Cinnamom, Coming, and Elecampane, of each half an ounce, Galingall seven drag. Cloves, long Pepper, Cardamomum, Greines, Ginger, Lignum Aloes, Mace and Nutmegs, of each three drag. Saffron one drag. white Sugar five drag. When you will make Tabulats thereof, then take one pound of Sugar, one ounce and a quarter of the foresaid spices, and seeth the Sugar in Wormwood water as behoveth. Another with Rhubarb. Take excellent Rhubarb one quarter of an ounce, Angelica, Rapontica, of each half a drag. Cinnamom three drag. Nutmegs one drag. and a half, Cardamome, long Pepper, white Diptamus, and Zeduary, of each half a drag. Galingall two scruples, Calmus half a drag. Ginger two scruples, Pimpernell roots, Mastic and Cucubes, of each one scrup. Saffron ten grains, Sugar eight ounces, boil the Sugar with Wormwood water, and cast a plate of Sugar of it. In like manner is the confection of Aromaticum rosatum not only commended for the debility of the stomach, but also for many other diseases, like as here and there the same be discovered, for which purpose it is also prepared after sundry sorts, like as be some here expressed. Confectio Aromatici rosatis. TAke fifteen drams of red Roses, liquorice seven drams, Lignum Aloes and yellow Saunders, of each three drams, Cinnamome, Mace, Cloves, of each two drag. and a half, Gummi Arabicum, and tragacanth, of each one quarter of an ounce, Nutmegs, Cardamome, Galingall, of each one dram, Musk one scruple, Indie Spica, and Amber, two scruples, temper them all together: and if you will then cast a plate of Sugar of it, take one ounce of these Species, and twelve ounces of Sugar, decoct them in Rose water as is accustomed. Thus is this confection at the Apothecaries made, and not only for his pleasantness, but also for his commodiousness used daily; for that beside that it doth strengthen the weak stomach, and comforteth the hart, the brains, the head, and the Liver; it driveth out also the b●● and superfluous humours of the stomach: it helpeth the digestion of the stomach, and especially in them which be a foot again after a long continued and lingering sickness. Another which is common at Augusta Vindelicorum. TAke Roses one ounce, liquorice three drams, Cinnamome two drams and a half, Cloves, Mace, of each one dram and ten grains, red Coral, Cardamome, Galingall, of each half a dram, Spec. Diarrhodon Abbatis one scruple, Indie Spica, long Pepper, of each ten grains, Lignum Aloes one dram and a half, Greynes eight grains, shaven ivory one dram, Gum, Dragagant, of each three scruples and a half, Nutmegs 2. scruples, Musk ten grains, Amber one scruple, make a subtle powder thereof. Or if you will have Sugar plates of it, then do as before. Item, take beaten Calmus half an ounce, the juice of Wormwood as much as is needful to make plates of Sugar: and if you desire to have this strong, then seeth it in Wine, and give it him at two or three times. Or take Cinnamome one quarter of an ounce, Ginger, Nutmegs, Cardamome, Galingall, Cloves, of each one dram, Mace, Lignum Aloes, of each half a dram, Annis one dram, the skins of Hen's maws washed with Wine and dried, three drams, white Sugar 34. ounces: seeth the Sugar in good Wine, and thereof cast Sugar plates. Another. TAke Cinnamome three dragms, Galingall one dram, Sugar six ounces, but boil the Sugar with one ounce of Rose water, this Confection doth make also good appetite to meat. In like manner you have also in the first part the twelfth Chapter, and 12. §. a confection Diamargariton calidum which is very good for this. Item, take Ginger one dram, Cloves and Galingall, of each half a drag. Pepper, prepared Coriander, of each one scruple, Annis, Fennell, Ameos, Spicanardi, Cardamome, of each three scruples and a half, confected Citron pills one ounce, Rose water one ounce and a half, liquorice half a dram, sugarcandy half an ounce, Currans one ounce: powne all that is to be powned, but chop the Citron pills and Currants very small, then seethe the sugarcandy, and ten ounces of white Sugar with Rose water, and so make tabulats thereof. Confected Annis seeds are also very good for all debility of the stomach, it helpeth digesture, it expelleth the pain and wind of the stomach, the same doth Fennell seed also. But there is yet a better for this, to wit, confected Coming and Caruway seed, for that the same have also power to warm the stomach. Certain Powders for meat. TAke prepared Coriander, and Cinnamome, of each half an ounce, long, white, and black Pepper, Cloves, Galingall, and Ginger, of each one dram and a half, Annis, Fennell, of each three drams, Saffron one dram, Sugar as much as all the rest; make a powder thereof, or a confection, which you had rather have. Item, take Cinnamome, Mace, Cloves, Pepper, Cypers roots, of each alike much, Sugar as much as you please. Item, take Cinnamome two ounces, Nutmegs one dram, prepared Coriander seeds, Roses, red Coral, of each one scruple, Sugar four ounces, temper them all together: it is of a temperate nature. For this may also things be used, which are described in Aromatico rosato, beaten to powder. Hear follow now certain stomachical medicines against all coldness, windines, and humidities of the stomach, and all other inward parts of the body: Take Annis, Fennell, and prepared Coriander, of each one ounce, Caruway half an ounce, liquorice (beaten small) one ounce and a half, Ginger, Calmus, of each three drams, Galingall, Zeduary, of each one dram and a half, Cloves one dram, temper all together. One may take thereof every morning the weight of two drams. Some do take the four seeds confected with Sugar: other do let them to be all together confected with Sugar, that it might be so much the more pleasant to take. Some temper amongst it cut Cucumber roots, because that they (besides all their virtues) cause the winds to departed, and dry up bad humours. Item, take liquorice cut small one ounce, Galingall one quarter of an ounce, Calmus half an ounce, Mace three drams, Cinnamome and Nutmegs, of each one dram and a half, confected Annis seeds four ounces, Caruway, Fennell, prepared and confected Coriander, of each two ounces: cut all that is to be cut, and temper all together. Or take cut liquorice, prepared Coriander, Fennell, and Caruway, of each one quarter of an ounce, Gentian, Calmus, and Ginger, of each three drams, Pimpernell roots or the seeds, and Rue seed, of each one dram: cut all that is to be cut, and temper them all together, as before. These foresaid stomachical compositions are very commodious for the common people, and also commodious for all the foresaid infirmities, but especially the Gentian doth expel all slime and venomous matter of the stomach. This is to be used in the morning on toasted bread, mollified or soke● in Wine, and to fast three hours afterwards. In like manner you shall find before in the first part the twelfth Chapter and first §. a good Medicine for the stomach, which may be well added unto these: Calmus and Cinnamome tempered together are also special good for this purpose. This Confection following is also highly commended for all feeble, cold, and moist stomachs, as also for the strengthening of the Liver, Milt, Hart, Brains, and whole body: it increaseth Venery, maketh fat and merry, and is also good against the beating of the Hart. It is called Electuarium de Citro, Electuarium de Citro. or confection of Citrons: Take Citron pills, Zeduary, Doronicum, Amber, and red Coral, of each one dram, Silkworms nests cut very small, red and white Behen, Lolium, Rosemary flowers, and Calmus of each five drams, two Hearts bones, and Pearls two scruples, Rubies, jacints, Smaragdes, Marierom gentle seeds, and Stechas flowers, of each one scruple, small filled Gold and Silver, bugloss flowers, Tormentill, red Stirax, ivory, Basill seed, and long Pepper, of each half a dram, Musk and Amber, of each one scruple, dry Mints, & Mastic, of each two scruples and a half, conserve of bugloss one ounce, white Sugar 18. ounces: seeth the Sugar méetly thick in bugloss water, and so make a confection thereof. Marmalade with spices (as hereafter in the last part it is described) is also commodious for this, for that it strengtheneth and warmeth the stomach marvelous well. Another. Take Ginger one dram, Cloves, Galingall, and Cinnamome, of each half a drag. Zeduary, long Pepper, prepared Coriander, of each one scruple, Annis, Fennell, Ameos, Spikenard, Cardamome, and Mace, of each five grains, confected Citron pills, and Raisins (the stones taken out) of each one ounce, Sugar twelve ounces decocted in Rose water: cut and beat the Citron pills and Raisins, and temper the rest amongst them. Item, take prepared Coriander and Cinnamome, of each half an ounce, long, white, and black Pepper, Cloves, Galingall, and Ginger, of each one dram, Annis, Fennell, of each three drams, Saffron one scruple, Sugar twelve ounces, make it (as before) unto a Confection. Take the whites of 24. Eggs sodden méetly hard, Honey twelve ounces, stir them apace a good while together, until it wax thick, afterwards put thereto half a dram of Zeduary, Cinnamome, Cloves, Spica, liquorice, Ginger, Pepper, Galingall, Roses, and red Saunders, of each one drag. beaten small. Hereafter shall be described in the description of the gravel a conserve of Horse radish roots, which is also very good for a cold stomach. Item, take clarified Honey twelve ounces, clarified juice of Quinces one ounce and a half, Vinegar three ounces, seethe all these together until they be méetly hard, and temper amongst it half an ounce of Pepper, Ginger one drag. use thereof about the weight of half an ounce always before meals: with this also ensuing may be made a plaster to lay over the stomach, to wit, Mithridate, Treacle, and Diatessano. They are also good for a weak stomach, for that they dry and further the digestion of the stomach, if one take thereof one drag. in a draft of Wine. All confected things, as Roots, Fruits, and all such like, which be warm of nature, are good for a cold stomach, as is confected Ginger, which not only warmeth the stomach, but also all inward parts, and doth restrain the vapours from ascending and drawing up towards the head. Calmus is passing good for a cold stomach. Elecampane roots also strengthen the stomach, help digestion, drive out all venomous humidities, and warm the same. Confected Nutmegs do consume all moisture of the inward members, they do warm and strengthen the stomach, and are good for the digestion of the same. The like do also confected Orange pills, Citron pills, roots of Eringus, and Walnuts, all which be described in the last part of this our book of Physic. The herbs and flowers which be warm by nature, are Eyebright, which is also very good against all Agues that be caused of putrefaction. Conserve of betony, and of Gillofloures do the like also, if that one take thereof half an ounce or more daily before meals. They do also stay the ascending vapours of the stomach, and strengthen the same. The like also doth conserve of Marierom, Hyssop, Peony, Sage, Lavender, Spikenard, and Rosemary. All aromatical Wines are much commended for this, not only for the stomach, but also for all other parts to be used outwardly: They do also take away the insatiable hunger. Secondly, there can be thought no better thing for the stomach than good old strong wine for common drink: But if the same cannot be had, then may be used in the stead thereof, some Mead, or Hony water. In like sort also Miva aromatica, and other sirupes more, which shall be described hereafter. The rich and very dainty persons may also get Hippocras made, whereof you shall find many kinds described in the eight part: Stelladia. especially this following called Stelladia is used much in Italy. Take Cinnamome, and Cloves, of each one drag. Pepper, Grains, and Galingall, of each one drag. and a half, Cardamome one drag. and a half, one quart of Wine, Sugar or Hony, as much as you please: make Hippocras thereof, as is taught in the eight part. Amongst the most used Wines made of Herbs, are these ensuing warm of nature, Wine of Eyebright cleanseth the stomach of all humidity, withstandeth the Ague, and is of a temperate nature. The Wine of Hyssop warmeth also the stomach, and all inward members. The like do also Rosemary wine, & Marierom wine, which also provoke appetite. Asarabacca wine & Wormwood wine, are very good, especially if there be any Mastic decocted in the common wine. betony wine & Gillofloure wine are very good against windines. The herb Bennet wine and Clary wine, are also very good for this purpose. Item, take Must as much as you think good, let it work four days one after another, than put therein a small bag, with the leaves of the right wild Vine, and let them also work together as before, whereof will be a very pleasant wine. You have the like before in the second part, the sixth Chapter, and 5. §. of the panting of the hart through cold, a spiced wine, beginning thus: Take Ginger two ounces, etc. What a virtue also the Elecampane wine hath (which is very common) shall be amongst other discovered in the eight part. Here have you also some more such like drinks for a proof: Take syrup of Mints one ounce, Cinnamome water three drams and a half, oil of Cloves two drops, oil of Vitriol three drops, temper all together. The oil of Vitriol is very sharp and perilous, as is rehearsed in the description thereof. Take water of Currans four ounces, temper therein as much Saffron as the bigness of a Pease, drink it lukewarm in the morning, likewise also after noon and after supper: it is especial good against all pain of the stomach. The wine may also be tempered with Currans water. Item, seeth Wormwood in wine or water, and drink it: it is very good for poor folks. Item, in the second Part the fift Chapter and 5. §. you shall have a pectoral water, beginning: Take new Figs, etc. which also doth cleanse the stomach from all excessive humidity. In like manner doth also a forcible Capon water in the second Part the sixth Chapter, and 4. §. which doth strengthen the stomach and the hart marvelous mightily. Charuell water, La●ks spur water mixed, or each apart, strengthen the stomach. The vital waters and other waters are very requisite also for this, whereof many be described in the eight Part. Of sirupes which do strengthen the stomach. Syrup of Citron péeles doth strengthen and help digestion, syrup of Wormwood doth make appetite, syrup of Mints is good for all diseases of the stomach which proceed of cold, syrup of fumitory helpeth all obstruction. Oxymel Compositum and of Squils' be good to break all tough slime. Ginger and Calmus steeped in wine or vinegar are also very good, if one eat a spoonful thereof. Some do put Gentian roots unto it, for such as can away with bitterness. Also twice a day you may eat six or eight peeled Almonds, therewith to dry the stomach, and every third day once to eat a few water Cresses tempered with wine. Also if there be any new Figs to be had, then eat four or five in the morning fasting. Amongst all these foresaid remedies there be many which may be used as well to the old, as the new diseases of the stomach, like as each one may know for to rule himself thereafter. What then belongeth to the order of life we have spoken thereof at the first: but if need were (whether it be of superfluous moisture, binding the body, or other debility of the stomach) to purge, then must good heed be taken of such things as be contrary to the stomach, and might distemper it: to wit, wild Saffron seed, Polypodie roots, and seeds of Palma Christi, (which are enemies to the stomach, and accounted but Quacksalver's remedies) but in this is providently to be dealt, and after the taking of some preparative potions, he is to use the last mentioned Sirupes, or these ensuing, and such like purgations. Take Hiera Picra one ounce, Turbith half a dram, Ginger one scruple, and three ounces of the before mentioned wines. Make also a potion thereof: also there may be put into this a little Cinnamome for the tastes sake. Another. TAke of the Confection of Diacatholicon five drams, Diaphenicon two drams, syrup of Ireos and Rhubarb, of each half a dram, Spica two grains: both beaten small, temper them with Decoctione Fructuum (which is described before in the third Chapter 5. §.) wherein some Spikenard is decocted. If you had rather use pills, then take pills De Agarico, Hierae Picrae, or Indae. Item, other that be less laxative, and do strengthen the stomach. Take Mirobalani Chebuli and Indi, Rhubarb, Cinnamome, Cardamome, Cloves, and Galingale, of each one dram, Aloe one dram and a half: these being beaten small together, temper them with the juice of Mints wherein Agaricus hath been four and twenty hours steeped: of these pills may one swallow two or three morning and evening, especially if the pain of the stomach have long endured. These following do strengthen and assuage the pain of the stomach: Take Pillulae Alephanginae one dram, Opij and Bevercod, of each one grain, make five pills thereof with Oxymel. Item, take washed Aloe one scruple, and make two pills thereof: take them one hour before meat, and especially before that he be purged. Pills which will not purge, but only strengthen. TAke beaten Mastic and the juice of Wormwood, of each a like quantity, set it covered close in a warm place until it be dry, that one may make pills of it, whereof every day two hours before noon, you may take one pill. Now we will declare what is to be used outwardly for such bad stomachs: for which we have expressed many plasters, as hereafter do follow. Take Pitch & Rosin, of each one ounce, Mastic, Mints and Cloves, of each half an ounce, Trocisci de Bolo, and De Terra sigillata, Amber, Bloudstone, Dragon blood, Hypocistis and Mommy, of each one dram, Gallia Muscata and red Styrax, of each half a dram, the juice of Quinces, as much as is needful for to make a plaster with it. This is not only good for the stomach, but is also much better for that flux which cannot be stopped nor stayed. Another. Take red Styrax, Spica, Squinant, Wormwood, Calmus, Mastic, of each a like much, temper them with old wine and the juice of Quinces unto a plaster, and lay it on the stomach. Item, take Mastic, Galingale, zeduary, Ameos, Mints and Wormwood, of each half a dram, Turpentine and Wax, of each half an ounce, temper them with the oil of Mastic to a plaster. Or take oil of Mastic, oil of Wormwood, of each one ounce, oil of Myrtles half an ounce, Cloves, Cinnamome, Galingale, of each half a drag. Lignum Aloes and Ginger, of each one scruple, vinegar one spoonful, Wax as much as will suffice. Another: Take Bayberries and Mastic, of each one drag. Cinnamome, Lignum Aloes, Cypers roots, Saunders and Cucubes, of each half a drag. Mints, Wormwood and Roses, of each four scruples, Spica, Mace, of each one scruple, Gallia Muscata one drag. Galingall, Calmus, Coming, Frankincense, of each two scruples, Laudanum one quarter of an ounce, Rosine and oil of Mastic, as much as sufficeth to make a plaster: then spread it on a piece of leather, and so lay it upon the stomach. Item, take Wormwood and Roses, of each one handful, Mints half a handful, Calmus, Lignum Aloes, of each one drag. and a half, yellow Saunders, Galingall and Nutmegs, of each half a drag. washed Turpentine with wine, two ounces, Mastic three drag. and oil of Mastic, as much as is needful to make a plaster. Another: Take the juices of Mints, Wormwood and Marierom, of each two ounces, Frankincense and Mastic, of each half an ounce, Cloves, Mace, Nutmegs, of each two drams: temper them with Turpentine until they be thick, as a plaster ought to be, then spread it on leather, and cover it with red Syndall: you may also temper a little Laudanum amongst it, and so lay it thereon. Item, take Mints and Wormwood, of each one dram and a half, red Coral half a drag. Laudanum three drag. Wax one ounce, Turpentine half an ounce. First, melt the Wax, Turpentine and Laudanum, and then mingle the rest amongst it. Item, take the uppermost leaves of Wormwood, Mints, Roses, of each half an ounce, Cinnamome, Galingale, Mace, Nutmegs, Lignum Aloes, of each one drag. Mastic one quarter of an ounce, Frankincense one drag. and a half, and Marmalade three ounces: poune all small which are to be pouned, and afterwards temper the rest in it with Malmsey. This so tempered, spread it on leather (as is said) and sprinkle it with beaten Cloves and Mastic, of each half an ounce; then with oil of Mints make a plaster thereof. Yet another: Take Mastic, Cinnamome, Cloves, Violets, Spica, Lignum Aloes, Gallia Muscata, Calmus, and Galingall, of each one drag. and a half, red and white Saunders, prepared Coriander and Sorrell seeds, of each one dram, Laudanum half a drag. boiled Pitch (as is taught in the Introduction) one ounce, Musk two grains, and then make it to a plaster with oil of Mastic. Another: Take Mastic three ounces, Galingale, Ameos, Zeduarie, of each half a dram, dried Mints and fresh Wormwood, of each one drag. Turpentine half an ounce, poune them all together, and temper them with the oil of Mastic unto a salve, and spread it then on Fustian. The plaster of Bayberries, which is called at the Apothecaries De Baccis Lauri, is also specially commended for a cold stomach, and is made as followeth: Take Frankincense, Plaster of Bayberries. Mastic & Myrrh, of each half an ounce, new pouned Bayberries one ounce, Cypers roots, Costus roots, of each three quarters of an ounce, clarified Honey eight ounces: seethe it till it be thick, and then temper all the other things amongst it, and so make a plaster thereof. This foresaid plaster is not only good against all pains of the stomach, but also for the bowels, for the liver, kidneys, bladder, belly, & all other parts of the body, where is any pain through cold winds. And how much more Cypers roots you put unto it, so much the stronger do you make it to expel the winds, and especially it is very good for the dropsy called Tympanites, a Tympany. Item, take Cloves, Mastic, Spica, Galingale and long Pepper, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wax, Laudanum, Ammoniacum, of each one drag. oil of Spikenard as much as sufficeth for a plaster. Here followeth now all that is to be outwardly applied upon the Stomach. TAke a great Onion and make it hollow, and put therein Saffron flowers about one dram and a half: this Onion must then be wound in wet tow, and afterwards roasted in ashes. This being done, you are to make it clean, and stamp it to pap: lay thereof upon a cloth the thickness of a finger, and then lay it upon the pit of the stomach, and as often as it is cold, take another again which is warm. This is passing good for a cold stomach. Also you may seeth Mastic in Wine, and of this Wine must you lay upon the stomach with a cloth, as warm as you can suffer it. Item, unwashed sheeps wool kemmed must you let soak upon thick red Wine, wherein is oil of Spikenard, and so laid warm upon the stomach, the same taketh away the pain of the stomach. Or steep the foresaid wool in oil of Mastic, oil of Wormwood, or oil of Spike, then wring it out, and so lay it very warm upon the stomach. Another. Take Ginger, Mints, Southernwood, Costus roots, to wit, the sweet root, Wormwood, wild Thyme, and Mastic, of each half an ounce, Frankincense one quarter of an ounce, Spikenard, Cloves, Lignum Aloes, Cassy wood, of each half a dram: let all these seeth together in nine ounces of Salad oil and three ounces of good Wine, until the Wine be clean consumed: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and then lay it upon your stomach like as is before said. For this is also very good Pellitory of the wall, with oil of Spike, of Mastic fried, one drag. of Saffron put thereto: likewise a Swallows nest boiled in Wine, until it be clean through mollified & dissolved, and so laid warm upon the stomach. Or take water of Mints, Wormwood and Malmsey, of each six ounces, Cloves, Mints, Cinnamome, Lignum Aloes, Galingall, of each half a drag. temper them all together, and make a piece of felt wet therein, and so lay it warm upon the stomach, like as is taught before. Item, carry upon the stomach a young naked Child, or in stead of him a young naked Dog: they do both of them warm the stomach, and strengthen the same. The same doth also a Cushion of fine feathers: likewise also a warm hand holden upon the stomach. It is also found good to rub the stomach with vital waters. One may also make a cloth wet therein, and so lay it warm upon it. Bags to be laid upon the Stomach. TAke Mints, Wormwood, wild Vine leaves, Rosemary, and Peniroyall, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cloves four scruples, Nutmegs, Mace, Mastic, of each two scruples, Galingall half a drag. Roses and prepared Coriander, of each two scruples, Gallia Muscata one drag. beat them all together gross, and make a bag with it. Another: Take Wormwood, Mints, wild Vine leaves, and white Mints, of each one drag. Cloves one drag. and a half, Nutmegs and Mace, of each two scruples, Galingall half a drag. prepared Coriander and Roses, of each two scruples and a half, Mastic, Cinnamome, Calmus, of each one scruple, Gallia Muscata four scruples, Laudanum one quarter of an ounce: make thereof with red silk a bag to apply unto the stomach. Or take this next following: Take Lignum Aloes, Wormwood, white Mints, Betony, Mastic, Frankincense, Cypers roots, Costus roots, Caruway, Fennell, Roses, and Briony, of each one drag. juiubes, Mace, Cinnamome, Cloves, Spica, Nutmegs, white & long Pepper, of each half a drag. Calmus, Cassy wood, and red Coral, of each two scruples: this being all beaten gross, make a bag thereof for the Stomach. Ointments and Oils for all cold stomachs. TAke oil of Mastic, Wormwood, Spikenard, of each one ounce, Cloves, Mastic, Ameos, of each one drag. beat them well together, and make an ointment thereof. Item, take oil of Mastic, and of wormwood, of each one ounce, oil of Myrtles half an ounce, Cloves, Cinnamome and Galingall, of each half a drag. Lignum Aloes and Ginger, of each one scruple; make an ointment of it with a little Vinegar. Or take Roses five drag. Wormwood one quarter of an ounce, Spica one drag. Cloves two scruples, long Pepper half a drag. Mastic, rumpled Mints, of each one drag. these being well beaten, then take oil of Mastic three ounces and a half, oil of Roses six ounces and a half, Wax one ounce and a half, (but the oil and the wax must be leisurely melted together) and then temper the rest together unto an ointment, wherewith you are to anoint all the breast very warm. And if it be in winter, and that the party must go abroad, then lay upon the breast anointed two or three leaves of writing paper, for it preserveth natural heat, and defendeth the stomach from all outward cold. Another: Take distilled oil of Mastic; or in the stead thereof oil of Camomile, Wormwood, Mints, Quinces, and Roses, of each one ounce and a half, Mace, Mastic, Nutmegs, Cloves, Cardamome, Grains, Galingall, and Lignum Aloes, of each one quarter of an ounce, red Coral, prepared Coriander, Roses, Mints, Wormwood and Camomile, of each two drag. and a half, crumbs of new Rye bread which have been steeped 24. hours in sharp Vinegar, four ounces; take them out and beat them to pap: afterwards melt three ounces and a half of Wax in oil, and then temper it unto a salve. Another which is used in Italy: Take oil of the blossoms of Oranges one ounce, powder of Benseine one drag. and a half, Cloves, Mace, of each half a drag. Laudanum one quarter of an ounce, temper all to a salve. Another: Take oil of Quinces, of Spikenard and Mastic, of each two ounces and a half, red Styrax, Squinant, Cipers roots, red and white Coral, Roses, Mastic, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cloves, wild Vine leaves, of each half a drag. Wax and Rosin, as much as is needful for to make a salve. This doth strengthen the stomach, withstandeth the wambling, and is also good for all humidity of the stomach. Item, take oil of Mastic, Spike, oil of Quinces, of each three ounces, oil of Wormwood one ounce and a half, Mastic, Cloves, Nutmegs, wild Vine leaves, Mints and Myrtle seeds, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wormwood, Roses, red and white Coral, of each one drag. with a little Wax, and make an unguent thereof. Another. If one can get none other thing, then take green or dry Wormwood, seeth it in Salad oil with a little Wine, until the wine be consumed, and anoint therewith the stomach. Oil of Mastic is thus prepared: Take oil of Roses six ounces, Oil of Mastic. good wine four ounces, of gross heaten Mastic one ounce and a half: let this seeth together until the wine be decocted: This oil doth not only strengthen the stomach, but also the brains, the sinews, joints, and the Liver, assuageth all pain and all swellings in all the parts of the body. To make oil of Quinces. THis oil of Quinces is also (next to the oil of Mastic) very highly commended; for it is costly and good for all debilities of the stomach, it allayeth all wambling, it strengtheneth the digestive virtue, and also the sinews etc. and it is thus prepared: Take Quinces that be yet scant ripe, cut them with the pills in pieces, and take out the seeds; then take the juice of Quinces, of the one as much as the other in a glass, and power into it as much oil as there is of the juice, but rather unripe oil than other: this being bounden tied, then set the glass the space of fifteen days in the Sun, afterwards let it boil two or three hours in water, and then wring it hard through a cloth: this must be done three or four times one after another, and so kept close stopped. For a conclusion of this weakness of the stomach through cold, some do use this brief mean, First, they do ordain a Clyster made in this manner following: take Lineseed and fresh butter, of each six ounces, of well washed Turpentine dissolved in wine or any decoction (wherein be much Annis seed sodden) one ounce; let the patiented also drink much of some decoction of Cloves, Galingall, Cinnamome, Balsam fruits, and Calmus: Lay then lastly this plaster following upon the stomach. Take Rue one ounce, Wormwood four ounces: this being beaten together, temper it with honey, and then lay it warm upon the stomach. Of the debility of the stomach through heat. §. 6. IF so be that this weakness of the stomach, and bad digestion of the same be with great thirst, without appetite, with sour foul belchings, and with great drought of the mouth, it is then very easily to be adjudged that the same is caused through heat. If there be Cholera mingled amongst it, then followeth wambling and parbraking, and that after the taking of light meats, as eggs, fowls, and other good flesh. The mouth is bitter, and sometimes there cometh a shooting pain: he desireth all cold things, and all which is hot goeth against him. The digestion of the stomach is strong, if the heat endure not too long, which otherwise spoileth the same. These are the signs of the Gall or Bilis which troubleth or inflameth the stomach, and (as is said) molesteth the same with vomiting and a sharp scouring. Now for to remedy this pain of the stomach, it is to be marked whether the sick person were not wont to cast, and if he were, he is then to use this syrup, which is necessary for it: Take the juice of sour Quinces eight ounces, white Sugar four ounces, Vinegar two ounces, seethe them to a syrup; this syrup doth not only cool unnatural heat of the stomach, but also strengtheneth it for to effect her work, and expelleth the windines of the same. For this, is also very commodious the syrup of Verivice, or De Agresta, which doth also the same. Item, the syrup of Pears, Peaches, and especially of Apples, which is described in the second part, the sixth Chapter, and 4. §. which be also these following that be made of the juice of Bayberies', Sorrell, Roses, water Lilies, Lemons, Citrons, Myrtle seeds, and of the juice of pomegranates. Item, Oxysacchara, julep of Roses and Violets, syrup of Oranges are also highly commended for this, which be every where described. Item, syrup of Roses laxative, Oxymel syrup of Endive and of Vinegar, or these following: Take Endive, small Endive, and Lettuce, of each one handful, the seeds of Melons, Cucumbers, Gourds, and Pompions, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wormwood one handful, Roses, Violets, of each one ounce, peeled Barley one handful, the juice of Pomegranates four ounces, Vinegar three ounces, Sugar as much as you think good, make a syrup thereof. Item, Honey of Roses expelleth all choleric matter from the stomach, and doth strengthen the same: and if it be needful to use any purgation for this, then shall you find good instructions for it where we shall treat of Cholera, but chief is Cassie commended for it, because her cooling operation is very fit and meet for the stomach, for it cleanseth the same from all moisture, and therefore are the confections of Cassy and Manna which be described hereafter in the binding of the body, esteemed very meet. Item, the Tabulates Diaturbith cum Rhabarbaro, and a certain powder more, which is expressed in the same place. Amongst the Simples are Seen leaves the very principal, which have a great property to purge the hot Cholera; the like doth also Aloe, Coloquint, the juice of wild Cucumbers, Epithymus, and twenty or thirty seeds of Palma Christi, which be very good, but that they be somewhat prejudicial to the stomach. Esula is somewhat too strong, for if the same be not well prepared, then is it venom in the body. Laurel and the flowers of Mezereon be exceeding sharp and perilous to be used. The Polypodie root is very safe, but yet somewhat hurtful to the stomach. The yellow Mirobalans above all other do purge Cholera, and lose very necessarily. There be of such laxative simples many more, but we have only recited here these simples for example, whereby to choose that which liketh him best, and to forbear that which is to be eschewed. When he hath purged, then is it counseled by divers that this Potion following be taken after it. Take fumitory, Violets, Wormwood, of each one ounce; let these seeth so long in water, until about four ounces do remain of it. You are then to steep in this decoction one quarter of an ounce of yellow Mirobalans the space of a whole night, and being wrung out, then are you to temper amongst it one drag. or one quarter of an ounce of Hiera Picra, and in the morning early to drink it warm. The order of Diet. THe patient is to be sustained with such meats as be somewhat sour, and that have also an astringent virtue, as flesh boiled with unripe Pomegranates, or for sauce for his meat Verivice, wine of pomegranates, juice of Oranges, Lemons, and Prunes of Damask, Lettuce, Purslane, both of them made sour with Vinegar, and so used. Barley pap, Quinces, roasted Pears, or stewed Pears strewed with Fennell or Annis seed, eaten after meals, do shut up the stomach: The like do also wild dry Pears. Before in the first part the twelfth Chapter, and first §. you have an especial good stomachical powder which is very good for all pains of the stomach which proceed of Cholera. Item, take Roses ten drag. ivory three drag. prepared Coriander seeds five drag. give him half an ounce thereof with syrup of Pomegranates, or syrup of Quinces. For this, are also good these confections following, as Triasantalon, Diarrhodon Abbatis, Rosata novella, and Aromaticum rosatum which is wholly of a temperate nature. Confected things which do cool the stomach. THe Conserve of Raspes and of Lettuce are both of them good for to cool the stomach: they make also a desire for meat, and do quicken the appetite. Musk pears do stay the vapouring or fuming up into the head. All preserved Cherries, Barberies, Cicorie roots, unripe Grapes, for what they be good, and how they are to be confected, shall sufficiently be taught in the last part. Item, take new conserve of Roses four ounces, syrup of Apples as much as you please; temper them all together, and take half an ounce fasting in the morning. Or take Mastic one drag. Roses, ivory & Mints, of each half a drag. prepared Coriander one quarter of an ounce, red Coral one drag. and a half, Marmalade six ounces; make these with the syrup of Apples a little soft, and stamp them all together in a mortar, and mix them all well together. Marmalades without spice (whereof be divers described in the last part) be also good remedies for the stomach, they stay the flux, strengthen all the inward parts, & make appetite. The conserve of Peach blossoms is also good. Conserves of Roses delay the sharpness of the choleric matter which causeth vomit. Conserves of Cicorie are also made for this. Of the Trocisks these are special good, De Spodio, Diarrhodon, De Camphora, De Barberis. And as touching his drink, he must eschew all strong Wine, and drink a small thin Wine. Cherry wine cooleth and moisteneth the stomach and all inward parts through his temperate nature. julep of Violets, and all other cooling potions may be used. Hereafter in the treatise of Melancholy, there shall be described a very precious wine, beginning thus: Take picked Currans, etc. which may be also very commodiously used for this. Now for to come to the things which one may use outwardly, we will speak first of the plasters, and describe some of them. Take the juice of Plantain and Rose water, of each six ounces, Vinegar one ounce, red and white Saunders, red Coral, and prepared Coriander, of each one quarter of an ounce, Quince kernels, Sorrel seed, of each one drag. this being beaten small together, make a plaster thereof with Barley meal, yet let it not be too hard, and lay it on the neck of the stomach. Another. Take red and white Saunders, Sorrell seed, Bay berries, Quince kernels, and the juice of Quinces, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Mastic one ounce; poune all that is to be pouned, seeth it by a mild fire or on hot ashes until the juice be wasted, then strain it through a cloth, and make thereof a soft plaster with Wax as much as is needful for it. This plaster following is cooling and astringent. Take Roses, ivory, Mastic, Coriander, Myrtle kernels, and the juice of Sloes, Sandaraca, & Dragon blood, of each half a drag. Laudanum one quarter of an ounce, Galliae Muscatae half a drag. Pitch and Rosin, of each three quarters of an ounce, Wax as much as is needful for a plaster; let all these be melted together in four ounces of the juice of Quinces, and seeth it slowly until all the juice be consumed, and it will be like to a soft plaster: it strengtheneth the weak stomach of heat, of Cholera, and of an Ague; it quencheth thirst, stayeth excessive vomiting, scouring, and also the pain of the stomach. Out of all the foresaid things may you make salves with oil of Roses, Violets, Quinces, and Mastic (which you please) until that the salve be soft enough. In like manner is the salve of Roses also especially good for the heat of the stomach. The stomach is also to be anointed with this oil following; as oil of Quinces, oil of Mastic, and chief when there be Vine tendrils decocted therein. Of Bags, Applications, and Fomentations for the stomach. TAke red and white Saunders, red and white Coral, and Citron seed, of each one drag. prepared Coriander one drag. and a half: these being all stamped together grossly, make a bag thereof. Take Rose water, Endive water, and water of Mints, of each twelve ounces, the juice of sour Quinces two ounces, of red and white Saunders, prepared Coriander, red Coral, and Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wormwood half a handful, wherewith you may foment, and put the decocted herbs in a bag, and so apply them to the stomach. Of the debility of the stomach through drought. §. 7. Wheresoever is any weakness of the stomach caused through drought (whereof hath been spoken at the first) it causeth great thirst, drought of the tongue, and falling away of the whole body, as also contrariwise they find ease when they find moist things. In this disease is the patiented to drink Milk, and Barley water; for the same do cool, moisten, and cause the body to increase again. In like manner he is also to be fed with moistening herbs, as Lettuce, Mallows, and such like: also with Veal, Lamb, River fish. Eggs dressed with Wine are also good for him, for that they yield good nourishment. Item, there be very good and commodious Pullet broths dressed with cooling herbs, Capon waters, Marchpanes, and other things more, which before in the Consumption or Phthisi in the second part the fifth Chapter and 22. §. and afterwards in the sixth part of the Ague Hectica, are expressed, all which be prepared for to moisten. He shall also oftentimes bathe before meals and after meals, but a good while after. His drink must be small Wine. Rest is good for him, and much motion is hurtful, he is further to rule himself in all things as for the Consumption, and as is taught for the Ague Hectica. But in case there strike great heat into it, then use the salve of Roses and Saunders, the cooling salve Galeni, oil of Roses, of Violets and waterlilies and such like. But this plaster following is highly commended: Take new sliced Gourds, Purslane and Willow leaves, of each two ounces, white Saunders one quarter of an ounce, Camfer one drag. Rose water as much as is needful: temper them and lay them upon the stomach: you may lay also a bladder of cold water upon the stomach. But this is here to be noted, that the cooling things must be laid upon it in such manner, that the places adjacent about it, to wit, the Midriff, the Liver, and the Milt, may not thereby be harmed, and lose their natural action: for which, it is also advised that when the same is perceived, that the same place be anointed with warm oil. Of the scalding in the throat, and of the hartburning. §. 8. ALthough this hartburning be caused diversly, yet nevertheless doth the same come always for the most part through heat, or through ascending vapours, through strong Wine drunken, Spices, fat meats, and such like, against which these things ensuing are to be used, to wit, conserve of betony, Gillofloures, and the wine of both these: also the first stomachical medicine described above in the 5. §. Item, Marmalade, and preserved sour Pears. Some do hang about their neck for this disease the herb Agrimony. Other do hold in their mouth the stone in the Carp head. Other do eat five or six Peach kernels, or bitter Almonds upon it, etc. of which every one may choose that which liketh him best. Of Inappetencie or lost appetite, and whereby it may be remedied. §. 9 OF all the foresaid debilities of the stomach, like as also in all diseases incident unto it, the Appetite commonly is taken away, except the infirmity of the unnatural hunger. Yea there is sometimes such loathing of meats therewith, that they cannot abide to smell them. The causes thereof are divers: the first is heat, wherein the patiented hath very small desire to eat but great list to drink, with drought of the tongue, and loathing of all warm things. If it be mingled with Cholera, then is there always bitterness with it, with a wambling. Or if so be that there be any Phlegma with it, then doth the patiented always find some kind of brackishnes in the mouth. Secondly, this may also be caused through cold, whereby the constringent virtue and taste of the stomach are destroyed. These are the signs: small thirst, much spittle and other filth about the mouth of the stomach; the patiented doth feel heaviness or pinching. Other whiles he parbraketh some Phlegma, be it sweet or sour he shall feel it in the mouth. All warm things are welcome unto him; cold things go against his stomach. This disease may also be well caused by eating too much cold fruit, or by drinking of water. Thirdly, the hot Agues do also take away the appetite. Fourthly, impostumes of the stomach, of the liver, and of the milt, which be not without an Ague. These may be perceived by swelling and pain of the same parts, whose remedies are taught in the description of the selfsame members. Fiftly, this is also caused through a tough slimy matter which lieth in the mouth of the stomach, and there doth take away the appetite. The signs of them are these: if one do cast up again all that he hath taken, be it sour, sweet, hot, cold, like as Olives, & such like. And albeit they do remain in the stomach, yet do they make great pain and dissension. Sixtly, there appeareth a certain debility of the retentive power in the flesh, in the small veins, in the muscles, and other members, whereby (as behoveth) they cannot draw their nourishment unto them, so that the stomach may also thereby bear the less meat. The signs whereof are these: the patiented is meetly desirous of meat, but when the same is set before him then can he eat but very little of it. Seventhly, it is sometimes caused, for that melancholy very slowly or nothing at all hath his course towards the mouth of the stomach, which was wont there to excitate appetite to meat; which may well be perceived hereby, if he be given to eat sour meats: by which means the appetite partly returneth again. The cause may also be worms, whereof shall be spoken hereafter. Ninthly, it may well happen for that the Melancholy too abundantly runneth towards the mouth of the stomach, whereof the signs be vomiting of melancholic humours, sowernes of the mouth, black colour of the face, debility of the stomach and hart. The tenth cause is, when women begin to bear, whereof the signs be sufficiently known. eleventhly, the overhot time and air may likewise cause the same, like as doth also exceeding cold and much watching; which causes and signs may be learned of the patiented, and demanded of them that do tend him. twelvely, through great vexations of the mind, as anger, sorrow, care, anguish, great joy, desire of Venery which cannot be obtained, as well as that which may be obtained. Thirteenthly, this lost appetite may be caused through any corruption in the stomach, which may be perceived through stench of the breath, or through the ordure. This is also otherwhiles caused by reason of the scouring called diarrhea with intolerable stench. There be also many more causes: but the abovesaid shall be sufficient unto us for this time. Now we will proceed to prepare remedies for those lost appetites, whereby otherwise people might perish at length. First, if so be that this lost appetite proceedeth through heat and Cholera, then is the patiented to be brought to vomiting, for that by reason that the matter is light and liquid, therefore may it easily be expelled, and for to prepare for the same, let the patient take Oxysacchara and syrup of vinegar which shall immediately hereafter be described, and thereupon use this mild and gentle purgation. Take Fumitory and Wormwood, of each two ounces, put them in water until that there remain about four ounces, then steep therein one ounce of gross beaten Mirobalans one whole night, afterwards wring them well out, and so give it him. Also one may purge with the confection of Triphera & Rhubarb. This syrup following is very much welcome unto the stomach: Take the juice of Apples that be somewhat sour, and the juice of Quinces, of each eight ounces both well clarified, then seethe them together with eight ounces of Sugar unto a syrup, whereof every morning & evening give him two ounces at one time. Also Marmalade may be used alone. But if you will have it stronger, then take eight ounces of the foresaid confection, and temper it with a little wine; and when the same is a little cold again, then mix amongst it one ounce of beaten Roses, Species Triasandali, half an ounce, Spica, and Lignum Aloes, of each one quarter of an ounce. For this be also good, Services, Pears, syrup of Mulberries, syrup of Vinegar, Oxysacchara, Oxymel, confected Coriander, Melon seed, and all that is sour. On the outside shall you apply as followeth: Take a Quince pear, cut it very small and take out the core, and let the same boil in oil of Roses; afterwards beat it very small, and temper therewith the seeds of Butcher's broom, Barberies, Roses and red Saunders, of each one quarter of an ounce, the pills of Grapes three drams beaten small, then spread it on a leather, and wear it on your stomach. Vinegar eaten with Lettuce is also very good: so are also Quinces, a little Sorrel, Verivice, Lemons, the juice of Citrons, Oranges, sour Apples, Pomegranates, and Mulberries that are, and all, yet scant ripe. Also all they that have lost their appetite of eating, must beware of all fat flesh and meat, that is dressed with much oil and butter. You shall have also a further resolution or advise in the sixth part, where we speak and discourse of Agues, what is needful to be done for the defect of appetite. But if so be that this lost appetite do proceed of cold, then are these preparatives to be used. The syrup of Citron pills, Wormwood and Mints, of each half an ounce, tempered in Barley water, and so drunken four or six mornings one after another. For to purge, use Pillulae stomachicae, Hiera Picra sharpened with a little of the Trocisci Alhandali: this is passing good if one have a fowl matter stinking in the stomach. Afterwards he may take any of these confections ensuing, Diacyminum, Aromaticum Rosatum, Diatrion pipereon, Diacalamintha, and sometimes some Treacle: also Marmalade with spices, green Ginger, and Chebuli: The stomachical powder which is described in the first part, the twelfth chapter, and first §. Salsamentum Regium. In like manner also the Salsamentum Regium, which is thus made: Take Fennell & Parsley seed, Cinnamom, Cloves, of each a like quantity; let them seeth well in Vinegar, then put unto the broth a good deal of Sugar, and so use it for all other meat in stead of a sauce: This hath an especial operation to quicken the appetite. For this may also be used Onions, Garlic, spices, confected Cinnamom, and Annis seeds, roasted and stewed Pears stuck full of Cloves. And this salve for the stomach may also be made thus: Take Salad oil six ounces, Mints, Wormwood, Marierom gentle, & marsh Mints, of each one ounce, Nutmegs, Cipers nuts, of each one quarter of an ounce, Annis, Fennell, Cloves, of each half a drag. white wine six ounces; cut and beat all gross together, and so let it seethe until the wine be decocted away: afterwards wring it out hard through a cloth, and anoint the place therewith warm. Afterwards strew this powder following upon it: Take Frankincense and Mastic, of each half an ounce, Cipers' roots one quarter of an ounce, Mints, Wormwood, & Nutmegs, of each one dram, and then apply unwashed sheeps wool upon it meetly warm. Forasmuch as not only here, but in other places more, the syrup of Vinegar is specified: therefore we will here describe it after two sorts, like as the same is used at the Apothecaries: the first is called Syrupus Acetosus simplex, Syrupus Acetosus simplex. and is thus prepared: Take good sharp Vinegar three ounces, Sugar five ounces; clarify it with the white of an egg, and let the Vinegar be decocted to a syrup. This syrup is very good against all corrupted humours: for it doth attenuate all thick slime, and causeth all tough matter to avoid, softeneth the hard, and expelleth all bad humours: it openeth all obstructions, and provoketh urine: in fine, it is good for all bad corruptions of the body, and is also very good for all pestilent Fevers, for it quencheth the thirst. Compositus vel cum Radicibus. The other syrup of Vinegar do the Physicians call Syrupum Acetosum compositum, or Acetosum cum Radicibus, and is made thus: Take fair Well water about one quart, the roots of Fennell, Smallage and Endive well cleansed, of each one ounce and a half, Annis, Fennell, and Smallage seeds, of each half an ounce, beaten grossly; let them seeth unto the half, then wring out hard all the liquor, and put thereto eighteen ounces of white Sugar, twelve ounces of strong Vinegar; seeth them to a syrup. This syrup doth cause gross humours to avoid, and chief the choleric slime which will hardly be expelled from the Lights: It openeth also all the oppilations of the Liver, Lights, and Kidneys. Of the wambling, and the loathing of meat. §. 10. ALl they that have lost their desire and appetite to meat, have commonly such a loathing of all meat, that they can neither abide to see nor to smell it. This debility of the stomach do the learned call Subuersionem, Fastidium, Nauseam, and the Grecians Anorexian, which is, when all things do go against the stomach, and hath no delight in any, after which followeth wambling, and then Atrophia, when the patient cannot sustain himself any longer. Also when one careth for no meat, and when the stomach is molested with continual wambling and parbraking, and yet notwithstanding cannot cast up, the body falleth away, and doth utterly come to the Consumption Tabes: for this Atrophia is a spice of a Consumption. So that these things, as inappetencie, or loss of appetite, wambling and loathsomeness, do commonly depend on each other, and are almost caused of one manner of cause, therefore have we described them beside each other. The causes which provoke this loss of appetite and wambling, may well be these hereafter following, to wit, when one beholdeth some loathsome thing or any other filth, as when an other vomiteth, whereby the imagination is moved, and the stomach also urged to vomit, and yet nevertheless cannot by any means parbrake at all; as it cometh often to pass, when as any be stricken hard upon the stomach. Also the same may be caused through overgreat heat or cold: Also if one have overcharged himself with meat or drink, and chief with Pork, with Celes, with water Fowls, and with excessive Wine, or such like, and then thereupon followeth no exercise, whereby such crudity might be digested. These diseases may also be caused through some bad and slimy humours which are in the stomach, whether it be through mixture of heat, Cholera, or cold Phlegma, or otherwise; the which notwithstanding, how late soever that it be, do trouble the stomach, cause wambling, but not so forcibly that the stomach is able thereby to expel them. The signs thereof are for the most part apparent to the eye, and to be inquired of the sick person. If it be long of the stomach, then is some heat to be perceived in the feeling of the stomach, which also is by the complexion augmented, as old age, the time of the year. And if otherwhiles there be somewhat parbraked or vomited up, and that the same cometh through cold, then causeth it neither thirst nor heat, the patiented desireth rest and quiet. If so be that it do come through heat and cold, then do come all things for the most part by the foresaid feebleness of the stomach, for which are the remedies here expressed to be used: yet is this here especially commended But if so be that this wambling or loathsomeness do proceed of Cholera, with heat and bitterness of the mouth, drought of the throat and tongue, then prepare the matter with syrup of Vinegar, and with Oxymel simplex. The vomiting and purging must be brought to pass through these means following: Take Violets, Borage flowers, and bugloss flowers, of each half an ounce, 15. or 16. Damask Prunes, seeth them together with 18. ounces of water unto the half, then lay to steep therein a whole night, half an ounce of yellow Mirobalans, Rhubarb one dram or more, afterwards wring it out very hard, and drink it betimes in the morning. After purging strengthen the stomach with syrup of Apples, of Pomegranates, or of Quinces which is made of Sugar. And for this is to be used also the confection Triasantalon, conserve of Roses, or Rosata Novella. First, he must eat Lettuce, Purslane, and Sorrell, with Vinegar, and Strawberries if they be ripe. His meat must be tempered with the juice of Sorrell, Oranges, and the juice of Lemons. But if this wambling or loathsomeness do proceed of cold, then must the matter be prepared with Oxymel diureticum, or with syrup of Wormwood, and with wine of Wormwood, and afterwards must the patiented be constrained to vomit. For to purge must be taken Diaturbith or Hiera Picra, which is sharpened with a little Esula & Mastic: after purging, Marmalade with spices is to be used, and Aromaticum rosatum, Diapliris with Muscus, or Letitiae Galeni. Also make a sauce of Parsley, Sage, Mints, Cloves, beaten together, and tempered with vinegar. Moreover, all manner of other means are to be used to quicken the appetite. Outwardly is the stomach to be anointed with the oil of Mastic and of Wormwood. Plasters and other things more which be fit for this, are to be found in the treatise of the debility of the stomach. But if this disease be caused through repletion of the body, then is the cure to be begun with letting blood, & afterwards to purge (whether it came through heat or cold) and so to proceed with other things. Of wambling or vomiting through weakness of the Stomach. §. 11. AS we have spoken of the loathsomeness of meat: so we will now make mention of the third, which is of the vomiting. This is partly a desire, and partly a constraint of vomiting. But to speak advisedly of it, there be two kinds of vomitings: to wit, that which is called of the Grecians Anastrophe, and of the Latinists Inuersio (which is a turning upside down of the stomach) wherein all that is beneath in the stomach is yielded upward by vomit; the other manner of vomiting is called Cholera, or Cholerica passio: the which not only with parbraking, but also with a strong scouring doth take one, whereof we will now write. Concerning the first kind of vomiting, it is thus described: Vomiting is a motion of the stomach, whereby it doth cast upwards that which is gross, and all that is hurtful unto it. The causes of this casting are many: namely, to strike on the stomach, to fall, and such like, or upon any other parts, which have some sympathy with the stomach, as the brains, and other strong motions. Item, when it happeneth to those that are upon the boisterous sea: or if there fall into the stomach any corrupted humours, and there destroy the digestion of the stomach. Also this parbraking may be caused through some kind of meat, which provoketh vomit, as we have showed heretofore. Item, all things whereof nature hath a loathing, as Frogs & Snails, etc. Also the Cough may otherwhiles be too strong, and so provoke one to vomit. Likewise also impostumes, tumours of the stomach, or the Lights: for nature cannot suffer nor abide any matter. Lastly, all such vomits do come also through debility of the virtue retentive, and violence of the virtue expulsive, or if any one have taken néesing roots, or any such like. The signs of the parbraking are these: when one beginneth to feel a wambling, and when the lower lip gins to quiver, the uppermost entrails begin to stir, and feel the pain of the head, and hart, giddiness, and when the mouth is full of slime: the which be for the most part all the signs, that the stomach is charged with Cholera. But if the causes of parbraking proceed of outward things, then are they to be demanded of the sick person, and of them that be with him. Or if any do come of any stinking matter which is in the stomach, that is to be perceived by the stinch of the urine, or by that which is cast up, or by the stench of the ordure, wherewith the matter is otherwhiles admixed, and the patient shall well feel the same in his mouth, like as we have sufficiently spoken thereof already. But before we come to the remedies of these diseases, it is first needful to add some common rules for this parbraking. Whereof the first is, that whensoever the parbraking doth chance naturally, and the patiented findeth ease by it, that it is not then to prohibited, in case that the natural strength be not thereby enfeebled, which is then to be helped by all means possible. The second rule is, when nature beginneth to expel by vomit all that is hurtful for her, that then it is yet more to be procured. Thirdly, persons that be narrow in the breast, and have a long lean neck, weak sight, and feeble brains, they are by no means to be brought to this vomiting. Fourthly, if one would have any body parbrake which is very hard to be brought unto it, then is he first to eat much meat & other things, which causeth the humours to be lose, and also to drink much, whereby the virtue retentive is weakened, and the expulsive strengthened, whereby the vomiting may be the more easily effected, but this is of no value for the Ague. Fiftly, rough and gross things taken are not to be expelled through parbraking, that the throat (through which the same is to pass) be not thereby bruised. Sixtly, the vomiting is very dangerous for the stomach. Seventhly, in them that have an imposthume in the stomach, it is very dangerous to provoke vomiting. Eightly, odoriferous things be very acceptable unto the stomach, and assisting, especially when they be admixed with alimental meats, therefore be they commonly joined with those things which provoke vomit. Ninthly, to withdraw the matter and humours of these excessive vomitings, are the outward members to be bounden, to wit, the arms and legs, and also to set the feet in warm water. Tenthly, when it is seen that this vomit happeneth in a violent disease, after the manner of a Crisis or ending of the disease, then is the same not to be stayed at any hand, if it so be that it come not too vehemently, whereby nature might be weakened, but then is the same to be cured with his contraries. eleventhly, for this unmeasurable and excessive vomiting, may the matter be conveniently drawn downwards by Clysters. These now be rules which are to be observed in all manner of vomiting. When as the vomiting proceedeth of hot causes, which is presaged by the bitterness of the mouth, desire and longing for cold things, then is the matter to be prepared with Oxysacchara, or such like sirupes, and to provoke vomiting by drinking warm water, and oil of Violets, and by putting a feather into the throat. But if the same will not be, then are you to purge, especially with yellow Mirobalans, and afterwards to strengthen the stomach, whereof we have given good advice before. If the patiented be of a plethoric constitution, then must there be no neglect of opening the Basilica, for thereby shall the matter be diminished, and the whole body cooled. But the principallest things that be requisite for this, are Roses, Saunders, prepared Coriander, Violets, sour Apples and Pears, Peaches, Quinces, Camfer, blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Coral, Bolus, Dragon blood, the rinds of a Medlar tree, Quince tree, Oak, & Plum tree; Vinegar, the juice of Sorrell, sodden juice of Quinces, the juice of Medlars and of Services, sirupes of Roses, Violets, Raspes, Citrons, Lemons, Oranges, and such like. Of the foresaid things you may if you please make Confections, Conserves, Sirupes, Potions, or any thing else what you please. It is especially observed, that Purslane eaten with Vinegar, taketh away the parbraking through heat. But there is to be laid upon the outside of the mouth and the stomach and pit of the hart, this plaster following: Take the pills and blossoms of Pomegranates, the seeds of Butcher's broom, and of Myrtles, of Roses and Bayberies', of each half an ounce, Mastic, Mints, of each two drams and a half, Lignum Aloes one drag. the juice of Quinces and of wild Pears, of each alike quantity, or so much as is needful for to make a plaster with it. And to the end this may be the more piercing, mix therewith one ounce and a half of Vinegar, and then spread it on a cloth, and lay it thereon, as is said. But if the juice of Quinces & wild Pears be not to be gotten, then take the juice of Plantain in stead thereof: Or heat Vinegar, and wet therein a piece of felt or a sponge, and so lay it over the stomach either hot or cold, and then lay on the top thereof a Rosecake, which is made wet over the vapour of Vinegar: but anoint the stomach before with the juice of Mints, and then strew the powder of Roses and Myrtle seed upon it. Here before in the twelfth rule is spoken of a Clyster, whereof you have one here for example: Take Mallows, Hollihock roots, Violet leaves, and Beets, of each one handful, peeled Barley and Bran, of each half a handful, eighteen or twenty Prunes, let them seeth, then take 16. ounces of this decoction, and put therein an ounce of Cassie, and of Succo Rosarum half an ounce: temper all together, and use thereof two or three one after another, until that the body be well opened. But if the parbraking be caused through cold & Plehgma, and the patiented do not vomit much nor often, and that nature be not much diseased, then must be given to the patiented Oxymel of Squils', Syrupus de Calamintha, or warm water, wherein Dill, field Mints, and Sage are decocted. And afterwards he is to purge with Hiera Picra, which is sharpened with a little of the Trocisci Alhandali, or with pills of Aloe lota or Stomachicis tempered together, or each apart. Vomiting must be furthered or procured, and although that to this end there be many medicines described, notwithstanding is this hereafter following not to be omitted: Take the juice of Squils', the juice of Onions, of each one ounce and a half, Sugar three ounces: seethe these so thick that it will make Tabulats, or Sugar plates, each of the weight of three drams. When you will use them, then dissolve them, and drink them, and then look if you can vomit afterwards, the Squils have an especial power to move vomit. When as then the matter is thoroughly purged, then to comfort the stomach with syrup of Quinces, with Miva, and with syrup of Mints and Wormwood. His meat must be dressed with good Spices, his drink shall be good old and pleasant Wine. He must anoint the stomach with the oil of Mastic, and with the oil of Spike tempered together, or each alone, then strew thereon powder of Mastic, and lay a clean cloth upon it. This plaster ensuing may also be made and prepared for the same: Tost white bread so hard that you may powne it, and temper it with Vinegar, and the juice of Mints, put thereto one ounce of Mastic, more or less according to the quantity of the white bread, make them warm, & then temper therewith a little oil of Spike and Mastic, and so lay it warm on the pit of the stomach. Or take toasted bread as before, and temper it with the juice of Mints, and strew half an ounce of this powder following upon it: Take Mints, Ginger, Wormwood, Cypers nuts, Cinnamome and Spike, of each one dram, Frankincense, Mastic, of each half an ounce, and make a powder thereof, it warmeth, strengtheneth, and astringeth. There may also be made of this foresaid powder Confections, Plasters, Oils, and all whatsoever one will. It happeneth also sometimes that with this vomiting a lask or flux is adjoined. For to stay the same are these things following good, parched Cresses seed, Cypers Nut leaves, Myrrh, Lignum Aloes, red Styrax, Amber, Laudanum, Indis Spica, Spica Romana, Calmus, Cloves, Mints, Wormwood, Citrons, Lemons, Oranges, Frankincense, Mastic, Rue, Agnus castus, toasted bread, Gallia Muscata, and Alipta, & almost all kinds of Spices. Also Treacle taken with the juice of Mints, stayeth vomiting. Item, make a plaster of Mastic, with a little sodden Turpentine, and lay it on the stomach: for this also are you to set boxing cups upon the shoulders. For this also is Marmalade with Spices very good, and preserved Quinces, and these are the common means against the vomiting through a weak stomach, be it through heat or cold. You shall also find many more described in other places of this book, amongst divers sicknesses, as before in the second part, the fift Chapter and 2. §. is discovered for the spitting of blood, and such like. We will now pass over to another manner of parbraking through Cholera. Of Parbraking or Vomiting, with the lask or scouring. §. 12. THis malady do the learned name after the humour whereby it is caused, Choleram. The later Physicians call it Cholericam Passionem, and it is thus described: Cholera is a very sharp, troublesome, and heavy disease, which immediately molesteth one with the Rheum, whereby vomiting, great flux, or scouring, Colic, pain of the bowels, & an Ague is bred. Or, Cholera is a violent sickness, with vomiting, great scouring or lask, with Cramp in the sinews, Thighs and Legs, whereby all outward members are cold, and the pulse is small and slow. Or, Cholera is such a malady, whereby one immediately doth scour and rid upward and downward many kinds of humours and slime, with the meat; so that he detaineth nothing in his body. This sickness cometh first of spoiled and corrupted meat, which remaineth to long in some place of the body, as in the stomach or bowels, and there causeth a bad alteration, and also giveth little nourishment. Also this sickness is sometimes caused of cold and waterish humours, which gather themselves together in the bowels, and in the stomach, that do debilitate the retentive virtue of the stomach above and beneath. But the sickness for the most part is caused through much Cholera and red gall, that do so lie and bite in the stomach & bowels, that within the space of one hour the parbraking and going to the stool do so haunt a body, that otherwhiles the strongest body on the third day is deprived of his life, and this is worse than all other. The signs of a cold cause are these, before the sickness be upon one, much windiness is felt in the bowels: also some days before the sickness, he feeleth pain and shooting about the Navel, whereupon presently ensueth a vehement lask, or flux, with vomiting of much slime and other ill-favoured matter. This is also the sooner caused, if the patiented have used great store of phlegmatical meats. That which is caused through heat is hereby known: there falleth much Cholera into the stomach and bowels, with great and mighty parbraking, and also with great thirst, and if one drink cold water, then doth the vomiting stay until that the water be warmed in the stomach. The Flux is so vehement, that the patiented sometimes thereby swouneth, and also utterly loseth the pulse, with an unsteadfast heat, and bereaving of his senses. When as then it happeneth that one feeleth a continual pain in the stomach or bowels, with great heaviness of mind, and perceiveth parbraking and vomiting: then is such verily to be taken for Cholera: for this, there is to be given to the sick body lukewarm water to drink very often. And if so be that this parbraking and scouring continue still, then give him warm water to drink again, as before, and that so long till you find that he have avoided some corrupted meats, slime, or some of the gall. This will free the patiented of more other sicknesses. For this are more other things to be used; to wit, that expel this sharp matter: so that Phlegma with things necessary for it, and Cholera with those that help it, might be taken in hand, because parbraking will be cured by parbraking, and scouring by scouring. When as then the scouring is stayed of both ends, then is the patiented to bathe one hour long: afterwards to eat a little, and that light meat, because the stomach is very much weakened. After that, he is to eat a little Marmalade, which is tempered with prepared Coriander, and so go sleep. He is to use this Marmalade as long as the scouring or parbraking endureth. His diet must be Hen broth, decocted with Verivice, steeled Goats milk, Barley and Oaten paps, sodden Lettuce and Purslane; but principally if there be any heat and bitterness of the mouth remaining: but if so be that there be any cold in the stomach, then are these herbs at no hand to be used. When as the patiented beginneth again to feed well, then be good for him all field fowls, and chief Partridges which have a proper hidden virtue to strengthen the stomach. Amongst other meats may well be used Lemons, Citrons, Oranges, Verivice & such like. Item, all sour fruits, Services, unripe Medlars, sour Pears, Apples and Quinces. Also he shall eat (although not gladly) sops of white bread in the juice of Pomegranates: and if so be that he vomit up the same, yet must he take more again, and do this so long till that he do hold and retain it. As long as he is not through wholethens is he to drink stéeled water with syrup of Quinces, or old conserve of Roses. When he beginneth to be whole, then is he to drink good relished wine, which is tempered with the juice of Pomegranates. And if so be that he parbrake it up, then let him drink of the same again, but a little at once, that the stomach be not overcharged. Here followeth now what is to be used for this scouring and parbraking, and chief when it is seen that these diseases do increase. For which one is not to be discomforted, but much more bestir him to help the sick person with these remedies following: First, you must give him one or two drams of Trociscos' de Olibano, with water or juice of Pomegranates: and afterwards to bind his legs fast: like as is taught before against the parbraking, when the vomiting getteth the upper hand; so must his arms likewise be bounden, when the scouring getteth the mastery. But above all, sleep is passing good. Item Rose water laid very cold over the legs, or from the upper part of the legs downward wetted and washed therewith, and the feet set in it, is also very good. In like manner is this plaster ensuing forcible to assuage the pain, & to warm and strengthen: Take rinds of the Medlar tree, of Quinces, and of an Oaken tree, the seed of Butcher's broom, blossoms and rinds of Pomegranates, Myrtle seed, Sarcocolla, Mastic, Camomile, and Melilot, of each a like quantity: make a plaster thereof with the juice of Quinces, or of wild and sour Pears, and spread it on a cloth. But if the scouring be stronger than the parbraking, then lay it warm upon the belly. But if the parbraking be sorest of all, then lay it upon the stomach. Others do make two plasters, as hereafter followeth. Take Laudanum, Mastic, of each one ounce and a half, Frankincense half a dram, red and white Saunders, red Coral, seeds of Butcher's broom, of each one scruple, yellow Rose seeds, the juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, of each half a scruple, beaten small together as much as is needful for a plaster; spread thereof upon a cloth, and lay a great plaster thereof over the stomach, before and behind upon the back about the Kidneys. Item, take the juice Plantain and Rose water, of each three ounces, Vinegar half an ounce, Mastic, Frankincense, of each half a dram, lentil meal as much as is needful for to make a plaster withal. Another called de Crustapanis: Take Mastic, Mints, ivory, red Coral, De Crusta panis. red and white Saunders, of each one dram, Crusts of white bread two ounces; steep them half an hour in Vinegar, afterwards beat them all together, and temper amongst it oil of Mastic and oil of Quinces, of each one ounce, Barley meal as much as doth suffice for a plaster, and lay it warm upon the stomach. This taketh away the parbraking within the space of half an hour. Hereafter follow more salves and oils. TAke oil of Mastic and oil of Roses, of each a like much, temper therewith a little Vinegar, and anoint the stomach with it. Item, take oil of Mastic, of Quinces, and of Myrtles, of each half an ounce, Roses, red Coral, and Mints, of each half a dram, Nutmegs, Myrtle seed, of each two scruples, and a little Vinegar; temper them all with Wax, and make a salve of them or a plaster. You have a salve also here before in the tenth Chapter, & the 5. §. beginning thus. Take Coming and Caruway, etc. which is especial good against parbraking being rubbed warm upon the stomach and the Navel. You may also rub alone upon it the juice of Plantain tempered with Rose water: but to make it thick, mingle therewith lentil meal. Take oil Wormwood one ounce, oil of Quinces, Mints, and Mastic, of each half an ounce, Malmsey five drams; let them boil until the wine be wasted, and when it is almost cold, than temper therewith Species Diagalangae, Aromatici Rosati, de xylo aloes, of each one dram, and Wax as much as sufficeth for a plaster. Item, take red Saunders and Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce, Gallia muscata, and Camfer, of each one dram, Rose water six ounces; temper, and then lay it on the belly: for it assuageth and cooleth. Item, Rose water alone made cold in snow, and laid upon the belly, and when it is warm, laid cold again upon it, is very commodious for this purpose. Another. Take Bayberries, Medlar leaves, Frankincense, Tormentill, gross Marierom, (or them that one can best get) of each half an ounce; cut and seeth it in red wine, and afterwards lay it as a warm plaster upon the stomach with Tow wetted therein: This is especial good for all them that cannot keep in their meat. This ensuing is also accounted to have a marvelous operation: Take the juice of Crabs, make a double cloth wet therein; if his body be hot with an Ague, then lay it cold upon it: but if the body be cold, then apply it lukewarm upon it. Item, take toasted bread beaten small four ounces, Mastic one quarter of an ounce; make it meetly hot, and lay it warm in a bag upon the stomach: It taketh wind away, and also the Colic in the belly. Another. Take Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates, of each one handful and a half, Gallia muscatae one dram an a half, the juice of Sloes, Myrtles, Frankincense, of each one dram, Wormwood, Hypocistis, Cypers roots, Cloves Mastic, of each half a dram, red and white Coral, Spica, of each one scruple, toasted bread half an ounce, Camfere half a drag. beat it small together, and then put it into a bag, and so apply it. In the mixture of other things is oftentimes mention made of the Trocisci of Gallia muscata, or Alipta muscata: And because that their description is but brief, we will here add it unto the rest. Gallia muscata. Gallia muscata is made thus: Take Lignum Aloes five drams, Amber three drams, Musk one dram, tragacanth dissolved in Rose water, as much as sufficeth for to make Trociscos' with it, Alipta muscata. and keep them well. The Alipta muscata is thus prepared: Take pure Laudanum four ounces, liquid Styrax one ounce and a half, red Styrax one ounce, Lignum Aloes half a drag. Amber one dram, Camfere half a dram, Musk half a scruple, and a little Rose water, and prepare them thus: In the Dog days must you set the Styrax and Laudanum with the Rose water together in the Sun, let them there dry together until they be hard as dow; afterwards stamp them in a mortar, and temper the rest amongst them, than form Trocisces of them, and keep them very well, like as you do the other. For this parbraking is also used fomenting upon the stomach: therefore make or choose yourself that which you desire of these things which be prescribed. Take the things which we have ordained for the first bags beaten grossly, seeth them in the juice of Quinces, and in Rose water, of each six ounces, red thick Wine eight ounces, Vinegar two ounces; make therein a cloth or sponge wet, wring it well out, and hold it very warm upon the stomach. Another. When the stomach is utterly spoiled, so that the patient can neither abide meat nor drink, then may it be strengthened again with these fomentations ensuing: Take Balm, Wormwood, gross Marierom, field Mints, Fennell, and Dill seed, of each a handful, Mastic, Galingall, Nutmegs, Squinant, Myrtle seed, and Coriander, of each three drams, wild Vine leaves and the blossoms, half a handful; beat all gross together, and seeth them in thick wine, and use it as aforesaid. Item, take garden Mints, Balm, Wormwood and Roses, of each one handful, Camomile, wild Vine leaves, Betony, Rosemary, of each half a handful, Calmus half an ounce; beaten all together gross, put it in two bags, each one a quarter of a yard long: then seeth them in red wine, and a little water, and then laid upon the stomach, sometime the one, and sometime the other. This fomenting must be so continued the space of a quarter of an hour, and afterwards are you to use the prescribed salve with the spices, and wear one of the foresaid plasters upon it. But if so be that the scouring or lask of the belly will not stay, then must boxing cups be set upon the shoulders unpickt, and taken off and on. The like is also to be done for continual vomits, and to set a great cup upon the Navel, to the end thereby to draw the matter downwards: And in case that the sick body can sleep with these cups so fastened, it is so much the better. There is also often times to be holden before his nose, Saunders, Roses, and such like things for to smell unto them. Also some do counsel to take for this scouring (if it continue) the stalks of Tamariske being scraped clean, and to powder them, & then put thereto as much Heart's tongue as these foresaid powders, the quantity of two handfuls, pouring then upon it three pints of wine: of which wine he is always to drink his first draft sitting at the table. This wine is also especial good for the Milt or Spleen. If there befall swooning, then must there be given to the sick body two grains of Musk tempered in wine: for this strengtheneth much the vital spirits. In like manner is Hen broth and Lamb broth good for him, tempered with a little of the juice of Quinces. Let the patiented also have roasted Pullet's cut in pieces under his nose; for the smell thereof doth much comfort. Also let him chew Frankincense, and swallow down the same treatable. At the last temper together fine Bolus and Camfer, of each one scruple, and temper them with old wine, and drink it: it doth cool and strengthen the stomach. All that is hitherto rehearsed, is to be used whilst the parbraking yet endureth. But if it stay, and the stomach begin to retain the meat, then is the patiented to drink good old strong wine, and compose himself to sleep, Trocisci de Olibano. and also take of the Trociscos' de Olibano the weight of half a dram, which is thus prepared. Take fine Bolus and Frankincense, of each one ounce and a quarter, Cucubes, Cardamom, of each two drams and a half, Camfere, Gallia muscata, Cloves, of each three quarters of an ounce; make thereof Trociscos' with old wine: these are especial good against parbraking. Item, take the juice of sour Pomegranates as much as you please, and when it hath stood one night, and the clear is powered off, then seeth it to the thickness of honey. When it is taken from the fire, and whilst that it is hot put some Mints unto it; so let it cool, and then take out the herbs again. This may be used warm or how one will, and is called at the Apothecaries Rob de granatis. After the same manner you may also make Rob of the juice of Quinces. Rob de granatis. For this is also requisite the syrup of Verivice, and of Myrtles. But if so be that there cannot be gotten any of the foresaid things for the foresaid sirupes, then take Wine, Plantain, and Rose water. Now for as much as in this our method we are come to the lask or flux of the belly, which is commonly caused through a weak stomach and diseased Liver, therefore it is now requisite that we discourse of all other sorts of Lasks whatsoever; but first of all we will make a general discourse of them. Of the Flix, lask, or scouring by stool. §. 13. FIrst, it happeneth often in hail people, who have a plethoric body, and do eat and drink much, that they get a lask, which cometh not often upon them, continueth not long, also not otherwise then of a strong nature, who seeketh to unburden her of superfluities, like as it cometh to pass, that thereby the patiented findeth great ease. This scouring hath no need of any remedy, unless it be caused of overgreat weakness, for the which the same counsel is to be used which is prescribed against the flux of the belly Lienteria, so that at this present there is nothing more to be written thereof. If so be then that this scouring of the belly be taken for a disease, then is it first to be understood, that the same is caused through many inward members of the body, and also of divers other causes, like as shall be hereafter taught immediately, that the same cannot be ascribed to any one thing. And for that we should not describe this kind of lask by piece meals here and there, we will now here ascribe this flux to the stomach (as is already expressed:) the which if it be no evident cause of this scouring, yet notwithstanding it is a great help to the same: we will then afterwards add unto it all that appertaineth unto it, as the constraint to the stool, and binding of the body, and all that is good for it. But first of all we must here rehearse certain rules which are to be observed for all sorts of lasks: whereof the first is, that no scouring or lask is to be stayed before the fourth day, if so be the patiented be able to suffer the same without extreme faintness. Secondly, when you will ever use astringent remedies, then must the same be always done before meat, to the end that the meat which is taken after them might be stayed until it were digested. Thirdly, this is to be noted of all binding meats, of Chestnuts, & such like. Fourthly, when the lask is of heat, then are the remedies to be used which are cold of nature, and for the scouring of cold, contrary remedies. And because that in the cold scouring the digestive virtue is very feeble, warm things are to be used, according to the importance of the case. Fiftly, if so be that there do come a cough to this scouring, then are all sour things to be forborn, and all those which bind much. Sixtly, it is very good for all lasks to force the body to sweeting, and to anoint it much with oil of Camomile and Dill, thereby to draw out the matter, and to open the pores. Seventhly, cups are to be set upon the belly, and kept upon it four hours long. Eightly, he is to be restrained and kept from all Fruits, except Chestnuts, which may bind if they will. Ninthly, rest and sleep are especial good for all flixes: so is also contrariwise bad, great labour, & other motions of the body. Tenthly, when, as in the red or bloody flux the uppermost guts are excoriated, then is the remedy to be ministered in at the mouth: & if the lower guts be perished, then must Clysters & suppositories be ministered beneath. eleventhly, if the excoriation of the bowels be above and beneath, then are the remedies to be used above and beneath. And that we may come to the original, the learned do name three Species of flixes or lasks: as namely, Lienteriam, Diarrhaeam, (under which is contained the flux of the Liver) and Dysenteriam: but what difference is between these laskes, that shall in their proper description be declared. First, this is here always to be noted, that all laskes be moved of inward or outward causes, as unhealthy meats, unruly life, eating of any venomous things, also heat or cold of the time. The inward causes may proceed out of the head, as if any humours do fall out of the head into the lower parts of the body, be it into the stomach, or into the uppermost or undermost bowels: likewise also into the small veins Mesaraicae, into the Liver, Milt, and sometimes also into the whole body, like as when the same is too full of humours, or too much wasted away, even as it may be seen in the consumption Phthisi, Hectica, and the pestilent Fever, out of all which the expert Physicians do take and discern sundry signs and observations. Of the lask Lienteria of Cholera and Heat. §. 14. THis is an infirmity of the retentive virtue of the stomach, with the slipperiness of the guts, whereby it happeneth that the meat taken very suddenly without digestion, like as it was received, passeth away by the stool. The cause of this scouring may be great cold and moisture, which doth so benumb natural heat, that the meat cannot digest, neither can the stomach retain and keep it. Contrariwise, may this lask be also caused through outward heat, which doth so discuss the natural warmth, and cause it to evaporate, that thereby the digestion is utterly overthrown. In like manner also, this flux cometh through stripes, falls, thrusts, and bathing in cold water, distemperature of the stomach, and of other parts, debility of the retentive and strength of the expulsive virtue, a cold complexion, (for that it is seldom caused through heat) impostumes of the stomach, which expelleth the meat and drink, as things whereby the stomach is hurt. Item, it doth also come to pass, that the vowels be too slippery, or that there is too much meat, or that it be hurtful, whereby it doth make a great disturbance in the guts. If so be that the meats be not kept or holden in the stomach, but before the due time, without great alteration, through the lask be expelled, with a gnawing in the stomach, and with thirst, and when before meat there cometh forth a little corrupted matter; then may it be well concluded that it is Lienteria, which is caused of Cholera. To cure this, and all other scowrings (of whatsoever causes they proceed) this common rule following is to be observed: to wit, that all those things (wherewith you purpose to stay it) are to be used before meat, then doth the same press the meat downwards, and increaseth the lask, like as in the former 13. §. hath been taught. But to proceed with this lask (wherein the meat is not digested) first give to the sick body the juice of Pomegranates, ivory, and Roses, of each one dram. For this is also good, boiled Verivice, Raspes, Butcher's broom, and the juice of Quinces. Whilst that the body is strong enough, and the sickness hath not as yet gotten the mastery, and that he may tolerate it, then must the Cholera be purged, and especially with yellow Mirobalanes, afterwards he is to use cooling, astringent, and binding things, and to be forbidden all that is hot. These Sirupes ensuing are passing good, as namely, syrup of Verivice, Quinces, Pears, Apples, Pomegranates, and Raspes, moreover certain Simples also which are worthy to be remembered; like as Hypocistis, blossoms of Pomegranates, Galls, juice of Sloes, Roses, Araby Gum, sealed earth, fine Bolus, ivory, Camfer, Pomegranate seeds without juice, Purslane seed, seeds of Sorrel, Coriander, Plantain, and Myrtles, the yellow seed of the Rose, Saunders, Coral, Dragon blood, Poppy seed, Horstailes, Knotgrass, wild Vine leaves, the juice of sharp Plantain and the seed, and chief when they be parched, and such like more. The Fruits which are fit for this disease be Quinces, Services, Medlars, wild Pears, black Cherries, unripe Mulberries, and such like Fruits more which do bind and cool. You may also give Trociscos' de Spodio, two or three drams, mingled with the water of Knotgrass, or Plantain, and because that we have before spoken much of them, and shall be used often hereafter, we shall here learn how to prepare them: Take Roses, ivory, (which is Spodium whereof they have their name) Sorrell seeds, the seeds of Butcher's broom, Trocisci de Spodio. blossoms of Pomegranates, and Gum of Araby, of each a like quantity: make thereof Trociscos', each of the weight of a quarter of an ounce, and give it them to drink, as is said, with one ounce of the juice of Quinces. Another: Take Roses one ounce and a half, ivory one ounce & a quarter, the seeds of Sorrell three quarters of an ounce, Purslane seed, prepared Coriander seeds, and peeled Butchers broom seed, of each two drams and a half, Starch, blossoms of Pomegranates, and Barberies, of each one quarter of an ounce, parched Gum one drag. and a half, temper all together with Verivice. These Trocisks are good for all Agues which be caused of Cholera, & that have a lask admixed, also for all tumours of the stomach, and continual thirst. Other Trociskes. Take fine Bolus, sealed earth, Coral, Saunders, Sumach, Barberies, Quincekernels, blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Galls, of each one dram, beat them all small together, and temper them with the juice of Plantain and of Wormwood, and then form them into Trocisces when you will use them; then take a dram or twain thereof with Milk wherein glowing pebbles are slaked. But if then this scouring and the Ague do not wear away with all the use of these foresaid things, then take fine Bolus, sealed earth, and burnt ivory, of each one quarter of an ounce, Amber, Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates, the juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, and Cinnamome, of each one dram and a half, make them into powder, take thereof five drams, Buttermilk six ounces, and give it him at one time, to wit, before noon. If so be that the stomach be hurt through the choler, (which may be perceived hereby, if there come any corruption or matter with the stool) then take Barley water and Honey water, of each three spoonfuls, and give it the sick body to drink, it cleanseth all that is excoriated. Afterwards he shall use this following to heal withal: Take tragacanth, Gum, Mastic, Frankincense, Amber, of each one dram, stamp all these into a subtle powder, and make thereof pills with the juice of Wormwood, whereof he is to take twain every morning. Plasters are also very requisite for this, whereof here follow twain: Take the juice of Medlars, Services, green Pomegranate pills and the flowers, of each one ounce, 15. or 16. Prunes, whereof the stones be taken out, the juice of Quinces, red Wine, of each six ounces, oil of Myrtles and Quinces, of each three ounces, Mastic, Colophonia, yellow Rose seeds, Sloes, and Rye meal of each one quarter of an ounce, the middlemost pills of Chestnuts, three drams, Wax as much as is needful, and a little Vinegar: spread it on a cloth, and lay it over the whole belly. The second. Take the juice of Plantain three ounces, Rose water, Vinegar, of each one ounce, Butcher's broom seed, Barberries', Mirobalans Chebuli, Indi, Emblici, Bellirici, Citrini, of each two ounces, red Coral, red & white Saunders, yellow Rose seed, Mastic, of each one dram, blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Galls, of each half an ounce, lentil meal as much as is needful for to make a méetly soft plaster. This plaster is of a marvelous operation, if there be any unnatural heat with the lask. His diet is to be all manner of sour and cold things, wherewith he must also dress his boiled and roasted meats. He must temper his drink with Rose water wherein Butcher's broom seed hath been steeped: parched Rice decocted in goats milk, and parched Barley sodden in Almond milk are very requisite for him. All that which is hot of nature, and is laxative, must he forbear; as also all that doth augment Choleram. But if this scouring be caused through weakness of the retentive power, be it of the stomach or of the bowels, then are those parts to be comforted, and that with odoriferous and binding medicines, as followeth: Take Cypers roots, Mastic, Calmus, Smallage, and Coming, (which hath first been steeped in Vinegar) Galls, Cypers nuts and the leaves, Myrtle seed, Raisins stones, dried Pomegranate kernels, Frankincense, and Mastic, of each a like much: make a powder thereof, and give it in the morning fasting to drink one quarter of an ounce, with good wine or steeled milk. Outwardly anoint the stomach and the whole belly with oil of Mastic or Wormwood, and wear upon it a plaster of Mastic: He is also to use Marmalade. But when this scouring causeth no gnawing or gripping in the stomach, nor yet yieldeth any corrupt matter from it, but only a tough slimy substance, and when there is no great thirst with it, but only some belching; then is it a certain sign that this scouring is caused through Phlegma. For this, the patiented is to use all such things as extenuate and lose this slime, as Mustard seed, salt fish, and such like. Afterwards shall he force himself to vomit, with salt, Vinegar, sodden Honey, or with some other thing, which expelleth phlegm. And if that will not suffice, then use this following. Take Aloes one ounce, the inside of Coloquinte, and Indie salt, of each half an ounce, Turbith one dram; make pills thereof: and you are to take of these but one Pill at once. For this disease are the purgations commodious, which hereafter be described against the pain of the stomach through Phlegma. Some other do write a more proper cure, to wit, Take syrup of Wormwood and Mints, of each three ounces, temper them, and drink thereof at each time two ounces, with three ounces of the decoction wherein Pease, Mints, and Spike were boiled. Afterwards purge with the pills called Stomachicae: Also use vomiting herewith, as is before rehearsed; for it is very commodious in this case, if it weaken not too much. For his meat he is to use all dry things, as roasted field fowls, and chief roasted Larks, Turtle doves, and such like as do not suddenly pass away: yet always a little at once, and no more than the stomach is well able to bear. This medicine following is not only for Lienteria, but also for the lask called Diarrhea, very good: it detaineth the meats received in the stomach; which also with the bowels, it doth warm, strengthen and dry. Take Cypers nuts and the leaves, dried Mints, Mastic, Frankincense with his rinds, gross Cinnamom, Mace and Galingall, of each three drams, Cresses seeds, Coming, and prepared Coriander (all together a little parched) of each half an ounce, Laudanum, red Styrax, Ambra, Citron pills, of each one drag. and a half, Lignum Aloes and Spica, of each one drag. make thereof Trocisces of the weight of one dram and a half, and give the patiented thereof at every time, as well before dinner, as before supper, with some milk, wherein pebble stones be slaked. Also you may minister of this powder alone one drag. or to make a confection of it with Sugar. This patiented is also to use some sour and salted things before and after meat, as Capers and Olives, which be requisite also for this purpose. For these cold phlegmatic scourings be these simple, warming, and binding remedies very good: parched Coming, Ameos, Annis, Frankincense, Myrrh, Styrax, Mastic, Nutmegs, Cypers nuts, Laudanum, parched Rhubarb, Wormwood, Mints, Lignum Aloes, roots of Cypers, Bucks and Hares rennet. Of confections and confected things may he use confected Ginger, Diagalanga, Diatrion pipereon, de Cymino, Marmalade with Spices, and sometimes Treacle and Mithridate. Item, there is also very profitable for this, strong Wine, as Muscadel, Malmsey, and such like, and otherwhiles a good pull, or hearty draft drunk thereof. But for a common drink he shall use clear white Wine, which is meetly strong, which can well heat and dry the stomach. Hereafter be many things described, which may be used with advantage for this scouring, with this condition always, to discern warmth and cold. Of the lask diarrhea. §. 15. THis looseness of the belly is thus described: diarrhea is a waterish lask, with gripping, but without excoriation of the bowels, and without heat, caused diversly, whereby the body is consumed and diseased. This scouring is caused of all humours of the body, that is, of Blood, Cholera, Phlegma, and of Melancholia, and proceedeth not always from some particular part of the body, but rather from the whole body, as through weakness of nature, in such as let hands and feet fall through great weakness. The learned do discover six kinds of causes of this diarrhea: whereof the first is caused of the Gall and the Liver: the second of the stomach only, but sometimes out of the Liver also, which two are the principallest members, amongst which the other four be comprehended. Thirdly, this scouring is also very well caused through the obstruction of the small veins which are called Mesaraicae. Fourthly, of the Milt. Fiftly, this lask is also sometimes caused of the brains. Sixtly, through windines, whereof we shall hereafter write more at large. When as now this scouring is caused of the Liver and Gall, then is Cholera very abundant; or if the same be but very little, yet is the same so hot and so sharp, that nature cannot abide her gnawing and heat, but seeketh to expel the same by all means possible, so that the perfect digestion might not thereby be weakened: therefore you have for this first infirmity these signs following, to wit, when the meat digested passeth away with a subtle, ill coloured and whitish waterishness, than it is a sign that the Liver is feebled and overcold. For this, there is to be given to the patiented the confection of Iron dross which is Scoria Ferri, or some other things, which warm the Liver, and strengthen it. For which, you shall find here before sundry remedies, where we have spoken of Lienteriae, which do warm and strengthen the inward parts in such like lasks, which you may use at this present, each alone, or mixed: here follow the remedies which be requisite for this intent. Take Trociscos' de Spodio, Rhubarb, and winter Cherries, of each one scruple, beat them all small, and make thereof with Agrimony water six or seven pills, take them every morning with Smalladge water. Item, take Myrtle seed, and Nut blossoms, of each one dram, Amber, Zeduary, of each one scruple, beat and temper them all together, and part them in five equal parts. This plaster following is also to be prepared: Take Annis, Coming, Cress' seed parched together, and Frankincense, of each three drag. the juice of Wormwood one ounce and a half, Rose water two ounces, strong Vinegar one ounce, beaten Cypers nuts, as much as sufficeth for to make a plaster with it: these being made, then lay it warm upon the Liver and Stomach, and upon the parts adjoining. You may also use this salve following: Take oil of wild Roses one ounce and a half, oil of Spica one ounce, Mastic and Rhubarb, of each one dram, a little Wax, melt the same in the oils, and when it beginneth to cool, mix the rest with it. Item, take Spec. Triasantali one dram, fine Bolus, Trociscos' de Spodio, of each half a drag. Mastic one scruple, oil of Wormwood, of Capers, of each half an ounce, a little Wax, make a salve of them. But if this scouring do proceed of heat, then are cooling and binding medicines to be used for it, like as herebefore in Lienteria, where it is sufficiently discoursed, Triasantali, Diapenidionis, of each one quarter of an ounce, red Coral, and prepared Coriander, of each half a dram, Quince kernels, Sorrel seed, Raisin stones, of each one scruple, Cinnamome, Frankincense, of each five grains, Conserve of dry Roses one ounce, Rose water two ounces, white Sugar nine ounces: seethe the Sugar in the foresaid water, and make a confection of it. Item, take old conserve of Roses, and Marmalade, of each one ounce, syrup of Myrtles, as much as sufficeth for to make therewith a Confection. Another. Take the Species of Diarrhodon Abbatis, prepared Wolves liver, and Rhubarb, of each half an ounce, Sugar which is clarified with Rose water, as much as you please: make a confection thereof, or cast Tabulats of it. You are also to mix amongst it as much ivory as you please. Or take at the Apothecaries the confection called Diacracoma, or Diacurcuma, and Currans, of each one ounce, Rhubarb, prepared liver of a Wolf, of each one dram, ivory half a dram, Philonium Persicum one dram Syrupi de Byzantijs, as much as is needful for to make therewith a Confection, then take always thereof about the third day one quarter of an ounce, or a little more at once. This following is also very good: Take old conserve of Roses four ounces, Marmalade two ounces, prepared Coriander one dram, Nutmegs half a dram, confected Mirobalans Chebuli one ounce, cleansed Pistacies half an ounce, Almonds three drams, beat them all small together, and then make a confection of it with the juice of Quinces: syrup of dried Roses doth commonly stay all scourings. Take cleansed roots of Burrs, and seeth them until they be mellow, afterwards fry them in Butter, and eat them. Item, take a Nutmeg be it great or small, let it sweat well in hot ashes, and eat it as it is, or strew it upon a roasted Partridge, or some such like thing. Or take a Turtle Dove, prepare it, and fill it with new Wax, with Myrtles, & Butcher's Broom seed, let it then be roasted by a mild fire, and afterward eat it, it bindeth marvelously. It is also required by expert Physicians, that new laid Eggs are to be fried in Wax. Other do take an Eglantine, and roast it upon a hot tile, and strew upon it the powder of Nutmegs. But if it be not given at due time, then doth it bring more damage than commodity. This powder following are you also to prepare: Take Species Aromatici Rosati, one drag. Cinnamome one dram and a half, prepared Coriander two scruples, Roses and red Coral, of each one scruple, Sugar four ounces. Item, take parched Cresses seed and Mastic, of each one dram, give him this with the syrup of Quinces. Some do give Cress' seed alone, with the syrup of Quinces. We will now recite certain Potions: Take Myrtle seed one drag. give it him with rain water or Plantain water three ounces, and let him drink it. Or take Liverwort one handful, Endive roots, Fennell, Smallage, Butcher's broom, Sperage, and Parsley, of each two handfuls, Agrimony half a handful, Currans one ounce: cut all that is to be cut, and let it be sodden in Pullet broth or water, until that the third part be wasted, then drink thereof a cruse full, and temper amongst it half a drag. of prepared Fox lights. Item, take Tormentill one dram, give the patiented to drink thereof four or five times in red Wine. Or take the rinds of a Pear tree one handful, a good pint of red Wine: let them seeth together so long as one may seeth an hard Egg, and drink a good hearty draft of it very warm. But for his accustomed drink he may prepare this following: Take about 50. Sloes, & power upon it about a good half pint of séething Wine, afterwards cover it close, & let it be cold together: this being done, then power all together into three pints of Wine, and drink thereof a good draft. A roasted Quince pear eaten early in the morning, is also very good. Some do say that one must drink Beer or Wine, which hath stood a while upon Bolus. For this, is also steeled water good, wherein is slaked Steel, Iron, Gold, Silver, or pebble stones; yea, all the patient's meat is to be dressed with it. Item, take of the pizzle of a Hart as much as you please, shaven or grated small, and put it in your drink. Item, take a dried Otters liver, beat it to powder, and drink thereof the quantity of a Bean with warm Milk, or with red Wine, it is said that it is tried. Likewise is commended Plantain decocted in Vinegar, and the broth being drunken. The water also of Oaken leaves doth stop much, being drunken warm. The like doth also the juice of Sloes, with the stones of Raisins being beaten together, and the water distilled thereof and drunken. You have also in the first part, the first Chapter, and 3. §. a good water of the crumbs of bread, which is especial good for this scouring or lask. This plaster following is also especially commended for this: Take broad Plantain xii. ounces, the leaves of the Pomegranate tree, Comfrey, Daisies, & the leaves of Palma Christi, of each two ounces, (being all green) the seed of Butcher's Broom, Galls, Myrtle seed, of each one ounce, prepared Coriander one ounce, sealed earth half an ounce, Dragon blood one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus three ounces, Saffron half a drag. Mace three drag. Gum, Dragagant, both parched, of each half an ounce: first beat the leaves, and seeth them in three pints of water, then put unto it three ounces of red Vinegar, then let it seeth well again, and strain the decoction, than stamp that which is boiled with all the rest. Lastly, temper half a dram of Camfer with it: and make a supple plaster of it, and lay it over the whole Belly. If so be that this scouring proceed from the stomach, (even as it may as well as from the Liver) then hath the same the like cause, to wit, Phlegma and Cholera. And hereby it may be discerned that it proceedeth from the stomach, if so be that there appear no feebleness of the Liver, and if so be that which the patiented doth avoid be very white and thin, and that the stomach be grieved. The chief cause is, that many superfluous humours do aggravate the same: or, that there is much meat and drink together in the stomach, and especially when as both these things do concur, to wit, many superfluous humours, and much meat and drink. So that then the meat and drink is of necessity for a time expelled out of the stomach, be it through weakness of the retentive, or through the efficacy of the expulsive virtue, or that the digestion be of itself so faint, that the meat thereby as half digested must pass through the stomach. And to find good advice for this, the stomach must be strengthened and heated, for which is very meet Marmalade with Spices, but especially this powder following: Take dry Pomegranate kernels parched and beaten small one dram, Caruway, Coriander, both steeped in Vinegar, dried and parched, of each two ounces and a half, Lignum Aloes, blossoms of Pomegranates, and Butcher's Broom, of each one dram, make powder of all these, and give a dram of it at one time. Item, take Mirobalani Chebuli, which be a little parched, one quarter of an ounce, Myrtle seed one drag. syrup of Myrtle one ounce, use this as occasion serveth. Item, take the shales of yellow Mirobalans which be parched, one quarter of an ounce, beat them small, & give them to drink with two ounces of Plantain water. In fine, all sorts of Mirobalans a little parched, are good for all scour of the belly, of whatsoever cause they do proceed. Afterwards, you are to use the confections of Diacalamintha. In like manner also Annis seed, and roasted hazel nuts. Of the foresaid hazel nuts one may make milk with steeled water, and also the same being confected with Sugar. Afterwards you must anoint the stomach with oil, as namely with the oil of Mastic, or Frankincense, & so cover it warm. The patient must seethe Mastic with red Wine, and drink the same, if so be that the same go not clean against him. But if this scouring do come through Cholera, it may be perceived by the yellow excrements which do smart much in the fundament, as also by the thirst, and by the Ague: Then are you to give him Trociscos' de Spodio, with parched Barley broth, which is made as followeth: Parched Barley broth. Take parched Barley beaten, and power so much water upon it until it be well covered, then let it boil until it be very thick, and afterwards wring it out. Of this decoction are you to take four ounces, and two or three drams of these Trociscos', and then mingle it with so much ivory and Gum, as one can drink at one time. Item, take one drag. and a half of yellow Mirobalanes, Chebuli, and Indi, of each one scruple, parched Rhubarb four scruples, tragacanth half a drag. steep all these in two ounces of the juice of Quinces, one ounce of Endive water, and half an ounce of the water of Pellitory, wring it out hard, and take it luke warm. Item, take Rhubarb one drag. or one and a half, parch it, and powne it to powder, and drink it with three ounces of Plantain water. Take of the best Rhubarb one drag. and a half, parch it, and beat it to powder, the pills of Mirobalans Chebuli one dram, Mastic three drams, the juice of Quinces half an ounce, the water of broad Plantain three or four ounces: temper them together, and drink it fasting in the morning. Some that be prone to this scouring, do accustom every week two times to eat one drag. of Rhubarb parched. Item, take the confection of Micleta one ounce and a half, Trociscos' de Spodio one dram, temper it with three ounces of rain water, and drink it early in the morning. Take yellow Mirobalans and Rhubarb, of each one dram, tragacanth and Gum, of each one scruple, parched together, Cucubes, fine Bolus, of each half a scruple, beaten small together, then temper with it sufficient syrup of Myrtles, and when as then you will use of it, break it as is aforesaid. A powder wherewith the patient's meat is to be strewed: Take good Rhubarb one dram and a half, yellow Mirobalans one quarter of an ounce, both parched, fine Bolus one dram, yellow Saunders, red Coral, of each one scrup. prepared Pearls one dram, Trociscos' de Spodio one dram, make thereof a subtle powder. You may also take the weight of one dram and a half with Plantain water. For this be also Clysters requisite, as hereafter follow: Take the broth of a Lamb's head and a calves head one pint, seeth oaken leaves in it, broad & picked Plantain, of each one handful and a half, parched Barley half a handful: let them seeth unto the half, then take of this decoction, and put unto it the yolks of a couple of Eggs brayed well, oil of Roses two ounces, oil of Violets two ounces, and then minister this Clyster warm. Item, take prepared Coriander, Myrtle seed, acorn cups, the seeds of Plantain, and juice of Sloes, of each one handful, Fennell, Coming, & Annis, of each half a handful, pills of Pomegranates two handfuls; let them seeth together in sufficient water: then take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, oil of Roses three ounces, Honey of Roses one ounce, Déeres suet two ounces: melt it, and make a Clyster of it. Also the decoction of Rice is good, if the cause of this lask be in the lower guts. Hereafter be described commodious pills: Take the stones of all Mirobalanes, beat them when they be well parched, Rhubarb parched, fine Bolus, and Amber, of each a like quantity, make a mass of pills of it, with tragacanth and Gum, dissolved in Plantain water: but if there be an Ague with it, then use Barley water. Or take one quarter of an ounce of Rhubarb, which is parched, ivory one dram, make pills of it as is before said. Item, filled steel one dram, Cypers nuts one quarter of an ounce, Mastic, Amber, Comfrey, Daisies, Plantain seed, of each one scruple, Gum and Dragagant both parched, of each half a dram, Cinnamome, Galingall, and Grains, of each two scruples: make pills thereof with the juice of Plantain, for they do bind much. Others more. Take unsalted Deeres rennet one dram, Trociscos' de Spodio, De Carabe, De Terra Sigillata, of each one scruple, well parched Rhubarb, Plantain seed also parched, of each half a scruple, beat them small together, make pills of them, with the juice of Plantain, when they be tempered with the syrup of Myrtles, then do they bind the more. Item, take Hypocistis, blossoms of Pomegranates, Butcher's Broom, Barberies, Sorrel seed, of each one dram and a half, Purslane seed, and Plantain, both parched, of each one quarter of an ounce, Dragon blood, worm-eaten Galls, the juice of Sloes, yellow seeds of Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce, Henbane seed one scruple, Opium two scruples and a half: make pills thereof with the juice of Plantain, and form seven of a dram. But note yet, that they be very strong, and that one must not use many. This following is more gentle: Take Gum, Mastic, Frankincense, Amber, of each half a dram, temper them with the syrup of Roses unto pills, and take always thereof twice a day, a little or much before meat, according as the scouring is violent. For this scouring is always good all roast meat, fried Eggs, Rice, and Lettuce, (if it be with great heat) calves feet, conserve of Rosser fruits, Musk Pears, before meals old conserve of Roses, conserve of water Lilies, Marmalade, preserved Bayberies', and also preserved Sloes. The drink for this patient must be stéeled water, wherein Myrtle seed is decocted, also Heart's tongue, Wine drunken warm. These Sirupes following are very good, as namely, syrup of Myrtles, dried Roses, Mints, & also honey of Roses: for it hath a mild binding, and an astringent virtue, like as verjuice hath also. The smoke or reek of Frankincense is also very good. Milk put into Clysters when it is stéeled is commended for this purpose. Note ye, that all that we have sufficiently written of before is also good for the red or bloody flux, whereof we will shortly hereafter speak and discourse. Of the scouring which proceedeth of the Liver and Stomach. §. 16. IT cometh also verily to pass, that the Liver and the Stomach do cause this scouring, which is then very dangerous: so that the dropsy called Tympanites is wont to follow it. Therefore is an order made an ordained, what one ought to observe for this. Wherein first it is needful that he forbear all meats and drinks which be laxative, or do in any wise molest the body, as spinach, Béets, Mallows, Mercury, well boiled Colewoorts, and such like. He must also be restrained from new wines, and them that be not very old. Likewise also of all sharp, salt and sour things, as Radishes, Onions, Garlic, hard, meats, unleavened bread, and that which is not well baked. And he must eschew fruits, and specially them that be laxative, as Figs, Grapes, Prunes, and such like. In fine, for this sickness the patiented is to be kept very sober in eating and drinking, and to feed only upon that which is light of digestion. He must also abstain from all violent motions, and that chief after meat, from venery, much watching, and anger. All his meats (be they sodden or roasted) must be dressed with Deeres suet. Secondly, he must beware of many kinds of meats, especially against night. Thirdly, before every meal he must eat a roasted Quince pear, or four or five Medlars. Fourthly, Lentils are very hail meat for him, if they be dressed after this manner: Let them first seeth a little in vinegar, after that boil them with two parts of water and one part of vinegar. Fiftly, every evening he is to take three of these pills ensuing: Take parched tragacanth and Gum, of each one dram, Butcher's Broom seed, Myrtle seed, acorn cups, ivory, Squinant, Roses, Cypers roots, of each two scruples, whereof make pills with the juice of Daisies before noon. He is to use this confection ensuing: Take Marmalade without spices three ounces, prepared Coriander and Mastic, of each one dram, temper them with the juice of Quinces, and use each time half an ounce or more. Also once every eight days take two of these pills: Take Trociscos' de Spodio, one quarter of an ounce, parched Rhubarb half a dram, ivory and parched Dragagant, of each one scruple, Hare's rennet, or the rennet of a young Goat or Kid, one dram and a half: make pills thereof, and use them as all the rest. This plaster also following is to be made, and worn upon the navel: Take two ounces of Rosin, Cypers nuts one dram & a half, Plantain seed, the juice of Sloes, ivory, Roses, Iron dross that is prepared, of each one dram, Mace two scruples, but the Rosin must be boiled in red vinegar. When it is sufficiently sodden, and almost cold, then temper all the foresaid Species with it, spread of it upon a piece of leather the quantity of a quarter of a yard four square, and lay this plaster upon the navel downwards. As often as the patiented goeth to stool, he is to fume his fundament with this powder ensuing: Take Colophonia, Gallia Muscata and red Styrax, of each half a dram, Lignum Aloes one dram, red Coral, ivory, Sandaraca, of each two scruples: powne them all together, and temper them all together. Afterwards strew some of it upon hot coals. It is also good advise that there be always boiled in his meat, as much Comfrey as the bigness of a great finger. Lastly, he must continually wear this bag ensuing upon his stomach: Take Myrtle seed, prepared Coriander, Marierom and Nep, of each one handful, Mace half an ounce, Mastic, Gallia Muscata, red Styrax, red Coral and Sandaraca, of each one quarter of an ounce Lignum Aloes one dram and a half, parched Coming half an ounce, temper them, & use it as aforesaid. Thus far have we spoken of this Scouring, and of both the causes of it, as of the stomach and of the liver, and also how they both do come together. The third cause of this diarrhea is the obstruction of the small veins, and are called of the Grecians Mesenterion or Mesaraeon, for that as the stomach and the entrails have done their duties, so if these veins do not suck out the nourishment, then doth nature expel the meat in manner of a thick pap, with pain in the right side and in the bowels, and so out of the body, especially if one have eaten much gross and sweet meat before. Also this scouring may be well caused of an imposthume, which might be about the small veins, or about the upper guts, at which time is commonly perceived an ague, heat and pain: which obstruction doth also proceed for the most part, of gross and tough humours. For this disease vomiting is one of the best remedies. Also this syrup following is to be used: Take the roots of Smallage, Parsley, Butcher's broom, Sperage, grass and Cicorie, of each one dram, the seeds of Smallage and of Parsley, Coming and Fennel, of each one ounce: let this seeth well together, and wring it out, and to this Colature add half a pint of honey, and boil it again, and clarify it as behoveth. Give thereof to the patiented every morning four or five ounces. Also the seeds of Smallage, Ameos, and Parsley decocted in wine, may be used for this, being given the patiented to drink: in like manner parched Rhubarb with wine or Endive water. This patient shall also oftentimes, but at each time eat a little, & take ever after it some penetrating things, as Diacalaminthum one dram and a half before meat, and half a dram after meat. His drink must be likewise old white wine. Also to take otherwhiles some Treacle is very commodious. It is also very good, that the belly be strongly rubbed before and after noon with a rough cloth. The fourth cause of this lask proceedeth from the milt, the which may be known hereby, to wit, when his excrements are a black and dark grey, if the pain be in the left side, if the patient be melancholic, quiet and tractable. When the matter is very sharp and blackish, then is there great danger with it. But if it happen in the end of a quartain ague, or of any other sickness, then doth it bring ease with it, and is a sign of health. What is fit for this, you may see hereafter, where we shall discourse of the Milt. The fift cause proceedeth from the brains, which may be discerned by the pain of the head: also by the rheum, and by the slime of the mouth, which after sleep runneth out of the same, & is also expelled by stool. These diseases are to be cured like as all other rheumatic diseases, whereof you find sufficient discourse in the second Part, the 12. Chapter, and 2. §. But it is especially commended, that parched Melilot shall be laid upon the forehead. Otherwhiles a bag with Camomile and Roses, and so to govern himself, as abovesaid, in the second cause of the stomach. The last cause is windiness, which puffeth up the stomach, spoileth digestion, and provoketh a scouring, like as hereafter shall be taught in the description of windiness of the stomach. It is also counseled to every such patiented (like as is often showed before) that he must be very sober in eating and drinking, yea he must suffer hunger as much as is possible, and that he exercise himself well before meals, and use the Confection Diacyminum or Diacalamintha, which do strengthen his stomach, and let him govern himself in all things else, as hath been said before in Lienteria. Of the lask Dysenteria, called the red Flixe. §. 17. THis name Dysenteria, is of the Grecians so called, being an ulceration or excoriation of the Entrails, and is thus described: Dysenteria is a pain of the Entrails, which inflameth, fretteth, and excoriateth the same: so that with the matter of the scouring, blood is avoided; and it causeth much gnawing, which maketh the patiented to go often to the stool. Or thus: Dysenteria is a scouring, with an exulceration of the bowels, which is increased through outward causes, as heat, cold, drink, hard meat. The causes of this noisome scouring are sharp humours, which pass through the bowels, and there exulcerate the same, fret & take away their fatness. Item by the taking of too sharp medicines, as Diagridion, Esula, and Néesing wort, or when too much of these hath been taken at once. Also this scouring is occasioned, when the body is overcharged with Cholera, Melancholia, or Phlegma, of which superfluities, if the expulsive virtue be strong, nature seeketh to unburden herself. Likewise also, when the meat in the stomach, or humours in the veins do putrify. In like manner also of great and long alteration of the air, be it in hot air, dry air, or when these meet together: like as dry air itself is wont to cause Choleram. Item, of the use of such fruits which do quickly putrify: therefore it is not commendable, and especially that children should eat the same. The signs of this red scouring or bloody Flixe are these, which do not come suddenly upon one: also before it getteth the mastery, it provoketh pain and gripings in the bowels, and also round about the stomach. This scouring likewise burneth and pricketh sore, whereupon doth first follow the scraping of the bowels, mixed with a little blood, until it corrode somewhat deeper into the bowels; then is the pain felt most above the Navel: and if so be that the disease be in the great guts, then is the pain felt most under the Navel. Also the scraping of the lowermost guts are much fatter than of the uppermost: and it doth come also in greater abundance, with many more such like demonstrations. But there be described two sorts of Dysenteria, whereof the first is here before discovered: The second hath the name of Dysenteria unjustly, by reason that it without scraping of the bowels, and very suddenly falleth upon one, with much blood. This with good right is to be called rather an hepatical Flixe than Dysenteria: but we will here first of all writ of the right Dysenteria, and afterwards of the Flix of the liver. If we desire to prevent this red Flix or Dysenteria, then is the same to be done both through outward and also inward means. But first we will show what is best to be used inwardly for it: wherefore you are first to keep in your memory the common rules which have been rehearsed before in the lask Lienteria, to wit, that all those things wherewith you will stay this scouring, be always ministered before meats, for that after meat these binding medicines cause a sick body to scour the more. For this scouring or red Flix all expert Physicians do use commonly at the first parched Mirobalanes, and chief the yellow, steeped in Plantain water, and put also unto it parched Rhubarb, beaten to powder. But the same must not be infused but in substance and powder, like as you have seen before in some potions, for the scouring of Cholera. Item, take parched seeds of Fleawoort two ounces and a half, seeds of Plantain one ounce and a quarter, Gum, fine Bolus, of each three drams, in the juice of Quinces defecate. Or take dried Quinces, beat them to powder, and give thereof one dram and a half, with Plantain water, once or twice a day, wherewith you may also temper parched Nutmegs, and the seeds of Plantain. Item, take parched Gum one ounce, sealed earth three quarters of an ounce, fine Bolus half an ounce; make powder thereof, and give of it one dram and a half at once. Item, take shepherds purse, S. john's wort, and Penniroyall, of each a like quantity: make a powder of it: and give two drams thereof at once in the morning early, with a new laid egg: this stayeth the scouring evidently. Hearts horn washed in Rose water or Plantain water, a dram, or a dram and a half, taken with wine wherein a little Dragagant is dissolved, is a very expert medicine, if it be taken twice a day. The like also of one dram of the rennet of a young Hare taken with wine. Another: Take broad Plantain seed, and Colombine seed, both parched and beaten to powder, of each a like quantity, and give each time thereof two scruples, or one dram, with red Wine. Item take small beaten Bloudstone, well washed in Plantain water, three drag. red Coral one dram and a half, roots of Tormentill, and Trociscos' de Spodio, of each one dram, shaven ivory, burnt Harts horn, of each two scruples, prepared Pearls one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus half a dram: beaten them all small, and take two drams of this powder in the morning with Wine. You may also strew the meat with the same. Item, burn Frogs to ashes in a pot, and use thereof as before, for they have a marvelous operation to staunch blood. In like sort may for many purposes be used Myrtle seed, the seeds of Butcher's brooome, Pomegranate kernels, sealed earth, fine Bolus, and other binding medicines, which are to be beaten to powder, and as the case requireth, may be used well enough for the red flux. Here followeth now a notable confection against all species of scouring, and the same may be used after what sort one will. Take pills and blossoms of Pomegranates, Galls, and acorn cups, of each one quarter of an ounce, Raisin stones, Myrtle seeds, hazel nuts, dry Pomegranate kernels, yellow Rose seed, the juice of Sloes, Butcher's broom seed, of each two ounces, red Coral, Frankincense, Mastic, white and black Poppy seed, parched Gum, the seed of Fleawort, Starch, Dragon blood, of each one dram and a half, Sugar six ounces; temper them well together, whereof you may make a confection with Sugar, or with Plantain water, or Tabulates; or strew the powder alone upon the meat. You may also make pills thereof, which are to be used in the morning betimes, and in the evening two hours after supper: but of the confection may be used three or four times a day, like as necessity requireth, at each time one quarter or half an ounce. Here followeth yet another, which may be used after the same manner: Take Butcher's broom seed, fine Bolus, and Gum, of each three drams and one scruple, Dragon blood, and burnt ivory, of each one dram and seven grains, Cloves strigs, Annis, of each four scrup. Hypocistis one scruple and three grains, Blood stone two drams & a half, red and white Coral, of each two scruples, Amber one quarter of an ounce, Comfrey, Daisies, Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce and one scruple, blossoms of Pomegranates, tragacanth, of each one drag. and seven grains, Myrtle seed three drams and one scruple, Quince kernels, white Poppy seeds, of each five drams, Knotgrass, Sorrel seeds, yellow Rose seed, broad Plantain seeds, and Calmus, of each one dram and seven grains, one pound or more of Marmalade, dissolved with Sugar or Hony, and the other spices tempered amongst it. Another. Take Marmalade boiled with Hony and white bread well toasted, of each four ounces, red beaten Saunders one ounce, than put thereto a little red Wine, and powne them all together, whereof the patiented may take otherwhiles the weight of half an ounce. Spread it also upon a cloth, and lay it upon the stomach. This hath been oftentimes approved: Take old conserves of Roses, and Marmalade, mix them both together unto a confection made with steeled Goats milk. Item, take confected Quince Pears, or Marmalade, three ounces, Mastic, Mints, and Mace, of each one dram; temper them all together with a little of the juice of Quinces, and make Trocisks thereof half an ounce in weight, and you shall always take one of them before meat. Or take old conserve of Roses three ounces, Marmalade two ounces and a half, red Coral one dram, Tormentill, Bistorta, Trociscide Carabe, fine Bolus of each half a dram, prepared Blood stone one quarter of an ounce, temper all together with the syrup of Myrtles. Item, take old conserve of Roses three ounces, Marmalade two ounces and a half, conserve of bugloss and Borage, of each one ounce, prepared Bolus one dram and a half, Coral and Roses, of each half a dram, prepared Pearls two drams and a half, Bistorta one dram, Tormentill two scruples; beat them all small, and make a confection of them with the syrup of Quinces. It is to be noted, that the old conserve of Roses is very good for all manner of looseness of the belly. Some commend that which is made with Sugar alone, and not with Hony. Others use both kinds, according as the scouring is with heat or with cold. Rob de Cornubus. Conserve of Cornus, called at the Apothecaries Rob de Cornubus, hath great force in binding, for all kinds of looseness of the belly, and also for women's excessive menstrual fluxes, and for all other sorts of bléeding, and it is thus prepared: Take ripe Cornus fruits, boil them so long in red Wine until they may be driven through a hairen Searse or strainer, and then let that which is strained seeth until it be thick by a mild fire, stirring it about continually, until it be a thick conserve, and preserve the same. Mithridate and Treacle do also stay the scouring, like as doth also the conserves of water Lilies, if there be great heat withal. In like manner conserves of Barberies used with meat in manner of a sauce. Hereafter follow yet other things more, which may be taken for this confection: Take Trociscos' de Carabe three drams, Dragon blood and fine Bolus, of each half a dram, Plantain seeds or Endive seeds half a dram, Sugar four ounces: seeth them all together with Rose water, and make Tabulats of it. This ensuing is taken to be a very good and approved remedy. Take a Nutmeg, burn it at a Wax candle until the oil drop out, powne it to powder, & temper with it the whites of two Eggs, and as much Bean meal as will make a dough. Afterwards make pellets of them as big as a Nut, and put them on a stick, and roast them softy until they be thoroughly dry, whereof give to the patiented in the morning and also at evening. But if you will have the scouring speedily stopped, then take the more Nutmeg and the less meal. In like manner are also highly commended hard sodden eggs eaten out of vinegar, & strewed with powder of Nutmegs. But some prefer roasted eggs alone. Dried Peaches boiled in water and eaten, do stay the red flux. Peaches preserved. Others do confect Peaches in this manner: Cut the Peaches in two pieces, and take out the stones, tie them to a thread, and dry them in an Oven. And when you will use them, then infuse them in water. Then be they good for the stomach, stay the scouring, quench thirst, moisten the throat and drought of the tongue. Concerning the drink and such like, stéeled milk is very good for children. Item, Rose water six ounces, Cloves, Mastic, Butcher's broom seed, of each one dram: powne them small, and put it into a glass, and let it seeth in water, and give the children a spoonful of it. Another drink: Take Glue that is burnt in a baking Oven four pound, poune it small, and power fair fountain water unto it; let it seethe a waume or two. Lastly, slake three or four times in it glowing steel: afterwards strain it clear out, and make Almond milk with it. Item, the juice of Sloes and of Barberies are very commodious, each apart or mingled together, or drunken with wine, like as is taught in the 15. §. of the scouring diarrhea, and of the Sloes. You have also in the first part and 3. §. another water of Sloes, which may be used also for this red or bloody flux. Syrup of Mints is much used for all looseness of the belly: Syrup of Mints. therefore it is not amiss to show at this present, how it is made after two manner of ways. Take the juice of ripe Quince pears, the juice of sweet, méetly sweet, and of sour Pomegranates, of each four ounces and a half, infuse therein four ounces and a half of rumpled Mints the space of four and twenty hours with half an ounce of Roses, afterwards seeth them all together by a mild fire until the half be boiled away, & then wring it through a cloth. Further, put good honey unto it, or Sugar, six ounces, and let it seeth well and thick: lastly, hang in it a piece of silk with Lignum Aloes five grains, Amber three grains, Musk one grain. This syrup doth not only stop all scourings, but is also good for all diseases of the stomach which proceed of cold, and it doth also take away all wambling and vomiting. The other is made thus: Take clarified juice of Mints, sweet and sour juice of Pomegranates, let this seethe all together with sufficient Sugar unto a syrup. The syrup of Quince pears is also of the same efficacy, which is also made diversly, Syrup of Quinces. as followeth hereafter: Take the seeds of broad Plantain two ounces, Cipers nuts, the middle rinds of an Oaken tree, Chestnut tree, and Butcher's broom, of each two handfuls, Myrtle seed one handful, sour Quinces, Services and Medlars, of each six, the juice of Sloes half an ounce, Hypocistis one ounce: seethe them all together in Plantain water, and make thereof a syrup with syrup. Another: Take rain water or Rose water sixteen ounces, and seethe therein one ounce of Myrtle seed, Roses, Sumach, the juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, blossoms of Pomegranates, ivory, of each half an ounce, ten or twelve unripe Services, liquorice, tragacanth and Gum, of each half an ounce: powne all that is to powned, and when it is sodden away unto twelve ounces, then strain it thorough a cloth, and put a pound or twain of Sugar unto it: then let it seethe again together, clarifying it unto a syrup. The third sort of sirups is called at the Apothecaries Miva, Miva. which is also made two manner of ways, as followeth: Take of the juice of Quinces strained well, twelve ounces, seeth it away unto the half, and then power good wine unto it, and nine ounces of Sugar, then let it boil again unto a thick syrup. This syrup stayeth the lask, and comforteth the stomach. The other sort of Miva is called Miva Citoniorum aromatica, for that it is prepared with good spice, like as followeth: Take the juice of sour Quinces seven common pounds, old wine half as much, clarified honey two pound and four ounces, or one may take Sugar in stead of honey: let them seeth away scumming it, and afterwards hang in this syrup bounden in a cloth Cinnamome, Cardamome, of each one dram and a half, Cloves one dram, Ginger, Mastic, of each two scruples, Saffron one dram, Mace two scruples, Musk half a dram, Gallia Muscatae one dram: this being all beaten gross together, wring it often out, that the force of these may come into the syrup. This syrup is much warmer than the other, and therefore it is not to be used for the looseness of the belly which cometh through heat: otherwise it strengtheneth the stomach, the liver, and all inward members: it causeth appetite to meat, it helpeth digestion, and taketh away the vomiting. Syrup of Myrtles. The syrup of Myrtles will we add unto it, for that the same is very fit for all scourings or flixes. Take Myrtle seed twelve ounces, the juice of Sloes and Butcher's broom seed, of each fifteen grains, Roses one ounce, ivory and Hypocistis, of each one quarter of an ounce, Mints one dram: seeth them all together in rain water unto the half, then strain it thorough, and put unto it six ounces of the juice of Quinces, honey twelve ounces, but clarify it well, and let it boil unto the consistence of a thick syrup. Another, which is very common at the Apothecaries. Take Myrtle seed ten drams, white Saunders, Butcher's broom seeds, blossoms of Pomegranates, of Barberies, of each fifteen drams, Medlars six ounces and two drams, juice of Pomegranates, juice of Crabs, of each twelve ounces: boil the foresaid simples in these juices, and with thirty ounces of Sugar make a syrup of them. For this is also fit these usual Sirupes following, viz. the syrup of Raspes, Oxysacchara, of dry Roses, and of Pears, for therewith will the sharpness of the matter be delayed. Clysters are also fit for this disease (whereof some be here set down.) First, they are to be made, which the Physicians do call Lavativa, which be those that do wash the bowels, for which there is none other to be used but Barley water only. Secondly, if it be desired to have them cleanse more, than temper with it some honey of Roses, or a little slight Sugar. The third sort is binding and assuaging the pain: Take a handful of parched Barley, seethe it well in water, take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, slight Sugar three ounces, oil of Roses two ounces, and two yolks of Egs. This Clyster may be often used. It is to be noted, that there is to be taken for it oil of Roses, which is made of Rose buds, for that it is better for this purpose. You have also a Clyster before in the fifteenth §. which was made of the broth of a Lamb's head. For such a one you may use steeled water, and to seeth therein the seeds of Plantain. But if so be that then the scrape of the bowels pass not away withal, there must be tempered amongst it one ounce of Déeres suet, and a dram of Dragon's blood. For to know whether the uppermost or the undermost bowels in the red or bloody flux be perished, take a handful of Dog's dung, and dissolve the same in steeled Milk, and give this to the patiented, then, if so be that he presently with pain, with purulencie and blood avoid the same again downward, and be mixed with the excrements, than it is a sure sign, that the disease is in the lowermost bowels. But if he go much to stool after the pain (the blood being separated from the excrements) and if the pain be about the Navel, than it is a sign that the place of this flux is in the uppermost bowels. If you desire to stay this bloody flux, then are these things following to be used, to wit, steeled water, the juice of Plantain, the juice of the herb Mullin, and the juice of Sloes, wherewith one may temper a few paper ashes, and one or two yolks of Eggs sodden hard, the powder of sealed earth, or fine Bolus, and the oil of Myrtles, of which you may choose that liketh you best, and can get soon. This Clyster ensuing drieth and healeth, Take unwormetaen Galls, Butcher's broomeseed, and Bolus, of each one quarter of an ounce, Deeres suet or Goat's suet, one ounce and a half, two hard sodden yolks of Eggs well beaten one ounce, of the juice of Plantain and rain water, as much as is needful for to seethe the premises in it. Or take the decoction of butcher's broom seed. This Clyster is the patiented to keep with him as long as ever he can. Another. Take peeled Lentils, Millet, Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates, and Galls, of each one handful: seethe these together in a pint and a half of water unto the half, take thereof ten ounces, of the oil of Roses one ounce, paper ashes one dram, and Deeres suet one ounce, and the yolk of a roasted Egg, and make thereof a Clyster. Suppositories. Take white Henbane seed, Opium, white Poppy seed, ivory, blossoms of Pomegranates, and Frankincense, of each a like quantity, boiled Honey one ounce always to a dram of the premises, make Suppositories of it. They be strong, they thicken the humour, procure sleep, and take away the pain: but they be not to be used, but when the pain is intolerable. These Pessaries may be made for women to be used in the Mother. Take Frankincense, linseed, and Saffron, of each one dram, temper them well together, and bind it in a fine cloth with a thread at it, that it may be well plucked out again. In great extremities may the stupefactives be used, which do numb the sinews, yet are they not to be used unless all inward and outward remedies have been applied. But first of all are outward medicines, and afterwards inward to be adhibited. Likewise the remedies which be ministered by the mouth, are first to be tried, and afterwards from below. For this are these Pills ensuing also used. Take the blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Pills for all manner of fluxes of blood. Myrtle seed, Comfrey roots, Dragon blood, fine Bolus, the juice of Sloes, Roses, Argall, Hypocistis, Butcher's broom seed, and Saffron, Gallia muscata, Galls, Cinnamome, ivory, Mace, and Gum, of each one dram, Opium one dram and a half: make of them with the juice of Plantain, as small Pills as hemp seeds, and give thereof nine or eleven at one time. Item, there was a woman that voided eighteen pound of blood at three times, and she was cured with Philonium Persicum, which was tempered with the juice of Plantain and parched Rhubarb. But in these weighty matters an expert Physician is to be sent for, because (as we have told already) there is no jesting with this Philonium. What ought to be outwardly used for this disease. FIrst of all it is good to bind the arms, but not the legs; then is also a bath to be made, wherein be decocted the leaves of Quinces, Pears, Medlars, Service tree, Cornus leaves, Butcher's broom, Galls, Myrtles, acorn cups, Roses, and such like binding things, wherein the sick persons are to be set even up to their navels. Thus may you also seeth the foresaid things, and wet clothes in the decoction, & then lay them warm upon the belly: or in the stead of them, to use the juice of Plantain, or any other juices of binding herbs, as Butcher's broom seed, or Myrtle seed: and temper also the powder amongst it, whereof be made Trocisci de Terra sigillata. These sick persons do complain also of great pain, when the sharp humour scoureth through the excoriated bowels. Now for to assuage the same, you are to take of the first mentioned things, which you will: but you must put always Camomile and Melilot unto it, and afterwards let them seethe in wine or steeled water, and then lay them with a cloth wrong out, or with a sponge upon the pain. You may make also three or four bags of the foresaid things, and seeth them in wine, and so lay them warm upon the pain, and when the one is cold, then to lay another upon it again. There be also fumigations used for this sickness, for which is to be taken Cypers nuts, Myrtle seed. Butcher's broom seed, Pomegranate pills, and wormeaten Galls, of each one handful, the juice of Sloes, prepared Coriander, Hypocistis, Plantain seed, Roses, Frankincense, Sandaraca, Gallia muscata, Bloudstone, and Marierome, of each one handful, Cinnamome, Mastic, and parched Caruway seed, of each one dram, Colophonia one ounce and a half; make a powder of them, and strew thereof upon the coals, and receive the fume from below. Another. Take Marierome, seeds of Butcher's broom, Myrtle and Coriander, of each one handful and a half, blossoms and pills of Pomegranates Hypocistis, and yellow Rose seeds, of each half a handful, roots of the herb Mullin, roots of Carduus benedictus, the rinds and roots of the Mulberry tree: make all these to powder, and then make also a bag for to sit upon, and take therewith the first above mentioned things, and boil them in wine. For a plaster: Take a shive or twain of Rye bread, tossed it well, and besprinkle it with Vinegar or red wine; afterwards beat it, and put unto it Galls, acorn cups, the blossoms and shales of Pomegranates, and the rinds of the Medlar tree, of each two ounces, Roses, Starch, the juice of Sloes, fine Bolus, sealed earth and Dragon blood, of each one ounce; make them all to powder, and put it then amongst the foresaid bread. Further, make a plaster with a sufficient quantity of the oil of Myrtles, Roses, and Rose water, with as much vinegar as sufficeth, and so lay this plaster warm upon the stomach. This patient may also use such salves for this disease, as do hereafter follow. Take oil of Roses, of Myrtles, oil of Quinces, and of Mastic, of each half an ounce, Galls, Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates, Myrtle seed, fine Bolus, Dragon blood and Mastic, of each one scrup. Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve. This following is stronger: Take Mastic six ounces, oil of Quinces and of Myrtles, of each three ounces, Mastic, the juice of Sloes, and Dragon's blood, of each three quarters of an ounce, red Coral, Amber, sealed earth, of each half an ounce, the innermost pills of Chestnuts, prepared Iron dross, of each one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus, Pomegranate pills and Frankincense, of each one quarter of an ounce, Resin half an ounce, Wax as much as sufficeth for to make an ointment thereof, wherewith the belly must be anointed 3. or 4. times a day. This unguent is special good against excessive flowing of the flowers in women, the same being laid upon the Hips and upon the thighs. Item, take Rosin three ounces, the seeds of Butcher's broom, prepared Coriander, and Myrtle seed, of each half a dram, Mastic two scruples, Hypocistis, red Saunders, of each half a dram, oil of Myrtles and of Quinces, of each one ounce and a half; melt the Rosin in Vinegar, and make a Plaster of it, or a salve, and anoint therewith the whole Belly, and about the Ribs. Boxing cups are also very meet for this purpose set on unpickt upon the Navel, upon either side of the Navel one: this will draw back the blood. Let them also remain thereon the space of four hours. Some also do advise for to open the Median; other the Liver vein, thereby to delay the sharpness of the humour, and to withdraw it, and also to cool the Liver with it: but it is somewhat dangerous, and ought not to be effected at any hand, except it were for some great cause, and therefore is here the counsel of a learned Physician to be required. For a lotion of the feet you are to take of the forementioned things, and therewith to rub the shins and the legs. In fine, what simples soever are to be used for this red or bloody Flixe through heat or cold are these; to wit, in heat, take the blossoms of Pomegranates, Galls, Butchers broomséedes, the juice of Sloes, Roses, Barberies, Quince kernels and the rinds, Pomegranate pills, sealed earth, Bolus, ivory, Hypocistis, Pomegranate kernels, Sorrel seed, Plantain seed, Raisins stones, and all binding fruits; as unripe Melons, unripe Mulberries, unripe Sloes, Medlars, Services, the fruit of Cornus, and such like. Of compounded things be Trisantalon, Diacodion, old conserve of Roses, and many other more which are before mentioned. Simples which bind and warm, are Nutmegs, Cypers nuts and the leaves, Frankincense, Myrrh, Laudanum, red Styrax. Amber, Ameos, Cinnamom, parched Annis, and such like. The compounded be Diamentha, Diacinnamomum, and all that are of the like nature. The other kind of Dysenteria or bloody Flixe. §. 18. IT hath been showed before, that the learned have described yet another manner of bloody flux, the which by the unskilful is wrongly called by the name of Dysenteria, for it cometh without any scrape of the guts, and with much more blood than the former. Wherefore it is rather to be taken for a flux of the Liver than for aught else. This flux is also threefold: first, idle persons that are full of blood, and that eat and drink much; also they that omit their wont exercises, are very subject to this infirmity, for these of necessity must have overmuch blood, which nature seeketh to expel as she doth all such things that in any way are troublesome unto her, but especially in the Liver, albeit that some other inward parts might cause the same. The signs of this flux are first clear blood, which with a great quantity doth suddenly pass away at one time, and returneth again afterwards. It may also be well caused of sharp medicines, which may be understood and known of the patiented. Secondly, it may also happen through weakness of the retentive virtue: for if there be no perfect digestion, then seemeth the blood like unto water wherein flesh had been washed, and so is avoided with the ordure by stool. In like manner it may be caused also very well through melancholy, and in the scouring is the blood blacker. But if it come through the inward piles, then is the blood clear, yet somewhat blackish. Sometime it is caused through some vein, which chanceth to break within the body: And then doth this scouring come very suddenly, little or much, according to that the vein so broken is great or small. The difference between all these fluxes of blood is, that the hepatical flux is without pain, where to the contrary, all other are not without pain and anguish of the place, from whence the blood issueth. Thus for to cure this bloody flux, plethoric persons who be infected with this scouring, must betake themselves to all manner of sobriety in eating and drinking: open a vein, use some exercise, and purge, if need require. But if so be that the same be caused through any sharp medicine received, then is this scouring to be stayed by taking three drams of Cress' seed with steeled milk, or through any other binding medicine before mentioned. This plaster following is to be applied on the Liver: Take Roses, red Saunders, of each half an ounce, Spike one dram, Barley meal two ounces, Wine and Vinegar, as much as will suffice for to make a plaster, lay this warm upon it. If this scouring proceed through heat, then give him Trisantalon: Or if it come through cold, then give him some warming Confection, and other things more which be rehearsed before. Secondly, if there run any black blood amongst it, then open the Median. It is also good for this, that the body be well rubbed morning and evening about the place where the disease is, so that those things whereby these parts are nourished, might be drawn thither. But if so be that there be any vein broken, then look what is written of the casting up of the blood, which is caused through a broken vein, in the second part, the fifth Chapter, and 18. §. Of all bloody Flixes in general. §. 19 FOr a conclusion of all these bloody Fluxes, there is to be added unto them, to wit, if so be that through any excessive scouring, (of whatsoever occasion it be) the patiented fall into a swound (like as it often happeneth) what is then to be done in it. First of all, he is to be cherished with water, and more other means are to be used for it, as in the second part, the sixth Chapter, 2. §. hath been said of swooning. Further, the patiented is to be nourished with good meat, and Wine, to wit, with roasted Pullet's, Turtle doves, and other Doves, Cloves, Rose water, Galingall, and Lignum Aloes, which be very meet for him. When as then the swooning is past, then are all means to be sought for to stay his scouring, and to bring the patiented to rest and sleep. There is also to be given unto him one dram of Treacle, or Philonium, and if so be that he can abide it, then let him bathe, even as is here before admonished. Item, we will moreover add hereunto a general rule, how a man is to govern himself in these bloody fluxes. First, he must beware of all moist meats, because that thereby the moisture of the body is augmented; but there is much rather to be used all that is dry, like as hard baked Eggs, and such like, without much salt, and much fat. Also all things are to be dressed with steeled Water, Oaten pap, Barley pap, and Pullet's broths are not forbidden, neither yet shives of bread baked in fat or butter. He shall also eat white bread: red Wine is better for this sickness then white: but if you can get no red Wine, then take old white Wine which is not so sour, and temper the same with steeled water, temper therewith some parched Gum, Bolus, and burnt ivory. In like manner also temper some juice of Barberies in his drink, or in stead thereof, use wine of Barberies. Almond milk made with steeled water may he also drink, but not to drink much is best for all looseness of the belly. And whereas in this sickness the patiented commonly looseth his appetite, yet are there some Physicians who permit the patiented to eat what he most longeth for, albeit they do counsel most of all for bread and other meats, which be most necessary for this sickness. Between meals be conserve of Roses and Marmalade very commodious to be eaten. For in this sickness is the patiented to be kept quiet, warm, and well covered, and rather to let his ordure and excrements in a bowl under him, then to rise often, for the less that he is stirred, the sooner will the scouring be stayed. All that is too hot and looseth much, is forbidden in this infirmity, whether it be Spice, or any herbs: likewise also very strong Honey, Milk, Fruit, Cheese, Fish, and all doughie meats. Of the Constipation or binding in the body. §. 20. WE have hitherto discovered many kinds of things, which do stay the flux or lask. But it is well known to all men, that the health of man is oftentimes neglected, through constipation of the body, and when the excrements have not their natural course: therefore it is the principal determination of all famous Physicians, to keep open the body for all manner of sicknesses, whereby the superfluous matter and bad humours may be avoided, even as every where may be seen throughout this whole book. And albeit this binding of the body proceed of divers causes; yet it is not needful to dispute further thereof, because that in certain sicknesses which be caused through this constipation, is sufficiently spoken of it. We will here therefore speak of the binding of the body in healthy persons. For this is first needful a common and necessary rule, to wit; all that is taken to lose the body, it be done fasting, that is, when the stomach is emptied of other meats, and that one fast an hour or twain after it: for if so be that the meat be mixed with the medicine, then can it not perform his operation as it behoveth; for it will thereby be hindered and enfeebled. Secondly, to begin always with the weakest and easiest things: and if they work not strongly enough, then are after that more forcible things to be used. And because no safer things can be used, than Suppositories and Clysters, therefore we will first of all begin to speak of them. Suppositories to provoke Stools. THere be made many kinds of Suppositories, whereof these are the easiest: Take Honey as much as you please, séethe it hard, and to prove if it be sodden enough, let a drop fall upon a cold stone, or upon an Iron, which being cold, will spring in pieces if you strike upon it; if that it do not cleave, than it is sodden enough. Afterwards temper amongst it salt and meal, and power it on a stone table, or on a Tin trencher, and roll up the Suppository as thick as you will have it: then cut it off and make both the ends sharp and even by the fire or candle, and afterwards reserve it in Salad oil, or in line oil. These Suppositories are to be put into the fundament, and to be kept therein as long as is possible. In like manner doth also this ensuing: Take two parts of meal and one part of salt; make a Suppository thereof with the white of an egg, and keep it dry. Other some use in steed of this Suppository, that which followeth hereafter: They beat the white of an egg, and stir a good deal of salt amongst it, and a little Soot: they put the same in a fine cloth the quantity of a Nutmeg, and bind it fast, and let a thread hang at it; being anointed with fat or oil, put the same into the fundament, and when you will go to the stool, then pluck it out again. Stronger Suppositories, which are to be used at the Apothecaries, are these: Take Species Hierae simplicis one dram, Salt half a scruple, Honey one ounce; seeth these all together hard, and make Suppositories of them. These may be used with all safety. But if you will have them yet stronger, than put half a dram of Sal gemmae unto it. Species Hierae. The foresaid Species Hierae be thus made: Take Cinnamom, Mastic, Asarabacca, Balsam fruit, Saffron, Balsam wood, & Cassie wood, of each one drag. Aloe two ounces; make a powder of them. There be also Suppositories to be made (if there can nothing else be gotten) of salt Lard cut in long slices; of Allom cut also of the longest fashion, & of Venice soap etc. For young children are also Suppositories made of fresh Butter, Figs, and Beet roots, and such like. Also there be made for especial sicknesses many kind of Suppositories, which be not here specified. The Clysters be marvelous requisite to open the Constipation of the body, and of more effect than the Suppositories: because that through their moisture & slipperynes, they enter further into the bowels, and do there supple, soften, and provoke the going to stool. Of these Clysters we have every where described divers in this our book: yet we will recite here certain more, which do open the body without any pain. Take Mallows three handfuls, Béetes, Mercury, of each two handfuls; séethe them together and wring them out: then take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, three yolks of eggs, oil of Sesamum, or of Lineséede four ounces, Sal gemmae half a dram, temper them together, and minister it warm. Item, take Mutton broth, Veal broth, or Hen broth, as much as before, melt therein fresh Butter, and Duck's grease, of each one ounce, Saffron half a dram, oil of Dill and of Lilies, of each one ounce and a half, Indie salt one dram, and then temper them together, this is somewhat stronger. There may also be taken in stead of the foresaid oil S. Tho. Sugar, and oil of Violets, of each two ounces: but if so be that the pain be great, then may be tempered with it one dram of Philonium, and one ounce of the oil of Mandragora. In fine, all common Clysters be fit for this which be made of fresh broth, Salad oil, oil of Violets, boiled Mallows, Béetes, Pellitory of the wall, Camomile, Melilot, and such like suppling things. Some do use also these things following in the stead of suppositories: Take new Milk and Butter, of each two spoonfuls, make it warm, and use it as a Clyster. There be also many easy Conserves and Confections which do also lose the body, like as conserve of Pellitory, which by long continuance doth lose if one take it alone. First, you have before in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, in the second §. a conserve of Currans, and others which be very requisite. How commodious also the Cassia is, hath in many sundry places been seen: yet hereafter ensueth a very notable and safe confection of Cassie and Manna for to keep the body open. Take Damask Prunes one ounce, Violets one dram and a half, fair well water nine ounces, seethe them together unto the half, and temper in this decoction Cassie two ounces, sour Dates half an ounce, Manna one ounce, syrup of Violets two ounces, Sugar candy, and Sugar pennets, of each half an ounce: bruise the sour Dates in the decoction, and then boil them thick with other confections, power then the dissolved Manna unto it, that through seething it lose not the force. This confection is requisite for all dainty persons which be bounden in the body, for it hath no unpleasant taste, it doth lose very gently, expelleth Choleram, and assuageth an Ague. Also for a gentle laxation one may eat Cassie out of the pipe one ounce, casting away the stones. For the same purpose are these Confections following also fit: Take a quart of good Rhenish wine, steep therein the space of six hours half an ounce of Seine husks, and one ounce and a half of Seine leaves, let them boil well: temper afterwards in this wine Currans pouned small one pound, fat Figs three ounces, rub these through a Strainer, which being done, put four ounces of Sugar candy unto it, and then let it boil until it be méetly thick. Lastly, you are to mix with it half an ounce of Cinnamome, whereof you are to use half an ounce at a time. These laxative confections following are commonly ordained in Mineral baths: Take rinds of yellow Mirobalanes, & of Indie, of each one ounce, bruise them well with Currans, Seine husks two ounces, polypody roots one ounce and a half; let this seeth together unto the half in the water of betony, Sage and bugloss, of each six ounces, water of Mints three ounces, temper amongst them Agaricus one dram and a half, Rhubarb one quarter of an ounce, Ginger one scruple, Thyme and wild Thyme, of each half a handful. When it hath sodden méetly well, then let it stand a night, and in the morning wring it out, then mix four ounces of Cassie amongst it, the juice of Currans (which is Looch de Passulis) two ounces, beaten Cinnamome one ounce, Spec. laetitiae Galeni one quarter of an ounce, Sugar six ounces, seethe them with betony water unto a syrup, and make a confection of it. Sour Dates be also a blessed medicine, for they purge very mildly, and therefore they be seldom used alone, but what force and virtue they have, is sufficiently showed in the first part of this book. The laxative confection of Prunes (called Diaprunis lenitiva) is very pleasant and meet: Diaprunis lenitiva. it doth not only lose the belly, but delayeth Choleram, it quencheth thirst, and is good for all heat, but especially when the Ague is in his prime, and it is thus prepared: Take fifty Prunes (the stones plucked out) seethe them in sufficient water, then bruise them through a Strainer, that the skins may tarry out: afterwards put the broth or liquor into the same pot where they were sodden on the fire again, and put unto it three quarters of an ounce of dried Violets, and let it seethe up twice or thrice, then strain out the decoction, and put it unto the foresaid bruised Prunes. This being done, put six ounces of Sugar unto it, and let it seethe again until it be thickish, and then take some of the liquor remaining, and therewith temper Cassie and sour Dates, of each one quarter of an ounce: lastly, mix all together, and let it boil softly until it be as thick as a confection. Item, take powned Rhubarb half an ounce, fresh conserve of Roses two ounces, temper, and use thereof about one quarter of an ounce at a time. There is scant any confection which is not only more meet for this matter, but in many other causes more, then that which is called at the Apothecaries Electuarium de Sebesten, and is therefore worthy to be rehearsed. Electuarium de Sebesten. Take Sebesten and Prunes (having both of them their stones taken out) of each two ounces and a half, Violet water six ounces, water of blue Flower deluce, and Pompeon water, of each three ounces, Mercury water two ounces, Sugar pennets four ounces, Rob de Prunis six ounces, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, Gourd seed, and péeled Cucumber seed, of each one ounce, Diagridion one dram and a half beaten small, boil these fruits in the waters, then drive them thorough a strainer, and boil them with the Sugar, and when it is almost cold, then add the seeds cut very small, and the Diagridion beaten finely. This confection is very good for all hot Agues: for it easeth thirst, watching and bitterness of the mouth, and doth cause much urine to be avoided. Diaturbith cum Rhabarbaro. There be also many kinds of Spices prepared, whereof Confections & other things be made, of which we will here describe some: to wit, Diaturbith cum Rhabarbaro which is thus prepared: Take Turbith and Hermodactyli, of each one ounce, Rhubarb one quarter of an ounce, Diagridij half an ounce, white and red Saunders, Violets and Ginger, of each one dram and a half, Annis, Mastic, Cinnamom and Saffron, of each one dram and a half, Sugar fourteen ounces and a quarter of an ounce: make of all these premises a powder or Confection. Another: Take Rhubarb half an ounce, Cloves and Galingall, of each one quarter of an ounce, Hermodactyli and white Sugar of each three dragm. Diagridii six ounces, Seine leaves one quarter of an ounce, India Spica, Saffron, Ginger, Annis and Mastic, of each one scrup. lastly, make a powder of it. Both these are fit for to purge all bad humours, be they Cholera, Phlegma, or Melancholia. Tabulats of Ginger laxative. The purging Tabulats of Ginger be made thus: Take beaten Ginger one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamom and Cloves, of each one dram, Nutmegs and Galingall, of each one scruple, Saffron fourteen ounces, Turbith half a dram, Diagridion one dram, Sugar two ounces; make Tabulats of it: exhibit not above one quarter of an ounce at once, for they be meetly strong. The like purging Confections you may find very many at well furnished Apothecaries; to wit, Diaphoenicon, de succo Rosarum etc. Take Epithymum, Polipodie roots, and Thyme, of each one dram, Seine leaves three quarters of an ounce, Argall three drams, Cinnamom and Annis, of each one dram, the powder of Dill leaves one quarter of an ounce, make them into powder: take a dram of it, tempered with fresh broth. The powder Pasaphan. In Italy they have a powder called Pasaphan, which is there much in use; and is thus prepared: Take Seine leaves three drams, Turbith one quarter of an ounce, good Rhubarb one dram, liquorice, Annis, Fennell, of each half a dram, India Spica five grains: these being all powdered, and then given one dram at the most with wine or with any kind of water. This powder is very common at some Apothecaries, and is thus prepared: Take Turbith half an ounce, Cinnamom and Ginger, of each one quarter of an ounce, Galingall, Mastic, Cardamome, Cloves, of each half a dram, Annis one dragm. Hermodactyli, Diagridion, Seine leaves, of each half an ounce, Sugar three ounces; temper these together, and give him a drag. of it at the most. Medicamen de Turbith. Medicamen de Turbith is also common, whereof here do follow two sorts: Take white Ginger, Mastic and Turbith, of each half an ounce, Sugar one ounce and a half; mix these to a subtle powder. The other: Take Turbith half an ounce, Ginger one quarter of an ounce, Mastic ten grains, Sugar three drams: this being beaten small and tempered well together, purgeth slimy humours: of the which may well be given to young children, women in child bed, old folks and all dainty persons, one dram at the least at one time. Of which may all be given according to the ability of the person, more or less. Seen powder called pulvis Senae praeparatae, is not only laxative, pulvis Senae praeparatae. but also purgeth marvelous well the head. Take Seine leaves one ounce and a half, Ginger and Nutmegs of each two drams, Cinnamom and Argall, of each one dram and a half: make a powder of it, and give one dram of it at once. A powder: Take Turbith one quarter of an ounce, Ginger Cinnamom, Mastic, Galingal, Cardamome, Cloves, Annis, Hermodactyli, and Diagridij, of each one dragm, Seine leaves half an ounce, Sugar one ounce; or put unto them as much Sugar as you think good, for without Sugar it is not to be taken above one dram. Item take Seen leaves half an ounce, Ginger, and Cinnamom, of each one dram, Sugar one quarter of an ounce: take the half thereof, and strew it upon a slice or shive of toasted bread, that hath been steeped in wine, and so eat it. But if it do not lose, then eat another slice of bread and the rest in a morning. It is surely good. Amongst the things that one doth eat, some mix Mercury leaves in a Salad, for they do easily lose them that be apt to go to stool. Item, Dates, Mirobalanes, stewed Prunes strewed well with Sugar, do lose the body very mildly. Likewise also Damask Prunes stewed with Raisins, do lose also if one sup up the broth withal, five or six Figs eaten before meat, do open the body. Item, Currans washed in sweet Wine, and steeped therein, and afterwards dried and strewed with Sugar, are also very good for this purpose. Or take Raisins (as is said) which be steeped, half a pound, beat them, and wring them through a hairen strainer, Sugar two ounces, Sugar of Roses, and Honey of Roses, of each one ounce and a half, seethe them well by a mild fire unto a confection, then take of it as often as you will the quantity of a nut. Also you may steep these Currants in oil of sweet Almonds strewed with Sugar and then eaten, for much Sugar hath a laxative nature, and especially in young children. Now will we write of certain laxative potions, of which be divers ready at all well furnished Apothecaries to be had, and albeit you may use the same alone, yet notwithstanding have all Physicians ordained, that the same shall be commonly tempered and taken with purging medicines, whereof here shall follow some, which the Apothecaries at Augusta have at all times in a readiness. First they have a drink which they call Decoctionem communem, Decoctio communis. which is a common decocted potion, made after this manner: Take ten or twelve Prunes, liquorice, Currans, Annis seed, and Fennell, of each half an ounce, flowers of Borage and bugloss, of each one dragm and a half, power a quart of water unto it, seeth it so long until a third part be wasted, then strain it through. This drink ensuing is of a temperate nature, for it is somewhat more cooling, and the same is to be used in Summer. Take Currans, liquorice, Prunes, juiubes, Violets, Barley, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, Gourd seed, and Cucumber seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, boil them together in water like as is said before. Take fumitory, betony, Mints, Mugwort, of each half a handful, flowers of Borage and bugloss, of each half a dram, Annis, Fennell, Asarabacca, of each half an ounce, wild Saffron seed three quarters of an ounce, Calmus one ounce, polypody roots, Agaricus, of each one quarter of an ounce, Seine leaves one ounce, the seeds and roots must be beaten gross, (letting them seeth first a little) afterwards put unto it the herbs, flowers, and Agaricke, and so let them seethe again: when it is then cold, wring it out hard, & keep it well very close stopped in a cool place. In like manner there is prepared a stronger which is called Decoctio aperitiva maior, Decoctio aperitiva maior. and is made thus: Take Endive, Cicorie, fumitory, of each one handful, agrimony, Windweed, and Heart's tongue, of each half a handful, flowers of Borage and bugloss, of each one quarter of an ounce, Thime and wild Thime, of each two drams and a half, roots of Fennell, Smallage, Parsley of each half an ounce, Annis & Fennell seed, Melon seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, sliced liquorice half an ounce, roots of Cipers, rinds of Tamariske, of each three drams, Seine leaves two ounces, Polipodie roots one ounce, Agaricus half an ounce, seeth them all together in water like as is said before, then wring it well out. You are to steep in this decoction Rhubarb three dragm. and a half. India Spica one scruple, Sal Gemmae half a scruple, Cinnamome two scruples, let them stand together to steep all a whole night, afterwards seeth it once in boiling water, strain it very well out, and put six ounces of Sugar unto it. Decoct●o Senae. A decoction of Seine leaves called Decoctio Senae: Take Seine leaves two ounces, and Seen husks one ounce, roots of Cicorie, agrimony, Hyssop, of each half a handful, polypody roots one ounce, seeth them together in a quart of water until the third part be decocted away, then wring it out, and keep it in a cool place. I susio Senae. Another, Insusio Senae: This decoction is much used for the Pocks at Augusta in Germany, for which it is most meet: Take the husks and leaves of Seine, of each five drams, Ginger two scruples, Borage flowers, Violets, Roses, of each one scruple, Polipodie one quarter of an ounce, Currans half an ounce, ten or twelve Sebesten, sliced Agaricus half an ounce, power upon them sixteen ounces of boiling water, and let it be steeped the space of ten hours by the warm ashes, afterwards wring it out and keep it well, whereof is commonly three or four ounces taken, and syrup of fumitory, or De Bizantijs one ounce and a half, or two ounces tempered together, three or four days one after another. There be also used many other laxative potions, like as this Wine following: Take Seine leaves two ounces, Tymus and Epithymus, of each one ounce and a half, flowers of Borage and bugloss, of each three handfuls, Heart's tongue, and roots of Cicorie, of each two handfuls, Rosemary Stechas, of each one handful, Roses and Balm, of each three handfuls: these are to be put dry and flixed into a little Runlet, and power fifty quarts of Must upon it, and then let it stand and clarify, when as need doth require, then may you take a good draft of it before meat. Item, drink Pullet broth wherein Prunes are decocted, and to eat the Prunes is very commodious. But this broth relaxeth better when it is boiled with Currans and much Sugar. In like manner new Whey well salted and drunken warm doth lose, but better if it be sodden with Prunes. In like manner also are you to take Wormwood, Honey, and Sugar according to the ability of the person, seeth this together in water, and drink a good draft thereof. Item, take Sanicle with the roots, seeth it well, and drink of it the quantity of four ounces, tempered with Honey of Roses. If so be that pills can not be used, then take four ounces of water wherein Mallows were before decocted, and dissolve Sugar therein or Honey of Violets, and so drink it. Or take linseed, Hops, & Borage, all together, or each apart, decoct them to a potion, this looseth also. The same doth also one ounce of Polipodie, and half an ounce of Fennell seeds decocted together. Item, take conserve of Eldern one ounce, or one ounce and a half, dissolve it in fresh broth one pound, and drink fasting a good draft thereof. fumitory and Goat's milk boiled together doth not only lose the belly, but also cleanseth the blood. The decoction of Charuill and of Larks spurs do also open the body. Item, the decoction of Coleworts, of Béetes, and of Lentils, in every of these are you to temper the quantity of an hazel nut of fine Turpentine, and to drink it warm, which is also good for the excoriation of the guts. The decoction of Crevices, and of all other fishes, are also very good for relaxation, but sweet oil of Almonds is most commodious for this purpose, more sure and most pleasant being taken with Sugar. It assuageth all griping of the belly, and of the breast: which oil is thus to be made. Oil of Almonds. Take Almonds as many as you please, make them clean, beat them small, roast them a little on hot ashes, or on a small fire, stirring them always about; put them afterwards very hot into a strong bag, which is made wet in Rosewater, and press it out forcibly, then have you a fine and clear oil, whereof may be used for aged folks four or six ounces tempered with course Sugar, for children, and also for the first borne, each according to his age. Thick or puddle Wine, doth not only bind the body but doth oppilate also the Liver, the Milt, and the Kidneys, this do they which drink much of it, therefore it is to be refrained. Of all laxative medicines and potions, Manna is not the basest, but is highly commended above all other things, for it is one of the blessedst medicines, like as is mentioned more at large in the Introduction. This Manna is ministered diversly, according to the ability of the person, like as water of Borage, fresh broth, and such like. You may also give of this Manna to young children, The use of Cassie. to each one according to his age, be it in their Drink, Milk, or Pap. In like manner is Cassie also a very notable and laxative medicine, even as is showed herebefore at large in the introduction: for it is much more commodious to be taken after the form of a conserve, than in any kind of potion, by reason that there must be put unto it so much moisture, thus will we here prescribe for an example how the same is to be used: Take the roots of polypody chopped small one ounce, seethe them in the water of Borage eight ounces, and dissolve therewith one ounce and a half or two ounces of Cassie, letting all that is black be washed clean off, and then drink this warm, it looseth very gently. Here before in the first part, in the first Chapter and 3. §. you have a good mead of Seine leaves for children and other persons very necessary to be used, yet, this following may be prepared: Take Seine leaves half an ounce, Ginger and Annis, of each one quarter of an ounce, beaten liquorice three drams, seethe them all together in sixteen ounces of water even to the half, drink the one half in the morning and the other half in the evening. Also there be certain Sirupes used for the losing of the body, whereof the chiefest is, the laxative syrup of Roses, which is before described in the first part. Also there is made a syrup of Seine leaves, as hereafter followeth. Take right Endive, syrup of Seine leaves. Cicorie, Agrimony, of each half a handful, Venus' hair, Heart's tongue, of each half so much, seeds of Melons, Pompions, Cucumbers, & Gourds, of each one dram, wild Saffron seed, polypody roots, seeds of Endive, Cicorie, and liquorice, of each two scruples, Barley one ounce, winter Cherries, Windweed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Fern roots, Smallage, Fennell, and Sperage, of each half an ounce, Currans three drams, six or seven Prunes, flowers of Borage, bugloss, and Violets, of each half a dram, seethe them all together in a quart of water almost unto the half, wring it well out, and then lay to steep in this decoction one ounce of Seine leaves, prepared Agaricus half an ounce, Rhubarb three quarters of an ounce. When it hath stood so one night, and is wrong out, then temper with it, Syrupum Capillorum Veneris, which is the syrup of Venus' hair, the syrup of Violets, of each one ounce, white Sugar three ounces, let this séethe by a soft fire unto a syrup: lastly, put more unto it half a dram of beaten Cinnamome, and one scruple of yellow Saunders, and so keep this syrup until that you will use it. Of this syrup you may boldly give one ounce, or an ounce and a half, or more, unto all delicate persons, yea to women also with child, and that with fresh broth, or any distilled water, for it is very safe. Another Syrup. Take Endive, Liverwort, Venus' hair, all green, of each one handful, red and white Saunders, of each one quarter of an ounce, Melon seed, Gourd seed, Cucumber seed, Pompion seed, and Borage, of each half an ounce, Seine, Epithymum, of each one ounce, Rhubarb three quarters of an ounce, Turbith half an ounce, Indie Spica half a dram, Ginger one dram, Sugar twelve ounces, dissolved in Endive water, make a syrup of it like as is taught in the first part, the first Chapter, and 6. §. Honey of Roses looseth also very well, especially that which is made of the juice of Roses, even as it is described in the first part, the fourteenth Chapter, and 4. §. For this are also sundry pills prepared, and that after this manner following: Take Bdellium and Aloe, which have been steeped the space of three days in sheeps milk, of each one quarter of an ounce, temper them, and form pills of them, use thereof one scruple, or half a dram at once, they will do you much pleasure. Item, take before supper one dram of washed Aloe. This salve following is also laxative, if that the belly and the navel be anointed with it: Take the salve Agrippa, and the confection of Hiera, of each half an ounce, the juice of Swine's bread and Scammony, of each three grains, Euphorbium, Turbith, Coloquinte, of each one scruple, beat them all together. Item, take Pitch and Frankincense, of each a like quantity, cast them on hot coals under a close stool, and sit over it with the bare buttocks, it looseth. For a conclusion, there is to be found through this whole book, how that the body is to be loosed and opened for all manner of sicknesses; but this is only spoken of all them who be in health, and cannot go to stool. Of the straining or unsatiable desire of going to stool, which is called Tenasmus. §. 21. FOr as much as through both the foresaid maladies, as well of the excessive going to the stool, as through binding in the body, this straining which the Grecians do call Tenasmus and Tenesmus, may be provoked: therefore we can not omit, but add the same unto the rest, and is thus described. Tenasmus is a disease or malady in the end of the Arsegut hard by the fundament, with great pain, and continual desire to go to the stool, where notwithstanding the patient can be discharged and rid of very little or nothing at all. We do call these kinds of scour properly a straining to go to the stool; for it cometh for the most part alway with such a force, that it driveth out the Arsegut, and the fruit of women conceived. The cause of this scouring may be as well inward as outward cold, like as when any one doth sit upon cold stones, or it is gotten of the cold air, or in the water: contrariwise also it may be caused through heat and drought. Item, of any sharp rheum of the stomach or liver, of corrupted meats, or much moisture, through the use of much fruit, through worms, impostumation of the bowels, binding in the body, swelling of the piles, and also of any tough and subtle Phlegma. The signs whereof are easily to be discerned by the report of the patiented, and view of the place, and ordure. Now as touching the remedies, Clysters are best of all for it. If this malady do come of cold, then make the Clyster thus: Take Mints, Marierom, Camomile, Melilot, field Mints, Southernwood, of each one handful, decoct them in sufficient water. Take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, oil of Camomile, and of Lilies, of each one ounce and a half; then make this Clyster very warm: but if there come any binding or stopping with it, than temper therewith Benedictam laxativam, or Hieram picram, three quarters of an ounce or one ounce. The herbs and all that be decocted for this Clyster, stamp them all to pap, and temper them with oil of Rue and of Lilies, and let it boil a little while, and lay it upon the place where the pain is, and when it is cold, then lay on another that is warm, doing this 3. or 4. times one after another. When as then this straining of going to the stool is red, then are you to use this following: Take steeled Cow milk or Goat's milk, Mutton broth, or Veal broth twelve or sixteen ounces, melt therein one ounce, or one ounce and a half of sheeps suet, and two ounces of the oil of Roses, then temper them together, & use this Clyster oftentimes. Item take twelve ounces of Malmesy, the yolk of an Egg, let them boil together in a drinking pot or can in a Kettle of water until it be very hot, then give it afterwards unto the patiented it is a very safe remedy. When all necessary medicines have been used to this kind of lask, and yet the pain doth not diminish in ten days, then may one use the Clyster which is described in the 17. §. beginning thus: Take peeled Lupins etc. and that at two or three times as the case shall import. If these scour be of a cold cause, than roast Millet or Panic with salt, and lay upon it, or fill three bags with Bran, let them boil in wine or water, lay one of them upon the belly, another upon the back beneath, and the third upon the fundament, as warm as may be possibly suffered, and when they be cold make them warm again. Afterwards anoint the place with warm oil or with the salve Marciaton, and sprinkle wine upon a hot stone, then lay a cloth upon it against the burning, and sit upon it with the buttocks as hot as may be suffered. Others do counsel for to foment the fundament with red Wine, wherein the herb Verbascum hath been sodden, and afterwards to sit upon a hot Oak or Cipers wooden board. Some do commend for this a Poplar board: or if one cannot get such a one, than a Fir board, and as soon as one is cold, then to take another warmed again, and using this so long until he feel the warmth within the belly. Then is the fundament to be anointed with molten Hearts suet, or to fume it with Pitch, like as not long ago hath been rehearsed. Item, hollyhock roots, linseed, Fenegréeke, Camomile, Melilot, the upper sprigs of Coleworts, of each three ounces, powne them all together, & seeth them in reasonable water. You are therewith to wet a sponge, wring it out, & sit thereon, and lay it upon the fundament; yea, to sit also in the water. Item, take the seeds of Plantain, prepared Coriander, Myrtle seed, acorn cups, yellow seeds of Roses, Cipers nuts, of each one dram and a half, Gum, & tragacanth, (both parched) of each one ounce, beat them together, and put them in a bag, and seethe them with Wine, then must one sit hot thereon. Item, seethe oaken leaves with water in a bag, and hold the fundament unto the heat of it, and when it is cold, make it hot again, and do this oftentimes one after another. For a salve: Take oil of Roses one quarter of an ounce, Saffron xv. grains, sheeps suet, Dear suet, of each one ounce, make a salve thereof, it doth marvelously take away the pain. Another. Take Frankincense, Lycium, Saffron, Gum, Opium, of each one dram, unripe oil of Olives, Colophonia, of each three drams, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve with it, the lard of a Boar, and of all fourfooted beasts: also the fat of all Fowls is especial good to be used for this disease. You shall take for a plaster Hollihock roots, linseed, Fenegreeke, of each one ounce seethe them well, and powne them together, and temper amongst it half an ounce of powned Camomile, the yolks of two Eggs, and lay it against the fundament. For this, may you also take Garlic boiled to grout, the heads of Leeks fried in Butter, with oil of Roses, and a little Wax made into salve may also be used for this purpose. For this is also requisite the fume and vapour of divers things, as the leaves of a Pearetree, of Medlars, Quinces, Dragon blood, fine Bolus, blossoms of Pomegranates, and sealed earth, whereof you may seethe (which you please) with Wine. When as then the patiented hath been at stool, then is he to receive beneath the vapour of this wine powered on a hot stone. Item, take a hot brick, sprinkle it with Wine and Mastic, use it as before. Or make a fume with Colophonia or Pitch. This confection also following may be used: Take Myrtle seeds, Pomegranate blossoms, Roses, and Pomegranate pills, of each half a handful, Butcher's broom seeds, Sorrel seeds, the seed of Plantain, yellow Rose seeds, Barberies, white Saunders, Mastic, ivory, of each one quarter of an ounce, Annis, seeds of Endive, Cypers roots, and Frankincense, of each one dram and a half, prepared Coriander, Cinnamome, red Coral, of each half a dram, the juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, Storax, Cypers nuts, parched Gum, of each one drag. white Poppy seed three drams, powne all that is to be powned, and with dissolved Sugar make thereof a confection: you are also to put unto it some juice of Pomegranates. Item, take the bones of the head of a fresh taken Pickrell, the weight of a dram and a half, stamp them small, and drink them with Wine, or any fresh broth. This is taken for to be a most sure experiment. Suppositories which are to be used are these: Take Frankincense, Myrrh, Gum, linseed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Opium, Saffron, of each half a dram, temper all these with the white of an Egg, and make thereof short suppositories, then bind thereon a strong thread, so that you may pluck them out when you wil Some do put Smallage unto it. These are now the principal remedies for this scouring: but if so be that there be other causes with it, as worms, obstructions, and swellings, whereof we have here before made mention; you may read of either in his proper description. And for a conclusion, all bitter, sharp, and sour things are to be refrained, for that all such make the going to the stool, gnawing, excoriating, & painful. Pullet broth, Barley pap, oaten pap, and such like light meats, are very commodious for him, and above all things must he beware of cold. Of the pain in the stomach in general. §. 22. THese kinds of lasks and bloody flixes have awhile seduced me from the infirmities of the stomach, and because these lasks (as hath been showed) for the most part proceed from the weakness of the stomach, with an infection of the Liver & other parts more, it would in no wise have been decent to have treated of them elsewhere. But now we purpose to proceed with our intent, and write of the pain in the stomach, and of all that appertaineth unto it. This pain of the stomach may be caused of divers and sundry means, to wit, of some outward blows, falls, wounds, of a pirrcing cold, or extreme heat, of a bad digestion, that hath long continued, of overmuch meat or drink, eating either too hot or too cold things, or of winds contained in the stomach: and in fine, of all the four humours of the body, also with or without an imposthume. And indeed in this pain of the stomach, and also in all pains of the Liver, it were very needful to use the counsel of an expert Physician, that might discern and know whence these infirmities proceed, and whereon each symptom dependeth. For if in this point any error be committed, then is this malady imparted unto all the parts of concoction. Wherefore great heed must be taken what ought to be used in every accident, for as their causes be divers, so also do they differ in their signs. If this infirmity be procured by some outward occasion, that is to be known of the patiented himself: or if the cause be a bad digestion of the stomach, that is perceived by the sour belchings. If it come by overlading of the stomach and bad digestion, then doth the patiented find a heaviness in the stomach, with wamblings and vomitings, and good ease after them. If it be caused of heat, then feeleth he a gnawing, heat, drought, and sweetness in the mouth, because it proceedeth of blood. If it be procured of choler, then hath the patiented a bitterness and a taste of Verdegreace in his mouth. The pain that cometh of phlegm, hath always a salt taste with it. Also the spittle may show what the cause is, whence this infirmity might proceed. Melancholy is known hereby, that there is neither heat, nor pain with it, but only a sour and a bad savour in the mouth, which also otherwhiles is perceived by that which is brought up by vomit: unto this is commonly adjoined a hardness in the spleen, and a pain in the left side. But if this pain of the stomach proceed of winds, then may you perceive a wambling and belching, or breaking of wind upward. These are the commonest signs of all pains in the stomach, and first we will write of the pain in the stomach that is without an imposthume. Of the pain of the stomach without impostumation through heat. §. 23. FOr all pains of the stomach where there is great perturbance, great wambling, parbraking and vomiting, it may be justly adjudged, that it doth proceed of an hot occasion, for which vomiting (by taking of lukewarm water) is to be provoked; or if the same be too weak, then to put some Salad oil unto it, or oil of Dill, or oil of Violets: the same doth also the seed of Orage, tempered with Vinegar. But there be in other places other remedies more described for to purge the patiented by vomiting: and if this ease him not, than it is needful that the patiented be purged: but first he is to take some preparative potions, even as hereafter follow. Take husked Barley two ounces, Endive and small Endive, of each one handful, Roses, seed of Melons, Gourds, Cucumbers, and Pompions, and the juice of Pomegranates, of each one ounce, Sugar nine ounces, make a clear syrup of it, until there remain about twelve ounces, give always two ounces of it at once with Barley water or Endive water. For this is also Oxysacchara good, made with the juice of Lemons or the juice of Roses, wherein is decocted a little of the juice of Wormwood taken with Barley water. When as these potions be taken, then is to be given for a purgation one ounce of Hiera Picra with Endive water: or if the patiented fear the bitterness, then may he take this following. Take Violets and Borage flowers, of each half an ounce, nine or ten Prunes, sour Dates one ounce, Currans one quarter of an ounce, seeth them in twelve ounces of water, so that there remain after the straining out four ounces of the decoction, then lay to steep in this warm Colature one ounce of the rinds of yellow Mirobalans, let it stand the space of one night upon warm ashes, being strained through in the morning, temper half an ounce of Cassie with it. There is also to be given daily to the patiented, bread which hath been steeped in the juice of Pomegranates, and Syrupum Acetosum, de Cydonijs with it, and (as is said before) Mutton broth and such like. Moreover, the julep of Roses, of Violets, wine of Pomegranates, Verivice, with water wherein Lettuce, Purslane, and Endive were boiled, be very good for this malady. After purging, the patient may drink otherwhiles Buttermilk and well water, if so be no impostumation in the stomach do let the same. He may also eat well Lettuce and Purslane with small vinegar, Melons, and Cucumbers: all his other meats must be light of digesture, as Hens, Pullet's, Partridges, and small fishes dressed with vinegar, Citrons, Oranges and Lemons be very meet for him. White clear wine is tolerable for this if it be well watered, but if so be that there come a drought with this heat, then must moist things be ministered, as namely, Mallows, spinach, and such like. And further also to use water baths: in fine, all that wanteth for this is to be taken and had in the 6. §. where we have discoursed of a weak stomach through heat. Of the pain of the stomach without impostumation through cold. §. 24. IF so be that this pain of the stomach be bewrayed through belching, then is it easily to be marked, that the same pain is caused through some wind, which is engendered through cold. Therefore are we here to show whence the same is caused: But as much as concerneth the Belching, it shall hereafter be spoken of. Of the pain in the stomach through wind. §. 25. THis is the malady of the stomach, the which we call Belching, and the Latinists do call it Ructum, the which is none other but the wind which nature expelleth through the mouth, and it is thus described. Belching is an ascending wind which cometh out of the stomach, and is not digested, but is driven out through the expulsive virtue of the stomach. This is caused of a phlegmatic matter, or meat which is resolved in the stomach into wind, through the feebleness of natural heat, and is expelled out of the stomach. Like as for example we apparently see, that in time of great heat or great cold, the weather is least of all cloudy or foggy. The causes of these belchings may well be a feeble heat of the stomach, which cannot digest sufficiently. And albeit there be warmth enough, yet hath he nothing but windy meats to work upon; and the belching which proceedeth of great heat, happeneth but two or three times one after another. The windy meats are these, uz. porridge of beans, Pease, Rye bread, Swine's flesh, Chestnuts, Figs, dried Cherries, Must, and all cold meats, which do abate the natural heat: also roasted Eggs, Onions, Radishes, and all that be of such natures. This belching may also be caused of superfluous meats or drinks, for if they cannot be consumed, then do they engender wind. Also this may well be caused by a cold rheum, which falleth also into the stomach, through want of sleep, through some unnatural heat or cold, through over hot or cold baths, through mighty motions, and through thrusts upon the stomach, and also by bruising or wounding of other parts, which hinder digestion. The signs of this belching are these: first when one hath neither smelling nor taste, before he have taken his meat. Secondly, the stench declareth an ulceration or stinking matter in the stomach. Thirdly, if the rising of the meat taken, be sour, and the smatch cometh up again with it: then is it a sign of a bad digestion. Fourthly, if the belching do come after Asthma, or after an heavy breath, then is it good and profitable. Fiftly, in like sort it is very fit, if that any wind comprehended in the stomach be belched up. But if the wind will not avoid the stomach, then is there some other infirmity to be looked for. Sixtly, the reasonable belching (if so be that the digestion be not thereby annoyed) is very commodious, and the digestion much helped with it. Seventhly, all they who have many sour belchings, do not lightly get any pricking or shooting in the breast. Eightly all they which be awaked out of their sound sleep, do not well digest, and be much subject to belching, and that more or less according to the meat received. Ninthly, the belching which tasteth like verdigris betokeneth a great heat and a stinking matter in the stomach. And now to proceed to the remedies for the belching, there be first certain sure rules to be kept and observed. First, if there engender any wind in the body which nature would willingly expel, then is it not to be detained at any hand; notwithstanding, for reverence sake, to forbear it in the presence of other folks. Secondly, one ought to beware of all surfeiting and superfluity of meat. Thirdly, all cold is to be refrained, and especially coldness of the feet. Fourthly all they that be plagued with sour belchings, are to use Diatrion pipereon, and such like, and to drink it with wine; but they who have only certain vapours ascending from the stomach, they are to be helped with Wormwood or Hiera Picra. Fiftly, all they that do belch of an ill stomach or bad digestion, they must live very soberly. Sixtly, sobriety and warmth of the stomach is passing good for all belching from the stomach. Now if that this belching do proceed of a cold stomach, then is the patiented to be kept marvelous sober, and to eat nothing but light meat, and therewith to use one of these things following, as Diacyminum, Dianisum, Diagalanga, Diapipereon, Aromaticum rosatum. Or let these confections be made: Take Species Diacinamomum, Diambra, Diagalanga, of each one dram, Sugar six ounces, seethe them with the water of Mints or Hyssop, & make Tabulats of it. This being made, then use one quarter of an ounce of it, or half an ounce at once. It expelleth all winds of the stomach, it consumeth all cold matter of the bowels, and is very commodious for the stomach and the liver, taken before beat. Item, take powned Galingale one dram, drink it every morning with wine. Item, Cinnamom chewed long in the morning, doth also avoid all wind. In like manner the confection of Bay berries doth vehemently expel all winds out of the stomach, and out of all other parts. Or make this following: Take Annis, Spikenard, Mace, Lovage, and seeds of Rue, of each half a dram, Commin one quarter of an ounce Seine leaves one ounce, Argall one dram and a half, honey of Roses four ounces and a half, Sugar half an ounce, the Sugar and Hony shall be boiled until they be thick in the water of Hyssop, and temper the rest amongst them: take sometimes also half a dram or one dram of fine Treacle, or Mithridate in good wine. Potions, and such like. TAke an old Cock or Hen, stop it full of Cinnamom, Cloves, Ginger, and zeduary, as much as you think good, let them seeth well, and drink of this broth every morning eight ounces at one time. Or drink in the morning a good draft of wine, wherein be steeped Nutmegs, Galingale and Cloves. A little Aqua vitae is also very good. You may likewise use for this vital waters, Conserves of betony, of Eyebright, Gillyflower wine. Betony wine, and wine of Eyebright, are very meet for all cold diseases of the stomach. Of sirupes are especial good for this disease, the syrup of Wormwood, of Mints, of Quinces, and above all de Calamintha. Or make this following: Take Marjoram, rumpled Mints, Wormwood, and Penniroyall, of each one handful, Honey water four and twenty ounces, one quart of good white wine, seeth the herbs even to the half, then strain it and clarify the broth, put as much Honey unto it as you think good; temper afterwards amongst it Ginger, Galingale, Lignum Aloes, Citron péeles and Spikenard, of each one quarter of an ounce, then make a syrup of it, like as in the first part and the 6. §. is taught. Also you may temper with it Commin, Fennell, Caraway, Annis, Cloves, Mother cloves, or Cinnamom. For all these things do expel wind, and strengthen the stomach. These pills following do not purge, but expel wind: Take Asarabacca, Commin, Fennell, and Annis, of each one quarter of an ounce, the seeds of Rue, roots of Mandragora, of each one scruple, Bevercod one dram and a half, make as many pills of it as you please, and use one dram or one dram and a half of it at one time. For when one will purge, then take these pills following: Take Indie salt half a scruple, washed Aloes two scruples, Pil. Alephanginae one quarter of an ounce, temper them together, and make seven or eight pills of them, and use them at one time. Suppositories which do draw down the winds. TAke Ammoniacum one quarter of an ounce, Opopanacum one dram, Wax two ounces, Turpentine three ounces, Indie Salt one dram and a half, Saltpetre two ounces and a half, Rue, Caraway, Silver mountain seed, Cuscuta, century, Coloquint, Commin, Swine's bread, of each one dram and a half, Colophonia, one quarter of an ounce, melt the Gum, the Wax and Turpentine, and temper the rest (being beaten) amongst it. Then make suppositories of it the bigness of a small finger. Others do take Ammoniacum, Galbanum, Opopanacum, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sagapenum, one dram and a half, dissolve them in vinegar, temper them afterwards in four ounces of molten Honey, and put Swine's bread unto it, Coloquint, Turbith, and the roots of Ferne, of each one dram, Scammony one quarter of an ounce, parched Salt one ounce and a half, then make thick suppositories of it: for this are you to abate or increase the described weight more or less, according to the importance of the cause; for they be very strong, and draw down the wind and the ordure very vehemently. This powder following is also very good for all winds: Take Marjoram, Rue, Mints, Ameos, Mastic and Frankincense, of each three drams, Cloves half a dragm, make a powder of them, and give thereof one dram at the same time. Another: Take Cinnamome one ounce, Ginger three quarters of an ounce, Cloves half an ounce, Galingale one quarter of an ounce, Nutmegs three drams, Cardamome one drag. and a half, Mace one dragm, Pepper one quarter of an ounce, Spica one dram, Coming three quarters of an ounce, Saffron one dram and a half, Sugar one ounce and a half: take one dram thereof with good warm wine. Here followeth that which is outwardly to be used. TAke Millet and Salt, parch them well, then put unto them parietary and Nettles, and lay them warm upon the stomach. Or seeth Rue, Marjoram, Camomile and Mints in wine, and wet a sponge in it, or a woollen clout, wring it out, and lay it warm upon the stomach. You may also seeth the same herbs in Salad oil, and anoint the stomach with it, and then lay it warm thereon with undressed sheeps wool. Another ointment: Take Rue one handful, Bevercod one quarter of an ounce, Annis one ounce, aristology two ounces, red Wine three ounces, oil of Bery four ounces, powne them all grossly that are to be powned, and let them seeth upon hot ashes until the wine be boiled away: then wring it through a cloth, and with Wax make a salve of it for the stomach. These oils following are very necessary for him: to wit, oil of Rue, of Mandragora, of Penniroyall, of Dill, of Spica, and Bayberries, mixed together or each alone. This plaster following is very good for to consume the wind of the stomach, of the liver, and of the milt: Take Ammoniacum, Opopanacum, Turpentine, Rosin, of each half an ounce, Cardainome, Cypers roots, Savin tree, Saltpetre, Bayberies', Cassie wood, Melilot, Fenegréeke meal, Smallage seeds, Marjoram gentle, of each one dram, melt and pown them as behoveth, and then temper them with the oil of Spike and of Wax, as much as is needful for to make a plaster; spread it on a leather, and cover it with Syndall, and so lay it over the stomach. You shall have also hereafter a good plaster against the obstruction of the liver with cold, beginning: Take Roses five drams, etc. which plaster is also meet for this purpose. This fomentation is also marvelous meet for this: Take Wormwood, Mints, Marjoram, rumpled Mints, Fennell seed, Dill seed and Commin, of each one handful & a half, Mastic, red and white Coral, Gallia Muscata, of each one dragm, Roses two handfuls, Squinant, Myrtle seed and Coriander, of each one handful and a half, wild Vine leaves one handful and a half (but not bryony) cut them all gross, and then seeth them all in three quarts of wine unto the half (except the Gallia Muscata) this is to be put last of all unto it, when as the decoction is strained. Then foment the stomach with it with a great sponge. These bags are also to be made; Take the seeds of Smallage, Annis, Silver mountain, Fennel seeds, Stone parsley and of Rue, of each one handful, Marjoram, white water Mints, of each one handful and a half, Hyssop, Penniroyall, Stechas, Rue, field Cypers, of each one handful, Wormwood two handfuls, Calmus, Cinnamome, and Cloves, of each one quarter of an ounce, Mace three drams, cut it and beat it all together, and afterwards put it in a bag. Item, rub the stomach with Aqua vitae. This is also very good and commodious: Item, set a great boxing cup upon the stomach unpickt, etc. But you shall incontinent hereafter see more of this, where we do speak of the griping and pain of the belly, because that they do both proceed out of one kind of cause. Of the swelling or puffing up of the stomach. §. 26. IF the swelling or puffing up of the stomach be caused of wind, that is easily perceived through the forementioned reasons. But because that it may also happen very well through impostumation and other occasions, and that the same is to be outwardly seen and known, therefore are we here to add unto this somewhat thereof. When as then any wind doth stick in the stomach, that will pass neither upwards nor downwards, then will it of necessity puff up the stomach, and extend it with great perplexity, and if the same proceed through any impostumation, one may well perceive the same outwardly: what than the causes and signs of these winds be, that is sufficiently discoursed in the forementioned third part, and 25. §. But as concerning the impostumation, we will shortly hereafter speak of it: and if so be there be any malady of the Milt with it, then look into the description of the infirmities of the same, and mix the same things with it which do serve for it. Of the pain of the stomach through Phlegma. §. 27. IF so be that the pain of the stomach do come through Phlegma, and with a salt humour, then is the patient's mouth salt, and hath also heat and thirst with it. And in case the same be caused of any other kind of Phlegma, then is there no thirst with it, but only anguish and drought, and one may know by the tongue the taste of the matter which causeth this pain. Or is the Phlegma much abounding? then will the appetite be lost, with other causes more, whereof we have spoken already. For this, is first counseled to take Oxymel of Squils', with the decoction of Hyssop, & that afterwards he is to be urged to vomit, with Mustard, Hony, salt fish, Radish, & Garlic, or use this decoction: Take Squils two ounces, seeds of Orage three ounces, Radishes four ounces, Vinegar two ounces, and a quart of water, let these seeth together unto the half at least. When you have eaten before two or three slices of a Radish, then drink two ounces of this decoction, tempered with one ounce of Salad oil, and a short time after see if you can cast up somewhat. But if the stomach be not therewith sufficiently cleansed, one may perceive by it, to wit, by reason that thereby followeth not any ease at all. Then be these sirupes following to be prepared: Take Mints, Wormwood, Hyssop, Venus' hair, all green (if so be that they be to be gotten) of each a handful, Parsley roots, Fennel roots, of each one ounce and a half, Annis, Fennell, Ameos, liquorice, Corans, Vinegar, of each one ounce, Honey and Sugar, of each six ounces, make a clear syrup of it. For this is Oxymel of Squils' also good. As it is needful in all other sicknesses, that the Phlegma be purged: so it is also needful in this, as thus: Take Borage, and the flowers of bugloss, of each half an ounce, Annis one ounce, liquorice, Corans, of each two ounces, roots of Polipodie half an ounce, seeth them all in water so long that there remain about five or six ounces: then steep therein one ounce of the rinds of Mirobalans Chebuli, whilst that the decoction is still hot, and so let it stand all night in warm ashes, afterwards strain it out, and take three or four ounces of this decoction, and put thereto half a dram of Turbith, and one scruple of Ginger, and then give it him early in the morning: or give to the patiented of the purging Marmalade, like as it is, described in the last part of this book. For this is also to be given three or four dragms of the rotules of Diaphenicon, or the Electuarium or Diasena. But if in case he had rather take pills, then let him use some of these following, to wit, Stomachicae, De Aloe lota, and Cochiae: afterwards must the stomach be warmed with all kind of spiced Wines, as Hippocras, and such like. Also with losings of Diatrion pipereon, Diagalanga, etc. Item, confected Ginger, Annis, Coming, and Mints, mixed or confected with Sugar. All his meats are to be strewed with Ginger, with Cloves, Galingall, Pepper, and Cinnamome, and they are also to be dressed with it. This confection following is marvelous good for all feebleness, cold, & bad digestion of the stomach, and also against all hoarseness. Take Comine which hath been steeped in Vinegar and is dried again, five drams, Annis, Smallage seed, dried Mints, Marjoram gentle, Calmus, Rosemary, Marjoram, and Penniroyall, of each three dragms, Spica, Cloves, Cardamome, Nutmegs, of each one quarter of an ounce, long and common Pepper, of each two drams and a half, Lignum Aloes one dram and a half: temper them together, and make a subtle powder of it, and afterwards with Honey, into a confection. The Trocisci de Rosis, do hinder the matter that it run not again after purging, towards the stomach. If that half an ounce of it be taken with Wine, it comforteth, assuageth the pain, and very much assisteth digestion. Item, anoint the stomach with the oil of Spike, Mastic, or oil of Wormwood. For a Plaster may be used that which is described before in the 5. §. beginning thus: Take Mastic three ounces, etc. If there be great cold approaching, then give the patiented one dram of Mithridate or Treacle, with wine wherein Annis and Wormwood have been decocted. Of the pain at the stomach through Melancholia. §. 28. THis pain of the stomach bringeth with her, together with the foresaid signs, a sour smatch also upon the tongue, great desire or longing for meat, but without digestion, with disquietness, lasks, and vomiting, which do commonly come all together. For these kinds of maladies do people come commonly to be wonderful feeble and void of might, for that the hart which is nearest unto it cannot tolerate this overlading and burden. Thus then to remedy these grievous melancholic humours which do sink into the stomach, these sirupes following are to be used: Take Borage roots, Parsley roots, and Fennell roots, of each one ounce and a half, the inner part of Squils' one ounce, Mints, Hyssop, Heart's tongue, Venus' hair, being all green, (if they can be gotten) of each one handful, Fennel seed, Annis seed, Cuscuta, liquorice, Corans, Vinegar, of each one ounce, Honey and Sugar, of each six ounces, make thereof a syrup. Another. Take liquorice and Raisins, of each one ounce, flowers of Borage, bugloss, Fennell, Annis, Fennell roots, and Cuscuta, of each half an ounce, Ginger one quarter of an ounce, Honey and Sugar, of each six ounces, make forthwith a syrup of it, or in stead thereof use Oxymel of Squils', with water of Borage, which taketh away the belching of the stomach. For to purge, this following may be used: Take water of Borage, and of bugloss, of each one ounce, Annis one quarter of an ounce, liquorice and Corans, of each one ounce, Thymus and wild Thyme, Polypodie roots, of each half an ounce: séethe them together, and steep therein one ounce of Mirobalani Indi the space of a whole night, then wring it well out, and temper with it one dram of Azure stone prepared, and give it to the patiented betimes in the morning. There may also be used for to purge, the confection of Seine leaves, afterwards strengthen the stomach with the confection Aromatico Caryophilato, Diapliris cum Moscho, Laetitia Galeni, Diathamaron, and anoint the same with the foresaid oil. His meat shall he strew measurably with spices: he must drink but a little old Wine. He must use moderate exercise, and bathe often. All that is outwardly to be done is to be taken out of the 24. §. But if so be that there be any belching proceeding of unnatural heat, (which nevertheless chanceth very seldom) then is the patiented to use the syrup of Wormwood, or Wormwood wine, or Wormwood water. In like sort also he is to purge afterwards with Hiera Picra, and not to disquiet himself, for that these medicines be hot of nature, because they do purge both Choleram and the stomach. Otherwise must this patient be ordered, like as in the debility of the stomach through heat, is taught in the 6. §. And good heed is to be taken that the digestive virtue may be strengthened. Set also a great boxing cup upon the belly without picking the space of one hour, yet otherwhiles taking it off, and afterwards anoint the stomach with the foresaid oil, or some other oil, wherein Annis, Coming, Fennell, Rue, or Penniroyall, is decocted. The Aristology hath also a great power to expel all wind and pain of the stomach. And as concerning the order of life, or diet, there is always to be used all light meats, and white wine, and that with sobriety. Of the pain in the stomach through a hot imposthume. §. 29. THese impostumes which the Greeks do call Apostema, and the Latinists Abscessus, are like a separation from that which is whole and firm in a man's body, or is separated into two parts, and doth make an exulceration, which we do call in our common speech an Impostume, as a word lent us from the Grecians themselves: but in our English tongue we do call an imposthume a Botch or a bile, which cometh to an issue which breaketh out and healeth. The difference between an imposthume and an exulceration is, that the imposthume breaketh out and healeth speedily; but an exulceration endureth long and corrodeth, like as the same may also happen in the stomach. The causes of these impostumes may be blows, falls, and other outward bruises; all which do make pain in the stomach, which groweth afterwards unto an Impostume, through the falling down of some bad humours into it: so that if the foresaid humours be not drawn thence, then there befalleth more harm unto it. And that we may write somewhat of it, we will first begin with the hot imposthume. In case then that with the pain in the stomach there be an Ague & an imposthume, which may outwardly be felt through the heat and otherwise; then may it easily be adjudged, that this disease is caused through heat and Cholera. It happeneth also that the pains is so vehement, so intolerable, and the heat so abundant, that it seemeth that the patient would burn: so that he loseth his senses, and thereby happeneth also to fall into a frenzy or some other madness, with a forcible vomiting and parbraking. For this, must the Liver vein or Median be opened, & afterwards these Refrigerations to be forthwith laid upon it. Take Rose water six ounces, the juice of Quinces one ounce and a half, red and white Saunders, of each one quarter of an ounce, Camfere one scruple; temper them all together: This is (as it is said) to be used at the beginning. Afterwards, if the cause requireth, there must be sundry plasters made ready. The first is this ensuing: Take red and white Saunders, of each one quarter of an ounce, the seed of Plantain, of Purslane and Wormwood, of each one dram and a half, Barley meal two ounces, Camfere one scruple, oil of Roses and of Quinces, of each one ounce and a half; let them séethe all together until it be thick. But in the increase of the pain, than temper amongst this plaster the grease of Ducks and Hens, as much as is needful: and when as this malady is at the highest, put Smallage unto it, Dates, Fenegréeke, Bdellium and Vinegar, of each one quarter of an ounce, and then mix it as is aforesaid. But if the disease begin to wax old, that the heat were gone, & yet there remain nevertheless a hardness of the stomach, then be one of these plasters following to be laid upon it: take Violets two drams and a half, Roses five dragms, Spike and Mastic, of each three drams, Cipers roots, Squinant and Calmus, of each one quarter of an ounce, Fenegréeke meal two ounces and a half, Camomile, Hollihocke roots and Barley meal, of each one quarter of an ounce; temper them all together with the mucilage of linseed unto a pap. This pap is also good for all hard swellings of the stomach, & of the Liver: it assuageth the pain, and ripeneth all impostumations. Or in the stead of this you may also use this plaster of Meliloto, Diachylon, or Ceroton de Hyssopo, and four hours after meat, when the meat is digested, the stomach is to be anointed with the oil of Mastic and Wormwood, and further the place covered with sheeps wool. Item, take Pitch and Rosin, of each two ounces, Colophonia one ounce and a half, Mastic and Frankincense, of each one quarter of an ounce, Aloe one ounce and a half, molten Lard one ounce, oil of Mastic four ounces, green Wax as much as sufficeth for a plaster: you may also make a salve of it: and it is very good both ways. It is also needful for to purge, which must be effected with mild Clysters, whereof divers stand here and there declared. Afterwards give the patiented one ounce of Cassie, or two ounces of Manna dissolved in Endive water. And if this do not sufficiently relax, then give him every day one ounce, or one ounce and a half of Cassie. And in case that the Ague do not remit, then open a vein, and purge once again as before. Take three dragms of peeled Gourd seeds, make thereof milk with Barley water, and three drams of Rosewater, like unto Almond milk. Seven days after, give him half a dram of Trociscis de Rosis tempered with Endive water. He is afterwards to take every day this ensuing: Take of the water of Smallage, and Fennell water, of each one ounce, the juice of Wormwood one quarter of an ounce, Mastic, one dram; temper them together, and use one of the prescribed plasters, Barley paps, Oaten paps, and otherwhiles stewed spinach may he well eat. Or Borage boiled in Hen broth, and Almond milk is very meet for him. Stewed Pears, Apples, Quinces, and ripe Plums may he also eat. Water or Sugar water must be his drink. In fine, such kind of sick folk must be kept very sober, for that is the best medicine for this sickness. Of the impostumes of the stomach, which be of a cold nature. §. 30. IF so be that this imposthume of the stomach do proceed of a cold and moist cause, which may quickly be perceived through the small pain, the bad digestion of the stomach, small Ague, little thirst, and much spittle: then is the patiented to be holden very sober in meat and drink, and beware of vomiting and purging: but at the first must be given him one dram, or one dram and a half of these Trociscis following. Take Squinant, Cassie wood, Rhubarb, and Calmus of each three drag. Saffron, Myrrh, Costus, Annis and Pepper, of each one dram, Bdellium three drams, Mastic one quarter of an ounce, Ammoniacum one dram, form Trociscos' of it with vine evict. Afterwards you may use this plaster following: Take Camomile & Melilot, of each one ounce, Fennell, Roses, Cipers nuts and the leaves, of each half an ounce, Fenegréeke meal, oil of Camomile, and oil of Roses, of each one ounce: temper them together unto a plaster. Or make this plaster following: Take Camomile, Melilot, Priests crown, Penniroyall and Dill, of each half a dram, Wormwood and Spikenard, of each three drams, Mastic one quarter of an ounce, oil of Roses four ounces, make a pap of it with the mucilage of Hollihocke roots. But when this disease is increasing and at the chief, then put Ammoniacum, Opopanacum dissolved in wine, and liquid Styrax unto it, of each half a dram, Hens and Goose grease, of each one ounce, oil of Spica six ounces, and make a plaster of it. This is forcible to maturate all Impostumes. For this is also good the plasters de Meliloto, and the black Diachylon. For the common man, take oil of Wormwood and goats dung; temper them unto a plaster: Or take oil wherein Wormwood hath been decocted, Mallows boiled in Mutton broth and dressed with butter. Now for to expel this cold matter, this Syrup following is to be used: Take Mints, Wormwood, Venus' hair, being all green (if they can be gotten) of each three handfuls, Roses one ounce, Annis one quarter of an ounce, Cipers' nuts, Spikenard, of each one dram, honey of Roses twelve ounces: then make a syrup of it, like as in the first part, in the first chapter, and §. 6. is taught: give thereof every morning, and in the evening before supper half an ounce, with the decoction of Mints and Mastic. For a purgation he is to take one ounce of Hiera Picra, tempered with three dragms of Cassie and Sugar, or dissolve it with the foresaid decoction, and then drink it. Afterwards the patiented is to take every third day this prescribed Laxative. Heed is also to be taken therein, when as the imposthume in the stomach will break out, which may be well perceived hereby; to wit, if there be great pain about the place where the imposthume is. Likewise when the patiented doth eat sour and harsh things: if in going to the stool, or in any thing that he vomiteth, there be seen any corruption. Item, if there come any stench out of the stomach, and that the pain diminisheth somewhat after he hath vomited: for this the stomach is to be cleansed well in Summer season with Barley water, and that in the mornings especially, and at afternoon, taking every time five or six ounces. Or take water wherein Gum and liquorice have been decocted. For this is Whey also very requisite. He is two hours afterwards to take one quarter of an ounce of this powder following tempered with four ounces of the juice of Quinces, or syrup of the same in water wherein Butcher's broom seed, Myrtle seed, and Purslane seed have been decocted. In the winter must the stomach be also cleansed at the same time with Barley water wherein Hyssop, Squinant, Honey, or honey of Roses were decocted, and thereupon to use this powder following. Take Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates, and Amber, of each half an ounce, fine Bolus three quarters of an ounce: mix them well together being beaten small. This patient may also wear this plaster ensuing upon his stomach: Take fine Bolus, Momy, Myrrh, Mastic, and Aloe, of each half an ounce, Pitch or Rosin as much as is needful for to make a plaster. Of exulcerations in the stomach. §. 31. WHat difference there is between the imposthume and the exulceration of the stomach, we have sufficiently declared in the 29. §. therefore have the learned by good reason written of these two kinds of diseases severally. As much as concerneth the exulcerations, the which the Latinists do call Vlcera, they grow otherwhiles of the impostumes and chief if they be hot. For if the same be not thoroughly healed, then doth this exulceration follow. The same be sometimes caused through choleric and sharp rheums, which fall out of the head into the stomach, and there then through their sharpness do excoriate the stomach; like as the same happeneth oftentimes to the Lights. Also these ulcerations may be caused of some sharp and corroding meats; like as through the excessive use of Mustard or the seeds, much salt, and such like. For if there come of this sharpness into the stomach, then doth the same gnaw and corrode it. Now for to speak of the signs of it, the disease itself showeth some, & doth demonstrate unto others the place. If there be a pricking pain present, then doth it cast out the meat back again, as a thing which is noisome unto it, so that it cannot stay in the stomach: whereby also the retentive virtue is enfeebled. Item, if the patiented do take any sour meat or drink, then doth the pain increase, which would not have happened if he had used milk, butter; or any other sweet meat. Item, if one do smell any kind of stench through the belching, with drought of the mouth and thirst which proceedeth out of the stomach; than it is a token of an exulceration in the stomach. Item, for that this exulceration is so near the heart, there do come also great swoonings, ache of the head, and the loss of understanding. But the signs which do manifest the place of the ulcer, are these: namely, when the neck of the stomach is excoriated, then doth the patiented feel pain in the swallowing down, and especially if it be any thing which is sour or sharp that he swalloweth; which pain he feeleth also even to the point of his shoulder blade, but chief in the mouth of the stomach and pit of the heart. Item, if the disease be in the mouth of the stomach, which is very sensible, then is the pain greater, and especially if one do swallow down any sharp and salted meats, whereby the breath also will be much endamaged and hindered. But if the disease be in the bottom of the stomach, then doth one feel no pain in eating and drinking, but after that it is received: some signs likewise of it may be perceived in the excrements; they that desire to have more other signs, may read in the discourse of the Rheums. But before we come to the remedies of this ulcer in the stomach, there be certain common rules to be noted, whereof the first is: If this disease must be helped, then is the same always to be begun with drying things. The second: albeit that it is needful to use drying things, yet nevertheless must heed he taken that there be no sharp drying things used, as Copperas, burnt Coperas, verdigris, and such like, because they be of a venomous nature. The third: all ulcerations of the stomach can be hardly cleansed of the corruption like as any other which may be outwardly seen, but it must be done only with things which do drive it downwards out of the stomach. The fourth: these ulcers are not through any vomits to be cleansed, for that the tough corruption is hard impacted in the ulcer, and would through vomiting be drawn all together, the which the purging medicine doth not, for that it stirreth the stomach not so sore, but driveth out the matter gently downwards. The fifth: in the exulcerations of the stomach may not any strong medicine be given, that they be not the more harmed by it. The sixth: without a perfect mundification can no incarnation take any place in any ulcer. The seventh: all which is given to such patients, is to be done in the morning early, or must be dispatched before supper time, to the end that the medicine through the meat might not be hindered. The eight: whether this ulcer be in the neck, or top, or in the bottom of the stomach, there must be somewhat always added unto the incarnatives that is clammy, as Gum and Dragagant, to the end that the foresaid medicines might stick the better, or cleave to the place infected. The ninth: because that the stomach is so infected of a bad digesture, you are to give him to eat a little, and likewise light meats. When as then this malady shall be known through the foresaid signs, and is yet new, then is there to be used none other but astringent and drying things, for which these Trocisci following are to be made: Take Roses, blossoms of Pomegranates, Frankincense, Butcher's broom seed, ivory, and Dragon blood, of each a like quantity, made into Trocisces of the weight of a dragm, and give one of them every morning and one every evening two hours before supper, with the juice of Quinces or such like. But in case that this exulceration of the stomach be of continuance, than it is to be feared that there is still some corruption in it. For this, there are to be used certain days together, mundifications, as Barley water, or Meade, and also incarnatives. Afterwards are Barley water and syrup of Quinces to be used, and astringent things to be eaten after it, as Medlars, Services, and such like. Or use in stead thereof Oxysacchara, and Oxymel, of each one ounce, temper them with Barley water, and use it as is said. Then take one drag. of Trociscis de Carabe. Item, there is also good for this disease one dram of Hiera Picra, often used with Barley water or Mead. And if the body have need of any laxative medicaments, then use thereto Cassie, or any mild Clyster. With this disease doth come otherwhiles the lask, which is to be stayed with Trociscis de Spodio, or De Carabe. Note ye also here, that many of those things (which be described in the second part, the fifth Chapter, and the 17. §. against the bloody flux) are very requisite for this disease. This patiented is to order himself always (as is recited already) with all light meats, as Pullet's, Hens, Partridges, new laid Eggs, Barley paps, and Oaten paps. In like manner Lambs feet and sheeps feet used in this disease, are very meet. Buttermilk is also good for this. His drink must be ripe Wine without any sharpness: also Barley water tempered with a stopping syrup, which liketh you best. Of the stinking breath through the exulceration of the stomach. §. 32. WHere as be such choleric humours in the stomach, there is commonly a foul stench with them, which may be perceived by the breath, and that for the most part with thirst, drought and bitterness of the mouth, the which discloseth itself more before than after meat. For this is also good the syrup of Vinegar and Oxysacchara mixed with the syrup of Wormwood: this is not only good for the cold, but also for all hot exulcerations. This patiented is also to be purged with Aloe and yellow Mirobalans. Afterwards he is to use the Rotulae Triasantali, Peaches, dried Melons, Pompions, Abricockes, Quince pears, Lettuce with Vinegar, Barley and other sour things, which be very good for him. Fish, Milk, Salt flesh, Onions, Garlic, and such like shall he forbear. But in case that this foul stench of the stomach do proceed of cold humours, then is the syrup of Wormwood to be used certain days together, tempered with one third part of Oxymel of Squils': and afterwards the patient must be purged with the pills Stomachicae. And further to use the Tabulates of Diagalanga, of Diambra, Diapliris, and such like, which be hot of nature. Confected Mirobalans, and especially Bellirici, and Chebuli, Conserve of Rosemary, or confected Ginger, are all very good. He must wash his mouth often with odoriferous waters, and cleanse the teeth very well. As much as concerneth meat and drink, we have made before in the first part, the thirteenth Chapter, and 3. §. a very long discourse of a stinking mouth and breath. Item, yet more which may there be used in the second Part, the fifth Chapter and 25. §. Of the schirrosity of the stomach. §. 33. IT cometh also oftentimes to pass, that the stomach happeneth to harden without any exulceration, which that it may outwardly be discerned, the causes of this hardness or schirrosity may be as well through cold, as through wind, whereof is sufficiently written before in the 25. and 26. §. Also this hardness may be well caused through melancholy, the which through sour smatch of the mouth, and sour belching may be known, even as the other proceeding of Phlegma by drought, and tough spittle, without heat and thirst. For this purpose is this salve following to be made: Take oil of white Cam●lina, Rue, Camomile, and of Wormwood, of each one ounce, the grease of Hens, Kites, and Geese, of each half an ounce, the salve of Dialthea, one ounce and a half: anoint the stomach warm with it, and cover it with unwashen sheeps wool. Also you may prepare for this use this plaster following: Take Camomile, Coming, Caraway, and Cress' seed, of each one ounce, Frankincense, Mastic, Bdellium, of each half an ounce, Spikenard & Saffron, of each one quarter of an ounce, the dregs of Salad oil and Wax as much as is needful for to make a plaster, spread the same upon leather, and wear it on the stomach. Or make this following: Take Wax one ounce, Turpentine half an ounce, Ginger and Opopanacum, of each one quarter of an ounce, Aloe, Galbanum, of each three drams, oil of Galingall as much as will suffice for to make a plaster. It is also very needful for to comfort the stomach, whereof hath been sufficiently admonished before. Of the Hickcough in general. §. 34. THis disease of the stomach, which we call the Hickcough, and is called in Latin Singultus, is a common disease, known unto all men; it cometh seldom and departeth quickly, and there is no great cunning to drive it away: for it is oftentimes driven away with a bit of bread, or with a druaght of wine or water, as also through the keeping in of the breath, through sneezing, through great motions, through wrath, mirth, and other alterations more of the mind: like as if any one be frighted or see any heinous thing, if any body cast cold water into his face, if one do bind hard the outward members, or if one set boxing cups upon the stomach, which are altogether small means and without danger. But there cometh otherwhiles such a Hickcough that ceaseth not, whereby the hart, the breast and the lights are weakened: against which the expert Physicians have found out these remedies following. But we will first of all discover the nature of the Hickcough and his causes, which be described as hereafter followeth. The Hickcough is a motion of the natural expulsive virtue of the stomach, which is caused through the feeling of any thing that is hurtful, and that the stomach desireth to expel. This Hickcough may also be well taken for a cramp of the stomach, for they be both caused through the repletion or inanition of the stomach. And like as the cramp is none other thing, but a shrinking or drawing of the sinews back to their beginning, so is this none other thing, but a distension or contraction of the stomach unto the place of her beginning: but herein do they differ, that by the Cramp the sinews are contracted, and by the Hickcough the neck of the stomach. The cause of the Hickcough are two things, namely, repletion and windiness, and contrariwise also inanition, as already hath been said, which we will also comprehend in this §. Secondly, the causes be also outward and inward. First, if the stomach be not well defended and kept from cold: also if the outward members, to wit, the head, the hands, and feet, do suffer too great cold, which draweth up from thence toward the stomach. In like manner, this Hickcough is also caused well through intolerable heat, whereby the stomach getteth a bad quality, to wit, too hot or too dry. Item, if the head be sore wounded that the brains be thereby perished: Item, if the stomach be much overcharged with meat and drink, or that any kind of corrupted humours be gathered therein. Moreover, the Hickcough may be caused through any kind of sharp and biting meats. For if the stomach feel, that it hath ever any thing in it that may hurt her, then doth she use two means to discharge her thereof, which is, through parbraking, or through the Hickcough. It seeketh also thereby to cast out that which lieth enclosed in the innermost plights. But that nature desireth to drive that out through the Hickough, which otherwise through vomiting she doth easily bring to pass, this doth daily experience teach us: for if one take any thing which is tart or sharp, as chief Pepper being beaten small, and drink Wine upon it, and the same cometh afterwards into the plights of the stomach, then will the Hickough be caused through the heat thereof, and the stomach seeketh through the Hickough to expel the same Wine again. But by reason that this is caused through inward occasions, then doth it oftentimes happen through the stomach only, and through other infected members, to wit, through impostumes of the head, of falls, and blows, through breach of the Skull, and impostumation of the Liver, as when the same is overheated, that it sendeth sharp, pricking and sour humours towards the stomach, or that the same run thitherwards from other parts. If so be that this Hickough do only proceed of the stomach, then cometh it of tough cold, or heat, and biting humours, whereby some bad impostumes, or exulcerations be provoked. Item, this Hickough is also caused through great emptiness or inanition of the stomach, which cometh through lingering Agues, long abstinence, great labour, much purging, continual laskes, and much parbraking. But if so be that it cometh suddenly upon one without any long precedent sickness, and that a body find himself well before meat, and after meat ill at ease if he have well eaten and drunken, and thereupon do rest a long time, than it is a sure sign that this Hickough proceedeth of the fullness of the stomach. But if they be cold or tough humours which provoke this Hickough, then are all warm things very welcome to the patiented, and he feeleth always some kind of cold in the stomach. Or if it be caused through heat, then desireth he all cold things, and feeleth always a gnawing pain in the stomach. With the impostumes are always Agues, pains, and inappetencie annexed: also the patiented after parbraking, and after the lask, feeleth himself somewhat lightened: when as then the imposthume is broken, that may be perceived by tart & sour things that one taketh. All other signs of this several malady which is outwardly, may be required of the patiented himself, and of such as stand by. In like manner, if the breath savour, then is it a sign of some kind of foul stinking humour or meat which putrefieth in the stomach. If it come through cold of the stomach, that may be known through feeling, and all that is cold is prejudicial unto him, and all warm things be acceptable. Or if this Hickough be caused through repletion and fullness, with anguishes, strains, and with many belchings, then may it be perceived what humours they be, by the sweetness, bitterness, and saltness. Of the Hickough through repletion, and winds. WHen as then the Hickough cometh on any body, after that he hath eaten gross meat and hath drunken, than it is certain enough, that it is caused through repletion of the stomach, through coldness of the matter, and of winds, which the Grecians do call Empneumatosin, which is a distension. For this, the stomach is first to be unburdened through vomiting, and to induce his body through looseness; for which, there is to be taken Hiera picra, Rhubarb, and Agaricus. And if so be that these mild things will not help, then are you to use these precious pills following: Take burnt ivory, seeds of Endive, of Purslane, and Lignum Aloes, of each one dram and a half, sour Dates half an ounce, Rhubarb one ounce, this being beaten all small, and if so be that you will, than put Vinegar unto it, or the syrup of Mints. Or if you had rather have the same soft like a syrup, then take so much the more Vinegar, or syrup with it, and take every day half an ounce of it. For this is also commodious the conserves of Bayberries, de baccis Lauri: so is also the confection Diacyminum, Diatrion pipereon, bare, and confected Annis seeds, confected Ginger, Coming, Caraway, Galingall, Mints, Ameos, Mastic, Cloves, Frankincense, Marjoram, and field Mints, through all which things, Powders, Confections, Conserves and all that one will, and may be made. You have also certain good things in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, and 17. §. which be very good for this use. But above all, Cloves are very good for to strengthen the stomach, and to consume all bad humours, which cause this Hickough. The syrup of Mints is also highly commended for this purpose. This Confection following may also be prepared: Take Spica, Squinant, Calmus, Annis, Fennell, Mints, Wormwood, and Costus, of each one dram, Saffron, Lignum Aloes, and Cloves, of each two scruples, Mastic and Roses, of each one dram and a half, Opium, prepared Coriander, white Poppy seed, Cassie wood, of each half a dram, the Mucilage of Fleawort, as much as will suffice for to make losings with: but they be more meet and pleasant, if they be made with Sugar, taking to every ounce of powder twelve ounces of Sugar, if one will make Sugar losings with it. If so be that then the Hickcough plague one too sore, then take Spec. Dialangae one dram, Philonium half a dram, temper it, and take it with Wine in the morning. This following is to be drunken: Take Coming, white Mints, of each a like quantity, and a little Frankincense; seeth it in water, and drink of it oftentimes warm, it expelleth the wind and cold matter of the stomach. Item, the same doth also the water of Rue, being drunken fasting, or prepare this Wine following: Take Diptamum beaten small half an ounce, Treacle one dram, temper them together with one ounce of wine. For his meat, all common Venison, and all kind of Birds, as Pullet's and Pigeon, etc. be very fit, but they be always better roasted then sodden. And all that he eateth boiled, is to be dressed or stewed with Spices. But if all the foresaid things will not yet drive away the Hickcough, then is there to be given to the patiented Trociscos' de Olibano five drams, Elecampane roots three drams, dried Rosemary, and Rue, of each one quarter of an ounce, seed of Mints, or the herb, three dragms and a half, make thereof Trocisks with syrup of Mints, and give thereof one dram and a half at once. Other do commend this following: Take Costus roots, Saffron, Roses, Mastic, & Spica, of each one quarter of an ounce, Asarabacca one dram, Aloe, Opium, of each half a dram, make also Trociscos' of it with the mucilage of Fleawoort, and give him one dram thereof. These Trocisci are to be taken alone when the Hickcough shall get the mastery. Outwardly are these things to be used: Take the decoction of Coming, white Mints, and Frankincense, (like as is said for the drink) make a sponge wet in it, and being wrong out, lay it oftentimes warm upon the stomach. Aqua vitae is also commodious for this, Vital water, Oils, and other things, like as is described before in the pain of the stomach. In like manner one may foment the place with warm water of Rue, or that which is more forcible must the same be well rubbed with, as is before rehearsed. Item, there may moreover be taken for this purpose, dry Wormwood, Mints, and Coming, powned together, sewed in a bag, and so laid upon the stomach. Also the stomach must be anointed with warm oil, to wit, oil of Wormwood, Mastic and such like, and then to wear over it this plaster following: Take Frankincense, Mastic, Wormwood, and Mints, of each half an ounce, Laudanum one ounce and a half, Annis, Fennell, Cloves, and Spica, of each one dram, make a plaster of them with Wax, for to be laid upon the stomach. Also regard is to be had unto the patiented that he incline himself as much as is possible to sleeping, and fasting. And if so be that he be somewhat lean, then is he to bathe otherwhiles, for that the same consumeth the cold matter which doth cause the Hickcough. Of the Hickough, caused through emptiness and inanition. IF so be that this Hickcough do come after an Ague, by the disquietness, vomiting, thirst, and drought of the mouth, then is the patiented to take oftentimes a little warm water: and if so be that the Hickcough will not thereby avoid and tarry away, then is he to take Barley water, with oil of sweet Almonds. For this is also requisite Barley pap made with milk: also warm milk as it cometh from the Cow, Pullet broth, rear sodden Eggs, Wine which is not too strong: the mucilage of Fleawoort with the julep, and the juice of Pomegranates being drunken, is also good for this intent. Also anoint the backbone from above till beneath, or rather the whole body with Salla● oil, or oil of Roses. Boxing cups set upon the stomach, and behind upon the back, be much commended for this disease: also the rubbing of all the outward members. Lastly, we are to think upon the young children, who were wont to be vexed much with the Hickcough. In case they be still nourished at the breast, and do not digest well, through any piercing cold, or that their milk doth come to cured in the stomach, then are they to use none other medicine, but that their stomach be anointed with this oil following, tempered together, or each alone, and then to lay a warm cloth upon it, to wit, oil of Mastic, of Wormwood, of Dill, and Bevercod, and that the nurse, which giveth suck, do eat light meats. Of unsatiable hunger in general. §. 35. OF all other accidents of the stomach, there cometh also an insatiable hunger, which the learned do divide into four parts, and some into five, which parts are comprehended in the first, and so we will also let it rest. The first, the Greeks do call Cynorexian, the Latinists Caninum, which is Dog's hunger. The second Bulimos, some have alleged this for Dog's hunger, which we also esteem to be the same. The third is, Syncopalis, which bringeth swooning with it. The last is, the lost or spoiled hunger, whereof we now intent to write. Of the Dog's hunger, or the unsatiable appetite of meat. THis hunger is (as is said) an unnatural lust or desire of meat, and hath his name of the Dog an unsatiable beast, and so greedy in eating, that he must cast it out again, and seeketh immediately to fill himself again. All such manner of hunger may also come unto men, and that as well through cold, as through heat, of the air, hard running, great labour, long watching, forcible Agues, great lasks, or worms of the stomach or bowels, which consume the meat. In like manner also of any kind of humours, which do fall into the stomach and there enfeeble the retentive virtue, and do drive down the meat oftentimes with vehemency, or that the expulsive force be too extreme strong. This malady cometh commonly after a fervent Ague, and much vomiting. It doth also happen through overmuch heat of the stomach that is long continuing, whereby it digesteth much, and always desireth more. The other principal occasion is cold, which sticketh fast in the mouth of the stomach, whereof cometh also an unnatural desire of meat. And how much greater that the cold is, so much the greater is the hunger, and that so long, until all the virtues of it be weakened. The third occasion may be some sour humour, or of Phlegma and Melancholia, which may be retained in the mouth of the stomach, and doth there provoke this lust and desire of meat. The signs of this unnatural hunger, which is caused through warmth of the time, through great labour, and such like, are discovered before, also through unnatural cold, much watching, etc. and all other outward accidents, which are to be demanded of the patiented himself. Or if this disease be caused through worms, such hath likewise his sure signs, which be mentioned in their place. If so be that this hunger then do proceed only through heat of the stomach, or through heat of the whole body, then is there great thirst with it. And if it be caused through any humours, debility of the retentive, or vehemency of the expulsive virtues, it may be to be seen by the meat, that avoideth undigested through the stool. But if this disease be caused through melancholy, then is there with it a pricking, or gnawing, with a drought of the mouth, the patiented sleepeth but little, and that with terrible dreams, and hath ill fantasies in his head. When as then this malady cometh through cold, then doth the patiented always feel himself troubled after meat, and he must by and by vomit up the same again, or the same passeth from him downwards undigested. Present regard is to be had, that the body be not filled full of bad humours, whereby the Consumption might at last ensue, and Lieuteria, yea the Dropsy itself. And if this should so continue a certain time, then followeth at last Bulimos, and afterwards Syncopalis, (whereof we have spoken before) which taketh people out of the world. If so be then this unnatural hunger be caused through any outward or accidental occasion, the same are to be prevented with contrary remedies, to wit, with alteration of cold dwellings into warm; of great labour, into rest and sleep, etc. In case then that this hunger be caused through coldness of the stomach, then are warm things for purging, and other warm remedies to be used, which might expel the cold matter from the stomach, whereof we have written herebefore in the 5. §. and of all that strengtheneth the stomach. For this, it is also required by all the learned, that these kinds of patients should eat boiled Rice, with the fat of Mutton stewed, or that is dropped off from roast meat. All fat things moderately used are very good for him; as Salad oil, and such like. But if this malady do come through cold sour Phlegma than it is good that he boil Marjoram in all his meats. He may also use Mustard, Honey, Nuts, Almonds, Onions and Garlic; he may also the space of certain days eat goats milk, with the oil of Violets, because that these fat meats do drive above in the stomach, therefore they do supple the mouth of the stomach, and do make a loathsomeness to feeding. The second: It is then passing good, that such do drink much old and strong red wine at their meals, which is also very good to slake hunger with. Also for this dogs hunger, are warm Confections to be used; as namely, Letitiae Galeni, Diapliris cum Moscu, Diatrionpipereon, Triphera magna, good confects, Ginger, Hippocras, and other spiced wines more, made sweet rather with Honey than with Sugar. But this is not spoken of the hunger which cometh through long fasting, of great scouring of the bloody flux, or of strong purgations; but only of this unsatiable hunger which is called Dogs hunger. If so be then every such patient shall observe this decreed order, then will this hunger abate very much, and also be thoroughly cured in time. But in case that this hunger proceed of heat, and the meat do not molest him, neither yet is cast out above nor beneath (like as it was wont to be) if after a lingering sickness, he were overcharged with meat, and if the stomach and all the whole body be waxen hot, they are to be fed with meats which be not easy to be digested: as namely, old Beef, Mutton, Pork, and also all kind of pottages, of Pease and beans, of Rice and Wheat boiled in milk, great fishes, Tripes, feet and Livers of all beasts; also hatd sodden Eggs: and in fine, with all that is hard of digestion, which lieth long in the stomach, and wherewith the stomach may be cloyed. Also his meats ought to be dressed with some cold things: for which Melons, Cucumbers, and Gourds be very good. He is to keep himself also in the cold air. His drink must be always good Claret wine. And for a conclusion, he must eschew all spice and strong wines. But if so be the stomach be too much overcharged, and too much burdened, then is the patiented to be forced to vomit, through such means as be herebefore oftentimes expressed. The stomach is outwardly to be anointed with cold oils, likewise also with unguent of Roses, with the cooling salve Galeni, with the white Camfere salve, with Vinegar and rosewater, wherein is a little alum dissolved. And if so be that the same be not any thing which hindereth it, then let the patiented bathe in cold water. And if so be that this hunger be caused through melancholy, then prepare this syrup following: Take the roots of Sperage, Fennell, parsley, Smallage, Butcher's broom, Thyme, Coming, Borage, bugloss, Heart's tongue, Raisins, the stones taken out, flowers of Borage, and of bugloss, of each half an ounce, fumitory half a handful, Honey eighteen ounces: make a syrup of them, and give him each time one ounce and a half, or two ounces. For to purge use the Confection of Seine leaves, or this potion following: Take Seine leaves, Polypody roots, & Annis, of each half an ounce, Currans one ounce; let them seethe together in eight ounces of water unto the half, than temper therein beaten Epithymum one quarter of an ounce, Seen powder, and prepared Agaricus, of each half a dram, Cloves half a scruple, make thereof a potion: And if need be, open the Saluatella, upon the right hand. He is also to be ordered in his diet, as is before rehearsed, and all things are to be forborn which may provoke appetite, as hath been showed before in the 9 §. It is also said, that hard roasted Eggs after other meat, be very meet for this purpose. And it happeneth also very well (like as is briefly spoken of before) that if one recover after a long continued sickness, that there doth follow a very great hunger: but they are to have no hard or gross meats given them; as Beef, great fishes, unleavened bread, or such like, because that their digestion is as yet very feeble, whereby they might easily fall again into a new disease: but then are they to be kept with subtle meats; as with fat Pullet's, Capons, Fowls, Butter, and such like, and all unnatural and unmeasurable eating is to be withstood and repugned as much as is possible. Of the Cow hunger which is called Bulimos. THis unnatural and insatiable hunger Bulimos, is as much to say with the Grecians, as a very great hunger: which name, the successors have somewhat altered, and have made thereof Bulismos. And it is thus described: Bulimos, which is a hunger of the members, whereby the stomach is satisfied. And this is also a great disease of the stomach, which taketh his beginning from the stomach itself. But it is contrary to Dog's hunger in these things following: to wit, although they have both of them an insatiable lust and desire of meat, yet with the Dog's hunger is not only a desire, but also the feeding itself: but in the Cow hunger, it chanceth that the patiented who hath lately eaten, is moved immediately to eat again, where nevertheless all lust to eat, and to cast it up, is taken away. But there is no such hunger in the stomach, which is to be satisfied with a bit; but in the inward parts which be desirous of meat without interceasing: and when the stomach is against her will overburdened and cloyed, then will it be overmuch disordered, and out of quiet or square, for to discharge her duty of digestion. Secondly, in the Dog's hunger the virtues of the stomach and other parts be for a while strong and able: but in this Cow hunger are they withered and weak. And because that such sickness is caused as well through heat as through cold; therefore must we severally writ thereof. The greatest occasion of this Bulimia, is, when winter time is, the stomach is cooled too much with cold, then driveth the humours towards the stomach, out of the veins, in the inward parts, filling them therewith, spoiling the appetite, and also depriving the stomach therewith of all her force and vigour: in the mean while the other parts remain empty and hungry, desiring much their food and sustenance. Hence than this insatiable hunger doth proceed: so that this is properly an hunger of the members, and is no hunger at all of the stomach. If so be that then any one, as is said, be so extremely cooled, and although there come such a lust of feeding upon him, yet it is very quickly slaked. This disease bringeth otherwhile such a quaume with it, that the patiented is caused to cast out some tough slime or corruption: and then will all outward members (which be defrauded of their nourishment) be enfeeled, impotent, over cold, and the pulse very small. The sick person hath sour belchings from the stomach, and a fowl smatch in the mouth. The urine is bleak, likewise the ordure black coloured, thin, and also otherwhiles hard, because that the patient can eat very little, or nothing at al. Now then, whether this disease be caused or not, through great cold of Winter time, or cold slime of the stomach, the patiented is certain days together, to take morning & evening a draft of Oxymel Compositum, or of Squils', with water wherein Galingale is decocted: afterwards he is to vomit and purge with Mirobalani Chebuli, Bellirici, and Emblici The like also with the pills Foetidae, stomachicae, or with these following: Take Turbith, Agaricus, of each one dram, Spica and Ginger, of each one dram: temper them together, and take one dram of it at once, and afterwards he is to use this confection following, namely, Diamoschu, Diambra, Trionpipereon, Diacymino, Diagalanga, and that especially after purging. All his meat must be also dressed and strewed with spice, and also be rather always roasted then boiled. Rue water drunken is also very necessary, but chief good old wine, which is somewhat binding by nature. Before dinner and supper, the stomach is to be well anointed with the oil of Mastic and of Spike tempered together. Also to bathe in water, wherein Wormwood, Melilot, Camomile, and Butcher's broom hath been decocted. What is more to be used for this, look in the same Chapter, in the 5. §. which remedies be most fit for it. These kind of patients are also to be sprinkled oftentimes with Rose water, or fair Well water upon their bodies and their faces, that the natural heat may be driven inward, and the inward members may be strengthened. They are also to hold oftentimes spice before their noses, and to use it in their meat. His wine must be always strengthened and enabled with Cinnamom, Pepper, Cloves, and with Spica, and with them and with vinegar is he to sprinkle a hot stone, and to receive the vapour of it. The chamber is to be fumed with Lignum Aloes, or with Muscus, Ambra, black and white Frankincense, Laudanum, Mastic, Galingale, with Citron péeles and Orange peeles, Gallia and Alipta Muscata, with each alone, or with which you please. But if this disease come through heat, then is this unnatural hunger of the members caused of the resolved humours of the veins & other members which pass into the stomach, and there oppress the stomach, with loathsomeness and irksomeness of feeding. But they are to wash their mouth very often with a little Oxysacchara, or with verjuice. Likewise also to use julep of Roses, with a little Camfere, or syrup of Roses mixed with Saunders. For this is also meet all cooling things, and especially them that have a binding operation, whereof there be many discovered in the same Chapter, and the 6. §. Afterwards, the patiented is to be purged with Mirobalans, with Rhubarb, or sour Dates stewed in the decoction of Prunes, as also with Hiera Picra, or syrup of vinegar tempered with the said decoction. Afterwards he shall use the confection Rosata Novella, or Triasantalon. His meat must be dressed with verjuice, and with Butcher's broom seeds, and strewed with odoriferous cooling things. For his drink he is to take good clear wine delayed meetly well with water. It is also good for this patiented, that he bath in water wherein Roses, Myrtle seed, and Endive be decocted, and afterwards anoint the stomach even to the navel with the oil of Myrtle, and oil of Roses, wherein is a little vinegar tempered. In like manner may he irrigate the members from on high with Rosewater, or cold Well water. Of the swooning Hunger called Syncopalis. THe third unnatural hunger hath his name (as is said) of the swooning which it bringeth with it: and the same cometh commonly after the first described Bulimo, or such like sickness, for that the natural powers are very faint and debilitated. Also because this hunger is so near unto the hart, that it cannot tolerate such debility, even as it hath been here before sufficiently taught. Also in respect hereof, for that some have so weak and so tender a mouth of the stomach, that they cannot abide any fasting: but when they begin to be hungry, and may not by and by have food, do fall presently into a swoon. When this happeneth, then are the outward members to be rubbed hard, and bounden with pain, and the face sprinkled with Rosewater, or washed and quickened with other things which be mentioned in the second part, the sixth Chapter and 2. §. But if so be that his force be not quite spent, or if one perceive that the swooning will come upon him, then give him a bit of bread to eat steeped in wine. The fourth is a corrupted or bad hunger. But because this hunger for the most part happeneth to women with child: therefore we will not discourse here any further thereof, until such time as we shall discourse of this, and other matters more appertaining to women. In like manner also concerning the worms, because that they do infect and frequent more the bowels than the stomach, and are thence expelled: therefore we will discourse of them in the description of the bowels. The twelfth Chapter. Of the liver. ALbeit now the liver have the seat in the third part of man's body, fast under the Midriff or Diaphragma, about the stomach, for which cause we continuing our method, aught to have written thereof before the stomach: yet we have declared sufficient causes in the beginning of the tenth Chapter, and showed for what cause it hath not yet been effected. This most noble member whereof we are now to discourse, which we call the liver, the Grecians Hepar, and the Latinists jecur, hath her situation (as is said) on the one side of the stomach, which it toucheth in a wonderful (and yet nevertheless in a natural) manner, with five branches, like as it were five fingers, wherewith she stretcheth also a little towards the left side, and is also by nature one of the most needful and worthiest members which is given for the nourishment and sustaining of man's body, therefore are all beasts that do blow endued with it. This great and excellent gift have the heathen people also acknowledged: but they shamefully & infidelly abuse this wonderful creature of God in their sacrifices: in which amongst other the entrails they behold the liver especially, supposing thereby to learn and understand things for to come, even as they, whether it be through natural causes, illusions of the devil, (or through the leasings of their sacrificing priests) have published and made known many kinds of wonderful things. The substance of the Liver is compacted flesh, of a red colour, not much unlike to congealed blood, full of veins and arteries, and is of a warm and moist complexion, like as is also the blood. Also of herself she is without sense or feeling, like to half a circle, and in man (in regard of the whole body) she is much bigger than in beasts, and especially in such as banquet every day, and make good cheer, or be fleshy by nature. The Liver is the beginning and the seat of all lusts, a fountain of all the veins, the kitchen of all the blood, which she afterwards in most wonderful manner doth spread abroad, and impart throughout the whole body, whereby all the members be nourished, sustained and strengthened. This her admirable operation is not amiss to be compared with must, which hath his lées, that settleth itself in the bottom: Also there is then some light with it which ascendeth, that we do call the flower of the wine: Lastly, there is somewhat more which vaporeth out within the year, which is waterish. Even so fareth it with the Liver, which draweth first all manner of mixed moisture unto her, & the greatest & the mddiest: to wit, Melancholia sendeth he towards the Milt or Spleen: that which is light, hot, and fiery, as Cholera is, draweth to the Gall: the excessive waterish moisture which remaineth still in the rest of the body, and all that is not meet for the blood, that do the reins draw to them, from whence the same cometh into the Bladder, and is afterwards voided out for urine. This excellent member is (like as the whole body of man) subject to divers diseases: amongst which, the most principal are these, namely, when the arteries and veins be obstructed, whereof then be caused all kind of sicknesses, as inflammations, schirrosities, lasks, or bloody flixes, diseases of the Kidneys, and of the conduits of the urine, thirst, yellow jaundice, and lastly, divers sorts of Dropsies, whereof we will speak more at large hereafter. Of the infections of the Liver in general. §. 1. FIrst, all men that have any infection of the Liver, are called Hepatici, notwithstanding that some do make somewhat else of it, and it is described thus: Hepaticus hath his continual pain about the place of the Liver, with swelling, and hardness. The face looseth his natural colour: there is also an Ague, and thirst with it, with drought of the tongue and the mouth. But this is to be thought again upon, that the Liver itself is utterly insensible, and therefore feeleth no pain. But this sensibleness or feeling have the inward & adjacent Tunicles, and all that belongeth unto them: which pain doth proceed through a cold, or hot Liver, or some impostumation, whereof the Physicians have their proper signs, which we shall declare in their convenient places. But the common people, yea also the unlearned Physicians do not know so quickly the sickness of the Liver, and that because of her manifold accidents and Symptomata, which be incident unto it, whereof we will describe the most needful, with all their necessary remedies. Of the obstruction of the Liver in general. §. 2. FOrasmuch as the common causes of the obstruction of the Liver (like as is already discoursed) are in the veins and arteries, and that as well through heat, as through cold: therefore will we first of all make some declaration in general of this oppilation, before that we come to the principal. This obstruction or oppilation is thus described: Oppilatio is an obstruction, and such a disease, as hindereth the blood, and other humours, that should have their passage & course through the veins, which may be provoked through these causes following in the Liver: to wit, if a body do gird himself too hard, and hath his clothes too strait about the Liver. Item, through fall, through thrustings, and such like, through use of gross meats, as Pork, Beef, Cheese, unleavened bread, boiled seeds, as Rice, Wheat, etc. All manner of Pap, & other oppilating Pottages. Item, through outward cold, through inward tough slime and gross blood, which happeneth to lie before the orifices of the veins, through wind, impostumes, and through other diseases more of the Liver. The common signs next after the forementioned, are these: that always his excrements or ordure is very thin and waterish, the urine also showeth thin, clear, and yellowish. Also there is pain in his right side, and he feeleth a debility in the whole body, which may best be known when one must ascend stairs or hills, and that then the breath is very short, with other signs more whereof we shall admonish where we shall write of the imposthume of the Liver. Albeit that we shall hereafter make mention of the order of diet in a hot or cold Liver, and that we here but in general do write of the disease of the Liver, yet will we here notwithstanding briefly rehearse this rule. To wit, that all they that have any obstruction in the Liver, are not to eat any thing but light meats, as young Mutton, Hens, and such like, which is often showed before, and shall be hereafter showed again. Also all their meat is to be dressed with parsley roots, and herbs. They are also to use much Pease porridge. And if this disease proceed of a cold cause, then are you to add Parsley, Fennell, Southernwood, Sperage, or Capers. His meat must be boiled rather than roasted. Also he must beware of all gross meats, old flesh, great fishes, & of all fishes which have no shells. He is to use no baths, plasters, nor any thing else until the second digestion be past. All strong motions or exercises immediately after meat must he eschew. And although he were very thirsty, yet must he forbear as much as is possible, and chief from drinking of Wine; howbeit nevertheless a clear white and well savouring Wine is in some sort permitted. This may suffice at this present. The causes of a hot Liver are many, as namely, the hot time, great labour in the heat of the Sun, & especially without drinking, excessive Venery, application to hot medicines, suffocation of the mother or womb, continual use of all hot meats, as Spices, or Wine made with Spices. These are now the signs of a hot Liver, to wit, a red & yellow urine, yellow ordure, great thirst, loathing of meat, & a swift pulse. All cold things are acceptable to the patiented, & warm things be noisome. He is much inclined to vomiting, and that which he parbraketh is lead coloured, and sometimes yellow and green. Also the heat of the Liver may be felt with the hand. They which be of hot nature, and young withal, and in a hot time of the year, are most subject to this disease. And when to this heat there cometh drought, that the mouth & the tongue be dry, then is it well to be seen that this disease proceedeth of an unnatural heat, whereby there followeth forthwith Obstrutions, Impostumes, Exulcerations, tumors, schirrosities of the Liver, and such like diseases. Of the oppilation or obstruction of the Liver through heat. §. 3. FOr this obstruction of the Liver these simples are good: amongst which notwithstanding some be moderately warm, but they can thereby do no hurt, because that they be forcibly deoppilate. They may be mixed with other things, viz. with tame and wild Endive, small Endive, Priest's crown, Lyverwort, Melon seed, Pompion seed, Gourd seed, Cucumber seed, & Lettuce seed, seeds of Purslane, of Endive and small Endive, water of the roots and herb of Cicorie, Sorrell, Cicorie, Borage, Venus' hair, small Houseléeke, Heart's tongue and field Cypers: of all which, one may prepare what he will. Item, the syrup of vinegar drunken with Endive water. In like manner may be given to the sick person to drink Barley water, the juice of cooling herbs, as of Endive, Nightshade and Cuscuta, with the syrup of Sorrell and Sugar: for that these things do open the obstructed Liver, and cool the same. You may also use for this purpose these things ensuing: Take Oxysacchara, and syrup of Violets, of each three ounces, syrup of Endive twelve ounces, temper them together, and if you think that the choler is tough and thick, than temper amongst it one ounce of vinegar, and use thereof as often as you please each time one ounce & a half, with some of the foresaid waters. Or take the syrup of vinegar, the syrup of Endive, of each six ounces, & temper them together. If the body be sore bound, than put thereto one ounce of the syrup of Violets. Or if you think that the Cholera be burnt, then put the juice of Borage and of fumitory unto it. And if there be any Ague with it (as it commonly doth happen) then is this obstruction not only commodious, but also most necessary, that the bad choleric humours may the easier be expelled: for which these things following are very meet, viz. the syrup of Diarrhodon, de Byzantijs, de Radicibus, de Cichorea, taken with the distilled waters meet for them, to wit, water of Venus' hair, of Heart's tongue, of Agrimony, of Wormwood, of Endive, of Cicorie, or with the waters wherein the foresaid herbs are decocted. Item, Cassie with Hiera Picra, Electuarium lenitiwm, Rhabarbarum, Agaricus, syrup of Roses laxative, Pillulae de Rhabarbaro. But seriously to take in hand this matter, it is above all works needful to purge, which is thus to be effected. Take the flowers of Borage, of bugloss, Violets, Currants, and Endive seeds, of each half an ounce, boil them together as behoveth: of this decoction take three or four ounces, and temper therein three drams of Cassie, sour Dates five drams, beaten Rhubarb one dram: these being tempered, take them in the morning early. Sour Dates are especial good for this, because they cleanse the hot Liver, and also cool it. Or take the flowers of Violets, of Borage, Prunes, and sour Dates, of each half an ounce, Spicanardi one scruple: let them seethe together in sufficient water. Then take three or four ounces of this decoction, and temper amongst it one ounce of Cassie, and one dram of Rhubarb steeped in Endive water: make a drink of it. If so be that the sick person be meetly strong, then in stead of the Rhubarb you may temper with it three or four drams of the confection Succo Rosarum. Another: Take syrup of Violets half an ounce, Barley water three ounces, Rhubarb one dram steeped in a little Endive water, Spica three drams, confection de Succo Rosarum, one quarter of an ounce: temper them together, and give it him in the morning betimes. If the humour be gross, then take in the stead of the Rhubarb, Agaricus and Rhubarb, of each half a dram: for the Agaricus hath an especial operation in the opening of the obstruction of the liver. For this is also requisite divers Sirrupes, which be daily used at most Apothecaries, and also described in this book: to wit, above all other, both sorts of oxymel, the Oximell of Squils', syrup of Endive, of Barberies, their confections, and all that is made of it, Oxysacchara, syrup of Violets, and of Ribs, and principally if there be tempered with Roses, ivory, and Saunders. Item, take syrup De Bizantijs two ounces, Honey of Roses one ounce, water of Endive, Fennell, and of wormwood, of each two ounces, make a julep of it to take at two several times. Another: Take Endive water six ounces, water of Liverwort three ounces, seeds of Gourds, Melons, and Cucumbers (slightly beaten with the pills) of each two drams, Venus' hair two handfuls, and ten or twelve winter Cherries: let these seethe all together in sufficient water, until that a third part be decocted, & in séething put one quarter of an ounce of red Saunders; afterwards strain it thorough a cloth, and seeth in the same decoction three ounces of Sugar, and then make two Potions of it: they do cool, cleanse, and strengthen the liver, the Kidneys, and all the entrails marvelous much. Item, take of a green Gourd, & set it in an Oven when the bread is taken out: a good while afterwards make a hole in the bottom, and receive the water which shall run out underneath, then put as much Endive water unto it, and make a julep of it as you think meet. The wine of Pomegranates is very good for this: in like manner also Buttermilk for all diseases of the liver is highly commended. Venus' hair one ounce and a half or two ounces taken in the morning and evening, cooleth, openeth, and easeth all diseases of the liver. In the month of june is the water thereof to be distilled. Note also, that whereas there is a great heat of the liver present, there must one refrain from drinking Wine, and also from all drinks wherein is Hony admixed. But he is to use all that cooleth. Make also this julep following. Take the water of bugloss, Venus' hair, and of Endive, of each nine ounces, the juice of Pomegranates two ounces, white Sugar four ounces and a half: seethe all these together unto a potion. Or take julep of Roses, mix them with Endive water, and clear well water. Although for great heat we have forbidden Wine, yet nevertheless Cherry wine is permitted, because it is of a temperate nature, and doth moisten the liver, and also cooleth, and therefore these patients are to have otherwhiles at their desire a draft of it. This confection following is also to be used, to wit, Triasantali Diarrhodon without spices, conserve of Roses, of Violets, preserved S. john's Grapes, or Ribs, Barberies, and Peaches preserved, the conserve of water Lilies doth also cool much. Also the conserve of Cicorie with the roots, and preserved Grapes, are good for this purpose. Or have this confection following prepared: Take peeled Melon seed, Cucumber seed, Gourd seed, & peeled Pompion seed, of each three quarters of an ounce, seeds of Purslane, of Endive, and Sorrell, of each one quarter of an ounce, Pine nuts which have been steeped four hours in Rose water one ounce, Sugar eight ounces, or as much as you please: seethe the Sugar with Rose water, and then make loosinges of them. Now for to keep an open body, these pills are to be prepared: Take one dram of Rhubarb, ivory one scruple, make nine pills thereof with the syrup of Roses, and take them in together at one time. Other Pills for the obstruction of the liver caused through Phlegma, which falleth out of the head into the breast and liver. If you will, let the sick person take these pills two hours before he go to bed: Take pills De Hiera Composia two scruples, and let the sick person sit the next day in a bath of water. Take also sometimes one dram of these Trociscis following, to wit, De Berberis, De Camphora, De spo●●to, and De Sandalis with water of Endive, and make pills thereof. We will also here repeat those things which are to be used outwardly: Take Roses, red and white Saunders, of each one dram, Camfere half a dram, beat them all to powder, Vinegar four ounces or more: temper this together, & wet a cloth therein, and lay it upon the liver: when it is dry, then make it moist again in the same. Or take the juice of Nightshade and Endive water, of each three ounces, Rose water one ounce and a half, Vinegar one ounce, red & white Saunders, and the seeds of Citrons beaten, of each one dram tempered, and used as beforesaid. Item, take one quarter of an ounce of strong wine, four ounces of Nightshade, water one ounce and a half, Saffron five greynes: mingle them well together, and then lay it with a cloth over the whole liver. Another: Take Endive water six ounces, Rose water and Nightshade water, of each three ounces, water of Wormwood two ounces, the juice of Lettuce and of Calmus, of each one ounce and a half, red and white Saunders, of each one dram, Camfere one scruple: temper them well, and then apply it unto it. Another, which is yet stronger: Take water of Endive, and of Sorrell, of each six ounces, water of Borage & of bugloss, of each four ounces, Species de gemmis Frigidis three drams, Diarrhodon, Triasantalon, of each one dram & a half, red Coral half a dram, Camfere one scruple; temper them and use them as the other. Or take Roses, red and white Saunders, Wormwood, Squinant, ivory, and Spica, of each a like much; beat them all to powder: when as you will use it, than temper half an ounce with Sorrell and Endive waters, of each four ounces. Item, take the water of Nightshade, of Endive, of Liverwoort, of Sorrel, and of Wormwood, of each four ounces, Species Triasantali, Diarrhodon, ivory, of each half a dram, Saffron one dram, Vinegar two ounces; temper them, and use them as the other. Another which is temperate: Take water of bugloss, of Cicory, of Balm, of each six ounces, Spec. de gemmis temperatis one dram, Saffron one scruple, Vinegar one ounce, Malmsey three ounces; temper them all together. But it is to be noted that these cooling things must be used with discretion, that they do not cool the breast too much, & provoke a Cough: the which might easily be procured. Here follow now plasters and such like. TAke Barley meal three ounces, Roses one dram, white Poppy seed half a dram, the juice of Wormwood and of Nightshade, of each one ounce and a half, Vinegar half an ounce; make pap thereof with the oil of Roses. Or take white Poppy seed one ounce and a half, the juice of Wormwood three ounces, the juice of Nightshade six ounces, Vinegar one ounce, and Barley meal as much as sufficeth. This plaster is also highly commended: Take dried Violets three quarters of an ounce, Roses two drams and a half, Spica and Mastic, of each one dram and a half, Camomile, Venus' hair, Barley meal, Hollihocke roots, of each ten ounces, Squinant, Cipers roots, and Calmus, of each one dram: make a pap thereof with well water, and lay it every day over the Liver. The common plaster of Saunders, which is to be found at the Apothecaries, is also very good for this use. For a salve: Take oil of Roses, of water Lilies, and Spica, of each half an ounce; Roses, ivory of each half an ounce, red & white Saunders, seeds of Plantain and of Purslain, of each one dram, Spica, Agrimony, of each one quarter of an ounce, Mastic two scruples, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve of it. Item, take oil of Roses two ounces, oil of Violets and of Spica, of each one ounce, Vinegar half an ounce, Roses, ivory, Squinant, red and white Saunders, of each half a dram, Camfere two scruples: then make a salve of it with molten Wax. The Saunders salve described before in the sixth Chapter, and first §. Also the cooling ointment, and that of Roses, are marvelous good for this disease. Yet another: Take the oil of bitter Almonds, and white wine, of each a like quantity, steep Cicorie in it, Wormwood, Camomile and agrimony, and chafe it warm upon the place of the Liver. Another which is very forcible. Take the salve of Saunders, and the cooling ointment Galeni, of each one ounce and a half, oil of Roses one ounce. If it be too soft, then make it as hard as you will with Wax. It is also necessary to observe therein an order of diet. If with this heat of the Liver there be an Ague, then is he to be kept as one that hath an ague, & that according to the importance of the cause; like as may be discerned in the sixth part. Generally, Lettuce, Purslane, Verivice and Cucumbers are very good for him, with Vinegar, and other meats more that may be dressed with them. And although the inflammation were without an Ague (and yet there be some dry itch and scabs with it) then be the foresaid herbs very wholesome for him. In like manner also Pullet's, Hens, Partridges, small birds, Kids, Mutton & Veal dressed with Vinegar, Verivice, Oranges or Lemons, Barley pap and Oaten pap are also very fit for his meat. The Vineyard Snails are also very good for them. The fishes that be taken in clear gravel waters, dressed with Parsley and vinegar, may he very well eat. Melons, Almonds, Peaches, stewed Pears and Apples, Cherries, Strawberries and Raisins, a little of each eaten are also very good. Wine is altogether repugnant to this disease: yet being well watered, or Cherry wine may he drink in some respects moderately. Also all gross meats are very hurtful for him; as unleavened bread, gross flesh, Cheese, Milk, Starch, Rice, and in fine all that bindeth is hurtful for the liver. But Buttermilk is not ill for this malady. Of the obstruction in the Liver through cold. §. 4. IF so be that the oppilation of the Liver be caused through cold, then is the whole body bleak and lead coloured, and chief the face; the tongue, the lips, and the urine is not coloured: the pulse is slow, there is little thirst, slow digesture, lead coloured and white excrements that stink not much. All warm things are very meet for the patiented: but cold things are utterly against him; first, if this obstruction be without an Ague: but in case that it continue long, then must an Ague ensue by reason that the blood putrefieth in the Liver. But if there be any humours with this cold, that is to be perceived by the thick water: also by the moisture and thinness of the ordure, & by the small thirst, slow pulse, by the swelling of the eyes and of the face, softness of the flesh, and loathsome colour, whereby they do come quickly to the yellow jaundice or Dropsy. With this cometh also oftentimes a lask or scouring, swelling of the eyelids, of the fingers, of the toes, & all outward members. If so be then that these signs chance to be or may be perceived, then may easily be adjudged that this malady doth proceed through cold causes. The patiented is for this, above all other things, to be purged, and the phlegmatic matter is to be expelled: for which this preparative syrup ensuing is to be used: Take the roots of Parslie and of Fennell one ounce and a half, the roots of Smallage one ounce, agrimony, Venus' hair, and Heart's tongue, of each one handful, Mace, Cuscuta, of each two ounces, liquorice, Currans, of each one ounce, white Vinegar one ounce, Honey, Sugar, of each six ounces; make a syrup of them until there do remain about fifteen ounces, & clarify it. For this is also good the syrup of Eupatorio, of Acetosa, Diarrhodon, de Bizantijs, and Acetosus Compositus. Item, take Fennell roots, the roots of Parsley, of Smallage, Sperage, & Butcher's broom, of each half an ounce, agrimony one ounce, Annis, Fennell, Cuscuta, of each three drams, Heart's tongue, Venus' hair, herb Bennet, of each a handful, Vinegar one ounce, Sugar as much as you will; and make a syrup of them. And of one of the foresaid sirupes you are to use certain days one after another, every day two ounces at once. This being effected, than the patiented to be purged with this purgation following: Take flowers of Borage & of bugloss, of each one ounce and a half, Spica one scruple, Agaricus and Polypody roots, of each half a dram: let them seeth together, and put unto it one dram of Turbith. You are to give him about four ounces of this decoction. Or take Pillulas de Agarico, or such like, which purge the phlegm. When the patiented is well purged, them is he to use some of these Trocisks following dissolved in water of Wormwood; to wit, de Rhabarbaro, de Absinthio, and de Eupatorio. Amongst the Confections these are good: Diacostu, Diacalamintha, Dianisum, Diacyminum, Aromaticum rosatum, Diagalanga, Dialacca, and such like. Item, take Pistacia two ounces; steep them two days in warm water of Agrimony, chop them afterwards small, and seeth two ounces of Sugar in two ounces of agrimony water which is meetly thick. Then temper the Cuscuta, and half an ounce of Cinnamom with it; whereof make losings: then take thereof morning and evening at least one quarter of an ounce. Hereafter now follow confections and other things which one may eat. Take one pound of well washed Currants; when they be dried meetly well, then temper therewith one ounce of beaten Rhubarb, and eat thereof when you will, a good spoonful at each time, & then keep it close stopped. This is very good for all diseases of the Liver, and chief to prevent the yellow jaundice. Another Confection. Take the mucilage of Hollihock roots 12. ounces clarified Honey 12. ounces, liquorice 9 drams, Betony & Balm, of each three drag. Cuscuta, rinds of Tamariske, of each half an ounce, Annis, Couchenel, of each one quarter of an ounce, Ginger one drag. prepared steel two ounces & a half, & one dram of the mucilage of Hollihock roots, & you must seethe the Honey to the thickness of Honey: then temper the rest amongst it, and use it after you have well stirred yourself, walked, or run. Annis seeds confected be good for cold obstructions, & all old disease of the Liver. Item, Coming and Caruway have great power to heat a frozen Liver, and to open all her obstructions. Also bitter Almonds confected or otherwise. Likewise, Elecampane roots, Calmus, Eringus, Nutmegs, Walnuts, all of them confected. Item conserve of Eiebright, of Fumitory, of Eldern flowers, Hyssop, Betony, Lavender, Marierom & Sage are altogether very requisite. To all which you may ad Miva Cidoniorum, both Treacles; to wit, the great Diatessaron, and Mithridate, are very commodious for this disease. For the obstruction of the cold in the Liver be these pills following very good, and especially if there be fear of the dropsy: Take India Spica 2. drams & a half, Spica Romana one drag. Rhubarb, Agaricus & Ameos, of each one drag. and a half, Cinnamom, Cloves, and Squinant, of each half a drag. Aloe 5. drag. make pills thereof with old wine, and use thereof as often as you will, one drag. at once. For this obstruction are these things following especial good: Take Couchenele beaten half a drag. make three pills thereof with the juice of Lemons; then take them fasting, as you please. Some advise that there must be tempered amongst it the herb century, and then make pills of it with the juice of agrimony. Potions and such like. WIne is for this cold obstruction of the Liver, as in that of heat, not forbidden. For there be sundry wines of herbs ordained for the same, viz. wine of Eiebright, of avence, of Betony, of Heart's tongue, Marierom, wormwood, Hyssop, and Asarabacca, and such like, which be described in the last part. But if it be needful that the wine must be tempered; then prepare a water wherein Annis, cinnamon, Coriander, Fennell roots, or any of these were decocted, you may also seethe Mallows and Cuscuta in wine, and sometimes drink thereof. Of spiced wines are some described before and hereafter, which do serve for the Liver very well. For which be highly commended Cleretum, Aromatites, and wine of Zeduary. Besides the foresaid sirupes may these ensuing be used; to wit, the syrup of Fumitory, of Wormwood and Mints. And if so be that the Phlegma be very tough, than all the Oxymels are fit for it, used with water meet for the purpose. Of the outward Applications. TAke agrimony two handfuls, Camomile and Venus' hair, of each half a handful, Cipers' roots, Mastic, Squinant, Spica, of each one dram, red and white Saunders, Calmus and Wormwood, of each two scruples, ivory one scruple, mucilage of Hollikocke roots three ounces, oil of Mastic, Spica, and Barley meal, of each one ounce, and also a little Vinegar: then make a plaster of it with the decoction of agrimony. The foresaid plaster is good for all hot and cold tumors of the Liver, and to be used at all times, the plaster of Melilot, the plaster of Bay berries, and the known grey plaster Diachilon, are all very good for th' is Schirrosity of the stomach, of the Milt and Liver. Item, take Roses five drag. Wormwood half an ounce, Mastic five drams, Indie Spica two drams & a half, Wax one ounce, oil of Roses four ounces and a half: afterwards melt the Wax and oil, and wash it with water: lastly, temper all other things beaten amongst it. This plaster strengtheneth, openeth the obstructions of the Liver and the stomach, suageth the pain which proceedeth of cold, maketh appetite, and assisteth the digestion. These oils following are also marvelous good against all Oppilations of the Liver; to wit, the oil of Elder, of Bay, of Spike, and of Wormwood, tempered, or each alone, anointed upon the place of the Liver. It happeneth also very well, that through the obstruction of the Liver, the entrails are annoyed. For which, you are to take the right sealed earth and temper it with Annis or Fennell, Spica of India, with Cinnamom, of each a like quantity, as the cause requireth: use half a drag. of it at once with wine. But of this shall be written more at large where we shall discourse of the guts. In general, Oxymel is good for all oppilations of the liver (if there be any sharpness of the urine with it) amongst which, some expert Physicians do temper these things following, which do take away the sharpness of the Urine: as Annis, wild yellow Mustard seed, Silver mountain, Mallows, Hollihocks, Fleawort, Dragagant, and such like: whereof we shall speak hereafter, to wit, in this third Part. The order of Diet. BEsides all the foresaid remedies, it is necessary that we do also write what diet this patiented is to observe. First of all, whatsoever cooleth and moisteneth is to be eschewed; to wit, all habitations which lie low by the water: also the South wind. All that here ensueth is hurtful for him: as spinach, Beets, Lettuce, Purslane, Endive, Gourds, Cucumbers, & Pompions, as also all that is made of dough. Fish also is not good for him, unless it were seldom used. All slimy parts of beasts is he also to forbear, as fat tripes, etc. unleavened bread, fresh fruits, & all pottages. Notwithstanding, Pease pottage, & broth of Lentils made with Mints, Parsley, Spike, and Galingall be special good. He must also refrain from drinking water, if it be not tempered with wine. Also all gross wine is nought for him. Butter and swine's suet is also not much commended. But Salad oil is in some respects permitted. Item, all kind of milk, and all that is boiled with it, gross old flesh, and all that bindeth, is also forbidden. For his drink he is to use meetly strong wine, which is clear and of a good taste, and is somewhat sweet. He may also use otherwhiles good warming aromatical wine, like as we have showed of late. Vinegar, Verivice, Lemons and Oranges must he use with other meats, but always a little, and rather these: The Pomegranates, Cinnamom, Pepper, Ginger, Galingall, Annis seed, Coming, Fennell, and such like odoriferous things are very meet for him. In like manner also the herbs and roots of Parsley, Hyssop, Thyme, Marierom, field Mints, Southernwood, Sage, Basill, Costus roots, yellow Rapes and all other Turnips dressed with oil he is to use. In like sort Olives & Capers. Of all flesh, Hens, Pullet's, Doves, Partridges, Pheasants, field fowls, and sucking Kids, be very good to be eaten: for they may all be dressed with spice; and especial good to be dressed with all meats be Parsley and wild Turnips. Some do commend much for this sickness the Vineyard Snails, and of all fruits, the bitter and sweet Almonds, Pistacia and Currans. Of a schirrous Liver. §. 5. OF this obstruction of the Liver, it doth otherwhiles wax schirrous and hard, that one may feel the same with the hand on the out side, without any great trouble to the Liver: the which malady the learned do call Scirrum, and the Greeks' Schroten. This disease is not to be cured but at the first, for when it is waxed old, than it is too late. These patients do some die suddenly, and some lingeringly; for the Liver cannot tolerate so strong medicines as the Milt. This disease is to be remedied, as here ensueth. This sick person is always every second day to take one scruple of Ammoniacum, with Oxymel, made into pills. If it shall be needful, his liver vein is to be opened, and afterwards he is to purge with Manna and Rhubarb tempered with agrimony water: Wormwood water is also good. He is certain days afterwards to take one dram of prepared Wolf's liver tempered in four ounces of Agrimony water, & to use this certain days one after another. It is also good advise, that this sick person do use things which do provoke much urine, and do break the stone in the Bladder, whereof shall good instructions be found in his proper place. For it is consonant to reason, that such things will also resolve and deobstruat the hardness of the Liver. Also he is to drink daily a dram of the seed of Agnus Castus, tempered with Coming, and Fennell water. Outwardly be the forementioned plasters, and especially the plaster de Meliloto and Diachilon to be applied upon it. Also you may make (if you will) a plaster of these things following: Take Camomile one ounce, Roses, marrow of Ox bones, or of Heart's bones, Ducks grease, Hen's grease, and oil of Spike, of each half an ounce, beaten Wormwood three drag. Fenegreeke, & linseed meal, of each one ounce, sweet Costus roots three drams, and Wax as much as sufficeth. Or seethe Figs and Raisins, poune them to grout, and temper amongst it Fenegreeke meal, beaten Camomile, Rue and Melilot: afterwards mingle it with the oil of Camomile, as much as will suffice for a salve. Item, take Barley meal two ounces, Camomile and Melilot, of each half a handful, the mucilage of Hollihock roots five ounces, Cypers roots, Squinant, Mastic, and Spica, of each one quarter of an ounce, red Saunders, Calmus, agrimony and Wormwood, of each two scruples, ivory one scruple, Saffron half a scruple, Vinegar half an ounce, oil of Roses one ounce, four or five dry Figs, oil of Wormwood and of Spike, of each one quarter of an ounce, make a plaster thereof. Some have taken the venomous herb Hemlock, and laid it as pap upon the Liver: for it doth mollify schirrosity and hardness. By this is also to be understood, that all which is good for the obstruction of the Liver, is also very meet for this disease. Of a cold Liver without obstruction. §. 6. THere befall also cold diseases in the Liver without any obstruction of the same, yet are all the forementioned remedies very good for this intent, by reason that they do all heat the Liver and other inward parts: but these Plasters, Salves, and other things ensuing, are especially ordained for this. Take Mastic, Spica, Cypers roots, Squinant, Calmus, Saffron and Myrrh, but the Mastic and Myrrh are to be dissolved in Wine, then temper the rest amongst it unto a plaster, and lay it upon the liver. Item, take the juice of agrimony twelve ounces, Vinegar one ounce, Spike and Cinnamome, of each one dram and a half: wet a cloth in it, and lay it also over the Liver. You may also put unto it four ounces of Wormwood water. Or take oil of Quinces, oil of Mastic half an ounce, oil of Spike one ounce, ivory, Roses, Squinant, Cuscuta, Cinnamome and Spike, of each half a dram, Saffron five greynes, and Wax as much as is needful. Lastly, stir a little Vinegar amongst it, and with this salve anoint round about and upon the Liver twice or thrice a day, that is, upon the right side, even to the ribs. Another: Take oil of Roses half an ounce, oil of Wormwood and of Spike, of each one ounce, red and white Saunders, ivory, Squinant and Coming, of each half a dram, Cinnamome one dram, agrimony and Calmus, of each two scruples, Mastic, and Indie Spica, of each one scruple, Saffron half a scruple, Vinegar one spoonful, Wax as much as is needful for a salve. But if so be that there do remain any pain, then may you use these things following: take Wheaten bread which is well bolted, put it into a bag, and so lay it warm upon the liver. But if the pain will not be as yet assuaged with it, then take two parts of Milet, and three parts of Bran, and one part of Salt: make them together warm, and use it as aforesaid: Or set a great boxing cup upon the same place. Item: Take Camomile, Balm, Dill seed, and Annis seed, of each two handfuls, Mace, Fennell, Mallows, Hollihocke seeds, of each half a handful, and two or three Poppy heads; Seeth all these together in a good deal of water until the third part be decocted, and fill a great bladder or twain with this decoction, and lay it on the place of the pain; and when one is cold, then lay another. last: Take four ounces of Brand, Venus' hair, Dill seed, Borage seed, and Coming, of each half an ounce, Camomile and Melilot, of each three handfuls; Seethe them all together in white wine, then poune them to grout, and temper therewith one ounce and a half of Barley meal, oil of Camomile two ounces; then make a plaster of it, and lay it warm upon it: it is very good to assuage and delay the pain. Of the impostumation of the Liver. §. 7. THe Liver may be also annoyed through many kinds of impostumes inwardly or outwardly, which be engendered of many causes; as through falls, thrusts, or by going too narrow girt, whereby all such issues and impostumes are caused. Also these impostumes may be well caused through some choleric humour, & through an overhot stomach, through the use of too much spices, or any other hot meats, whereby the digestion of the stomach is enfeebled and wholly spoiled. For this is especial good all sweet things, as Honey, Sugar, Figs, etc. But if this moisture be through cold, then doth there come a clean contrary cause. The commonest signs of all the impostumes of the Liver be these; pain in the right side tending upwards towards the ribs and shoulder blade, as it were the pleurisy. The sick person can hardly lie upon his sides, & especially on the right side: his face is very black, he loseth appetite his urine is blood-red, especially if the imposthume be hot: otherwhiles the cough cometh with it, as also the hickcough, parbraking, short breath, retention of urine, and great thirst. Now for to the cure these impostumes, we will first discourse of them that come through heat: for this is first, the liver vein to be opened (if the patiented be able) and to let out much blood: but if the party be weak, then but a little, and then the oftener. If so be that he be hard bound, then be gentle clysters to be ministered, and this thing ensuing to be laid upon the liver. Take red Saunders, & Roses, of each three drams, the juice of Endive, and Nightshade, of each two ounces, Rose water one ounce, Vinegar half an ounce; make them together luke warm, and then wet clothes therein and apply them upon the liver, and renew them once every three or four hours, and continue this three or four days. This syrup following is also to be prepared, which is as well good for the ague, as for to open and lose the body: Take the juice of small Endive, of great endive, of agrimony, Smallage, and Fennell, of each three ounces, water of Parsley roots, of Smallage and Venus' hair, of each two ounces, clear well water twelve ounces, Sugar eighteen ounces, white vinegar two ounces: Seeth them all together, and clarify them well, then put unto it Squinant, Spike, ivory, Melon seed, Gourd seeds, Cucumber seed, Pompion seed, and red Saunders, of each one dram, Wormwood three drams; then make a syrup of it, & take at each time two ounces of it with the decoction of Pease, or with Endive water. The third day after that such impostumes be known, then is the soft pap to be laid upon it. Take Barley meal, stewed Figs, & Dates beaten to pap, and tempered all together with oil or Roses and Vinegar. For this sickness one must not purge at the first without great need be. But when the sickness is at the prime or declining, then are you to do the same with Manna, Cassie, sour Dates, and to exhibit it with the decoction of Violets, Squinant, Prunes, and Wormwood. In like manner use losing meat dressed with Borage, Mallows, Hops, and such like herbs. But if the imposthume be broken out, and that there do come a gentle lask or scouring, wherewith corruption also avoideth, then is nature to work. But in case this scouring get the mastery, then is the same to be stayed with the Trociscis de Berberis and de Terrasigillata. But if these impostumes do come of thrusts, or such like occasions, then open a vein (as is said already) and lay this plaster following upon it: Take Myrtle seed, Roses, and Bayberies', of each half an ounce, Calmus, Myrrh, Mastic, of each one quarter of an ounce, Saffron one dram, oil of Lilies and Wax as much as is needful; and if you fear any hardness of the Liver, then use the mollifying things, whereof we have spoken in the 5. §. Or make this following: Take Camomile, Melilot, Rue, Wormwood, Ireos, Marierom, Calmus, Hyssop, & Roses, of each one ounce and a half, Endive, Holy-hock roots, Lineséede, and Fenegréeke, of each one quarter of an ounce: let them boil all together in wine and water, make a sponge wet in it, & then lay it warm upon it. Item, in the declination of the sickness is this plaster following to be used; Take liquid Storax, and Wax, of each one ounce and a quarter, Mastic, Saffron, Ameos, of each half an ounce, oil of Mastic and of Roses, of each five drams, Wine six ounces: temper, and use it warm: the Barley for his meat, & the water for his drink, is amongst other cooling things very necessary meat and drink. But if so be that these impostumes do proceed of cold, then do they make show with intumifactions and debilities, they bring also rather heaviness and oppression with them then pain. For this, take heed of letting blood and strong Clysters: but mild Clysters may be used, and also mild purgations. Amongst other is good for these Clysters, Wormwood, Barley, field Mints, century, or which you will, decocted with a little Coloquint. You may also use well suppositories for to keep the body soluble, and to draw down the tough and gross slime. Prepare also these Trocisks following: Take Roses five drams, Barberies half an ounce, Annis, Smallage seed, Squinant, Cassie wood and Calmus, of each three drams, Mastic, Spike, Cinnamome, Asarabacca, Rhubarb, Mather, and Lacca, of each one dram: beat them all together, & make foursquare Trociskes thereof with the juice of Fennell the weight of a dram, and give thereof one in the evening with this potion following. Take the roots of Smallage, Parsley, and Fennell, of each one ounce, seeds of Smallage, Annis, Fennell, and Coming, of each half an ounce, Squinant, agrimony, field Cipers, Germander, Mather, Cassy wood, and Balsam wood, of each one quarter of an ounce, white Vinegar one ounce and a half, Honey thréee ounces: seeth them all together in sufficient water, & clarify it as behoveth. Further, anoint the place with oil of Spike, oil of Sesamum, or oil of the seeds of Manus Christi, and lay this plaster following upon it. Take the seeds of Smallage, Ameos, Annis, and Cardamome, of each half an ounce, Squinant, Aloe, of each three drams, Spike, Amaranthus, Mastic, Saffron, and Myrtle seed, of each one dram and a half, Turpentine, Rosen, of each three drams, Wax as much as will suffice for to make a plaster with: melt it with a little oil of Spike and of Costus, and then temper the rest amongst it. But if so be that you will you may take and put unto it Ox dung, and Goat's dung. When the imposthume breaketh, that may be perceived if the patiented about the same time fall a shivering and quaking, with a swooning, and vomiting, and that blood avoid both through the stool and the urine, then is this plaster following to be used; and if peradventure the openness be not yet explete, yet doth it ripen and assuage the pain, and strengtheneth the liver. Take Barley meal, & Fenegréeke meal, of each one ounce, Linséede meal three drams, Mill dust, Elecampane roots, the roots of Smallage and of Wormwood, of each five drams, Camomile, Melilot, Violets, & Roses, of each three drams, white Lily roots, Pigeon dung, Spica Romana, of each one dram, oil of Camomile and of Violets, as much as will suffice for to make therewith a plaster: afterwards give him a drink for to cleanse him, decocted of Barley and Figs, or let him use Mellicraton, which is Meade. Of the lask of scouring through weakness of the Liver. §. 8. WE have sufficiently written thereof before in the eleventh Chapter, where we have spoken of all manner sorts of Lasks and bloody Flixes. Of divers things which be very commodious for all infections of the Liver. §. 9 HEre before in the 3. §. is highly commended the water of Venus' hair for all diseases of the liver. For this is also good M. Tristanis water, for it doth preserve and cure the Liver from all diseases. Item, take the seed of Endive, of small Endive, and of Lettuce water, of Venus' hair, and Liverwort, red and white Saunders, of each one dram, seeds of Melons, of Pompions, and Gourds, of each one quarter of an ounce, shaven ivory half a dram, ivory one dram, roots of Fennell, of Parsley, and Smallage, of each one quarter of an ounce, roots of Endive three drams, and a little Vinegar, Sugar one ounce and a half: let them seethe all together in three pints of water unto the half. This is especial good for a stuffed liver which is caused through heat, and also for the yellow jaundice. Many kinds of golden waters and vital waters be also good for this, and especially for cold causes. Look also in the first part, the 12. Chapter, and 1. § where you have a very good powder, beginning thus: Take the juice of Wormwood, etc. mix it with Sugar, and use it ten days together, it helpeth all maladies of the Milt and liver, it preserveth also from the yellow jaundice and Dropsy. Of the thirst, through drought and heat of the liver. §. 10. ALthough the thirst be a common drought of the inward members, yet nevertheless it is caused (for the most part) from the liver, which also drieth away through the heat, or if the body be burdened with any sickness or Ague, which verily is such an intolerable trouble that it exceedeth all other, like as may be seen by the wretched people that be set on a wheel, who do more complain of thirst, then of their disjointing & broken bones: which thirst is thus described. Thirst, is a desire of cooling and moisture, which is quenched with drinking. The learned do also make three kinds of differences of the thirst: the first do they take for the thirst which is gone clean, when one hath lost his thirst, and when he is afraid of drinking. The second is the diminished thirst, when one drinketh seldom. The third is the spoiled thirst, like as when any body desireth out of measure any unaccustomed and hurtful drink without measure: to wit, if one would drink puddle water, urine, or such like. This thirst is to be likened unto the strange lust after meat, which is caused through a bad stomach, which hath been spoken of in his place. The causes whence this unnatural lust ariseth are many, as great labour, long conversing in the Sun & about the fire, a strong Ague through drinking of strong wine, through eating of salt and smoke dried flesh, of Fish, Cheese, Pepper, Ginger, Cloves, and other Spices: sorrow and anger do also extenuate the body, and increase thirst: the like also do hot venims cause. Item if any inward parts be over heated (like as hath been said before) in the 3. §. hereby the thirst is also provoked: and especially the thirst is then great about measure in the disease of the kidness, which is called Diabetes, and when one goeth overmuch to the stool. It happeneth also that some that have had great thirst, would tolerate the same without drinking, and are fallen into such thirst which could not afterwards be quenched, and have fallen thereby into Phthism, Hecticam, and other consuming sicknesses. The same signs and differences of all these causes may be demanded of the patiented himself, or the standers by. The inward causes doth every inward part yield, as the liver, Hart, Lights, and the Midriff, sufficiently of itself to understand. For this thirst are applied certain common rules, which may be well marked, First, how that if one have a moist body or stomach, to him is the thirst profitable; for if he refrain the same, then is the moisture of his body thereby consumed. Secondly, if the thirst be by reason that one hath drunken overmuch Wine, then is the thirsty person to endeavour himself to much sleeping, and that will quench the thirst. Thirdly, a body is thirsty because he is dry by nature, and then he is to quench his thirst through drinking. Fourthly, healthful folks that have thirst a-nights, are to be weaned from drinking. Fiftly, healthful folks who have thirst a-nights, are to be weaned from their drinking a-nights. Sixtly, if so be that one have gotten an unnatural thirst through eating overmuch hot meats, he must quench his thirst by drinking water. Seventhly, the thirst which proceedeth of a hot hart and lights, is to be remedied by taking in of fresh air, or by receipt of any cooling Léekes called Looch, and through much watching, for that drinking much water, and sleeping much, cause more harm then good. Eightly, if the thirst do come only through drought of the mouth and the throat, then is he to addict himself to sleep after reasonable drinking, and to forbear talk. Ninthly, if any body be a thirst after much purging he must not drink too much, lest that the natural digesture be thereby enfeebled, or that the natural heat be therewith dissipated and extinguished. Tenthly, all they that have accustomed to drink much a-nights, they do in time spoil all the humours of the whole body, whereby they do fall at the last into Cacochimian, or the Dropsy, if so be that they do remain long alive. But now as concerning the particular remedies of the thirst. The most of them are discovered in all sicknesses that cause thirst. Nevertheless, we cannot here omit to declare in general all that withstandeth thirst. And we will first begin with the potions. julep of Roses and of Violets are much used in all heats. julep of Roses is made thus: Take one pound of Rose water, half a pound of white Sugar; seeth them together by a gentle fire, and clarify them with the white of an egg, until they be as thick as a syrup. This julep quencheth all that is of phlegmatic Agues, of the Pleurisy, and also of all kind of thirst. In the same manner is the julep of Violets to be made, and hath the same operation. It is also good for all rheums of the breasts, and of the throat, against the cough and the thirst. Item, take fresh Well water, or decocted Barley water tempered with julep of Roses or Violets, and the like also with the juice of Pomegranates. The same doth likewise quench the thirst very much. These distilled waters following do also quench the thirst very much: viz. the water of Endive, of bugloss, of Sorrel, and such like, wherewith a little Sugar is decocted. It is also said that the Cherry wine is of a temperate nature, therefore doth it quench the thirst in great heat, it cooleth and moisteneth all the inward parts. Item, Meade doth also quench thirst, like as the same is to be seen in the last part of this book. If so be that you desire also in quenching of the thirst, to lose and make soluble, then take three or four ounces of Endive water, and with this water draw as much Cassia out of the canes as you think good, and so drink it. It doth quench the thirst marvelous much, like as is also showed sufficiently in the description of Cassia in the Introduction. These sirrupes following which be here and there described, may also very well be used for great thirsts: as sirrupes of Violets, of Vinegar, of Citrons, of sweet and sour Pomegranates, & especially the laxative syrup of Roses. For hot Agues you may also use the syrup of Oranges, of Barberies, of Cherries, of Prunes, and the juice of them all. The same confected, dried, and all that may be made of them. There be also many things more ministered against the thirst: as fresh Cucumbers, Gourds and Pompions; the same being eaten or the juice drunken. For this is also Lettuce good, being eaten with vinegar and oil. Item, black Cherries, S. john's grapes, and Barberies. The confection of Prunes described before in the eleventh Chapter, 20. §. is also good and certain for the thirst. Item, confected Peaches, conserve of Roses, of Violets, and of water Lilies. A piece of Sugar dipped in water, and sucked in the mouth assuageth also thirst. Unripe Grapes chewed & contained in the mouth do the same. Likewise, sour Grapes held long in the mouth, do quench thirst also. Or, if the same be bruised into one's drink: like as is more amplyer admonished in the beginning of this Book. Of the yellow jaundice, a sickness of the Liver. §. 11. THis sickensse is called of the Grecians, and of all learned for the most part, Icteros, and in Latin Morbùs regius, Arquatus, Aurigo, Suffusio fellis, and of many Icteria. This is such a sickness, whereby that the Cholera or Gall doth spread itself very yellow over all the body, and appeareth with other spots or stains. Therqfore is this first to be noted, that there be three kinds of Icters, or jaundice, the yellow, the green, and the black. The yellow is caused through yellow Cholera, the green out of light green Cholera, and both proceed from the Liver; but the black is caused through black melancholic blood of some disease of the Milt: albeit the same may also be caused of the Liver. The causes of these sicknesses are taken to be sundry, and especially of the yellow and green jaundice, as of the hot season, by great labour or great exercise, great heat, biting of venomous beasts, the use of much heat, sweet & fat meats, and inward impostumes. All which causes do so obstruct the Liver, that such matter (like as behoveth) cannot be conveyed into the follicle of the Gall whereby it is inflamed: which the obstruction and heat may and doth come to pass in the veins and in all parts of the body whereby the blood is spoiled and converted into a green or yellow colour. The cause of the black Isteria, is an obstruction in the Conduits of the Liver to the Milt, or in the conduits of the milt to the stomach, a feebleness of the expulsive or attractive virtue be it of the milt or the liver. Item, through the use of much melancholic meat. In fine, it may also be caused through great heat of the whole body which inflameth the blood, or through great cold that doth congeal the blood, and maketh it black. The first two signs are abating of the lively colour, yellowness in the white of the eyes, & over the whole body and of the urine, the pulse is feeble, the patiented thirsty, loseth appetite, his meats will be bitter, and ready to vomit. Item, if the patiented be also young, choleric of nature, hath done great labour, and eaten much hot meat, then do they altogether confirm that it is a perfect Icteritia. The black Icteritia is to be known by her black spots. The Milt is commonly hard. This sickness is then short beneath. The urine is brown, ruddy, and a slime in the bottom. The sick person is always heavy and fearful without cause, like as all melancholic persons are wont to be. Thus then to speak briefly of this yellow jaundice; they do always come with heat and with an Ague, or also without any of them both, therefore we will first speak of the hot jaundice. Item first of all, if so be that there be an Ague with this sickness, then is the sick person to drink Barley water with the juice of Lettuce and of Nightshade, for it cooleth unnatural heat, whereby the yellow jaundice is caused. There be also all kind of cooling herbs to be given him to eat, as Endive, Lettuce, Sorrell, etc. dressed with Verivice or Pomegranate wine. His drink must be well watered, thin wine, or common small beer. Heed must also be taken at the first whether it be not needful to purge the party, and if need require, then is the same to be done in this manner ensuing: Take Cuscuta and Hoarehound, of each one handful. Endive water twelve ounces, and as much white Rhenish wine; let them seeth together until two parts remain, then wring it out and take four ounces of it: temper one ounce of the syrup de Bizantijs with it, you may put Sugar to it if you will, and drink three or four mornings thereof one after another. Another, which is more forcible: Take Horehound, Cuscuta, of each two handfuls, Endive water half a pint, Wine one pint, let them seeth together, and hang two drams of Rhubarb in it, wring it often out, then take four ounces of it, and temper therewith one of these siirupes following, Syrupum de Bizantijs, de Duabus Radicibus, or Oxymel one ounce, and use them as is before said. For to purge you may after the said potions use these cooling medicines: Take common conserves of Prunes and Cassie, of each three drams, confection of Psyllio two drams and one scruple. De Succo Rosarum one dram and a half, temper them together with three ounces of water of Cuscuta, and one ounce of the honey of Roses: or take Hiera Picra three quarters of an ounce, Diaphoenicon one quarter of an ounce, syrup of chicory with Rhubarb half an ounce, and Endive water as much as you will. The Rhubarb is not ordained for this but by good reason, because it is forcible at the beginning to take away the yellow jaundice. For this are all medicines good that be described not long ago in the 3. §. for the heat of the Liver. But if the heat after purging will not yet cease, then give the patiented every day one or one and a half of the Trocisks de Camphora, tempered in one ounce of wine, or the confection Triasantalon, and Diarrhodon Abbatis, but before the foresaid things be used, you must first use these pills following: Take Earth worms washed with wine, or burnt to powder in a pot, as much as you please, and put as much Rhubarb unto it or half so much, and make pills thereof, give one dram or one dram and a half at once, according to the age of the party, mixed with Oxymel. Also you may give this patiented of this foresaid powder one dram without Rhubarb. It is also an approved medicine that twenty or thirty earth worms be boiled in the water of Sperrage, of smallage, and of Parsley, and to take often a spoonful of this decoction. Item take of the powder of earth worms, roots of Smallage, and of Parsley, of each a like quantity: give thereof to women and young children to each according to his age: it driveth the yellow jaundice very forcibly through the vein, and in like manner also the dropsy. For this you have another in the second part in the third chapter and 7. §. And to return to purging, if so be that the pills be more acceptable: then take washed Aloe one dram or four scruples, and use it after the foresaid potions which be good and safe. But if so be that the obstruction of the liver be not opened by it, then is this medicine following to be used: Take syrup de Bizantijs prepared with Vinegar one ounce and a half, water of Cuscuta, of Heart's tongue, and of Cicorie, of each one ounce; drink it certain times one after another: or take one ounce and a half of Oxymel with water of Cuscuta, of Cicorie, and of bugloss, of each one ounce three mornings together, and one of the foresaid purgations after it. The Oxymel is highly commended for this sickness. These pills following are very forcible for to avoid water: take the juice of wild Cucumbers, which is Elaterium, and the juice of Swine's bread, of each one dram and a half, Rapontica one quarter of an ounce, Aloe one dram, Diagridion one scruple, Pease meal, Cinnamom, Spica, Lignum Aloes, of each half a scruple: make pills thereof with the juice of Smallage, and give him one dram at once thereof at the most. Now for to cleanse the head you are to use these things following which you can get, as the juice of wild Cucumbers, and of Swine's bread, of garden Cresses, Horehound tempered with woman's milk and drawn up thorough the nose, and afterwards to lie down upon the backs. These things following do cleanse the gross Cholera which remaineth still in the head, & doth take away all the yellow jaundice with them. For this are very necessary all cooling and preparative potions, with syrup of Endive, and of Purslane tempered together, and chief if any obstruction of the liver be present; for which this syrup following is also very fit: Take Endive, small Endive, Lettuce, Cicorie, Melilot, Heart's tongue, and Venus' hair, of each one handful, twenty or five and twenty Prunes, seeds of Melons, of Pompions, Cucumbers, of Gourds, roots of Cypress, of Capers, Dragon roots, of each one dram; beat them all gross, and let them seeth together in six and thirty ounces of water even to the half. Afterwards seeth in this decoction four and twenty ounces of Sugar or Hony, and clarify it until there be a syrup of it. Another: Take Endive, Heart's tongue, and Cicorie, of each a handful, wild Endive, and Priest crown, of each two handfuls, seeds of Melons, Pompions, Cucumbers, and Gourds, Lacca, spikenard, Wormwood, and the roots of Smallage, of each half an ounce, ivory, red Sanders, of each one dram and a half, Roses one quarter of an ounce, white Vinegar three drams, Sugar twelve ounces; and then make a syrup of it. Another: Take Endive, Heart's tongue, and Venus' hair, of each two handfuls, Fennell seed, Parsley seed, and Cuscuta, of each half an ounce, Spicanardi, Spica romana, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar as much as you please; make thereof a syrup. For the obstruction of the liver in the beginning of the 4. §. there is also a confection which is very fit for this purpose. Of all drinks which this patient may drink, there is nothing more meet for this sickness than the whey of milk, whereof he is to drink every morning three weeks together a good draft at each time: for this whey doth cleanse the blood, & especially if there be mixed with it the juice of fumitory. And the same is also good for all itches & scurfs: Item that the innermost skin of a hen's gissard, also a Partridge dried and beaten to powder; give him the weight of a dram thereof in wine or Cicorie water, and let the patiented fast five hours after it. Another: The innermost skin of a pullet's gissard or crop, and the roots of avence, of each a like quantity; seethe them in wine the space that you would seethe an egg, and drink thereof morning and evening, and fast an hour upon it. Item, take four ounces of Gentian, & Fennell roots five ounces, Smallage roots two ounces and a half, wash the same very clean, and cut them in pieces: let them seeth all together with sufficient water, afterwards wring them well out through a bag, and then let this decoction boil until it be as thick as honey, then give thereof two ounces at each time. This medicine is also especial good for all phlegmatic Agues wherewith the yellow jaundice be mixed. Item, for all dropsies, all pain of the Kidneys, pain of the womb, for all venom, and it is to be given them that have an Ague with any kind of cooling water, and when there is no Ague with a little Wine. Some do seeth it also with Sugar, the which is best of all. Item, there be moreover good to drink for this yellow jaundice the waters of Cicorie, of Sorrel, and of Wormwood, but the juice of these herbs be much more forcible. These herbs be also decocted together or each apart, and the decoction drunken warm. Item, the yellow seed of the white Lily dried and powdered, and one dram thereof taken is an especial thing in this disease. The same virtue hath grated ivory. After purging, and the use of all these foresaid things, then may any outward things be used whereby to wear away the yellowness of the body and to consume it. For this is also much advised, that all yellow colours are to be fixed before the patient's eyes, for nature doth the easier expel the yellowness out of the body. Also, take Endive water and Rose water, of each four ounces, red and white Saunders, of each one dram, temper them, & lay them over the Liver. Item, use the Saunders salve which before in the sixth Chapter in the end of the first §. is described. Or take a spoonful of good Honey, and boil the same in a little pot in hot water, and stir it well about, then put as much wheaten flower unto it as you can take up with two fingers, and temper a good deal of Saffron amongst it, yet more always for an old man then for a young man, spread of it upon a cloth and lay it upon the Navel: when it is then dry, take afresh again. And you are to continue this certain days together, to wit, when the yellow jaundice be at the chief & highest: but one may not lie longer upon it then upon the other. For bathing, take wild Thyme, watercresses, Alehoofe, juniper rinds, Eldern flowers, let this seeth well together, and make thereof a sweeting bath with hot stones. Item, take Mugwort Marierom, wild Thyme, juniper sprigs, of each one handful, chop them small, and let them seeth in two bags, than lay one upon the belly, and another behind upon the reins, and therewith let the patiented sweat. Also, this Lie following may be used for the head. Take Betony, Camomile, and Sage, of each one handful, Marierom, Spica Romana, of each half a handful, Seine leaves three ounces, Stechas two ounces, chop all small, and seeth them together in a good deal of water, and make Lie thereof, it will continue good a whole month. For this hot yellow jaundice is good all that which penetrateth, cleanseth, and openeth the Liver, to wit, Sorrell, Endive, Nightshade, winter Cherries, Orage, the juice of Wormwood, Venus' hair, roots of Cicorie and Sperage, Verueine, and the water of the same herbs decocted in well water, and clarified with Hony or Sugar, and so made into a Potion. And for conclusion of this heat, there is good heed to be taken whether the patiented be abounding of blood, and hath full veins, and also hath not been let blood a long time, & so there be nothing which hindereth the same, then is the Liver vein to be opened, and to let it bleed according to his ability. But if the yellow jaundice be without heat and without Ague, then is it a sign that it is caused of Cholera & Phlegma together: you are first to give to this sick person preparatives, with Syrupo Acetoso composito, or De Byzantijs. He is also to drink water of Carduus Benedictus with a little Saffron, and afterwards purge with these things following or such like: Take Aloc one dram, Diagridij five greynes, Agaricus two scruples, dried juice of agrimony one scruple, then make it into pills with the juice of Endive, or use in the stead of it one dram of the pills of Rhubarb. These pills following are not to purge but to open obstructions, Sulphur vif one dram, the juice of Swine's bred half a scruple, Euphorbium five greynes, the juice of Smallage half & dram, make pills thereof, and give him half a dram of it at once. When he hath purged, then let him take Trociscos' de Lacca, with the decoction of Fennell, parsley roots, of Smallage, and such like. For this is also good Troscisci de Rhabarbaro, Radish water, and Agrimony. Item, the juice of Swine's bred made to a syrup with Sugar, which is found to be special good, and it moveth sweat. In like manner be meet for this the great Treacle Diatessaron, and Mithridate, sometimes one dram, (taking more or less thereof) according to the importance of the case. The simples which are meet for the yellow jaundice (when there is neither heat nor Ague with it) be Mather (if one take a dram thereof every day.) Item Gentian, roots of Smallage, of pennyroyal, Diptamiu, Rosemary, century, Agrimony, Annis, Fennell, liquorice, Rapontica, of Costus, aristology. Alehoofe and Peony. The compounded things be conserves of Eybright, of fumitory, of Elder flowers, Peony and Rosemary. The herbwines, are the wine of betony, of Gillyfloures, of Heart's tongue, of Tamariske, of Asarabacca, and of Wormwood. The Oxymel alone openeth all obstructions. But if so be that the yellow jaundice do remain long in the eyes, than the sick person is to smell often unto sharp Vinegar, for it provoketh the expulsive power whereby the brains may be unburdened of all their superfluous humours: or receive the vapour into your eyes of the decoction of Hyssop, Marierom, Maiden hair, Camomile, Dill, of all them or which you please. You may also wash the face with it. And it is very good to smell unto Rose water or Rose vinegar. Item, you may sometimes drop into their eyes one or two drops of the juice of Citrons, of Lemons, or of Oranges. But if these juices be too sharp, then mix them with the water of Cuscuta, which water alone is very effectual in this matter. Also for the yellow jaundice, whether the same proceed of heat or cold, néesing is highly recommended, especially if the same can be procured and effected with the juice of Horehound. Also all such sick persons must wash themselves with water wherein Camomile is decocted, & chief at the beginning of the yellow jaundice. The face is often to be washed with Rose water, to the end that the yellowness might the less infect the eyes. As much as concerneth the black jaundice: the same is to be cured with the self same things, wherewith all the maladies of the milt are to be cured, whereof shall be spoken hereafter: to wit with clysters, letting of blood, and other means more which may there be read. Of the Dropsy in general. §. 12. THe Dropsy is a sickness which is caused of a cold humour that doth penetrate throughout all the members, in such manner that they thereby are all puffed up and swollen. Or the dropsy is an error of the nutritive virtue throughout the whole body: which error is provoked by those causes which do hinder the natural concoction of the liver. The common signs and right ambassadors of the Dropsy are first of all these following: swelling or puffing up of the feet and the legs, afterwards of the face (in men of the cod) and a little over all the whole body: Secondly, the alteration of the colour of the body into a white colour. Thirdly, when all the humours in the whole body be corrupted: the which the Grecians do call Cacochymian. Fourthly, great thirst. Fiftly, lost appetite through continual desire of drink. Sixtly, retention of stools, of sweat, of vomiting, of the flowers or terms in women, and such like. Seventhly, small store of urine. Eightly, that these sick folks are very slow and unhandsome for all works. Chanceth it then, (as it is wont to happen) that there be any ulcers or sores with it, then be the same by reason of the corrupted humours which be in this place very hardly to be healed. And although this sickness be very hard and dangerous to be cured: yet nevertheless must the sick person not therefore be utterly discouraged. In like manner also the Physician is through all possible means to endeavour himself to withstand this sickness. The total sum for to rid this sickness dependeth on three points; to wit, the mollification of the indurate tumors which be in the bowels and other places: or the use of all manner of things for to expel the humours. Lastly, he must be diligent to drive out the same by going to stool, and chief through the urine: So that the principal means consist in this, that one do drink but little, do live soberly and orderly, use reasonable exercise, that one do sweat much, purge often, and use Clysters: for if all this be not diligently observed, then is there not much good to be expected. For notwithstanding that all these things be adhibited and permitted: yet be there nevertheless very few helped of it. These common rules always take place in all sorts of dropsies. The learned do make three Species of dropsies, as Anasarca, also Hyposarca, (albeit some do make difference between them, & so make four kinds of dropsies) Ascites, and Tympania, or Tympanites, of which we will severally write hereafter. But first we will then briefly declare thus much. When as any one is thought to have gotten the dropsy, or that the same is yet in the beginning, for it, is the conserves of fumitory highly commended; for it cleanseth the blood. For this is also good the golden water which is described in the eight Part. The conserve of Eyebright doth open much all obstructions. For this is also very meet all that is ordained herebefore for the obstruction of the Lights and Liver. Of the Dropsy Anasarca. §. 12. THis spec. of dropsy doth Galen also call Leucophlegmatia Hydrops, as a white waterish dropsy, and is such a dropsy wherein the water which lieth between the skin and the flesh is dispersed through the whole body, through each member and in the face, and maketh them swell; so that the belly and the navel do not swell alone: in which swelling if that it be pressed with the finger, then doth the dint or pit remain long after in it. The privy members do swell, also a waterish scouring or lask. The pulses will be slow and do beat longsome and leisurely. The causes of it are bad digestion: so that all the meat and drink is at least the half part turned into a phlegmatic matter, whereby the same cannot as behoveth the assimilated to the other parts. When as then these foresaid signs be perceived in the face and in the privities, then may the sickness be taken well to be Anasarca, the which also of all other dropsies is most easiest to be cured, because that it divideth itself into all the parts of the body, and for that cause may be the easier overcome by nature. For this are these remedies ensuing to be used. First, if it be a woman, and that the same sickness is fallen upon her, and caused through retention and let of her terms, or obstruction of the hemorrhoids; then is care to be had through all means to help and to provoke them. And in case that the same cannot be compassed and effected, then is the Saphea or Milt vein to be opened: and likewise to set boxing cups on the thighs and legs. But for all other species of Dropsies letting of blood is very hurtful, for that they have but little blood, yet very much moisture; whereby the good blood being drawn out, the water will be left behind. For this, is to be given to the patiented this syrup following for to open him: like as is taught in the 4. §. of the diseases of the liver. Item, Trocisci de lacca, are especial good for this: and afterwards he must every week be purged with pills of Rhubarb. Or take these pills ensuing: Agregativae two scruples, Ammoniaci one scruple, and make seven pills of it with Oxymel. The pills de Hiera, de Aloe, de Mezereo, Foetidae, de Agarico, are altogether very meet for this use. It is also admonished before to use reasonable exercise, hunger and thirst. More waking than sleeping is very commodious. Item, water baths (if one can come to them) are also very good for this, which be by nature warm: or in the stead of them to bathe in dry baths, and then to sweat well. Such persons must also in warm seasons, and when the wind is down, lie with their bellies towards the heat of the Sun, and let the same be well rubbed. Some do advise also, that the arms and the legs must be well rubbed. This confection following is very fit to purge and expel water: Take Turbith half an ounce, Hermodactili one ounce, péeled wild Saffron seeds three quarters of an ounce, Ginger, Cinnamom and Annis, of each one scruple, Violets, Cuscuta, Sorrel seed, of each one dragm, honey of Roses four ounces, Sugar two ounces: seeth the Honey and the Sugar with a little of the water of fumitory until you may scum it: when it is sodden enough, then mix the rest with it unto a Confection. Give thereof half an ounce at once. Another. TAke one dram of Rhubarb, Annis, wild yellow Rapeséede, and India Spica, of each one scruple, liquorice one dram, Asarabacca half a drag. Conserve of Marjoram one ounce, Conserve of Roses three ounces, Miva cydoniorum and Oxymel, as much as you will, for to make a Confection. This Confection strengtheneth and expelleth much the water. Yet another. Take Elecampane roots, Ireos and Gentian, of each one dram, Ireos losings one ounce, syrup of Horehound one ounce and a half; then make a Confection thereof. Take thereof as often as you please: it strengtheneth, doth quench thirst and lengthen the breath. The ancient Physicians do advise much for to vomit, to wit, at the first in the beginning of the sickness whilst that the patiented is in state of strength, but not otherwise. Some do write, that dried Hedgehogs flesh doth marvelously ease in this sickness, if one take of the same one quarter of an ounce in wine. The like is also reported of the Wolves Liver, if the same be taken with Rhubarb & Rapontica, with water wherein Wormwood is decocted. Of the Dropsy Ascites. §. 14. THis Dropsy some do call Ascliten, and Alchiten. In this Dropsy the belly doth only swell and the legs, and contrarily the upper parts of the body do dry away. This name is given to this species of Dropsies, of a hyde wherein men do carry Wine or Oil. Of all other signs this sickness is a great trouble in the belly, when one clappeth or soundeth upon it he doth hear a rumbling or a noise of water which is forcibly stirred about, the which also happeneth if the sick person do turn himself from the one side to the other: the body is not so swollen throughout like as in the foresaid Dropsy, neither do there remain therein any dents or pits if one press therein with the finger. The navel doth not stand so puffed up as in the Tympanite, the pulse is feeble, swift, and small. The cause of this Dropsy is feebleness of the Liver, which hath not a sanguification or concoction, and altereth all her moisture into water. This infection of the Liver may be caused as well of heat as of cold: also of the water which is engendered in the liver, that falleth down afterwards into the lower parts and hollowness of the belly. If this Dropsy do come through hot causes, after any pain of the liver, after an Ague, by swelling up the belly beneath the Navel even to the very hip: also if one turn the sick person about one heareth the water, he hath an intolerable thirst, avoideth but little urine which is fiery red, with some clots as it were with small stones: then is there great danger, and but small hope of life to be had. For if so be that one give to the patiented medicines which do cool the heat, then is the Liver enfeebled, the water and wind augmented: if that warm and drying things be used for it, then doth the heat and excessive thirst increase. But not to leave this sick person utterly comfortless, and to please his friends, you may use for the lengthening of his life moderate cold and warm things, like as is this syrup following: Take Endive four handfuls, Maiden hair and Heart's tongue, of each one handful, Fennel seed, Parsley seed, and Cuscuta, of each half an ounce, Spica Nardi, Spica Romana, of each one quarter of an ounce, and Sugar six ounces, make a clarified syrup of it. In like sort may also this cooling confection following be used, as Diarrhodon, Dialacca, Diacrocoma, Diatrisantalon, and Aromaticum Rosatum, and other such like cooling things more. Also the Wolves liver (like as herebefore for Anasarca is said) is very highly commended for this, if the same be given with Endive water, for it should (even as many think) reduce the liver to her right state. Also for to cool the heat of the liver may this plaster following be made and applied upon it: Take the juice of Endive, of small Endive, of agrimony, of Liverwort, of each two ounces, Barley meal as much as will suffice to make a plaster withal. It happeneth also very often that in this Ascite the patient is hard bound in body, who if he be known of sufficient strength, then is he to be often purged (as is already said) that which may be effected through sundry means, as through Pills, Potions, and through Clysters, whereof there be many herebefore described for the obstruction of the liver, and are also very requisite for this purpose, and amongst the rest these following may also be used: First, let pills be made with Rhubarb, which be acuated with a little Mezereo, and be given unto him once a week. Also the pills of Mezereo, are very good for this use, but they must be taken in hand very circumspectly: for that the Mezereon is marvelous sharp, as herebefore in the introduction you may well perceive. Item: Take of the foresaid Mezereon leaves which have been steeped two days and two nights before in the juice of Quinces and Vinegar, & dried again, half a drag. make small pills thereof: it expelleth water wonderfully. The like have you before in the 4. §. good pills in the obstruction of the liver, beginning: Take Spica, etc. The juice of wild Cucumbers, or Elaterium is also good for this, but it must be given with great circumspection; for there is no man so strong that may take above half a scruple. Our Physicians do seldom take above four grains at once, as is amplier spoken of in the Introduction. Item, take clouted Goat's milk three ounces, the juice of blue Flower-deluce half an ounce; séeethe it on a small fire unto the half or more; strain it & temper it in a little Sugar, & so take it. Or take the juice of blue Flower-deluce which is very clear one ounce, drink it with some Sugar, or with some goats milk once in every 4. days: & the days between both is he to drink a good draft of Beer decocted with Wormwood, or Wormwood powder with 2. ounces of Sugar cast into sugar plates, & eat thereof. In Italy they have an herb called Soldonella, the juice whereof is much used for the dropsy: also the water & powder of the herb: or in stead thereof may be used for the dropsy, of the said blue Flower-deluce: for that Soldonella with groweth near the sea & all salt places, is given with wine wherein Rapontica with a little Wormwood is decocted. What force Wormwood hath in this disease is sufficiently showed in the end of the 9 §. Also what virtue the wild Saffron seed hath for the Dropsy, look for the same in the Introduction; the like also of the éedes of Manus Christi. A powder to purge withal: Take beaten Ireos' three drams, Ginger two scruples, Annis, Mastic, of each one scruple, white sugar Candie one dram, Turbith one quarter of an ounce, Diagridion six grains: take one dram thereof; it expelleth the water and the going to stool very vehemently. But if there be any heat withal, then are these mild purgations to be used: Take the flowers of Borage, Violets, fumitory, of each half an ounce, liquorice, juiubes, Currans, and Wormwood, of each one quarter of an ounce, eight or ten Prunes, Spicanardi one dram: séethe them all in whey of goats milk, and steep therein half an ounce of the shells of yellow Mirobalans for a potion. Item, take six ounces of the whey of goats milk, and fresh roots of the Flower-deluce which be well cleansed from their shells half an ounce; seeth the same until two parts remain, then temper them together for a purgation. Clysters, as is before discoursed are also marvelous good for all such dropsies, whereof certain do follow: Take Ebulus, Camomile, and S. john's wort, of each one handful: Let them seeth sufficiently in water; then take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, Salad oil three spoonfuls, half an ounce of Hiera Pachij, or Hiera Picra, Salt one dram; temper them then together. Item, take the broth of Tripes, or any other fresh flesh broth, Pease pottage, or any other that one hath ready in the stead of common water; and in the stead of Hiera, take prepared Cassie for Clysters. This following doth lose more: Take Mallows, Hollihockes, Beets, Camomile, and the herb Mercury, of each one handful: Seethe it in water or in any of the foresaid broths, and take thereof twelve or sixteen ounces, Salt, Oil, Hiera or Cassie, Hiera Picra, Benedicta Laxativa, of each half an ounce; temper them together, and minister this Clyster very warm. This following draweth from the head: Take Rosemary, Betonie, Camomile, and Saint john's wort, of each one handful, Polipodie, wild Saffron seed gross beaten, of each half an ounce, and seethe them well. This being done, take as much broth and do as is beforesaid: there may also be used in stead of common oil, the oil of linseed. If there be great griping of the belly with it, then may also be used with the foresaid herbs, Annis, Fennell, Caraway, all together, or those that one can get: Take the weight of an ounce thereof beaten all together gross. Clysters are not only good for the Dropsy, but also against all griping of the belly, against the gravel, against the obstructions, against the yellow jaundice, shooring, and such like. But in case that with this Dropsy there be any scouring or red flux: then are Trociskes to be given to the patiented, of Barberies with Vinegar: for these Trociskes do cool, supple, and strengthen the liver, and stay the scouring. The same do also Trocisci de Spodio, de Sandalis, and the juice of Quinces, and all that is made thereof. Item, the Conserve and confected roots of Cicorie, by reason that they a binding and cooling operation. But if so be that the Ascites be without an ague, and there be no redness seen in the water, then may these pills following be given. Take prepared leaves of Mezereon and Sagapenum, of each one scruple, and make this to pills with the juice of Wormwood, but give no more at once then the fourth part only, for they expel and purge very forcibly. What things do move Urine. IN the beginning of the description of the Dropsy, it is (amongst other things) thus declared, that the chiefest mean for to cure this sickness, is to expel urine, and to avoid the same in great abundance, the which may be achieved through these means following: Take Rue, S. john's wort, Peniroyall, Sage, Marjoram gentle, Wormwood, liquorice, Annis, Fennell, and Elecampane roots, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth them together in a quart of Wine, but not too long; then drink thereof in the morning three ounces, and as much more in the evening. Item, take Garlic and S. john's wort, of each one handful, seeth them together in a pint of Wine until a third part be decocted: afterwards strain it through, and when you please drink a little thereof at one time, it drieth up the water, and expelleth the rest through the urine. Item, take the whey of Goat's milk four ounces, seeth three drams of Spica nardi in it unto three ounces, and give it him to drink fasting. Or take one ounce of the juice of Nep. Also white Wine wherein the flowers of Rosemary and the herb be decocted, is very meet for this. Item, the vinegar of Squils' is also very good. The Trociscide Lacca, or Crocoma, one quarter of an ounce given at one time with any of the foresaid juices, be especial good for this. Item, Rhubarb, Asarabacca, Diptamus, Cinnamome, agrimony, Marjoram gentle, Rue, Myrrh, all together, or each alone steeped in Wine, are very fit for the Dropsy, or any other malady. In the description of the yellow jaundice in the eleventh §. have you also amongst other potions, a very good potion fit for this, beginning. Take Gentian, etc. These things following do also expel urine, namely, Hermodactili, Indie Spica, liquorice, Cinnamome, Fennell, Betonie, Vinegar, Parsley roots, Sage, and Rosemary, seeth any of these things in Wine; and in three or four ounces of the same Wine dissolve one dram of the trociskes De Lacca, but above all other these here be very commodious: Item, the roots of Nettles, of Parsley, Fennel, Elecampane roots, Asarabacca, powned all together, or each alone, taking one dram thereof, or wine drunk wherein the same hath been a while decocted. The roots of great Ferne boiled in Wine and drunk, expel urine very much. Of all herb wines are commended above all other things for the Dropsy, to wit, wine of Gilliflowers, roots of Marjoram gentle, Betony, Asarabacca, and of Hyssop, but all troubled wines are contrary to this disease. Outwardly are sundry plasters used, and it is reported that they do bring four kinds of commodities: first, they do supple, dry, expel wind, and do strengthen the belly and all the entrails, like as these following are: Take Coloquint, Hollihocke seeds, Diagridion, Aloe, Myrrh, roots of Mallows and Bdellion, of each one dram and a half, Ireos' three drams, seeds of Mallows, wild Cucumbers, Cardamome and Euphorbium, of each three drag. Boreas, Sal gemmae, of each one quarter of an ounce, Goose grease, Ducks grease, Calves, & Hogs su●t, as much as is needful for to make a plaster or a salve, lay this plaster upon the belly, it doth supple much. The plaster of Bayberries is also special good for the Dropsy, & moreover much mightier for it, if the same be tempered with goats dung, or Cow dung. If the privities be much swollen, then make this plaster following: Take Annis, Fennell, and Coming, beaten small together, of each one ounce and a half, Bean meal, Ebulus, the juice of Eldern leaves, and good Wine as much as will suffice, lay it upon the belly, and over the privities. Another: Take Barley meal, Cypers roots, dried sheeps dung, Borace and Bolus, of each a like quantity, beat them together, make a plaster thereof and apply it to the belly. This plaster hath great force to exsiccate and dry the water. Item, take Cow dung, or Goat's dung, and temper them with the urine of a man child unto a plaster. Or take Ox dung which is dried in an oven, powne it to powder, and make thereof a plaster with Wine, and then lay it on the belly. Another: Take fat Figs three ounces, Pigeon dung half an ounce, Mastic and Spikenard of each half a dram, powne all that is to be powned, and then make it to a plaster with Goats piss. Of all other salves is that of Agrippa much commended, which is known at all Apothecaries, for it is marvelous good for the Dropsy. There is also another made, that is Arthanita, of Swine's bread which is not so common. For a common inunction the oil of Camomile and of Rue tempered together is very commodious. But it is also to be noted, that if so be that the Dropsy do come out of any cold occasion, that then this foresaid plaster is to be laid upon the whole belly, and the cooling things upon the liver. Sweeting is very good for all Dropsies. §. 15. IT is showed, that among other relevations and expulsions of superfluous moistures of man's body sweeting is accounted one: therefore it is very needful to write somewhat thereof, and how that the sweat, especially for Dropsies, is moved. We have also written in another place of a dry sweat bath, the which for the difference thereof we will rehearse here again. Take a flat tub, turn the same upside down over a hot hearth, and make under this tub a small fire of Eldern wood or juniper wood without smoke until it be through warm. When it is then hot, set hoops about it that it may be covered close, than set the patiented in the same tub covered every where close, yet so that his head be without. Afterwards he is to rub him well, to the end he may sweat well: dry away the sweat, and let him sit in it as long as he can abide it. Item, take Ebulus, Beane straw, of each a like quantity, seeth them together, and make thereof a sweeting bath with hot stones, as is accustomed. It is also good to drink a dram of the powder of Bayberries with Wine, and chief after the sweeting. Conserve of Eldern (taken fasting before sweeting) after purging, causeth abundant sweat, and doth expel the fountain or beginning of the Dropsy. This following should be marvelous available for the Dropsy through sweeting: Take of the middlemost green rind of the Elder eight good handfuls, Carduus Benedictus six handfuls, Rosemary three handfuls, the uppermost sprigs of Elder three handfuls, chop all these small together, then put them into a glass, and power upon it two quarts of white Wine; then stop it very fast, and so set it the space of fourteen days in horse dung, and afterwards distil it in séething water, whereof give the patiented one spoonful twice a day. But at the first time give him very little of it: and if he can abide it, then give him more. This hath been tried in a thick fat woman: that she must be laid upon a leather bed, that the sweat through this medicine hath run so extremely from her, that it must be laden up with dishes. The great Treacle Diatessaron, and Mithridate, one dram, or a dram and a half taken with Wine, or any of the foresaid waters do vehemently expel sweat. In like manner is very commodious for this all that is set down for the yellow jaundice, for provoking urine, and expelling of gravel. Certain famous ancient Physicians do advise, that unto them that have the Dropsy, shall Treacle be given, and that thereupon they should be made sweat upon a board in a warm Oven, having their head out. But I cannot much approve the same. The like gross means, like as to bury the sick person warm in the said and other things more, there be of many men many described. But I will not rehearse them all, because I have declared some that be more necessary and tolerable. Of the Dropsy Tympanites. §. 16. THis Tympania or Tympanites, is also properly called Hydrops, which is a Dropsy: because that it is rather caused to wind then of water, and hath therefore her name for that the belly as in other Dropsies, is here also puffed up higher: the Navel is thrust forth on high: and because all other members do consume and wax very lean: yea for that the belly is hard swollen, that one clapping or knocking upon it ● giveth a clear and hollow sound. In these sicknesses, the patient ought not to eat at any hand any green herbs, nor yet any thing else which maketh or engendereth wind, as spinach, Béetes, Coleworts, new fruits, Pease, beans, Turnips, boiled Rice, or any such like. He must also beware of milk, Cheese, Chestnuts, unleavened bread, and Must. He must also eschew all cold, and keep himself always warm, and to sweat if it be possible, even as we have said before. And the belly must be daily well warmed with warm Panic or Millet wherewith is mixed a little Salt: for this causeth the wind to break away. In like manner shall boxing cups also be set upon it unpickt. All these things following are good for him: to wit, the Confection Diacyminum, or de Baccis Lauri used often, and other more that be written hereafter for the griping of the belly. But above all and for all Dropsies, the prepared Wolves liver is very much commended, be it powdered or eaten otherwise amongst other meat: for it hath an excellent and privy virtue to expel the Dropsy. Item, these things following may be used for all Dropsies, if there be no heat with it, as Conserve of Eldern leaves, of Betony, Gilliflowers, and of Rosemary, Fennell, Annis Cathirst, and much watching are also good for this. These suppositories also following are very meet for this purpose: Take Sal gemmae, Rue, Bevercod, Euphorbium, and Nettle seed, of each one drag. decocted Honey about three ounces, and make thereof suppositories. These following be not so strong: Take Coming, Boreas, Rue-séede, of each a like quantity, Honey as much as is needful for to make suppositories. Also let the belly be rubbed with rough linen until it be red. And when the wind doth not blow, let the Sun shine upon it. This plaster following is marvelous good for this: Take dried goats dung twelve ounces, roots of wild Cucumbers, and roots of Ebulus, of each two ounces, Barley meal twelve ounces, steeled Vinegar four ounces; make a plaster thereof, boiled well with sharp Lée: this plaster consumeth all windy matter, openeth the pores, and draweth all wind out of the body if it be laid warm thereon. The belly is also to be anointed with oils which be of a hot nature: to wit, with oil of Dill, oil of Rue, of Costus and of Bayberries. Of Clysters we have spoken before: but for this are such chief to be used as do expel the winds, as this following is: Take Ireos, Hyssop, Smallage, Rue, Bearefoote, of each one handful, Annis, Fennell, Ameos, Bayberries, of each half an ounce; let them seeth well. Take afterwards of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, if the patiented be méetly strong: then put unto it clarified Honey, and oil of Rue of each one ounce and a half, and stone Salt one drag. There may also Hiera Picra be put unto it: for the same is marvelous good for to drive out all bad humours, and to leave the good. Here do now follow certain Sirupes more which are to be used for all Dropsies, like as the common syrup of Eupatoriae, which is good for all cold diseases and obstructions of the liver, and therefore is good for the dropsy: it extenuateth all tough and gross humours, it comforteth the liver, it expelleth water, and hindereth all swellings of the inward parts. In Italy is the ensuing syrup of Ireos much used: Take green roots of Ireos four and twenty ounces; cut them in pieces, steep them the space of three days in as much well Water as will cover them: stir them about twice a day, but that they may be covered under the water: afterwards strain the water from them, and power other water upon them, as before: keep the first water in a clean pot, and do the second time as you did at the first: Then temper both these waters together, or seethe each alone with a little Sugar. Afterwards mix these things following with it; to wit, Scabious, and Maidenhair, of each one handful, Sperage roots, Fennel roots, Ireos' roots, of each half a handful, peeled Melon seed, Gourd seeds, Cucumber seeds, and peeled Pompion seeds, seeds of Purslane, of Cicorie, of Endive, and of Lettuce, of each one quarter of an ounce, Fennell, Annis, Sperage seed, and Smallage seed, of each half a dram, Millet, and winter Cherries, of each three drams, fat Dates, and Figs, of each six, Liccorice, Madder, of each five drams: let them seeth all together unto the half, and afterwards seeth the decoction with sufficient Sugar unto a syrup. Some do give this syrup a pleasant taste with Cinnamome. Other do steep therein one quarter of an ounce of Rhubarb against the obstruction and debility of the liver. The Italian Physicians do give thereof, when they will prepare any bad humour, not above one ounce at the first, and afterwards a little more, until they be wholly purged with it. It is also to be noted, that when this Syrup waxeth old, it looseth the purguing virtue. Also we will now speak of the juice of the blue Flower-deluce: When it is given alone, it annoyeth the stomach, and causeth the red or bloody flux. Further, for this sickness is to be used the sirupes de Radicibus, de Absynthio, Capillis Veneris, de Betonica, and such like more. When it appeareth that the swelling of the belly, of the legs, and of the privities doth decrease (be it in whatsoever Dropsy it will) the boil Ebulus with the root & herb and bathe or foment therewith the swollen places, or wash it with common Lie which is somewhat salted. Other do advise this following: Take Marjoram, Wormwood, field Mints, parietary, the roots and leaves of Ebulus, Marjoram gentle, Camomile, and maidenhair, all together or which you will: séethe them in Wine or Lie, and therewith bathe the members, but always after purging, for otherwise it is not requisite. Mark also, that for all sorts or kinds of Dropsies, the remedies are often to be altered, taking now one sort, and another time another sort: and that for this is always a good order of diet, as we shall here briefly note, and set forth. The order of Diet. WE have heretofore sufficiently showed that sobriety is good and needful for all Dropsies. It is therefore required, that one do eat but once a day. Partridges are good for him, Turtle doves, and other young Pigeons, Kids, rostmeate, Pullet's, Fowls dressed with Verivice and the juice of Lemons, Barley or Spelt dread which is raised and well-baked, are also good for him. He may also eat sometimes Endive, Sorrell and Cicorie, with Vinegar, or a Salad with Sorrel and parsley. And for a conclusion, we are to say somewhat more for opening the skin in this Dropsy, thereby to let out the water. The which the learned do permit at the last, when the patiented hath his legs and privities full of water, that the same be then opened with a Lancet, thereby to let out the water, but not much at once. But in truth this is a slender help, and féebleth the sick more than it doth strengthen: for inwardly as much water hath a course unto it as may be let out. Other do open the legs with Cantharideses. The third sort do cauterise the belly two or three fingers broad beneath the Navel, so that there as much as may be they do draw over and open the skin, and that chief in Ascite, where it ought most to be used. We will also note at this present, that because oftentimes before the hot Euphorbium hath been remembered, the same is not to be used but in the greatest extremity, even as his nature and operation are at large described in the Introduction. The thirteenth Chapter. Of the Gall. WIthin the midst of the liver is a bladder established by nature, wherein is kept and gathered all bitter and sharp humours which are separated from the blood: which humours the Grecians do call Choleram, the Latinists Bilem, and we call, the Gall. The nature of this humour is described after three kinds of ways: to wit, light green Cholera, yellow Cholera, and lastly, black Cholera, like as before is sufficiently showed. This black choler (by reason of her colour) is also called of the Grecians Melancholia, and is cold, dry, sharp, and heavy, and also none other then dregs, and yeast of the gross blood: for it is nothing else but a yellow Cholera, that is, Oxymel burned, whereby the yellow and green Cholera are easily altered into black Cholera. How this black Cholera doth make men mad and raging, in the first part, in the twelfth Chapter, and 8. §. is sufficiently declared, and also shall be taught hereafter. It happeneth either through extremity of heat or cold, that the black Cholera, appeareth rather in the winter, and the yellow Cholera in summer time. For when as the conduits which do carry those superfluities into the Gall are obstructed, then is the yellow Cholera dispersed through the whole body, with the rest of the blood, which causeth the yellow jaundice; and otherwhiles, by reason of their sharpness and heat, a certain Ague. Or if it get wholly the upper hand, then doth it cause many kinds of ill and sharp exulcerations, whereof we are to write more at large in other places. Thus for to remedy this Cholera, and the foresaid Ague thereby, is this general rule prescribed by Galen. At the first it happeneth otherwhiles, that the Gall doth send her superfluity to the stomach, whereby the digestion is hindered and spoiled, and the patiented getteth great infirmity: for this, there is no fit mean to exonerate him thereof; than by vomiting, and that chief when one is fasting. Contrariwise is the Melancholia, which through her heaviness descendeth downwards, to be purged through the stool, which may be most commodiously effected through Clysters, afterwards through sweeting, and through the urine. And how this aught to be put in practice, is sufficiently declared before in the Dropsy, and yellow jaundice. In like manner it is especial good to bathe in sweet water, for thereby will both the said choleric humours be moistened and cooled, if it be done in due time. This patiented is also to forbear Wine, even till the declination of the sickness. And when the sickness beginneth to decline, then is he to use small, watered, and but a little wine. All meats that moisten and cool are good for these Aguish folk, if the same be soberly used. These herbs following may also be dressed in his meat; as Orage, Béetes, Sorrell, Mallows, Lettuce, Gourds. Also Barley paps (which is Ptisana) and fish which is caught in gravelly waters. All Fowls are good for him which have a soft and tender flesh, or the pinions of the gross and hard fowls. The brains and feet of Swine, small birds, and rear sodden 〈◊〉 be good, but chief the yolks which are more nourishing, and lighter to be digested. He may use all fruits that remain not long in the stomach; but he must refrain Honey, Mustard, salt and sharp meats. This may suffice of the Gall, of her bladder, nature, & of the tertian Ague which is caused by it. Of which Ague, amongst other, shall be further written in the sixth part. The sicknesses beside, which be caused through Cholera, shall be described more at large in their due places. The fourteenth Chapter. Of the Milt or Spleen. THis third part of man's body containeth also in it the Milt, which the Grecians do call Splen, and the Latinists Lain, a known and necessary part of man's body. It hath his place in the left side over against the Liver and the Gall, next of all to the stomach. And if this were not found in the left side but in the right side (like as the same before time hath been seen) then is it reputed to be against nature. This Milt is fastened to the back with certain sinews, where the ribs do take end: and with one end it stretcheth to the liver in the right side. Her substance and essence is a tender and soft flesh, like to a sponge; yet to be compared to the Lights, it is so much harder and faster, as she is softer and tenderer than the Liver. She hath also many veins and arteries, whereby she draweth easily unto her the gross melancholic humours out of the liver, by which she is fed and sustained. She is different in colour to the Milt of beasts: for it is black grey, of form long and thin: and of all fourfooted beasts there is none which more agreeth with the Spleen of a man, then that of a Hog. The office of this Milt is none other but to cleanse the liver from all melancholic humours, and that is brought to pass through the said veins, whereby she draweth unto her the same gross humours, where she keepeth and retaineth the cleanest, and driveth from her the rest through certain passages and conduits: which if it be not performed, the spleen is so weakened that it cannot perfectly draw unto it the same melancholic humours, and then there proceed out of it divers melancholic sicknesses; as namely, heaviness of mind, desperate madness, and such like. This disease of the spleen hath his certain and outward signs: as when one is sorrowful, then doth he commonly feel pain about the Spleen where melancholy hath her residence. Yea there is also written thereof, & believed by many, that if men were deprived of their spleen, than they should thereby lose all their laughing, and that their laughing and mirth doth augment according to the increase of the spleen. Also the foresaid feebleness of the Milt causeth exulcerations, swellings, lepry, the canker, and such like. And albeit, that it do draw the melancholic humours unto it, yet nevertheless can she not by reason of her feebleness expel the superfluity of the same: but swelleth, whereby an Impostume may easily follow. If then it force the biting and sharp matter excessively into the stomach; then doth it there cause the insatiable Dog's hunger, whereof we have written in the eleventh Chapter and five and thirty §. Or if the same harden in the stomach, then doth it cause vomiting: the bowels will thereby be made sore and deadly annoyed, and also afflicted with more other perilous accidents: by all which it may easily be perceived, how much the health of this part importeth. Therefore it is to the contrary much to be marveled at, that certain Beasts can be wholly without it. And so daily experience showeth, that how much the less a man's spleen is, so much the faster may one run, and do the more labour. The chiefest diseases of the spleen, be inflammations, obstructions, and schirrosities: of which the obstructions and hardenings do depend so fast one upon another, that the one cannot be well without the other. And the Physicians have also no other difference in use, than that there be used for the obstructions more inward medicines, than for the hardness or schirrosity: for in the hardness of the same must outward things be used, whether the same be caused through heat, cold, or wind, which do come commonly with it: So that the spleen in all these diseases hath great affinity with the Liver: and so all that which is ordained for the Liver, is also serving for the spleen. And now to write briefly of the occasions of these maladies, whether the same be always moved through inward or outward causes. The outward causes may be such meats and drinks as do engender melancholic blood: as Cheese, Coleworts, salted flesh, and such like, according as hath been said in the first part, of Melancholia. The inward causes do come of the Liver; or when the melancholic humours be too in any; or when the spleen hath a bad complexion, whether it proceed of Cholera, Phlegma, wind, or any other occasion. Of the obstruction of the Spleen with heat, and an ague. §. 1. THe obstructed Spleen hath these signs: to wit, an hardness which one may feel outwardly, with pain, swelling, thirst, thin and ill-favoured colour of the urine, a heavy rattling breath, bad colour of the face and of the whole body, heaviness of mind, terrible dreams, and such like. But with the imposthume is always this difference, that the pain is in one place only: but in the hardness of the spleen without impostumation, the pain is over all the whole spleen. These diseases do also make the whole body lean, because that the Liver doth not perform her natural digestion, and in stead of good blood doth engender bad humours, wherewith the whole body is fed and nourished. If with this pain of the spleen through heat, be Agues and a red urine adjoined; then are these cooling things to be used for it: to wit, Lettuce, Endive with their seed, Saunders, ivory, the seeds of Melons, Pompions, Gourds, and of Cucumbers, Vinegar, & such like. Of compounded things, the confection Trisantali, etc. These things following are temperate, and not only good for the Milt or Spleen, but also for the Stomach, Liver, Gall, and for all inward parts, as Camomile, Melilot, Lily roots, Borage, water Lilies, fumitory, Maidenhair, and Hare's tongue. But to proceed methodically, then is the patiented first to use these things following: Take Caper roots, rinds of Tamariscus, the innermost green rinds of the Ash tree, and the blossoms of Broome, of each one ounce, Endive, Purslane, small Endive, Maidenhair, of each one handful, the seeds of Pompions, of Cucumbers, of Gourds, and the seed of Melons, of each one ounce, Honey three ounces, Sugar nine ounces: let the foresaid roots be steeped a whole night in Vinegar, than afterwards make a syrup thereof, and give two or three ounces of it (according as the cause requireth) with Endive water, and that for the space of four or five days in the morning fasting. For this are also these Sirupes good, to wit, the syrup of vinegar, of Oxymel simplex and Compositum, Oxysacchara, Vinegar of Squils', and his Oxymel, Acetosus, Diarrhodon, de Fumo Terrae, de Epithymo, de Pomis, de Duabus, & 5. Radicibus, of Borage, and of bugloss, of each half an ounce, Currans one ounce, Annis one quarter of an ounce, Polipodie roots half a dram: seethe the foresaid all together in sufficient water, until there remain about four ounces: Steep therein a whole night Mirobalani Indi, then wring them well out, and drink it blood warm early in the morning. You may also for both of them in stead of the Mirobalani, temper amongst it one quarter of an ounce of the confection of Seine leaves, or Hiera Picra. Also this following may be used to purge withal: Take Confectionis Hamech, half an ounce, or Diaphoeniconis three quarters of an ounce. Item, pills of Indie, called Pillulas Indas' one dram: the Seen leaves may also be well taken, but hereafter followeth a briefer, safer, and a more meet way. Take the confection of Seine leaves, and temper it (according to the strength and age of the party) with Rhubarb and Borage water; give it him warm fasting, and afterwards use these Pills. Take Ammoniacum one dram, Tamariscus, Heart's tongue, and the seed of Agnus castus, of each half a scruple: make nine pills thereof with the syrup of Vinegar, whereof the patiented is to take a little for the space of eight days together before supper, and one or twain after supper, and then afterwards take this potion. Take the water of Tamariscus, of Heart's tongue, and Cicorie, of each one ounce and a half, Vinegar of Squils' one quarter of an ounce, white Sugar half an ounce, then temper them together: this are you thus to drink in the morning fasting, and then take of the foresaid pills twain, and so continue it during the space of ten days. But especially you are to use the potion, for it is the most forcible medicine for the Spleen that may be found. In like manner is this also exceedingly commended: Take the whey of milk, steep Heart's tongue, Epithymum and Calmus in it, and so let it stand a whole night: afterwards you may seethe this a little while, and drink often thereof. Likewise the seed of Purslane, Calmus, and the roots of Cicorie, of each a like quantity: is very good being taken with the syrup of Vinegar. Of those things which convey the medicine towards the Milt. IT is of no small importance to know the use of those things which may convey the preparative and purgative medicines towards the Spleen, like as hath been said elsewhere: This doth Tamariske, Harts tongue, Caper roots, Mather, Squils, Scordium, wild yellow Rapeseed, Nep, Spica of Indie, Calmus, Ireos, Horehound, Wormwood, agrimony, Annis, Fennell, Cuscuta, the seed of Agnus castus, small Germander, and bitter Almonds. When as then the sick body hath been purged, the Milt vein is to be opened: or if the melancholic humours do abound, then is the liver vein to be opened, for that this melancholic humour doth mix itself with the blood. Some advise, and that not without reason, that Leches should be set in the fundament on the Pyle veins, because that by nature they do draw out the black blood. For a strengthening and allaying of the heat, this following is to be given, as confected Peaches, Cicorie roots with Vinegar, conserve of Roses, of water Lilies, of Cicorie, and of Violets. For his drink, is allowed him otherwhiles a draft of Cherry wine; for it is (as is oftentimes said) altogether temperate, and do moisten the dried Spleen and the inward parts. Every such patiented is to beware of all sweet and gross Wine, which is showed before in the first Part. Of the imposthume of the Spleen. §. 2. THis imposthume may be caused out of blood, of Phlegma, Cholera, and Melancholia, as also of winds and obstruction. The outward occasions may be blows, falls, great labour, and chief by that which happeneth in the heat, whereby the blood is burned: Item, of gross meats which make gross blood. The common signs of all impostumes of the Milt are pain, heaviness, and swelling of the left side, which stretcheth it out from the bowels even to the shoulder blade, and sometimes it bringeth also with it a healing breath. All the sour humours do bring with them their proper sign like as is already rehearsed, and for to remedy this present infirmity, this is the right way. First of all you are to let him blood on the liver vein in the left elbow, and afterwards in the Milt vein upon the left hand besides the small finger, and if so be that the patient may abide it, then let the blood run until it staunch of itself. With purging, eating, and drinking is he to be kept, like as it is said in the twelfth Chapter of the liver. Otherwise is this following very commodious: to wit, distilled water of Purslane, Maidenhair, Willow leaves, Heart's tongue, Nightshade, of Smallage, and of Endive, of which one will, (alone or tempered together) & then the roots of Capers beaten very small and tempered amongst it. You may also boil the foresaid herbs, and use the decoction of them tempered with the syrup of Vinegar. The first four or five days the Milt is to be anointed with this salve following: Take oil of Roses one ounce and a half, oil of Camomile and Vinegar, of each half an ounce, then temper it together. The second of third day temper amongst it half an ounce of the juice of Nighshade. The first day use this following: take oil of Roses, Camomile, and the juice of Wormwood, of each a like much, anoint it very warm, and lay it upon a warm cloth. Then lay this plaster following upon it: Take Barley meal, powned Hollihock roots, of each two ounces, Roses, red and white Saunders, of each three drams, roots of Endive one ounce, Vinegar, and water of Heart's tongue, as much as is needful for to make a mild plaster. When as then the patiented is let blood, purged, and hath drunken the foresaid water certain days together, he is to purge again with Cassie, and with Epithymo: but if the imposthume be of cold (which chanceth very seldom) then may it be known, for that it is very soft, white, and without pain. But if the same be caused through Melancholia, then doth the same show itself hard, with small pain, and then may you use that Oxymel compositum or Oxymel of Squils', with water wherein the roots of Capers, Tamariscus, Heart's tongue, and such like be decocted. Concerning the purging of Melancholia, you shall shortly hereafter find perfect instructions. Of an obstructed Milt without Ague, but yet with pain. §. 3. FOr this is chief commended the Tamariscus, and yet about this, Heart's tongue, Caper roots, Honey suckles, which have altogether a marvelous power for to assuage the swelling of the Spleen. In like manner, century, Valerian, and Meu, or in stead thereof, the roots of wild Dill. These are the principal things which may be used for the foresaid disease. Again, these things following are good for to warm the cold spleen: as aristology, the middlemost rinds of the Ashen tree, Broome roots, Borage, bugloss, ammoniac, Rue, Thyme, Epithymus, bitter Almonds, the water of the Ash tree leaves, Annis, Fennell, Caraway, Ameos, parsley roots, the roots of Smallage, of Sperage, Squils', and their vinegar, seed of Agnus castus, Lupins, Bdellium, and Bevercod. Of the compounded things are the Confections of Diacapparis, Diacalamintha, Diacyminum, confected Caraways, and Coming, very god also. And albeit, that according to the opinion of Galen & others this obstruction of the Milt when the same waxeth old, is thought incurable: yet do the successors nevertheless think that it is very curable, although the obstruction of the foresaid Milt, and the hardness of the same had continued three or four years. For which they do first give things to open the spleen: to wit, one dram of Mithridate, water of Sage two ounces, & that betimes in the morning, whereupon they require one to fast four hours after. Item, take Squils and Oxymel, of each one ounce, syrup de Eupatorio half an ounce, water of Valerian two ounces and a half: give it him warm in the morning. Or take Maidenhair, Politrichum, and Heart's tongue, of each four scruples, Madder, Broome roots, of each two scruples, fresh Well water 24. ounces, Vinegar three ounces, liquorice one dram and a half; seeth them afterwards together by a mild fire unto the half: the patiented is to drink of this potion seven or eight days together, every morning four ounces. The same is good and approved. Secondly, it is to be considered, how that this obstruction is to be opened. For this, it is good that one do take every morning early one quarter of an ounce of washed Turpentine, and fast five or six hours upon it: Or in stead of this, that he do swallow two or three pills made of Galbano. Thirdly, if so be that this wind be caused through wind, (whereof we are to speak more at large hereafter) then may one swallow half a dram of Ammoniacum made into pills. Other take Pillulas Aggregativas, and Ammoniacum, of each half a dram. Fourthly, to the end that the bad humours may be expelled out of the Milt, give the patiented one ounce and a half of the juice of Horehound tempered with two ounces of Smallage water, to drink early in the morning. Fiftly, to the end that no grievouser disease do strike into the Milt, and that the schirrosity or hardness might be mollified and discussed, take Hollihocke roots, and Swine's bread, of each three handfuls, Bdellij, Ammoniaci, of each half an ounce, Centory, Wormwood, Heart's tongue, and Tamariscus of each one handful and a half, Vinegar six ounces; seeth them all together in a pot of Water, and steep a sponge therein, and lay it very warm on the left side: when the place is then very warm, cover it with a woollen cloth which is made wet before in steeled Vinegar, decocted water of Hony succles, and of Tamariscus. And if so be that this swelling do not assuage thereby, then use this plaster following. Take the prepared marrow of an Ox, badger's grease, and the oil of a Fox, of each half an ounce, Tamariscus, Heart's tongue, Wormwood, Caper roots, Spica of India, and Spica Romana, of each one dram, Ammoniacum one ounce and a half, Bdellium half an ounce, oil of Behen two ounces, Wax as much as is needful for to make a plaster with it: then make it like to a half Moon, and lay it on the left side: and then shall you see in short time that the hardness will wear away. Of hardness, or Schirrus of the Spleen. §. 4. ALthough the ancient Physicians were of opinion, that this hardening of the Milt were not difficult to be healed at the first, but were in deed if the same had long continued and were neglected, like as Galenus writeth, that he knew not how to cure it, neither had known any that could heal the same: Nevertheless one must not despair, but administer freely unto it all strong outward and inward remedies. For how much the longer that this accident continueth, so much the less vexation hath the patiented with it. But it is not to be neglected: for this danger is with it; that if the same do inveterate, than the patient might happen to fall into the Dropsy, whereby afterwards they commonly, one more, another less, happen to die with a lask or scouring. The signs of this hardness are the same that herebefore in the 2. §. and afterwards in the obstruction of the Spleen, are discovered. There is always a heaviness in the left side: the whole body, and especially the face, getteth an ashcoloured and ill-favoured colour: all the members will be weak, as if they were beaten in pieces. When the patiented will do any exercise, then seemeth it as if his breath would departed. The signs of the imposthume of the Milt are also described: yet the same may be well known by the feeling. All that be sick of the Milt, will also be lean, very lither, out of courage, do get heavy legs, a heavy tongue, and a thin urine. If with the pain of the Milt, or the swelling and hardness of the same, there be no Ague; then is the patiented again in the beginning of the cure to have a vein opened: and especially if it be discerned that the veins be full of blood, then is the Saphea on the foot to be opened, and after certain days the Milt vein on the left hand. Afterwards are certain sirupes to be used which do purge melancholy: For which this following, or such like is to be prepared: Take Ireos, Fennell roots, and Parsley roots, of each one ounce and a half, the inside of Squils' one ounce, Capers roots, the green rinds of an Ashen tree, and Broome roots, of each one ounce, Maidenhair, Heart's tongue, field Cipers, Germander, and Rosemary flowers of each one handful, Annis, Fennell, Cuscuta, Asarabacca, seeds of Purslane, of each one dram, liquorice and Currans, of each ounce, Tamariscus, flowers of Borage and of bugloss, of each half an ounce, Honey six ounces, Sugar nine ounces: make thereof a syrup, and use the same as hath been said of others. This following is to be prepared for a purgation: Take Borage, bugloss, & Tamariscus flowers, of each half an ounce, Annis and Cuscuta, of each one quarter of an ounce, Thyme, Epythimus and Agaricus of each an ounce, Currans one ounce; seethe these all together in ten ounces of water unto the half: then take of this strained decoction three or four ounces, and temper therein one quarter of an ounce of Hiera Picra, and also prepared Azure stone half a dram: or in stead of this, one dram of Bolus prepared, temper them together, and give it him early in the morning. Also you may make pills of the other things without the water. Another: Take Capers roots, Heart's tongue, Asarabacca, Lupins, Cipers roots, and Endive, of each one quarter of an ounce, Epithymum half a dragm, Barley, Prunes, Violets, of each three drams: let them seethe all together. Lastly, put the Epythimum and one quarter of Seine leaves unto it: then seeth it until the third part be decocted. Then take four ounces of this decoction, and temper therein half an ounce of fresh Cassie, beaten pills, of Azure stone one scruple: last of all temper it together unto a potion. But if the patiented had rather use pills, then take pills De Lapide Armeno or Indo, one dram at one time. The Lupins sodden alone in water, should be also good for this. But if this hardening of the Milt be of wind and cold, as it otherwhiles befalleth, it is thereby to be perceived: to wit, if one press upon it, that then the wind will rumble. For this, amongst other things, may be given Trocisci de Capparis, and to let the sick body drink old Wine: but water must he wholly forbear. But if one will use water with it, then is the same first to be steeled, and all his drink to be tempered with it, or any of these things following to be decocted in it, as Rue, Costus roots, Cinnamom, Annis, Spica of India, Squinant, etc. We have also a little before declared, how that Ammoniacum is to be used: for this is also good roasted Millet, Salt, and Coming laid warm upon it. Item, boxing cups unpickt set upon the Milt. But if it be discerned, that there be any moisture in the Milt (which may be perceived by rumbling, if it be wrung hard) then is the patiented to be purged, as aforesaid. For this, is also good the syrup of Acetosus Compositus, and this fomentation following is to be used with it: Take Annis, Fennell, Caraway, wild Thyme, Violets, flowers of Borage, Calmus, the roots of blue Flower-deluce, and agrimony, of each one ounce, Camomile one ounce and a half: let them seeth all together in Vinegar, and wet a sponge in this decoction, and keep it very warm upon the Milt before meat; afterwards lay one of these foresaid plasters upon it. Above all those which we have hitherto rehearsed, there be yet more good things, whereof we will first discover the simples, as namely, Agaricus, which doth open all obstructions of the Milt and other parts, Seen leaves, Epithymus, and black Hellebore, or Néesewoort, The compounded medicines be Pilulae Indae, whereof we have spoken so often, which are worthy to be described here, which be prepared as followeth. Take Mirobalani Indi, black Néesewoort, and polypody roots, of each two drams and a half, Thymus, Epithymus, Stechas, of each three drams, Agaricus, washed Azure stone, Coloquint, India salt, or Sal gemmae, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cloves half a dram, powder of Hiera Picra Galeni, three quarters of an ounce, the juice of Smallage as much as sufficeth for to make a mass of pills. These pills are good for all melancholic accidents, for the Canker, for the Leapry, for all incurable black Impostumes, for all heaviness of mind, the quartain Ague, yellow jaundice, diseases of the Milt, and such like. One may take a dram at once of these pills. Item, take ten days together the powder of Fearne roots one dram and a half, augmenting it still from day to day, to the weight of one dram and a half. Other do take of this foresaid powder one dram, and of the pills Agregativae half a drag. and temper them together. Item, take the juice of Wormwood four ounces, Sugar as much as you please, and so use it ten days one after another. It is also not only good for the Milt, but also for the yellow jaundice; as also for all moisture of the liver, and for the dropsy. Item, for all hardness and swelling of the same, being tempered with Vinegar and so drunken. Master Tristrams' water is also very meet for all diseases of the Milt, like as be also the most of all golden waters which be described in the eight part. Item, take Roses and Barberries', of each three drams, ivory, Wormwood, Cuscuta, liquorice, Mastic, and Squinant, of each one dram and a half, Endive seed, Fennell, Annis, Spica, agrimony, Opium, Asarabacca roots, Costus roots, peeled Gourd seed, and Cucumber seeds, of each half a drag. then make Trociskes thereof with Endive water. They be especial good for the Milt, and also for the Liver. For potions, he may take of these things following what he desireth: as namely, both kinds of Chamedryos, Harts tongue, Maidenhair, Seine leaves, Capers roots, Tamarlske, roots of Parsley, Smallage, Fennell, Cinnamom, liquorice, Currans, Annis, Fennell water, and of Caraway, wherein Thymus, and Epithymus be decocted. The order of Diet. THis patient is to beware of cloudy and foggy weather, and of hard and gross meats: his bread must be well baked, and be a day or two stolen, but unleavened bread is not good for him: also Annis, Coriander, and Fennell, are to be baked in his bread. All field fowls, as Pheasants, Partridges, young and old turtle Doves, Kids, young Mutton dressed with vinegar, he may eat well, as also rear Eggs. Of all other herbs these are good for him: Mints, Parsley, Fennell, garlic, Léekes, all kind of Cresses, Sage, Hyssop, Radish, Endive, agrimony, red Pease, and the first decoction of red Colewoorts. He must also eat oftentimes Annis, Coming, Dill seed, Fennell seed, and the seeds of Sesamum, Capers, Tamarisks, bitter Almonds, the kernels of Peach stones, and of Cherie stones: for this is also good, the losings of Coming, and of Annis. The milts of swine are also to be eaten for the curing of the disease of the milt, and also the milt of a sound horse dried and beaten to powder the weight of a dram, take of it with strong wine: for it is in like manner very requisite for this purpose. But if so be that there be no heat, then may he choose some of these things following for to drink: First, wine is not only permitted for this hardness of the Milt, but also highly commended. Also all famous Physicians do advise, that the patient must eat and drink in the wood of Tamariske: for they say that only hereby many be helped who have gone twenty years with a hard Milt. But if this Tamariske wood cannot be gotten, then are the shavings thereof to be taken and laid in his drink. And if so be that one can continue this forty days together, than he shall evidently see amendment. Ash wood doth the same, which hath also the power of the Tamariske: Of Wines, white wine is always most commended: if it be too strong then is it to be allayed with water that is stéeled, or with rain water, or the water of Heart's tongue. You have also hereafter two kinds of good wines, which may be prepared for this use. Take Seine leaves, Balm, Maidenhair, and the rinds of Tamariske, of each six handfuls, Polypodie roots four handfuls, prepared Coriander three ounces, Guaiacum four ounces, eight or ten Nutmegs, Cloves half an ounce, Galingall one ounce and a half, Citron pills one handful, shavings of Ash wood as much as is needful, at the most sixteen quarts: make then an hearbed wine thereof, and let the patiented drink the first draft thereof in the morning and evening. Another: Take the roots of Cicorie, rinds of Tamariske, Harts tongue, and the middle rinds of the Ash wood, of each one handful: power ten pots of Must, or some other good wine, and use thereof as before. And all other herbed wines which may be made, are at this present praised for the Milt: as wine of Eyebright, wine of Tamariske, each made by itself, or both together. Item, wine of Hyssop, of Marjoram, and of Wormwood, do warm the Milt and all inward parts: the wine of Gilliflowers, and of Betonie is also good for this. Item, the Aromatical wine, & more other spiced wins, and also the wine of Asarabacca. Reasonable exercise before meals is also much commended: and sometimes to bathe in water wherein the foresaid herbs be decocted. To the contrary, he must eschew all troubled wines, as Must, Cider, and Beer: for all such do not only obstruct the Milt, but also the liver, the Lights, and Kidneys: which obstructions be causes of many sicknesses. For this disease is also hurtful Swine's flesh, Milk, Cheese, Rice, Starch, Pease, beans, Services, Pears, Medlars, Quinces, Chestnuts, and Peaches: therefore be they to be refrained. We will also note some things, wherewith the sick party, and the Milt, with all other inward parts are to be strengthened. Amongst which, is de Miva Cydoniorum aromatica one of the chief. Item, this confection following, if that heat and cold be mixed together: Take Venus hair, Heart's tongue, of each half an ounce, Ammoniacum one quarter of an ounce, Tamariscus one ounce, seeds of Agnus castus, and of broad Plantain, aristology roots, Agrimony, Wormwood and Squinant, of each one dram and a half, Laudanum one dram, seed of Purslane, Sorrell, Endive, and wild Endive, of each two drams and a half, Oxymel of Squils' six ounces, water Lilies, Violet seeds, and of Mallows, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar eight ounces. seethe the Sugar with Vinegar of Squils until it be as thick as honey: when it is cold, then mix the rest amongst it, with the water of Maiden hair: afterwards seethe it again with vinegar of Squils until it be as thick as honey: when it is cold, then mix the rest amongst it, with the water of Maiden hair. Afterwards, séethe it again until all the water be decocted: when it is then sodden and well brayed, then use every morning three drams of it. If you had rather drink it, then temper it with Sorrell water: it is a marvelous good medicine. Another Confection. Take Mirobalani Indi, and Bellirici, flowers of Borage, bugloss, Elecampane roots, and Folefoote leaves, of each one dragm, seeds of Endive, of Lettuce, small Endive, and Sorrell, of each one dram, peeled Melon seed, Pompeon, Cucumbers, and peeled Gourd seeds, of each one dram and a half, Pingles and Pistacia, of each two ounces, syrup of Vinegar four ounces. Sugar three ounces, sour Dates one ounce and a half: make a confection thereof, and take thereof every morning before meat, as much as the quantity of a Nutmeg. This confection is very forcible to cunsume all melancholic humours and matters: it openeth the spleen, strengtheneth the stomach and the heart, and deopilateth also all obstructions. Item, Nutmegs, Walnuts, roots of Eringus, and Elecampane, all confected, be very meet for this disease. Amongst the Conserves, are the Conserves of betony, of Gilliflowers, of Lavender, of Spike, of Marjoram, Sage, Hyssop, Eyebright, and of fumitory, and all that may be made of these foresaid herbs very good. Likewise also both the Treacles, and Mithridate. Item, you have more in the first part, the 12. Chapter, and first §. a good gross powder which is meet for this. Capers eaten with Vinegar, roots of Smallage with the herb, and Dill, are also good. And let this suffice for the order of Diet. Here followeth now what is outwardly to be used. THis powder following is always about the fourth day to be strewed upon the head the weight of four grains; and one may use it with much furtherance as long as he liveth: Take Roses, ivory, white and red Coral, of each one scruple, Mace four scruples, Cloves half a dram, Lignum Aloes two scruples, then make a small beaten powder with it. A bag for the breast: Species de Xilo Aloes, Laetificans Almanforis, of each five drams: put these in a red crimson silk bag, and wear it on the left breast. Concerning the oils and salves are these most meet: Oil of Bricks is very good for all diseases of the spleen. Item, the oil of Bayberries, of bitter Almonds, of Spikenard, of Wormwood, Galingall, and of Capers. For all kinds of Salve may you make this following: uz. oil of Lilies, Almonds, Capers, and the marrow of all kind of beasts, Saffron, Vinegar, Gum, Wax, mucilage of Hollihocke roots, of linseed, and of Fenegréeke seed. The salve of Hollihocke roots, unguentum Altheae, (which is well known to all Apothecaries) is also highly commended for this disease, the description whereof immediately ensueth: Take the roots of Mallows, of Hollihockes, of Lilies, Onions, Squils, linseed, Fenegreeke seed, Figs, and Raisins, of each half an ounce: powne them all together, and then steep it a whole night in strong Vinegar: afterwards seeth them all in water, and then stamp it to pap. This being done, mingle therewith the salve of Althaea two ounces, Ducks grease, calves marrow, and unsalted butter, of each one ounce, oil of sweet Almonds four ounces, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve. For this is also good the salve Marciaton, and Cerotum de Hyssopo Philagrij. This following is a special good salve for the Spleen: Take the juice of wild Cucumbers, and of Swine's bread, of each four ounces, put them in a glass, and the salve of Althaea, oil of Capers, and fresh Butter, of each two ounces; let them seeth the space of four hours in hot water: strain it afterwards through a cloth, and afterwards put Ammoniacum unto it dissolved in the juice of Swine's bread one quarter of an ounce, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve therewith. And because that this salve cannot be made every where by reason of the juice, this following may be used: Take oil of sweet Almonds six ounces, Neat's feet oil two ounces, fresh Butter one ounce, the juice of bryony and Tamariske, of each two ounces: put this in a special pot, and let it seeth in boiling water unto the half: put afterwards unto it the roots of Capers, Tamariske, Agnus castus, and Heart's tongue, of each one quarter of an ounce, molten white Wax one ounce: then make a salve of it. Another. Take oil of Capers three ounces, Camomile one ounce and a half, Heart's tongue, roots of Capers, Endive, wild Endive, and Lettuce seed, of each half a dram, seeds of Agnus castus, and Wax, as much as sufficeth for to make a plaster or salve: lastly, stir a little Vinegar amongst it. This salve is very good for the Milt in hot and also in cold causes: it mollifieth all hardness, expelleth all winds and all impostumes of the same. Now for to lay somewhat upon it, boil Rue in strong Vinegar, and make a woollen cloth wet in it: wring out the same, and so lay it warm over it. Item, there standeth the like a little before: Take the roots of Mallows, etc. and that which is written shortly after it, even to the salve Althaea, and what further followeth: séethe them all in water of Camomile, and lay it warm with a bag over the Milt: it helpeth marvelous well. Take Oxymel six ounces, Caper roots one ounce, Wormwood half an ounce, beat them small together: afterwards make a woollen clout wet in it, and lay it so upon it. Hereafter follow certain plasters: Take Ammoniacum three quarters of an ounce, Bdellium one ounce and a half: dissolve them in vinegar of Squils', Tamariscus half a dram, Heart's tongue, Dill seed, and Agnus castus seed, of each two scruples, broad Plantain seed half a dram, Wax one quarter of an ounce, and Rosin as much as is needful therewith to make a plaster. Another: Take Tamariscus, Heart's tongue, seed of Agnus castus, and of broad Plantain, of each two scruples, Ammoniacum and Bdellium, of each three drams. You are to dissolve both these Gums in vinegar of Squils', and when they be cold, then mix the other things amongst it, beaten small. The same doth also the Ammoniacum alone dissolved in sharp vinegar, and spread upon a cloth and so laid thereon. Other do dissolve this Gum in the juice of Swine's bread, for than it is more forcible, as is herebefore admonished. Item, take oil of Lilies, also of the flowers of blue Flowers de luce, & of Capers, of each one ounce, Barley meal, Lineséed meal, and Fenegréeke meal, of each one dram, Bdellium, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, of each one dram and a half, Opopanacum, Myrrh and Frankincense, of each half a dram. Make this all together with molten Wax and Rosin unto a plaster, than spread it upon a cloth, & use it as all the rest. Item, take Rue leaves one quarter of an ounce, Boreas and Nep, of each three drams, Ammoniacum seven drams, dissolve them in old Wine, and make a plaster of it, it mollifieth, healeth, and expelleth windines. Or take Ammoniacum, Bdellium, and Pitch of each one ounce and a half, Trociscos' de Capparis, white Mustard seed, Sulphur, wild Garlic, and Cow dung, of each one dram, Mucilage of Fenegréeke, and of linseed, of each one quarter of an ounce: powne all them that be to be powned: then first dissolve the Gum in strong vinegar, and work them one amongst another: but first of all anoint your hands with the oil of Barberries'. Another: Take the mucilage of Fenegreeke, and of Lineséede, of each one ounce, the grease of Hens, Geese, and Ducks, of each three ounces, washed Butter, Swine's grease, neats feet oil, of each one quarter of an ounce, beaten Tamariscus, Willow leaves, Heart's tongue, the middle rind of the Ash tree, Capers roots, Rue leaves, and Nep, of each one dram, oil of Capers one ounce and a half, a little Wax and Vinegar: then make a plaster or salve of it. Item, take an Onion, cut off a piece at the top, and make it hollow within, and fill it with oil of Lilies, and let it rest uncovered in the ashes, so long till it have soaked up all the oil: afterwards stamp it, and lay it warm over it. All these plasters following are also good for it: as namely, De Meliloto, Diachilon magnum, De Muscilaginibus, and others. Take of the plaster De Muscilaginibus two ounces, Ammoniacum dissolved in Vinegar, and Marcasite beaten small, of each five dragms: temper it on the fire, and spread it on a leather cut after the fashion of a half Moon, and so lay it warm upon the spleen, it is very good, and approved. We have promised herebefore to describe the salves of Dialthea. It is also made after sundry fashions, like as we shall also teach here: Take clean Hollihock roots eight ounces, linseed and Fenegréeke seed, of each four ounces, Salad oil sixteen ounces, Turpentine half an ounce, Rosin one ounce and a half: the roots and also the seeds shall you steep three days and three nights in a quart of water; the fourth day seethe them so long, until they yield from them a thick tough slime or mucilage: wring them hard out, and take eight ounces thereof, and seethe it with the oil until all the moisture be decocted. Afterwards put the Turpentine, Rosin, and four ounces of Wax unto it. When all these things be melted and well tempered, then take it from the fire, and stir it well about until it be cold. The second: Take eight ounces of fair sliced Hollihocke roots, linseed, and Fenegreeke, seed, of each four ounces, stamp them, and wring them through as before: then put unto it four ounces of Barrowes grease, two beaten Onions, one ounce and a half of Gummi Arabicum, and let them seethe all together until that all the moisture be decocted: afterwards take four ounces of molten Wax, and then temper them together, and stir it well about until it be through cold. The third: Take fair cleansed Hollihocke roots twelve ounces, chop it very small, and power two quarts of water into it, six ounces of Linseed, three ounces of Fenegreeke seed, and three ounces of Lily roots: then powne them all together, and when they be boiled to a tough slime or mucilage, then strain them through a cloth, and take twelve ounces of it, and seeth the same with 24. ounces of Barrowes grease until the juice be all decocted: afterwards put unto it four ounces of Wax, Fenegreeke meal two ounces, Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar, Gummi Hederae, and Turpentine, of each one ounce. But if you cannot get the foresaid Gum, then take three ounces of Turpentine, & temper them all together as before: this salve is good for all swellings, for the shrinking of the sinews, for all tumours of the breasts: it looseth phlegm, assuageth the Cough and all stitches in the sides, as also the pain in the reins, of the gravel, and is good for all extenuations. The fourth and last: Take fresh Hollihocke roots twelve ounces, linseed and Fenegreeke seed, of each six ounces, Squilles three ounces, Salad oil 24. ounces, yellow Wax six ounces, Turpentine, Gummi Hederae, and Galbanum, of each one ounce and a quarter, Colophonia and Rosin, of each three ounces: powne all that is to be powned, and let it steep together three days in water: afterwards seethe them all together, and strain them through a cloth, and then take four and twenty ounces of the mucilage thereof, and let them seethe all together on a soft fire with the foresaid oil until all the moisture be decocted: afterwards put Wax unto it, and then a little of the Gum, and lastly the Colophony and Rosin. When it is boiled enough, then stir it well about, and let it cool. Of the Melancholia and moisture of the Spleen. §. 5. FOr as much as the Spleen (as is said) is the true receptacle of the black and melancholic blood; therefore reason requireth that we should write of what nature the same is, whereby other things may also be discerned which be incident to the Milt. First, we have in the first part, the 12. chap. and 8. §. described many kinds of causes of Melancholy, and in other places more, especially in the beginning of the former §. and taught of the Milt, of her beginning, causes, & what hurt might proceed thereof: to wit, if the same got the mastery, that there may follow not only heaviness of mind, frighting, and such like: but also it might deprive the whole body of his lively colour, and cause also black ulcers, lepry, the canker, quartain agues, and such like: and lastly, all manner of distraction of the mind, raging madness, and inhuman beastliness. Therefore, because this book every where maketh mention of them, it is not needful to discourse more at large thereof at this present. But we will only describe certain remedies which be fit for it. Wherefore it is first to be noted, that all preparative and purgative things are to be used, that the matter may be avoided through going to the stool, and not through vomiting, by reason that these melancholic humours are very ponderous and heavy, and will not be expelled but only downwards. Before we then come to any particular remedies, we will first discover what simples there be that do prepare these melancholic humours, and whereby the same may be expelled, viz. Borage, bugloss, Thymus, Epithymus, Capers roots, Tamariscus, Heart's tongue, good Wine, bathing in sweet Water, liquorice, Currans, polypody roots, grass, Chamedryos, Cuscuta, Asarabacca, Gentian, Lupins, fumitory, Calmus, Spicanardi, Agnus castus, bitter Almonds, Cicorie, Rosemary, Radish seed, Burnet, sea Crabs, and above all a cheerful courage or light hart. The compounded medicines are Oxymel of Squils', honey of Roses, syrup of Vinegar, Sirupus acetosus, compositus de Fumo terrae, and other more. But chief this following is to be prepared for it: Take Cicorie, Rosemary, Burnet, Hops, Cincfoile, Endive with the roots, fumitory, the roots of bugloss, Borage flowers, Liverwoort, Chamedryos, field Cipers, Capers roots, Tamariscus roots, and Heart's tongue with the roots, of each two ounces, Prunes, and Sebestes, of each twenty or five and twenty, Seine leaves, Cuscuta, Thymus, wild Thyme, and Fennel of each half an ounce, liquorice, Raisins, Stechas, of each two ounces; Seeth them all together in three pints of water even to the half: add to this decoction (being strained) bugloss, and the juice of Prunes, of each eighteen ounces, Sugar four and twenty ounces, Honey of Roses six ounces: let them seethe to a syrup. These things following are reputed for such as expel Melancholy and do purge, viz. Epithymus, Mirobalani Indi, Chebuli, Polypody roots, prepared Esulus, Bolus, mountain Mints, Cassie, Seine leaves, Fumitory, Honey suckles, Hops, black Néesewoort, India salt, wild Saffron seeds, Sal gemmae. The compounded medicaments are Diasena, Hiera Ruffi, Hiera logodion, and such like. Item, take Seen leaves, Thymus, Epithymus, Cuscuta, and Borage flowers, of each one ounce, Annis, Fennell, and Smallage seed, of each half an ounce, Heart's tongue, Maiden hair, Chamedryos, and agrimony, of each one handful; let them all seeth well, and take thereof four ounces; steep therein Mirobalani Indi, half an ounce, and Chebuli three drams all the night: afterwards strain it well out, and temper therewith Diasena, three drams, Cassia one ounce, washed azure stone two scruples: give the same unto him in the morning, and there may less thereof be given at once. When as melancholy appeareth, then is the Liver vein to be opened; for that surpasseth all other things: and the same is to be done more than once, and that always according to the ability and strength of the patiented. Item, care must be taken to open the piles, be it with rubbing, with the lancet, or lastly with Leaches. For this it is also very needful that this patiented be often purged: but he must first always use some kind of syrup as is herebefore expressed. Also he must use according as the cause requireth, the syrup of Borage, of bugloss, Apples, de Epithymo, and Diarrhodon, of Cicorie, Wormwood, of Roses, honey of Roses, Oxymel, and syrup of Vinegar. And for to purge, he must take Mirobalani Indi, Chebuli, and Citrini, of each half an ounce, the outward rinds of the black Néesewoort three drams; powne them together very small, and seeth them in sufficient water: strain it, and put into this decoction Epithymum, Thyme, Polipodie roots, and Seen leaves, of each three quarters of an ounce, the seeds of Citrons one quarter of an ounce; then seethe them again unto the half, and so let it stand all a night: afterwards strain it out, and wring it hard, and put as much Sugar unto it as you think meet. This being done, seethe it again, and clarify it with the white of an Egg. Lastly, temper amongst it the syrup of Citron pills one ounce, and drink four or five ounces of it early in the morning. But this is here to be noted, that if this syrup be given to any body that is infected with the Pox, the same party is first to be purged with the confection called Lenitiva, mixing with it three drams Confectionis Hamech. Afterwards, give unto him this Syrup following, and then the decoction of Guaiacum, whereof we shall write hereafter more at large. This patient must often before meat take Cassia, for it cleanseth the blood, and taketh away the sharpness of it. For this, are meet also the Pillulae Indae Aggregativae, and De Lapide Lazuli. Item, Seine leaves steeped in Henbroth, strewed with a little Cinnamom; or Seine leaves steeped in Whey. Item, the same boiled with the flowers of Borage, of bugloss, of Balm, and with the roots of Parsley. The Seine leaves may also be steeped with Wormwood and with Wine: and it is good during the space of a whole month always every other day, to drink two or three ounces of the decoction or infusion of Seine leaves, both which are described in the eleventh Chapter the 20. §. and temper amongst it two ounces of the laxative syrup of Roses: the decoction of Seine leaves as much: use this fasting. You have also herebefore a powder for to purge melancholy, and two kinds of Confections, Diaturbith, cum Rhabarbaro. Item, whey wherein Epithymus hath been infused, or Polypody roots have been decocted, doth more prepare to purge. How the melancholic blood is to be purged. §. 6. AMongst all these foresaid medicines, there be divers which do cleanse the blood. And the drift of all Physicians in this sickness is, that all the heavy, black, and unclean blood might be purged, diminished, and corrected. Howbeit, there is somewhat else which is here to be signified: to wit, for this doth Venus or Maidenhair first serve, that educeth all bad humours and slime out of the Liver, maketh good colour, lengtheneth the breath, cleanseth the stomach, the liver, and the milt, and also breaketh the stone. Item, take the whey of Goat's milk, steep fumitory in it, or mix the juice of the herb amongst it, and drink of it certain days ensuing other at each time a good draft: or in the stead thereof, take the Syrup or Conserve of the same herb, for both of them be very good. Also, make pills of powned Mastic, and the juice of Wormwood. There be also certain Wines for the cleansing of the blood prepared, as hereafter ensueth: Take Currans three common pounds, Maidenhair five ounces and one quarter of an ounce, black prepared Hellebore two ounces and a half, and one dram of Polipodie, and Hermodactili, of each four ounces, prepared Coriander, and Seen leaves, of each five ounces and one dram and a half, Pockwood six pound, rinds of the same eighteen ounces. These being all well beaten together, then power thereon two alms of Must, and half an alme of Well water: then let them stand and work together at the fire about six days space, stirring it well every day about. When it is settled the space of three days, and fallen down, then strain it out clear, and keep it until occasion serve to use it. Of this foresaid wine must the patiented drink at meals in the stead of other wine the space of two months, or at least every other day. This openeth the body very easily, and therewith expelleth all gross humours and Cholera out of the body. And if this wine cannot be brooked by itself, then may the same be tempered with other common wine drunken moderately. It expelleth melancholy, and all heaviness of mind: it maketh merry, and of good cheer. In like manner of all herb wines these are highly commended for this sickness: viz. wine of Borage, bugloss, and of Heart's tongue, and of Tamariske; which not only take away melancholic humours, but do withstand the quartain Ague which is caused by them. Of Confections you may use Diarrhodon Abbatis, Aromaticum Rosatum, and Dyanthos. Likewise Conserve of Violets, of Roses, of bugloss, and of Rosemary. Treacle and Mithridate, taken the weight of one dram, is very commodious for this: for that they do both diminish melancholy, and take away the heaviness of the mind, fear, and such like, that may proceed of Melancholy. The confected Citron pills do repugn all melancholic accidents. Confected Nutmegs do make fresh blood. For meats in stead of other sauce, Sugar is to be used. We have before discovered, that bathing in sweet water is very profitable. So are also boxing cups set unpickt upon the sides, whereby to extract all windiness. You are also to use the gross powder, which in the first Part, the 12. Chapter, and 1. §. is described, which is ordained for the memory. The fifteenth Chapter. Of the Bowels or Guts. LIke as we have hitherto described the Stomach, the Liver, the Gall, and the Spleen, and made full declaration thereof: so will we now discourse of the next adjacent parts, before that we come to the Kidneys: to wit, of the bowls or guts, and all that concerneth them. We affirm then that beneath the stomach the Bowels have their beginning, which are parted in six parts. The three first and uppermost are very subtle & thin; for which cause they be called in Latin Gracilia intestina, into the which one part of the digested meats are conveyed. The other three sorts of the bowels be the undermost, which are more thicker & fleshlier than the three uppermost, whereby the sharpness and hardness of the Stercora should the less bruise them. And these six sorts of bowels have their name given them by reason of their greatness, and property of their operations, and not for that they be six several things: for they hold fast one upon another, so that they may rightly be taken for one Gut, which is placed in the belly after a wonderful manner with many kind of crooks and windings about, and reacheth from the stomach even to the fundament. And to speak particularly thereof, the first which beginneth at the stomach is called of the Latinists Duodenum, and that for this cause, because it is twelve fingers breadth long. The second (which Galenus calleth the first) they do name jeiunum, which is the empty gut, because it is always empty. This gut hath some crooks and turnings: afterwards, it doth reach forth strait out even to the liver. The third is by the Grecians called Ileon, and by the Latinists Voluulus, which is the winding gut; not only for that by his length it twisteth and windeth about, but also for this cause (as the learned write) because there be engendered in this gut great Colic and gripings, which do draw hither and thitherwards through their great pains, as now in one, and then in an other place they be most violently perceived. Thus are these three (as is said) thin and subtle of substance, differing only herein, that Ileon is not found always empty, like as the two former. The fourth gut which they do call Coecum, that is, the blind, and Monoculum, being the annexed gut, which they do call Coecum, for that it seemeth that it hath but one going out or issuing: whereas notwithstanding the Anatomists do attribute twain unto it: we will call it also the bag, for that it is like to a fat stomach: yet somewhat less, and better to receive all that must be avoided through going to stool. The fift is Colon, and by the Latinists called Crassum intestinum. This gut is fleshier than any of all the rest: also of a reasonable length & crookedness, in the which, and especially in the end of it, the meat is converted to dung: which (before and ere that it is digested) the learned do call Chylum. In this foresaid gut doth the Colic properly engender. The last gut is Intestinum rectum, which is the Arsegut, that is called Longanum, for that it doth not crook, and stretcheth to the end of the fundament. These are now the lower guts, and they be otherwhiles called the lower belly. But what each sort of these bowels have for a nature, property, power, virtue and operation, were here to long, and contrary to our purpose to decipher, because we do not here think to discourse of any thing, but only the cures of the diseases that the bowels or guts are subject unto. Of the pain and griping of the Guts in general. §. 1. IN both these sorts of the guts come great outward gripings, stitches, & pain, whereof there be two sorts: the one Iliaca, the other Cholica, Iliaca is in the uppermost small guts, and Cholica in the undermost bowels: which sorts of pains or stitches receive their names of the bowels, or the bowels of these foresaid gripings or sickness. And because that in both these sorts of pains of the bowels the remedies are alike, whereas in other diseases they be greatly differing, therefore we will treat of both these severally. Afterwards we will also determine of the Worms in the bowels, of all other diseases which are to be ascribed to the bowels, as of all the scour, of bloody flux, and obstructions, etc. whereof we have heretofore discoursed, etc. where be many kinds of things to be found for the pain of the guts. Of the uppermost pain and griping of the Guts Iliaca Passio, which the common man calleth Cholica. §. 2. Ileos', or Iliaca Passio, are gripings or stitches in the uppermost small guts, which be caused of some obstruction or swellings of the guts, whereby the congested filth or corruption cannot fall down into the great guts: whereby such great intolerable pain, sickness, and gripings do ensue, that the guts seem to be bored through with a bodkin, and that commonly with a continual vomiting and parbraking: yet not in all patients. Therefore, if so be that this pain, pricking, and obstruction do get the mastery; then doth there follow it a stinking belching, yea a parbraking of all filthiness and of ordure through the mouth, and that by reason that the stopping beneath is so great, that neither ordure nor wind can evacuate beneath: neither can it be opened through Clysters, whereby it must needs follow, that all the belchings do draw the wind and filth upwards, and must lastly be avoided through the mouth. Certain learned men do dispute of these causes, and that not without reason: for some do think, that it is not the right ordure which is ejected by the mouth, but that it should be only a certain filthy and corrupted meat which lieth stinking in the stomach, because the same cannot be expelled: but be it how it will, this sickness is nevertheless so terrible and painful, that certain ancient Physicians do call the same Domine miserere, Lord have merry upon me. And it is a grievous sickness indeed: for besides all that is said, if it come with a great heat, than it doth commonly cause an imposthume in the bowels, whereby cometh the cramp, and the contracture of the sinews, so that the sick person thereby doth lose his senses & runneth mad. These and other signs which shall hereafter follow, are so deadly, that scarcely ever any one recovereth his health again. The common people which have no understanding of natural things which pertain to man's body, do call this Iliaca, the Mother in men, like as the common people in Italy do call it Paron, which is, Father, whereas notwithstanding men have no mother in them. The causes of this Iliaca passio, are inward and outward, the outward may be through falls, thrusts or strokes on these places: or through drinking of much cold water, through much binding, gross meats, as hard Cheese, Cow beef, or any other hard flesh which is not well sodden or roasted, salted Pork, and principally of ill boiled wood Pigeons, or meats which he swallowed down not well chewed. Item, there be more things which be hurtful for this sickness; as Pease, beans, Medlars, Quinces, Services, Pears, Sloes, and such like binding fruits. For this pain of the belly is commonly more rife in harvest, when fruits are found most abundant, than at any other time of the year. These sicknesses may also be caused of cold and piercing winds, as the Northern winds: as also to the contrary, out of great heat and great labour: and lastly, through venom taken: The inward causes commonly proceed from other parts: as if there be any imposthume present, whether it be in the Bowels or in the liver, or in the sucking veins called Venae Mesaraicae, in the Kidneys, or in the Bladder, or when the Bowels through some vapour fall down into the privities. If so be that the cause be in the bowels, thereof there be six: to wit, if the gut Ileon or Colon be too hot or too cold, or be fraughted with any cold tough matter, or through wind, or obstructed with some hard corruption, or when the bowels be full of wreathed worms: lastly, this disease may also be caused through faintness of the expulsive or strength of the retentive virtue. Concerning the signs, they may be demanded of the sick persons or standers by. But if there be any imposthume in any other parts, it may be known by the place affected where the imposthume is. The hot impostumes of the guts are discerned by the continual agues, thirst, & panting or beating of the same part; whereas to the contrary the cold impostumes be without great pain and without agues, but only with a kind of heaviness and tumour: and these commonly assail a man that is accustomed to use much cold and moist meats, as milk, fish, and such like. If this sickness be caused through the obdurated corruption of the bowels, then is there with it an extreme pain, so that it seemeth to the patiented that his bowels are cut up, and that chief if he have taken before any such things as may cause these bindings, and harden the filth or corruption, as inward or outward heat, and through use of dry things. Or if this disease come through wind, then doth the pain depart from one place unto another, with a kind of rumbling, and that with such stitches, as if the bowels were pricked through with auls. And if the same be caused of cold slime, then be cold rheums felt, and such like in the bowels, and that chief through certain meats taken, which do increase Phlegma. Of the pain or gripping of the guts, which is called Cholica. §. 3. COlon, or Cholica Passio, is a pain of the bowels, to wit (as is before discoursed) of the nethermost guts, which is caused, when the superfluity which nature is enured to, naturally to avoid and cast from her, is stopped and hindered, and if the corruption, winds, or worms be not expelled, as they were wont to be. But the pain of the colic cometh commonly by fits, ceasing otherwhiles, and then immediately returning with great intolerable pain, with heavy breath, with shivering, shaking and sweeting. The causes of this colic are for the most part the same with Iliaca Passio: for both of these sorts of pains in the guts be matched so near together, that they may well be called sisters. But there is only this difference between them both, that the nethermost bowels be fat by nature, and therefore may gather fatness unto them, that by that means the guts are made so narrow, that the hard ordure cannot pass through them, but is utterly hindered. The signs of the Colic be these: when the ordure and winds are daily shut up and hindered. And although the stool be furthered through Clysters, or some other means, yet is the ordure nevertheless hard and burnt, as sheeps dung, or Goat's dung, whereby the natural appetite doth abate from day to day, until it be utterly lost. Thence followeth then so great pain and gripings about the Navel, that it seemeth that the guts be knit or haled together with strings, or plucked asunder, and bored through with bodkins. As often as one stirreth him, or turneth from one side to the other, then doth the pain increase vehemently in this sickness; the patiented is always greedy of sour and sharp things, and hath a loathing of all that is fat. Each humour whereof this pain is caused, is known by these signs following: If it be caused of Phlegma, then is the same with pain, heaviness, and desire of all warmth. The pain is to be known by the feeling. Old folks, and such as be phlegmatic by nature, are most of all subject to this passion. Also the winter, eating of much fish, of much fruit, and of much milk, excessive rioting, and great quietness, much going into the water, and such like, be to this sickness a great cause. If in case that this sickness be caused through heat, then is there a great inflammation, and with it drought of the tongue, great thirst, itch, & great heat in the urine. Chief if the person be young, and in the Summer time, if he be choleric by nature, if he have used much about the fire, or much spice. Or if this pain of the bowels be caused through obstruction it may be known by the going to the stool, and pain of the guts, to wit, as if the same were torn asunder, and stuck through. And if the patient would go to the stool with great forcement, then is it all to be avoided very like to clay, the which may be caused through long use of any old meat, through the patients dry complexion, and through long continuing labour, and with much sweeting in the hot air. Or if this Colic proceed through wind, then is heard much rumbling in the bowels and puffing up of the belly, his excrements do swim upon the water because they be full of wind: and so much the more may one be ascertained thereof, if one knew that the patiented had eaten before much Pease, beans, Chestnuts, Rapes, Figs, Must, and such like windy meats or drinks, much water, or much watered wine. Or when this pain of the bowels is caused of any hot impostumes, then doth the patiented feel hot stitches; he hath thirst and great pain, and that always in one place; he hath also a red face, extuberation of the eyes, and restraint of the urine. But if this grief be caused through a cold imposthume, for it be all these things beforementioned much féebler: being caused of superfluous meats, of much fish, of much cold and moist herbs, fruits, Swine's flesh, and such like: also the stools be full of Phlegma. Of the difference of these pains in the Guts. §. 4. Above all those which are before discovered, be these two sorts of pains in the bowels disagreeing in this; to wit, that in the pain of the uppermost guts, the extremity is much greater, and can kill a body much sooner; for that these uppermost, tender and small guts are much more sensible than the nethermost great guts: Secondly, because that Iliaca is unsteadfast (as it is said before) and removeth from one place into another: Thirdly, because this Iliaca is higher than the navel. And when this pain setteth there and about the rains, then is it the general opinion of all the learned, that in no wise, neither through medicines, neither through any other means this sharp matter or wind which hath no vent, lying shut up in the crooked gut Ilium and there making this pain, may be made to avoid neither yet expelled, and that there will follow of it the Dropsy Tympania, wherein the wind doth after spread itself abroad between the skin and the flesh behind over the whole body, as hath been said more at large before in the twelfth Chapter, and sixtéenth §. The fourth difference is, that the uppermost pains of the guts or Iliaca are to be helped through medicines from above, and the undermost pain Cholica, through clysters; for that the Clysters be very commodious for the Cholera, and very little for Iliaca, or nothing at all: Fiftly, if there appear any other accidents with it, as swooning, trembling of the heart, short breath, much waking, or cold of the outward parts; they be then always the more grievous in Iliaca then in Cholica: because that it is nearer to the heart, and therefore the more perilous. Now to come to the remedies, we will (according to the custom of the ancient Physicians) distinguish these pains of the bowels by five several causes, whereof the first is the obstruction or binding of the body: the second Phlegma: the third winds: the fourth impostumes: the fift Cholera and heat: but we will here declare for the first certain things that be generally convenient for both these griefs: the remedies which be ordained and used in both these pains of the bowels, are also very meet for either of them; only (as it is said) the Clysters for Iliaca passio, do seldom do any good: not that the same be therefore altogether forborn, for both must always be first endeavoured to open the passages of the guts, and as soon as one perceiveth the pain, to be presently in hand with clysters, and also to make somewhat ready which may be laid upon the belly to warm the same therewith, like as with these things following: to wit, Pellitory of the wall, Mugwoort, Southernwood, Fennell, Elecampane leaves, Wormwood, white Mints and Marjoram: of these herbs take as many and which you will, put them in a bag, and let them seeth in Wine: afterwards wring them out, and so lay them warm upon the place of the pain. Item, take Millet or Oates, mix them with Salt, and a little Annis, Fennel, Dil, and with linseed: parch them, and lay them on the pain. You may also make and use after the same manner a bag with Camomile, Venus' hair and Stechas. Item, take Althaea Butter, Barrowes grease, Hens and Ducks grease, of each half an ounce, oil of Camomile one ounce, anoint the place of the pain with it: what is particularly to be used beside for either of these pains in the guts, shall be distinctly showed hereafter. Of the pain in the guts through obstruction or binding of the body. §. 5. IN the beginning of this description of the pain in the bowels, when it cometh chief through the binding of the body, it is to be cured with Clysters, which hereafter be described against winds, and with the purgative medicine, whereof divers be set down in the eleventh Chapter, 20. §. And both these are to be used so often, and so long, until that the body be thoroughly opened. In like manner, this patiented must endeavour himself to eat all soluble meats and herbs, viz. Mallows, and herb Mercury dressed with fresh broths, with Butter and Salad oil, which for this disease is not only needful, but also much commended. Lay also outwardly upon it this plaster following: Take Mallows, Hollihocke roots, and Bearefoote, of each one handful, Fenegréeke meal, and linseed meal, of each six ounces, oil of Violets, Hen's grease, Barrowes grease, & fresh Butter, of each two ounces, four white Lily roots roasted. All the herbs are to be sodden, and afterwards stamped, and you are afterwards to temper the rest amongst them over the fire, and then to aply them warm upon it. For this is also very good the syrup of Violets drunken with some broth wherein Damask Prunes, Raisins and Figs have been decocted, and wherewith some Cassie is tempered. He may also use the herbs and other things stamped, whereof the Clysters be boiled, and make a plaster thereof with Butter, or oil of Violets, and with Barrowes grease, and lay it over all the belly. He must also eschew cold air, and must keep him always warm, continuing this so long, until that ye have his body very open. Of the pain in the guts through slime and Phlegma. §. 6. THe other former discovered cause is Phlegma, which (as is sufficiently showed before) doth show itself apparently, if with a tolerable pain there be no great heat nor thirst adjoined. And if there be any salt matter (which the patiented shall perceive in his mouth) or any obstruction of the body, stinking, belching, and great faintness with it, then must preparative medicines be ministered to the patiented, and such as may procure no wambling, and so begin with these Sirupes following: viz. the syrup of white Mints, of Wormwood, and all sorts of Oxymel, or any such like. Afterwards is much commended by the ancient Physicians the confection De Gallia for to purge, which followeth hereafter: Take Mastic, Cloves, Ginger, Pepper, long Pepper, Cinnamom, Nutmegs, Gallia Muscata, and Diagridion, of each a like quantity: afterwards wring out the juice of sour Quinces, and put as much honey as juice unto it: then take of both these one ounce and a half, and put half an ounce of powder unto it which is made of the foresaid things: but let this juice and honey seeth before to the thickness of a syrup, and afterwards temper the other things amongst it, whereof you are to give at once one quarter of an ounce or two drams and a half. Also the purging confections of Quinces, which be described in the eight Part, are very meet for this purpose, and in like sort the Electuarium Indum. A purging Confection: Take Turbith one quarter of an ounce, Ginger one scruple, Mastic half a scruple, Sugar three drams: temper them well together, and then take it with what you will. But if so be that the sick body be not addicted to vomit, and that the same be not feared, then are these Pills following to be exhibited unto him, called Iliacae. Take Coloquint, and Sagapenum of each ten drams, Diagridion, three drams and one scruple; then make pills of it with wine, and give thereof one dram at once, they ease very speedily the pain. For this is also very good Benedicta Laxativa, or Hiera Picra one ounce, Hiera Picra magnae half a dram, Turbith, and Ginger, of each one scruple: then mix them together with a good draft of wine. But in case that in this colic the purging medicines will not help, and the sickness still increaseth, then make these suppositories following: and if so be that these suppositories will not sufficiently relax, then are clysters to be used, which are the very best and safest remedies for the colic which one can devise, therefore we will here rehearse some of them, and begin first with the mildest. But note always (which is good in all clysters that are to be used for the colic) that the herbs, and all that is to be used with them, are to be decocted in such broths wherein Calves heads, Lambs heads and feet be boiled: for these broths be very requisite for all obstructions of the body. Take Camomile, Hollihocks, and Mallows, of each one handful, Fennell, Annis, Caraway, of each one quarter of an ounce: seeth them all together in wine or water. Take fifteen or sixteen ounces of this decoction, and dissolve therein fresh Butter, and Salad oil, of each two ounces & a half, or three ounces, with the yolk of an Egg; temper them well, & minister it warm. Item, take one pound of linseed oil, and use it very warm for a Clyster: Or take Mallows, Hollihockes, Béetes, Mercury, Fenegréeke and linseed, of each one handful, five or six Figs cut, Annis, Fennell, of each one quarter of an ounce, Bran one handful: seethe them all together in sufficient water. Of this decoction you are to take fifteen or sixteen ounces; and then temper amongst it Hiera Picra, and Cassie, of each one ounce, oil of Rue three ounces, and then make a Clyster thereof. Another: Take Mallows, Hollihockes, Mercury, and Bearefoote, of each one handful, ten or twelve fat Figs, powned Fenegréeke, and linseed, of each one ounce and a half, Dil seed one ounce, Bran half a handful, oil of Sesamum, and Honey, of each one ounce and a half, Sal gemmae one dram, Cassie and Hiera Picra, of each three quarters of an ounce: temper them all together in sixteen ounces or more of the foresaid decoction unto a Clyster. You have before in the eleventh Chapter, and the 21. §. a Clyster of Malmsey, which is also convenient for this use. Item, take the juice of parietary, and the juice of Wormwood, of each six ounces, one Nutmeg, Peach kernels beaten very small half a dram, make them all together warm, and minister three of these Clysters in one day. Another: Take Annis, and the seed of Pellitory, of each one quarter of an ounce, Pellitory leaves one handful: seeth them all together in Wine, and take thereof fifteen or sixteen ounces: melt Butter therein, and linseed, of each two ounces, then temper them together. When the patiented hath avoided this Clyster, then let him afterwards drink five or six ounces of the oil of sweet Almonds, and that tempered with Sugar. Item, take oil of Rue twelve ounces, five or six Léekes heads, stamp them, and seethe them in the oil: then strain it through a cloth, and use the oil for a Clyster. Item, take Pellitory, century, Marjoram, and field Mints, of each one handful, Annis, Coming, and péeled wild Saffron seed, of each one dram, Polipodie roots, Turbith, and Radish seed, of each half an ounce, Sal gemmae one dram: temper all this into a Clyster, as is abovesaid. You are also to observe here, that these and such like Clysters shall be ministered but only when other remedies will not avail. Item, oil of Camomile is more precious than common oil: but if Camomile cannot be gotten, then is oil of linseed to be used in stead of it. Also hereafter do follow sundry remedies against all pain of the guts, which serve also very well for the Phlegma. Certain Potions for the cold Phlegma. TAke the roots of Smallage, Fennell, and Parsley roots, of each two ounces, Annis, Fennell, Caraway, parsley, and Smallage seeds, of each one ounce, Radish two ounces: make a decoction of this, and drink thereof adays oftentimes as warm as you can suffer it. Also once or twice a day drink a spoonful or twain of Rose honey tempered together with the foresaid potion. Item, seeth an old Cock until the bones fall from the flesh, and in this broth seeth Polipodie roots, the seeds of Dill, and of Annis, and drink otherwhiles a good draft of it. Also you may oftentimes with the waters and seeds of the foresaid roots, foment the place where the pain is, and afterwards anoint the place with oil of Rue wherein Annis seeds are boiled. Some do highly commend the oil of Sulphur, viz. to drink in the winter one drop or twain with Muscadel wine, or with vital water. It will marvelously help and expel all gripings in the guts of a cold occasion. Item, the confected Elecampane roots, and confected Pimpernell roots, do assuage all pains of the bowels which proceed of cold. In like manner the confected Ginger doth warm and strengthen all inward parts, and so doth also the roots of Eringus, when it is confected. Amongst other Conserves, there be also meet and commodious the conserves of Peony, and Rosemary, of Hyssop, of Spikenard, and after purging, the Confections of Trion pipereon, Diacalamentha, and such like. Of the pain in the guts through wind. §. 7. THe third cause of these pains in the bowels are winds. If then this pain do come of no obstruction, and yet nevertheless one feel cumbling in the belly, & heareth the pain run up and down in the belly, and if the pain do come by fits, and there abateth again: against this be those remedies to be used that do expel wind. For which, the Confection of Bayberries is so highly commended, that it is thought that her like cannot be found. At the Apothecaries they call this Electuarium de Baccis Lauri, and it is thus prepared: Take dry Rue one dram, Ameos, Coming, Nardus seed, Lovage seed, Marjoram, Caraway, bitter Almonds, long Pepper, Daucus seed, white Mints, Pepper, Calmus, Bayberries, and Bevercod, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sagapenum half an ounce, Opopanacum one dram, all these being powned together and molten, then make a confection of it with clarified honey, and give the patiented thereof the quantity of an hazel nut with a draft of wine. Marmalade with spices is also very meet for this purpose. Item, in like sort be both the sorts of Treacle and Mithridate, for that they do waste wind, and be good for all cold diseases of the entrails. Item, there is also fit for this use the confection of Horseradish, which shall hereafter be expressed. These confections following are also very commodious: viz. De Cumino, Diatrion pipereon, Diagalanga, Dianisum, Diacalamintha, Diapliris, Aromaticum rosatum, and after them a good draft of Wine. If you desire to make a powder, then prepare this following: Take Ginger half an ounce, Annis one quarter of an ounce, prepared Coriander one ounce and a half, Mace, Galingale, Cucubes, and Nutmegs, of each one dram. This being beaten all small, then put as much Sugar unto it as you please. This powder consumeth all wind, and hindereth also the generation of other. You have also herebefore certain gross powders for the stomach, which be also very good. In like manner do Annis, Fennell seed, Caraway, and Coming, (either bare or confected, and taken before meat) consume all pain in the guts. The syrup of Wormwood expelleth also winds. For this are also very convenient clysters, if they be made of such things as do cause wind to avoid, as this following: Take Mallows, Hollihock roots, Violet leaves, Bearefoote, and Béets, of each one handful, century, Rapontica, Calmus, white Mints, Marjoram, Southernwood, Rue, and Hyssop, of each half a handful: Seeth them all together in sufficient water, and take fifteen or sixteen ounces thereof, honey of Roses, and oil of Rue of each three ounces, Hiera Picra one ounce, Benedicta laxativa, half an ounce, then temper them all together. Yet this clyster is to be diminished or augmented according to the ability of the sick person. Suppositories may also be used for this, which are thus to be made: Take Rue and Coming, or Caraway, of each one handful, Swine's bread one root and a half, Boreas one dram, clarified Honey three ounces, make Suppositories thereof. Another: Take Bevercod, Hony, Ox gall, and oil of Violets, of each a like quantity, let them seeth somewhat thick: afterwards wet a suppository in it, bounden at a thread, and use it as before: it consumeth wind exceedingly and purgeth very much. Potions and such like. TAke the roots of Smallage, of Fennell, and of Parsley, of each two ounces, Raisins, the stones taken out, two ounces and a half, ten or twelve fat Figs, twenty or four and twenty juiubes: Seeth them all together in two quarts of Water even to the half, and take thereof three or four ounces tempered with the foresaid confection. The common people and husbandmen do commonly use slight things which they can best get; amongst which may this potion following be reckoned: Take fresh Cow dung about half an ounce; temper it with good wine and wring it through a cloth, and then drink thereof, it is much commended. Other do ascribe this to sheeps dung, also chickweed is commended for the same boiled in water and so drunken. Likewise also Wormwood wine, or Wormwood sodden in water: also Meade being drunken is very good for this pain; Wine measurably drunken driveth not only the wind out of the bowels, but also out of all parts of the body. The wines of Heart's tongue and Marjoram gentle, are also much commended for these pains in the guts, and more other aromatical wines, as of Galingall, Nutmegs, and Cloves. Item, take Species justini one dram, and drink the same twice a week with one ounce of Rosewater, it is also good against the gravel. Master Tristrams' Water is also good against all pains in the guts: likewise is also commended one dram of Bevercod drunken with one ounce of Mellicraton. In the mean time may outward things also be used: for this one may take the herbs, the seed, and other ingrediences whereof Clysters have been made, wring them out hard, stamp them and temper them with butter, with Barrowes grease and oil of Camomile unto a plaster, and so lay it warm over the belly, it is very good. But if one will lay any thing upon the malady: then must the belly be warmed well before with warm , for this may be made also the foresaid bags of Millet and Salt: or take unbeaten Millet, Oates, and Fennell, or Bran, which you can get: parch them in a pan and apply it warm upon the pain. Item: Take parched Linséede six ounces, parched Coming one ounce, Bran half a handful; beat them all gross and make a bag thereof, then let it seeth in water or wine a good space, afterwards wring it out and lay it very warm upon it. Item: take the oil of Scorpions, oil of bitter Almonds, and Turpentine, of each six ounces; let them melt all by the fire, afterwards temper half a dram of Saffron amongst it. Lastly, dip shéeps wool in it, and lay it warm upon the grief: or take Pellitory, and powned linseed, of each one handful, power two ounces of the oil of Scorpions unto it, and let them be made hot together; afterwards put a little Saffron unto it, and use it as before. Warm bread laid upon the belly or the stomach assuageth the pain, and is good against the suffocation of the mother or womb. Another: Take Hony, Butter, Salt and Vinegar, of each a like quantity, let them seeth all together a good while until it begin to be somewhat tough, then spread it on a cloth, and bind it warm upon the belly. Item, take wild Thyme, Marjoram, Caraway leaves, Camomile, Wormwood and Sage, which you will, cut it small, and put it into a bag, then make it moist with wine or water, and let it warm in a pan and use it as before. Or Cow dung and Butter, of each a like much; temper amongst it half so much beaten Coming. Wolf's dung is also very good for this use, a plaster being made of it. For this is also good the plaster of Bayberries, which is described in the eleventh Chapter and the 5. §. Item, another salve also which is described in the third Part, in the tenth Chapter and the 5. §. Take Coming, Caraway, etc. Or prepare this following: Take Goose grease, and oil of Scorpions, of each three ounces, Saffron one scruple, Wax as much as sufficeth. These oils following are also to be used for this disease, viz. oil of Lilies, of Camomile, of Rue, of Dill, of bitter Almonds, of Spike, of Bayberries, and Elecampane roots, of Peniroyall, and such like oils which be warm of nature, and chief if Ameos and Mastic be boiled in them. The bathing and fomenting is also very profitable for this sickness, which may be made as hereafter followeth; and may be prepared according as the cause requireth. The baths of sweet waters are very good to assuage the pain, and they be especially commended after the colic, and after purging, and that fasting. After bathing is some Troacle or Mithridate to be used and taken, and to sweat after it. For this be also good sulphury baths which be warm by nature. Now will we declare all the foresaid things that expel wind and consume it, and especially those which may be used for Baths and Fomentations, viz. Rue, Dill, Rosemary, Fennell, Chamedryos, and field Cypers. Amongst the seeds, Annis, Fennell, Coming, Caraway, seeds of Rue, Ameos, and Dil seed. Note ye that the patient must sit no deeper than to the breast in this bath: and also may not tarry long therein, that he fall into no swound: Otherwise the bath is very profitable, for it openeth the pores, and doth consume the wind whereby the pain is delayed. You may wet a Sponge in his bath, and lay the same oftentimes warm upon the belly. Likewise you may also fill a bladder and hold it warm upon the belly. If you have not this decocted water, then fill a bladder half full with linseed oil, and make it warm in hot water, and so lay it upon the belly. Another Bath. AFter that the body is well purged, he may sit in a Tub with warm Salad oil, and when the pain is assuaged, then to go out of it again. But if the oil cannot be had nor be gotten, then use this ensuing: Take Pellitory, Violet leaves, Rue, Camomile, linseed, Fenegréeke, Hollihockes, and the sprigs of Colewoorts, of each three handfuls; seethe them all together in water for a bath. Of this may you also make a Lotion for the feet, be it cooling or warming according as the case requireth. For a Fume: Take Frankincense, Mastic, Lignum Aloes, and Sandaraca, of each a like quantity, cast it upon hot coals, and receive the fume upon the belly or where the pain is, for it doth draw much wind unto it. The place also is first to be rubbed so long until it be thorough red, and afterwards well anointed with any of the foresaid oils. The wind may also be consumed through good government, (if the same be put in practice) through exercise and sobriety: for that where there is not much moisture received into the body, there cannot engender much wind. And when such a patiented hath recovered his health, then must he beware of green herbs, milk, and all other things which be windy. He must also addict himself to drink honey water with spices, or prepare this Mead ensuing. Take two ounces of clarified honey, three pints of water, seeth and scum it well. When it is cleansed, then are you to hang therein half an ounce of gross beaten Pepper, and afterwards let them seethe again until there remain about one quart of moisture. When it is then cold, take out the Pepper being well wrung out. For this serveth also burnt Wine, or Aqua vita, yet there is nothing better than good old Wine moderately drunken. He is to be restrained from all watered wine, because it engendereth winds. He must likewise beware of all cold drinks, viz. the water of all herbs, fruit, fish, milk, and such like. For all manner of pain in the belly. §. 8. ALbeit that herebefore there be many things discovered for to assuage the pain of the belly, notwithstanding we must here set down somewhat of the Narcotica, which be things that take away or do numb the senses, for which we advise in the use of them to begin alway with the least, and so to come to the greatest, so that nature be not violated. Therefore where great pain is, you must apply parched Millet, Panic and salt. Item, take Camomile, Melilot, Rue, Marjoram, Penniroyall, Rosemary, Coming, Annis, Fennell and Dill seed beaten gross which one will, and as much as one will: let them seeth in wine, and whilst it is warm wet a sponge in it, and lay it upon the place of the pain. Make bags of the foresaid seeds and herbs, and sprinkle wine upon a hot stone, and warm them thereon. Or seeth it in wine, and then lay them upon the belly as all other. Afterwards anoint the place with warm oil, viz. oil of Camomile and of Costus, but if the pain be intolerable great in the uppermost guts, that one feareth to fall thereby in a swound, one must (through extreme need) put things in practice which do numb the senses: for which the Confection Philonium is to be used and chief with the purging Confection Diaphoenicon, but this must be done with the counsel of a learned Physician, as we have oftentimes already admonished, yet shall suffice half a dram tempered with half an ounce of the Conserve of Roses. Others in stead of Philonium, use the pills of Cynoglossa, for that they be safer; also the Triphera Sarasenica. And albeit that through all these former reasons it may be sufficiently understood, how that he is to be kept with meat and drink, nevertheless we will briefly rehearse it once again for method sake. This patiented is oftentimes and very long to be rubbed with warm clothes. He is also to enure him always before meals to walk easily. He is also to be restrained from all Fruit, Pease, beans, and Must, and all that procreateth winds. He shall also eat all light meats, and dress his meat with Dill seed, Coming and Annis: Partridges and all other field Fowls are very good for him. The juice of old cocks boiled with the foresaid seeds, is here much commended. For this sickness is also much advised to eat Hedgehogs flesh roasted, which causeth all pains of the entrails to cease. His bread must be a little more salted and raised: then commonly good old clear and white Wine, if there be no Ague with it, is to be his drink. Of the pain of the bowels through any imposthume and other affections of the guts. §. 9 WE have numbered this herebefore in the 4. §. for the fourth cause of the pain in the bowels. But in case this pain in the bowels be caused through any imposthume and ulcer of the liver, of the Spleen, Kidneys, or any other parts, then is the same to be known by the place where those parts do die: Like by each of these is sufficiently declared what is to be done for it. But if the bowels be hurt without any imposthume, and that the same may be felt with the finger or any other instrument, then may you find all that described in the tenth Chapter and 3. §. But if in the pain of the belly through heat there appear any imposthume in the one side, then must a vein be opened on the other side: for the same must not be foreslowed, for that it is much needful. First, he must before other things have a vein opened within the third or fourth day in the contrary side of the pain, and afterwards on the other side where the pain is felt. This being now done, then take two parts of water, and one part of vinegar, and make a sponge wet therein, and so apply it to the pain. When the sponge beginneth to be warm, than wet it again, and reiterate this oftentimes. Moreover, the patiented is oftentimes to be purged with Manna, Cassie, and sour Dates, and let him be ordered like as one is to be ordered who hath an Ague. He must also beware of Vinegar, sour Pomegranates, and also of all sour things which may hurt the bowels. Boiled Barley, and oaten paps, Mallows, Borage, and Orage decocted in Henbroth, or eaten alone be very meet for him: and if the Ague be not great, then are they to be dressed with butter or with oil. He must also keep a good diet, and must use much oil of Sesamum in his meats. His drink must be barley water decocted with liquorice, and all his whole government cooling and moistening, as followeth hereafter. Take Mallows with the roots, Hollihocke roots, Bearefoote, and Violet leaves, of each one handful, Borage flowers, and flowers of Buglos, of each half an ounce, four or five Prunes; seeth them all together in a pot of water even to the half, and then take of this decoction twelve or sixtéen ounces, and temper with it two ounces of Cassie, oil of Violets three ounces, of Honey one ounce then make a Clyster of it. This is also especially commended being made with Goats' milk, Cassie, and oil of Almonds. When as then the imposthume is broken up, then are you to use for to cleanse it, Clysters, Barley water and Honey, and afterwards consolidating medicines. But if so be that one perceive any parings of the bowels in the stools, and that with great pain, then are these following to be used. Take somewhat less than a pound of steeled water, and seeth therein broad and picked Plantain and Roses, of each one M. even to the half. Take twelve or sixteen ounces thereof, and melt therein one ounce of Dear suet, three yolks of Eggs well beaten, oil of Roses two ounces, Thomas Sugar one ounce, and temper them all together. Another: Take broad Plantain, wild tansy, and Comfrey, of each one handful, Pomegranate pills one ounce; seethe them all together in a pot of steeled water even to the half: then melt in this decoction two ounces of Dear suet, Trociscos' de Carabe, De Terra sigillata, of each one quarter of an ounce, then make a Clyster of it. For plasters, take the sodden herbs and the other things of the former Clysters, powne them to grout, and temper therewith half an ounce of powned red Saunders, Barley meal two ounces, and oil of Violets as much as doth suffice for a plaster, and then lay it warm over it, it doth abate the pain very much. Another: Take Mallows, and Hollihocke roots with the herbs of Nightshade, Violets, Camomile, and Melilot, of each half an ounce: beat them all together, and temper therewith oil of Violets, of water Lilies, and Duck's grease, of each three drams, Linseed meal one ounce, and then make a plaster of it. If need require to purge more, then may the same be done with the conserve of Prunes. But if so be this pain of the bowels be with a cold tumour, then must stronger Clysters be used, as there be sundry set forth in the 6. §. against the pain of the bowels through Phlegma. But first are the oil of Camomile with Vinegar, and the oil of Roses (that it may pierce and strengthen the bowels) for to be used: after the Clysters expressed before in the fift §. may this plaster following for mollification be used for to ripen and assuage the pain: Take linseed meal, Fenegréeke meal, Wheaten meal, and Barley meal of each two ounces, six yolks of Eggs, oil of Camomile, and good wine as much as is needful for to make a plaster, this must be laid warm upon it. Another: Take eighteen or twenty Figs, seeth them well in water, crumbs of white bread two ounces, White meal one ounce and a half, unsalted Barrowes grease, and oil of Camomile as much as is needful for to make a plaster: let them all seeth a little together, and then lay them warm upon it: you may also put warm unto it one ounce of beaten Camomile. It happeneth also sometimes, that in these impostumes the urine is retained back, because that the conduits are stopped through the tumour; therefore if that befall the Saphea must be opened, and the kidneys and the privities anointed with the oil of Camomile, and oil of Violets, and also are Clysters and Plasters to be used, like as shall hereafter be further spoken of in the provocation of urine. Of the pain in the bowels through heat and Cholera. §. 10. THis is the last cause whereby (as is discoursed before in the fourth §.) the pain of the guts may be engendered; and when it cometh with heat and an ague, it is not then so hurtful or lingering as that which proceedeth of Phlegma. For this must the patiented first of all be purged with sirupes and such like things as do cool, and further be kept with necessary meat and drink. He is lastly to use clysters in this manner following: first of all he is to take certain days together preparative sirupes, as both the sirups of Vinegar, Oxysacchara syrup of Violets, of Roses, of Endive, and of water Lilies, with some decoction wherein the same herbs have been decocted, whereof divers be described in the thrd Part. For purging. TAke fresh Cassie one ounce or one ounce and a half, the juice of Endive well clarified and skummed three or four ounces: then make a potion of it, and give it him warm, or in stead of the juice (if one cannot get the same) then take Endive water. Another: Take eighteen or twenty Prunes, and five or six fat Figs; seethe them all together in sufficient water, and take of this decoction three or four ounces, temper Cassie therein, and oil of sweet Almonds five or six ounces tempered with Sugar, and the same drunken at once lose the body very gently, and is also most sure that one may give to the children newly borne: Likewise Manna decocted with sour Dates, Prunes, and with Sugar, is also very requisite to lose and cool. Concerning the meats he must be restrained like as in other hot sicknesses, and must chief eschew always meats which make wind. But oil of Almonds used in his meat, be very meet for him. All his Clysters must be made soluble and cooling, like as be these following: Take peeled Barley, Mallows, Hollihock roots, and Violets, of each one handful, Prunes, Sebestes, of each eight or ten, the seeds of Melons, of Purslane, of Gourds, of each one ounce, Bran half a handful; Seeth them all together, and take of this decoction and put unto it oil of Roses, and of Violets of each one ounce and a half, Cassie for the clyster one ounce, Electuarium de Succorosarum five drams: then make a Clyster of it, like as hath been sufficiently showed. But here is to be noted, that if any parings avoid with the guts, then must oil of Roses be most of all used; yet oil of Violets doth assuage the pain of the guts if the same come through any sharpness or any heat. Or take Mallows, Hollihocks, Bearefoote, Violet herbs, and Béetes, of each one handful, Barley and Bran of each half a handful: let them seethe all together, and then take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, and temper Cassie in it one ounce, Hiera Picra three quarters of an ounce, Benedicta Laxativa three drams, oil of Violets three ounces, Salt one dram or twain, minister it as is accustomed. This ensuing is also special good if any body have been bounden certain days together: Take twelve or sixteen ounces of Cow milk, temper one ounce of Cassie amongst it, and minister it warm. There may also a cooling plaster be laid upon the belly, whereof there be divers discovered against the heat of the stomach and the liver: yet must always some Camomile, Wormwood, and such like be tempered amongst it. For a cooling you may also take preserved Ribs, or any such like, as in the eleventh Chapter §. 6. is showed. Of the pain of the belly mixed with gravel. §. 11. FOr this disease is much advised, to take three days one after another, a good draft of the water of Eldern flowers, which helpeth marvelous well. Item, take the juice of Pellitory eight ounces, oil of Rue two ounces: seeth the dung of a Dog in it, which hath eaten nothing but bones: strain it through, and use it for a Clyster. It is also much advised for to take for purgation half an ounce of Diaphoenicon, and Sebestes one dram and a half, Philonium Romanum one scruple, Species justini half a scruple: temper them all together, and drink it, and then a little fat broth after it. But how easily an error is committed in distinguishing the pain of the guts, from the pain of the rains, and the pain of the gravel, it shall hereafter be declared, where we shall speak of the gravel. Of the pain in the bellies of young children. §. 12. WE have here briefly showed of the oil of sweet Almonds which is to be tempered with Sugar, and may be given boldly to new borne children for the pain of the belly: This is always found to be good. The water of Larks spurs is also good for the same, as well in old folks as in young children. For a small Clyster, take Mallows, Hollihocke roots, and Pyrola, of each half a handful, Melilot and Rosemary, of each half so much: seeth them in a pint of water, and then take of this decoction little or much, according to the bigness of the child, Honey of Roses half an ounce, oil of Camomile two ounces, Salt half a dram: temper them all together. Item, take unto small children always a spoonful of the water of black Cherries in their pap, for it assuageth the pain. Oil of Nutmegs anointed about the Navel, and a warm cloth laid upon it: and in like manner the oil of Scorpions is also very commodious for this infirmity. Also Chickweede fried in oil, and applied warm on the belly. Also take Mints, & Mallows fried in fresh Butter, or Camomile and Wormwood, of each a like much: cut them all together méetly small, and put them in a little bag: then make it meetly warm in hot wine, wring it well out, and so lay it over the child's belly. Item, cut an Onion very small, fry it in oil, and bind the same upon the Navel of young children and old folks. Albeit, that it be not now our intent to write much of chirurgery, yet nevertheless, we can not let this escape: viz. if any be wounded in the belly that his bowels issue forth, and then happen to swell that they cannot be put back into the body, then warm them with warm milk or wine. After that may the Chirurgeon well know what he hath to do. Of the Worms in the belly. §. 13. FIrst of all, there is not any thing more certain, than that in man's body, like as in stinking kennels, in cheese, and in stinking flesh, worms do grow, and that out of a putrefied matter: But in man do they chief proceed through unaccustomed meats that cannot be digested: also of surfeiting and overcharging of the stomach. Item through bathing, and use of venery with a full stomach, through eating of fresh Beans, of salt fish that is without scales, through Swine's flesh, and such like things more. Also these worms do grow by eating much fruit. Therefore have children most annoy thereby about harvest. These worms do engender sometimes in the stomach, and otherwhiles in the bowels; and some suppose that they only grow in the blind gut; but they which have somewhat more carefully beheld them, do write that the long Worms do engender in the uppermost bowels, and the small, like unto cheese Maggots only in the arsegut, and in the middlemost guts should round worms engender called Ascarides. Some do take it otherwise. In fine, we will let them dispute thereof; for they do accord herein, that there be three sorts of worms which may grow in man's body, like as is showed before. And to the end that somewhat be discoursed of these kinds of worms; The long ones be known to be in young children through their gnawing in the bowels, through a small, dry, and troublesome Cough: Moreover, they do awake suddenly out of their sleep sometimes with an outcry; afterwards they do quickly hold their peace, and have an unequal pulse. Also they have uncertain Agues, with coldness of the outward members, which accidents do happen unto them without any cause three or four times a day. Such children have an unnatural desire of meat, they let out their tongue, gnash with their teeth, sweat about the eyes: they be gladly quiet: they be also very quickly angry, and snappish or testy on them that do awake them, and as now they be ruddy, and immediately bleak again: they talk in their sleep, be frighted in their dreams, and do lie very unquiet. When they awake, they do then rub their nose, the eyes sink into their heads, they will be very hard favoured in their face, they feel great pain in the belly, they have much foam and spittle, their mouths will be dry, yet more by day then by night, and their breath stinketh much. In like manner it happeneth very well, that they avoid the worms at the nose, at the mouth and through stools: but amongst people in years there be besides these signs such an extreme pain of the belly also, that they cast their hands and feet from them like as it were a colic. And as they come into their stomach, then do they get a great wambling and loathing of all meats. And when one forceth himself to eat, yet can he not swallow the meat, but must cast up again presently the meat which he hath taken: their ordure is very stinking, their belly swelleth on high, like as if it were full of wind. These be now the signs of the long worms, which signs though they be not always apparent, yet nevertheless this disease may be known by some of these. The broad worms be as well in them that have no Ague, as in them which be troubled with lingering Agues: they do also bring some of the foresaid signs with them, and especially these will be known as well through the great gnawing in the stomach, as through the unmeasurable desire of meat. And although they have eaten enough, and do not by and by eat again, yet then do they seel that gnawing and biting again as before. They will be also very lean, and dry of body. But this is the very surest sign, that the patiented doth avoid through the stool small things, like to the kernels of Gourds. It is also found, that some not esteeming this gnawing of the worms, and taking no advice for it, that the guts be bitten asunder, and that the worms are got into the hollowness of the belly, whereof doth follow afterwards a great calamity, as madness, the falling sickness, dog's hunger, swooning, pain of the belly, obstruction or binding of the body, and lastly, a painful and bitter death. Therefore is this disease not to be accounted small, but rather men are betimes to use all requisite remedies for it. But if the worms be not in the bowels, but in the stomach, and in the mouth of the stomach, then be they commonly vomited up, & they that be in the bowels are rid and dispatched through the stool. Of the third kind of worms which keep themselves in the Arsegut, shall immediately hereafter be discoursed. I have therefore the longer discoursed of this, for that it is a common disease amongst children and common families, whereby common householders might know their right difference, afterwards we will write of the remedies serving for these common sorts of worms: but above all, there be prescribed by the learned certain common rules of them. The first is, that the lower the worms be in the bowels (whether they be there grown or descended out of the stomach thither) so much the bitterer and stronger must the medicine be which is given from above, because that she may not lose her virtue through so long a passage. Secondly, the worms Ascarides are not so easily killed through Physic, as other worms, therefore must stronger remedies be used for them. Thirdly, to preserve himself from worms, he is to beware of all such meats as do increase Phlegma, and to purge out the same in aged folks, like as we shall speak more at large thereof. Fourthly, the first intention of the Physicians is to kill the worms, afterwards to expel them, lest that through their stench they do infect the hart, the stomach, and the whole body. Fiftly, as soon as one perceiveth the worms, then must he endeavour to expel them, and so to free himself from great distress. Sixtly, all remedies which be hot in the third degree, are very fit for this purpose if there be not a strong Ague or imposthume with it. Seventhly, if one will expel the worms through any meat or drink, then is the same to be done with an empty stomach, and fasting. Eightly, the worms are most fittest to be killed through hot and very bitter things, as (to the contrary) through sweet and fat things they are fed and sustained. Ninthly, all they that have the worms, may be fed two days with sweet and fat things; but the third day when they be hungry and empty, are bitter things to be given. Tenthly, if one take any thing to kill the worms, then must the belly and the stomach be anointed or plastered on the out side with astringent and bitter things. eleventhly, if so be that the worms be in the uppermost guts, or in the stomach, then will they be more easily killed and expelled through that which is taken at the mouth. But if they be in the nethermost guts, then are they killed with Clysters & Suppositories. But if in the middlemost guts, are to be used both these remedies. The order how a man may preserve himself from worms. ALl those that are to be preserved from worms are of three sorts, as children which do yet suck, children of the age of fourteen years. Now for to free the sucking children, the Nurse must eat all light meats, and refrain from all Fruit, Fish, and Milk, but especially from overcharging herself with any kind of meats. The children which do not suck must be kept after the same manner, and be restrained from all that is slimy, and also beware of Fruit, and especially of those which be not ripe, and those that be wormeaten, for they also engender worms in the belly. The youths and people in years are to be kept likewise as we have said. Also twice or thrice a year phlegm ought to be prepared in them, with Oxymel of Squils', or Compositum, or with the syrup of Calamintha, and such like. Afterwards they are to take Hiera Picra, with the decoction of Polipodie roots, Mirabolani, Chebuli, of a little Colomint, for to purge. They are also to use rather roasted meat then sodden. They must eschew all gross and fat meats, for thereby do the worms grow especially. Also he must eat every day a little Mustard seed. But if so be that the worms be present, then must one look to kill and expel them by all means, for which purpose these hot things following be fit, viz. Wormwood, Bay leaves, Peach kernels, Rue, white Mints, bitter Costus, century, Horehound, Lupins, Annis, Smallage seed, parched Nardus seed, Mints, Elecampane roots, dry Bayberies', Southernwood, Coming, Cress' seed, Caruway, bitter Almonds, Diptamus, Penniroyall, Galls of old beasts, and chiefly Ox galls, or Wolf's galls, the common Wormeséed, Cinnamome, Gentian, the roots of the female Fern, and Agrimonis: of all which foresaid things, one dram, or a dram and a half is to be taken in winter time with wine, and in Summer with some cooling waters, and that chief with Purslane and Endive water. These things following do not only kill the worms, but also expel them forcibly, to wit, Aloe, roots of blue Flower de luce, the juice of wild Cucumbers, Agaricus, Coloquint, wild Saffron, the fresh juice of Elecampane roots, Turbith, and Rabarbarum. One may use some of these foresaid things, if there be no Ague with it. Cold simples which do kill the worms are these: viz. prepared Coriander, Butcher's Broom seed, Hypocistis, sealed earth, Purslane seed, seeds of Endive and of Lettuce, the juice of Plantain, rinds of Pomegranates, sour Pomegranates, Oranges and their seed, Citron seed, burned Heart's horn, Ass' milk, all that is sour, bread infused in vinegar, Broome seeds, Colewoort seed, dry Plantain, seeds of Orage, and unripe Salad oil, a good deal of it taken at once. You may boldly take these things, where as heat and the Ague is. And further to speak of the compounded things, we will first of all take the things in hand which may be used inwardly and in heat. Take the syrup of vinegar one ounce and a half, temper it with Endive water and Purslane water, and drink this certain days together always fasting. Item, take the seeds of Butcher's Broom, sealed earth, Hypocistis, the juice of Sloes, of each one quarter of an ounce: boil them all together in sufficient water even to the half, and drink thereof certain days together three or four ounces at once. Or take Grasse-rootes, and Butcher's Broom seed, of each one ounce; seeth them all together in a pot of water even to the half, and drink thereof as before. Another. Take eighteen or twenty Sebestes, Purslane seed one dram, Grass roots, and Millet, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar four ounces, Verivice, and the juice of Pomegranates, of each two spoonfuls; let them seethe together, and scum them well. But if you have not this juice, then take in steed thereof go● Vinegar. Item, take prepared Coriander, and the seed of Smallage, of each one dram an a half, calcined bones of a Stag's hart three quarters of an ounce, red Coral one dram, Cinnamome half a dram, Calmus half a scruple, prepared Pearls half a dram, Diptamus, Ammoniacum, filled ivory, and burnt Silk, of each two grains, eight or ten Bayberies', Sugar three quarters of an ounce: make a fine powder of it, and give one drag. of it more or less. Hearts horn alone two or three drams given with Meade, doth marvelously kill the worms. Or take burnt Hearts horn one dram, peony seed, Smallage seeds, Coriander, Cole woorts seed, Nardus seed, seeds of Plantain and of Endive, of each half a dram, Diptamus one scruple, red Saunders, Coral, and Pearl, of each six grains, Sugar as much as all the rest; make a subtle powder of it. Another: Take filled ivory which is a little parched one quarter of an ounce, prepared Coriander one dram and a half, Diptamus one dram and half a scruple, Sealed earth one dram, temper them all together. Item: Take Rhubarb, Basill seed, Plantain seed, Pomegranate pecles, Caruway, Butcher's broom seeds, Carduus Benedictus seed, filled Hearts horn, & filled ivory, of each half an ounce, rinds of Mulberry roots, Colewoort seed, Citron seed, and rinds of Willow trees, of each three drams, Purslane seed, and Diptamus, of each two scruples, red Coral and Pearls, of each one scruple: make a powder thereof, and then give one dram or twain of it, viz. in winter (when there is no ague) with wine; but in summer, and when there is an ague with Oxycrato. Item: Take burnt Hearts horn one dram, prepared Coriander, and Aloe, of each half a scruple; beat them all together, and give it him with the syrup of Vinegar, or grass water. In like manner is also especial good for this the leaves of Smallage one dram: or take the seeds of Purslane one dram, Muscus four scruples, red Coral, and prepared Coriander, of each one scruple, Orage seeds one dram, make a powder of all these, and give thereof with strong wine, or with water wherein grass roots and agrimony have been decocted, each time four grains. Another: Take Orage seeds one dram, Wormseed (which is Semen) one dram and a half, Grass roots, flowers of Hyssop, Southernwood, of each half a dram, liquorice four scruples, Cinnamome, and Di●● seed, of each half a scruple: stamp each a part, and afterwards mix them together, and at the last put half a scruple of Muscus unto it: then give thereof from three or six grains unto half a scruple with warm grass water. Item: Take the seeds of Orage, of Purslane, wild Thyme, and Marierom, of each half a dram, Wormseed three drams, liquorice, and Lupins, of each one scruple, Muscus half a dram, Ambra half a dram: mix them all together and give one dram and somewhat more at one time with Grass water. Another: Take the seeds of Plantain, and Wormseed, of each one dram or somewhat less; according to the age, and give thereof as before. Item: Take Plantain seed, calcined Hearts horn, and Wormseed, of each a like quantity, use it as the other. Or if you will make a confection, then take burnt Hearts horn one dram, prepared Coriander, Pyonie seed, the seed of Smallage, Nardus seed, the seeds of Plantain, and of Endive, of each half a dram, Diptamus half a scruple, red Coral, Sanders, and Pearls, of each five grains, Sugar one ounce and a half: then make Tabulats thereof with Grass water. Then take about one quarter of an ounce at once. You have before in the second part the third Chapter, and seven §. of the hardening of the breast, and in the third part the second Chapter, and eleventh §. a preparation of earth worms into powder against the yellow jaundice, whereof may a drink or confection be made. But if the guts be distended and the heat not over great, then lay this plaster following upon the belly: Take Linséed meal, and Beane meal, of each one ounce and a half, Wormwood one handful, Aloe three quarters of an ounce, and make a plaster of it with Meade, or with the oil of Wormwood. But if there be a small ague with the worms, then may be given to people in years (each according to his age) Treacle or Mithridate; for both of them do kill the worms and expel them. Item: Take the seeds of Sophia one dram, calcined Hearts horn, and Pomegranate péeles, of each half a dram, Diptamus, Cloves, Rhubarb, of each one dragm, Wormseed half a dram, Saffron fifteen grains, Sugar nine ounces: Seeth them all together in Wormwood water, or in Grass water, and then make Tabulats thereof: or take Wormeséed one quarter of an ounce, Knotgrass, and white Diptamus, of each two scruples, Hearts horn, Peach leaves, of each one scruple, Rhubarb one drag. make them all together into a subtle powder, and give thereof one dram or twain at once. But if you will have a confection, then take thereto three ounces of Sugar decocted in water of Knotgrass, and give thereof from half an ounce unto a whole, according to the age of the patiented. Item, other more which be Laxative: Take parched Rhubarb, and Wormseed, of each one dram, prepared Pearls one dram and a half, Hearts horn one dram, Sugar six ounces; make a Confection of it as before. Or take Wormséed half a dram, Coming one scruple, Cinnamome two scruples, Hearts horn half a dram, Turbith one quarter of an ounce, Sugar one ounce and a quarter: make loosings thereof, and give about one quarter of an ounce of it. Item, take Cinnamome, Hearts horn, century, and Gentian, of each one dram, Rhubarb one scruple, Sugar six ounces decocted with grass water: make also loosings thereof. They be very good, and they be altogether easy. The seeds of Rue should also be very good for the Worms: like as also is the vinegar of Rue, and the common good vinegar. Take in like manner the flowers of Feuerfew as much as you can gripe between two fingers, and use it fasting. This hereafter ensuing may be used for children of three years of age: Take white Diptamus, Wormeséed, Carlina, and Rhubarb, of each a like quantity; poune them to powder, and give each time one dram thereof more or less with wine, according to the importance of the cause: whereupon you are to use for children the salve of Oranges, which shall be described hereafter, and after that, this potion ensuing: Take Rhubarb two scruples, Carlini one scruple pouned small with Wormwood water. In like sort also be very meet these pills following: Take Gentian, Myrrh, Diptamus, Wormwood, Mints, and filled Hearts horn, of each one dram, Turbith half a dram, Agaricus one quarter of an ounce, Sal gemmae one dram, Ginger and Cinnamome, of each two scruples, Aloe as much as the rest: then make pills of it with the juice of Wormwood, and use oftentimes of it about one dram at once. This composition following is most highly commended of the ancient Physicians: Take Gentia●, century, and Agaricus, of each one dram, Cloves, Nardus seed, the roots of Costus, Annis, and water of Scordium, of each four scruples, Hearts horn, Roses, Sorrell seed, and prepared Pearls, of each half a dram: poune each alone, afterwards temper them together, and sprinkle them with the juice of Lemons, with sharp Vinegar, and Rose water, of each a like quantity, and let it dry again; do so five or six times: At the last temper with it half a dram of Saffron, one grain of Musk, and make thereof small loosings with the syrup of Citronis. One may take thereof from half a dram to a whole, whether it be made in powder or pills. Conserve of Gilliflowers, and of Peach flowers, be also much commended for this purpose. There may be also many things drunken; as the juice of Radish, and give of it to a strong person one quarter of an ounce: it is a very strong and a right medicine for a Ploughman. This also is very like the same; poune Garlic, and wring out the juice, and drink it as before. Item, take the herb Basill, seeth it in Vinegar and drink of it, the worms will run quick out of your body. Another: take Rye, boil it, and drink sometimes of the decoction, and also temper your wine with it. Or take Citron péeles one dram, or one dram and a half, give it to children in Milk; it should be especial good. Take the juice of Elecampane roots four ounces, and drink it; it is taken to be a special remedy. Item, take Wormseed one ounce, Seine leaves one quarter of an ounce: poune all together to powder, and take one dram of it or twain, with wine, Beer, or Meade. Item, take Pomegranate péeles beaten or sodden in wine, and drink of it fasting about one quarter of an ounce. One dram of pouned Zeduary drunken once or twice a day, doth also kill the worms through his heat. Another. Take Camomile two handfuls, twenty or five and twenty Sebestes, seeth them in a pot of water unto the half: then take three ounces of this decoction, and temper with it three ounces of Oxycraton, and drink of it three or four mornings one after an other. Clysters be also very good for this if one can get Ass' milk for it. If that cannot be gotten, then is there to be taken for it a broth which is decocted with 20. or 25. Sebestes and Rye, and mix with it Butter and Hony. Also Cow milk may be taken for it alone, tempered with Hony. For to use outwardly, the learned have ordained divers remedies; as plasters, salves, and other means more, as hereafter followeth: Take Aloe, Southernwood, of each a like quantity, temper them with Honey, or oil of Wormwood, and anoint therewith the belly. Item, rub Ox gall upon the Navel as much as you can: if it be too thin, than temper amongst it beaten Wormwood, Gentian, or any other bitter thing. Note also, because that all bitter things be enemies to young children, that regard must be had to help them with salves, plasters, and such like, as hereafter shall follow. For that through these means the worms may be killed in young children, because children have tender, subtle, and thin entrails, so that the plasters and salves may penetrate, kill the worms, and expel them, which also through the vinegar which is mixed amongst it may be the easier effected. This salve following is very approved for it: Take Wormwood, Lupins, Siluermountaine, Coming, Nardus seed, century, Doronicum, burnt Harts horn, and Myrrh, of each half an ounce, Aloe one ounce and a half, Agaricus one drag. the juice of Oranges two ounces, oil of Wormwood, of bitter Almonds, and oil of Peaches, of each one ounce, an Ox gall: let the juice and gall be sodden together, and afterwards mix all the said things amongst it, and then make a salve of it with Wax: with this salve is the belly, the stomach, and backbone to be anointed. But if you will make a plaster of it, then will it be good for the stone of the kidneys and bladder. Or take the juice of Mints two ounces, century, Wormeséed, and Lupins, of each half an ounce, Gentian, Wormwood, of each one drag. Diptamus, Semen Zedoariae, of each three drag. Ox gall one ounce, Aloe one drag. and a half, Mastic, of Spica, and of Wormwood, of each one ounce, unripe Salad oil, and vinegar wherein toasted bread hath been infused and is wrung out again, of each two ounces, the juice of Oranges half an ounce, white wax vi. ounces: seeth the juice and the oil until all the moisture be consumed: when the oil is cold, then temper the rest being beaten small amongst it, and let it seethe a little again until it be thick: lastly, put three grains of Muscus unto it, and spread this salve on a round cloth and bind it on the Navel: it killeth all kinds of Worms, and also expelleth them. Another. Take the juice of Fleawort, Wormeséed, Southernwood, century, ●wines bread, Peach leaves, Lupins, Ebulus roots, and Pomegranate pills, of each one dram, the juice of Garlic two ounces, the juice of water Cresses twelve ounces: let all these seethe unto the half: afterwards put as much Wax unto it as sufficeth for to make a salve. Item, take century, Wormwood, and Lupins, of each half a dram, Lignum Aloes, Hearts horn, and Diptamus, of each one quarter of an ounce, Aloe, as much as the rest, oil of Wormwood four ounces, Wax as much as will suffice. Or take Wormwood, and Lupins, of each half an ounce, Cinnamome, Coming, Nardus seed, century, Wormeséed, oil of Peach kernels, and of bitter Almonds, of each four ounces, Wax five ounces, make a salve thereof: it hath been approved oftentimes. But if so be that you will have it stronger, then take Agaricus unto it one dram, Aloe one ounce and a half, Myrrh one dram and a half, the juice of Oranges two ounces, Ox galls one ounce, and use it as the rest. Take Treacle half an ounce, Diptamus, Gentian, and Wormeséed, of each one scruple, Aloe two scruples, Ox galls one quarter of an ounce: temper them all together, and make with beaten Coriander a salve thereof; then spread it upon a cloth, and lay it upon the stomach. Item, take Zeduary roots, Gentian, Aloe, and Wormeséed, of each one scruple, Cloves and Mastic, of each half a dram, Treacle one dram, & one quarter of an ounce. Of the stomachical salve which is described in the eleventh Chapter and the 5. §. make a plaster of it, and lay it over the stomach; for it expelleth worms, and doth also strengthen the stomach. Item, take Aloe, Wormwood, oil of Peach kernels, of bitter Almonds, of Mastic, and of Spica, of each three quarters of an ounce, Hypocistis, sealed earth, and Lupins, of each one scruple, Aloe, Spec. Hierae Picrae, of each half a dram, Nardus seed, Gallia Muscata, Southernwood, Ox gall, Lignum Aloes, of each one scruple, burnt Harts horn one quarter of an ounce, Endive seed one dram, Wax as much as sufficeth for a Salve. Another: Take oil of Wormwood, and of Myrtles, of each half an ounce, beaten Aloe, prepared Coriander, sealed earth, and Nardus seed, of each five drams, the juice of Quinces, and Ox galls, of each half an ounce: seeth them with the oil until all the moisture be consumed: afterwards temper the other ingredients amongst it. This Salve following is very good, and common at the Apothecaries: Take the oil of Wormwood three drams, oil of bitter Almonds one ounce, oil of Mastic one quarter of an ounce, Myrrh, Aloe, and white Diptamus, of each one scruple, Wax as much as needeth. The salve of Oranges (whereof we have spoken before) is thus prepared: Take a sour Orange, cut it up at the top, and wring out the juice; then anoint the temples with it, the hart and the stomach: the same is especial good for young children. Item, take oil of bitter Almonds, of Wormwood, Ox galls, and white Diptamus, of each one dram, Mithridate and the juice of Oranges, of each one quarter of an ounce: temper them together, and anoint the Child therewith upon the Hart, Stomach, and Navel. Put also unto it one dram of Aloe: it is a good and safe salve, especially if there be an Ague present with it. Another: Take Southernwood one ounce, Wormwood, and the rinds of the Bay tree, of each one dram, Sugar, Colewoort seeds, of each half a dram, Bayberies' one quarter of an ounce, Aloe half an ounce, burnt Harts horn one dram, white Diptamus two scruples: seethe them all together in Vinegar and Oil: then strain it thorough a cloth, and use it as the other. Or take Linséed oil one ounce, Rosen more or less according to the age: melt it at the fire, and anoint therewith the temples of the head, the stomach, and the belly. Some do much commend the same, although it seem slight. Item, take Aloe half an ounce, white Diptamus and Saffron, of each one scruple: mingle them with a little sharp Vinegar, afterwards spread it on a leather, and bind it on the Navel. Take fresh beaten Wormwood, wet it with Vinegar, and lay it warm upon the stomach. Take the marrow of Stag's bones, temper it with a little molten Wax, and anoint therewith the whole back bone, and then lay it beaten upon the Navel. The juice of Radish spread upon the Navel is also good for worms. In like manner the oil of Wormwood rubbed into the Navel (chiefly of young children) is also good for worms. Item, there is also often to be used Petrolium for the same. Here do also follow certain plasters which be good: Take Wormwood two ounces, Euphorbium one dram, burnt Harts horn, and the gall of a Hare, of each half an ounce, Honey as much as sufficeth for a plaster. Item, take Nardus seed two scruples, Aloe and red Coral, of each one dram, Wormwood and Mastic, of each one quarter of an ounce, prepared Coriander one ounce: make powder thereof. Item, take Rye meal three ounces, Lupin meal five drams, Saffron one dram, Vinegar, and the juice of Rue, of each two ounces, the juice of Wormwood four ounces, then make a plaster thereof. Another: Take Myrrh, Gentian, Aloe, and Diptamus, of each two drams and a half, Wormwood, seeds of Purslane, and of Orage, Lupine meal, filled ivory, and burnt Hearts horn, of each one dram, Saffron one dram, Barley meal one ounce, the juice of Garlic four ounces: temper them all together, and put two grains of Muscus unto it. Item, take Mints and Wormwood, of each two ounces, century, Agaricus, of each half an ounce, Aloe one quarter of an ounce, Rose water one ounce, Lupine meal as much as all the rest: make a plaster of it for to lay upon the stomach. Another: Take Lupine meal, the juice of Wormwood, Mints, Peach leaves, and the juice of Quinces, of each two ounces, sealed earth, prepared Coriander, Mastic, Myrtle seed, and Aloe, of each half an ounce, Ox gall one ounce, and red Wine. Item, take Nardus one scruple, Aloe one dram, prepared Coriander two scruples and a half, Wormwood, Mastic, of each one quarter of an ounce, red Coral one dram: make a powder thereof, and temper it with the juice of Wormwood, and with Vinegar: wet a cloth in it, and lay it upon the belly. Another: Take the water of Mints and of Hyssop, of each six ounces, the water of Grass twelve ounces, Malmsey eight ounces, Gentian, Myrrh, & Saffron, of each one drag. Lignum Aloes, Wormeséed, of each three quarters of an ounce, Muscus five grains, Vinegar five spoonfuls: use this, as is aforesaid. If it be so that the patiented be very weak, then may this following be used: Take Sorrell water, and the water of bugloss, and of Grass, of each three ounces, Spec. Cordialium temperatarum one dram, water of Wormwood and of Hyssop, of each two ounces, the water of Broome flowers three ounces, Gentian, and Diptamus, of each half a dram, Saffron half a scruple, mingle them together. One may also use these bags following: Take Mints, Penniroyall, Wormwood, white Mints, Southernwood, Roses, and Plantain, of each half a handful: beat them all gross; afterwards put them into a little bag, and wear it on the stomach. The patient may also smell oftentimes to black Nardus seed, and likewise to toasted bread which hath been steeped in Vinegar. Of the worms Ascarides which do keep in the Arsegut. §. 14. Moreover, we will here for a conclusion of this Chapter, discourse of the small worms Ascarides which do keep themselves in the Arsegut. These worms may be perceived by the great itch that they cause there. And for to remedy this, dip a little wool in the oil of Abricocks, or the juice of white water Mints. Also, you may mix Aloe and Ox gall amongst it, and so thrust it into the Arsegut. But first, the body must be purged with Rhubarb; afterwards are Suppositories to be made of fresh Pork and put up into the Arsegut, and all the little worms will stick fast unto it. Some do take for this powdered Pork. Also, one may anoint the stalk of Coleworts with Ox gall, and use the same as a Suppository. But above all other things is much to be commended Quicksilver mixed with Barrowes grease, and to dip the finger in it, and so grease or anoint the Arsegut within with it. But for Children may Suppositories be prepared with Hony, and Salt peter, putting them up, and plucking them forth again immediately. Also, there may a small Clyster be ministered of Milk, with Hiera Picra and Cassi●, Old folks are to have Clysters after this manner following: Take Southernwood, and Wormwood, of each one handful, the seeds of Cuscuta, parched Coming, and the seeds of Smallage, of each one ounce, Wormeséed one quarter of an ounce, Bran half a handful, oil of Peach kernels one ounce and a half, Salt one ounce, Hiera Picra five drams, the juice of Léekes one ounce. Of this decoction take not above eight ounces, and make of it a Clyster. The sixteenth Chapter. Of the Kidneys. IN the left side right under the Milt, in the body of all beasts, is the one Kidney placed, and the other in the right side a little higher, so that otherwhiles it doth touch a great part of the liver. The Kidney which lieth in the right side, is also in all beasts somewhat greater and fuller than that which is in the left side, and is not covered with so much fat. For because it is hotter than the left, therefore doth it consume the same fatness, which groweth through moisture, like as it is very needful: for there is no part which sooner waxeth fat than the Kidneys. Both of them be made fast very strongly to the back bone. They have sundry veins from the liver whereby they draw blood, with water, and also some part of the gall unto them, separating the same blood from the water, and keeping as much of the blood as sufficeth for their sustenance: collecting also the water together in their concavities (like as in a pot) which the gall dieth yellow; and then through the Conduits ureters (whereof each Kidney hath one by itself) descendeth into the Bladder, and from thence is ejected by the yard. These Conduits or ureters are whitish, hard, somewhat fleshy, and of the nature of the Bladder, whereby they may not suddenly be bruised through the sharpness of the urine, or through some other occasions. The substance of the Kidneys is of a tied well compacted flesh, fashioned partly round, and not unlike to Ox kidneys (the greatness excepted.) These Kidneys be also through many causes, and sundry sorts of sore diseases infected, which the Grecians do call Nephrites, which is pain of the Kidneys. But this pain of the Kidneys doth come of many causes, as of impostumes, with heat and cold, of the gravel, and the Stone, and further of many diseases, and sharpness of the urine, whereof we will hereafter directly write and discourse. But here, before we go any further, we will make a general declaration thereof. First, the learned do divide all diseases of the Kidneys into three principal sorts: to wit, if they be subject to any bad complexion, whether they have it of themselves, or be compounded with other diseases. Secondly, if they be not as they ought to be by nature. If they from the time of their birth be too great or too small, or fraughted and laden with gross tough slime, which do oppilate and stop up the conduits that do descend into the Bladder. Thirdly, there may be also impostumes and ulcers. These three things may be very well compounded together, whereby divers diseases and pains of the Kidneys may be caused. The causes of these foresaid diseases may be as well outward, as inward: The outward may be blows, falls, unaccustomed exercise, hard riding, much going a foot, great heat or cold about the Kidneys, to drink puddle water, to carry unused packs, excessive lechery, long use of diuretical meats and drinks. The inward causes are a bad complexion, as if it be too hot, or too cold, too dry, or too moist, the putrification of natural seed or sperm, impostumes, and other pains of the Kidneys. The signs be apparent of themselves, and to be known by the pain of each place, as if the same be small, mean, or great. This doth otherwhiles appear through pissing blood, or the water which is like blood, even as there were flesh washed in it. But if these diseases assail one with heat or cold, therefore we will also (according to our custom) discourse a little of it, and comprehend them in two especial points. Of the pain in the Kidneys through cold and moisture. §. 1. THe signs of the cold diseases of the Kidneys, are they which have neither heat nor thirst, nor great pain, and their water is not high coloured, but is much in quantity, because the same could not be wasted through unnatural heat, which Ague, winter, and the gravel augmenteth. For these diseases, must first a good diet be kept. All gross, slimy, hard meats, and all cooling things are to be eschewed, as Endive, Lettuce, Cicorie, spinach, and Béetes, etc. unless there be some hot things dressed with them, as Parsley, Fennell, Comm, and such like. Fish that he sodden are not good for this, neither that which is dressed with dough or milk. Cheese is also herein forbidden. Also cold clear water, thick red wine, and all fruits which make gross blood, as Pears, Apples, Quinces, Chestnuts, Dates, and such like. In all other things he may direct himself according to his old custom: but he must not swallow down his meat greedily nor unchewed, that the stomach be not cloyed. Great exercise immediately after meat is hurtful unto him. He is to keep himself quiet one hour and a half after meat at the least, without sleep. Also all moist and cold dwellings are to be shunned, like as near to the earth, or such as be under it, or do lie near unto the water. But he is to provide himself of good clothes, and of a good dry chamber. He must forbear all sorrow, vexation, anger, lying long upon the back, riding, and such like. Concerning the remedies, heed is first to be taken whether the Kidneys be obstructed: but if so be that this be, and that the patiented be young, full of blood, and strong, then is the Median vein to be opened on the right foot, and to let out above four ounces of blood. And afterwards this Clyster following is to be set according to his age: Take Béetes and Colewoorts, of each one handful, boil them as is accustomed: then take thereof about sixteen ounces, and temper in it Benedicta Laxativa, and the confection of Bayberies', of each one quarter of an ounce, course Sugar and Cassie half an ounce, Salt one quarter of an ounce, oil of Sesamum and of Lilies, of each one ounce and a half: temper them all together, and then minister this Clyster one hour before supper. This foresaid Clyster is always to be used every other day, according to the ability of the person. After letting blood, or after the second use of Clysters, then may this purgation following or such like be used: Take the confection De Psillio, and Sebeste, of each two drams and a half; temper them in three or four ounces of the decoction of parsley roots, and fast after it at the least five hours. Or if you had rather have pills, then is the patiented to take the pills Foetidae one scruple, de Hiera Composita two scruples: make five or seven pills thereof, and take them early in the morning. Immediately after purging is the patiented to use this following one whole week or twain always betimes in the morning. Take Syrupum Acetosum Compositum one ounce, Syrupum de Calamintha half an ounce, Fennell, Annis, and Wormwood water, of each one ounce, afterwards drink this warm. When these kinds of potions have been used, then is he to purge again after this manner: Take Aloe half an ounce, Agaricus, Coloquinte, and Bdellium, of each one scruple, Ginger half a scruple, Sal Gemmae five grains: form eight or nine pills of one dram thereof, and take them betimes in the morning. Or take the confection of Bayberies' one dram, Electuarium Indum three drams and a half tempered with wine, and used as before. This confection following is also good for this: Take the seeds of Endive, of Smallage, and of Sorrell, of each one dram, Millet one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamome, Ginger, Cloves and Mace, of each one dram and a half, Oxymel Compositum six ounces, honey of Roses three ounces, Sugar two ounces: temper them together, and take a spoonful every morning before meat four hours, and so continuing it the space of two months. You have before in the twelfth Chapter and 11. §. a good juice against the yellow jaundice, beginning, Take Gentian, etc. which is also very good for this purpose. But if you had rather have a confection, then take Spec. de Seminibus one dram and a half, Milium Solis, liquorice, Cinnamome, Ginger, Annis, and Fennell, of each half a dram, white Sugar four ounces, being dissolved with Fennell water, make Tabulats of it: then take thereof three drams always before meat, and that enduring the space of a month. Savine drieth and warmeth well; it is good for the Kidneys, but women must not use it much. The sirupes which be fit for this are these: to wit, Oxymel compositum, Miva cydoniorum aromatica, Oxymel scylliticum, compositum, & de Radicibus: all these sirupes do deopilate the obstructions of the kidneys. The plaster of Bayberries is especially commended for the cold kidneys. Item: Take Barley meal, Frankincense, and Mastic, of each one ounce, Myrtle seed, Roses, Camomile, of each a like much, for to make a plaster withal, lay the same warm upon the Kidneys. This plaster strengtheneth, drieth, mollifieth, and suppleth, and doth hinder that the disease cannot corrode any further: and it is very good to incarnate or to engender new flesh. For a salve, take oil of Nardus one ounce and a half, Saffron and Pepper, of each half an ounce, the salve of Arragon one ounce, white Wax three drams: melt them, and make thereof a salve. With these salves is the patiented to be very well anointed morning and evening in the warm Sun all over the back bone. Another: Take oil of Rue and of Saffron, of each two ounces, the salve of Arragon three ounces, temper them together, and let the back bone be anointed with it every evening and morning; and fume the back with Laudanum, and then lay a warm cloth upon it. Also to set boxing cups on the buttocks with picking is much commended for this disease, because that the veins which feed the conduits of the urine do there end themselves in the very buttocks. And if so be then every such patiented do recover his health through the foresaid remedies, yet is he notwithstanding to use the foresaid salve, and two or three Clysters more. And if so be that the sickness will not avoid with this, then take Spelt, Millet, of each three handfuls, made very warm in a bag, and lay the patiented warm upon his back thereon, until it begin to be cold, and then anoint him on his Kidneys with this salve following made very warm: Take oil of sweet Almonds, of Costus, and of Lilies, of each one ounce, oil of Euphorbium one ounce and a half, Bears grease and Badgers grease, of each one ounce, Hen's grease one ounce and a half, Sagapenum, Stechas, Costus roots, Myrrh and Saffron, of each one scruple, Wax as much as is needful to make a plaster withal. If you occupy it, then warm as much as you mean to occupy at one time. Of the pain of the Kidneys through wind. §. 2. THis pain doth not appear in one place only, but spreadeth itself abroad, and hath no signs of any imposthume, neither of the stone nor ague; for the pain is more after that one hath eaten well, than before, and it is especially augmented through windy things when the meat is half digested. Now for to remedy this pain through windy things, then must he beware of all kinds of Pottage, of Pease, of Beans, etc. Item: from all manner of fruit, from Chestnuts, from Rice, from Rye bread, and from Beer; for all these do engender wind in the body. Against which are all things to be used which be light of digesture and expel wind, as Annis, Fennell, Coming, Caruway, the seeds of white Sesamum, Agnus castus, and Rue seed; likewise the confection of Diacyminum, Diacalaminthum, is very good for this. He is also to be outwardly anointed upon the place of the kidneys with oil of Rue, of Costus, of Lilies, & with oil of Sesamum, and afterwards to wear this plaster upon it: Take Parsley, Smallage leaves and roots, white Watermints, Marierom, of each one handful, Coming, Caruway, and Dill seed, of each one ounce; beat them and fry them in the oil of Dill and of Rue, then make a plaster thereof and lay it upon the kidneys: it is not only good for all cold pains of the kidneys with wind, but also for the gravel and for the stone, and against all obstructions of the same which do proceed of cold. Of the obstructed Kidneys. §. 3. Out of these forementioned reasons may easily be discerned, that the most causes of the pains of the kidneys be none other than coldness and obstructions: for this, cold applications may be used, as the conserves of Marierom gentle which doth open all obstructions of the inner parts. In like manner also conserves of betony, confected roots of Pimpernell, Eringus roots, and Calmus. Of wines be fit for this, Elecampane wine, Hyssop wine, aromatical wine, and chief all spiced wine, as Claret wine, and Hippocras. Item, betony wine, Asarabacca wine, and wine of Marierom gentle. In like sort also all the distilled wines, or Aquae vitae of these herbs, also Meade, and Hony water. But he is much to be restrained from all puddle wines; for that they not only obstruct the kidneys, but also all inward parts; they engender gravel and the stone. Item: there is also a potion described in the twelfth chapter, and eleventh §. of certain roots decocted which be also very commodious for this disease. The great Treacle or Diatessaron if it be known how to give them in good sort, are highly commended for this purpose. This powder following is also very good and meet for to open the obstructions of the kidneys, and to expel the cold: Take Annis, Fennell, Millet, Smallage seed, of each one quarter of an ounce, Spica romana half a dram, liquorice three drams, tragacanth, Gum of the Cherry tree, of each one quarter of an ounce: beat them to powder, and take thereof about the second day always one dram with wine. This syrup following hath an especial property in deopilating of the obstructed kidneys: to wit, Miva citoniorum, Aromatica, and Oxymel of squils with other more described before. The Simples which do open these obstructions, be Agarick, Saxifrage, Milium Solis, parsley of Macedonia, or stone Parsley, white Mustard seed, Nettle seed, red Pease porridge, Fennel roots, Parsley roots, and roots of Sperage, of Smallage, and of Butcher's broom, Spicanardi, Spica romana, water Cresses, garden Cresses, and Pingles; the compounds are Diacalaminthum, Electuarium Ducis, and Philantropon. Of the pain in the Kidneys through heat and drieth. §. 4. THe signs of these hot diseases of the kidneys, are such as that they may be perceived by the heat in feeling, and all cold things are welcome to the patiented, and hot things contrary unto him, unless the fullness of the body doth hinder and let them. The patiented hath also great thirst at all times, and a bad stomach; his urine is very little and high coloured; there swimmeth otherwhiles some fat upon it, and the rather in young, choleric, and hot men; with the hot pain of the kidneys is more danger than with the cold: Therefore must one without all delay proceed forward with all necessary remedies; and that much rather, for that through the foresaid heat (which is mixed with a tough thick phlegmatic matter) the stone of the kidneys might easily grow, wherein first the liver vein is to be opened, afterwards the Saphea, and such clysters to be ministered as may cleanse the guts, that is, such as be decocted with Quinces and dates. This following is to be oftentimes used: Take goats milk twelve or sixteen ounces, melt in it goats suet one ounce, oil of Roses two ounces, and use them as the other. For preparative potions you are to make this: Take Lettuce, Purslane, Liverwoort, shepherds purse, of each one handful, the seeds of Lettuce, of Purslane, Endive, Roses, Butcher's broom seed, Barberies, water Lilies, ivory, red and white Saunders, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar twelve ounces, then make a syrup of it. You are afterwards to purge with sour Dates, with Cassie, with Manna, and with Succo Rosaram. Also for this (like as in the pain of the kidneys through cold) is needful a good order of diet. Therefore is his dwelling to be high from the ground, and not on the water, but to open towards the East and the North, and not towards the South or against the West. His clothes are to hang lose on his body, and not girt tied or hard. Venery is also very hurtful for this disease. Out of these foresaid reasons may easily be noted, that sore labour is hurtful; as to ride hard trotting horses, to go up hills and stairs, and that chief after meat. Notwithstanding moderate exercise is more commendable than to sit still utterly unoccupied. Also anger, heaviness of mind, and all other motions of the same are to be eschewed. One must not eat too much, for this sickness is caused most of all through overcharging of the stomach; or gluttony; sleeping or waking must also be moderate: for to use too much of either of them is hurtful. But one must chief refrain from lying much upon his back, for thereby will the humours sink much towards these parts: therefore is the first sleep to be done on the right side, and then finish it on the left side. To his meat and drink must be taken some more heed: he must eschew all old and unleavened bread, old flesh, and all herbs which make gross humours, as Béetes, Colewoorts, etc. All hot and tart meats, as salt flesh, Garlic, Onions, Léekes, and Radishes shall he forsake. In like manner must he not use the things that do vehemently force urine; as Fennell, parsley, Smallage, and such like. But he may not eat bread which is light and leavened, and is two or three days old. Hens, Pullet's, wild Ducks, young Pigeons, Pheasants, Partridges etc. will be his best meats: but he must forsake all water fowls. Young Bucks flesh, Veal, Lamb, young Mutton, Coneys, Hares, and wild Swine's flesh may he eat very well, and especially young Hog's flesh is much commended for this disease. The fruits and herbs are Barley pap, wheaten pap, Colewoorts, spinach, Gourds, Cucumbers, Melons, Abricocks, green Fennell, and above all, Sage and Betonie. And in fine, all that hath a saltish and opening power, and not hot above the second degree, all sorts of Cherries, and especially the kernels of the same, be good for to cleanse the kidneys, and to break the stone. In like manner also Hasell nuts, fresh Almonds, and Figs that be well dried, and Raisins be altogether much commended. This patient may eat sour Apples (but no sweet) and also Peaches. He must refrain from Pears (if they be not very sweet, and the stones taken out of them) Pistacies, Pingles, (and sometimes nuts) be commended: but Chestnuts, Medlars, and Services are hurtful. Of all milk, sheeps milk is the very best for the kidneys, and next to that goats milk: but above all other, the whey of milk. But the first milk after calving or Colostra must be eschewed, except that of sheep and goats. Butter is not much commended, but Salad oil is much more requisite. Cheese is utterly to be refrained, for it hath an especial nature to engender gravel, unless that it be permitted otherwhiles for custom sake, and that it be Cheese of a year old, which is dry, well salted, and not rotten. And always in the end of the mealetide, of confected fruits, Olives, and Rapes, of Brimswicke are most healthful, and Sisarum, Quinces, Ginger, Walnuts, conserves of Pionie, of Borage, bugloss, of Roses, water Lilies, and especially of Cicorie, which do open the obstruction and cleanse. Item, Vinegar, the juice of Citrons, of Lemons, half sour, half sweet, Pomegranates be also very meet for this malady, but veriuce is forbidden. Of spices and seeds these are good, Cinnamome, Pepper, Ginger, Saffron, Annis, Caruway, Lovage seed, Ameos, Rue seed; but a little of each for meats. The drink for this patient shall be white wine, or light red wine which is not hard nor sour, but of a good and pleasant taste. The Cherry wine doth not only cool and moisten alone the kidneys, but also the inward parts of the body, therefore may the same be freely drunken. Preserved Cherries do also the same. Thus much have we meant to speak of the order of diet for those that be plagued and vexed with the Gravel, which may be augmented or diminished according to the quality of the cause. How to assuage the pain in the Kidneys. §. 5. WE will speak now first of all of some particular things which have a secret virtue for to convey the medicines into the kidneys and bladder: viz. Saxifrage, Milium Solis, Parsley of Macedonia, and stone Parsley, Cantharideses, the roots of Fennell, Sperage and Butcher's broomeseed, of Melons, Gourds, Cucumbers, and Pompions. These following have power for to cool the kidneys: viz. Lettuce seeds, the seeds of Purslane, Endive, white Poppy seed, Tassel, juice of Quinces, broad Plantain, and such like. The compounded things are the syrup of water Lilies, of Vinegar, and all that cooleth the liver and the spleen, whereof is written before. Afterwards you have in the third part in the beginning of the eight Chapter, sundry things which are also good and very meet, therefore are you not to leave them unread. But if you will have yet more, then look what is written of Diabete. If any body then do meet with this disease, or fear to get the same; then must he take the utmost green pills of Beans, and distil water of them, and drink thereof two ounces tempered with Sugar. Other do temper amongst it as much water of Hound's tongue, and so use it every day. Take oil of Violets, of water Lilies, and such like cooling things, and anoint therewith the kidneys. You have also in the beginning of the foresaid eight Chapter, a salve called Anodyna, which assuageth all pains. Item: Take the oil of Violets two ounces, oil of Sesamum, and of sweet Almonds of each one ounce and a half, Butter one ounce, Saffron one drag, and a half, Wax one ounce and a half, Dill seed, Camomile, Duck's grease, of each half an ounce, three yolks of Eggs; temper them all together, and make a salve thereof. Another. Take Eldern oil one ounce, oil of Roses and of Violets, of each half an ounce, Ceruse one ounce and a quarter, Rose water one ounce, two yolks of Eggs, Wax five ounces: The oil and Wax must be melted together; and let them seeth a little: when it is almost cold, then mix the other things amongst it; and at the last the two yolks of eggs, and ten drams of fine Bolus, and afterwards stir it well about. This salve is marvelous good for all over heated Kidneys, and especially if one after the anointing do lay water Lilly leaves upon it. Likewise doth the Saunders salve expel all hot matter and distemperature of the Kidneys: like as the same is described in the sixth Chapter and 1. §. Item, take the Saunders salve, and of that which is called Comitissae, of each half an ounce, oil of Violets one quarter of an ounce; temper them all together, and anoint the Kidneys with it twice or thrice a day. The Rose salve which is described in the first part, the second chapter, and first §. and other more which be noted in the second part, the fourth chapter and 3. §. are altogether meet for this purpose. Item, take Roses, Purslane, of each one handful, seeth them in Cow milk, and stamp them to growt: ad unto it red Saunders powdered two drams, oil of Roses as much as you will for to make a salve of it. Item take oil of Olive and fresh Butter, of each half an ounce, the juice of Veronica, of Milium Solis, and Marierom gentle, of each three drams: let them seeth together until the juice be consumed. This salve is much commended. Or take the foresaid herbs, and seeth them in oil or grease, and wring them through a cloth. Take Rose water and oil of Roses, of each one ounce, Vinegar one spoonful, the white of an egg, and bray them well together, and lay it blood warm over the Kidneys. If the pain will not thereby be eased, then let him wear a leaden plate, full of holes, upon the Kidneys continually: it taketh away the heat and venery. If one perceive any gravel in the Kidneys, than cut a Radish in thin slices, and fry it in Goose grease, & lay it on the kidneys. In fine, for all such inflaming of the reins, there is nothing better than to bathe, and chiefly in all such waters as do run over iron mines. You are also to look how to strengthen the stomach in this disease: look for that in the eleventh Chapter and the 4. §. unto the end thereof, where is showed at large what strengtheneth the stomach with heat or with cold. For this, also is convenient all that hereafter shall be written of the gravel and the stone of the Kidneys. Of an hard Impostume in the Kidneys. §. 6. THe Grecians do call this disease Scleros. The same may also be caused through two manner of means: First, if the matter of the imposthume begin to harden through great heat, and to alter into a stone: Or that at the first it be an imposthume of Melancholic humours, which is especially caused of cold that hardeneth the matter. The signs of the said impostumes are soreness, or heaviness about the place of the kidneys with little or no pain at all, whereby the members do grow lean. The urine is wholly clear, raw, and very little: and although it be (as many famous Physicians do affirm) that this disease is not to be helped, yet are you to use all things for it which be here before described for the hardness of the Milt and Liver. And first of all he is to be purged, the Saphea or Liver vain is to be opened, and afterwards the kidneys to be anointed with Hen's grease, with the marrow of Neat's feet, or with the salve Althaea. And afterwards this plaster following is to be applied upon it: Take Linséed, and Fenegréeke, of each five dragms, Mallows, Hollyhocke seed, Dill seed, and Camomile, of each half an ounce, Gum, Bdellium, and Turpentine, of each three drams. First dissolve the Gum in warm water, afterwards temper the rest amongst it, and so make a plaster of it. If so be then the patient have any went of stools, then is Cassie or Manna to be used for it. This disease of the kidneys doth make also oftentimes that one cannot hold his water, yea that otherwise it passeth away from the patiented unwittingly in his sleep, whereof we will hereafter speak and discourse a part. Of impostumes and ulcers in the Kidneys. §. 7. WHat difference is between the impostumes and ulcers of the kidneys, it is sufficiently declared in the eleventh chapter, and twenty nine §. because that the kidneys be subject to both of these maladies. Therefore we will discourse of them severally, and speak first of the impostumes, and therewith also show all that concerneth both these diseases. Notwithstanding that both these diseases, of Hypocrates, of Galen, and of all other learned be thought to be incurable, or that at the leastwise the same could not without great industry and long time be helped; for which they allege many reasons; yet are there nevertheless many kind of means found, whereby the pain may be assuaged. And if so be that the same maladies thereby could not be thoroughly and perfectly healed, yet may one stay them that they do not grow and wax worse. Now then concerning the outward remedies of this disease, you have for it salves, plasters, and other means before for to lay upon it, wherewith is this remedy also much commended: which is, that one is to lay tow over all his privities being wetted in the brayed yolks of eggs, and to refresh and renew the same often. We must also speak here somewhat of the causes of the imposthume, and show first that the kidneys and the bladder in this pain do depend so much one upon the other that they cannot be discerned one from the other: therefore all that we shall write hereafter is fit for both these parts. These foresaid impostumes may proceed aswell out of cold as hot matter, which cometh to fall upon the Kidneys and the bladder, and there to assemble. But if any outward cause do happen unto it, as blows, falls, ridings, and such like, that must be learned of the sick person. If the imposthume be in the kidneys, then is there great pain in the same place, the patient cannot make his water, and there is a small ague with it. Or if the disease be in the bladder, then doth there arise a very painful swelling about the privities, like to women's pangs in child bed, chief if it be a hot matter, which causeth also an ague. And if this do come through cold, then is the pain and the ague more tolerable, but the making of water very grievous, and this disease lingereth long. But in case that the imposthume be in the right kidney, then doth the pain draw upwards: or if it be in the left kidney, then doth the pain stretch downwards even to the bladder; the patiented hath one while cold hands, another while cold feet: and his legs on the same side will be for the most part asleep. Also the sick person cannot lie upon the whole side, but must lie upon his back, or his side where the malady is. There doth come also oftentimes great binding of the body, with the first headache, watching, redness of the eyes and face, heavy breath, and especially if the imposthume be in the membranes. And if the patiented do stir himself forcibly, then thinketh he that the imposthume hangeth or sacketh. But before we come to the remedies, there be certain rules which are to be observed in such like impostumes. First, in the beginning he must beware of giving too strong purgations. Secondly, only laxative things are to be used: as Violets, Cassie, and such like. Thirdly, if so be that the patiented be plethoric of body, you must open the Liver vain or Saphea. Fourthly, there must not be given unto him, so long as the imposthume is not ripe, any thing that forceth urine: for thereby would the humours be driven to sink the more vehemently upon the kidneys, or into some other part of the body, whereby the disease might be increased. Fiftly, one must endeavour that the humours which do flow towards the kidneys, may be conveyed into the outtermost members. Sixtly, and that by reason that the kidneys should not harden. Seventhly, when the imposthume is thorough ripe (which may be perceived by the urine) then is there to be given him diuretical and strong things. Eightly, if the body be bound, then must he not be let blood; likewise also if he have too many stools: but all accidents are to be prevented & matched before. Ninthly, because that the kidneys be so far distant from the neck of the stomach; therefore are the medicines which are to be taken by the mouth, so to be composed, that their vigour, through so long a distance and passage, be not enfeebled and abated. Tenthly, all they that have any disease in the kidneys, are to eat and drink but little, chief if there be many humours in the body present. eleventhly, if so be that the disease of the kidneys may be helped with any mild things, then must there be no strong things to knit & draw them together that they cannot come to any corruption. Therefore are temperate things to be used unto it, and warm and cold things to be mixed together. Of the impostumation in the Kidneys through heat. §. 8. ANd for to come to the remedies; if so that this imposthume be caused through heat, then is it first to be opened with Clysters, as hereafter followeth: Take Mallows, Violet leaves, and Hollyhocke roots, of each one handful, Linseed, Fenegreeke seed, of each two ounces; seethe them all together, and take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, oil of Violets three ounces, oil of Roses three ounces, for to strengthen the kidneys: make a Clyster thereof, and you are to use the same three or four times, if it be needful: Or take Barley water alone, with the foresaid oil, or Salad oil. But if there be any lask or scouring with it, then use binding Clysters, and such as do strengthen the entrails, whereof every where be divers discovered. Also the liver vein is to be opened in those sick persons on the same side, and that in the acme where the disease is. Secondly, if the patient may sustain it, the vein is to be opened in the hams or bending of the knee. Or if it be not to be found, then to take or open the Saphea, and that always in the side where the imposthume is. Afterwards cooling salves are to be used, or those plasters to be laid upon it which we have lately described. And if the sickness come to diminish therewith, then is it a good sign: but if the pain and the Ague do continue still, and the patient cannot make any water, or that it pass too exceedingly away from him, then is it a sign that there is an assembly of corruption in the Kidneys, against which you have also a note before, what is to be done in these hot kind of accidents. For this is this plaster following good: Take Roses one ounce, the seed of Purslane, and white Poppy seed, of each half an ounce, Salad oil three ounces, Barley meal as much as will suffice for to make a plaster. Item, take pouned Camomile, and Linseed oil, of each one ounce, oil of Sesamum four ounces, Bran as much as will suffice for to make a plaster: these being made, apply them on the Kidneys. Item, take the slime of Fleawort, and of Quince kernels, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Roses two ounces, Endive water six ounces, the seed of Purslane, of white Poppy, and Vinegar, of each half an ounce, Barley meal as much as is needful for to make a plaster. Item, take hollyhock roots, and Mallow roots, of each one handful, fresh Figs one ounce, the marrow of Veal bones, Butter, and Duck's grease, of each half an ounce, oil of sweet Almonds, and of Camomile, of each one ounce and a half, Camomile and Balm flowers, of each half an ounce, Barley meal, and wheat meal, as much as sufficeth for to make a plaster. This pap or plaster maturateth all impostumes. In the beginning of these impostumes give the sick persons Barley water or Mead to drink, the water of Melons and Pompions, tempered with Barley water the space of one week. Other do ordain this drink: Take the syrup of Violets, the mucilage of Fleawort, of Mallows, of Holy-hock roots, and the seeds of Cotton, of each half an ounce, Reisons (the stones taken out) one ounce, liquorice three drams, Sugar eighteen ounces: then make a syrup of it, and temper a little of the juice of Nightshade with it, and drink it so with Barley water. This syrup cooleth, and therefore it is very good against the Ague, which is always present with this hot imposthume; it relaxeth, cleanseth, and assuageth the pain. Afterwards is the body to be purged with Cassie, sour Dates, Manna, and such like. The Diet. ALl such patients as have a hot imposthume in their Kidneys, must (as it is said) keep themselves very sober in eating & drinking, and must eat none other but Barley paps, Hen broths made sour with Verivice, stoved spinach, Mallows, Orage, Lettuce, Borage, Almond milk, and young Pullet's decocted with Gourds, etc. And this is to continue so long, until it be openly seen and known that the imposthume is ripe. If so be then the patiented between meals be troubled with any great thirst, then must be given unto him sugared barley water to drink. But if so be that the Ague be very small, and that the imposthume be through cold Phlegma, then must he rather drink Meade. But if there be great heat with it, then must he leave flesh, and wine, always at the first. But if the same be caused through cold, then may watered wine be allowed, but no flesh at all, chiefly Pork and Beef; also Cheese, Pease, beans, unleavened bread, and Rice, be forbidden. But all field fowls, rear eggs, river fish, dressed with parsley roots and salt, are permitted for him. Of Impostumes in the Kidneys through cold. §. 9 WE have admonished before that all such impostumes of the Kidneys may also proceed of cold, and whereby the same may be known. For this imposthume are Clysters fit to be adhibited, and then to make afterwards this potion following. Take water Mints, Hyssop, Wormwood, rumpled Mints, Reisons, Ireas, of each one ounce, Caruway, Fennell, Endive, small Endive, of each one quarter of an ounce, liquorice half an ounce, Honey nine ounces: prepare it then, and use it as other potions. And if so be that after eight days there be many humours present, than first open his liver vein, afterwards the Saphea, and purge the Phlegma with Diaturbith, and use Clysters of herbs which be mentioned in the first potion: but put Mallows unto it, Holy-hock roots, and Camomile; also oil of Camomile and of Nardus. After the taking of this Clyster, the patiented is to lie very high with his tail, that the Clyster may the better run towards the reins. Of the Exulceration in the Kidneys. §. 10. THese Exulcerations may as well come in the Kidneys, as in any other places of the body, where they with their matter and corrosion do take away the natural operation of the Kidneys. The causes of these ulcers may be blows, falls, wounds, and such like: as also blood, and other humours, which descend thitherwards, and do there exulcerate and open the Kidneys and the bladder through their sharpness. Item, if that any impostumation of the Kidneys be not thoroughly healed: Item, through the gravel and the stone that do bruise the Kidneys within: also of the use of all hot meats and spices, and of eating salt, and by doing overgreat labour in the heat of the Sun. All these former causes may engender some sharp humours which fall afterwards upon the Kidneys, and there do corrode and exulcerate them. The signs of these ulcers are corruption, and blood, with tough slime, as if they were small veins pieces, as it were flesh, which do pass away with the urine. If so be that there be any ●eate with it, that is known by the thirst and by the feeling. The signs of the Stone are to be found in their proper place. If so be that the disease of the Kidneys and the bladder, with other more such like diseases, do agree so near together that the same may be hardly discerned, yet we will nevertheless discover certain especial signs of it. For the diseases of the Kidneys there is no grief in making water, like as there is in the disease of the Bladder, wherein the water is made with pain and longsome. In the ulcers of the Kidneys are always found in the urine small pieces of flesh like small red Corans; where to the contrary, in the ulcers of the bladder, there avoid great and white pieces. If so be that any scaliness be pissed out with blood, and corruption which stinketh, then doth such come out of the bladder: like as contrariwise, that which cometh from the Kidneys doth not stink. In the exulceration of the Bladder is loss of a little blood; but in the ulcers of the Kidneys much. If so be then that the Kidneys have any disease, then doth the patiented feel pain about the reins: and in the disease of the bladder, there doth the patiented feel pain above the privities. The corruption which cometh out of the Kidneys is mixed together with the urine, and doth settle in an hours space not to the bottom of the glass: where contrarily all that which cometh from the bladder doth separate itself forthwith from the urine, settling to the bottom of the glass. We are also to allege certain common rules for this: as first, if there be any young choleric person which feeleth pain in the water conduits, that the same must be forbidden Wine. Secondly, for as much as these ulcers do chiefly proceed through the falling down of any sharp humours, than it is needful that their sharpness and heat be allayed with sweet things. Thirdly, one must refrain from all hot, sharp, salt, bitter, and sour things, and to use all that is to the contrary of them. Fourthly, to drink too much, whether it be Wine or Beer is hurtful, that one be not thereby constrained to make much water. Fiftly, Venery, great labour, and exercise, be very hurtful for this disease, for that the parced Kidneys cannot be thoroughly healed without rest and quiet. Sixtly, if so be there be nothing that may hinder the letting of blood, then is the same very profitable, as be also all great purgations. Seventhly, by reason that vomiting maketh the matter to have recourse unto another place, therefore is it not to be taken to be unprofitable for this disease. Eightly, if there be great pain with this ulceration, then must diligence be given first to assuage the same pain, and afterwards look well how to cure and cleanse this disease. Ninthly, for to heal this disease, one must first begin with things which provoke urine gently, whereby the Kidneys may be a little cleansed. Tenthly, all medicines which are to be taken for the diseased Kidneys, whether it be by vomit, or otherwise, must be always done fasting, and he must also fast long after it. eleventhly, after the mundification of the ulcers, astringent and healing things are to be taken tempered always with exsiccative medicaments. Thus for to heal these ulcers these are the right means: If so be that the patiented be hard bounden, then is he to be loosed with gentle Clysters. Accordingly, if he be full of blood, he must first have his liver vein, and afterwards the Saphea to be opened. For his drink, the patiented is to use Honey water, or to make this drink following: Take twelve ounces of peeled Barley, Fennel roots, Smallage roots, and maidenhair, of each one handful: seeth them all together in two pots of water until that the Barley be well swollen. Afterwards take twelve ounces of Honey, and boil it all together with the foresaid decoction, but scum it well, and drink thereof. If so be that the ulcer be great, and that there be need of stronger things, than put Ireos, Hyssop, and Horehound, of each two ounces, and a good pints of water more. But if there be but a small ulcer which hath not long continued, then take Mallows, Holy-hock seeds, the seeds of Melons and of Pompions, of each a like much. But you must péele the seeds, and give thereof three drams at one time tempered with Meade. Afterwards shall he urge himself to vomit once every fourth day. Let this much suffice, as briefly spoken of the ulcers of the Kidneys. Of the pissing of Blood. §. 11. FOr as much as this pissing of blood may be caused as well of the ulcers in the Kidneys, as in the liver, therefore we will describe it here in this Chapter. The pissing of blood is of two sorts: the one, when one pisseth fair clean blood: the other, when the same is mixed with matter or corruption. This pissing of blood, cometh of inward and outward causes. The outward may be caused through falls, blows, strong riding, insatiable venery, great labour, of certain meats, drinks, wounds, of a concourse of melancholic humours which are wont to be driven out through women's Terms, or through the piles. Of the inward causes are superfluity, sharpness of humours and of the urine, winds, tumours, impostumes, debility of the Kidneys, and of the Bladder: then doth he feel the pain above the privities, and the blood is congealed, and separated from the urine. In case that the blood be much, and runneth out swiftly, then doth it signify a broken vein: but if it come out slow or longsome, than an ulcer: but if the urine be like water wherein fresh flesh is washed, than it is of a weakened liver: and if so be that it do come of a superfluous blood, then is the same to be seen by the fullness of the body: but if it come through the sharpness of the humours, then doth the patiented feel a continual burning. But before we do come to the particular remedies, it is needful that we do make declaration of certain common rules. First, if so be that the malady be new, then above all things is the liver vein to be opened, and afterwards (if the cause require, and that the patiented be strong enough) the Saphea is to be opened, thereby to drive the blood to another place. Secondly, in the beginning are not astringent nor binding things to be used, that the blood may not congeal and cool, but he must first begin with such things as do cleanse the water conduits. Thirdly, if this pissing of blood do come as an expulsion of superfluity, or Crisis, then is it not to be stayed, if it be not so that thereby the natural powers be overmuch weakened. Fourthly, whensoever the pissing of blood, whether it be caused of the Liver, Kidneys or Bladder, is thoroughly cleansed, then is the same blood to be helped with cold and astringent things, and to mix amongst them anodynes. Fiftly, all such patients are to eschew great labour, venery, hot drinks, all spices, and all hot things. Now for to come to the remedies of the same, than it is to be considered whether this pissing of blood do proceed of outward causes, which may well be perceived by the sick person, and is also to be remedied. First of all, whether this pissing of blood have continued long or not. Of the pissing of blood which hath not long continued, we have hitherto spoken. But in old pissing of blood, one must begin according to the contents of the other rules, with the cleansing of the ureters, which is to be done through these means: Take Maidenhair four handfuls, Melon seed one ounce and a half, Sugar and honey, of each nine ounces: make a clear syrup of it, and give it with water wherein Melon seed is decocted. Another which is very good. Take four handfuls of Cinkfoile, Sugar 9 ounces; seeth the herbs in sufficient water, then wring it out, & with sugar make thereof a syrup. This syrup is to be given with water wherein Plantain is decocted: this syrup healeth & cleanseth certainly. If any one fall or be beaten, whereby a vein is broken in the body; the liver vein is then to be opened, for that thereby the blood will be drawn back which doth run out of these places. But if that the blood do avoid in abundance, and that the patiented be strong enough, then is the Saphea to be opened the second day afterwards: and to the end that the blood which lieth clotted in the water conduits might be carried forth, then give to the sick body a potion wherein Fennell roots, the roots of Smallage, Dragon roots, Ireos, Hissope, Maidenhair and Ciceres be sodden; afterwards one dram, or one dram and a half of Trociscis de Carabe may be given him with water wherein the seeds of Butcher's broom and such like is decocted, or the Trocisci de terra sigillata. For this is also meet the confection of Philonium Persicum, but it is not to be used without the advise of a learned Physician. Some do also take three quarters of an ounce of the conserve of Roses, and temper amongst it seven grains of Henbane seed, and two scruples of prepared Coral, which may be used with steeled water. It is also very fit to use otherwhiles one ounce or one ounce and a half of Cassie, and chief if there be heat with it. We have spoken before of the letting of blood, and thereupon are to give to this sick person a profitable purgation of Rhubarb in substance which is beaten, and not wrong out, but in powder with plantain water: afterwards give him one dram of beaten horsetaile, and one quarter of an ounce of plantain water, and strew all his meats with the same water. All his flesh is to be sodden with Butcher's broom seed and unripe Grapes. He is always to beware of all sharp, tart and salt things, and lay a plaster on the place of the malady made of Bolus and the juice of Sloes, Aloe, Lycium, Vinegar and Rose water. If you will have more remedies, then look into the former §. of the impostumes and ulcers of the kidneys. And although all the same were caused of other means, yet shall you find also three remedies meet for the same. And if so be that this bleeding be caused through any sharp meat, or any composed wind, then is the patiented to order himself, as of the letting of blood, and taking of the foresaid Trociscis is beforesaid. But if there be any imposthume or ulcer of the kidneys with it that may be seen by the matter and blood: therefore have you hereafter all that is requisite for the pissing of matter. If any man piss matter. §. 12. THe pissing of matter must proceed out of the bladder, kidneys, or some of the uppermost parts, as from some ulcer of the sides, ulcer of the lights, the liver, etc. the which may proceed from some outward causes, as of blows, falls, wounds, strong diuretical medicines, and such like. The inward causes may be unclean impostumes, ulcers, superfluous, tough and gross humours, wind or stone, which do settle there and make some excoriation. The signs of these accidents may be perceived easily by the pain of the same place, and by the declaration of the patiented. This infirmity is thus to be helped: Take peeled Melon seed, Cucumber seed, Gourd seed, and Pompeon seed, of each one ounce and a quarter, fine Bolus, Gummi Arabicum. Frankincense, and Dragon blood, of each five drams, Opium one dram and a half, the seed of Smallage one dram: make Trociskes thereof with the mucilage of Quince kernels, and give the sick folks every day the weight of one quarter of an ounce with the syrup of Poppy heads. For this is also to be used consolidating and mundifying things, as hereafter followeth: Take peeled Melon seed, the seed of Hollihockes and Nightshade, of each half an ounce, bitter Almonds, Pompion seed, fresh Maiden hair, Ireos, and liquorice, of each half a dram: make a confection thereof with Sugar, or with clear honey. For mundification are also fit, Barley water, mead, the decoction of figs, of Horehound, and Maiden hair decocted with milk. Now for to heal, you are to take great and small Comfrey, of each one quarter of an ounce, Dragon blood, Frankincense, Mastic, and fine Bolus, of each one dram, parched Rhubarb, the juice of Sloes, and Myrtle seed, of each half a dram, Indie Spica half a scruple, Sugar as much as you please, make a confection thereof. This syrup following may also be prepared: Take liquorice one quarter of an ounce, Maidenhair and Hounds rib, of each two handfuls, peeled Melon seed, Pempeon seed, Cucumber seed, and Gourd seed, of each one dram, white Poppy seed, Hollihocke seed, and mucilage of Quince kernels, of each half an ounce, tragacanth and Gum, of each three drams, Rhubarb, Roses of each one ounce and a half, white Sugar nine ounces; make a clear syrup of it. The Trocisci de Alkekengi, which is of winter Cherries, are surpassing god in this disease; and not only for this, but also for all other diseases of the kidneys: give one dram thereof, or one dram and a half with goats milk or Plantain water. Also for this disease is Honey water to be spouted into the yard: and when the patiented hath kept it in a certain season and pissed it out again, then is this following to be used: Take Ceruse, Sarcocolla, Gum, Frankincense, Opium, Dragon blood, of each half a scruple; temper it with four ounces of woman's milk, and spout one ounce thereof at one time through the yard. In like manner shall he drink Radish water, and water of Horse radish, or spout it in. For this must also this order observed, to wit, that he now use consolidating, & then again mundifying things, and do alter them according as occasion serveth. Item, take oil of Roses two ounces, oil of Myrtle, and the juice of Plantain, of each one quarter of an ounce, Trociscorum de Terra sigillata, de Carabe, of each one dram, Vinegar one quarter of an ounce, Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve. This salve for the pissing of blood and water, is to be rubbed on the place of the Kidneys, and also round about the privities above and beneath, begin rubbed well in, and then well covered with warm clothes. Of outward ulcers of the Kidneys. §. 13. THese ulcers outwardly in the Kidneys, are wont to be cause if one lie upon his back, then are the places of the Kidneys red, and do come to exulcerate. Now when this is perceived, then is there a plaster to be made with the meal of Millet and with Panic meal, and be laid thereon, and then are you to strew it with Willow leaves, and to moisten the heated place with cold Rose water, or to lay any cooling things upon it. These salves following are also meet for this, viz. salve of Ceruse, Poplar salve, Sanders salve, & other cooling salve of Galen, vine leaves steeped in Rose water, and thin beaten Led also which is full of holes worn upon the rains. Item, take oil of Roses tempered with a little vinegar and laid often upon it. If that there do then appear bladder or blisters which do break open, then are they to be cured with cooling salves, and dried up with the salve of Ceruse or Album coctum. All these foresaid sickness and diseases are the true messengers of the most grievous disease of the Stone or gravel of the Bladder and the Kidneys, whereof we will hereafter further discourse and write. But we will first of all prescribe a brief order of diet for all them that be infected with these terrible diseases, as the pain of the Kidneys, impostumes, and ulcers. The order of diet. §. 14. ALl meats of milk, or wheat meal, of the crumbs of bread, barley paps, oaten paps, are very commodious for this disease. In like manner all field fowls which are to be eaten, as Partridges, Pheasants, Doves, Turtle doves, Kids, and young mutton, if it be utterly without an Ague: but if so be that there be a great heat with it, then is he to use Melons and Peaches which be very ripe. Hasell nuts, Almonds, Pistacies, Pingles, and such like may he also eat. Item, young hens, rear eggs, henbroth wherein purslane, Lettuce, Melon seed, Pompions, Gourds, Cucumbers, or any other cooling things have been sodden: all river fish that have scales, frayed, are to be tolerated. Green herbs, as Orage, Mallows, purslane, and Lettuce, are also very meet for him. His best drink were indeed Barley water; but if he will drink Wine, and so there be no Ague with it, then may he drink good thick red Wine tempered with water. Ass' milk is marvelous good for him; and if the same cannot be gotten, then may one take goats milk. It is before admonished that every such patiented is to beware of all sharp, hot, bitter, and sweet things, and chief of all fruit, whether they be green or dried. The seventeenth Chapter. Of the Gravel, Sand, or Stone of the Kidneys, and of the Bladder. THis stone or gravel hath his principal offspring in the Kidneys, in the Bladder, and seldom in the hollowness of other inward parts, as of the Liver, etc. The cause of it, is commonly by inheritance, like as the Gout or Podagra, the Leprosy, and other more. Also these disease do come through a weak Stomach and Liver, that engender much tough and gross slime. In like sort also of a foggy air, surfeiting by meat or drink, the feeding of overmuch slimy meats, the which do obstruct not only be kidneys, but also all other inward parts, as hath been said, and hinder them that they cannot have their right operation: the which may evidently be seen in young children, which are most subject to this disease, for that they eat much milk, whereby the stone and gravel is most of all engendered, of which the grossest sinketh into the bladder with the urine, where the same lieth and drieth, and is confirmed to the hardness of a stone: like as we for example cannot otherwise liken this foresaid gross matter of the stone, then with the matter of a tile stone, which is first a weak tough slimy earth, afterwards dried, and at last burnt and baked in an oven to a hard stone. The stone of the bladder differeth also much from the stone of the kidneys, for it is whither, harder, and greater than the stone of the kidneys. This foresaid stone or gravel is known by these signs. Lieth he in the Bladder? then must the patiented often rub his privities with his hand, his member is always erected. Also in young children, they feel most pain about their privities: the urine passeth from him with labour and very great vain, and otherwhiles the Arsegut thereby descendeth. But if it be the stone of the kidneys, then do they feel great pain in the rains of the back, as it were the Colic or pain of the guts, because that the pain draweth downwards. As sóone as they stir themselves, then doth the pain increase: they are much inclined to vomiting and casting, their body is bound, their urine is raw and waterish, they are always provoked to piss, nevertheless they cannot be rid of it without very great pain: therefore can this growing and confirmation of the stone in these parts of the kidneys not be without great pain and grief. It is also evidently and sufficiently well known to each man's eyes, where the pain remaineth in one place that the urine doth avoid with gravel, sand, tough slime, yea sometimes mixed with blood and other things, and the kidneys be full of heat. Afterwards this grief and pain stretched even to the conduits of the urine, and principally in fat folks, and before even to the privities, and then especially when they would make water. But because there be many decieved in the knowledge of the stone, and adjudge otherwhiles the Colic for the Stone, and so come to use contrary medicines; therefore it is not without great need that we make a declaration of both their differences. The first is this, that the pain of the Kidneys is not so sharp as the pain of the Colic. Secondly, the pain of the Colic doth appear beneath in the right side, and stretched her from thence upwards towards the left side. Contrariwise, the pain of the kidneys doth begin from above, and so descendeth softly downwards even unto the place where it doth settle itself, and stretched her a little more towards the back. Thirdly, the pain of the kidneys is much more forcible when he is fasting, and the pain of the Colic is by fasting and emptiness eased. Fourthly, the Colic cometh upon a sudden: and to the contrary, the pain of the kidneys cometh in a longer time. Fiftly, the Colic will be taken and driven away, when the wind and the ordure may have their expulsion or avoidance by Clysters, but the pain of the gravel not. Sixtly, all Saxifrages and all other things that break the stone, are good for the kidneys and not for the Colic. Lastly, there is found in the urine gravel and sand, and not in the Colic or pain of the guts. By all these foresaid declarations one may easily adjudge whether this diseases be in the kidneys or in the bowels. For to hinder and restrain the engendering and growing of the gravel and stone. §. 1. ANd that we may orderly proceed herein, heed is first of all to be taken how the matter, whence the sand and stone is engendered, may be taken away, and how that the unnatural heat may be tempered, the which is first to be done through those things that do purge the same matter, as hereafter followeth. Take Electuarium Indum three drams, Agaricus one scruple, Ginger five grains, temper them with a little white wine, & drink it up, and fast thereupon four hours, then drink a cruse of sugared Barley water, and eat four hours after it. Or take Electuarium Diaphoeniconis one quarter of an ounce, Turbith one dram, Ginger one scruple, salt of India three grains, give it him with water wherein Milium Solis is decocted, and then made warm with Sugar. One more milder: Take Turbith one dram and a half, Hermodactili one dram, Diagridij six grains, Salt of Indie two grains, Ginger half a scruple, Annis and Mastic, of each three grains, Sugar pennets one ounce, white Sugar half an ounce, steep them all together in three ounces of the water of Smallage or the water of Maidenhair throughout the whole night; after that wring it out well and drink it; if so be that there appear any phlegmatic matter, then may the patient's vein be opened: but if so be that the matter fall into the stomach, then is it advised that the patiented be made to vomit, and how the same is to be effected, look for that in the Register: for that through vomiting the matter will be especially drawn away which would run towards the rains. For this vomiting, be Radishes, Orage seeds, the middlemost peeles of Elder, and Nux vomica to be used. Some use Clysters, but they must be very easy and mild; but Suppositories are much more praised for this disease. Item, all things which move urine, do also let and hinder the growing of the stone or gravel. But first the mildest are to be begun withal, like as with these following, as liquorice, etc. and where as is heat, Melon seed, pompion seed, Gourd seed, Cucumber seed, Sperage roots or the water of them, fresh fennel, Hollihocke roots and the flowers. Afterwards are stronger things to be used, as Smallage, Maidenhair, dry fennel, yellow wild Rapes, Milium Solis, Lovage, wild Smallage, Hares tongues, wild Thyme, Pistacies, Radish seed, Tassels, Thistlin seed, and such like, the ashes of Hares heads, of Wagtails, prepared Bucks blood, Lapis Spongiae, and jews stone: of all these foresaid things may sirupes, juleps, confections, powders, pills, salves, baths, and such like be prepared: and because the unnatural heat is one of the chief occasions of the stone or gravel, therefore are the foresaid cooling things to be used, and also all such medicines which in this former chapter and 8. §. be described. To let the growing of the stone. §. 2. NOw for to let that the stone may grow no more, that consisteth in two kinds of causes, viz. that one prevent the tough phlegm from growing which is the cause of the stone, and that the unnatural heat get not the mastery. But in this it chief consisteth, that one keep a good order of diet, and eschew all that may cause that gross matter, as milk, and all that is dressed with it, fresh Cheese, Cow beef, Swine's flesh, goats flesh, Geese, and all water fowls, all gross fish, & all other that be without scales, all that is not well baked, sandy, or is ground with a new sharped stone, Rice, Pease, beans, Coleworts, sour fruits, unripe apples and pears, Citrons, etc. and hard sod eggs be also very hurtful, troubled water, red thick wine, Must and Beer are also to be eschewed. But to the contrary, all light meats are to be used, as light and hard baked bread which is a day or two old, wherein Fennell, Annis, Caruwayes, or Nardus seeds are baked, Hens, pullets, Partridges, Capons, young mutton, Goats, Turtle doves, Doves, and all wild fowls, but especially Wagtails are very meet for this sickness. He may also eat all river fish which have scales, as they that are prepared with parsley: in like manner also poch eggs. For his drink he shall take fair white wine tempered with a little water, wherein the seed of Smallage and Fennel seed is decocted. Meade may also be used in stead of his drink, and for a medicine. He may also drink sometimes pease broth, and the broth of Lentils wherewith parsley is decocted; but he is not to eat the pease at all. The kernels of bitter Almonds, of Peach stones, of Prune stones, Pingles, Pistacies, and Raisins is he to eat: in fine, he must eschew all which causeth the matter of the stone to increase, and use all that cooleth the unnatural heat, and expelleth the matter of the stone, for which these things following are fit, and be very good, as Agaricus, Hermodactili, Turbith, wild Saffron seed, roots of Polipodie, and the smell of the wine Hellebore, and also a little root thereof steeped a day and a night in water, and the same water drunk also otherwhiles. Amongst the compounded things there is Benedicta laxativa or Inda, which cleanse the Kidneys, the Bladder and ureters of all phlegm. The same doth also Cassie given with diuretical things, and with beaten liquorice, for the same drieth not only the gravel, but hindereth & letteth also the growing of the stone, and allayeth the heat; and if so be that one giveth it him with the seed of Agnus castus or liquorice, then doth it help the rains marvelously, and stirreth no other humours than those whereof the stone doth grow. Further, there be other things more which do cleanse the ureters or conduits of urine, and open them, as the water of Hyssop, of white water Mints, and of Marierom, of Smallage, of Parsley, of betony, of Penniroial, of Milium Solis, and above all other the water of Hollihocks. Of Sirupes which be most used, are the sirupes of Hyssop, de Calamintha, Acetosus compositus, Oxymel compositum, and all other Oxymels, but especially the Oxymel of Squils': and for example, these compounded things ensuing may be made: Take Oxymel of Squils' one ounce, syrup of Hyssop half an ounce, water of Heart's tongue, and of wild Cucumbers, of each one ounce and a half. This drink is to be taken certain days together, until one may evidently see in the colour of the urine and in other signs, that the disease apparently frameth itself on the better side, by the which the Physicians have their especial marks and signs. And in case there be such matter present which may cause the stone to grow, then are they prepared through the first recited waters, sirupes, and such like for expulsion; and when now the matter is prepared, then is the patiented to be purged, which may be done through this ensuing or such like means. Take the confection Benedicta one ounce, or one ounce and a half, or somewhat less, according to the importance of the cause, then temper them together with three ounces of parsley water. Or prepare this following, which cleanseth much the kidneys, and expelleth the matter of the stone marvelously: Take century, péeled with Saffron seed, of each one dram, prepared Agaricus, powned Hermodactili, of each four scruples, Diagridion six grains, Annis, Fennell, liquorice, the seed of Smallage, and Ginger, of each half a scruple, Sugar pennets one ounce: steep them all together the space of four and twenty hours in four ounces of the water of Maidenhair, afterwards wring it out and drink it. Lastly, you are to govern yourself as in all other purgations. This following is also much commended for to prevent the gravel: Take about Saint john's tide Millet as it standeth and bloometh, then burn it with herb and root, and drink thereof evening and morning two or three ounces with wine, and then fast two hours upon it, and do so five or six days together: it is said, and also taken for to be certain, that doing this one shall be clear and free from the gravel half a year. Against the pain of the Gravel. §. 3. But if in this disease there happen great pain with it, through which the Physicians are much hindered, that they cannot use due remedies; then do they notwithstanding advise first of all, that at the first one is to begin with things which alloy the pain, or at the least do ease it: for which are clysters to be used made of these herbs following, as Mallows, Hollihockes, Béetes, Bearefoot, Pellitory, and such like with the oil of Violets, with Cassie, with Hiera picra, or the confection Benedicta tempered amongst it. Secondly, when the foresaid pain is a little suaged, then are these things following to be used: Take water Cresses, Mallows, Hollihocks, Mercury, Parow, Cinkfoile, Peucedunum, the herb of Mew, and Rue, of each one handful, Calmus, Barley, of each three ounces, Bran, linseed, of each a little: let all these seeth together in sufficient water, and take twelve or sixteen ounces, temper amongst it Hiera picra, Benedicta and Lithontribon, of each half an ounce, oil of Camomile and of Rue, of each one ounce: this Clyster looseth, expelleth wind, and also the pain. Item, take afterwards of the foresaid herbs, but somewhat more Watercresses, and a few Marigolds, and make a bath thereof, and let the patiented in it even up to the navel: you are also to put some stalks of Rapes unto it, then will it be the better. Thirdly, take Mallows, Hollihock roots, Water cresses, Camomile, Maidenhair, Linséed, and Fenegrake seed, of each two ounces; let them all seethe in sufficient water, wet a woollen clout or sponge therein, and lay it continually warm upon the place of the pain. The sodden herbs are you to powne small and temper with Camomile oil, and so lay them upon it. The place of the pain is sometimes also to be anointed with these things following: Take the grease of Hens, of Geese, Hog's grease, fresh butter, oil of Camelina and of Violets, of each half an ounce, oil of Cammomils' & Wax, of each two drams, then let them melt together by the fire. But this is not continually to be used, to the end that the rains be not thereby too much weakened & enfeebled After this anointing are these plasters following to be laid upon it, which do assuage the pain, and will open the conduits of urine: Take three ounces of Wheaten meal, of Fenegréeke meal, of Linseed, beaten Cammomils', of each one dram and a half, Salt one ounce, then make it to a plaster with the oil of Camelina, and with the oil of Scorpions, and then lay it warm upon it. You shall find hereafter many things more which alloy the pain also. Of those things which expel gravel and do break the stone. §. 4. IF there be any fear had of the stone or gravel, or that one perceive it already, then may these things be used for it: Take oil of Lilies, of Scorpions, and of earth-worms, of each a like much, anoint the rains very fat with it by the fire, or by swarm oven. And if you cannot get this Scorpion oil, then take only the o●her oils. Item, eat every morning 6. or 7. bitter Almonds, or Peach kernels, like as is counseled before. There is also much commended the bone of a Hare, which we call the Hare's spring, pouned, and the same drunken with fresh broth: when as any bodies rains begin to grieve him, then is the red oil of S. john's wort esteemed to be very good for to anoint him therewith. Item take 18. or 20. Peach kernels, one quarter of an ounce of Raisins; eat them together, and drink a good draft upon it, of pease broth sod without salt or suet: for this is also much commended, the Cicers or Spanish pease which have a special virtue against the gravel. Item, take Hollihocke roots two pound; the same being made clean, powne them and seeth them in two or three quarts of water until the half, and then strain this broth through a cloth, whereof you are every morning to drink a good pull. Afterwards use the foresaid potion of Cicers and Peach kernels; and when you have a pound of this drink, then mix amongst it one dram of beaten Cinnamome, and as much of the Swams which groweth on the wild Rose-branches. You may also seeth Parsley roots, Sperage roots, and Fennell roots with it, and drink often of it: this is especially commended for them that would withstand the gravel. Item, take the roots of Pimpernell half an ounce, Bistorta, Tormentill, Polipodie roots, and Annis, of each one quarter of an ounce, Gentian, Fenegréek, Oculi cancrorum, peach kernels, Lovage seed, the seed of Smallage, Pickerels bones, shales of hazel nuts, the seed of Mallows, and Camomile, of each one dram; make a powder thereof, and take thereof the weight of one dram, or one dram and a half every day. The ancient Physicians accustom to make this potion following, How to make William's potion. the which they do call William's potion: Take one handful of Alehoofe, young acorn buds half so much, the herb Mouse-eare a little, water and wine, of each a pint; let them seethe together until about the half be sodden away, then strain it through a cloth, and drink thereof in the evening and morning, each time about three spoonfuls, and every foureséene days make a fresh. How the wine of winter Cherries is to be prepared, is amongst others dclared in the eight part: it openeth the conduits of urine marvelously, expelleth the matter whence the stone and gravel doth grow very vehemently, as well out of the kidneys ureters, as also of the bladder. And now further to come to a right process of the Gravel, take at the first five ounces of fresh oil of sweet Almonds, and drink the same warm. Two hours afterwards take a good draft of this potion following, and afterwards as often as you will: Take Mallows with the herb and roots, and Hollihocke leaves, of each one handful, liquorice one ounce, fresh Butter and clear Honey, of each two ounces; seethe them together in sufficient water, or in the water of Cresses, and so drink thereof as is expressed. The next day one is to take this confection following early in the morning: Take fresh Cassie and Benedicta, of each half an ounce, Species justini one dram and a half; temper them together, and then strew them with Sugar and liquorice. Having taken this, then is the party to take thereupon presently a good draft of the water of Cresses: and through this advice hath many a one been released of the gravel. Or take of the confection Benedicta five or six drams, Turpentine washed in water of Mallows, one quarter of an ounce; temper them all together with three ounces of Agrimony water, and then drink it as warm as you can: it is marvelous good against the stone. Necessity doth otherwhiles require that these confections following are to be given to the patiented: Take the confection Benedicta and washed Turpentine, of each three drams and a half, Iewes stone which is prepared with water wherein Millet is decocted, one dram; temper them all together with powned liquorice, and then give it him with Cress' water. Men do also take sometimes for it half a dram of prepared blood of a Buck also, which is not amiss. Hereafter followeth one other necessary mean or process: Pills for the stone. and first in case the stone be in the bladder, then are these pills to be prepared which do vehemently break the stone: Take the fruits of Balsam, Radish seed, and the seed of great Smallage. Some do sake for this the seed of stone Parsley, Opopanacum, Capers roots, bitter Almonds, Saxifrage, Squinanth, Cipers roots, India Spica, Cassie wood, Heart's tongue, wild Rue, Gentian, Hartwort, Asarabacca, Cardamome, Ammoniacum, Serapinum, Bdellium, long Pepper and Calmus, of each a like much: the Gums are to be melted in sufficient Balsam, temper the rest among them beaten small, and make it into pills: take of them one dram at once with the foresaid confection of Benedicta and of Turpentine, as is before rehearsed: when he is purged, then take Pellitory of the wall, Mallows, of each one handful and a half, Linseed, Fenegréeke seed, and Hollihocke roots, of each one handful, fifteen or sixteen Sebestes, liquorice, powned Millet, of each half an ounce: cut all that is to be cut, and let it boil in fresh broth. Take twelve or fifteen ounces thereof, and temper amongst it one ounce of Benedicta, oil of bitter Almonds three ounces, slight sugar one ounce and a half, Salt one dram, and one yolk of an egg; then mix them together, and set this clyster very warm. And if that this purgation (by reason of the unpleasantness of the Turpentine) went against his stomach, then may he use one of these ensuing: Take fresh Cassie one ounce and a quarter, oil of sweet Almonds four ounces, temper them together, and drink it. Or take Electuarium de Sebesten and Cassie, of each half an ounce, Electuarium Indum one dram and a half, mix them all together with Sugar, if you will put therewith one dram of jews stone, and make it to a drink with Millet water, then doth it expel the better. After this are you to come to the things which do break the stone easily, & open the passages of urine. For to achieve this, then is the body first of all to be purged, and afterwards are these following and elected remedies to be used. By what means the stone to be broken. To break the stone is this following very forcible: Take prepared Bucks blood one dram and a half, ashes of Scorpions one scruple, ten grains of good Treacle, burnt and prepared glass one dram, then seeth Radishes, Saxifrages, winter Cherries in water or wine, and take four ounces of this broth, or as much Bean water, and make the foresaid a potion, and use it fasting in the morning. In case that for all this the pain remaineth enduring, then take scraped liquorice and Currans, of each one quarter of an ounce, pouned Millet, Maidenhair, of each half an ounce, seeth them together in water of agrimony, Pellitory, or Camomile water: take of this decoction two ounces and a half, Spec. Lithontribi one quarter of an ounce, Philonium Romanum two scruples, good wine two ounces, Sugar one ounce; then temper them all together unto a potion, and drink it three hours before meat. Item, take prepared Bucks blood one dram and a half, Oxymel of Squils' half an ounce, Wine wherein Radishes be decocted, four ounces, then make a potion of it. Further, it is necessary that the stomach be strengthened, and the hot matter of the kidneys expelled, for which is meet also the foresaid Clyster, if there be put unto it one ounce of Cassie more. Or use this following: Take twelve ounces of linseed oil, oil of bitter Almonds six ounces, Hen's grease four ounces, or in stead of that, as much fresh Butter, two yolks of Eggs, then mix them all together, and minister it warm. You may also give unto the sick body oil of sweet or bitter Almonds, of each three ounces and a half or more to drink; for it is found, that the same taken by the mouth hath more assuaged the pain, than the which hath been used in the Clysters. It is in like sort found to be very good, that the place be fomented with these things following where the pain is, and after that anointed: Take Camomile, Maidenhair, Linseed and Hollihocke roots, of each one handful, seeth them all together in white Wine and water: then make a sponge wet in it, and lay the same wrung out very warm upon it. For the anointing may many things be used, or like as hereafter followeth: Take oil of Scorpions one ounce, oil of sweet Almonds and Butter, of each half an ounce, mucilage of linseed, of Fenegréeke, of each five drams, Saxifrage one dram, and a little molten Wax, temper them all together. The last and highest mean for the intolerable pain is, that the Harcotica be used, which be things that take away all sense and feeling, thus: Take the first described decoction, and put therein of the confection of Lithontribon two drams, Philonium Romanum one dram, oil of sweet almonds one quarter of an ounce, good white Wine two ounces, mingle them all together, and give thereof to drink. Will you then make a Clyster of it? then take of the foresaid decoction about two ounces, oil of sweet Almonds four ounces, Philonium one dram, Wine three ounces, and then minister it like as is accustomed. These two proceed in this sickness, I thought good to described thus at length, that every one might know how to choose of the medicines following what is most needful for him. First, we will describe all such things which are to be eaten, and may be used in the body, and first of all beginning with the confections: Take sponge stones, Hollihocke seed, Millet, and Medlar stones, of each half an ounce, prepared Bucks blood one dram, Iewes stones, and Gromell seed, of each one scruple, great and small Endive seed, and Pikes bones (which be unsodden) of each half a dram, Sugar as much as of all the rest: but the Sugar decocted with the water of winter Cherries, and then make Tabulats thereof, and take of them every time half an ounce. Or take Pomate stone, jews stone, and burnt glass, of each one dram and a half, prepared Bucks blood three drams, Gromel seed half an ounce, beat them all small together, Sugar as much as all the rest doth weigh, make with the water of winter Cherries, or the water of Mallows, tabulats of it, and take half an ounce at once thereof. Item, take four ounces of Pistacies, steep them two days and two nights in the water of winter Cherries, take off the péeles, and chop them very small, Gromell seeds half an ounce, roots of Cinqfoile, Heart's tongue, wild Thime, Rue seed, of each one dram and a half, Sugar six ounces; then seethe it with the water of Saxifrage, make Tabulats of it, and use them as before. Another. Take prepared Bucks blood one dram and a half, the jawbones of Pickerels two scruples, jew stones and Sponge stones, of each half a dram, Melon seed, Hollihocke seed, liquorice, the seed of Smallage, Cucubes, of each one scruple, Sugar two ounces and a half, make a confection thereof with the water of Mallows. Fennell seed and Coming raw or confected and eaten, be good for all diseases in the kidneys of the stone and gravel. The confection of justini or Lithontribon, as they be prepared at all well furnished Apothecaries, are also marvelous good for this use. In like manner also bitter Almonds confected and eaten, expel the matter whence the stone doth grow. This following is also a very sumptuous Confection: Take burnt glass, and burnt Grasshoppers, whereof the feet and wings be cast away, of each three drams, the ashes of a Hare, and preared Bucks blood, of each one ounce, Plantain seed, Starch, the seed of Butcher's broom, of each two drams and a half, Sirupi Acetosi Compositi thirty ounces, Sugar pennets 24. ounces, then make an electuary thereof. This foresaid confection doth cleanse all slimy matter and gravel, it breaketh the stone, and openeth all conduits of urine if one take every morning the space of fourteen days three drams, with the water of Gromell, or Radish water. The Confection of a calcined Hare is thus to be prepared: The electuary of a calcined Hare. Take Iewes stone and Sponge stones, of each one dram, the powder of a Hare one quarter of an ounce, Spec. Lithontribon one quarter of an ounce, Sugar four ounces: make thereof with Saxifrage water tabulats or a Confection. This foresaid Electuary provoketh urine, and cleanseth all the ureters of all slime and gravel, and expelleth also all winds: take thereof two or three drams with the water of Sperage betimes in the morning, and also before both the meal tides. Item, take yellow wild Rape seed, Coming, Balsam wood, Parsley seed, sweet Costus roots, Calmus, Annis, Asarabacca, Fennel and Cinnamom, of each one dram, the seed of Purslane, of Endive, of small Endive, of Lettuce and Cretae Marinae, of each one drag. Lapis Lyncis, Sponge stones, and burnt Glass, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sugar as much as is needful for to make a Confection. One may take a dram or two thereof with a little water; all according to the importance of the cause. The Confection of horse Radishes is thus to be prepared: Take well cleansed horse Radishes, The confection or electuary of horse Radishes. cut them in round slices, and let them stand a steep in Vinegar until that they be very soft; Or pour strong wine upon it, and renew the same every day, and that the space of five or six days; at length seethe them away therewith, and rub them through a strainer: Afterwards, take thereof one pound, and one pound and a half of clarified honey, then let them seethe together by a gentle fire, stirring them always about until they be decocted, as behoveth for a confection. Afterwards let it be somewhat cold, and put the spices unto it, which hereafter in the eight part in the first chapter of Calmus are described. Or take in the stead of the same half an ounce of Cinnamom, Ginger three quarters of an ounce, Cardamome, Cucubes, Cloves and Nutmegs, of each one drag. and a half; temper them together: therewithal the fuming of the horse Radishes in the head is abated and taken away. This confection is not only good for the stone and gravel, but also for the stomach; it warmeth the inward parts, and delayeth the pain in the belly which proceedeth of cold; it is a right Treacle for the common people, and an especial medicine for the Scurvy. There is also another confection prepared for this (called Electuarium de Cineribus, The confection of ashes. which is a confection of ashes, as followeth hereafter:) Take ashes of Scorpions one quarter of an ounce, Cantarides without heads and wings one dram, prepared Bucks blood one quarter of an ounce, glass, ashes of unset Coleworts, Hares ashes, ashes of Wagtails, and ashes of egshels whereof Chickens have been hatched, or each two drams, jew stones, stones of Ox galls, Pepper, wild yellow Rape seed, Caraway, Hollihocke seed, Gum, Saxifrage and Gromell seeds, Seseli, Balsam fruits and the wood, India Spica, Maidenhair, Mallows, Pompions, Cucumbers, and Gourd seeds, of each one dram, of Roses as much as sufficeth for to make a confection of it, take thereof morning and evening the quantity of a hazel nut at once, tempered with the decoction of Cicers. Item, take Mithridate or new Treacle, half or a whole dram, with the decoction of Cicers: they expel and break the gravel and the stone, and also ease the pain, especially if it be used after bathing. Amongst all other confected things, are especial good for the stone and gravel (chief if one want warmth) the preserved Elecampane roots, Pimpernell roots, Calmus, yellow Rapes, parsnip, conserve of Gilliflowers, and of Pionie: the water Cresses eaten for a salad, expelleth the stone, the gravel and urine. There be divers powders made for this which follow hereafter: Take prepared Bucks blood half an ounce, Lapis Lyncis, Lapis cacrorum, and peach kernels, of each one dram, the seed of Parsley and Smallage, of each half an ounce, beat them all together, and temper them all together, use thereof in the morning, at noon, and in the evening half a dram, or more at once, with that kind of Beane water which immediately is described hereunderneath, and that so long, until the stone avoid, and that you perceive no more gravel. Item, take Saxifrage, Annis, Pepper, the seed of Smallage, Gromell seed, and Sperage seed, of each a like much, beat them all together very small, and let them pass through a scarce, then take thereof half a dram or a whole dram with honywater or with wine. This following hath oftentimes been approved: Take parched Peach kernels half an ounce, Medlar stones one ounce, powne them very small, and then give him a dram thereof with the water of Saxifrage wherein Cinqfoile hath been decocted. There is also one ounce, or one ounce and a half of oxymel to be put thereto, and to temper the same with any water; that also expelleth the stone: but one must beware therein for using any hot things. This drink is also very requisite for this: Take wild Thistle roots, which be the roots of Tassel, and roots of Smallage, of each one handful, Annis half a dram: seethe them all together in a quart and a half of water unto the half. Item, take Sponge stones, jews stones, glass, prepared Bucks blood and Sugar, of each a like quantity, give one dram thereof with Oxymel or with the water of Smallage when he hath the pain. Both these foresaid are by reason of the great help and cure that they do, called the hand of God. Item, take the roots of Burrs one dram and a half, glass one dram, rub the same with vinegar, with the water of Smallage, or with any other such like distilled waters: this is marvelously praised of all ancient Physicians. Another. Take Gromell seed one dram, liquorice one quarter of an ounce, peeled Melon seed half an ounce, gum of the Cherry tree one ounce: powne them all to powder, and give thereof at each time half an ounce with a little distilled water. Or take Gromell seed, Annis, Fennell, Parsley seeds, and péeled Melon seed, of each one dram, Lignum Aloes, winter Cherries, red Saxifrage, Sponge stones and jews stones, of each one scruple, the seed of Broome and of Saxifrage, of each half a dram, Cinnamom, prepared Coriander, and red Saunders, of each three quarters of an ounce, Cloves, Galingal, Ginger, of each three drams, white Sugar two ounces, make a powder of it, and take one dram at once thereof with Mallows water and pease broth. Another. Take Gromel seed, and the seed of Saxifrage, of each one dram, the seeds of Lettuce, of Henbane, of Pompions, of white Poppies, of Melons, of Cucumbers, of Gourds (all together péeled) of each two scruples, powned liquorice four scruples, Trocisci Alkakengi which is of winter Cherries one dram and a half, the seed of Pimpernell, of Broome, of each two scruples, Sugar two ounces, make a powder of them. In like manner, there be good for this disease powned Medlar stones, and powdered earth-worms, of each one dram and a half well weighed, and take Fenelike with Saxifrage water. Item, seeth a Crab like as they be used to be sod, and wash the same with Wine, and let it dry, than beat it clean to powder with his shells, and take one quarter of an ounce thereof with wine. Or take the powder of Maidenhair one quarter of an ounce, and drink it with the water of Strawberries or the water of Mallows, or the water of Parsley, it is also especial good. Take half an ounce of the shales of hazel nuts beaten small, Sugar also as much, temper them together, and use thereof every time a dram or more fasting in the morning with the water of Lilies; and women may drink it with wine or any thing else in stead of Lily water. The stone which is cut out of one, beaten small, and half a dram thereof taken every day with the water of Saxifrage or Radish water, doth also break the stone of the bladder. Item, take liquorice one quarter of an ounce, Sponge stone, and jews stone, of each ten grains, Fennell seed, Ameos Myrrha, Annys, the seed of Mallows, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, chopped small together, of each half a dram, Cinnamome one dram beaten small together: there is the weight of a dram thereof to be taken with any of the foresaid waters. There may also be prepared for this these pills ensuing: Take burnt glass, ashes of a Hare, Sponge stone, and jews stone, of each a like much, make pills thereof with the water of Saxifrage: also three round slices of Radishes eaten every morning be very good. In like sort also the small bird the Wagtail roasted, powdered, or taken as one will, is marvelous good for this, like as here before is specified already. It is also taken for a certain experiment if one do accustom to eat Nettles, that thereby he should be freed of the stone and gravel. Now we will write of certain potions which be meet for the stone and the gravel: Potions for the stone. Take Turpentine which is washed with Mallows water, three quarters of an ounce, Species justini two scruples, Benedicta Laxativa half a dram; let the Turpentine and decoction melt, afterwards temper the rest with it, and so drink it as warm as you can. Another. Take Rhubarb one quarter of an ounce, juniper berries one ounce, the bark of the Cassie three drams, jews stone half an ounce, Agaricus, Ginger, Cinnamome, Galmgall and Mastic, of each one dram, Mithridate three drams, Mace, Cloves, of each half a dram, spirit of Wine one pint, and Malmsey three pints: set them all together the space of three months in the sun there to distil; and of this distillation give two ounces early in the morning, or being in the bath, it is a marvelous and approved remedy. Another. Take Rhubarb, G●nger berries, Cassie wood, and Fennell, of each one quarter of an ounce, Annis one dram, liquorice five drams, jews stone half an ounce, Agaricus, Ginger, Cinnamome and Cloves, of each one dram, Mithridate three drams, Mace and Nutmegs, of each half a dram, Mastic one dram; put all these together beaten in a glass, and pour thereon three pound of the spirit of Wine or Aqua vitae, then stop it tied, and set it the space of five days in the sun; stir it all together very well, then pour as much Malmsey unto it, and let it stand again eight or fourteen days in the sun, stirring it every day well about, afterwards strain it and keep it well; when as the gravel beginneth to prick, then take a spoonful thereof every day, and you shall find amendment out of hand. This same may be distilled like as the former. Another. Take a pint of Aqua vitae more or less as you will, Malmsey four ounces, Sugar-candy eight ounces, the water of Strawberries four ounces, Parsley water two ounces; mix them together, and take a spoonful thereof, or as much as you please. It is also here to be marked that you need not be afraid of Aqua vitae, burnt Wine, or any other strong wine: for all learned do require to drink strong wine, as Vinum punicum, Malmsey, Muscadel, and such like, against the gravel or the stone, yea when the pain is at the extremest, yet with moderation. Some that love distillations do very much commend this potion following against the gravel: Take oil of Mace and clear Turpentine, of each ten or twelve drops, Annis water and Fennell water, of each one quarter of an ounce, the syrup of liquorice one ounce, oil of Vitriol three or four drops, then temper them well together, afterwards prove it; and if so be that it be not so sour that it set the teeth on edge, than it is méetly; and if it be not sour enough, than put two drops of the oil of Vitriol more into it. It is somewhat perilous to deal with the oil of Vitriol, therefore good heed is to be had and taken, like as is declared in his description. Take Nettle seed two ounces and a half, pour wine upon it, and drink thereof. This wine is accounted marvelous good for the gravel and for the stone. Here before is oftentimes admonshed of Beane water, which is thus made: The water of beans. when they begin to be ripe, or when they be in their full juice, then is only the outtermost green pods or péeles to be taken where the Beans do lie, and the leaves, and all their moisture is to be distilled out of them in séething water. This being done, then take one ounce and a half thereof, prepared Bucks blood one dram or four scruples, and give the patiented thereof in the morning when he riseth, and at night when he goeth to bed. And this is he to observe and continue so long until that the stone or gravel be clean expelled, and no more gravel can be perceived: this is of all ancient and latter Physicians taken to be a famous and certain experiment. Item, take woman's milk about two ounces, steep therein cut sprigs of Cipers, and let them stand and steep the space of three or four hours in a warm place, and then drink it. Item, take Knotgrass half an ounce, red Pease, and peeled Melon seed, of each one ounce, let them seeth in twelve ounces of water even unto the half, and give thereof one ounce at once tempered with a little Sugar: the mead or honywater is an especial medicine against the gravel and the stone. In like manner also wine or water wherein Heart's tongue and Mallows be decocted, and also of both these distilled waters. Item, take a good handful of Watercresses, seeth them in a pint of water unto the half, and drink thereof morning and evening, each time three or four ounces, and do this the space of eight or ten days together. Some do also much commend Lemons water. Take the roots of chervil and Saxifrage, of each a like quantity: seeth them in wine, and drink oftentimes thereof, it breaketh the stone, and causeth well to make water. Or take Maidenhair one handful, winter Cherries and Gromell seed, of each two drams, boil them in a pint of white wine until two thirds remain, take three or four ounces at once, and especially after a bath the water of Larks spur. Likewise also the water of Carduus Benedictus, if one do drink three or four ounces of it, is very good for the stone. Item, so are all these waters ensuing good therefore, viz. the water of Saxifrage, of Pellitory, of Cinqfoile, of Watercresses, of Fennell, of Radishes, of Maidenhair, of Strawberries and of Camomile. Item, take a fresh Radish, cut it to thin round slices, and pour thereon Vinum punicum, or any other good wine: afterwards drink thereof sometimes a good draft. You have also herebefore in the twelfth chapter and eleventh §. a good drink against the gravel and the stone, beginning, Take Gentian, etc. Item, take Maidenhair, Sperage, tassel leaves, water Mints, broad plantain, and red pease, of each a like quantity; seethe them all together in water, then take of this decoction five ounces, and temper therewith two ounces of Oxymel; afterwards give it to the patiented. Further, lay him a bed and let him sweat well: this openeth the conduits of urine, maketh altough humours thin, and expelleth them which cause the stone and the gravel. Further, there be divers wines decocted and also unsodden, whereof we will discover some. Of all the most used are these following, as the wine of winter Cherries, wine of Elecampane roots, wine of Hyssop, wine of Heart's tongue, and wine of Assarabacca, which is thus to be prepared: Urine of Assarabacca. Take Must, and to every quart of Must half an ounce of Assarabacca, the herb being taken off when the root hath been a drying the space of two months. Of this wine take every evening and every morning a good draft: it forceth the urine and the gravel, it warmeth all inward parts, it expelleth the Ague, it is good for the Dropsy, and also for the yellow jaundice. Another good Wine. TAke Strawberrie leaves, Pellitory, Water cresses, and Gourd cresses, of each a like quantity: seeth them in Wine until the third part be consumed, then drink thereof a meetly draft when you go to bed, and in the morning when you rise. This hath been oftentimes found very good. All Physicians do conclude, that all troubled and thick Wine, much and often drunken, causeth the stone and the gravel speedily to grow. Therefore must one always beware thereof. The Cherry wine, like as it by reason of the temperate nature may be used in all sicknesses; so may the same also be occupied for this disease, and especially when the Cherries with their kernels be stamped in pieces, whereof it is made, then doth it drive out the gravel the better. We will here yet describe certain sirupes which may be used with great commodity for the gravel, like as these ensuing: Take the roots of Sperage, of Ruscus, and of grass, of each three ounces, Heart's tongue with the roots, Creta marina, Maidenhair, water mints, Saxifrage, Pimpernell, and Yarrow, of each one handful, red pease two ounces, Vinegar of Squils' one ounce, white Sugar and honey, of each six ounces. Lastly, seethe a clear syrup of this, and use the same with diuretical waters. Another. TAke Fennell roots, parsley roots, the roots of Smallage and of Sperage, of each one handful, the seeds of parsley, of fennel, of Smallage, of anise, of Caruway, of Lettuce, of purslane, of small Endive, of Melons, of pompions, of Gourds, and of Cucumbers, of each one ounce, red and white Saunders, Roses and Violets, of each half a dram, five and twenty or thirty dry prunes, Heart's tongue, Liverwort, century, and Maidenhair, of each two handfuls. All these foresaid things seeth in sufficient water unto the half and then wring them out, unto this decoction put eighteen ounces of Sugar, and let it seethe again to a syrup, and then clarify it with the white of an egg. What outwardly aught to be used. FOr the gravel and the stone may divers things be also outwardly used, whereof we shall hereafter write and discourse sufficiently, but we will first begin with the salve. Take the fat of the kidneys of a Wether, stamp it very small, and temper therewith a crusefull of the juice of water Cresses, or garden Cresses, and let them seethe together: this being done, then strain it through a cloth, and anoint you therewith. In like manner is also good for all gravel and pain of the rains, for the stone and the conduits of urine, and for all diseases of the bladder, the precious blame or oil, which, in the last part of this book, is the first of all the rest that is described, if one be anointed therewith. For a plaster is this following to be used: Take Hollihocke roots with the seed, Linseed, figs, and butter, of each an ounce, oil of sweet Almonds two ounces, Wax as much as is needful for to make a plaster, and then lay it upon the kidneys; afterwards you are also to anoint the place of the rains with the oil of Scorpions, and to spout some of that oil therein. Item, take oil of Scorpions three ounces, sponge stones, and burnt Wagtails, of each 3. drams, jews stone one dram, make a salve or a plaster thereof with wax. Item, in the former sixtéenth chapter and the fift §. is described a plaster of Radishes, which may also be used for this purpose. For this is also good a pap made of the crumbs of white bread decocted with wine, and a little Saffron put to it. Item for to lay upon it: Take Pellitory, put some Scorpion oil unto it, oil of Camomile and some oil of Camelina; fry them all together in a pan until it be as thick as pap, afterwards put amongst it powned Saffron, and then lay it upon the kidneys. Item, take Pellitory, Spikenard, Spica Romana, Fennell seed, parsley seed, wild yellow Rape seed, and Assarabacca, of each one handful, powne them somewhat together, and put it in a bag, afterwards let it seeth in wine and lay it over the rains. Of bathing and fomenting in the gravel. ALL they that can come to the warm sulphur baths, may frank and freely use them, for these be very necessary for to break the stone. But if so be that one cannot come at them, then let this following be prepared: Take Hollihocke leaves, Fennell, parsley with the roots, Pellitory and Linseed, of each one handful; put them together in a bag and seeth them in a great kettle of water, afterwards let it be meetly cold without putting any other water unto it: then set the patiented in it even to the navel, as long as he can abide. This is to be often used, and so long until that the patiented do find that the stone weareth away. Another, take Pellitory, Lavender flowers, parsley seed, Fennell seed, wild yellow Rape seed; seethe them all together (as is aforesaid) and bathe therewith. The bag is also to be laid upon the kidneys. Item, take the herb Horsetaile, Mallows, wild Thyme, the stalks of Rapes, put them all together in a bag, and seeth them in a great kettle with water; and further, let it be meetly cold of itself, and used as before. When one hath then bathed a certain space, then are diuretical potions and salves of the rains to be used, made of such things as are described herebefore. These are now the principallest things which of the ancient and latter Physicians are described against the gravel and the stone of the bladder: also whatsoever else is prescribed for the infirmities of the kidneys, that is for this most meet and convenient. There be also more accidents which are wont next to the gravel and the stone to accord and accompany it, as Lithiasis, Dysuria, Stranguria and Ischuria, and all these bring also great pain and sometimes swellings, whereby the conduits of urine be stopped: but because that these altogether belong but to the bladder and the neck of the same, therefore will we discourse thereof after the description of the Bladder. But there is yet a heavy disease which proceedeth from the kidneys, the which we are here to describe, and therewith to conclude this Chapter. When any one cannot hold his water. §. 5. THis disease the Grecians call Diabeten, the Latinists Vrinae proflwium, which is an unnatural flux of the urine: with the great pain which is with this disease there is an excessive and intolerable thirst, the which when one thinketh to quench with drinking, then doth all that is drunk pass strait away from him, and is without any alteration of the same drink pissed out again altogether, whereby this disease hath his name also Proflwium. Well now, this is a disease of the kidneys, which is wholly to be compared with the disease of the stomach in the flux Lienteria: in which disease of the stomach or flux, there is no satiablenes of meat because that the meat received, forthwith undigested and without any alteration passeth out through the bowels. And albeit (as is said) this unnatural heat of the Rains cometh from the Liver, the which afterwards doth draw unto it the moisture which is received of the stomach, then doth this disease nevertheless for all that come from the cold of the kidneys and of the whole body, like as may be seen in them who get the palsy, & cannot hold their urine. If it proceed of heat, than it is known by the pain and pricking about the kidneys, and by the great thirst. If of cold, that is to be perceived about the same parts, and in the outward members, for cold things offend him, and all warm things are acceptable. By all these forementioned things are yet the tokens that in pissing there is no pain, and that there is stopping of the stolen: when this sickness grows to be old, whether it be in aged or young persons, then is it esteemed to be incurable, for that it consumeth the body from day to day, and that so long, until that death follow after it. The cure of these sicknesses depend on these rules ensuing, whereof the first is, like as this disease is caused most out of heat and drieth of the kidneys, so is the same to be remedied though cooling and moist things: secondly, if so be that the retentive force of the kidneys be enfeebled through the superfluous moisture which they do draw unto them, then are men to strengthen the same (if it be caused through heat) with astringent & cooling things, and to alter their nature: thirdly, because that the whole body through the attraction and affluence of all waterish moisture, waxeth faint and thirsty; therefore it is good not to permit the sick person to drink much, that he fall not utterly thereby into the consuming ague Marasmum: four, if so be that the sickness be caused through heat, and that the liver and the stomach be also thereby infected, then is he to eschew all light meats and eggs: fifthly, to the end the moisture may be drawn to another place, then is after much drinking of water parbraking and vomiting to be provoked: sixthly, all that draweth the moisture outward, as the sweat, is here very profitable: seventhly, like as the body in this sickness is commonly bound and obstructed, therefore is care to be had to open the same with Clysters. And like as we have expressed that this disease Diabetes can be caused through heat and cold, therefore will we write distinctly and severally thereof, and first begin with the cold Diabetes. Of the effluxion of the urine through cold. §. 6. THough now it happeneth (like as we have discoursed here before) that the sick persons do make water very much, and yet no heat perceived thereby, or that a nights his urine unwitting run from him, and had also no thirst and abated not, then are all such medicines to be given him which do stay the urine: for which these things following shall be very meet: To wit, eggs supped early in the morning fasting, steeled milk, or wherein peeble stones be slacked; but especial is the sheeps milk commended for it. Some do advise that for this disease is every day to be taken half a dram or a dram of Mithridate with a good draft of wine. These pills following are also highly commended for this disease: Take Bevercod, Myrrh, Hissope, Marierom, acorn cups, and Pieratrion, of each a like quantity, make them to powder; then take the syrup of Myrtles, and form a mass of pills thereof; afterwards then give a dram thereof at once, to wit, when the patiented goeth to bed. Or use this powder following: Take acorn cups, powne them to powder, and take thereof one quarter of an ounce at once with red Wine before that you go to bed. Item, take a Hedgehog powdered one dram, or one dram and a half, and give it him as before; the flesh of an Hedgehog is marvelous good for this. Item, take Acorns one dram, Frankincense three ounces, and six drams of prepared Coriander, fine Bolus and Gum, of each one ounce and a quarter, then make a powder of it, and take every morning thereof one ounce and a half with red wine. Item, take powned Agrimony one dram with red wine when you go to bed. Outwardly may some of these things following be used: Take oil of Lilies, or oil of Costus, anoint the privities with it and the parts about it: but temper amongst it some fine Bolus, Mastic, Momie, Myrrh, and make a salve of it. Or lay one of these plasters following upon it: Take Laudanum and Mastic, of each one ounce, Frankincense, Cipers' nuts, of each one dram, Lignum Aloes, red Stirax, Calmus, Galingall, Cinnamom, of each half a dram, Turpentine one dram, or as much as is needful, melt the Laudanum in a warm mortar, then make a plaster thereof, and lay it over the privities; but first shave off the hair, that the plaster may be taken off without pain. Or make this following: Take Laudanum and Mastic, of each two drams, Lignum Aloes, red Storax, Galingal and Quince kernels, of each one dram, Turpentine one ounce; powne all that is to be powned, and add the Laudanum unto it as before, spread it on leather and apply it to the privities. Another. Take the juice of Mints twelve ounces, Frankincense and Mastic, of each half an ounce, Cipers' nuts one quarter of an ounce, Galingall, Lignum Aloes, of each one dram, Cinnamome, or beaten Coming seed as much as is needful for a plaster, use it as is before showed. It is to be noted that the Coming seed must be parched before. What further is requisite for this purpose, it may be sought for in the third part, the 11. Chapter, and also in the 12. chapter, in the first part, and 13. §. For the affluxion of urine through heat. §. 7. IF so be that there be with this unnatural affluxion of the urine an unnatural thirst, and the drink forthwith pissed out again, then are these means following to be used: first, in case that the body be bounden, then minister to the patiented laxative clysters of the common cooling herbs, wherewith Hiera picra or Benedicta with the oil of Violets be tempered; and immediately afterwards open the liver vein, whereby all the ill accidents of the body may be defended and avoided. And if it be needful, purge the patiented with yellow Mirobalans and with Cassie, which both do cool. But if you will make it that it be good for the gravel, then mix things amongst it which expel the gravel: afterwards cause the patiented to vomit when he hath drunken much water, like as is taught in the sixth rule. Otherwise is this ensuing especially commended for this disease Diabetes: Take Acacia one quarter of an ounce, Rose leaves three drams, fine Bolus, Gum, and tragacanth, of each half an ounce; powne them all small together, and let it pass through a small sieve: afterwards make it into small Trocisces, with the mucilage of Fleawort, and give thereof the weight of a dram with Endive water, Borage and Cicorie water. Item, take fine Bolus and Sealed earth, of each one scruple, the juice of Sloes, pomegranate flowers, Myrtle seed, red Coral, and Roses, of each one dram; make a fine powder thereof, when he goeth to rest, with thick red wine: or take the innermost rinds of hens maws, wash them clean with wine, and dry them, the powder of a Hares head and Mastic, of each half an ounce, Agrimony five drams, powder of an Hedgehog half an ounce, temper them all together, and powne them all small to powder; afterwards give thereof one dram and a half with red Wine when he goeth to sleep. Another. Take Nettle roots one handful, Vervain and Caruway, of each one handful and a half, seeth them together in steeled water, and drink thereof. Item, take Sorba and pears, stamp them together, distil a water thereof, and drink often of it, or mingle any other drink amongst it. Outwardly may these things following be used: stamp cooling herbs, viz. Lettuce, Purslane, Nightshade, Housléeke, Rose leaves, and Willow leaves. Or cut fresh Pompions or Citrons in broad pieces and lay them thereon: you may also wear a beaten plate of led upon the rains, the which may be made oftentimes wet with Vinegar. Also prepare this salve ensuing: Take three ounces of Poplar salve, oil of Roses, and oil of Mandragora, of each half an ounce, the mucilage of Fleawort one quarter of an ounce, Vinegar one dram, Wax as much as is needful for to make therewith a salve. Item, take the juice of Lettuce, of Purslane and of Nightshade, of each one dram and a half, Rose water one ounce, Vinegar half an ounce, white beaten Poppy seed one ounce, Wax as much as sufficeth for a salve, and anoint the rains with it. After the anointing lay then this plaster following upon it: Take Barley meal, Vinegar, and oil of Roses, let them seeth together, and lay it thereon. Or take Vine leaves, Willow leaves, Quince leaves, tassel leaves, and Houseleek, of each one handful, stamp them well together, and put unto it six ounces of Barley meal, oil of Roses and Vinegar, as much as sufficeth for to make a plaster, then lay it cold upon it. The order of diet. ALl meats that do cool are good for this patiented, as Verivice, the juice of Ruscus, Barley, and all that is dressed with Barley, Almond milk, and Rice, all fruits which cool and bind, as Medlars, Sorba, Sloes, Cherries, sometimes also plums, Mulberries, Pomegranates, and Strawberries are also good for him. If there be neither heat nor Ague with it, then may he have the foresaid things dressed, as Barley, Rice and Almonds with fresh broth. He may also use otherwhiles neats feet and river fish, but very little salted. Also henbroth decocted with cooling seeds is very good for him. His best drink shall be Barley water, wherein a little Fleawort is decocted. Buttermilk is also good for him. The juice of the first mentioned fruits may be mixed with fresh Well water, and so drunk: in like sort also the Rose water of itself alone. Thick red wine is also (as before) to be tempered with fresh well water. For this is also meet the syrup of Violets, or julep of Violets, with some cooling waters, or tempered with some well water. You have also herebefore in the twelfth chapter and 3. §. other juleps and Confections more which be also very fit for this use, as Triasantalon and Diarrhodon Abbatis, therefore is he to take now the one and then the other, to the end that nature chance not to abhor and loathe that which is to be taken. For an intolerable thirst may this following be used: Take burnt ivory ten drams, Lettuce seed and Purslane seed, of each fifteen drams, Coriander seed, yellow Rose seeds, and fine Bolus, of each five drams, Pomegranate blossoms one quarter of an ounce, Camfer half a dram; then make a powder of it, and use one dram thereof, or one dram and a half at once with the juice of pomegranates. What is further good for the thirst, look for it in the twelfth Chapter and 10. §. in the third part of this book. This patient must restrain and keep himself from all labour, and conversation or company of women. Also to eschew all sour things, and to perform and do in all things like as herebefore in the sixth Chapter and 1. §. is taught of the eftluxion of human seed. The eighteenth Chapter. Of the Bladder. THis inward part the Bladder is common to all human bodies; it is made of two strong skins or membranes, whereof the innermost skin is twice as strong as the outmost, and that not in vain, but to the end it might the better withstand the sharpness of the urine. Both these skins are form of a slippery white matter: and between both the skins or membranes there run many veins, sinews and arteries every way, whereby they do draw the moisture of the ureters, which do come from the Rains, and do carry it into the Bladder. For the foresaid ureters be so small and so narrow, that one cannot in a dead body discern nor find the same; like as also the bladder of beasts doth manifest the same, which is so tied and so shut up, that no water nor wind can pierce through. In men doth this Bladder lie with his neck (which is fleshy) very hard besides the Arseg●t, crooked, and almost like this letter S, great and long even to the beginning of the Yard. But in women the neck of the bladder doth lie somewhat higher than the neck of the womb, it is also shorter and wider, and therefore also they may much easier be helped of the stone then men. Item, in the forepart of the neck of the bladder there is a muskellish flesh, the which holdeth the urine so long shut up, until a body desire to make or let go his water. Further, men's bladders be also according to the proportion of the body, much bigger than in any beasts: they can also stretch themselves very far, whereby they in time of need may retain and keep a great quantity of urine. Whensoever this bladder also is pricked in her membrane substance, or a hole made in it, then is it incurable; notwithstanding that Aristotle doth think that it hath been healed, but very seldom: for the neck of the bladder, which we have said to be fleshy, may be healed without plaster or salve, and only through the urine, like as is sufficiently made known & showed by the stone cutters. Amongst beasts, they only have bladders which bring forth a living creature into the world, and that have lights full of blood. But all that do lay eggs, as fowls and worms, they have altogether no bladder, the Tortoise only excepted. This bladder is by nature ordained for a receiver of the urine, and to the body a very needful member; for if so be that nature must have expelled all her waterish moisture throughout all the whole body, not having any particular vent or passage for it, then of necessity should a body oftentimes either dry away or stifle. To this bladder do also happen oftentimes many sundry diseases and perilous infections, as the gravel, the stone, painful making of urine, retention of the same, the Strangury, slime, obstruction through blood, the which doth not only cause heat, swelling ulcers, and deadly impostumes, but also bringeth with it many kinds of other perils: and because that we herebefore have written at large thereof, therefore will we not here rehearse them again, but only speak and discourse of those things that concern the bladder and the neck of the same. Of retention of urine in general. §. 1. Under the name of the retention of urine we do comprehend all accidents, whereby the water is retained and kept back, whereof there be five kinds disclosed in the seventéenth chapter, in the conclusion of the fourth §. and here are to be rehearsed. Amongst all these is the one more violent than the other, and for that cause are to be cured and helped with divers and sundry remedies. First, we will speak of the disease which the Grecians do call Lithiasm, which is when the stone of the bladder relying on the neck of the same, hindereth the passage of urine, or causeth such a distension of the yard and foreskin, that this and the stone together doth wholly hinder and keep back the urine, which is not without great pain and trouble to the patiented: but these means following are to be used in this extremity. If so be that the stone of the bladder cannot be expelled through the former remedies, than put back the stone and so let out the urine. First, the patiented is to be laid on high with his arse, and spread his legs abroad, and shake and rub the place strongly, that thereby the stone may be removed from the neck of the bladder, or the same is to be put back with a silver instrument, that thereby the urine might freely pass forth. But great care is to be had whether the passage for the urine be not shut up by some swelling, otherwise would the yard within thereby be bruised, and the grief made worse than before. The second manner of the retention of urine is Dysuria, which is when a man doth make water with great grief and pain very slowly, the which is commonly perceived by the pricking pain and great heat in the forepart of the yard. The third kind of the retention of urine is called Stranguria, which is when one is constrained to make water often, and that with a few drops at once. These two sorts of retention of urine, are so like one to the other, that few Physicians can sever them, yet nevertheless have they some differences. Both these kinds are caused of a sharpness of some humour and of the urine: or through the debility of the muscles and of the retentive power. For if there come any sharp or corroding humour into the bladder, then will it presently by force expel the same without any intermission. Or if the retentive virtue of the bladder be weakened, then can it not abide the least dissension in the world, but let the urine continually pass forth as an intolerable burden. Ischuria detaineth the urine altogether, and is caused diversly, to wit, of heat, of the hardness of the passage, of the debility of the expulsive and force of the retentive virtue, and of the forementioned disease Lithiasis. Also if there be any gross and tough slime gathered together in the passage of the urine, or if there be any clotted blood, through blows or falls settled in the bladder, which there do hinder the course of the urine. In like manner also when the kidneys and the bladder do rankle and impostumate. Lastly (as it oftentimes hath been found) when the water is long held up. And albeit there be many sorts of this retention of urine, which at the last may cause impostumes, ulcers, and much pain: yet is this the total sum and conclusion, that all of them that detain or hinder the free passage of the urine, do require but one kind of remedy. Notwithstanding we will in this our discourse following (as much as shall be possible) show some differences in them. Although there have been divers causes showed before of this disease, yet (to prosecute our accustomed method) we will recite them once again: namely, if one have fallen hard, or have had a blow or bruise on the bladder. Item the tumours & impostumations which do stop the passage of the urine. Also when the back or any other part of the body is bruised, and the blood fallen down into the bladder, and there lieth clotted. Likewise thick tough slime or corruption, or other causes more, etc. whereof partly hath been spoken of before in the 16. chapter and 7. §. and partly shall be entreated of hereafter more at large. The signs of this malady are these: if it proceed of any outward cause, that may be inquired of the patiented. Or if the same be caused through congealed blood, stone, slime or corruption, then may the same matter be perceived by the urine, and by the pain of the place infected, whence the matter cometh. Also by the silver probe, whereby the stone may be felt, or by the blood and slime which remaineth on the instrument being drawn forth. Of the pain which is caused by the retention of the urine. §. 2. WE have amongst other things before made mention of gravel, whereby not only the patient is grieved with great pain, but also the Physician is hindered from the application of those remedies as may seem meet for him: wherefore it is specially advised, first to delay the pain, or at the least to diminish it; for the which these remedies following are especially commended. All gentle Clysters, easy purgations, and above all others, baths of warms water, wherein Mallows, Hollihocke roots, and Nettle roots, Gromell seeds, or any such like mollifying things and Saxifrages are decocted, wherein these patients are oftentimes to bathe themselves even to the navel. Item, take Colewort leaves, Southernwood, Rosemary, pigeon dung, wild Saffron seeds beaten grossly: seeth them all together in water for a bath. Or take Mallows, Hollihock leaves, Pellitory of the wall, Southernwood, Creta Marina, Fenegréeke seed, Hollihock seed, of each two handfuls; seeth them all together unto a bath. Afterwards anoint the kidneys with the oil of Scorpions, or with any of the foresaid salves. With this bath may this powder following also be used with the decoction of pepper: Take the seeds of Purslane and of small Endive, of each half a dram, Dill seed two scruples, Marierom half a scruple; give this to the patiented when the pain is present. Note also that these two meats be very good, both for the retention of the urine, and also for the strangury. And if so be this be helped, then will the pain which is in the end of the Yard seen cease. In the description of the kidneys there may you see many plasters, salves and oils, as that of Anodynum, and others more, which are very meet for this purpose. Of the stopping of the urine through the debility of the virtue expulsive. §. 3. IF any one be hindered in the making of his water, or that the same be altogether stopped without any swelling, ulcer, or pain of the Kidneys, it is then to be censured that the same should come through the debility of the virtue expulsive: against the which such things shall be used as are diuretical, or that do provoke urine, as these pills following: Take the seeds of Smallage, Saltpetre, Madder, great Smallage, juniper berries, Asarabacca, Ameos, Fennell, Spica, and bitter Almonds, of each one ounce and a quarter, Melons five drams, Cantharideses (the heads and wings cut away) half a dram, Ammoniacum one dram and a half; dissolve your gum in wine, and mix all the rest being beaten small amongst it; then make pills of them of the bigness of peason, give three of them at one time. These pills have an especial efficacy for to dry the body, so that they are accounted very good for the Dropsy. The Electuarium Ducis is also very good for this purpose, if thou give one quarter of an ounce of it with pease broth or wine, which thou wilt. There was not long since one cured with this remedy following, who for the space of five days could never make his water: first he took this clyster: Take Pellitory of the the wall two handfuls, Mallows and Camomile, of each one handful, boil them together; then take of this decoction the accustomed quantity, and temper amongst it one ounce of Cassie, oil of Camomile three ounces, Turpentine one ounce, liquorice one quarter of an ounce, minister it warm. Secondly, this following was also ordained for him: take Cassie and Turpentine, of each one quarter of an ounce, Benedicta Laxativa two drams, prepared Iewes stones one dram, make an Electuary thereof with Oxymel. At night he took two ounces of Oxymel with the water of Maidenhair, and presently after this he made water. Item, take four or five ounces of the juice of Pellitory of the wall, and clarify it with the white of an egg, then seeth it with sugar to a syrup, and use three ounces thereof every morning with the water of Mallows, or with any such like distilled liquor. This done, give unto the patiented a purgation of Cassie. Thirdly, take Coriander seeds half an ounce, Mallows one handful, one head of Garlic, powne them altogether, and seeth them with good white wine until that one third part be consumed, and give him thereof three ounces to drink. Peach kernels and the kernels of Cherry stones do also provoke urine. Item, preserved Pimpernell roots, Calmus, and the roots of Eringus are also very good for this purpose, confected Lovage seed, Annis seeds, Fennel seeds, Caruway seeds, Coming seeds, and Saxifrage seeds, these do expel all urine, gravel and stone. Treacle and Mithridate do also cause one to make water. Item, the confection of Cherries with their kernels beaten in pieces, and rub it through a strainer is also meet for this use: also half a dram of dried Grasshoppers is very fit, and a great secret in this disease. Item, the stone which is cut out of a living body, and used as before hath been showed in the expulsion of gravel, is also very convenient and commodious for this intent. Take Tormentill, Pionie, Bistorta, Acorns and wild Flax, of each a like much, powne them all together, and take thereof in the evening and morning one dram with wine. The Spanish flies do expel urine most violently, but beware of them because they be very sharp, and exulcerate the ureters; but the Grasshoppers are somewhat milder. Item take the roots of Pimpernel beaten small as much as one can contain between his two fingers, and drink it with wine. The powned shells of Hasell nuts do the like also, and the jaws of Pickerels, if thou take of each of them a like quantity. But if the urine be stopped by reason of the stone in the bladder, then give unto the patiented two small drops of the oil of Sulphur with wine or agrimony water: or beat a Radish very small, press out the juice of it, and take half an ounce thereof with wine; it provoketh urine immediately, and breaketh the stone also. Item, drink in the morning three or four ounces of Radish water very warm, and fast two hours after it. In like manner also two in the evening two hours before supper, and walk after it. Another. Take Mallows and Garlic, of each a little, seeth them in wine until the third part be wasted away, drink three or four ounces of this decoction at once. Or take Balsamina altera and the lesser burr leaves, boil them together in wine, and drink it as before. Take a great Onion, cut it small, and Mallows one handful, boil them in wine, and drink oftentimes of the decoction being warmed. If a child could not make his water, then take ten or twelve bitter Almonds, and ten or twelve Peach kernels, and two ounces of Currans, stamp them all together, strain them through a cloth with water like to Almond milk, and give it the child to drink like Almond milk. Amongst the herbed wines are especially commended for the provoking of urine the wine of Elecampane, of Heart's tongue, of sweet Marierom, of Cherries, of Assarabacca, and of winter Cherries, which are also mentioned before in the treatise of the gravel. But if any one might not drink wine at all or that he had it not, then may he drink Meade or Hony water, which is also very good. What sirupes and other things might be used for the provoking of urine, that hath sufficiently been showed before in the discourse of the gravel. But Oxymel compositum and the syrup of Vinegar are for this use very highly commended. Clysters are of no small force in this disease, but especially when they be made with Benedicta and the oil of Scorpions. Amongst the outward remedies are the forementioned bathe the especiallest and the most highly commended. Hereafter follow the descriptions of salves and plasters. Take a sliced Radish, seeth it to pap, and temper amongst it the oil of bitter Almonds and the oil of Scorpions with a little wax, than spread this very thick upon a cloth, and so lay it upon the privities. Item, take Turpentine, oil of Scorpions and of bitter Almonds, of each a like quantity, and a little molten wax, then temper them together, and therewith anoint the whole privities. Another. Take the oil of Scorpions, of Costus, of Lilies, of Dill and Ducks grease, of each half an ounce, Pellitory of the wall and Saxifrage beaten, of each one dram, Coming three drams, wax as much as sufficeth for a salve. For this you may also use the balms and oils which are described in the eight part, like as shall be showed there more at large. Here before in the affluxion of the human seed, is also admonished that the navel is to be filled with a little old suet either of an Ox or of a Hart; the which is also an expert remedy for the making of water, but that is oftentimes to be used. The oil of S. john's wort should also expel urine if one be anointed warm with it. If now there be any body which cannot make water, than cut two great Onions, and put a spoonful of Caruways unto it, pour then thereon some Salad oil; afterwards fry them all together, and spread it on a cloth two handfuls broad and méetly long, and so lay it as before upon the privities as warm as can be suffered: do this six or seven times together, it helpeth evidently. Item, take Pellitory of the wall, fry it in oil, and so lay it warm on the privities. Some do write that the fat of Coneys anointed on the privities & on the kidneys, should marvelously expel urine. Likewise also the oil of Bayberries, of Camomile & of Scorpions. The detension of the urine of what cause soever it be caused, this ensuing is good for it: take live or dead wood louse, lay them over the privities before, & then pluck over the foreskin: these & Coney fat are by some very highly commended: also the foreskin is to be put over the anointing with coney fat. This ensuing is also highly commended for women when they cannot make water: Take fled goats horn and Maidenhair, of each a like quantity, make them to powder, and strew them on a new hot tile: put this into a close stool and set the woman upon it, then sprinkle wine ●n the tile to the end she may receive the vapour beneath: this is to be done twice or thrice a day, according as the obstruction of the urine is great. But if this malady seem wholly to get the mastery, then take the water of picked Plantain, make Almond milk with it, and drink thereof twice or thrice a day, it is also especial good. And if so be that the sharpness of the urine had made any excoriation, then anoint the place with the oil of Eggs. And if a woman with child cannot make her water, then is she to take yellow Rose seeds and seethe them in wine; when the pain is somewhat assuaged, then give thereof to drink: afterwards make a little oil of Lilies warm, and anoint therewith the Rains and over all the belly. Item, take Sage and Wormwood, of each one handful, Rye meal one spoonful; seethe them all together, and let the woman sitting on a close stool receive of the vapour. You have also in the fift Chapter and 1. §. somewhat else which is also meet for this purpose. Of the retention of urine through falls or blows. §. 4. IF the retention of the urine come of any outward cause, as of falls or of blows, then must good heed be taken if so be that thereby any coagulated or clotted blood, not only in the bladder, but also in any of the inward parts, came to putrify, like as in the stomach, in the breast, and elsewhere, then may great sorrow and trouble proceed of it, yea death itself; for that there follow great faintness after it, great weakness of the whole body, and the pulse will be so small that one can scarce feel it. And to remedy the same, is the Liver vein of the sick person to be opened, and the bruised place irrigated from on high, oftentimes with warm water wherein Camomile, Melilot, and Roses be decocted. Afterwards is the sick person to be anointed with this salve ensuing: Take Myrrh and Mastic, of each one dram, oil of Roses one ounce, oil of Dill half an ounce, Wax as much as is needful. But if the pain will not abate and cease, and that it appear that the bruise will come to an imposthume and heat, and an ague stick unto it, then open the Saphea. If the patiented be bound, then are milder clysters and purgations to be used, and the patiented is to keep himself as sober in eating and drinking as may be possible the space of two days, and afterwards to diet himself like as one that hath an Ague is wont to do. The place is to be fomented with the foresaid herbs, and thereupon to anoint it with warm oil of Violets, and with oil of Camomile. The bladder is softly to be wrung from the top even to the privities: also an Ox bladder may be filled with this decoction following & laid upon the privities. Take Mallows, Camomile, Rape leaves, Melilot, Violet leaves and linseed, seeth them together, and make a felt or sponge wet in it, and lay it warm upon it. You may also make a bath for the loins thereof, putting thereto some Hollihocke roots, Onions, Garlic, and Colewort leaves powned all together; seeth them and wring them out well, then put them in a bag which hath a hole in the middle to put the yard therein, and that he may lie upon it. Item, take Wormwood, put it in a bag, seeth it in wine and wring it well out, then lay it upon the privities as is expressed, and admonish the patiented that he endeavour himself to piss oftentimes. This ensuing is not only good forth the clotted blood in the bladder, but also for all other places of the body, be it of whatsoever occasion it may be: Take Wormwood, Fennell, Smallage, the seed of the yellow root, red Storax, peeled Melon seed, and Radish leaves, of each a like quantity, make a powder of them, and give thereof between one and two drams with Ass' milk, or with water wherein Fennell roots, and the roots of Smallage, of Parsley, of Sperage, or of Ruscus be decocted. Of the retention of urine through some obstruction of the conduits. §. 5. IF so be that it happen that this retention or painful making of water do vex or pain a body, and yet nevertheless the bladder is full of urine, & that the patiented had pissed any blood or matter before: then, are those remedies to be given him which do open, and which do attenuate the clotted blood and corruption in the bladder, and make it fluxible: therefore one must first begin to wring the privities hard, that thereby the lowermost passages may be opened, and the urine may run out. Now if so be that this obstruction do come of clotted blood, of matter, or of slime, then are Sperage water, Saxifrage water and Radish water especially good for it. In like manner is also very good the broth of red Pease, of Fennell roots, of Parsley roots, and of Smallage, of each apart, or boiled together. Also Limon water is very much commended for this use. Item Treacle, good Mithridate, and most of all that which is declared in the retention of the urine. Also Salt water, or this following may be spouted into the Bladder, which may draw out the urine through their sharpness: take burnt ashes of Ferne, Vine ashes and lime, of each a like quantity, pour as much water upon it until it be covered, let it stand so the space of three days; afterwards pour it through a tied cloth, and spout a little thereof into the bladder. This can also be done with the oil of Scorpions. Item, take the seeds of Carrots, the seed of stone Parsley and of Parsley, of each one quarter of an ounce, Hermodactyli three drams, make a powder thereof, and give one dram thereof at each time. Or take the seed of Smallage, of Parsley, of Pionie, of Brooms, and of Saxifrage, of each one quarter of an ounce, Fennel seed, Caruway and Annis seeds, of each half a dram, Gromell seeds, Spica, Cinnamome, peeled Melon seeds, Pompion seeds, Gourd seeds, and péeled Cucumber seed, of each one dram, liquorice three drams, Sugar one ounce and a half, make a powder thereof, and give of it every day one dram with some diuretical decoction. If so be that the sick person have no stools, then is the matter first to be prepared with Oxymella diuretico or with Oxymel of Squils', and afterwards to purge with Medicamine Turbith, and with Agarico, or with Benedicta Laxativa, whereunto are added Hermodactyli: also these ensuing clysters may be used. Take Pellitory of the wall, water Cresses, Saxifrage and Camomile, of each one handful, seeth them all together in water, and take twelve or sixteen ounces of this decoction, Benedicta Laxativa one ounce, Cassie and Hiera piera, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Rue three ounces, make a clyster thereof. For an outward application, take two handfuls of Rue leaves, powne them a little, and fry them with butter, or with oil of sweet Almonds, or oil of scorpions, and lay it on the privities. Another. Take Dock roots as many as you please, seethe them in wine, fry them, and use them as before. Or take wheaten bran, let it seeth to pap with oil of Nuts, and use it warm. Item, take Pellitory of the wall, water Cresses, Saxifrage and Diptamus, of each one handful, Fennel and Annis seeds, of each half an ounce; seeth them together in white wine, and wring it out hard, put it between two clothes and lay it on the privities. You may also put the same decoction into the bladder, and so apply it warm unto it. Of the first mentioned may also a bath be made, whereunto diuretical medicines shall be added, as Camomile, Stechas, Marierom, Mints, the buds of Colewort stalks, Pigeon dung, and let the sick person bathe therein as long as he can suffer it. Another. Take Colewort leaves, Hollihock leaves, water Cresses and garden Cresses, Pellitory of the wall, Clavicularis, Camomile, Smallage and Parsley roots, of each three handfuls seethe them all together unto a bath, and then lay the decocted herbs upon the privities. For a salve you are to use Dogs grease and wild Cat's grease, of each one ounce, Ammoniacum half an ounce, oil of Lilies two ounces, oil of Scorpions one ounce, make a salve of it with Wax, and use it like as the other salves. Or take the salve which is described in the 3. §. beginning thus, Take oil of Scorpions, etc. Item, temper Balm and oil of Roses, of each a like much with Wax. Further, of all these oils following may also salves be prepared, as of the oil of Scorpions, of bitter Almonds, of Lilies, of the kernels of Cherries, and of Pepper; or one may also use them as they be. For this disease are all things meet that be ordained for the stone of the Bladder and of the Kidneys. Of the hot and scalding urine. §. 6. THere happeneth also otherwhiles such a burning with the urine, that the patiented thinketh none other than that fire passeth through his yard. The cause of this is, that there be mixed with the urine some hot choleric or salted humours, which make this scalding in the passage. This cometh commonly of great labour, of much and long walking or traveling, through heat of the Sun, through much venery, through long use of many hot meats, or for that the conduits of the yard have such exulteration within. This infirmity is indeed not to be regarded slightly, for if it continue long, then doth it excoriate the yard within. The signs thereof be sundry, to wit, when the patiented avoideth in his water sometimes matter, small scales like bran, and otherwhiles also blood. These kinds of sick persons are to beware of all sharp, salt, sour, and such like meats, because that thereby the pain will be augmented. But he shall contrariwise use all cooling and moistening things, as well boiled Barley, spinach, Lettuce, Purslane, Mallows, Apples, Melons, Pompions, Gourds, Prunes, Peaches, and Cherries, etc. Item, Lamb, Hens and Partridges dressed with the foresaid herbs are the best meat for him. Buttermilk, and that sodden, is also very good for him. He is to take for his drink Barley water, Buttermilk, watered wine, and fresh water, tempered with syrup of Violets or syrup of Roses, Almond milk or sheeps milk (which is most meet for him) if there be one dram or two of five Bolus tempered amongst it. Item, give him syrup of Violets with water of Melons, or if you have it not, then beat the seeds, and make thereof a decoction, afterwards drink it with the other meats: in the morning and evening use this powder following: Take peeled Melon seeds five drams, péeled Cucumber seeds, Citron seeds and peeled Pompion seeds, of each one drag. and a half, Henbane seed one dram, Sugar the weight of all the rest, then temper them all together, take thereof every morning and evening the weight of three drams with julep of Roses. Another. Take peeled Melon seeds, seeds of Pompions, of Gourds and of Cucumbers chopped small, of each one ounce, the seeds of Purslane, of Henbane, and white Poppy seeds, liquorice and Currans, of each one dram, sugar three ounces, temper them together. Item, take Lettuce seeds and the seeds of Purslane, of each half an ounce, powned Sugar two ounces, make a powder thereof, and use it in all meats and drinks, it is marvelous good, yea for all old folks also. These Trociskes following do cool and cleanse the kidneys and the bladder of all such matter which doth inflame or overheate the conduits of urine. Take peeled Melon seeds, Pompion seeds, Gourd seeds and peeled Cucumber seeds, of each half an ounce, tragacanth, red Saunders, of each one dram and a half, Purslane seeds, white Poppy seeds, of each three drag. white Henbane seeds one dram, make Trocisks thereof with the mucilage of Fleawort, afterwards take one dram of them and break if in Barley water, & give it early in the morning and at night going to bed. You may also make an electuary of it. Cassie taken with Turpentine is also espcially good for this purpose. The oil of sweet Almonds assuageth and cooleth also the heat of the conduits of urine. If in case then the patiented (because of the sharpness of the matter) ought to be purged more, then is the same to be done with sour Dates, Manna, and Rhubarb steeped in Endive water, or with the decoction of Violets: if there be salt phlegm with it, then give him Cassie tempered with the whey of goats milk, wherein Polipodie roots, Annis, Violets and Borage flowers have been decocted. When he hath thus been purged, then is the Liver vein to be opened, and the foresaid powder to be diligently used. If so be that a child hath this disease, then take Mallow seeds, tragacanth & liquorice, of each a like quantity, seethe them in water according to the importance of the cause, and let him drink none other drink. If his urine be very sharp and hot, then take so much the more of the seeds. And in ease that a child through the sharpness of the urine had gotten some exulceration, then use this salve ensuing: Take Myrrh half an ℥, Barley meal or Bean meal, one ℥, temper it to a soft unguent with the oil of Roses, spread it on a cloth, and then lay it where it is needful. The brayed white of an egg may also be spouted into the privities, or take the mucilage of Fleawort and of Quince kernels, of each one dram, temper them with woman's milk. Or take the seed of Fleawort three quarters of an ounce, the seed of Quinces five drams, peeled Melon seeds, Pompion seeds, Gourd seeds, and péeled Cucumber seeds, of each one quarter of an ounce, white Poppy seeds one dram and a half; seeth them all together in a pint of water until the third part be wasted, then strain it through a cloth that it may be like a mucilage, and spout thereof into the yard, it cooleth and assuageth the pain. You shall use outwardly red and white Saunders, the seeds of Ruscus, ivory, and Myrtle seeds, of each one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Plantain and Rose water, of each one ounce, Barley meal as much as sufficeth, then powne them all together, and make a soft pap of it: you may also put unto it two whites of eggs. But if one desire to have it stronger, than is the juice of Sloes and Hypocistiss, of each one dram to be tempered amongst it, and so to be laid upon it. If so be that the yard have an exulceration within, then is a cloth to be made wet in Rose water and laid upon it. If any one be forced against his will to make his water. §. 7. ALthough this disease which the learned do call Diamnem, be somewhat like unto Diabetes, and especially in this, that in both sorts of these diseases the urine passeth away against ones will and pleasure, yet is there nevertheless a great difference between them, for that with the disease Diabetes is a great heat of the kidneys, her attractive virtue is against nature, whence followeth a great thirst, and great quantity of urine, all which is not with the disease Diamnes. For Diamnes is none other but a continual flux of the urine against a bodies will without any pain or heat, and also without any feeling of it. The occasions of this malady may be when the muscles of the neck of the bladder be perished, like as otherwhiles happeneth in cutting of the stone. This can also chance through falls, through blows, or through great cold, as to fit upon a cold stone, through cold sicknesses, as the Palsy or lethargy: item, through immoderate and excessive drinking, and through great binding in the body. They may likewise happen unto women with child, when the child oppresseth the bladder too hard. Lastly also through some impostumes about those parts. The signs of this disease are apparent, to wit, that all warm things are acceptable to the patiented, and cold things contrary are hurtful. When these diseases (as often befalleth) are caused through cold, then is this electuary very good, which hath efficacy for to stay this flux of urine. Take Cypers nuts, the rinds of Cypers, Frankincense and the rinds of the same, Myrtle seed, Coming, Mirobalans both fried, and dry pigeon dung, of each three drams, Amber, red Coral, and Roses, of each one quarter of an ounce, syrup of Quinces as much as is needful for to make an electuary therewith, whereof is to be taken every morning, noon and evening, the highness of a Chestnut, with a decoction of Cipers' nuts, Sage, Myrtle seed, and such like. This electuary is also good for the laxes called diarrhea and Lienteria. Another. Take Mirobalani Chebuli, Emblici and Bellirici, of each three drams, Acorns three drams and a half which have laid four and twenty hours steeped in vinegar, Cypers roots, Myrtle seeds, Frankincense, dried Glecampane roots, red Storax, red Coral, and yellow seeds of Roses, of each two drams and a half, Myrrh one dram and a half, stamp them small, and make an electuary thereof with clarified honey. For this is also good Treacle, Mithridate, and burnt Ox bladders, each taken alone with wine. Item, take the dried kidneys of a Hare, stamp them to powder, and Dill seed, 〈◊〉 each half an ounce, the seed of Smallage one quarter of an ounce, make a powder thereof and give it be 'tween two and three drams at once with a little cold water: boiled Hedge hogs flesh is also very commodious for this purpose. If so be that the patiented have any need of stools, then is this clyster following very commodious for it, for when he keepeth it very long, then doth it strengthen the neck of the bladder and draweth it together, that it doth afterwards keep the urine the better: Take Sage Rue Gl●●cularis, field Cypers, Camomile, Stechas, Nuts, flowers and rinds of Cypers, of each half a M. then let them seethe together, and use this Clyster like as is accustomed, but mix the oil of Bavercod and of Behen, of each two ounces amongst it, powder of roasted Chebuli, Myrtle seeds and Cypers roots, of each one dram and a half; lastly temper them all together. Outwardly may he use the Mineral and Sulphurish baths, but if one cannot get them, then make a dry sweeting bath with the foresaid herbs, which are named in the description of the clysters, which also one may use for a bath for the Rains, if the same be sodden in Wine or lie, and put Salt or alum unto it. The privities and bladder are also to be anointed with these oils following, whether they be tempered together or each apart, viz. with oil of Bevercod, of Behen and Eldern, amongst which there may be a little Pieretrum, pepper, and the rinds of the Cypers free mixed. His order of diet consisteth principally in this, to wit, that he do not overcharge himself neither with eating nor drinking, and use nothing which forceth urine, as Radishes, Cucumbers, Melons, parsley, fruit, and such like. He is also to refrain from all clear, white, delicate Wine, and from Cider, but is rather to drink a red, thick, hard, and unwatered wine. He must strew his meat with powned Coming which is somewhat parched: also with a little Mustard seed, pepper, Caruway, or which he please; and he must specially beware of all that engendereth much moisture in the body. Roasted Chestnuts and Hasell nuts be very good for him. Of the excoriation of the Bladder, and of the neck of the same. §. 8. THe causes of this disease may be a precedent imposthume, or some sharp humour of the body, the use of some hot meats and drinks which are salted too much, or some thing else which doth exacuate the urine, as is before discovered. The signs of it are detention of the urine, and although the same have some small passage, yet happeneth it with anguish and great pain of the privities, and of other parts adjacent. In the urine are small scales to be seen, and otherwhiles blood and corruption, the which doth stink. And now for to remedy this, then look what hath been prescribed against the gravel, stone, and such like, for all that is also meet for this purpose, and therefore not needful to be rehearsed at this present. But here is especially needful a good order of diet, as hereafter followeth: all salt, sour, sharp and sweet meats, also all great exercise must he refrain: yet all mild meats, and specially sheeps milk is he to use. He is to use for physic such things which do mundify and cleanse the ulcers of their corruption, viz. Trociscos' Alkekengi three drams with syrup or julep of Violets. He is also oftentimes to drink mead, Sief album Rasis one dram or two tempered with milk is oftentimes to be injected into the bath, or honywater wherein figs be decocted. Of the imposthume of the Bladder, or of the neck of the same. §. 9 THere do come very seldom impostumations in the bladder, or in the neck of the same; yet when they come there, then commonly be they caused through bruises, blows and falls upon the same place, or such like. Item, through a sweaty and bloody body, which is mixed with Cholera, repletion of the Matrix and of the Kidneys, whence the matter falleth into the Bladder, and there impostumateth: the stone in the bladder may also cause the same. The signs of these impostumes are Agues which be caused of pain, also biting and pricking pain above the privities, swelling of the same place with heat, which is also to be perceived by ●●●ng detention of the urine, the which the patient cannot otherwise avoid but standing only. Herewith cometh also oppilation of the body, parbraking of Cholera, heau● breath, cold of the outward parts, swelling of the tongue, distemperance of the brains: they be also distempered though hot and diuretical things: age, hot weather, and a licentious life do trouble and harm these patients greatly. In these impostumes be certain common rules prescribed. First, if so be that this impo●●●● be in the bladder, in the neck of the bladder, or in the yard, then is do diuretical medi●●●e to be given him. Secondly, the matter which causeth these impostumes, is to be derived to ●●ther place, except it were in the plague, for than ought first a vein to be opened. Thirdly, when it is known which humour is most peccant, then must one look to purge the same with appropriated medicines: four, there be not any attractive clysters (neither in the beginning nor augmenting of the imposthume) to be used, to the end that by the affluence of the humour the imposthume be not augmented; but one is to use only mild things, so that through the great binding in the body there ensue no hurt; fifthly, repelling medicines are not to be too long used, that the matter be not made too gross, and those parts which be cold by nature be more refrigerated and cooled: sixthly, whensoever through cooling things the outward accidents be somewhat eased, then are such things to be used as may assuage the pain: seventhly, if there but a little moisture in the patient's body, then are beside the expulsive pudicaments, also bathing & rubbing is to be used: eightly, if there be any impostumes in the neck of the bladder, then must one beware to use any instrument about or in it, for that in doing so you might hinder the matter greatly: ninthly, when the detained urine, neither of itself, nor of any instrument may be let out, then are other means to be used, whereof we have written somewhat before. Thus for to help this disease, is in the beginning the Basilica to be opened, according to the prescription of the second rule, and let out as much blood as shall seem meet. But if the patiented find himself meetly strong, and if so be that the matter be much, then is the Saphea to be opened the next day after. If the imposthume be through heat, as of blood or Cholera, then take oil of Roses and unripe Salad oil, of each one ounce, Vinegar half an ounce, temper them all together, afterwards anoint it upon the place of the pain, and then strew upon it this powder following: Take Myrtle seed, Roses, Dragon blood, and white Saunders, of each a like quantity, poune them all together to powder, & lay a cloth upon it dipped in the foresaid oil of Myrtles. The patiented is also to be purged with lenitive medicines and gentle clysters, thereby to mollify the hardness of the imposthume and to assuage the pain, and so to open the conduits of urine. Of all which you have had good direction before. Besides these is this fomentation following very meet: Take Camomile, Melilot, of each three ounces, Hollihocke roots, Fenegréeke, Linseed, of each one ounce and a half; let them all seethe well together in water, and then bathe the place affected therewith the space of an hour: afterwards fill a bladder with this decoction about half full, and lay it warm upon the privities, then anoint the privities with oil of Camomile, with oil of Lilies, and such like, even as in the imposthume of the kidneys hath been declared more at large. For this is also very meet water baths, wherein Mallows, Hollihock roots, Camomile, linseed, Melilot, Marierom, Cipers roots, Rape leaves, Colewort, Fenegréeke, and such like be decocted. If it be needful to use warming oils, then take oil of Lilies, of S. john's wort, of Rue, of sweet and bitter Almonds, of wall flowers: all these oils do allay the pain, as also doth the oil of tiles, and the plaster of Barberries', which consume all cold humours. When as this imposthume is broken, then follow the same course as hath been taught in the impostumes of the kidneys. To conclude, these things following are much commended to be eaten for all diseases of the bladder, viz. preserved Elecampane roots and Pimpernell roots, which expel all uncleanness from the stomach: likewise also preserved Calmus, Treacle, Mithridate, conserve of Betony, Meade and Hony water. Item, the juice of Lemons which is especial good for all bruisings of the bladder that were caused of the stone. The nineteenth Chapter. Of the Matrix or Womb. FRom the beginning of this book of Physic hitherto we have written and discoursed of all the principal inward parts of our body, concerning as well men as women; but concerning the Matrix, which is only proper to the female kind, have we deferred until this present, and now we will entreat somewhat thereof. This matrix or womb is the chiefest part whereby the generation of mankind is maintained, and ordained of God Almighty (Creator of nature itself) as for a vessel, receiver and preservative place of human seed, which is therein form unto a living creature, increased, defended, nourished, and sustained until the opportune time of birth. The Grecians do call this Matrix or Womb Metra and Hystera, the Latinists Matrix, V●lua, Vterus, and we, by reason of her virtue, for that it encloseth the conceived child, the Mother or Womb. This hath her place in the nethermost part of the Belly, right under the Navel. It reacheth backwards to the Arsegut, and forward to the Bladder. It is divided into two parts, whereof the first part is her whole body, wherein (as is said) human seed is received, and the fruit preserved. The second part is the neck of the Matrix or Womb, which reacheth out of the foremost part of the privities, so that it is assimulated unto the Bladder with her neck, the ligaments, wherewith she is bound to the hips, only excepted. When this Matrix or womb with all that belongeth thereto is rightly beholden, then is it only shapen like to a man's member, only that the human member dependeth outwardly, and that the womanhood lieth hidden within, whereof before in the beginning of the fift Chapter, and afterwards hath been spoken at length. Her substance is inwardly fleshy and rough, especially in the bottom strewed all over with small knops or bunches, which be full of small veins, that come and have their accourse from all parts of the body unto the womb, and in carnal use do draw and keep with them the human seed, which also yield forth the flowers or terms, nourish the conceived fruit, and maintain the secundine. Also this Matrix hath two concavities, and it is supposed that in the concavity on the right side Sons be conceived, and in that on the left side the Daughters, whereof we shall speak hereafter more at large. Outwardly she is full of sinews and hard, because that she openeth and shutteth too again in the bearing of children, all which must be achieved and brought to pass through the sinews: the same hardness doth also defend her from many kinds of bruisings. The foresaid sinews be also causes of her motion, and ascending and descending in the body, for that because these sinews are very sensible and easily harmed, therefore they do shrink in and draw the mother upwards with great painfulness, as hereafter shall be showed more at large. The neck of the womb which is with some women long, and with some short, whereof the right measure is the breadth of eleven fingers, is shapen of a hard muskelly and sinewy flesh, which so hardeneth from day to day (especially in lecherous women or common harlots, and old women) that it is at the last altered into a kind of Cartilege. This neck of the Matrix hath also where the mother beginneth, an entrance which is never more opened but in the venereous act, in time of the terms, and in the birth, otherwise doth it remain always most tightly shut, and especially after the receipt of the human seed, so that nothing may go in or out. In young maidens or girls it is very thin, but in growing it waxeth thicker and bigger, viz. when the terms be at hand, and lesseneth when they be passed: the thickness also increaseth with the being with child; and how many times more that she beareth child so much the thicker doth it grow. In like sort also will it be harder and thicker in time of the first conception, but in the growing and increase of the child is it dilated, to the end the fruit might have tomb and scope: but in women that never conceived, or have not borne any children at all, it continueth in one bigness, and is much less than in fruitful women. In like manner it is also in children much smaller than the bladder, but with growing up it daily waxeth greater, yea that it is at last in greatness far exceeding the bladder. These kinds and such like sundry motions, like as they have delight in odoriferous things, and a loathing of stinking things, for which it flieth, and for which it ascendeth, caused the wise Philosopher Plato to write as hereafter followeth: This part in women, which many do call Metram and Hysteram, is a living creature, very greedy of conception, therefore if it be drawn upwards untimely, and if it remain a long space unfruitful, then doth it become unwilling, it creepeth through the whole body, whereby the parts of respiration are so obstructed and stopped, that the woman can get no breath, yea it bringeth with it at the last great danger and peril, and causeth many kinds of sicknesses. These be the words of Plato, but this opinion is withstood by Galen. This noble part in women is subject to many kinds of diseases and sicknesses, which if they ●o get the upper hand, do hinder the conception and the fruitfulness of women; which unfruitfulness is especially caused when she hath too many of her terms, or too few, or when the same is wholly detained, whence then followeth a spoil of the natural seed, the whites, the suffocation of the mother, which otherwhiles stifleth women, the precipitation and falling out of the same, great pain, ulcers, impostumes, hardenings, Canker, the unnatural disease Mola, barrenness, and if she peradventure chance to conceive an untimely birth, whereof hereafter shall be written, yet first we will begin of women's terms and flowers. Of the Terms or Flowers of women in general. §. 1. THat these Terms of women be called the Flowers, is for this cause, viz. when it is seen that a tree bloweth, then is it esteemed meet and convenient to bear fruit, and contrariwise the tree unfruitful which bloweth not, except the Fig tree. So is it likewise with women, that all they that have their Terms are fit and commodious to conceive and bear children, the which they that have not their flowers or terms, can never more accomplish. Secondly, the Latinists do call these flowers Menstrua, of the month, and thus, for they every month or thirty days return and come again; or for that they according to the course of the Moon, that is, because they appear the first quarter of the Moon in young girls, the second quarter in them that be somewhat bigger, the third quarter in the middle sort, the last quarter in aged women. Whereby all expert Physicians do observe in each time that each age is to have them, to wit, the young people in the new and increasing Moon, the old folks in the decrease of the Moon: in fine, the health of all women dependeth especially in this necessary menstrual flux, yea all her chastity, fruitfulness and welfare. To the contrary, if they do not at all avoid, do flow too much, unorderly, or be loathsome of colour, then do they cause all miseries, inclination to venery, and many kind of sicknesses, like as hereafter shall be taught. Wherewith it is to be esteemed for no small work of wonder, that amongst all creatures that do live and are of the female kind (except certain Apes) only women are subject unto this flux, and therefore have the Philosophers many kinds of disputations, which be here too long and needless to be rehearsed. But of the fountain and matter of this blood, it is with one consent concluded, that it is a cold, undigested and gross matter, and the blood of the whole body, the which through the foresaid veins is gathered together in the womb, and is afterwards expelled in due time as a matter hurtful and of no use. That this matter is also cold, is by this perceived, that when it passeth away, the woman feeleth a great cold over the whole body, this happeneth after many fashions. Of the Terms that be avoided over and above their natural custom, shall be hereafter spoken of with all their appertenances. The women whose Terms avoid in two or three days, are rid of them with small trouble, but if they endure long, then will they be thereby very feeble. The first avoidance of their Terms is commonly about the fourteenth year, the which signifieth that then their natural seed beginneth to ripen, that the hair and breasts beginneth to grow, and they that be hot of nature do then get desire of the man, for that the woman's Terms be none other but a natural seed which is not yet thoroughly ripe, and that through his superfluity of nature desireth to be expelled. This course of the Terms or Flowers abateth about the age of forty or two and forty years, or endureth sometimes until the fiftieth year, but very seldom until the sixtith year, in which time women be still meet and fit for generation; yet do these Flowers or Terms of women come sometimes sooner and sometimes later, according to that the nature and complexion of the body is full of blood, strong, suffereth much labour, is quiet and feeble. It is also a common rule with all them that have experience in natural things, that a woman which getteth not her flowers, like as some which be hot & dry by nature, is barren and unfruitful, and that for those causes that are discovered in the seventh Chapter of the barrenness of men and women, although that it chanceth nevertheless (but very seldom) that such women do conceive and bear. This is also the natural custom, that when a woman hath conceived, that then her terms do tarry away, for this blood is prepared for a sustenance unto the child in the mother's womb; like as also after childbirth the same to that end is turned into milk, notwithstanding that it oftentimes happeneth that women with child avoid their Flowers or Terms after the old custom until the very day of birth, as we shall hereafter somewhat entreat thereof: but these women do bring small, spare, weak, and not living children into the world, because they have been deprived of the most part of their nourishment. It is also contrary to the opinion of many women, that she shall open a vein when she is half gone with child, in case she be not full of blood, and the veins not great, therefore is not the same very unadvisedly to be done. Item, in this flowing or course of women's terms, there is another wonderful nature and property, to wit, that so harmful and venomous a matter in man's body, without any hindrance, yea for a great preferment of health, may be retained and expelled. The common experience bringeth with it, and all learned do testify the same, that these women's terms do bring innumerable sicknesses with them, and have many infectious properties: namely, where the same happeneth to fall, there groweth no fruit, spoileth the vines, the Must will be vinegar, the herbs whither, the trees dry away, iron rusteth, and all metals do darken and wax dim: the same being taken make a man mad, and chief the dogs: the Bees leave their hives if they be anointed therewith: women when they have the same, then do they darken through their breath all bright looking glasses, the air will be poisoned with them, and children (as it is said) bewitched. Now dost thou see thou stout high minded man, what a precious matter it is that thou hast in the beginning of thy birth, and what the matter is that hath thee nourished? This hath caused the ancient Poets to assimilate this flux unto the wars, saying, that Mars is no son of the god jupiter, but of juno only, meaning by juno this menstrual flux. And truly if this hurtful property be likened to the wars, then is it an expert and true similitude: for what doth more spoil fruits, vineyards, Must, herbs and trees, than the wars? what is there which taketh away and wasteth more iron? how many bright harnesses be thereby darkened? where beareth madness more mastery? where are men more like to mad dogs than in the wars? how can the air be more venimed than through the stinking dead bodies? Here is now sufficiently spoken of this matter, now we will proceed with our medicines. How to prefer and move the Terms or Flowers in women. §. 2. FOr the first, we will speak of the causes whereby the terms be detained, the which be outward and inward. The outward causes be sore labour, hunger, care, great fatness, agues, dropsies, consumptions, and some disease of the womb. The inward causes be a bad complexion, of heat, cold, dryth, or of moisture, whereby the virtue expulsive is weakened, so that it is not strong enough for to unburden herself of the superfluities. Or that there be any malady in the Matrix or mother, to wit, if the neck of the womb be stopped and obstructed, and is swollen too, like as it may easily happen in the mother or in the veins of the same. Now for to have some certain or infallible knowledge of these things, there may outward causes be easily perceived by the declaration of the patiented herself. If it come through weakness of the expulsive power, then is it perceived by the heat, by the thirst, by the swift and strong pulse, and other signs of heat. But if such be caused through cold, then is the woman bleak, sleepy, without any thirst, the arteries of the pulse beat slowly, and the urine is of loathsome colour. If the disease be of any inward part, then doth the whole body declare the same through the great fatness or leanness. If such be caused through any of the four humours, that doth the blood sufficiently show, which therein beareth sway. This obstruction doth bring to women no small sickness, besides that (as it is said) they be barren, for that they fall thereby otherwhiles into Maniam, (which is madness) into the falling sickness, suffocation, swellings, and impostumes of the womb, and of the other parts adjacent unto it, slothfulness and heaviness of the whole body, great unlustiness, wambling and parbraking, coughing, and a heavy breathing, the dropsy and detension of the urine, and of going to the stool, heaviness of the mind, great pain of the head, and at last into the gout. And to remedy all these diseases, therefore will we first of all prescribe certain common rules, whereof the first is, in case that the Terms be obstructed in a dry body, then must one beware of all those things that might cause either heat or dryth, to the end the disease be not increased thereby. The second is, if in the stay or detension of women's flowers the blood had course towards any other part of the body, then is it advised that the same blood be drawn out, which otherwise might be spoiled. Thirdly, to prefer these flowers, it is then needful that the veins be opened under the Matrix, that the blood may be drawn downwards. Fourthly, there is meet for this the strong binding of the thighs, and to hold the same a certain time bounden. Fiftly, if the disease come for that the veins be stopped in the Matrix, (be it of whatsoever occasion that it will) then is the blood to be diminished by opening of a vein, and to be diminished through laxative medicines, through abstinence, through exercise, and such like means. Sixtly, all strong things, as Hellebore, Euphorbium and Nardus seed (which is wont sometimes to be adhibited from below) must be but a very little, and not to be holden long therein, to the end that thereby the Ague nor any other anguish be caused. Seventhly, all that moveth the urine doth also move the Terms. Eightly, where there is observed no good order of diet in eating or drinking, there can also no good advice nor remedy do any good at all. Ninthly, for to prefer the Terms, is first of all the same to be approved through gentle remedies, and at the last through stronger means. Tenthly, all warm and well savouring things are very meet for this if they be laid upon the navel, upon the privities, and upon the parts about it. eleventhly, if this disease be caused through any ulcer, imposthume, Ague, or any other cause, it is first to be practised how to remedy, and afterwards to move the flowers. Twelftly, in case it be perceived that this detention of the flowers or terms doth cause any other sickness, or increaseth it, then is all diligence to be had to provoke the Terms: and if foe be that the same cannot be effected, then may the vein be opened in the foot, and boxing cups be adhibited. Thirtéenthly, because there is a great space from the stomach and the liver unto the Matrix, then is the Physic so to be tempered, that the same in so great a distance be not enfeebled. Fourtéenthly, all that is to be put up into the womb is to be tied to a strong thread, that one when he list may draw it out, and to the end also that through the long continuance there, it bruise not the neck of the mother, or cause not an Ague. And to the end that we may come to the remedies for to open this obstruction, therefore first of all be the causes of these obstructions to be thought upon, in case that the same be caused of some outward accident, like as of too great labour, great heat, of too much fasting, and such like, then is the same presently to be prevented. In hot causes are cooling things to be used: in cold warming things, which do open the obstructions. In a body that is full of blood are the veins under the knees to be opened, which be most necessary to people that have not the terms: and if so be that horeby, and other more let of blood is nothing profited, then is one to come to the inward and outward remedies, wherein be three manner of ways to be followed, which shall be here described, of which each one may choose what seemeth to be the best and fittest for it. And because that it is not bad counsel to rehearse and show the simples which may stir up the terms, therefore we will here discover a good part of them, and first all that be warm by nature, and are weakest, are these, the roots of Smallage, of Fennell, of Butcher's broom, of Sperage, of Parsley, of Grass, Madder, Calmus, Asarabacca, Ireos, Valerian, white Diptamus and Elecampane roots. Item, the seed of Ruscus, Lupins, seeds of both kinds of Parsley, of Silver mountain, of Sperage, of Smallage, of Annis, of Fennell, of Coming, whether it be raw or confected: the herbs are these, Cinquefoil, Mugwort, wild Mints, Marierom, Feuerfew, Heart's tongue, Spikenard, Wormwood, white water Mints, juniper, wild Thyme, Lovage, Cuscuta, Maidenhair, Southernewood, and washed Turpentine. These ensuing be much stronger, as Hemlock, Rue, century, Laureola, Savin, Euphorbium, Ammoniacum, Sagapenum, Myrrha, Opopanacum, and Assafoetida, the seed of Nardus, Mustard seed, Pepper, Bevercod, Colloquint, black Hellebore, Pieretrum, Calmus, roots of Celandine, the juice of wild Cucumbers, Licebane seeds, Boras, the galls of stéeres, of hens, and of all other beasts. The odoriferous things which prefer women's terms, be these, Indie Spica, Cinnamom, Cassie wood, Costus roots, Ameos, Muscus, Spica Romana, Squinant, Gallia Muscata, and such like. They that may be burnt to receive the vapour thereof be these, viz. Opopanacum, Saponaria, Frankincense, Blatta Byzantia, Lignum Aloes, and red Storax. These be now the cooling things which prefer the terms, to wit, the seeds of small Endive. the seed of Melons, of Gourds, of Pompions, of Cucumbers, of Endive, of Lettuce, etc. and other more which shall be discovered hereafter; of all which pessaries may be made to use in the womb; also plasters, salves, powders, oils, potions and baths, all as the cause requireth, and that necessity compelleth, like as there be many sundry described hereafter, and now we will proceed. The first means for to provoke the Terms is to be described somewhat at length, wherein there be many sundry medicines of divers and sundry Physicians ordained and added together, out of which each may choose what is meet for him; but in the other twain we will be somewhat briefer, therefore one may take out of them all that might be wanting in this, and so first begin with those things which be meet for this to bring the body unto health, and to show therewithal how such obstructions and hindrances of the terms may be taken away, for which this syrup following is to be prepared: Take Mather two ounces, Lovage roots, the roots of Sperage, Cipers roots and Grass roots, of each one ounce and a half, Silver mountain two ounces, Balm two ounces, Balsam wood and the fruits of the same, of each one ounce, Spica of Indie half a dram, liquorice, Currans, Rosemary flowers, and Stechadoes, of each one ounce, Honey six ounces, white Sugar nine ounces, boil a syrup of it, clarify it, and give thereof two ounces tempered with the decoction of Céeres. Another. Take Mather two ounces, Sperage roots, the roots of Butcher's broom, and Cypers roots, of each one ounce, Corn mints, Valerian, Savine, white Water mints, and Penniroyall, of each one handful, Balm two handfuls, Silver mountain two ounces, Balsam wood and the fruits of the same, peeled Melon seed, of each one ounce, Spikenard half an ounce, liquorice, Currans, of each half an ounce, Honey and Sugar, of each six ounces, make a syrup of it, and give thereof at each time one ounce and a half, or two ounces, with the broth of Céeres. Another. Take the water of Smallage, water of Lupins, of Sperage, and of Fennell, of each six ounces, Indie Spica one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamome one dram, Ammoniacum and Opopanacum, of each one dram and a half, Parsley seed, Fennell seeds, Ameos, wild yellow Rape seed and Caruway, of each one quarter of an ounce, Gromell seed, stone Parsley seed and agrimony of each one handful, Galingall, Cinnamome and Saffron, of each half a dram, syrup of Violets two ounces, Quince kernels, Mallows seed, of each half an ounce: seethe them all together in two quarts of Gourds water until the third part be wasted, strain it through, and then temper it with a little of the foresaid water and the syrup of Violets amongst it, and boil it with so much honey as you please. Last of all strew some Cinnamome in it, and as much vinegar of Squils', until it be somewhat sourish, then use it as the former: this forceth very vehemently the Terms. For this is also very good the common sirupes which be always prepared at all substantial Apothecaries, as the syrup of Mugwort, of Maidenhair, of Cicorie, with Rhubarb, and the syrup of five roots. When as now this syrup hath been used like as behoveth, then must be proceeded: and for to proceed orderly, it is very needful that women be purged of all superfluous humours, which may be done very commodiously with the confection Benedicta or Hiera picra, tempered with the decoction of Madder: and of the foresaid confections you may use three quarters of an ounce, or an ounce, each a part or together. Afterwards are these laxative things to be used: Take Seine leaves, Penniroyall and Madder, of each a like quantity; seeth them in small white wine, and give thereof about three ounces at once. Or take Penniroyall, Nep, Southernwood, Rue, century and Hyssop, of each one handful, Savin, Feuerfew, of each one handful and a half, Opopanacum, Ammoniacum, Galingall, of each one dram, Cinnamome, Madder, of each one handful, Myrrh one quarter of an ounce; seethe them all together with a quart of water until the third part be wasted, then take thereof two or three ounces fasting at one time. Item, take the roots of Smallage, of Sperage, of Fennell, of Parsley, of Carduus Benedictus, and of Butcher's broom, of each one ounce and a half, Annis, Fennell, Caruway and Ameos, of each one dram and a half, Mugwort, Penniroyall, mints, Horehound, Feuerfew and Asarabacca, of each half a handful; seeth them all together in two quarts of water unto the half, wring it together through a cloth, and mix therewith the syrup of the five roots, de Calamintha, de Artemisia, of each a like quantity, drink thereof in the morning and at afternoon. Another. Take mints, Balm, Penniroyall, Marierom, and Southernwood, of each one handful, Annis, Fennell, Caruway, of each one ounce, the roots of Polipodie one ounce and a half, Cicorie roots one ounce; cut the roots of the herbs very small, and seeth them in a quart of water until the third part be consumed, afterwards strain it through, and make it as sweet as you please. Another potion with Wine: Take Savine and Mugwort, of each one handful, put two quarts of wine unto it, and let them seethe together until the third part be wasted: take thereof in the evening and morning at each time two spoonfuls. Do you now desire to make a common potion? then take Wormwood and Rue, of each one handful, five or six pepper corns, seeth them all together in a quart of Wine, strain it then through, and drink thereof. In like manner may you seeth Mallows in wine and drink thereof, it is also very good. This potion following is very good and pleasant: Take a pint of good Wine, Sage half a handful, Cloves, Saffron and Mace, of each half a scruple, stamp them all together, and bind it in a fine cloth, and hang it a night and a day in wine, wring it out oftentimes, divide it into three parts, and take one draft of it five hours before meat, the other draft after noon, and the last after supper. But this is to be done in the wane of the Moon, and eat very little. Item, take Hartwort and Pepper, of each one dram, pour a pint of wine upon it, and drink thereof in the evening and morning, it moveth much, and cleanseth the womb or Matrix from all bad humours. Or take the herb Caruway one handful, Mugwort one handful and a half, Arsmart one handful, Asarabacca one dram; seeth them together in two quarts of water until about the half, and drink thereof in the morning fasting a good draft. Another. Take Penniroyall one handful, Marierom gentle as much also, Mace one dram, and one quarter of an ounce of Bayberries beaten grossly, bind them all together in a cloth, and pour thereon twelve ounces of wine; but let them seeth together in a Can in hot water the space of an hour, afterwards wring out the cloth, and drink the half of this Wine in the morning, and the other half in the evening after the mealetide. Item, take Mugwort, Feuerfew, Penniroyal, Balm and Mallows, of each one handful, seeth them together in a pint and a half of wine, and use them as before. Take the roots of Cicorie four handfuls, take out the woody hart, and cut them small, then pour two quarts of wine upon it, and let it seeth so long until the force be gone out of it, afterwards wring it out, and then seeth it unto a thin syrup, and so take every morning a spoonful or twain of it. This following doth open much all obstructions, and forceth the Terms: Take of the confection Triphera without Opium, Mather and Silver mountain, of each half an ounce, Fenegréeke, Turkish beans and Céeres, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth them all together in eight ounces of water even to the half, then strain it through, and temper in three ounces of this decoction the Triphera aforesaid. The Physicians therefore do occupy this Triphera without Opium, because it is forcible and strong. Also they temper therewith otherwhiles one drag. of the juice of Savin, sometimes also Myrrha, red Storax, Bdellium, Euphorbium or Opopanacum, all according to the importance of the cause. Item, take Cassie wood three drams beaten very small, and give it with wine. One that is more feeble: Take Myrrh, Bevercod and red Storax, of each three drams, Savine, fine and course Cinnamome, of each one dram and a half, make an electuary thereof with Honey, then take one quarter of an ounce thereof, and temper it in Wine for a potion. Item, take Saffron one dram or more, and drink it with Wine or with Mallows water. Saffron only preferreth the Flowers; the same doth also one dram of powned Cardamome. Here now do follow certain powders which are to be taken in the potions, and amongst all things is nothing more to be commended then the Trociskes de Myrrah, which are thus prepared. Take Myrrh one dram and a half, Lupins two drams and a half, Rue, white water Mints, Candie Diptamus, Coming, Madder, Elecampane roots, Sagapenum, Opopanacum, of each one dram, then make Trociskes thereof with the juice of Mugwort, and give half an ounce thereof with water wherein juniper berries be decocted. Take Bevercod one dram, powder of Mints half a scruple, drink it with wine, it is also very good for this use. Item, half a scruple of the blossoms of the Nut tree taken with wine doth the same. S. john's wort doth also move much the terms. Also these wines ensuing are very good for it, viz. wine of Elecampane roots, of Marierom gentle, of the herb Bennet, of Betony, of Gilliflowers, and of Rosemary. Item, take one handful of juniper berries, Madder, Cinnamome and Myrrh, of each half an ounce; seeth them all together in Mugwort water until the third part be evaporated, strain it, and put one dram of Boreas unto it, give thereof a good warm draft twice or thrice a day. The same doth also the Trocisci Galliae Muscatae Rasis, four scruples taken with warm white wine, it helpeth immediately. It is here also to be noted, if so be that the patient might drink no wine, then take the leaves of blue Flowerdeluce, stamp them and seethe them in capon broth, and let her drink it: this is also found many times good, and it expelleth also dead children. Item, take the skull of a Capon before he is boiled or roasted, stamp it, and drink it with Penniroyall water: this may suffice for the potions. Take Penniroyall, Italian Coming, Mints, Ireos, Hartwort, Mather and Myrrh, of each one quarter of an ounce, make an electuary thereof with clarified Honey, take two drams of it, and drink a draft of Beer or Wine after it, wherein Savine, Penniroyall, Mugwort, Fennell, roots of Sperage, of Smallage and of Parsley have been decocted. Item, take of the electuary Antidotum Haemagogum half an ounce, and give it fasting. If you had rather drink it, then temper four ounces of Mugwort water amongst it, and use it against the time that the Flowers do come. Treacle and Mithridate do also force the Flowers very gently. Amongst the confections there be good for this the confected Elecampane roots, the confected Eryngus, conserves of Pionie, and Myrrh roasted in an apple. The Italian women do highly commend the electuary Diacyminum, if one do take every morning one quarter of an ounce of it, then will the terms come within the space of a month as they affirm: it doth make fruitful, and strengtheneth the stomach. The confected Calmus is especial good, if the obstruction do come through celd. Fennel seed confected forceth also the flowers: likewise also Coming and Caruway: Cinnamom and Saffron are also to be used in all things. These pills ensuing are also to be prepared: Take the pills Alephanginae half a dram, Aloe two scruples, beaten Savin one scruple, make fourteen pills of it with the water of Mugwort, and take the one half thereof at once: they do move the terms and the stools, and are also very safe. Others. Take Muscus and Myrrh, of each four scruples, Stechas, Mather, Penniroyall, Citron pills, long pepper, Cassie wood, Cassie pills, peony seeds and Calmus, of each three quarters of an ounce, Indie Spica half a dram: make pills thereof with the juice of Mugwort, whereof take 1. ʒ. at once. The ancient Physicians do command pessaries to be used, as Euphorbium wrapped in wool. Item, take Hellebore and the juice of Wormwood, of each one quarter of an ounce, Ammoniacum one dram, temper it with Ox gall. But here ensue sundry which are safer: Take Bevercod and Myrrh, of each a like quantity, Muscus a little, than form it with the oil of Behen as an acorn, and tie it to a thread, and put it into the Matrix before. Or take fresh Rue, Wormwood and Coloquint, of each a like quantity, form a pessary thereof of Ox gall. Item, take white Watermints, Swine's bread, Agnus Castus, Rue, Savine, Mugwort, Penniroyall, Marierom, Radishes, Southernewood, Nettle seed, juniper leaves, Mather, white Hellebore, century, Myrrh, Bevercod, Elecampane roots, Sagapenum, Opopanacum, of each one dram, Gallia Muscata one scruple, stamp all that is to be stamped, and then make a pessary of it with the juice of wild Cucumbers and Ox gall, and use them as before. Another. Take Gentian and Penniroyall, of each one quarter of an ounce, Nigella seeds one dram, temper them together with powned figs, and with a little of the juice of Mercury: these do make no heat like as the other. Item, take Gentian two scruples, Coloquint and Nigella seed, of each one dram, temper them together with the juice of wild Cucumbers. Or if you will have it stronger, than put some white Hellebore unto it: there be also sundry other made which be stronger and milder, according to the importance of the cause of the foresaid cold and warm things, each according to his god pleasure and content. Amongst all these things, and all that may be injected into the body and neck of the matrix or womb, this general rule is to be observed, that the same may be used as well before as after bathing. Outwardly may one bathe and foment with all that which here ensueth: Take Asarabacca half a handful, Ebulus leaves one handful and a half, Feuerfew, Mints, Mugwort, Agrimony, Marierom and Betonie, of each one handful, Camomile, Melilot and Roses, of each half a handful; cut all the herbs and seeth them, like as hath been taught oftentimes. It is also very commodious and good to sit in warm water wherein Mallows have been decocted. Or take Mugwort and Savine, of each three handfuls, Mallows, Hollihocke roots and Bearefoote, of each one handful, Fennel seeds, Parsley seeds, Annis, Dill seeds, Orage seeds, wild yellow Rape seeds, and Asarabacca, of each half a dram, Camomile, Eldern flowers, Rosemary, and Stechas, of each one dram: make a little bag thereof, and seeth it in water, and then sit upon it. Another. Take Mugwort, Savine tree, of each three handfuls, sweet Costus roots, Mallows, Hollihocke roots and Bearefoote, of each two handfuls, the seed of Mallows, of Hollihockes, of Southernwood, of Linséed, of Fenegréeke, of Cuscuta, mustard seed, of Lavender and of Siluermountaine, of each one ounce and a half, Parsley seed, Fennell, Dill seed, wile yellow Rape seed, and Asarabacca, of each half an ounce, Camomile, Eldern flowers, Stechas, Rosemary flowers, of each one ounce; seeth them as before, and then sit upon the bag. For fomentation, you are to use that which followeth hereafter: Take Camomile, Mugwort, Savine and Nettle roots, of each one handful, seeth them together in water, and receive the vapour from beneath. Item, take Rue, Sage, Southernwood and Savine, of each one handful, put them together into a new pot, and close it tied, but leave a hole open above on the cover, wherein a tap may be put whilst it boileth; afterwards draw out the tap, and receive the warm vapour from beneath, as is said before. Or take Myrrh as much as you will, temper it with the juice of Mugwort, and let it dry; afterward put filled Heart's horn unto it, to wit, the third part as much as there is Myrrh, then strew this powder upon a hot tile, and receive the smoke beneath, but round about cover you close. You may also take for it Penniroyal, Rue, Savine leaves, and use them alone. Item, take Violet leaves two handfuls, Myrrh half an ounce, let them seeth together in rain water, and foment therewith as warm as you can abide it. Take Penniroyal, Nep, Southernwood, Rue, Centory and Hyssop, of each one handful, Savine, Feuerfew, of each one handful and a half, Cinnamom, Galingall, of each one dram, Siluermountaine and Mather, of each half a handful, Myrrh one quarter of an ounce, beat them all gross together, and seeth the same in a quart of water even to the half, and then use it as before: this also provoketh urine. Or take Penniroyall, Marierom, Sage and Mugwort, of each one handful, seeth them all together for a fomentation: for to fume, you are to take a little Coloquint, cast it upon a hot stone, and receive the fume from beneath; it greatly provoketh women's terms: but note, that Coloquint is very sharp, and that the said well savouring spices and other things be much safer for to fumigate withal. Or take Dill, Camomile, Melilot, Squinant, Cassie wood, Costus roots, Sulphur, Rue, Marierom, Stechas, Southernwood, any of all these, or part of the same. To set boxing cups upon the thighs is also very behoveful and available. Plasters and Unguents. TAke the mucilage of Fleawort and of linseed, of each one ounce, unsalted butter two ounces, Hen's grease, Ducks grease, Goose grease, and the marrow of calves bones, of each half an ounce, Ammoniacum one quarter of an ounce, oil of Sesamum and oil of sweet Almonds, of each five drams, Wax as much as is needful for a salve; then anoint you therewith behind and before, from the navel downwards, but not before that you have used all other means of bathing, letting of blood, potions, etc. Item, take of the confection Benedicta half an ounce, Turbith one quarter of an ounce, Nigella seed three drams, decocted Honey as much as sufficeth for to make a plaster. This is to be laid over the privities as before. If so be that one perceiveth the terms after the use of this foresaid means, some do advise, and that very well, that this potion ensuing is to be made: Take Mugwort, Seine leaves, and Penniroyall, of each half a handful, Cinnamom half an ounce, Mace three drams; seeth it all together in three pints of good wine until about the fourth part be wasted, and this in a Can stopped tied in séething water: this expelleth the terms unto her due time. The other orderly mean for to prefer the terms, is, that first of all the Saphea or Median shall be opened, and that afterwards a long bag is to be made, and to be filled with any of the foresaid herbs, which you like best, and then put unto it one quarter of an ounce of Gallia Muscata, and wear it so upon the privities. Afterwards make of one quarter of an ounce of the foresaid Gallia with the water of Mugwort nine pills, and take three thereof at once in the morning early, then make a pessary of the length of a finger, and fill the same with pouned Mercury, and put it into the place. Set boxing cups also upon the thighs, and in the hams, and then rub the legs downwards with warm clothes. Squinant and Madder decocted also in the water of Maidenhair and drunken, are also highly commended. Item, take the pipes of Cassie when the Cassie is taken out, and let them be well scraped on the outside, as many as you will, Cinnamom, Mace, Saffron, Diptamus and Balm, of the one as much as of the other; make a powder thereof, and take a dram thereof every morning with water of Mints: the same moveth them very gently. But as much as concerneth letting of blood (whereof mention is made before) some do advise, and not without reason, if in case that a woman hath not had her Terms a long time, that her vein is to be opened besides her little toe, and the next day afterwards on the other foot. The words of Hypocrates and of his expounder Galen be true, that the letting of blood and hunger do cause women with child to miscarry, for that thereby (they say) will the nourishment of the child be withdrawn. Therefore good heed is to be taken in these things, for that many women have this for a custom, whether they be fat, gross, strong, or lean, that they always open a vein at the half of their going with child, like as we also have before admonished in the first §. But if one will needs be let blood, then must after the same (or else without letting of blood) bathe be oftentimes used, for which is Penniroyall to be taken, field mints, Southernwood, century and Hyssop, of each one handful, Savine and Feuerfew, of each one dram, Siluermountaine, Madder, of each one handful, Myrrh one quarter of an ounce; stamp and chop them all small, and let them seeth in sufficient water: then make thereof a bath for the rains of the back, or a fomenting for the bottom of the belly. The boxing cups, whereof we have also spoken before, draw the blood downwards: Like as doth also the strong binding of the legs. The third mean is as hereafter followeth: three hours after the rising of the Sun shall the Saphea of them be opened on the right foot which have not the flowers, and about five ounces of blood drawn. The next day after is this purgation following to be given; Take Agaricus, Turbith and Rhubarb, of each one dram, India Spica, Ginger and Mace, of each six grains, Salgemmae one grain, agrimony, Mugwort, of each one ounce and a half; let them be steeped four hours: afterwards wring it through a cloth, and temper amongst it three drams of Benedicta Laxativa, and then drink it betimes in the morning. The third day afterwards you are to begin to use this potion: Take Fennell roots, Parsley roots, Sperage roots, the roots of Butcher's broom, and of Smallage, of each half an ounce: these being all cut small together, then seeth them in a quart of well water unto the half; afterwards sweeten the decoction with Sugar, and then drink thereof five ounces, and so continue this the space of eight or ten days. In the mean time is the body to be kept open with gentle clysters, or else they are every evening after supper to swallow a pill of Alephanginae or of Aloes. Afterwards it is very good, that three times in four and twenty hours all the back bone be anointed with this salve ensuing: Take the oil of walflowers two ounces, oil of Saffron one ounce, the grease of Badgers and of Hens, of each half an ounce, Saffron, Indie Spica, Lignum Aloes, and Mugwort, of each half a scruple, Wax as much as is needful for a salve. After the foresaid potions, are these pills following to be used: Take Pillulae foetidae two scruples, de Hiera composita one scruple, make seven pills of it with the confection Benedicta. And if so be that through all this advice the terms do not appear, then are the tops of the thighs, hard by the privities, to be bounden hard: but if that will not help, set immediately hot cups behind on the calves of the legs, setting them up and off. Lastly, then make this bath following: Take Penniroyall, white water mints, Marierom and Smallage, of each three handfuls, Savine six handfuls, Opopanacum, Myrrh, of each half an ounce, Hartwort, Rue, of each three handfuls; seeth them all together in sufficient water until about the half, but leave the herbs in it, and then make a bath of it for the rains even to the navel, and sit therein the space of half an hour, or as long as you can. When you have rested somewhat, then put some cotton (being dipped in the juice of Mercury) up into the place, and without doubt it will provoke the terms. Every such woman is also to beware of all slimy meats, which is from all hard meat, like as all that is made of Doughty, of Pease, of Beans, of Cheese, of Milk, and all that is dressed with them, from all salt, cold and binding things, and from thick raw red Wine: but Cinnamom, Saffron, Ginger, and Smallage seeds and roots, Annis, Fennell, parsley seed, or any of all these is she to use always with her meat. But if so be that this retention of the terms be caused thereof, for that a woman had but little blood, did great labour, were weak, lean, not long recovered from a long lingering sickness, or had lived a long time in hatred, malice, great sorrow, and such like; then is such to have those meats which nourish much, and she shall omit all hatred, sorrow, and such like. She is to bathe oftentimes in water, to sleep much, to take rest, and to be merry. She must also refrain from letting of blood, except it be a very little. But she is to use Pistacies, Pingles, Almonds, and other nutritive things as is before said. And although it appeared that her terms must be always quickened through Physic, yet it must be begun with the mildest means, like as hath been counseled before. How that the excessive course of the Flowers is to be stopped. §. 3. WHen this course of women's terms getteth the mastery, then be there very heavy sicknesses to be feared, to wit, the dropsy, the consumption, Hectica, the pain of the back, the pain of the stomach, feebleness of natural digestion, lack of appetite, and such like diseases more. This issue is commonly caused of outward or inward occasions: the outward may be falls, blows, thrusts, great running, leaping, dancing, walking in great heat, and such like, all which maketh the blood subtle and fluxible. Item, if there break a vein open in the matrix or womb, through unnatural and untimely birth, through any ulcers, or through any other bruisings in the neck of the womb, through long use of many hot spices, or of any subtle meat and drink. The inward causes may be the strength of the expulsive, or the debility of the retentive virtue. This may also be caused of some disease of the Matrix, and through the moisture of the same. But concerning the part itself, the same may be too feeble, too slippery, too wide, and too much open: yet in case the moisture of this part be caused of it, then is the flux of blood so great, that the Matrix and the parts adjacent cannot contain the humours, or these humours be so sharp, so subtle, so hot, so venomous, so salt, so biting, so cold, or so waterish, that the same cannot be retained. The outward causes may be inquired of the patiented herself. But if this disease be caused of the debility of the retentive virtue, then is the woman bleak or pale of colour, and weak. The signs of the same part be when as it waxeth lean, and consumeth: each humour may be adjudged out of the property of the body, like as we have taught the same elsewhere, as heat, of the fullness of the veins, thirst, itch, ill-favoured or loathsome colour of the face and of the whole body. If then such proceed out of blood, then doth the colour of her terms alter, and will be whitish; or if the same proceed of Cholera, then are the flowers somewhat yellowish, and if of Melancholia, then darkish, blue or black. By the foresaid colours one may easily come unto the full knowledge what humours might be the only cause of this excessive moisture, whereby may be known how to choose of these remedies following, wherewith the excessive course of the terms may be stayed. But first of all there be for this purpose certain rules to be noted. First, you must never bathe for this excessive course of the terms, neither yet use any kind of things which bringeth heat with it. Secondly, when this kind of issue cometh by reason of the fullness of the body, as it were an vnburthening and cleansing of the same, then is it by no means to be stayed, if thereby be not feared a great debility. Thirdly, if so be that women be full of blood, and this flux come too abundantly, then is the Basilica vein to be opened, thereby to withdraw the blood. Fourthly, in case that it be perceived that red Cholera, or any other mixed moistured were cause of this flux, then is the same moisture or humour to be purged with appropriate medicines, yet mingling always amongst it some binding and comforting things. Fiftly, iniection is also very needful for this disease, or some such like instruments to be used, whereby the medicine might be brought into the womb. Sixtly, if any astringent things may be brought into it through any instruments, then may they help much better and a great deal sooner than those things that be given by the mouth. Seventhly, because that with this menstrual flux, not only the virtue digestive, but also the whole body is weakened, therefore are they to be sustained with light meat, as with yolks of eggs, with young flesh, and broth of the same, and such like. Sometimes also with water wherein the seed of Butcher's broom is decocted or tempered with water of Sorrel. Eightly, it is also good to set great boxing cups under the breasts unpickt. Ninthly, this flux of the terms is not to be stopped so long as one seethe that the woman hath her lively colour, and doth remain strong and healthy: but as soon as one perceiveth that her strength fadeth away, then be all means to be sought for to stop it. Tenthly, if one desire to purge any of the four humours, and to separate it from the clean blood, then may that best be effected by vomits, for that thereby the matter is derived to another place, and stay their course that they fall not downwards. eleventhly, these women are to abstain from all heavy labour, and from all that maketh the blood fluxible and thin. By all these forementioned propositions may be clearly seen and marked, that if any desire to cure or remedy this disease, that these women must lead an easy life, and keep themselves quiet. They must also live in such a place where it is not too hot nor too cold. They must also eschew all thin and waterish meats, viz. from fruit, except all that which bindeth: in like manner also from all meat which cause any kind of heat. But all kinds of roasted fowls, and all that maketh gross blood, as Rice, Wheat and Lentils be good for them. They must also beware of overcharging them with meat or drink, whereof the causes be declared in the seventh rule, and afterward to put in practise these remedies following, according to the importance of the cause. Thus for to speak first of the things which inwardly are to be used, hath been spoken of before, and also what order of diet, or government of life is to be observed. But in case that any do desire any ampler declaration of it, then let him look the seventeenth Chapter and 17. §. where is spoken of the red or bloody flux, which also is most meet for this use. But for this menstrual flux, may this Confection following be used: Take the Species Triasantali and Diarrhodon Abbatis, of each one dram, prepared fine Bolus two scruples, Bloodstone washed in Plantain water, and make tabulats thereof. Or use this powder following: Take Species Triasantali one dram and a half, Diarrhodon Abbatis one dram, De Gemmis Frigidis one dram and a half, prepared Coriander two scruples and a half, washed Bloodstone one dram, prepared Bolus half a dram, shepherds purse two scruples, Roses, Coral, of each half a dram, Cinnamome one quarter of an ounce, Sugar as much as you please, then make a powder of it. Item, take prepared Bolus one dram, sealed earth two scruples, Tormentil half a dram, Bursa Pastoris one scruple, Species de gemmis frigidis one dram and a half, prepared Pearls one dram, Rubins, Pomegranates, Smaragdes, jacints, sapphire, of each half a scruple, Roses, red Coral, Saunders, of each one scruple, Sugar three ounces; make a powder thereof, and use it in broth, or strewed in meat. The confection of the refuse of iron is also very profitable to be used for this disease, especially if so be that the lesser remedies will not help. Another. Take conserve of Roses two ounces, Bloodstone, Trociscos' de Carabe, de terra sigillata, and de Spodio, of each one dram, make a powder thereof, and temper them well together; afterwards take every time thereof about one dram. Take conserve of Roses six ounces, conserve of Borage, of bugloss and of Balm, of each one ounce, prepared Bolus one dram, prepared Pearls one quarter of an ounce, of the five precious stones above mentioned, of each one scruple, Cinnamome one dram, make an electuary thereof. Another. Take of the driest conserve of Roses three ounces, Marmalade two ounces and a half, red Coral one dram, Bistorta, Trociscos' de Carabe, and prepared Bolus, of each half a drag. prepared Bloodstone two drams, make an Electuary thereof with the sirupes of Myrtles. Item, take conserve of Roses three ounces, Marmalade two ounces and a half, conserves of Borage and of bugloss, of each one ounce, prepared Bolus one dram and a half, prepared Pearls two drams and a half, Bistorta one dram, Tormentill two scruples, red Saunders one dram, then temper them all together with the syrup of Myrtles unto a confection. The black confected Cherries are very good for this use: in like manner also the preserved Barberries'. Item, hold a root of Galingall long in your mouth, and chew the same small. It is is also a common advice which is not to be despised, that toasted bread should be steeped with red Wine, and powned Nutmegs strewed upon it and so eaten. Item, take fine Bolus which is well washed, Mastic, yellow Amber, prepared Coriander, and Dates, of each a like quantity, then take thereof at each time half a dram with a rear egg. This powder ensuing is also marvelous good: Take prepared Bloodstone three drams, red Coral one dram and a half, Tormentill and Trociscos' de Spodio, of each one dram, shaven ivory, burnt Harts horn, of each two scruples, prepared Pearls one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus half a dram; stamp all that may be stamped very small, and strew your meat therewith. Item, take powned Horstaile leaves one dram, and bestrew your meat with it. You may also drink of this powder following one dram, less or more with the water of Plantain: Take of the first budded Heart's horn, burn them in a potbakers' oven thoroughly to white chalk, and give thereof one dram or one dram and a half with red wine or Plantain water. You shall also find hereafter many sundry powders and waters to drink described: Take egshels whence young chickens have been hatched, and Nutmegs, of each a like quantity, temper them together, and drink thereof the weight of a dram with Vinegar or Wine. The part within the Walnut taken a dram thereof doth bind much. Another. Take Tormentill and Nutmegs, of each a like quantity, Plantain seeds half as much, powne them to powder, and give it in the morning and evening with old Beer. Item, take Trociscos' de Carabe one dram, beat them to powder, and make a potion thereof with Plantain water; this may be used the space of a whole week together, for that they do calm and stay the flux: the like doth also red Coral one dram with Plantain water taken every day always before meals. Item, take burnt Hearts horn and powned Nettle seed, of each a like quantity, and take thereof the weight of one dram with the water of Plantain. The juice of Yarrow doth bind also in this disease, if one take a spoonful or twain thereof. These juices ensuing may be decocted unto the form of a syrup, for to be used in winter time: like as the juice of broad Plantain, the juice of shepherds purse, or Yarrow, etc. For this is also good the water of Eldern drunken, and Galingall chewed. Item, if a woman do flower too much, whether it be in childbirth or otherwise, and that it be feared that she might bleed to death, then take one dram of red Nettle seed powned, and let her drink it with Plantain water. Some do give chopped and boiled Poppy heads to drink, but it is not always convenient: there be much safer things, viz. these ensuing. Take fine Bolus one quarter of an ounce, bind it in a cloth, hang it in a pot of wine, and then drink thereof. Seeth Pimpernell in pease broth, and drink also thereof. Or take dried goats dung, stamp it to powder, and drink thereof; it doth not only stay the menstrual fluxes in women, but also all kind of bleeding. For this also is very meet red Rose water drunken. Amongst clysters is this following very highly commended: Take Swine's bread, Feuerfew, Balm, Rue, Scabious, Rosemary flowers, Southernwood, Coming, Siluermountain, Ameos, Amomum, Balsam fruit, Cucubes, Bayberries, Calmus, Cassie wood, Cassia Fistula and pipes, of each one dram and a half, Dill seed, Annis seeds, of each one handful and a half, shaven ivory two handfuls: seeth them all together by a mild fire in two quarts of water unto the half, and press it out, take twelve ounces of this decoction, oil of Sesamum, of Rue, and of pepper, of each half an ounce, Indie salt one dram, Diacastoreon, confection of Bayberries and Benedicta, of each three drams, temper them well together, and minister it very warm. With this following a woman is to be fumed from beneath: Take Aliptae Muscatae, Species Nerae, of each one dram, Galliae Muscatae, and red Storax, of each three drams, alum one dram and a half. Of this powder is a dram to be used at once. This temperature is not easily to be made, because of the manifold simples which do come therein, and it is not only good for to stay the unnatural flux of flowers, but is also good for the suffocation of the Matrix, for that it drieth, and is good for a barren womb, and especially if the malady proceed of cold. Pessaries and such like: Stamp dried Ass dung, and form Pelsaries thereof with the juice of Plantain, and put it into the places. Another. Take juice of knot grass and washed sheeps wool, dip it therein, and lay it on the places. Item, take Frankincense, Pomegranate blossoms, Galls, Antimony, and the juice of Sloes, of each a like quantity, bestrew the wool with it, and use it as before. For this, is also good half a handful of pouned Plantain, and use it as before: or make a small pessary of the juice of Sloes, and the juice of Pimpernell with Cotton. Outwardly is this plaster ensuing to be used: Take the juice of Plantain 11. ounces, Rose water three ounces, Vinegar half an ounce, red Coral, Amber, Bloudstone, fine Bolus, Myrtle seed, Akorne cups, and Frankincense, of each one quarter of an ounce, sealed earth as much as is needful for to make it thick enough: this being all beaten small and tempered together, then make two plasters of it, and lay the one before, and the other behind. The plaster ex Galbano may also be used, whereof here do follow two sorts. Plaster of Galbanum. Take Galbanum three ounces, Bdellium three quarters of an ounce, stamped Feuerfew half an ounce, and half a drag. Myrrh half a dram: melt the Gums in Vinegar. But if they be not clean, then wring them through a cloth, and let the Vinegar seeth away, then make a plaster thereof with Turpentine. The other: Take Galbanum as much as you will, melt it by the fire in red wine, temper fine Bolus amongst it, and Dragon blood, of each half as much as the weight of the Galbanum, then make a plaster with sufficient Wax and Turpentine. Item, take pouned Lentils twelve ounces, Shepherd's purse, and Plantain, of each three handfuls, dried Asses dung, and Goat's dung, of each one ounce and a half, Frankincense half an ounce, Dragon blood, Mints, of each one ounce and a half, the juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, Licium, of each one ounce, five whites of eggs, Beane meal three ounces, Gips four ounces, but steep the Gips the space of a day in Vinegar, and then make a plaster thereof with the juice of Plantain, so that it may be sodden with the meal, until it be very thick. Lastly, mix the rest amongst it, and when it hath stood a good while, and is well tempered together, then take it from the fire, and stir it continually about until it be thorough cold. This plaster is to be laid over all the privities, and all the parts about it. The same plaster doth marvelously stop the blood of the Piles, and all moisture of the Matrix of salt and tough humours, for that it is oftentimes approved. Item, take the juice of Plantain as much as you will, temper therein Trociscos' de Carabe, and then apply them as all the rest. Or take Wormwood, Nightshade, and knotgrass, of each a like much, stamp and wring the juice out of it, than temper as much Rye meal amongst it, until it be as thick as pap, afterwards lay it over the navel, and over the privities. Another: take Vinegar dregs, make it hot, and wet a blue cloth in it, and lay it thrice double over the privities. Before in the third part the tenth Chapter and 5. §. ye have a precious Salve, beginning, Take Coming, etc. which is also meet for this use. There is also a Salve called De Gallia, which is thus to be prepared: Take Coming, Dill seed, Caruway, Rue seed, Amcos, Gallia Muscata, of each one drag. and a half, Epithimus one quarter of an ounce, India salt two scrup. white Rosin one ounce and a half, oil of Dill two ounces, oil of Roses one ounce, Aloe, Cloves, of each 2. scrup. molten wax as much as is needful for to make a plaster of it, then lay it over the Kidneys, and over the privities: this salve doth not only stay the flux in women, but also expelleth the wind of the stomach, and hindereth parbraking. Or take Sandaraca one ounce and a half, pouned Cypers nuts one ounce, fine Bolus four ounces, Plantain seed, and Pimpernell roots, of each two ounces and a half, Starch three ounces, then make it with water wherein Acorns were decocted, unto a plaster or salve, and use it as is said. There may also be made a bathe, as here followeth: Seethe the roots of Curcuma in sufficient water, and make thereof a bath for the reins. It is also good to make a bath wherein alum is decocted, or any of these things following, which one will, as Myrtle seed, the rinds and roots of the Elm tree, the rinds of the Oak tree, Pomegranate blossoms and the péeles, Acorns, Medlars, Lentils, and such like. Item, it is said that if one do burn Ranam Arboream to ashes, and the ashes worn on the neck, that women's terms will be stopped thereby, but it is to be proved. In like manner do some advise, that the moss of the black or Slo-thorne worn in one's shoes, should also stop the same. Item, take Shepherd's purse, and bind it on the soles of a woman's feet. Others advise also that boxing cups should be set under her breast unpickt, for that they draw the blood upwards, and it is also a very good remedy for to stop therewith the flowing of the terms. Likewise it helpeth also exceedingly to bind the arms hard, to the end that thereby the blood might be drawn upwards. Further, this setting of cups, binding, and all these things that are to be put into the places admonished before, be especially to be used, if it be perceived that through such superfluous courses women be impotent, and were afraid of present falling into a swoon. In like manner also it is very requisite that she smell oftentimes to cold things, and use other more binding things, which be described in the first part, the eight Chapter, and the 7. §. For a conclusion it is to be noted, whether there be heat or cold in this woman, that the medicine may be ordained accordingly. These be all warming things, and they also which stop blood, which do here follow, viz. Frankincense, Mastic, Cypers nuts, Sandaraca, Laudanum, Myrrha, Storax, Annis, and such like. Cold stopping things be these, as Camfer, the juice of Sloes, ivory, Coriander, Dragon blood, Saunders, blood stone, Hypocistis, fine Bolus, Ruscus seed, Myrtle seed, Galls, Pomegranate blossoms, the seed of Plantain, the seed of Melon, of Cucumbers, of Gourds, of Pompions, and Pimpernell roots, etc. whereby all tempered medicines may be adjudged. Of the whites, or white flux in women. §. 4. THe disease which women do call the whites, and the Physicians Menstrua alba, hath a great acquaintance or fellowship with the avoidance of human seed, or the running of the reins, whereof we have written at large before in the sixth Chapter: and it is also very evidently declared, that such kind of fluxes be caused through hot, and through cold causes which is here also to be noted. But above all that which is there discoursed do all famous Physicians commend, that if it proceed of heat, women be first of all to be purged: for which, Cassie is passing good: afterwards give her every other day one drag. of Trociscos' de Carabe tempered in Plantain water, or a quarter of an ounce of Triphera ex part Phenonis tempered with a little fine Bolus. The rains are to be anointed with the salve of Roses, and with other things more which be prescribed in the spermaticall flux. There is also to be given her every second or third day one dram of the filing of ivory to drink with Plantain water: and the cold loosings of Diamargariton is she also to use oftentimes. Item: Take Camphora ten grains, bruise it small, beaten Amber one scruple: drink them together with Plantain water, it is a very good medicine. For this is also esteemed to be a sure remedy, the first buds of the Blackberrie bush, and the berries thereof dried, pouned, & drunken every day one dram with red wine, or twice a day. There may also be made a confection of the said berries when they be ripe, seething the same with honey or Sugar, and to use thereof daily. But in case that this disease proceed of cold, whereto some do make six kinds of baths which are to be used one upon the other, which me thinketh to be much too strong, for that they take Sulphur, Alum, stéeled water, and strong Menageges, as Feuerfew, Mugwoort, and baiberries: afterwards again all things which be contrary, as Oaken buds, Knotgrass, Squinant, etc. Therefore will we leave the same unmentioned: but for this must be taken the flowers of dead Nettles powdered the weight of a dram with wine. Confected Annis seed is also very commodious for this. But in case that the issue be very sharp, then beat whites of eggs with Rose water, and make clothes wet in it and put it up into women's secrets. Of the suffocation or ascension of the Matrix. §. 5. THis terrible sickness is in many things most like to the falling evil Epilepsiae, and the great swooning Syncopi, because the Matrix hath great sympathy with the heart, the arteries, brains, and with the two membranes which do cover the brains. This malady cometh to women through divers causes, and especially when there is retention of their terms or flowers, yea also through the retention of their natural seed, especially to them that be accustomed to have the company of a man, and must then forbear it, as widows, and aged maidens: for that in case the foresaid seed be retained, then causeth it many kinds of winds in the Matrix which do compel it so to ascend, that otherwhiles it oppresseth even the Diaphragma. This is then the opinion of divers learned men in this case: but Galen doth dispute against it with strong reasons, that the foresaid natural seed doth much rather cause this sickness, than the retention of the terms; chief in women which also are burdened with many bad humours, be full of blood, and brought up in idleness, have accustomed to accompany with a man (like as is expressed) and now suddenly are constrained to want it. Therefore is commonly seen, saith he, that this suffocation for the most part troubleth widows. He maintaineth also and that by good reason, that the mother doth not ascend even to the Diaphragma (which is the midriff) and there doth abridge the breath. Thus may be caused through the retention and putrefaction of the seed, all manner of troublesome accidents, as giddiness and pains of the head, madness, short breath, and panting of the hart, their natural colour doth alter into a yellow pale, yea sometimes into redness of the face & of the eyes, they gnash with their teeth, draw their hands & feet away, they do also feel that there ascendeth somewhat upwards out of the belly, and commonly then do they press down their belly with their hands; they also do sit commonly with bend knees on the ground; they lose their speech: and nevertheless when one calleth them by their names, then do they hear it, but they cannot answer, and do lie oftentimes, that neither breath nor pulse, nor any life can be perceived in them, yea are taken to be dead: and also sometimes they are so taken or assailed with these kinds of maladies that they depart out of this world: nevertheless they always retain their memory and knowledge; and when they come again to themselves, then do they rehearse all that is spoken and done. So that this disease (like as is rehearsed) is in many things to be compared with the falling sickness, only that they do not foam. In like manner it is not unlike the palsy, but only that there is no long breath with it, and very like the sleeping sickness Lethargo, but that there is no ague with it. Amongst all the foresaid signs is there no worse than the retention of the breath, for that the same cannot be long holden up without death follow after it; for that a body cannot live without breath. This grievous accident may also be caused through a strong cold, which doth so sore assail a body, that thereby all his breath and pulse will be so drawn inward that by the feeling it can be at no hand perceived, as we have also admonished here and there in the first part amongst the diseases of the brains. In fine, the mean to remedy this terrible disease consisteth in three several things. The first what is to be done in the hasty accident for to hinder the stifling. The second (if so be that this disease be caused through retention of the seed) what is to be used for it. The third, in case that this be caused through retention of the terms, or through any other had humours, how one is to behave herself therein. When as this disease cometh with hindrance of the breath, then is speedy help needful: therefore is cold well water, or Rose water to be cast by and by into her face, and to hold to the mouth and nose to the end it may compel the breath backward, and break out with force: also the hands, feet, buttocks, and thighs, are to be rubbed hard with Vinegar and salt, and afterwards to be bounden very hard. Another woman must make her finger fat with odoriferous oil (as oil of Lilies, or any other) and therewith anoint the neck of the womb or Matrix, and rub the same softly to the end that the Matrix be thereby drawn downwards. Further, there is a little néesing powder to be blown into the nose, to the end that through the strong motion of néesing the mother may be drawn downward. They are also to be called hard and lowdlie by their names, and to keep away all pleasant savours from their nose: but the places are to be fomented, anointed, or fumed with all odoriferous things. Also a great boxing cup is to be set upon the same place unpickt. You are also to hold all filthy loathsome savours before the nose, as Assa foetida, Galbanum, or Bevercod: also the smell of old clouts, of shoes burnt, of hair, of feathers, and such like that may be gotten speedily, are you to let her smell unto. For that (like as we in the beginning of the description of the Matrix or mother have admonished) the mother doth fly and avoid by nature all stinking things, and to the contrary loveth all odoriferous fumes and savours: yet are these stinking things not to be used but in extreme need: for that all that stinketh very loathsomely, doth also weaken and enfeeble nature. Amongst these foresaid things is Hare's hair also very requisite. The chiefest odoriferous things which are to be used beneath is Muscus and Ambra meet. And if one can get it suddenly this powder following is to be taken. Take red Storax, Lignum Aloes, and cloves, of each one dram, Musk, Amber, of each half a dram; make all to powder, then bind it in a cloth and put it up into their places. Item: Take one ounce of the oil of Lilies, Muscus, and Saffron, of each three grains; bruise them well together and dip a taint in it, and put it into the place, or fill a small bag with salt and use it as before. You are also to make a fume with these things following, and to receive the same through an Enamel: Take Cassie wood, Cinnamom, Thyme, Gallia Muscata, and such like. But if these will not help, then use one of the strong pessaries and others which be described before in this chapter and the 2. §. Verum (saluo pudore) praesentissimum Remedium est, si maritus ungat Penum cum Oleo Garyophyllorum, admixto parùm Olei amygdalarum dulcium; ad caliditatem prioris temperandam, & cum uxore Cocat: Matrix enim subito descendet. When as now this patiented beginneth to recover again (being a maiden) and inclined to this grievous sickness, then is there no better remedy, than that she induce herself into the state of matrimony: if not, then is she to refrain from all these things, which do increase natural seed; as flesh, wine, and other, like as before is described in the sixth Chapter, and the 4. §. and the seventh Chapter and the 8. §. For this is also letting of blood very meet, the use of all cooling meats, and the absence of men. All mineral baths which do dry, be also very fit for this use, and she may also use therewith these confections following. Take fresh roots of Polypody six ounces, Seen leaves, Violets, Prunes, Sebestes, sour Dates, and Currans, of each one ounce and a half; seethe them in two quarts of water unto the half, afterwards wring it out: and whilst that the decoction is yet warm, steep therein six ounces of the seeds of Fleawoort, so long that the mucilage may be drawn out of them, than put 24. ounces of white Sugar unto it. Likewise also the pith of sour Dates and Cassie which are prepared with the foresaid decoction, of each three ounces: then seethe them again together by a mild fire until that it be thick, and temper with it these things following beaten very small, ivory, Rhubarb, red and white Saunders, Roses, Violets, white Poppy seed, Purslain seed Endive seed, Lettuce seed, small Endive seed, of Fennell, Dragagant, Starch, scraped ivory, Gum, Hollihockes, Fumitory, liquorice, and Annis seeds, of each a dram and a half, Diagridion two drams and a half, Mirobalani Indi, Emblici, of each three drams: temper them all together in a mortar, and give from half an ounce unto seven drag. This foresaid electuary is so highly commended, that it is called the gift of God. These are also not every day, but only once or twice to be used, with a decoction of Mugwort and Sugar, and then to fast six hours upon it. This being done, there shall a round plaster be laid upon the navel De Galbano, and not to take it off, before it fall away of itself, whereof there be two divers sorts discovered before in the 3. §. Lastly, these pills ensuing are to be used: Take Siluermountaine, Madder, Penniroyal, the innermost rinds of Cassie pipes, Pomegranate kernels, Pyony roots, and Calmus, of each three drams, Muscus, and Spica of Indie, of each half a dram: then make pills thereof with the juice of Mugwoort, of them is she to take every day, or at leastwise about the other day, if she do not use the Confection, and that before supper. But the same is not to be given if the terms be present, but when they be passed, if you will have them milder, than put one drag. and a half of Aloes unto them. But in case that this ascension of the Mother be caused through the obstruction of the terms, and that a woman be come to herself again, and that it is feared that it will return again, by reason that the cause is not yet taken away, & that it be certain that this disease were caused through the retention of the terms, or of the natural seed; then must diligence be used that the terms be preferred and moved, whereof we have before given a full instruction. Item, if this suffocation of the Matrix proceed through obstruction or hindrance of the terms, then give her one quarter of an ounce of powdered Agaricus with Wine or with Honey water, for it is a sure mean for it. It is also very good for the same, that there be taken one dram of the powned Agnus Castus with one ounce of the honey of Roses, especially if the disease do come through the detention of the seed: the Trocisci de Myrrah do also move much. Secondly, the Saphea is also to be opened in the foot, and afterwards one dram of powned betony with the water of Feuerfew. In like manner also boxing cups are to be set upon the thighs picked or unpicked. Cut a piece of bread round like to a dolor, and set three wax candles in it of the length of a finger, set them so burning upon the navel, and then whelm over it a glass of a quartern long, then do the candles go out, and the glass doth draw the Mother or Matrix perforce into her due and wont place: and this hath been oftentimes approved. Item, anoint all the belly with oil of Mastic, and make a pot lid warm, wind it about with clothes, and hold it warm to the belly. Item, take Bevercod and Assa foetida, of each one quarter of an ounce, Philonium Romanum, one dram; temper them together, and give it fasting, then drink upon it a good draft of Muscadel or Malmsey, it helpeth marvelous well. The same virtue hath Triphera magna, the weight of a dram and a half drunken with wine in the morning early. Likewise is also good for this one dram of powned Pionie seeds drunken with Honey water. If the Matrix or Mother begin to ascend, then is to be taken one quarter of an ounce of yellow Rape seed with the water of Mugwort. For a plaster, you are to take Galbanum one dram and a half, Bdellium one dram, Mugwort, Feuerfew, of each half an ounce, oil of Lilies one ounce; dissolve the gums in the oil, and when they begin to be cold, then temper the powder amongst it: with this salve they are to anoint them beneath and above the navel, and then to lay a plaster of Galbanum upon it. Item, take Assa foetida one ounce, Galbanum two ounces, melt them in vinegar, and spread them warm upon a leather of a quarter long, then lay them over the navel: the Galbanum is also good used alone. Whensoever you will lay any thing upon the place of the pain, then take the roots of Lovage, cut them very small and put them in a bag. Cometh the pain of the Mother through cold? then seethe it in Wine; but if it be through heat, then seeth them it water, and lay it on the place of the pain. Can you not get these roots? then take acorn buds, it is also good. Néesing and parbraking is much advised for this, but especially heed must be taken to the strength of the patiented. And in case that the same woman must live without a man, then is she so much the oftener to use anointing with the odoriferous salves with the fingers beneath, and use therewith all things which do diminish natural seed, as Rue, Agnus Castus, and such like, as elsewhere hath been showed. Besides all these, you may look all that hath been said before in the second §. of the terms in women. Of the descension and falling down of the Mother or Womb. §. 6. LIke as the Womb or Mother in women ascendeth, so doth it also descend, so that it cometh so low, that she being turned about, it dependeth, and with a long end hangeth out of the body, like as is wont to happen with the Arsegut, whereof we have written in the tenth Chapter and the second §. The causes of this disease may be outward and inward: the outward may come of falls, heavy birth, long sitting upon a cold stone, or in the water, through hard going to stool, through strong néesing, through running, leaping, through use of much cold salve, and such like. The inward be when the body is pestered and full of humours, which afterwards do fall even to the womb, which do so unknit and dissolve the bands and stays of the same, that they cannot hold the mother any longer; like as oftentimes befalleth in the palsy and falling sickness, also in ulcers and impostumes of the womb. The signs of this disease be manifest, if the same be caused through any outward causes, the same may be inquired of the patiented herself. Otherwise it is to be considered whether the woman be fat, moist, live in quiet, is wont to eat much fruit, or much fish, etc. They have also oftentimes pain about the privy members, and in the neither part of the backbone. There cometh also sometimes an Ague with it, retention of the urine, and hardening of the stool. Some get also much trembling, the cramp, and great fear, without any manifest causes, with many more grievous accidents. Now in case that the descension of the Mother do yet remain somewhat inwardly, then must a Midwife behold and search her: to wit, than she must put one finger into the neck of the womb or Matrix: if the passage be smooth and open, then is the Mother not fallen down; but if she find therein any stop or let, than it is a sure sign that it is descended: and if so be that the Matrix or Mother continue long out of her natural place, then is if unpossible that she should be reduced again into her due and natural place, and more unpossible if the same depend out of the body. Thus for to remedy this disease, then may one choose out of these things following those which are thought to be best and most meet, according to the quality of the disease. First of all take three boxing cups, and set the one upon the navel or under the breasts, and the other two above the privities unpickt: these may draw the Matrix again into her accustomed place. The Midwife may also anoint the body within with oil of Mastic, and do whatsoever is possible by manual operation to set the same again into her natural place. Secondly, take a glowing brick, and strew thereon this powder following: Take Tormentil, the juice of Sloes, and Bistorta, of each three drams, the péeles and blossoms of Pomegranates, of each one quarter of an ounce, Assa foetida one ounce, Mastic, Frankincense, Galbanum, of each two drams and a half, Cipers' nuts, Galls, Myrtle seed, of each five drams; stamp them together, and mix them well together: this fume is she to receive from beneath, but heed must be had that it come not into the nose: for to hold to her nose, serve none other but well savouring and sweet smelling things, Ambra, Muscus, and Violets, and all savours which are most acceptable unto her. These bad savours (as is said before) cause the Mother to ascend again. This same is also to be used whilst that the boxing cups are fastened. Item, take a stinking egg from a brood hen, and dip cotton in it, and then lay it upon the dependent neck of the Matrix, then will it forthwith be drawn up again. Or take Camomile, Marierom and Caruway, of each one handful, Linséed one handful and a half; seethe it in water, and receive the vapour thereof. If so be that there be heat with it, then are you to use this vapour following: Take Housléeke as much as you please, beat it gross, and afterwards lay it upon a hot stone, and let the woman receive the vapour thereof. Thirdly, then is this fomentation to be made: Take three ounces of Roses, Myrtle seed, Violet leaves, Marigolds and Feuerfew, of each one handful, Assa foetida five drams; break them all together, then put them in a bag and seethe them in red wine, and lay it after the vapour received upon the foresaid place. Or take the blossoms and pills of Pomegranates, Cipers nuts, the rinds of Medlars and of the Service tree, of each one ounce, alum one ounce and a half, seethe them all together in red wine, and foment therewith the places and the parts adjacent of the Matrix. Some do also advise to take Ox dung tempered with red wine, and to receive the vapour of it from beneath. Fourthly, let every day the neck of the Mother and all parts about the Mother be anointed with the salve Althaea, but temper amongst it some marrow of any beasts, the fat of fowls, and oil as much as you please: do this in the evening when she goeth to bed. You may also of such like things make a plaster, and apply it all the whole night as before. Or take the oil of Myrtles, of Lilies, and of Mastic, of each two ounces and a half, Assa foetida, Bistorta, and Tormentill, of each three drams: the gum is to be melted, then powne all that is to be powned, and make a salve thereof, anoint therewith the body outwardly, and also upon the kidneys. Lesser. Take the yolks of two well brayed eggs, put unto them one ounce and a half of the oil of Roses, fresh butter half an ounce, make a salve thereof, and use it as before. The dependent Matrix is to be washed often with wine which is stéeled. Also the oil of sweet Almonds may be used for this purpose. Fiftly: Take Assa foetida one ounce, Mastic, Frankincense, Myrtle seed, Galingall, and Cipers nuts, of each one dram, stamped together very small, mix it with the oil of Myrtles, and anoint therewith a pessary, afterwards put it into the places. Sixtly: Take Rosin two ounces, Frankincense, Mastic, and Cypers gum, of each half an ounce, temper it together, and let it melt; make it then with the oil of Mastic to a plaster, and wear it upon the privities: it will stay and let that the Mother or Matrix cannot fall any further out of the body. Or take Mastic one ounce, Frankincense half a dram, Cipers' nuts, Galls and Myrtle seed, of each one dram, pills and blossoms of Pomegranates, and Turpentine, of each one quarter of an ounce; powne all that is to be powned, and temper it all together with Turpentine and oil of Mastic, as much as will suffice for to make a mild plaster, spread it on a cloth of a quarter long, and half a quarter broad, wear this plaster continually between the navel and the privities. The common people do much commend to sit upon Oaken boards, and to receive the fume of dried Caruway from beneath: cakes baked with the dried seeds of Verbascum, and to eat them: to eat Annis seeds: to anoint the dependent Matrix oftentimes with the juice of Sloes; and above all, vomiting and parbraking, thereby to draw the Matrix upwards, are very good. Above all these which be before discovered against the descension of the Matrix, are these things ensuing also very good: Take burnt Date stones beaten small, and strew of this powder upon the dependent member. A stronger. Take Mumia, Licium, Hypocistis, powned Galls, of each two scruples, burnt and small beaten Oyster shells two drams and a half, then make a powder thereof, and use it as is before said. Item, take a wax candle of the length of six fingers breadth, and one finger thick, anoint it with oil of Lilies and put it up into the place. Item, take Cipers nuts, unwormeaten Oaken leaves, Squinant and Camomile, of each half an ounce, Roses one quarter of an ounce, Hare's hair cut small, half a dram: stamp all to powder, and put it in a bag of the length and breadth of a finger, then steep it in warm wine wherein Camomile hath been decocted, and so put it up into the body. This woman is also to sit up to the navel in a bath, wherein alum and other astringent things have been decocted, and let her sit therein about an hour. Other do counsel to use this bag following: Take Oaken buds, Medlar leaves, Service leaves, the uppermost sprigs of Lady's thistles, Cipers leaves, of each one handful, the sprigs of Myrtles, Valerian, wild mints, of each two handfuls, chop them all small, afterwards put them into a bag, let it seeth well, and sit thereon when you are in the bath. For a conclusion, there serveth for this intent all that is prescribed before in the tenth chapter and second §. of the falling out of the Arsegut, for that both these diseases have one kind of cause. Likewise also there are many things specified in the third part, the third chapter, & second §. of the tumerous breasts, which are meet for this purpose, like as also hereafter of women in childbed shall be said. So much be then spoken of this suffocation and descension of the mother: now we will proceed of other accidents which also concern the Matrix or mother. Of the pain in the Mother or Matrix through wind. §. 7. FIrst of all each one may be well assured which hath any understanding, that every unnatural accident which this part in women, to wit, the Matrix (whether it be of outward or inward causes) is subject to, cannot be without pain, which the Grecians do call Hysteralgian. Amongst these, the causes be most winds, which cause no less pain in that place than they do in the guts, whereof we will at this present write and discourse. The causes of this may be blows, thrusts and falls. Item outward cold, which causeth an obstruction in the neck of the mother, whereby the winds be detained. These winds be also caused sometimes through hard and painful bearings, or through the long use of windy meats, as Rapes, Chestnuts, Rye bread, and such like. The signs of these winds be pain in the matrix, and other parts adjacent, swelling up of the belly, and that the pain is now here now there. To remedy this disease, some famous Physicians do advise that the body is first to be purged through some common clysters, through Cassie, or through the powder of Hiera picra; and that afterwards one quarter of an ounce of Triphera magna shall be taken in the morning with good wine, for the same is esteemed especial good. These winds be also caused oftentimes through vomiting and parbraking. Secondly, take for it two ounces and a half of Oxymel, and three ounces of the water of Camomile, afterwards set a common clyster. Thirdly, foment the belly with wine wherein Camomile is decocted. Lastly may Triphera or Philonium be used. This foresaid Philonium is very good, but (as is oftentimes admonished) men must deal providently in it, for the Triphera is much safer. Afterwards do the famous Physicians command to proceed with these things which do follow. Take Turbith one dram or four scruples, according as the woman is strong, Ginger one scruple, give it her with water of Mugwort, or with common well water, wherein Mugwort is decocted: this a very excellent medicine for to assuage all pains of the matrix. If so be that one peradventure fear any mischance, because the winds of the matrix do oftentimes cause it then take Caruway seed which is steeped in Vinegar, and dried again and powdered, one dram, Ameos, Ginger, Bevercod, of each one scruple, temper them together, and give one dram thereof with wine certain days together. Or take Gentian the weight of one dram with wine, which easeth them marvelous much, for that it expelleth not only the pain, but also preventeth that there return no pain unto it. In the twelfth chapter and 11. §. you have a potion with Gentian and others, which may also be used for this with great advancement. Amongst the remedies which may be outwardly used, first is bathing good, whereto this following is to be prepared: Take Marierom, field mints, Southernwood, Fennell, and such like things which expel wind, seethe these in water for a bath. Or if so be that bathing is not meet, then use fomenting of warm wine, wherein Camomile is decocted, and afterwards anoint the belly will the oil of Eldern. Item, take oil of Mastic one ounce, melt therein one quarter of an ounce of Laudanum and anoint you therewith, yet the oil of Lilies and of walflowers passeth all. Item, rear sodden eggs brayed well with sweet milk, and some Saffron tempered amongst it, and then laid upon it, are highly commended for this use. It is also said, that if black Hellebore be laid beneath before the Matrix, then doth it draw all moisture unto it. But the Physicians do seeth Hellebore, and make a cloth wet in the same decoction; this cleanseth the Matrix from all wind, without any molestation. This plaster following is especially commended for all winds and swellings of the Matrix: Take Bdellium and Ammoniacum, of each two ounces, Agnus Castus, century, Southernwood, Marierom, field mints, Ameos, and Cassie wood, of each one dram and a half, Turpentine as much as is needful for to make thereof two plasters, than lay one before and the other behind. Of the pain in the Mother through cold. §. 8. TAke Doronicum, Zeduary roots, the seeds of Smallage and Cinnamome, of each one quarter of an ounce, Frankincense half a dram, Bevercod one dram, white Sugar one ounce, temper them and stamp them all together, and give thereof a spoonful with wine. In the first part and the twelfth chapter there is a remedy for the memory, to wit, of a grosser powder, which is also marvelous good to warm and strengthen the cold Matrix. Item, take one dram of Treacle, Saffron four grains, temper them in two ounces of Mugwort water, and then drink it fasting, and fast three hours upon it. Mithridate is also very good for all diseases of the Matrix, and chief for them that proceed of cold. There is more good for this, Bevercod about the weight of a dram tempered with oil of Camomile, and the belly anointed with it. Ripe juniper berries eaten be also very good for this disease. The first Balsam (which is described in the eight part) is also especially good for the same, all plasters, oils, salves, and fomentations, which be described in more other places, may be also used for this. The simple things which be meet for a cold Matrix, be these, to wit, Mugwort, Rue, Sage, Savine tree, Assa foetida, Madder, juniper, Penniroyall, field mints, white water mints, Calmus, Serapinum, and all that warmeth the kidneys. Of the pain in the Mother through heat. §. 9 THere cometh also otherwhiles a great pain in the Matrix through heat, so that there must oftentimes things be used which take away and dead the senses, like as the iniection of Henbane seed or Poppy seed, but it must be providently taken in hand, and not to use the same but in great heat. But if you will any thing that is more weaker, than seeth the Poppy heads in water, and iniect the decoction thereof, and foment it therewith on the outside. Warm sweet milk injected also is good for this purpose. Of the contraction of the Mother, or the neck of the same. §. 10. IT chanceth also sometimes that the neck of the Mother is closed clean up, waxeth narrow, and shrinketh up. And for to mollify or soften the same, take Hollihocke roots as many as you please, seeth them in Swine's grease or in Turpentine, to the end it be a soft plaster; then dip a clout in it, and put it up into the neck of the Matrix. The same doth also the water wherein Hollihocke roots be decocted. In like sort also the oil of white Narcissus. Of the Schirrus, or hardness of the Mother. §. 11. Out of these forementioned accidents of the Matrix, whether it be through heat or cold, cannot these parts be hardened any way, but as the Spleen is hardened: for which these means ensuing be very good: Take Aloe one ounce, Mastic one quarter of an ounce, Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar one ounce; and being strained, temper the rest amongst it, and then make it with oil of Camomile and Wax into a méetly hard plaster. The plaster of Melilot is also good for this use. Item, seeth Figs and Fenegréeke as much as you please in Barley water, and make thereof a Semicupe. This foresaid bath is good both for the pain and the heat also. There may also be used all that is before admonished in the sixtéenth Chapter and first §. These herbs following do carry all other medicines towards the Matrix; as Penniroyall, Rosemary, Savine tree, juniper, Rue, Bevercod, Yarrow, Cinquefoyle, Myrrah, Sage, Madder and Lupins. But because that all these foresaid things do also lead all things towards the Bladder and the Kidneys, so do they the same also to the Matrix. Of the Impostume in the Mother, or in the neck of the same. §. 12. IF so be that these foresaid diseases, as the retention of the terms of natural seed, or any other sharp humour, whether it be blood, Cholera, Phlegma, or Melancholia winds, or any other cold moisture, the which falleth down to the Matrix, then may they soon cause an imposthume: notwithstanding the same can proceed well of any outward causes, as of blows, falls, lechery, through a mischance, through the ignorant dealing of the Midwife, and such like things more, the which do bring with them either heat or cold. The signs of a hot imposthume, be Agues, great pain between the navel and the privities, and round about the rains, much watching, unquietness, and pain in making water and going to stool, swift pulse, pain of the head and of the eyes, heavy breath, pain of the stomach with much parbraking. These impostumes will be very hardly cured, and the harder if they are situated deep in the Matrix: but generally they are to be cured like as the impostumes and ulcers of the rains are taught to be healed, viz. as in the sixtéenth chapter and 6. 7. 8. 9 §. hath been showed. But here be first certain rules to be noted, whereof the first is, that one must endeavour to carry away the matter from thence which descendeth thitherwards. Secondly, the Liver vein is to be opened, and afterwards the vein in bending the knee, or if one can neither see nor find it, then is the Saphea to be taken. Thirdly, if so be that this impostumation be in the Matrix, or in the neck of the same, then be the terms in no wise to be moved, but only (like as is said) to withdraw the matter into another place. Fourthly, after the letting of blood is the patiented to be purged. Fiftly, vomiting and parbraking is very commodious. Sixtly, if it be possible she is to refrain the space of three days from eating and drinking, or at least keep herself very sparingly, and especially in drinking. Seventhly, she must watch as much as is possible. Eightly, after that the body is well purged, then is the Matrix in the beginning of the sickness to be delayed with such kinds of plasters as derive the matter from that place. Ninthly, amongst these foresaid remedies, temper always somewhat which may assuage the pain. Tenthly, in the declination of the disease are those things good which do ripen and mollify the matter until it issue and break out. eleventhly, if so be that this imposthume would not be maturated and brought to matter, then is the same to be effected with Fenegréeke, with Hollihocke roots, with Camomile, with Wheat flower, with Pigeon dung, and with some Saffron being made to a plaster and laid thereupon. Twelftly, the astringent remedies are not to be long used, to the end the impostumes be not hardened: according to all these foresaid rules, every one may know how to order herself in the curing of this disease. If this imposthume do come through heat, then is heed first to be taken whether the sick person be bound in her body; if it be so, then are mild clysters to be set, or Suppositories, and afterwards to open a vein, as hath been showed in the second rule. She is also to be fed with Barley paps, stewed spinach, and such like things: and to prepare the matter, give unto her the julep or syrup of Violets at certain times to drink, and afterwards purge her with Cassie, sour Dates or Manna, and also move her otherwhiles to vomit. Afterwards unto the rains, the kidneys and the hips, are cooling salves, plasters, and such like things to be applied, and so to cool them as much as is possible; for which you are to use this salve following: Take tragacanth and Gum, of each one ounce, dissolve them in wine, and temper therewith washed Ceruse, the lethargy of Gold, Starch, Dragon blood, fine Bolus, and Roses, of each one dram, Copper two scruples, oil of Roses and Wax, as much as sufficeth for to make a salve therewith: but if so be that one cannot apply the same to the malady, then seethe them all together with milk (except the Wax) and then dip a cloth therein or a sponge, and lay it upon the disease. If you had rather have somewhat else, then take the mucilage of Fleawort alone, or temper it with oil of Roses, with broad Plantain water, with the water of Nightshade, and with the white of an Egg. There may also a great tent of Cotton be made, and the same dipped in this receipt following, and put into the neck of the Matrix. Take Wax and oil of Violets, of each half an ounce, let all melt together, and whilst that it is yet warm, put thereto the juice of Plantain, of Nightshade, of each one ounce, Camfer half a dram, then temper them well together in a mortar, and use it as is aforesaid. If so be that there be any great pain with it, then use oil of Roses brayed with the white of an egg, and tempered with hen's grease: but if the pain will not assuage and cease therewith, then is the vein in the ham to be opened, and with the foresaid decoction Poppy seed is to be tempered. In like manner Sief Album is to be tempered with woman's milk which giveth suck to a daughter or maiden child, and to be injected. This plaster is also very good for it: Take Camomile, Melilot, Hollihocke roots, linseed and Fenegréeke, of each one ounce, eight or ten Figs, six or seven Dates, stamp and sharpen this all together, and make a plaster thereof with water wherein Violets be decocted, and with oil of Roses. At the greatest extremity there is to be put unto it a little Opium, Poppy seed, and Henbane seed. If so be that the imposthume will be long a breaking, than temper amongst it one ounce and a half of powned Pigeon dung, Mustard seed half an ounce, Fennel seed three quarters of an ounce. But if this imposthume be in any place where it may be seen, or where one may come by it, then is it to be opened through other means: when it is open, then cleanse it with Barley water or Honey water, wherein Hyssop, Savine, Madder, Mugwort, and such like be decocted. And if so be that the place must be incarnated, then take Aloe, Myrrh, Frankincense, Sarcocolla, Dragon blood, litharge of Gold, and prepared Tutia, of each a like quantity; make then a salve thereof with Wax and oil of Roses, and use it according as opportunity serveth. And as before hath been said, cooling plasters are to be used for it, and to take any of the things following, viz. Roses, Lentils, blossoms and péeles of Pomegranates, the mucilage of Fleawort, Nightshade, Tassel, fresh sliced Gourds, and Saunders; all these are to be tempered with barley meal, and sodden to a plaster, and then to be laid over the privities. Afterwards in the beginning of the disease, the juice of broad Plantain is to be injected oftentimes into the Matrix. And to the end the Matrix inwardly may be perfectly mundified, prepare this water following: Take Galls, Lentils, Pomegranate blossoms, Butcher's broom seeds, Roses and Sanders, of each a like quantity, seeth them in water, and iniect the decoction into the place. Or take Hyssop, Wormwood, honey of Roses, seeth the same in white wine and milk, and use it as is aforesaid. When the Matrix is cleansed from all uncleanness, then is this bath to be used for to heal and to cause the flesh to grow: Take century six ounces, Ireas, Comfrey, Cassie roots, and agrimony, of each three handfuls, Sarcocolla, Gum, Dragon blood, Mumia, Hypocistis, and Frankincense, of each one dram: seeth them all together in sufficient water unto the half, then put thereto prepared refuse of Iron one ounce and a quarter, then let it seeth awhile and wax cold that it may be used for a bath. Of all the former things may plasters, salves and pessaries be made, for they are to that intent very meet and profitable. Or if you will have a mean and milder bath, then take Mallows, Violet leaves, Melilot, Plantain, Lentils, Fenegréeke, and Colewort buds, and make a bath of it. In like sort sodden alum is available for this purpose, for this bath is generally commended of all learned men. But when the ague and the most pain is somewhat past, & yet the imposthume remaineth still, which may be perceived when the ague returneth, and the pain and hardness between the navel and the privities continueth, then are mollifying things to be used, as these pessaries following: Take Ducks grease, the marrow of Heart's bones, neats feet oil, Bdellium, Saffron, and yolks of roasted eggs, of each a like quantity; dissolve them together in wine, and temper therewith the bottom of oil of Lilles, then dip a taint of linen often therein, and put it into the place: it suageth the pain, and allayeth the same. But of this hardness we shall shortly hereafter speak and discourse somewhat more at large. But if this imposthume be caused through cold, then doth the same happen through abundance of much Phlegma in the body, and that through a continual use of meat and drink, whereby the Phlegma is augmented, whereby such like humours do fall down to that place, and there do putrify and rankle. This imposthume doth appear with a swelling above the privities near the navel, and that with a continual ache, and yet no great pain, the woman is sleepy, and very lither: and these signs be the more certain, if the time of the year and the age of the patiented do agree with them. For this, neither cold nor repelling remedies are meet, but maturatives, and such as expel Phlegma, sobriety, plasters of méetly warm, discussive and ripening seeds, laying on of Camomile, of Melilot, Savine, Marierom, Mugwort, linseed, Fenegreeke, admixed with the foresaid oils and greases, and they may also be sodden & injected. Likewise for this are meet, salves and plasters which do warm, moisten and ripen, whereof we have before admonished, and shall again hereafter. The third manner of the impostumation of the Mother, is such a bad and hard disease, and is much worse than any of the former, especially when it is confirmed and waxed old, for than it is not to be curred, but at last there cometh the canker of it, whereof we shall immediately hereafter speak and discourse at large. But to do some ease for it, is the place to be anointed with warm and maturative oils, marrows and greases of beasts, and the decoction of Linseed, of Fenegréeke seed, and oil of Camomile, of Dill, or of Lilies to be injected. Also they are to wear plasters de Bdellio, of liquid Storax, and of Ammoniacum thereon, and to use these fomentations and baths following: Take the roots of Hollihocke two ounces, Camomile, Melilot, Mallows, Violet leaves, Linséed and Fenegréeke seed, of each one ounce, let them seeth well in water, and of these decocted herbs shall you make plasters with some of the foresaid greases, viz. with swine's grease, hens and ducks grease, etc. Use also this salve following: Take oil of Lilies and of Eldern, coney fat, the fat of Quails, neats feet oil, and oil of Heart's feet, oil of sweet Almonds, and Butter, of each one ounce, anoint therewith the neck of the mother within and without, then anoint therewith a pessary of cotton and put it therein. And if so be the same do not content thee, then look into the eleventh chapter, the 29. and 30. §. of the impostumes in the stomach. Item, of the imposthume in the liver, the 12. chapter and 7. §. and 14. chapped. and 2. §. of the imposthume of the milt, where you shall find a sufficient direction for it. Of the canker and ulcer of the womb or Matrix. §. 13. WHat the difference is between the imposthume and ulcer, is before in the eleventh Chapter, and nine and twentieth §. sufficiently declared of the imposthume of the stomach. But the ulcers of the Matrix be very noisome and perilous (as we have before alleged) and so qualified, that very easily they may come unto an incurable canker; for this ulcer and the canker have a great communion one with another: yet this difference is between them, that where the canker is, there must also be an ulcer, but not every imposthume the canker. Thus may ulcers be helped with the things which be ordained for the clefts of the Arsegut, and of the woman's places; where to the contrary, the canker of this place is esteemed by all learned Physicians for to be incurable. The causes of these ulcers and canker of the Matrix may be (as we have already showed of the ulceration in the nostrils in the first part) of wounds, of thrusts, of blows, of false, of some unclean imposthume, of some sharp humours which do excoriate and exulcerate the Matrix, or the neck of the same within. The canker is commonly caused through melancholic blood, which maketh a hard imposthume, and beginneth first only of a small hardness, as the bigness of a pease or Bean, and afterward increaseth, the which at last filleth the veins adjacent also with melancholic, thick, and black blood, whereby it will be harder and greater from day to day. The heat augmenteth with pricking until that it break out, whence then issueth a black green matter, and otherwhiles like as it were wine lées, and sometimes like to water, the which stinketh none otherwise than as it were a carrion, and corrodeth more and more, for that is the nature of cankers. The signs of these ulcerations be pain, pricking, panting of the mother, and issue or descent of purulent matter according to the quality of the ulcer. But if it be caused through any outward occasion, that may be understood of the sick person herself. Or if it come through sharp blood, then is the pain sharp, pricking with great heat and ague. Or if it be caused through Phlegma, then is the pain not too great, the place anguished, and impaireth slowly. If there run any clear blood out of it with white corruption, then is there a small vein broken in the imposthume. If the matter be like water wherein fresh flesh is washed, then is it a sign that this disease is caused through long retention of women's terms. If this imposthume be caused of Cholera, then doth green matter run out of it. The signs of the canker have we discovered before. In these kind of ulcers and cankers in the womb, do the learned prescribe certain rules, whereof good heed is to be taken. First, in case this ulceration be very moist, then are drying things to used for it. Secondly, if there be with the ulcer a venomous quality adjoined, then is this the most principal means of healing that the venomous quality may be taken away. Thirdly, that such kind of meat and drink be used as do cleanse and make good blood, which is most commodious for to cleanse the ulcers of the womb, for thereby will the venomous matter be best of all taken away and drawn forth. Fourthly, these ulcers have no need of maturatives, for that thereby the venomous matter increaseth. Fiftly, the Physician must use such things as do dissolve and dry; and lastly, incarnatives. Sixtly, if this ulcer can be seen, then is the same to be refreshed with clean and fine clothes continually. And now to begin with some medicines: Heed must first of all be taken of a good government of life, so that all that one doth eat, drink, or use (according to the ability of the patiented, without the making of any heat) may be drying things, and commonly such things be ordained for this purpose as are warm in the first degree, but strongly drying. Quietness in this disease is better than motion. Hereby may it easily be marked and understood that all cold and moist meats be hurtful for this patiented, viz. Fish, Crabs, milk, and all that is dressed with milk, much pap, fat, and such like be nought for her. Their most commodious drink shall be a thin, red, and hard wine, which is very drying and discussive: the same may be tempered with water wherein Mastic, two kinds of Consolida (if so be that nature can abide it) and Feverfew be decocted. Secondly, concerning the other physic (if that nature may abide it) the vein on the right foot is to be opened against evening, yet is good regard to be had to the swooning, for that the letting of blood in the nethermost parts do bring more debility with it than that of the upper parts. After the letting of blood, this potion following is to be given unto her two mornings together: Take Benedicta Laxativa half an ounce, Agaricus one scruple, Ginger and Grains, the juice of Feuerfew two ounces and a half, temper them together, and afterwards she is to govern herself even as the order is after purging. Thirdly, give her this potion ensuing the space of certain days together, until that the urine appear of a good colour and very clean: Take Oxymel of Squils' half an ounce, Syrupus de Bysantijs and syrup of Vinegar, of each three quarters of an ounce, Lovage and agrimony water, of each one ounce, Cicory water two ounces, this is to be drunken early in the morning: they may also sleep well upon it, and fast four hours after it. This being done, minister unto her Pillulas Benedictas four scruples, or one dram and a half, formed with the juice of Mugwort. You may also temper one dram of it with the foresaid water, and drink it: and if so be that the cause require stronger remedies, then take Pillulas de Opopanaco and de Hiera composita, of each half a dram: make pills thereof as is beforesaid. With this purging one must diligently have regard whether this ulcer or canker be so near in the neck of the Matrix that one may come to it with the hand, likewise if the matter do stink, to the end that according to the quality thereof might be known what medicines should be used: but be it howsoever it will, Honey water is always good for it. You may also cleanse the disease therewith where the ulcer is, and afterwards spread thereon this salve following: Take Aloe, Dragonblood, Myrrha, Sarcocolla, and Frankincense, of each a like quantity, Ducks grease as much as is needful for to make a mild unguent of it. But this following is stronger: Take oil of Feuerfew flowers and of Saffron, of each half an ounce, oil of Walflowers (especially if there be great pain with it) two ounces, Sarcocolla, Myrrha, and Opopanacum, of each one dram, Turpentine three quarters of an ounce, Muscus one grain, white wax as much as is needful for a salve: afterwards seeth them all together in four ounces of the juice of Smallage until all the juice be consumed, then anoint therewith a pessary made of cotton, and put it into the place, and refresh it oftentimes: it is very commodious for it, and found oftentimes good. But if this disease be very deep inwardly, then doth need require that the body be cleansed with necessary things, to wit, with Honey water, and afterwards use the pessaries which be described in the fifth Chapter and 2. §. beginning thus: Take Ducks grease, etc. and renew them four or five times a day, or make this following: Take Smallage, Feuerfew, and Mugwort, all together, or each alone, stamp them together, make a pessary thereof, and anoint it with Hiera Picra. You may also take the juice of these foresaid herbs, and make a cloth wet with it, and lay the same upon the back, the hips, and on the hithermost part of the backbone. For iniection, this following is ordained: Take Hony water, seethe therein Ireos and Wormwood, or seeth agrimony in Barley water, and temper clarified Honey, or honey of Roses amongst it. If so be that the cause require stronger remedies, then take six ounces of wine, burnt alum, verdigris, of each half a dram, temper them together, and let them stand so five hours, afterwards iniect it. This following is also good, and chief to dry the ulcers, and to draw them together: Take Galls, Pomegranate pills and the blossoms, and alum, let it seeth together with a little Agrimony: and if you think that there be any vein broken within the ulcer, than temper somewhat of these things following with it, as Dragon blood, Myrrh, Frankincense, fine Bolus, Saffron, Hartwort with Rose water, or with Plantain water. A bath for the rains is very necessary for this purpose, whereto you may prepare this following: Take Valerian roots, Mew, and roots of Smallage, of each four handfuls, Myrrha and Opopanacum, of each one quarter of an ounce, the roots of Yarrow four handfuls, seeth them all in sufficient water, and sit therein to the navel. Besides all this, there is another bath highly commended, wherein the roots of wild Cucumbers be decocted. For this is also very good that which is described in the 12. §. beginning thus, Take oil of Centory 6. ounces, etc. But in case this ensuing matter remain stinking, and that there be heat with it, then use the other pessaries made of cotton and Roses, that are there discovered: but the ulcers must be cleansed before by the iniection of Hony water. Lastly, if so be that the hardness do continue, which may be perceived by feeling, as also by the pricking, by the pain, and by issuing out of the matter, then is one to beware that there be no sharp medicines used for it, for that thereby the malady will be much the rather augmented, for all which is discovered in the fifth Chapter and second §. of the iniection of the mucilage of Fleawort, and juice of Housléeke, for that is also the liver vein to be opened, and the salve of Ceruse to be used. This person must also beware of all which augmenteth melancholy, whereof you may find a sufficient discourse in the eleventh Chapter and 8. §. Of an unnatural birth, called Mola. §. 14. IT chanceth also sometimes, that in certain women which have no company with a man, yet their belly swelleth up no otherwise than as though they were with child, and all the signs of being with child agree also with it, for that their Terms be absent and stayed: they feel also some stirring in the Matrix, their breasts will be hard, the appetite of meat leaveth them, their natural colour will be pale, all which signs are common to women with child: notwithstanding they bear no child which bear this Mola. This Mola groweth after two sorts in the womb: the one will grow to a piece of flesh without any figure, half putrefied, and is also no right flesh, but rather a spongeous mass of wind, of water, and of some other superfluous blood, which through the accustomed terms cannot be expelled, and the same then being mixed with the natural seed, groweth otherwhiles to such a hardness that the same cannot be cleft asunder with any hatchet. Secondly, it may also be engendered of the said blood and the concourse of certain tough humours, and so make a false show like women with child. Nevertheless the expert Physicians do distinguish three several signs, whereby bearing women, and they that be burdened with this unnatural mass, are to be known, for that first the moving of this Mola or unnatural mass is not like that of a child, because it is a thing which hath no life. Secondly, the belly of women which bear Mola is much harder, and not so movable from one place to another as theirs is that be with child. Thirdly, this mass falleth from the one side to the other. Fourthly, if a woman be burdened with Mola, then be her hands and feet very feeble and limber, and it seemeth also that her fingers be shorter, all which cannot be perceived in bearing women. Fiftly, the woman that beareth Mola, is not so merry as one that is with child. Sixtly, a woman with child is commonly after nine months delivered: but in the Mola is no certain time, for that it is found that women therewith have gone two years, four years, and also longer, yea their whole life time, that no physic hath helped them. And from these that be cured, there avoideth oftentimes (as is said) a loathsome piece of flesh, and that with such pain as if she were delivered of a child. It avoideth sometimes into blood, otherwhiles to wind, and their belly falleth away as before. This is such an accident, that it ought not slightly to be regarded, for that thereby it may easily be marked that the Matrix is utterly unclean and spoiled: therefore do these women easily fall again into the foresaid maladies; or if not, into an unnatural flux, ulcer, or imposthume of the Matrix. Lastly, they commonly fall into the Dropsies, Aseites or Tympanites, or into some other perilous sickness, whereof they die. Nevertheless must the Physician not doubt of the cure, but as soon as he knoweth certainly that the woman be burdened with a Mola, and be not rightly with child, then is the woman to be commanded that the stir not too much, and lie for the most upon the back, and with her legs higher than the body, and to constrain herself otherwhiles to vomit and parbrake, and refrain from all cold and moist meats, for which this potion following is to be made: Take S. john's wort, Savine, Rosemary, field Mints, and corn Mints, Lovage, Mugwort, Penniroyall and Mather, of each one handful, Fennell, Squinant, both kinds of Parsley seed, Calmus and wild Galingall, of each one dram, Radish four ounces, seethe them together in a sufficient quantity of water for a potion, and use thereof every day three or four ounces, this potion melloweth that mass, and expelleth the humour whereby it might be increased. There is also to be tempered with this potion one of these Trociskes following: Take Cinnamome, Myrrh, of each two drams and a half, Rue, Savine, field Mints, Penniroyall (all together dried) Mather, Sagapenum and Opopanacum, of each one dram, Cardamome, juniper tree, Rosemary, of each one dram and a half, form the Trociskes of the weight of a quarter of an ounce. This afore described is so to be used the space of ten days or more. Other do advise for a thing of smaller importance, to wit, that the woman two months every morning early should take three ounces of warm Feuerfew water, and to fast four hours at least after it. Secondly, that she every fourth day when she drinketh of the water, should take one of these pills: Take Galbanum one quarter of an ounce, flowers of Mugwort, Saint john's wort, and Asarabacca, of each one scruple, dissolve the Gum in good Wine, and make thereof six pills of a dram. She is also to purge once in fourteen days with three quarters of an ounce of Benedicta Laxativa tempered with two ounces of Feuerfew water. Or if she had rather pills, that she swallow one dram of Pillulas Foetidas. Fourthly, she is always to wear this plaster following upon the belly the breadth of a finger beneath the navel reaching up towards the hips: Take Galbanum one ounce and a half, Galliae Muscatae one quarter of an ounce, Alipta Muscata one dram, white Wax three drams, dissolve the gum in good wine, and then make a soft plaster thereof. Fiftly, she is to use this bath ensuing for the rains thrice a week, twice a day: Take Galliae Muscatae one quarter of an ounce, Colophoniae half an ounce, Saint john's wort flowers, Betony, Mugwort, and Feuerfew, of each three handfuls, Bistorta five handfuls, seeth them together in sufficient water until it savour well: she is to sit therein up to the navel. These be very excellent remedies for to bring the mother to good health again, to strengthen all the parts of generation, and to ease their maladies. In fine, all those things may be used for this intent, which are prescribed for the expulsion of the dead child out of the mother's body, and for the secundine, and such like things more. What commonly is good and profitable for the Matrix. §. 15. ELecampane roots, the greater Pimpernell roots, the roots of Eryngus, and Ginger, all preserved, conserves of betony, of Gilliflowers, of Spikenard, of Lavender, and of Pionie, wine of Elecampane roots, of avence, of betony, and of Rosemary. The oils are these, oil of Lilies, of Rue, and of Bays. Item, the juice of Gentian and of other roots which are described in the twelfth Chapter and 11. §. We have now almost written of all especial accidents and diseases of the womb, whereon naturally dependeth the whole state of human generation. But if so be that this part of the body be not sound, and without all infirmities, then is the human seed (be it as commodious as it will) neither rightly conceived, nor duly contained; and though it be received and contained, yet doth either a mischance follow after it, or at the least a feeble and weak birth. unfruitfulness ensueth also thereby, as we very largely have showed in the seventh Chapter before, so that it seemeth not to stand without reason, that many Philosophers and learned men have disputed and concluded. By what means this part once infected might be eased and prepared to fruitfulness, to which end it was first created, whereof, as also of the conception of fruitful women, of their infirmities, of their delivery, and of all that concerneth them, shall be spoken in this Chapter following. The twentieth Chapter. Of all that concerneth fruitful and childbearing women. WHen as in women (as oftentimes hath been said) this vessel of conception is by their terms well cleansed and freed of their forementioned and all other diseases, or if some disease now present can be remedied, then need not any one in this place take care for barrenness. What might move their terms, is sufficiently showed before in the seventh Chapter, yet notwithstanding we purpose here to speak of divers things which are very commodivos for conception: amongst which the first is syrup prepared as followeth: Take Madder, Mugwort, Savine, of each half a handful, Mints, Wormwood, Fennel roots, Squinant, Marierom, Calmus, Nep, Annis, of each half an ounce, Cloves, bugloss flowers, and Balm flowers, of each three drams, Cypers roots, Galingall, Fennell, Ameos, and Siluermountaine, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamome and Raisins, of each five drams, Honey as much as is needful: seeth them all together, and make a syrup thereof, as hath been taught in the first part, the fift chapter, and 6. §. Lastly, put unto it Mastic, Ginger, Mace, Cloves, scraped ivory, Saffron, Nutmegs, Doronicum, Zeduary and Basill, of each half a dram, and beat them all together small. The second is a powder which they may use with their meat: Take Nutmegs, Cucubes, and Ginger, of each half a dram, long pepper, Mastic and Cinnamom, of each one dram, Galingal two scruples, the seeds of the Ash tree, scraped ivory, Siluermountaine, red and white Behen, of each one scruple, beat them small, and mix them all together. The third is this salve following, Gallia Muscata, Nutmegs, Bevercod, Hare's rennet, and Laudanum, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Spikenard, oil of Mastic, and oil of Myrtles, of each three drams, Wax as much as is needful for a salve, anoint the place of the mother with it every other day. The last is a confection prepared as followeth: Take wild yellow Rape seed, and tame Rape seed, scraped ivory, white and red Behen, Siluermountaine, and seeds of the Ash, of each half a dram, Cinnamome, Doronicum, Mace, Cloves, Galingal, long pepper, Rosemary flowers, Balsam wood, Blattae Bisantiae, Penniroyall, and Marierom gentle, of each two scruples, Balm, bugloss, Citron pills, of each one scruple, India Spica, Ambra, and pearls, of each half a scruple, these being mixed and powned all together very small, take eight ounces of sugar or somewhat more, seeth it in Malmsey, and make an electuary or tabulates of it. To know whether a woman be with child or no. §. 1. WHen a woman hath lain with a man, if that her places after the action be dry, the Labra and sides of the same smaller and harder, then is it a sign that she retaineth the received seed, and (if the same pass not from her in seven days) she remaineth with child. Item, take Lettuce, seethe it in water, and let her drink three or four ounces of that decoction, if so be that she parbrake the same up again, then hath she conceived. Take a steel needle, stick it in a new wooden dish, and let the woman make water in it, if there hang a little cloud at the needle, then is she with child. Or let her drink Meade fasting, if so be that she vomit the same up again she will prove with child. Another: Take Mace one quarter of an ounce, Saffron beaten small one drag, well water sixteen ounces, Honey two spoonfuls, boil them all together as long as you would boil an egg hard, let her drink the third part thereof when she goeth to bed, and continue it the space of three days together; if so be that thereby she get not her terms, then is she undoubtedly with child: which of these thou mayest best believe, experience will teach thee. The common signs that a woman hath conceived, be these, to wit, when her terms without ague and cold be stayed, for then the blood is divided three manner of ways, the subtilest doth feed the fruit, the middlemost doth by certain veins pass towards the breasts for a preparation of the milk, the grossest remaineth in the Matrix which will be expelled in and after the delivery. Item, when a woman is conceived, then doth she find great wambling and distemperature in the stomach, inappetencie to meat, vomiting, with other symptoms more, as hath been showed in the former Chapter, the 14. §. of Mola. She findeth also commonly the tenth day great headache, giddiness, and darkness of the eyes. It is also said, if a woman perceive immediately after she hath lain with a man small pain and cold about the rains, that it is a sure sign of conception. To know whether a woman be with child of a Boy or a Girl. §. 2. ALbeit there be divers signs whether a woman be conceived of a Boy or a Girl, yet are they not so sure that one may steadfastly believe them: for example, it is adjudged that those women which bear a boy, have the right breast sooner hard and round than the left, but experience teacheth the contrary, and so it is with all the other signs; wherefore it seemeth superfluous to spend any time in this behalf: but because we are now come to the conception of mankind, we will speak of the symptoms and signs which are perceived in the women with child. Of those things which commonly appear in women with child. §. 3. THose that have conceived a man child, are for the most part better of colour, lustier, nimbler of their joints, and less troubled in the bearing than of a maiden child: they have also a better appetite to their meat; they do feel the most burden in the right side, in which place they also perceive the first motion and stirring of the child: the pulses be on the right side more stronger and swifter than on the left. When they rise from sitting, then do the lift up themselves with the right hand; the right eye looketh more lively than the left, and in going they commonly set their right foot forwards. But when they bear a maiden child, then judge all the foresaid signs to the contrary, they are paler, leaner, more pensive, and more troubled in the bearing. The man child stirreth lower in the mother's body, and (as the common opinion is) most of all in the right side. The legs and places do otherwhiles swell. It is also affirmed, that if milk be dropped on her urine, it should swim on the top. Likewise if she bear a son, then perceiveth she on the 40. day the milk to come into her breasts with a kind of tickling. And when she is with child with a daughter, she findeth the same about the 90. day. Aristotle nevertheless acknowledgeth, and divers more, that this (as we have said before) is not always certain, but with the motion in the right or left sides of a man or maiden child it seldom happeneth to the contrary, as may appear in beasts, which at one time commonly do bear two young ones, as Goats, Sheep, etc. At what time and in what manner the child groweth in the womb. §. 4. ALbeit this concern no Physic, but is rather a work of nature than any part of our science, yet doth our method require that we should show in what time, and also how the child doth increase and grow in his mother's body. First, there is also (as hath been said before) a great difference between boys and girls, to wit, the man child receiveth both form and life much sooner than the maiden child; yet the perfect fashioning of a man or maiden child is in manner as followeth. In the first six days the seed doth swell like to a bladder full of wind, or a windy egg, nine days after that doth this bladder draw blood unto it, whereby in twelve days the liver, the heart and the brains are so evidently form, that they severally may be seen and perceived about the 27. day. It is called of the Grecians Embryo or Foetus, that is, a fruit, whereof afterwards a perfect man is form; the other members are fashioned within 18. days following, so that the sum of all this time amounteth to 4●. days, in which space the life is for the most part also received, although the child (by reason of his weakness) seem rather to be still than to move even to the 90. day. When as now unto this number which maketh in all 135. days, is added as much more, than (saith Hypocrates) you have the true time of the birth, which is just nine months, counting thirty days for every month: but as we have said before, all things are longer deferred with a girl than with a boy, for they commonly be not borne before the tenth month. Secondly, some suppose that if a man child be borne in the seventh month (as it otherwhiles befalls) that the fruit was perfectly form at the first in 30. days, and began to live and move in the 40. But a maiden child borne in the 7. month receiveth her perfection in 35. days, and beginneth to stir about the 60. day, and both of them are perfected in a 100 days: but a man child which hath been borne until the ninth month, that getteth his perfect form in 45. days, and stirreth about the 100 day, is borne into the world about the 300. day. But the maiden children are fully fashioned about the 60. day, they stir about the fourscore day, and are brought into the world about the 279. day. The cause why men children are sooner fashioned in the mother's womb, is, because the seed and the right side wherein they be conceived are hotter. Thirdly, we read, that in the first month the conception should be nought else but a collection of blood, in the second month a forming of the body, in the third month a perfect body, in the fourth month the nails do grow, in the fift month it getteth the perfect signs of a man or a woman child, in the sixth month do the veins begin to appear, in the seventh month doth the marrow grow in the bones, in the eight month are the bones hardened and strengthened, in the ninth moveth doth it get a full proportion of man or woman, and prepareth itself for birth. Albertus Magnus in the ninth book and fifth Chapter De Animalibus, showeth divers more divisions of the kinds, and concludeth with these words following: That which the Physicians do write of this matter, is not sufficiently approved: and they are not always found to speak the truth. These are the words of the foresaid Albertus. Now that this is true, appeareth by the difference of the foresaid computations. It differeth also sometimes according to the health and debility of the parent, whereby the fruit of necessity is governed, and is brought into the world sooner or later; wherefore it may justly be said, that in this matter no certainty may be found. The order of diet for women with child. §. 5. WHen God hath endued a woman with his gracious blessing, that in the state of wedlock she should conceive with child, then let her take heed that she cast not away the gift of God voluntarily by some great misdiet, but that she acknowledge the goodness of God, and live in such sort, that by her diet the conceived fruit be not only not harmed, but cherished and strengthened, and fall not into any mishap or mischance whatsoever. To this end we will at this present prescribe certain rules: first, a woman conceived shall always contend to be lose in body, for the which she is to eat every morning before breakfast some ripe stewed Prunes, especially if she be bound. Also she is to beware of all manner of needless labour, of leaping, dancing, vomiting, coughing, much venery, and especially presently after meals: also of great sorrow, frighting, fear, anger, and such like. Neither may she bathe herself, unless it were some few days before her childbirth, for than is it very commodious, as hereafter shall be showed more at large. All manner of cold, all kind of stenches, all sharp and bitter meats, as Capers, unripe Olives, Radishes, French beans, Lupins, red pease, Rue, white water Mints, Penniroyall, and whatsoever else might provoke her terms, is hurtful to her. Contrariwise, she may use all manner of wholesome accustomed meats, and drink good red wine, or méetly strong Beer, for the red wine is meeter for her than the white. Item, ripe fruits that are somewhat astringent, and that do strengthen the stomach, are very meet for her, as Quinces, Pears, etc. if she desire any other commodious meat, she shall not so strictly be kept from it, but that she may use a little of it at once. But if so be that she do long for some unnatural and unaccustomed meat, then is she to be dealt withal as hereafter in this next §. that be showed. For to strengthen her, serveth the warm confection of Diamargariton, for it comforteth the stomach and the Matrix. For the same purpose serveth also this wine following, a little draft otherwhiles taken of it: Take Ginger & Cloves, of each one drag. roots of Lovage, Spikenard, white pepper, of each half a dram, Coming, Galingall, Annis seeds, of each half an ounce, red Wine three pints, Sugar as much as you please, make Hippocras. If the woman be hot by nature, then do lay that wine with the decoction of Currans: what she ought to observe beside this, may you find every where in the discourse of conceived women. Of the strange longing of women with child. §. 6. ALbeit that this disease of this unnatural appetite, which otherwhiles happeneth to women with child, of some foul or unusual meats, as Chalk, Coals, Lime, earth, Tar, raw flesh, fish, and such like, which is sometimes rather an imagination, and an idle or vain conceit of some untoward women: nevertheless the Philosophers do allege a certain natural cause thereof, and affirm therewith, that this unnatural lust doth also come sometimes upon them which be not with child, yea also that men be otherwhiles plagued with it, although very seldom: wherefore this longing (by good reason) may also be reckoned amongst the unnatural hungers, and may be called a corrupting, as we before in the eleventh Chapter have moved somewhat thereof, and have always hitherto determimed to write somewhat thereof. This unnatural longing do the Greeks call Cittam, the Latinists Picam and Malaciam, that is, a desire of bad meat, and is thus described. Citta is a bad action of the stomach, wherein the party is greedy to eat unnatural and foul things. The causes of this unnatural desire, are very bad humours, and especially Melancholia, which lieth in the stomach, where the same is excitating this unnatural longing. In women with child, the matter of the terms doth cause it which cometh into the stomach: and because the same is of sundry natures, therefore do they also get divers lusts. But in those that be not with child, it doth come through retention of the terms, when those humours happen to ascend into the neck of the stomach, or by the obstruction of the liver or the milt, whereby the said melancholic humour doth stir up this unnatural longing. The same bad melancholic humours may also be burnt in the stomach, as may appear in the quartain ague. And for to remedy this disease (especially in women with child) must first heed be taken to their meat and drink. Roasted Lamb, Hens, Pullet's, Partridges, and all kind of field fowls are very meet for her: yea also otherwhiles bucks brains and sheeps brains, whether they be roasted or sod. Her drink shall be good white wine. After meat shall she eat roasted Pears, Hasell nuts, Marmalade, confected Pomegranates, and Chestnuts. Give her also oftentimes Marmalade with spices, which you shall find described in the last part. Of the confection Diantha is every morning about half a quarter of an ounce to be used. Item, give her oftentimes the Syrupum de Montha. In like manner is good for her the Mina of Quinces, temper them both as much as you please, and take three spoonfuls thereof before meat. It is also much advised for this woman that she must otherwhiles incline herself to parbrake and vomit, as with clear warm water and syrup of Vinegar, whereof we will hereafter speak more at large, because that women conceived are much addicted unto it. But in case that they incline themselves to vomit, then is their stomach to be anointed with this salve following. Take Mastic and oil of Spike, of each a like quantity, Vinegar a little; lay this plaster following upon it, the flowers of bugloss, of Balm, of Saunders, Citron pills, of each a like quantity, with oil of Mastic and wax wrought together: or a bag made of the foresaid, except the oil of Mastic and wax, and so laid upon the neck of the stomach. But if it happen that they at any time desired that which might nourish them, and that they were detained from it, or that the same could not be gotten, whereby it came to pass that they were disquieted or vexed, then take presently a spoonful of Honey, scrape a little Nutmeg in it, and so give it her. If so be that any man or woman (being not with child) were taken with such unnatural lust, they are to take these things following fasting, as Oxymel compositum two ounces with water of Cipers' roots, or the decoction of Cardamome, or take one ounce and a half of Oxymel of squils with the foresaid water: afterwards to provoke vomit are they to use this Honey water following, wherein Mustard seed, the seed of Orage, of Dill, Onions, and Radishes is decocted. For to purge, take Pillulas Stomachicas, or de quinque generibus Mirobalanorum, which you will, one dram: whereupon these confections following are to be used, viz. Diapliris, Diamoschu, and Diambra. The stomach is to be strengthened with these things following: Take acorn cups one quarter of an ounce, Raisins with their stones seven drams, Annis three drams, Mirobalani Indici, Bellirici, Emblici, of each five dragms, prepared refuse of iron one ounce and a quarter, four quarts of wine which is somewhat strong, and as much water: seeth them all together unto the half, and then strain it through a cloth, and let the patiented drink it out now and then in the space of eight days. Item, take Cardamome, Grains, Cucubes, of each a like quantity, white Sugar as much as all the rest: give thereof every morning one dram and a half with lukewarm water, afterwards use the foresaid confections, and anoint the stomach, and keep yourself with eating and drinking like as is said before. Of the vomiting in women with child. §. 7. WIth this vomiting are commonly women with child oppressed, until that they do begin to feel the milk, and about the time they were wont to get their flowers, or when the child's hair beginneth to grow, then have they it most grievous. Also it is the more troublesome, for that as then all strange lusts do come unto them. Nevertheless it oftentimes happeneth not long after they have conceived, that they as then are most inclined unto it. It is also otherwhiles commodious for them, as we have showed before. But if so be that it do get the mastery, and that thereby the food be drawn away from the fruit, then must one do his best for to strengthen the stomach and to remedy the vomiting: for which there be many remedies in the eleventh chapter and eleventh §. described against the debility of the stomach, out of which may easily be chosen what is meet for women with child, but especially these things following be advised for safe things, as the syrup of Raspes, Marmalade, and syrup of Quinces, which the ancient Physicians do so highly commend, if a woman with child do use the same much, then will the fruit be subtler and whiter, Annis, Fennell, Coriander, whether they be confected or not, are good against vomiting. Item, take a hard sodden egg, and keep it very warm upon the mouth of the stomach. For this is also passing good the syrup of Verivice. When a child is weak in his mother's womb. §. 8. FOrasmuch as there is no doubt that the conceived children be also sick in their mother's body, therefore it is no small question how they are to be helped. For seeing all sicknesses are known through feeling and sight, the which cannot be done by children in their mother's womb, for this cause this matter is troublesome to the Physicians. But amongst other signs whereby it may be known, whether the child be sick in his mother's body or no, it is the very certainest if that the woman with child have her terms oftentimes and much: for that there can follow none other thereof but a debility of the child, because that his sustenance and nourishment is taken and drawn from him. Secondly, when the milk runneth from women with child, then is it a sure token of the debility of the child: also that the child is not strong enough for to draw his nourishment unto it. Thirdly, if a woman do get a strong scouring, then is it much to be doubted of a mischance, but it dependeth specially on two things, under which all other accidents (be they how they will) are contained, which is heat and cold, by which all the rest may easily be adjudged. First (for to write of the debility of the child through heat and dryth) is the mother to be purged of Cholera, viz. with this following, and such like: Take conserve of Prunes without any other addition half an ounce, warm whey of milk three ounces, give it unto her in the morning betimes, and let her fast upon it the space of five hours. Or take prepared Cassie one ounce with four ounces of Sorrell water or Barley water. If you will have it stronger: Take two ounces of Manna, temper them together in three or four ounces of whey, and use it as before. Or if you will you may steep in the former a dram of Rhubarb, and wring it out well; or half a dram of Rhubarb beaten to powder given without stéeping. All these medicines be very safe for the child and the mother. Concerning the order of diet, it is to be cooling and moistening, as with Lettuce, Béetes, etc. like as is oftentimes admonished. Also Barley water and Barley paps are to be used, the fresh is to be dressed with vinegar and verjuice, with the juice of Lemons, and such like that she eateth. Afterwards she is to drink every morning a good draft of whey in summer cold, and in winter warm. Or take water of Endive and of Violets, of each two ounces. Or if you will have that which cooleth more, take syrup of Roses & of Endive, of each half an ounce, Succory water two ounces, temper them together. These things following are yet more forcible than the former: Take syrup of Vinegar half an ounce, syrup of Citrons one ounce, bugloss water and water of Sorrell, of each one ounce and a half, temper them all together. You may also drink one ounce of the conserve of Violets, tempered with three ounces of Endive water. The clysters with those things which force urine and blood, and also all things which cause vomiting must be forborn. But if it be needful that one purge more, then shall the former suffice. But these three things are especially to be shunned. One must also do his best for to defend & resist all bad properties, and to strengthen the same, which may be done in this manner following, to wit, that the woman every day three or four times do drink half an ounce of the syrup of Lemons with Barley water, it cooleth and quencheth thirst. Item, take water of Citruls and of Violets, of each six ounces, water of Sorrell twelve ounces, red Saunders, Roses, ivory, and seed of Sorrel, of each one scruple, Saffron half a scruple, Vinegar three spoonfuls, temper them all together, and make a cloth wet therein; afterwards lay it beneath on the privities, and behind on the rump. Also take then one ounce of small cut Pompeon péeles, oil of Roses, and of water Lilies, of each one ounce and a half, small fresh Housléeke one ounce, temper them all well together, and anoint the foresaid places with it three or four times a day. But if this debility do come through cold and moisture, then is this thus to be remedied: Take bugloss water, the seeds of wild Saffron, gross beaten Agaricus, and Hermodactils, of each one scruple, Cinnamom, Ginger, Roses, and prepared Coriander, of each four grains, let them steep together one whole night, afterwards wring it out, and drink it in the morning early. Another. Take the water of Feuerfew and of Balm, of each one ounce and a half, Benedicta Laxativa one ounce, white sugar half an ounce, temper them together, and let them stand the whole night, afterwards strain it through a cloth, and use it as the other. For this is also a good order of diet to be observed, wherefore these patients are to use nothing else but that is warm and dry of nature. And she is to boil in all her meats Sage, Mints, Rosemary, and such like, which have no nature of opening. Their drink is to be méetly strong red wine tempered with a little steeled water; for it hath power to strengthen all the inward nourishing parts, and all veins. One must also devise how to amend and cleanse these bad humours, which is thus to be effected: Take Sage water four ounces, Miva of Quinces one ounce, then mix them all together. Item, take Sirupum de Myrto one ounce, water of Balm wherein Mastic is decocted, three ounces, temper them together, and so give it her to drink. A better. Take Miva Citoniorum aromatica one ounce, water wherein Myrtle seed is decocted three ounces, temper them to a potion. There may also be used in the morning early for a strengthening, half an ounce of confected Calmus. Likewise Aromaticum rosatum, Rosata novella, and conserve of Roses tempered with powder of Mastic, and with Mints water being drunken. If it be needful for to purge, then is one to use the former purgations without giving any stronger thing. This ensuing is also very commodious: Take the juice of red Mints four ounces, Agaricus one dram, let it steep together two days and two nights, than temper Ginger and Roses therewith, of each four grains, Manna half an ounce, let it stand drying in the warmth, afterwards make pills thereof, and use them oftentimes, for they purge the watery humours without any anguish. Now for to remedy the venomous matter, for which you have hereafter three kinds of applications: Take Roses, Cipers nuts, ivory, and Sandaraca, of each one dram, Rosin three ounces, but you are to seethe the Rosin in red Vinegar until that the Vinegar be spent: afterwards temper the other ingredients amongst it, and make two plasters of it, one quarter and a half of a yard long, and lay the one behind and the other before upon the place of the Mother. One more forcible: Take oil of Quinces, of Roses, and of Mints, of each one ounce and a half, Comfrey, Bloodstone, red Coral, Sandaraca, and burnt Date stones, of each one dram, Wax as much as is needful for a salve, anoint therewith the place of the Mother and of the kidneys: both these have so strengthened the fruit in sundry women, that they have fully borne the same, which accustomed to lie in too soon of all their former children. Thirdly, take the water of Tassel and water of Knotgrass, of each six ounces, water of green Cipers' nuts, or their decoction, four ounces, the juice of Sloes, ivory, and Roses, of each one dram, Frankincense, Sandaraca, and Colophony, of each one dram and a half, the juice of Quinces six ounces, temper them well, and make a cloth wet therein eight double, and so lay it warm upon the back. Of mischances or untimely births. §. 9 THis untimely childbirth or mischance, may befall at any time without any difference after that women have conceived: as when the seed is not yet come to any perfect shape, or when the fruit hath some members, but yet before it come to be a perfect child, or is brought into the world before the due time, being not thoroughly borne, or when it is violently or otherwise expelled. And it fareth therewith as it doth with the fruits of trees, when they begin first to bud and to fashion, then do they hang on brittle stalks, so that otherwhiles they may be blown off and spoiled with a small wind: but being waxen greater, than is there to come greater force of winds or otherwise before they will fall off: lastly, when they be waxen very ripe and seasonable, then do they fall off of themselves. In like manner doth it also happen with the conceived seed or fruit, which is at the first so weak and tender, that if a woman chance to leap, to fall, or to labour hard, the seed received is thereby divers times ejected. Wherefore also between four and seven months she may purge most safely, and use physic if need require: for before the four and after the seven months must she forbear it (if possibly it may be) for then it is perilous. But to return to our purpose. We have showed before, that if a woman hath retained human seed the space of seven days, that it is a token of conception: but if it vade or avoid within seven days, then do the learned call it Effluxionem, which is an effluence or running out. But if so be that they detain it any longer time, and this effluence chance within forty days, then is it an Abortus, that is, a mischance: and within this time of forty days, do most mischances happen. Thus if a boy be conceived, and void away within forty days, then is there none other shape to be seen thereof, but in case it be cast into cold water, there doth it make show as a small bladder, and making it open, then is the fruit found in it as a great Cricket, with all his several members, and likewise also the human member. And if a maiden child conceived chance to avoid or pass away within three months, then can no direction or token be seen, for that it consumeth in the water: but in case that it do come to the fourth month, then may some direction be seen thereby, but it soon consumeth and passeth away: for that (as we have said before) the girls receive their perfect fashion much later than the boys, as also they be borne for the most part in the tenth month. But when they be now come both into the world, the girls grow much faster than the boys, and also do come sooner to their time of generation, and leave off much sooner, especially they that get many children one after another. The causes of these mischances or untimely births, do the learned allege to be of many sorts, which may nevertheless be comprehended in four principal articles, viz. of outward causes which proceed of the conceived fruit, when the Matrix hath any kind of disease; or if the human seed be of no good disposition. Amongst outward causes be these, leaping, running, wring, and chief in lying together, baths, anger, sorrow, fear, trembling, loud calling, strong labour, surfeiting of meat, and diuretical things, as Fennell, Parsley seed, and all other things which expel the stone. All hot spices, as Ginger, Galingall, Cinnamome, Annis, and such like. Item, all that purgeth violently, as Aloe, Epithymus, Coloquint, Scamony, and Euphorbium. In like manner all scouring or laxes, the bloody flux, or the flux of the terms. The same may also happen if a woman have any strange lust or longing, which she cannot come at or get it, and more other such like causes, whereof we have spoken before, whereof it is better to be silent than to disclose the same. Also the conceived fruit otherwhiles falleth downwards before her limited time, whether it be for that it is sick or dead, or for that it remaineth not with the face towards the back, with the hands upon the eyes, and the elbows upon the knees, as the natural situation of it is. Likewise also if the fruit through any disease of the parents, be infected whether in the seed or otherwise, wherewith also the fourth cause is approved. But if the conceived seed find any disease in the Matrix (be it whatsoever sickness or disease that it will) then must the fruit inherit it. This reason following is also occasion of an untimely birth, to wit, when a woman is much and unmeasurable lean, conceiving she will very seldom have full birth: but if the Mother be exceeding lean (whence the fruit must suck or draw his nourishment) then will it be enfeebled or diseased, and constrained to pass away, as hereafter shall be more ampler said and taught. Women which be méetly fat or lean, and nevertheless get a mischance every third or fourth month that cometh (beside the former causes) of some slimy waterish humours which fall down into the veins and sinews, whereon the secundine is fastened, whereby they do slack, are lose, and can sustain the burden no longer, without falling out of the mother's body. By the breasts may also a mischance be perceived, for that when they be small, weak and flack in women with child, then is a mischance to be looked for and expected. When a child beginneth to come to his perfection, then hath it need of much nourishment. And if there be any disease or infirmity there, then will the breasts be small, soft, and slack, whereof the fruit must pine and die. Or she will be impatient, striveth and struggleth so long until the secundine breaketh, and the fruit falleth away. Now if a woman be pregnant with two children, and one breast only (whether it be the left or right) came to be small and slack, then is it a sign of the destruction of the child on the same side. It is also found that certain women through stench of the snuffing of a candle or lamp, have gotten a mischance. Let this suffice of the mischance or untimely birth: we will now teach how the same is to be remedied. How a mischance is to be prevented or hindered. §. 10. WE have before showed that women conceived sometimes do get their terms, whereby that weak and spare, yea also dead children be brought into the world, which happeneth not without great peril of their life: wherefore must we writs and discourse somewhat thereof. First, the terms do commonly come with pain of the backbone, of the belly, and the privities, which be altogether signs of a mischance to come: for (like as we have said) thereby is the nourishment drawn away from the fruit; whereby it is not only enfeebled, but also urged to pass away. And to obuiate or prevent this, all childbearing women are first to beware from overhote, cold, and overmoist air. All meat and drink which be too fat, too sharp, and to bitter, shall she also eschew, as Radishes, Parsley, Smallage, Fennell, Pease broth, Cinnamome, Saffron, Galingall, Nutmegs, and such like spices. She is also to use oftentimes thick red wine, but she is to eschew all great exercise of going, running, leaping, accompany of a man, anger, and all ouerburthening: and therewith have regard that she always have a soluble body, and if so be that be wanting, then is she to use some meat or drink which do lose the body, as the decoction of Mallows, or Mercury, or stewed Prunes. Otherwise she is to leave all clysters and other diuretical medicines. But if the body be obstructed too much, then is she to eat Cassie wood out of the pipes, or new prepared Cassie, and that especially if she have any issue or moistness in the neck of the Matrix; for that the Cassie doth cleanse the Cholera and Phlegma without any trouble: you are also in due time to put Rhubarb, unto it; yet Manna is more commended for it: powned Rhubarb is also to be given to conceived women as it is; for so it is more effectual than if she took the infusion only. Item, if so be that there appear in the neck of the Mother some sliminess or moistness in the last month, then is she to use all things roasted, baked, and to do such exercises before meat as shall be drying: also take Pomegranate péeles, powne them gross, and seeth them in oil of Lilies, and iniect that into the Mother. That is the right mean for to stay the slipperiness of the Matrix. Afterwards take Mastic, Myrrha, and Gallia Muscata, of each half a dram, Goosegrease one ounce, dip therein unkemmed sheeps wool, and put it into the places. Hare's rennet, or the rennet of any other beast is marvelous good for it, whether there be any heat or imposthume instant. ivory and the powder of zeduary tempered together and strewed on the meat doth stay also the mischance. To this end is also to be seen what is written before in the ninth Chapter and third §. of the excessive terms, all which is also meet for this use. But she may use these things following, as the confection of Pearls, of which Auicenna describeth always to eat one tabulate before meat, and thereupon to drink a good draft of wine, as she may do it very commodiously between both mealetides twice or thrice a day. Secondly, take the water of Mints, of Daisies, and water wherein Cipers nuts be decocted, of each one ounce, Sugar half an ounce; drink this early in the morning all together at one draft, whether it be cold or warm. Thirdly, take scraped ivory, red and white Coral, Mastic, Mints, the inward red péeles of Chestnuts, Acorns, Myrtle seed, and Cypers nuts, of each half a dram: make pills thereof with the juice of Comfrey, whereof three are to be taken in the morning with the foresaid water before meat, and that afterwards she hath taken one of the foresaid tabulats. Fourthly, take Cipers nuts, powned Galls, Myrtle seed, juice of Sloes and Hypocistiss, of each half a dram, Bloodstone, Amber, Dragonblood, and fine Bolus, of each one dram and a half, refuse of Iron which hath been long decocted in vinegar, half an ounce, the innermost red péeles of Chestnuts one ounce, three or four whites of eggs, powne all that is to be powned, and rub it all together a long time in a leaden mortar, then anoint therewith the whole belly from the navel to the privities four times a day. Fiftly, make this plaster ensuing: Take tragacanth and Gum, both of them roasted, and Bdellium, of each one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Sloes, Frankincense, Hypocistis and Sandaraca. of each one dram, fine Bolus and Dragonblood, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wax half an ounce, Paperglew dissolved in red vinegar two ounces, make a plaster thereof, and lay upon the privities, let it lie so, and if the same must be taken off for any certain cause, then lay it on again by and by: and if there be too little Wax and oil of Mastic, then take as much as is needful of it. Another. Take Frankincense, Mastic, Dragonblood and fine Bolus, of each one quarter of an ounce, Coming three drams, Pitch one ounce and a half, three small Cypers nuts, Wax and oil of Mastic, as much as is needful for to make a plaster: spread them on a cloth, and use it as is said before. Make also this salve following: Take oil of Nuts four ounces, Barrowes grease one ounce and a half, three small Cipers nuts, Mastic one dram and a half, let them seethe softly the space of five hours, and therewith anoint the place of the Matrix, which is between the navel and the privities, and behind upon the back over against it. It is also written, that it is wonderful good to wear always a Diamond on the finger. Item, if a woman with child be burdened with an Ague, and that a mischance be doubted, then take Barley meal, the juice of Sloes and of Houseleek, as much as you please, make it to a plaster with vinegar, and then lay it oftentimes upon the belly: this plaster doth defend the fruit from all accidents in the Ague; this said plaster is also to be laid upon the liver. In case that now the woman with child be assailed with pricking, then have you before in the second part, the fourth Chapter, and 12. §. how that might be remedied: stamped Crabs, the juice thereof wrong out, and tempered amongst woman's milk; it defendeth also the untimely birth of women, and it is said that it is a sure remedy for it. If so be that a mischance be feared through much wind, then give one dram of good Mithridate with the water wherein Coming hath been decocted, twice a week; for thereby will the fruit be preserved and retained. These confections or tabulats following are to be used: Take Pearls and Pyretrum, of each one dram, Ginger, Mastic, of each half an ounce, Zeduary, Doronicum, the seed of Smallage, Cassie wood, Cardamome, Nutmegs, Mace and Cinnamome, of each one quarter of an ounce, red and white Behen, long and black Pepper, of each three drams, Saffron one dram, sugar eighteen ounces or less, decocted with the water of bugloss, or water of Mints. How a dead child is to be expelled out of his mother's womb. §. 11. FOr this we will first have remembered all that is described before in the 19 chapter and 14. §. of the unnatural excrescence Mola in the Matrix, whereof that in the second §. of provoking the terms, and before of the mischances, and all that is discovered of the preferring of the birth, is also meet for the expulsion or delivery of a child; so that between these is none other difference than that this following is ordained rather for perfect children, of which women do commonly lie in within five or six months. Now for to prevent the same, are these remedies following commanded to be presently used, but first of all you must know whether the child be dead or not, to the end there be not a sick child expelled for a dead child: the which is to be known by this, and especially if it hath been dead two or three days. First, the mother doth get a great pain in the sinews of the eyes, which be Optici nerui. Secondly, she doth also feel pain behind in the neck stretching downward along the back bone, because that the Matrix is fastened unto it. Thirdly, she doth feel great anguish and pain beneath. Fourthly, if a woman lie from one side unto another, then doth the burden always follow towards the lower side, which is of all other a sure token of a dead child, and that the ligaments of the secundine have no more force to hold the dead fruit in one place. Fiftly, there is a great pain about the privities, and over all the neck of the Matrix. Sixtly, the thickness of the belly which was above is wholly sunken down. Seventhly, they do feel continually a cold about the privities. Eightly, if one hold a warm hand long upon the belly and feel no stirring, than it is a sure token that the child is dead. These be now the signs of a dead child before it begin to putrify. When it hath been dead three days, then beginneth it to stink; the woman is full of agues and getteth a stinking breath; out of the Matrix runneth a foul stinking matter; the belly will be heavy, and stinking winds, which do arise in the mother, cause swelling thereof: and last of all there will be foul and stinking pieces of flesh expelled through the neck of the mother. When all these things be seen, then hath a Physician none other thing to do but to drive out the dead child. It is also needful before all other things to preserve and strengthen the heart from all filthy stenches, which may be brought to pass with this powder following, taking the same oftentimes with broths, for that it strengtheneth the vital spirits, and also the heart: it doth also withstand the ascending vapours. Take white Diptamus one dram and a half, Citron péeles, and the peeled seeds of the same, of each half a dram, prepared pearls four scruples, prepared Coriander one scruple, Roses two scruples, sugar two ounces and a half: temper them all together to powder, and use thereof about one quarter of an ounce at once. Or take this following: Take white Diptamus and Zeduary, of each one scruple, prepared Pearls, and Species de gemmis frigidis, of each half a dram, mix them together, and give it her to drink at thrice, it withstandeth all stenches that they infect not the heart. The fine Treacle doth also drive dead children out of the mother's bodies. In like manner also the juice of Verueine, or the herb stamped and drunken with wine, driveth forth also the dead fruit: so doth Hyssop also. Take Trociscos' de Gallia one dram, give it with small white wine, they expel the dead child and the secundine, and make an easy birth. Item, take the innermost skins of the maws of Hens or of Capons, wash the same in wine, dry them, and powne them to powder, give one dram, or one dram and a half thereof with a draft of Wine, or with some broth, or with Rosewater. Or take betony and Rue with the roots, of each one handful, pour thereto one ounce of the juice of salomon's seal, white Wine one pint; let it seeth well, then strain it through a cloth, and so give it her to drink. Seeth juniper berries in Honey, temper some wine with it, and so drink it together. Another: Woman's milk drunken should also expel the dead child: likewise also the precious stone jaspis. This is a common medicine which followeth hereafter: Take Boreas one dram and a half, Cinnamom and Saffron, of each one scruple, stamp them together, and give it with sweet wine or Mugwort water to drink, it helpeth much to bear easily. It is also said, that Linséed passeth all things to make women to be easily delivered, for if they drink the water which is decocted therewith, and put the same with clothes beneath into the body, or bathe therein, then must the dead fruit avoid. Or take Myrrha as much as the quantity of a hazel nut, stamp it, and give it with wine, or with water of Mugwort: the same expelleth much, whether that the child be dead or alive. The same doth also dogs milk tempered with honey. Item, take one ounce of goats milk, dissolve therein two scruples of Galbanum, and so give it: it expelleth marvelously. Or if the woman be strong, then give her as much of the juice of Garlic as will go into half an eggshell with wine or honey. If from a woman through frighting or otherwise the child avoid, then take a Crab, stamp it, and wring out the juice, and then temper it with the water of Mugwort, and so drink it. For pills: Take Trociscos' de Myrrha one scruple, Galbanum half a scruple, make five pills thereof with Penniroyall water. Another: Take the fruit of the Savine tree one quarter of an ounce, Assa foetida, Ammoniacum and Madder, of each half a dram: make eleven pills thereof, then take thereof at each time one, and that thrice a day. For to use outwardly, take these things following: fume the woman beneath with the horn of the Ass' foot, which hath an hidden nature for to expel the fruit: but if so be that one can get no horn of the Ass' foot, then is horn of a horses foot to be burnt. The same operation hath also the seed of Basilicum, if it be fumed and received beneath: likewise also the fume of Laudanum: or take Myrrha, Galbanum, and Bevercod, of each a like quantity. One may also hold before the privities swine's bread, or cotton wool made wet in the juice of the same: and to put it before into the body is also marvelous good for this purpose. Item, take black Hellebore, Licebane, Hartwort, Coloquint and Ammoniacum, of each one quarter of an ounce, Ox galls one ounce; the gum is to be dissolved in the water of Mugwort, afterwards temper the rest sodden well amongst it. Or take Opopanacum and Hartwort, of each a like quantity, and make a plaster thereof with the juice of Mugwort: if it be too soft, then put a little wax unto it, and so lay it warm upon it. Out of all these forementioned things may you also make pessaries, and put them into the body before. For this is also good the plaster de Galbano, whereof there be two kinds in the nineteenth chapter, third §. Another: Take unkemmed sheeps wool, spread butter and honey upon it, and apply it. Some do advise to hold a Snakes skin to the privities, for they say when it beginneth to warm, that nature will cause the dead fruit to follow presently. For this are also baths prepared: Take Mints ten handfuls, seeth it in sufficient water, and sit therein up to the navel: this worketh marvelously, especially if thereupon be used the juice of Swine's bread as is before said: likewise doth also drive out a dead child, the plaster de Radicibus laid upon it, and the decoction of Garlic. A preparative for an easy childbirth and delivery. §. 12. ALL creatures have their certain time of bearing except a woman only, for that women may be delivered of a child in the seventh or eighth month, also in the ninth and tenth month, as we have sufficiently written before: yea, it hath been also found that they have deferred both to the eleventh month, and also sometimes to the twelfth month. It is also read of a woman that happened to lie in of child in the thirteenth month after that she had conceived: yet it oftentimes cometh to pass that they be deceived in their reckoning; therefore it is not needful to dispute much of the time, for when the Pear is ripe (as is commonly said) then doth it fall off. Our purpose is here only to discourse and show, through what means a fruitful woman is to be prepared, for to bear easily and with small pain. For because that on the child birth dependeth the maintenance of human kind, and that women in their child birth are to expect all sundry mishaps, therefore have many famous Physicians thought thereon, and diligently studied, how fruitful women might be prepared unto their child birth, and therefore have described these notable means: first, how the obstruction is to be opened, and how the pains are to be provoked. Afterwards if a child in necessity of birth, or delivery chance to die, how the same shall be expelled, whereof also hath been spoken in the former 11. §. and of other accidents more which are to be expected after child birth. When as now the time of childbirth is at hand, & that a woman is almost past her reckoning, then is she to eat and drink well without excess, and to use such meats which might nourish well: viz. good Mutton, Veal, Hens, and Capons: all kind of field Foules, eggs, good broths, with spices, as with Cinnamom, Saffron, etc., and to drink good wine. But she must especially take care, that she always have an open body: therewith she is to bathe certain days together in this bath following: Take Hollihock roots with the leaves two M. Mallows and Betony of each one M. Mugwoort, Marjoram, Mints and Camomile, of each half a M. gross beaten linseed two M. make two bags thereof, and seethe them in a great kettle with water: afterwards let it be méetly cold, and then set the woman in it; the one bag must lie behind upon her back, and she must sit upon the other, or hold it upon the Navel. After bathing, take oil of sweet Almonds, of Lilies, and of Violets, of each half an ounce, linseed, Hollihocke roots, Fenegréeke, Butter, and Hen's grease, of each one quarter of an ounce, Quince kernels, and tragacanth, of each one ounce, you are to stamp the seeds, and cut the roots: afterwards seethe all together in rain water, and take out the mucilage, temper the same with oil, then let the powned Dragagant and Hen's grease seeth so long until the mucilage be consumed, and then make a salve of it: with this salve are you to anoint warm beneath the whole back, both the sides, and all the whole belly, even to the privities. Another: Take oil of sweet Almonds, of Lilies, and of Violets, of each half an ounce, Ducks and Hen's grease, of each three drams, white Wax as much as is needful: but if these salves cannot be gotten, then is oil of Lilies alone to be used in their stead. Also this ensuing may be prepared: Take the mucilage of linseed, and of Hollihock roots, fresh Butter, the grease of Hens, of Geese, and of Ducks; oil of Lilies, and of sweet Almonds, of each half an ounce; let them melt by the fire, and temper it well together. Or take Hollihock roots with the leaves one handful, cut it small; Venice soap one ounce and a half, and one pot of good fresh Beer, let it seethe together unto the half, then will there be a Salve of it: with this foresaid salve is a woman to be anointed about her privities five or six weeks before her time, every day after bathing. These and such like means do open and soften the obstructions of the matrix: so that thereby in necessity of birth, the throws will not be so great, nor yet any thing like so painful. When as now the time of childbirth and the throws be instant: then may one choose of these things following, that which according to the importance of the cause is supposed to be most requisite, first of all outwardly. There be sundry famous Physicians which account it greatly available to hold certain things before the privities, or bind the hip, with many strange ceremonies more, which are therewith to be used. But if these kind of things happen without misbelief, and that amendment be found thereby, then may they be taken for approved. Amongst the same things which seem also to be like unto the truth, are agrimony with the roots holden before the Matrix, and immediately after birth to cast it away, to the end that the Matrix be not drawn down. Also Swine's bread bounden upon the thighs. Item: ●endane roots, roots of Polypodie, and of Bistorta, should also be very good for it: but what the Loadstone, smaragd, the eagle's head, & Coral, (and chief if with the end wherewith it hath stood fast, it shall be turned toward the Matrix) may well help for childbirth: I cannot comprehend nor understand it: therefore each one may hold and censure the same as he list. That which followeth hereafter, is more like to be true. Take the roots of Polypodie, and Mallows, of each one handful, cut them small and seethe them very mellow, and lay them warm upon the privities: put also as much Mugwoort unto it, whereof a woman shall presently fall in labour, and after delivery, it is immediately to be taken away. The common people do commend to lay pouned Bayberries upon the navel. For to further birth thereby, to take inwardly is much praised in time of this great need, the rinds of Cassie, the uttermost being black scraped off, the weight of three quarters of an ounce, and beaten very small, given to women with red Wine, or with the decoction of red Pease. Item: Saffron drunk with Wine, helpeth also much to very speedy birth, and to diminishing of the pain. The same doth also cinnamon drunk with wine. Item, take Boreas and Cassie pipes scraped well, stamp them very small, and temper them, and give thereof one dram, or one dram and a half, it is very forcible. There is also good for this that which is described in the 19 Chapter and 2. §. for preferment of the Terms, like as is also that which is discovered for the expulsion of a dead child. Item, take Honey one spoonful, put two spoonfuls of water unto it, and give it to drink: Fenegreeke decocted with Honey is also very good for it: in like sort do the common people commend for it very highly the decoction of red Pease, or Cicers drunken. Take also Bevercod, Asarabacca, of each one dram powned small, and give it with the decoction of red Peason. In this manner also may be used the seed of Siluermountaine. This ensuing is commended for a forcible and sure powder meet for this purpose. Take good Cinnamom and Myrrh, of each half a dram, give it with small white Wine, it is especial good if a woman have once snéezed, or hath once vomited. Take Cinnamom one dram, Saffron half a dram, Cassie wood, and scraped Cassie pipes, of each two scruples; stamp it very small, and give it four or five times with the decoction of red Pease: Or take Myrrh, Bevercod, red Storax, of each half a scruple, Cinnamom, and Savin tree, of each half a scruple, give it so unto women to drink, or make pills thereof: this is commended above all other things, as this also following, is: Take Myrrah, roots of Costus, and red Storax, of each half a dram, Ammoniacum, Savin tree, of each half a dram; stamp them very small, and give it three or four times with the decoction of red Pease: of this also may you make pills. For this is also good Triphera magna one dram, or one dram and a half, for it maketh women not unfruitful, as some women do falsely report, but doth advance fruitfulness. Some do advise, when a woman is passed her time, that her mother vein or Saphaea upon the foot is to be opened, for that the birth will thereby be the easier, and it cleanseth also the child, but how far this is from the opinion of the ancient Physicians, we have sufficiently declared before. Other do advise to seethe a Swallows nest in water, and strain it through a cloth, and then to take four ounces thereof, it will accelerate the birth. The fume also of a Mules fell, of Coming, of Colewoort stalks, of Myrrh, of Myrtle, of Stéeres gall (which one will) received beneath, but above all Bevercod, and Assa foetida. Some say, that one should give one spoonful or twain of the juice of Sloes, and allege also therewith, that it is not to be taken but when a child is ready to be delivered. But we have here many better and most apparent things. When the throws do not continue in bearing women. §. 13. ALl that hath a strong odoriferous savour, as Muscus, and such like, is to be kept from women with child, and to be taken away, for that it doth hold back the throws, and hindereth the birth or delivery. But for to advance birth, take betony three handfuls, Mugwoort one handful, Camomile, Penniroyall, and Hyssops, of each one handful, Linséede grossly beaten two handfuls, cut all the herbs and fill a bag with it, let it seeth well in wine and water. This being done, than foment with this decoction the privities with a sponge five or six times, afterwards anoint the place with the oil of Walflowers into the neck of the mother, if so be that the same can be conveniently done by the Midwife, whereby the woman will be stronger, and the birth be advanced, especially if the child be rightly placed. And if so be that this will not yet help, then make this potion following, and give her thereof a good draft every two hours: Take betony one handful, Mugwoort, Penniroyall, and Hyssop of each half a handful, a pint of Rhenish wine, or somewhat more: let them seeth together until about the fourth part be consumed: strain it, wring it out, and put unto it half a dram of Saffron. Amongst each draft is to be put half a dram of this powder following: Take of the black scraped Cassie pipes one dram, and make a subtle powder thereof, in like sort have you yet more before. This following will be also much commended: take white beaten Amber half a drag. & give it with the water of Lilies, or with the decoction of red pease: it quickeneth mightily the throws. It doth also chance sometimes that the throws do avoid at the mouth: for which, take three or four skeanes of boiled warm linen ya●●e, and let the woman with child receive this vapour: for thereby will the throws fall downwards: every one may conceive thereof what he list, it is very like a gross medicine for clowns. Of the perilous and hard Child birth in general. §. 14. IT is known to all the world more than sufficiently, how hard and sour that some women lie in labour, before that they can avoid the child and secundine; so that it happeneth otherwhiles that young and strong women do die with the fruit. These perils have many occasions, so that otherwhiles the women themselves, or the child be a cause thereof. Such anguish may also proceed otherwhiles from the Matrix, or from the neck of the same. In like manner the same may be well caused through some obstruction of the Matrix, or through any other disease, as an imposthume and such like, in the foresaid parts: this also may be brought to pass through the rudeness and unhandsomeness of the Midwife. When as these foresaid reasons be declared, then may the cause easily be adjudged of this grievous and perilous child birth. If the disease be of the woman, then hath she had a great former sickness, or she is diseased through hunger: she may be also too young, and have conceived before the due age: or she may be too old, or not have borne before at any time, in which the places will be hardly opened: also if a woman be dismayed, or never wont to bear child, be also too fat of body, and is overcooled, then can she hardly be delivered of the child. Secondly, the fruit itself may cause also a grievous labour, like as is said (yet without foundation) that boys be easier borne into the world than girls. Item, if the child be too gross of body or head, and therewith be very small and weak, that through his feebleness it cannot help itself to the birth. Item, if the child be dead, have two heads, or the like double members. Item, if the child with his hands and feet, and not with the head, doth lie in the birth place like as behoveth, and as is natural. Further, the Matrix may be by nature too narrow or too dry, so that with no moisture the passage can be made slippery. Item, if the woman before in the neck of the matrix have had any exulceration, whereby the muscles could not stretch abroad, or that as yet there be some ulcer in the neck of the mother: or if it cometh by the secundine, then is the same so thick and so strong, that it will not break. This grievous and very hard labour may also be caused by the stopping of the body. If now this heavy labour do proceed of the forementioned diseases, sicknesses, hunger & such like outward causes, that may be very well perceived of the woman. The signs of a feeble or dead child are to be found in the 8. & 11. §. But if there be of none of all these signs any instant, and if that a woman is not strong, and that a child in delivery remain in the birth place, and cannot be brought into the world, then is it a certain sign that the afterbirth (like as is said) is too strong and not yet broken. Thus be all perilous accidents of childbirth so joined to each other, that all of them for the most part are cured with one kind of remedy, whereof we have written much before. And because we have especially admonished here of the secundine, therefore doth our old order require, that we should also discourse somewhat particularly thereof. But because nature observeth this method, that it first expelleth the child, and afterwards the Secundina, which is the secundine, therefore we will also first of all writ perfectly of the child, and afterwards of the secundine, with all which is ordained for the same. Lastly, we will show and declare all that is meet for both of them. When a woman cannot be delivered of a child. §. 15. THe causes of this hard and longsome childbirth are before sufficiently discovered: when as then a child appeareth with a hand or a foot before, which doth hap very seldom without swelling of the neck of the matrix, and of the parts adjacent, then take Penniroyall, Mugwoort, and brown betony, of each a like quantity, hack it all together, and let it seeth in milk, lay it then under her, before the birth, as warm as she may abide it, about the member of the child, that same driveth away the swelling: or set seething water under it, when the child feeleth the warmth, then doth it draw the member back again. This and the like things should Midwives know, on whose knowledge and experience, is very much depending, that very renowned advice which is discovered in the 13. §. of Amber, when the throws will not continue: also there is laid unto it scraped unicorns horn. Some be of opinion that first of all the woman should take a spoonful of oil, with twice as much water. Other do also advise, that one should seeth half a drag. of Mace, and so give it: this forceth also the secundine. If that then a child will not frame himself to birth in his mother's womb, and nevertheless the throws & the right time of birth be instant, then take a little Lily water, and as much good Rhenish wine, & so drink it together, it will frame itself the better afterwards. For this is also good the juice of Sloes, whereof we have spoken before. Another: Take fresh well water, and honey as much as you please, temper them together without seething or skumming, and so give it to drink, this quickeneth the throws & pain, so that she will be the sooner delivered of child, for that the pain expelleth the child and the secundine. Or take the flowers of Cypers, seethe them in wine, and drink a good draft thereof, this should be very certain, especially if the herb or flowers may be gotten fresh. Item, take well powned linseed, seethe the same in wine, & give the woman a good draft thereof. In like manner may she well drink wine, which is decocted with Plantain. Wine wherein Vine leaves have been steeped, should also expel birth. Boreas the weight of half a drag. drunken with wine, is also very advancing for it, as we have admonished before. A stronger: Take Saffron, and Pearls of each one scrup. Boreas' 4. scrup. give this also with honey water if the throws come not; but if so be that the throws be instant, then give it with Mugwoort water, or with sweet wine, it expelleth very swiftly. Now for to use outwardly may one choose out of these things following for a time that which one will, as the seeds of Garlic, Savintrée, Mugwoort, S. john's wort, Pigeon dung, the horn of an Ass' foot, or of a horses foot, Ox dung, Wormwood & Rue: of all which tempered, or each alone: also to bathe, to make salves, plasters, & such like. Item, take round Hartwoort, aristology, Savin tree and Cresses, of each a like, stamp and temper them all together with an Ox gall: then afterwards make a great taint moist therein, and put it before into the places, it helpeth much to birth. This following doth also expel a child whether it be living or dead, and also the secundine very vehemently: Take Savintrée, round Hartwort, Asarabacca, & Dragon roots, of each a like quantity, powne them all together, & temper them with honey: afterwards give to the woman thereof the weight of one quarter of an ounce, with water wherein Lupins be decocted, and if so be that this expel not sufficiently, then take Opopanacum, and Ox gall, of each one quarter of an ounce, Bevercod one dram, give it to the woman to drink with water wherein the Savin-tree and Fennel is decocted: and although all these foresaid medicines be meet and convenient for to expel the secundine with them, yet we will nevertheless in particular as we have promised write, and discourse thereof. Of the secundine or afterbirth, and how the same is to be expelled. §. 16. THis afterbirth do the Latinists call Secundinam, which is as much to say, as the second, because it cometh away after that she is delivered of child, and of such like, wherefore it is by us properly called the afterbirth or secundine. This foresaid afterbirth or secundine hath this use, to wit, when that in lying together both the seeds of the man & woman be tempered in the Matrix, and become like unto milk, then cometh about the same a call or velme, which groweth by little and little with the fruit, and is augmented with it. The same is by nature ordained, that the fruit may be therewith, as it were with a cloth covered, enclosed about, guarded and defended, until the day of the birth, which presently after the birth of the child (if all things happen aright) doth avoid; or remaining behind, it bringeth very great peril with it, as we have said before, that amongst other accidents there do follow agues, stinking breath, pain of the head, swooning and such like. If in case then that these afterbirths do thereby tarry behind, for that a woman is waxen too weary & feeble, through the former hard labour, then must somewhat be given her, whereby she may get some strength, and might comfort her hart, as Diamargariton, Manus Christi, and Diapliris. She is also to be caused to neese, and to hold in her breath, whereby the undermost parts of the belly be pressed down, and stirred up to expel that which remaineth. And if so be that the secundine will not follow, then let the woman rest a little, and anoint the belly and all other parts about it with oil of Lilies, and oil of Eldern flowers: also to keep the belly very warm, and then to use those things which are specified in the delivery of children in the 11. §. & also whatsoever shall be prescribed hereafter. All those that esteem much of precious stones do counsel, that when the afterbirth will not follow, that then to the woman is to be given of the powder of the Aggat, and that thereupon the secundine must follow. It is also commanded to the contrary, that whensoever a woman is in labour, that then she is to put away from her all manner of precious stones, because that they do defer this childbirth. It is also said that corn flowers given with Lily water, do expel the secundine. We have also said before, that half an Eggshell full of the juice of Garlic given with Hony water, doth expel the dead child and afterbirth: but this advice may we leave for country people. Néesing is also especial good for delivery and avoiding of the afterbirth. For to use outward things therefore is much commended to make a ley of ashes, and to set the feet deep in them, they should draw the afterbirth downwards. Item, take Béech ashes, and power seething water unto it, then let the vapour ascend from beneath upwards, and the afterbirth will follow. Take Peacocks feathers, or if you cannot get them, then take Hens feathers, kindle them, and let the fume ascend from beneath. Item, take Hollihocke roots, seeth them very mellow, and then temper it with Barrowes grease, with Goose grease, and therewith anoint the neck of the Matrix within. This draweth not only the afterbirth but also all other uncleanness: for this is also chief good whatsoever before is described for the advancement and lightning of childbirth, & also for women's terms. How that the afterthrowes are to be eased. §. 17. TAke Squinant and Spikenard, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth them together with water of Mugwoort even to the half, and drink thereof two or three times, it allayeth the pain. Item, take Malmsey, or some other good wine, and make a candle thereof with the yolks of Eggs and Cinnamom. Or take Saffron half a drag. Mace one scrup. Triphera magna half an ounce, take this at two times with warm wine, for this Triphera hath such power, that it doth presently assuage the pain. In like manner, this may be anointed in the neck of the Matrix very commodiously. Further, you have before in the 19 Chapter and 7. §. of the pain of the Matrix through wind, of Triphera and Philonium, and presently afterwards a powder with Turbith. Also how this Hellebore is to be used, all which things be very commodious for the afterthrowes. Item, take small powned Woolblade, temper them as a dough, and bake cakes thereof, and give it to the woman to eat. Take good fat Figs, cut them to pieces, and gross beaten Fenegréeke, of each one handful; let them seeth together, and the woman to sit oftentimes over it, or to foment her beneath with clothes. Item, take the yolks of Eggs, temper them with the juice of Mugwoort, and bake cakes thereof, and lay them behind upon the back. The same doth also Hollihock roots, or the leaves, if it be beaten, and with warm wine laid upon it, and oftentimes renewed. For the excessive flood after birth. §. 18. FOr this you have before in the 19 Chapter 3. §. of the assuaging of the excessive terms of women many kinds of remedies which be also very meet for all women in childbed. Yet of the Physicians of Augusta be these following ordained for very especial remedies: At the first are these women in childbed (be it howsoever it will) to take with broth fasting one dram of the same powder with white Diptamus, that not long since hath been described in the 11. §. Afterwards she is to use this costly confection: Take conserve of Roses one ounce, conserve of Borage, of bugloss, and of Balm, of each half an ounce prepared Bolus half a drag. prepared Pearls one drag. good Cinnamom one drag. and a half, temper them all together. Item, take conserve of Pionie, it cleanseth a woman after birth. Let her use also this powder following: Take prepared Bolus one drag. Sealed earth 2. scru. Tormentill half a drag. shepherds purse one scrup. Species de gemmis frigidis one drag. and a half, prepared Pearls one drag. Roses, Coral, and Saunders, of each one scrup. Cinnamom two scrup. and a half, Sugar three ounces, temper them well together, and take it with Henbroth. This following is yet more forcible in staunching: Take Bloudstone washed with Plantain water one dram and a half, red Coral one drag. Tormentill and Trociscos' de spodio, of each half a dram, scraped ivory, and burnt Hearts horn, of each one scrup. prepared Pearls four scruples, fine Bolus two scruples, Bursa Pastoris, and red Saunders, of each a scrup. Cinnamom one dram, Sugar six ounces, make a powder thereof or losings. Of the superfluity of milk. §. 19 WHen as now a woman is delivered of Child, and that the milk so excessively abounded and ran over that the child could not sufficiently suck or draw it out, and it were to be feared that it might come thereby to clot or to impostumate, then must good remedies be sought, to which end divers be described in the second part, the third Chapter and 5. §. Of divers other accidents after the birth. §. 20. IT happeneth many times that a woman after that she is delivered of child, her legs and feet happen to swell. For this, take Wormwood, Camomile, century, Yarrow, Southernwood, and Spikenard, of each a like quantity, seethe it all together to a bath for the feet, and use it oftentimes. In like manner you have also before in the third Part and fift Chapter, in the description of the places in women and their accidents, divers things which be meet for this purpose. Item, take Camomile and linseed, of each one handful, put them in a bag together, and seeth them in wine, afterwards lay it over the swelling. Or take a great Onion, roast the same in ashes, afterwards stamp it to a grout, and make a plaster thereof with sufficient butter, and use it. These two last things may also be laid upon the belly against the afterthrowes. As much as then concerneth the descension of the neck of the Matrix, the unnatural heat, the ache, and such like accidents which women in childbed be subject to, for that are divers remedies to be found before in the description of the places, nevertheless we will add somewhat more, and therewith conclude. If so be that a woman with child come to be broken, then take Comfery four handfuls, Self-heale one handful: seeth them together for a bath for the loins, and let her sit therein over the privities. Item, take a long piece of alum, and put it into the body before, then shall the rapture go together again, and the entrance will be so narrow as ever it was before. Or take two ounces of Coperas, four ounces of galls, one ounce and a half of Gum, seeth them together in sufficient rain water, and wash you therewith, but this is none other but as it were a right writing Ink. Look also further, the first Chapter of the third Part of the ruptures of the navel, and all that which shall be written of the ruptures, where one may choose what seemeth best for every one. The plaster Diachilon, whereof we have so oftentimes admonished, is thus to be made: Take Fenegréeke, linseed, and Hollihocke roots, of each four ounces, seeth them together, & draw out the mucilage, as in the first Part, the third Chapter, and 7. §. is taught: put thereto nine ounces of Salad oil, Litharge of gold three ounces, then seeth them together again until the mucilage be spent, and make a plaster thereof: this plaster m●llifieth all hardness of the liver, of the milt, and stomach, and of all other parts. There be also two sorts prepared, which are called Compositum, and Magnum, which be both also more stronger than the former, but they be not so much in use. There hath also oftentimes been spoken of the syrup De radicib. the one called of two kinds of roots, which is thus made: Take Parsley roots, and Fennell roots, of each two ounces, let them seethe in sufficient water, afterwards strain them through a cloth, and make a clarified syrup thereof with twelve ounces of Sugar. The syrup of five kinds of roots is prepared in this manner: Take the roots of Smallage, of Fennell, of Parsley, of Ruscus, and of Sperage, of each one ounce, seethe them very mellow, and then make a syrup thereof with twelve ounces of Sugar. Both these kinds of sirupes be good against all kind of Agues which proceed through putrefaction of phlegm and choler. The fourth Part of this general Practice of Physic, doth entreat of the outward members. ALthough the Physicians, and especially the Anatomists do comprehend all other parts of man's body, which be not described in the former three parts of this Practice of Physic, in this fourth Part; yet will we divide them into two principal parts: that is, the Arms and Legs. These be the especiallest outward parts, to wit, arms, hands, fingers, and nails: afterwards the legs, the thighs, the knees, the shins, the ankles, the feet and the toes. These be now the diseases which be generally incident to both these parts. First, that which the Physicians do call Gutta, and we the Gout, is divided into four principal Chapters, according to the member which is infected with it, viz. Arthritis, which is the right Gout: Chiragra, which is the Gout in the hands: Ischia, the Sciaticke: lastly, Podagra the Gout of the feet. Of all which we will orderly discourse and write, afterwards of Eluxations, Elocations, Extenuations, Bruises, and fractures of bones, and by what means each disease is to be helped. Therefore will we in the name of God begin according to our old custom and method, with the highest parts, which be the Arms, and what is annexed unto them. Of the Arms. Chap. 1. §. 1. THese Arms be divided into three parts. First, they have their beginning at the shoulder blade with the Armpits, reaching unto the Elbow. All which with the other parts of the Arms be called by the Grecians and Latinists Brachium. The second part reacheth forth unto the hands and wrists of the arms: the third part is the hand unto the end of the fingers. As much as concerneth now the first two parts. They be subject unto all outward and inward accidents or diseases; as bruises, fractures, wounds, impostumations, eluxations, diseases of the veins, and of the sinews, and to such like accidents more. All which diseases (according to the quality of the cause) are to be helped with letting of blood, salves, plasters, baths, fomentations, etc. whereof in many places before, and also shortly hereafter in the Gout and in the Sciatica shall be more ample declaration made: so that at this present it is needless to write any further thereof. Of the Armpits. §. 2. AS much as concerneth this part of the arms, we have thereof sufficiently spoken before, as also of the veins of the Armpits, and for what cause they ought to be opened, hath been sufficiently declared in the Introduction, we will here discover and discourse of the loathsome stench of the armpits, and chief in hot and fat folks: because that they have also much hair in this place, and be moist of nature; and how nearer that the stench is to the nose, so much the loathsomer is it. This stench is augmented through great labour at hot times, through want of shifting and alteration of clothes, through great incontinency, and through some corrupted humours of the body. Which stench if it do continue very long, it is a sure sign of an incident palsy. Then for to remedy this stench, it is needful (according to the quality of the person) that all such are to be purged and let blood, and that they afterwards do bath in these odoriferous herbs, as Mints, Melilot, Lavender, Ireos, and such like. This being done, the Armholes and the whole body are to be fomented with these things following: Take Annis, Coming, & Roses, of each 2 ounces, Cipers roots one ounce, spikenard, & Spica Romana, of each one quarter of an ounce, powned Ireas one ounce: seeth these all together in two quarts of water until about a third part be consumed; & then use it warm with clothes wet therein, and keep the body very clean with clothes and linen. Afterwards use some of these things following: Take the lethargy of gold one quarter of an ounce, alum one drag. Roses and Myrrh, of each half a drag. beat them all to powder, and wash the Armpits with wine; and then strew the powder upon it: the lethargy of gold doth the same of itself tempered with Rosewater: in like manner also the Myrrh. Item, take Coperas one ounce, seeth the same in three ounces of water, let it be cold, and anoint the stinking place with it. Take Thistle leaves one handful, seethe the same in a pint of wine and drink thereof, it taketh away the stench throughout the whole body. Item, take lethargy of gold one ounce, Frankincense half an ounce, powne all together small when you go to bed, and temper a little thereof with wine, and anoint therewith the place, and then in the morning wash it with Vinegar. You may also use for this the oil of Spike. And if so be that the humours than be so sharp that they excoriate the place and bite open the skin, then wash it with warm water, and afterwards strew the place with burnt alum. Marmalade with spices doth also expel all stench. Of the hands. §. 3. ANaxagoras was wont to say, that men above all creatures were most reasonable, for that they only had hands. But Aristotle cotrarieth this with great reasons, and saith, because that mankind is the most sharp witted amongst all creatures, therefore hath nature given him hands, which be none other than instruments of a reasonable creature for to use them whereto he desireth, so that these most noble and necessary members be made for to comprehend, to hold, to cast, and to labour, etc. In like manner also through their feeling to adjudge all that is hard, soft, hot, cold, thin, thick, and such like. Besides this, in stead of all weapons wherewith all other beasts be endued, that they may thereby seize upon all manner of weapons wherewith either in time of peace or war to guard and defend the body. Item, with these hands be all renowned feats and cunning, and also all hurtful works achieved and brought to pass, as is daily seen. It appeareth also by daily experience, that commonly the right side is more forcible and much nimbler than the left, not that it is so in every body, or must be, for that it is oftentimes found to the contrary, whether it be through the custom or otherwise, that some do most of all help themselves with the left hand, and be much nimbler and activer with it. Further, the hand is commonly divided into two parts, as the palm, the fingers, and one may if he will account the nails with it. They be filled every where full of sinews, wherewith they most commodiously and speedily be ready to all manner of actions. Inwardly in the palm of the hand be many kinds of lines or strakes seen, the which like as the Chiromantici do say, be signs of good and bad luck or fortune, whereof we will not here write any further, because that these Soothsayers art is by many learned regarded as lies, for that they have no foundation, therefore be they also justly to be mocked and scorned, like as they be also taken and acknowledged of all upright Christians to be ungodly, and adjudged to be an illusion of Satan. Thus may this suffice of the Hands. For to keep the hands clean. §. 4. IT becometh all men very well with honesty, that they have always clean hands, and that chief when they sit at table, whether it be that they taste any meat, or carve for others: and for to come unto it, the same are oftentimes to be washed with fair water, and Venice soap. If you will make them smell well, then look what is written thereof in the first Part, in the first Chapter, ●nd 2. §. Or prepare in stead of the soap this ensuing: Take one spoonful of Honey, two yolks of Eggs well brayed, and a little Rosewater, and Lily water▪ temper them, and seeth them to pap, rub the hands therewith and afterwards wash it off with fair water. Item, take the whites of Eggs well brayed, stir therein a little wheaten flower, Rose water, and Orange péels powned small as much as you will. The juice of Citrons is also very good for it: or if one cannot get it, then may the juice of Lemons or of Oranges be taken in stead of it. Let the same seeth alone in a glazed pot, and stir it about continually. It is also especial good against all itchinesse of the hands, and all other parts of the body. Or take the water of Lovage, and powned Argall, temper them together with the white of an Egg, as much as you please of each, bray them well together, and use them as before is specified. For to make perfumed hands and gloves. §. 5. TAke clean Barrows grease as much as you please, and lay the same eight days in water or in lie, putting every day fresh water or lie unto it, and wash it well. Afterwards five other days in fresh milk, washed also daily. Then after that wring it out clean, and put it into a pot, and put Rose water unto it, the water of Eldern flowers, of Plantain, and of Lavender, of each a like quantity. Afterwards put odoriferous spices unto it, as Cloves, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, and so let them seethe together softly until the water be wasted away. At the last you are to put unto it Muscus, Ambra, golden waters, or any other well savouring things, stir them a long time well together. This salve is also good for all scabbiness and scurf, etc. For scabby Hands. §. 6. FOr this may the foresaid salve or Pomander be used which is described in the first Part, the tenth Chapter, and first §. For this is also very good the Gum of tragacanth dissolved in Rosewater, and the hands rubbed with it. It happeneth also many times that the hands be full of the dry scurf, like to that kind of itch which the Latinists do call Impetiginem: for which this following is to be used, and not only for the hands, but also over the whole body, where as is the dry scurf. Open some eggs, put out the whites and yolks, the egg shells are to be laid in a cool place where they will not be bedusted, then will there gather amongst it a little water, which you are to put into a little glass, and to anoint therewith the place that is scabby. Item, seeth Elecampane in the cream of milk, which is also very meet for this purpose. Or seeth these roots with Butter and Milk; and when they be mellow and sodden to pap, then temper some Salt amongst it, this is always found to be very good. You have a sure salve for this before in the first Part, the third Chapter, and tenth §. beginning thus: Take Turpentine, etc. Some do advise to take the livers of tenths, and to put the same in a glass stopped tied and set in a warm place, and to anoint it with the water that cometh thereof. Item, the juice which is wrung out of Orange péeles, should be marvelous good for this purpose. Another: Take the oil of juniper, and oil of Argall, anoint the hands with it and all other scabbiness. For chaps in the Hands. §. 7. TAke four ounces of Salad oil, or oil of Roses, Wax one ounce; melt them together and anoint the hands with it. Item: Take oil of Roses, white Wax, Mastic, Frankincense, and hens grease, of each a like quantity; powne all that is to be powned, then temper them all together, and make a soft salve of it. For itchy or scabby hands. §. 8. TAke three ounces of sweet Butter, Turpentine two ounces washed together certain times with Vinegar; and then temper with it half an ounce of salt, and three drag. of dry Ceruse. Item, take a good piece of Rye bread, laying it the space of certain hours in fresh water until it be well mollified, then wring it out through a course cloth, and wash yourself therewith. This following is also good and sure. Take Turpentine two ounces, fresh butter one ounce, oil of Roses half an ounce, the juice of Lemons or Oranges three quarters of an ounce, and the white of an Egg well brayed, salt one dram, then temper them all together with a mild fire or upon warm ashes. If so be that you will have it thicker, than put a little Wax unto it. Or take the middlemost rinds of the juniper tree, and Barrowes grease, of each a like much: seeth the same together in goats milk, and salt it well. Take the oil of Roses and liquid Storax, of each a like quantity, melt them together: this is especial good, and hath a good savour. Item, take fresh Elecampane roots, Mallows Dock roots with the leaves, and Fumitory, of each one handful: Bran one handful; seeth them all together in three pints of water unto the half, and therewith wash the hands. Or take Sulphur vife half an ounce, small bruised lethargy of silver three drams, dried Ceruse one quarter of an ounce, Barrowes grease one ounce, Camfere half a dram, the juice of Oranges half an ounce, temper them together and keep it in a glass. With this following be many people helped whom nothing would help. Take the roots of Dockes and Elecampane, of each one ounce, Cuckoopit and Comfery, of each half an ounce, agrimony, Self-heale and broad Plantain, of each one handful, Vitriol half an ounce, alum and Sulphur vife, of each one ounce, Saltpetre one quarter of an ounce, Roses one handful, Pomegranate pills half a handful, wine and water, of each one quart, sharp Vinegar twelve ounces; let it be all together infused, and then afterwards boil it: in which are the hands to be bathed every morning and evening the space of six days. And afterwards be the hands to be moistened with a cloth dipped in this decoction following: Take washed Ceruse one dram and a half, alum, white Coperas, and Mastic, of each two scruples, Camfere half a dram: this being all beaten small together, then bind it in a fine cloth, afterwards steep it in two ounces of Rosewater, and four ounces of Plantain water, whereof we have admonished before and taught in the former 6. §. As much as now concerneth all itch or scurf, thereof we will by Gods help speak sufficiently in the fift part. Of the Fingers. §. 9 IN the last 6. §. we have generally written of the hands: but now will we think upon the fingers, which be called by the Grecians Dactyli, and by the Latinists Digiti, by nature have all men five on each hand: Othersome six which be therefore called by the Latinists Sedigiti. The first of these is the Thumb, which is called the greatest and smallest; but by reason of his shortness is he verily the smallest, but by reason of his thickness and strength is he indeed the greatest, and therewithal so forcible, that he is a helper to the rest of the fingers, that without the same they be very impotent, because that he lying above the fingers in holding fast, shutteth them up. This have also the most cruel tyrants acknowledged, who commanded to chop off the Captives thumbs and not their hands, to the end that they might not handle their weapon, nor do any other labour. The first finger afterwards is called the forefinger, in Latin Index, that we do therewith show and point at all things. The third do we name by reason of his place, the middlemost, which the Latinists partly call Infamem: the cause of this name will we conceal at this present. The fourth is the gold finger or Anularis, for that commonly the same is wont to be garnished and decked with gold rings. Lastly followeth the small or ear finger. These five fingers have fifteen bones, each three; albeit some do ascribe to the thumb but two bones. Through these bones and moving of the sinews, these fingers have two small joints, amongst which the thumb hath no more but one: all which bend only inwards, whereby they be meet for all cunning and subtle actions. But what mischances and diseases these parts be subject to, we will now write and discourse thereof. Of the numbness of the fingers in part or in all. §. 10. THis numbnes bringeth with it a hardening of the sinews, & is caused through heat, cold, or drith: this numbness must be helped immediately, or the fingers will forthwith lose their motion thereby. For this disease must be kept especially a good diet, and first of all are cold windy dwellings to be eschewed, and the whole body, chief the hands and the feet to be kept very warm, and then to refrain from all gross binding and cooling meats, as old Beef, Skins, Paunches and Sinews of all beasts. Item, all that is dressed with dough, all fish, and especially Eels, Tenches, and Crabs must he refrain. He must also forbear Milk, Cheese, and all old baked bread: from all kind of beans, and from cold herbs, as Lettuce, Purslane, Béets, Pears, and such like, red gross thick wine is also not good for him: and if it be possible he is utterly to refrain wine, whether it be drunken watered or unwatered. Also he is not to overcharge himself with meat or drink at any hand. And he is above all to beware of Vinegar, and from all sour things. Also long sleep is hurtful for him, and especially sleep by day; otherwise he may live according to his old custom. As much as concerneth the use of Physic, he may take of these pills following four or five every day two hours always before supper, and to continue this a certain space: Take Aloe two ounces, steep it two days in the water of blue Flower-deluce, Agaricus, and Turbith, of each one dram and a half, Hermodactyli one quarter of an ounce, Mastic one scruple, Ginger, Annis, Cinnamom, and Mace of each half a scruple, Diagridij two scruples, then powned all small temper them together, and fashion six pills of each dram. Secondly, take oil of Myrtles, and of Mastic, of each one ounce and a half, ivory, Amber, red Coral, and Sandaraca, of each one dram, Mastic, Frankincense, of each half a dram, Paper glue three quarters of an ounce, tragacanth and Gum, of each half a dram, dissolve the glue in strong red vinegar, with half an ounce of Wax. When it is almost cold, then temper the other spices with it, and make a tough salve of it, that it may be spread on leather, lay it within upon the bending of the hand, and round about the thumb. Thirdly, take a piece of a Millstone, let it be through hot, lay it in a great pan and besprinkle it with good Wine and sharp Vinegar tempered together: and do this so long until there be about twelve ounces powered upon it. Over this vapour be the hands to be holden being well covered, to the end that they may sweat well; afterwards dry them. This is to be done ounce every morning, and afterwards to bind up the hands in a piece of Fur. Fourthly, take oil of Camelina, and of sweet Almonds, of each two ounces, calves marrow, badger's grease, Duck's grease, of each one ounce, Bdcllium half an ounce, Galbanum one ounce and a quarter, Saffron half a drag. dissolve the gum in white Vinegar, and then make a soft salve of it with Wax: with this salve are you to anoint all the hands and fingers morning and evening. Fiftly, take one ounce of the gum of a Cherry tree, Bevercod and Galbanum, of each one quarter of an ounce, Salad oil six ounces, calves marrow, Goose grease, and Hen's grease, of each one ounce, white Wax one ounce and a half, Saffron two scruples, Lignum Aloes half a dram, and Muscus two grains: dissolve the Gum in white Vinegar, and temper the fat amongst it. Last of all, put all the other things beaten small unto it. When as the patiented hath used all these foresaid fomentations, salves, and plasters, the space often or twelve days, then are the hands to be anointed with the first described salve. When the Fingers be numbed through bruises. §. 11. THis cure or healing is commonly committed to the Chirurgeons: but if the sinews be not utterly chopped off, then is there still some hope of health. Now for to remedy this, the patiented is (like as is said already) to keep himself soberly, and to beware of much Wine, of Vinegar, and Venery. From stirring the bruised hand too much, and not to wash them with cold water; but is to use these fomentations following: Take a piece of a Millstone, make it very hot, and put unto it as is before said, then cover the hands very warm. This being done, then are they to be anointed with this salve being made very warm: Take oil of B●hen, of Costus, and the suet or fat of a Lion, or in stead thereof man's grease, the fat of a Beaver of each five ounces, Saffron two scruples, the marrow of an Ox one ounce, powned Hermodactyli, Pionie roots, Stechas flowers, and Southernwood of each half a dram, Wax as much as is needful for to make a tough salve. This being done, then be the hands to be covered warm with unkemmed sheep's wool, and the bruised fingers are to be bounden and to be put into warm gloves, to the end they may be kept from all manner of cold. When as this hath been observed the space of eight days, then is the fomentation to be omitted, and to use this salve following: Take oil of Nardus one ounce and a half, oil of Euphorbium one ounce, oil of Saffron, and of Pepper, of each half an ounce, Stechas, Swine's bread, white Pepper, Hermodactyli, Pionie roots, and Southernwood, of each one dram, Galbanum, Serapinum, and Ammoniacum, of each one quarter of an ounce; seethe the oil and the gum easily together. When it beginneth to be cold, then temper the powder in it, and make a salve of it, wherewith anoint the hands twice a day, and keep them always warm. Of the Felon or Ancome in the Fingers. §. 12. THis impostumation which some do call Panaricium, and we a Felon or Ancome, is none other but a sharp and hot impostumation of the fingers, which bring such a pain with them, that the patiented thereby, neither by night nor by day can rest or sleep, neither can get any ease by any means, until that the said imposthume be opened. This impostumation is first to be remedied with cooling things that do also thereby mollify and ripen, like as this salve following: Take the oil of Mastic, and unripe Salad oil, of each one ounce, cleansed Antimonium half a dram, prepared Tutiae three drag. white Wax half an ounce, Rosin half an ounce, the Wax, Rosin, and Oil are to be melted together, and the rest to be tempered amongst it; afterwards anoint the fingers with it often. Item, take Sulphur, Garlic, carvi, the soot of a Chimney, and Salt, of each a like quantity: powne all to pap and bind it upon the hand. Yet one more: Take the innermost skins of Eg-shels, lay them upon the finger, and this former salve upon them, wherewith we will commend, and commit the cure of this accident unto the Chirurgeons. Of the Nails on the Fingers and Toes. §. 13. THese Nails are the outward parts of the sinews, and have their root and foundation, and do grow out of the superfluity of the same, which increasing consisteth not at all in the depth or breadth, but only like to hair in the length. Aristotle saith, that the fingers and the toes are given only for a defence: but Galen addeth unto it, that they be therefore made, for that therewith all small and subtle things might be opened. These Nails have of themselves no sense or feeling, therefore do they need no great remedies; and for that cause will we only admonish here, and discourse of the impostumation of the roots of the Nails. And if so be that there be then any impostumation in the roots of the Nails, or there happen any other harm unto them, then take Sarcocolla, Mastic, and Frankincense, of each one quarter of an ounce, Comfery, burnt alum, Hartwoort, of each one dram, Ammoniacum, Myrrah, verdigris, and white Coperas, of each one scruple; powne them all to a subtle powder, and strew upon it. This powder drieth, consumeth all bad flesh, and it healeth also marvelous well: this may you also use on the Nails of the feet. The second Chapter. Of the Legs and the Feet. IN this second part of the outward members we will only add & write this, which is, that these Legs like the arms also be divided into three parts: whereof the uppermost part is the whole hip even to the knees: the second part is from the knees even to the feet: the third part is the feet with all that is annexed unto them. As much as now concerneth the diseases of these three parts, they are to be helped and healed with the same remedies which be ordained for the arms. But the legs be subject to other more especial accidents, as broken veins called Varices, wherewith commonly the thighs, the knees, and the calves are burdened, like as we will admonish thereof in the fift Part, the first Chapter, and fift §. amongst other swellings. And albeit that it first of all behoveth to discourse of the uppermost part of the legs: yet will we nevertheless defer it, until that we come where we shall write of the Sciaticke, or Gout of the hips, because that we will observe our method. Of the Knees §. 1. AS much as concerneth the knees and other members more, the which have no several description; therewith is to be dealt, like as is said in the Chapter of the Arms: but that only for all diseases of the knees, the oil of Tiles is highly recommended. In like sort also this salve following is very requisite for all diseases of the knees, and of all other members, whether they be bruised through thrusts, through eluxations, or wrinching: Take the juice of Sage, of betony, of Rosemary, and of Camomile, of each one ounce: seeth these juices in eight ounces of good wine, until the wine be almost wasted, then put powned Mastic unto it, and Frankincense, of each three drag. and let them seethe again until they be méetly thick: afterwards temper therein one scruple of Saffron, oil of Roses, of Earthwormes, and of Mastic, of each one ounce and a half, oil of junipers, powned linseed, and powned juniper berries, of each one quarter of an ounce, then temper all them together. And if so be that it be too soft, then put a little Wax unto it. When as any body hath any cold defluxion fallen into his knees, that he can neither go nor stand, then is this following especial good, and also many times approved: Take the oil of Tiles, and of Turpentine, of each one dram, oil of Argall half a dram, oil of Euphorbium one scruple, oil of Dill, and of juniper, of each one quarter of an ounce; make a salve thereof with a little Wax, and anoint the knees warm with it. You shall also find hereafter divers sundry remedies for this in the description of the Podagra, and of Arthritis, which may be also used unto the knees. As much as doth appertain unto the veins of the knees hath been written before in the Introduction. Of the Shins. §. 2. IT cometh also oftentimes to pass, that there riseth upon the Shins certain ulcers which are not so soon to be healed, but continue long, & do corrode also hitherwards and thitherwards, and make very great scabs; for which this following is to be used and thus prepared: Take Wax and Rosin, of each one ounce, sheeps suet two ounces, Pitch, and Salad oil, of each three ounces, Mastic, and Frankincense, of each three drams and a half, washed lethargy of gold one ounce and a half, Ceruse one quarter of an ounce; let the Oil and the Rosin be sodden together, and then melt the Wax amongst it. When it beginneth to be cold, then temper all the other things powned small amongst it, and so keep it in a pot. At the first wash these ulcers thrice every day with warm sweet wine, and then anoint it afterwards with the said salve. Item: Take Ceruse, Antimony, Lytharge of gold, and burnt Lead, all of them washed, of each one ounce, molten suet three ounces, Frankincense, Momie, Sandaraca, Sarcocolla, burnt alum, and Dragon blood, of each one ounce and a half, oil of Roses, and of Vinegar, of each three quarters of an ounce, Wax and Rosin, of each one ounce, make a plaster of it. This said plaster is very good for all depascent ulcers which be caused of a melancholic matter, it expelleth heat, it drieth, it assuageth the pain, it maturateth all hard biles and bushes, and especially it healeth all ulcers of the Shins. The piaiscer Sparadrapum is also used for this, which is thus to be prepared: Take three ounces of sheeps suet, oil of Roses and Ceruse, of each one ounce, Vinegar four ounces, Litharge of gold one ounce and a half, Rosin and Turpentine, of each one ounce; let the oil and the fat seethe well together, afterwards put the vinegar and all other things unto it: and then add as much molten Wax unto it as will suffice for to make a tough plaster of it. This plaster is also very good; but the patient must above all things beware of overmuch going and wearying the legs. Of the Feet. §. 3. THe Feet be as foundations of the whole body, which also be in like manner divided into three parts, viz. the Insteps of the Feet, the Plants or Soles, and the five Toes, which be not unlike to the fingers, but that they be a little shorter: and that the great Toe doth shut up and close the rest of the toes, as the thumb doth the fingers. They be very helpful and commodious unto men that they may stand the faster, and the better bear the burden of the body. These Feet and the whole legs do otherwhiles get the cramp, or a contracture of the sinews, whereof we have written much before in the first Part, the twelfth Chapter, 14. and 15. §. They do oftentimes stink very much: and to remedy it there is nothing, but oftentimes to change one's socks, and to bathe the Feet in water wherein Nut leaves, Cypers leaves, alum, and other well savouring and odoriferous things be decocted. You have also before in the second §. of the first Chapter, where is discoursed of the stench of the Armpits, further instructions. For this it is also meet to keep clean the place between the toes, and to use oftentimes warm Foot baths, and then to strew burnt alum between the toes, which drieth the stinking, and also keepeth them clean. And because the Feet be much subject to be frozen, which yieldeth no small hindrance to a body in going, therefore we will discourse somewhat thereof. Hereupon do some lay playing cards wetted, and affirm that they heal this disease in every respect whether it be open or not. Some do counsel that a blue woollen clout should be burnt to powder and strewed upon it. Item, take the whites of five Eggs, and burn them in a little Barrowes grease, and anoint the frozen place with it; but I take the yolks to be better. This following is best of all: Take Turpentine, and put meetly much Salt unto it, stir it so long until it be thick like unto dough: after that spread it on a cloth, and lay it thereon the space of eight days, at the least twice a day: if it be used immediately after that the Feet be frozen; then doth it cleanse the same, and healeth it presently. Corns on the Toes. Touching Corns which come upon the Feet, so it is, that in the midst of the same there groweth a small black or white callosity, like as it were a wart, the which through his hardness maketh so great a pain, that one can hardly tread or go upon it. Whereto some of these remedies ensuing may be used: Take the gall of a Pickerel, and bind it upon it, or anoint it therewith. Item, make a plaster of red sealing Wax, and lay it thereon. Others do go somewhat tougher to work with it, and do take yellow Arsenic, (which is Orpiment) Copperas, and alum, of each a like quantity, and temper it unto a salve with honey, and anoint it therewith. Or they do take one quarter of an ounce of Galbanum, and let it steep so long in vinegar until it be as soft as salve, and lay the same so long upon it until the corns wear away. But this following is oftentimes found to be good, so that the whole Corn falleth away thereby, and is also very safe: Take of the plaster Diachilon magnum, and Pitch, which is shoemakers Wax, of each a like much, make a plaster of it; spread it on a cloth, and lay it upon it the space of three or four days beneath on the plants of the Feet, and go upon it; afterwards take fresh again so long until they be thoroughly whole. You shall find more other good things in the first Part, where we do discourse of warts, which be also very commodious for this purpose. The third Chapter. Of the pain in the joints in general. NExt to the forementioned diseases & sicknesses which the arms hands, legs, and feet be subject unto, there be divers more and much stronger diseases than the former, in the joints which be also very needful to be described. But we will above all discourse generally of them, and divide this matter into two parts: whereof the first part is called by the learned Gutta, wherein shall be showed all the causes, signs, orders, and other things which be commonly requisite for all pains of the joints. The second part shall we comprehend under a general Gout, or Arthritis, under which is contained all pains of the joints: for most famous Physicians do severally write of them, and afterwards we will speak of three other sundry Species of the Gout, which only light upon certain places of the body, as Chiragra, Ischia, and Podagra. All sorts of Gouts may manifest themselves in whatsoever part of the body they will, yet are they so like one another, and so allied together, that many learned men have written of them all under one, and have only excepted Ischia, to be another kind: which error grew on this foot; for that all the sorts of it do after one and the same manner pain all the joints of the body. Nevertheless, we will as much as is possible, and as much as the cause requireth, make a several declaration of each by itself. Of the Gout in general called Gutta. §. 1. LIke as we have before admonished, so do the learned comprehend all diseases and defluxions which do fall into all the joints under the name of Gutta, which is a passion or pain of the joints which falleth into them and the sinews of man's body by some humours or wind from above, or from the next adjacent place: or which is caused through bad disposition of the whole body. This grievous pain may also be caused sometimes through a fracture of a bone, through wrenching, through great stir with a full belly, through falls, blows, thrusts, through eluxations, and through great outward heat or cold: by which means all the joints are weakened. For this also helpeth much, all cold and waterish meats if the same be long used: as fruit, great fishes, and especially if they be without scales, swine's flesh, water fowls, and such like. To be idle, and to live without any exercise. Also excessive venery, especially after that one hath eaten & drunken. Obstruction of any accustomed course, as of the piles, of any open ulcers, of detention of the terms, and such like, whereby nature was accustomed to cleanse herself. Item, it is also found by experience, that some do inherit this disease from their ancestors. In fine, there be two principal causes whereby these kinds of diseases be provoked, as first of all the show of these defluxions. Secondly, the increasing of these defluxions from above. Thirdly, feebleness of the members which receive this superfluity. The signs of the Gout are manifest of themselves: to wit, if one feel great pain, and that at sundry times on the places where these defluxions do fall, otherwhiles with swelling, and sometimes without swelling, and whether this proceed of heat or cold, that may be perceived by feeling. If it then come through any outward cause, that may be demanded of the sick persons themselves, or if it come through any repletion of the body, that appeareth by the signs of the veins, grossness of the body, fullness of the pulse, sloth of all the members, by the diminishing of understanding or memory, loss of appetite, and by the feebleness of the sight. If this disease be caused through blood, than it is commonly in fat & repleated bodies, with pain of the head, with great unlustines, with unquiet sleep, with diminishing of the understanding, with weariness, with redness of the whole body and the urine: there is also heat with it, panting and swelling, and that in the place infected, especially if one have lived sumptuously. Item, all cold things are welcome unto him, and all warm things painful, and if they be used too long, also hurtful: Yet this the rather in young persons being full of blood by nature, and if he dwell in a hot country. If this disease be caused of Phlegma, or of cold humours, then is there neither panting nor great pain with it, but remaineth for the most part in one place without removing hitherwards or thitherwards; neither is there also any great redness or heat with it, and for the more certainty that the same is caused through Phlegma, if the same be so found in an old person in winter time, after that he hath eaten much cold and moist meats and drinks, or hath much and long frequented water. Also all warm things be acceptable unto him and all cold things noisome. If so be that this disease proceed of Cholera, then is there a strong heat with it, that one can hardly suffer it in the feeling, also a great pain without swelling, with drought & distension. With this will the patiented also perceive a bitterness of the mouth. And these things will be the rather confirmed if the patiented be young and choleric by nature, or if it be summer time: also being hot and dry weather, etc. This pain of the joints proceedeth very seldom, or also never through melancholy, if it be not mixed with some subtle moisture, then is there very little pain with it, and also little help● for it whatsoever is done unto it: for the place of this disease will be hard, remaineth black without any redness. And it happeneth not but in old folks about winter, etc. If this be caused of wind, then is it swollen, thick without great pain, which oftentimes removeth from the one joint to the other, and the patiented hath used much meat and drink before which do engender wind. If there be any humours mixed amongst these winds, then must it be considered and passed upon the forementioned signs, whereby will very soon be perceived what humour hath mixed itself amongst these winds, according to which every one may know how to dispose and govern himself. Like as then hitherto in divers places certain common rules have been made, so will we proceed here also: whereof the first is. For as much as the Gout Arthritis, Podagra, and such like, appear most of all in harvest, by reason of the fruit eaten the whole summer, therefore must all fruits be eschewed. Secondly, for as much as venery is so hurtful for this disease, and increaseth it very much, the same is to be refrained as much as is possible. Thirdly, a quiet idle life, & sleep by day time do hinder that the superfluity cannot be consumed. To the contrary, too great stirring and exercise, whereby the members be over heated, are also oftentimes the cause of this pain of the members; therefore is the same as much as is possible to be eschewed. Fourthly, all Wine, and especially strong wine is very hurtful for all them that be plagued with the Gout. Fiftly, all rioting and drunkenness make bad digestion, whereby also the pain of the Gout is augmented. Sixtly, they that be hot of nature, and addicted to the Gout, are to refrain from all phlegmatic meat which is dressed with sundry things, and also from all meat which doth make Cholera and blood, for that when these two humours come together, then do they bring gross and undigested defluxions in the joints, whereof then the Gout is caused. Seventhly, there be some through purging & letting of blood that are freed from this disease, which may most commodiously be done in the spring of the year. Eightly, the air hurteth them much that be troubled with the Gout. Ninthly, all great gross fishes, and especially Eels be hurtful for the Gout. Tenthly, sucking Pigs, all water fowls and old Hens are especially hurtful to the lower members. eleventhly, milk and wine eaten together be very noisome for all members, and very hurtful for the head. Twelfthly, the drink which is taken without thirst bringeth much hurt to the body. Thirtéenthly, like as great surfeiting with meat is very hurtful for all the joints, even so doth a moderate diet refresh them. Fourtéenthly, the going too much, or weary walking, & hanging down of the legs, especially presently after meat, is very hurtful for the joints. Fiftéenthly, to lie upon the back is also hurtful. Sixtéenthly, anger is enemy to this disease. Seventéenthly, the great sensibility of the joints, & especially of the feet, cannot suffer any pain. The foresaid seventeen rules are only ordained for this purpose, to free one from the Gout: but as much as doth concern the means whereby these joints are to be strengthened and preserved, that the same do not receive those defluxions whereon dependeth the principal means to free one from it, are in these rules following to be observed. Eightéenthly, it is very requisite that the feet be often bathed in Alum water. Nintéenthly, Sage decocted in Beer, and the same drunken oftentimes, is commended, as it were a very secret medicine and receipt which hath an ineffable operation in all diseases of the joints. Twentithly, Almond flower, Camomile, Myrrh, Melilote and Roses be very commodious for the joints. Calmus and ground ivy have an especial virtue for to strengthen all the joints: the same doth also the Indian Nut kernel. One and twentithly, Verueine laid fresh upon the feet and so worn, is very good for the Podagra. These things following do strengthen much the sinews. The root Behen and his oil doth warm the contracted sinews: in like manner also Bdellium and Calmus laid upon it with oil of Citron péeles, of Camomile, of Bevercod, Cypers roots, Cassie wood and Cypers: also oil of Costus, and such like oils are marvelously praised & commended for the sinews, and century in clysters. Item, feet water made of the ashes of a Bay tree. For a salve, the mother of Salad oil is good, and the dregs of the oil of Lilies, and of all other oils which be warm by nature. Opopanacum is also much commended, but Pyretrum and Pepper above all other to warm the sinews. For this be also dry sweet baths good, or natural Sulphur baths. After purging is Treacle and Mithridate much commended in all cold Gouts, drunken with wine wherein Sage hath been decocted. But as much as concerneth the curing of these joint diseases, it is not needful to discourse any further of them, because that we hereafter will write of this matter at length. Therefore we will proceed in the name of God. The fourth Chapter. Of the Gout in the joints, Arthritis. THe second description which speaketh commonly of the pain in the joints, whereof we have briefly admonished before, is that which the Latinists do call Morbum articularem, & the Grecians Arthritim, which is as much to say, as the pain of the joints, or an inflammation of the joints, which proceedeth from within the body, and the Tendones be annoyed, hurt and pained. In fine, it is none other than a dispersed Podagra over the whole body: the which at one time cometh behind in the neck, another time in the shoulder blades; then again in the back bone, and in the hands, in the fingers, and in the elbows: the which also sometimes creepeth into the nethermost joints, as in the legs, the knees, in the feet and toes. And although in this disease, like as also in other diseases more, there be many sundry remedies sought by many sundry careful Physicians, according to the quality of the cause, and place of the pain; therefore is there but one general rule to be observed. First, how one shall be preserved from this disease. Secondly, how that the same is to be cured and taken away altogether. And because the time of the year importeth not a little therein, therefore is choice to be made of it. In summer the matter is thus to be handled. This kind of patiented in the beginning of summer is to be purged with that which ensueth: Take Agaricus one dram, Sugar one ounce, Hermodactils one dram and a half, water of field Cypers three ounces, make the water warm, and steep the rest four and twenty hours in it; afterwards wring it hard out, and drink it warm in the morning, and then fast six hours upon it. Afterwards is this potion following to be used at least eight days together early in the morning, and to fast four hours after it: Take one ounce of the honey of Roses, the water of white water Mints, and the water of field Cypers, of each one ounce and a half; temper them together. He may also take to prepare the humour, honey of Roses, Syrupum de Stoechade, and some of the foresaid waters. The ninth day shall he swallow these pills following: Take Pillularum de Hermodactilis and Foetidarum, of each half a dram; make thereof seven pills with the syrup of Roses, and take them early in the morning. And if so be that one would take no pills, then take five drams of Hieralogodion and Turbith beaten small, half a scruple, Diagridion two grains, Ginger three grains; temper them together, and take it so, or put some distilled water unto it. Some expert Physicians do advise much to this Clyster: Take Ireas, the roots of wild Cucumbers, field Cipers, & Saint john's wort, of each two handfuls, seethe them all together in sufficient water; then take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, and temper therewith Hieralogodion one ounce, oil of Rue three ounces, honey of Roses one ounce, the yolk of an Egg well brayed, Salt one dram, use it once a day. In Harvest is the patiented once every fourteen days to take one dram of these pills following: Take Aloe two ounces, Agaricus and Hermodactyli, of each one quarter of an ounce, Coloquint one dram and a half, Ginger, Cinnamome, Asarabacca, Cloves and Mace, of each one scrup. Turbith and Epithymus, of each one drag. Saffron one scruple, stamp each alone: afterwards temper them together, and power sufficient field Cipers' water upon it, and then set it out to dry in the Sun. Lastly, power more of the same water upon it, and let it dry again, to the end you may fashion Pills of it. Secondly, there is to be considered how that next after purging, between the spring and harvest, the matter might be derived towards another place, and so to expel it, which may be best of all done by those means which force urine, whereto these things following are to be used. First the patiented is to drink about the space of fourteen days, every morning five ounces of Asarabacca sugared: or in the steed thereof the water of Madder which is better. There is also good for this both these things following: Take Pease meal one scruple, old Treacle half a dram; temper them together with two ●●nces of Smallage water, and so drink it, and fast five hours after it. Item, take Trociscos' de Eupatorio half a dram, Gromell seed, Cinnamom and carvi, of each five grains, Benedicta laxativa one dram and a half; temper them together with two ounces of strong white wine, then drink it and fast five hours after it. All that shall be hereafter mentioned consumeth the defluxions which be still settled in the joints: then is the place of this disease to be rubbed softly, and anointed with this following, according as the patient can suffer it: Take unripe Salad oil two ounces, well parched salt one ounce, anoint the joints very warm with it, and then wrap them in warm clothes. The joints are to be also fomented with light red wine and vinegar powered on hot stones, that they may sweat well. They are also to be anointed with this following: Take Sagapenum one ounce, Bdellium and Ammoniacum, of each half an ounce, Sandaraca one quarter of an ounce: the Gum is to be dissolved in a little red Vinegar, and with Wax make a salve thereof. Another: Take oil of Roses and of Camomile, of each one ounce, three yolks of eggs, Saffron grains; temper them & use them together. After the anointing you are to strew the powder of earthwormes upon it, and cover it close with sheeps wool. Or take oil of Foxes, oil of earthwormes, and washed Turpentine, of each one quarter of an ounce, Salt three dragms: use them as before. You are also to anoint the same places with warm oil of Roses. This following is also very highly commended: Take Venice Soap three ounces and a half, cut it very thin, and then let it seethe a waume or twain in six ounces of the water of Fumitory: afterwards you are to put unto it the oil of Euphorbium, and of S. john's wort, of each half an ounce, oil of juniper one ounce and a half, oil of Earthwormes, one ounce; let it then seethe until that the water be sodden away: afterwards you are to put unto it Mastic and Frankincense, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sulfur vif, Euphorbium, and Pieretrum, of each two drag. and a half: use it as is aforesaid. Oil of earth worms. The oil of Earthwormes is especial good for all pain of the joints, and for all frozen sinews; the which is made thus: Take Earthwormes three ounces; wash the same with Wine, and power unto it twelve ounces of Salad oil, Wine six ounces: seethe them together by a gentle fire until the Wine be sodden away, afterwards strain them through a cloth. For this disease be all warm baths also requisite. And if they cannot be gotten, then are the same to be made by the advice of a learned Physician, yet the most commodious time of bathing is from the midst of April to the end of May. And because that these defluxions be more manifest in the Spring and Harvest, than in any other time of the year, unto which times we have appropriated all these foresaid remedies: therefore will we now teach what is to be done unto it in winter. For this is purging to be used again, and that in this manner following. When as September is half passed, then are these pills to be taken once in the morning: Take Pillulas de Agarico, & de Hermodactylis, of each half a dram, India salt two grains, make seven Pills thereof with the Confection of Roses. The day after is this following to be drunken, the which is thus 8. or 10. days together to be continued: Take the syrup of Wormwood, and Syrupum de Eupatorio, of each three quarters of an ounce, water of Hops, or field Cipers, of each one ounce and a half, temper them together: afterwards is this following to be drunken: Take the Confection Benedicta three drams, Inda two drams and a half, water of blue flower deluce two ounces; temper them all together, make it warm and drink it. Afterwards are the foresaid pills which be ordained to be used in Harvest, beginning: Take Aloe, etc. to be used throughout all the Winter. As much as concerneth other things, those remedies are to be used which be ordained to be used in Summer, only that they must be used in more quantity; like as it is advised in Summer to take one dram, in Winter one dram and a half: & so also with bathing & otherwise. You shall hereafter have many sundry things which may be used against the Gout, or joint diseases, viz. Confected Quinces, Marmalade, and all that may be made of Quinces, except that there be no spices with it if the disease be with heat. For this, be things also good which shall shortly after be ordained for the Gout Podagra. If so be that there be no special heat with it, and that wine may be used without any great danger, then is it his nature that it strengtheneth all outward members, if the same be moderately drunken. Amongst herb wines are these following much commended for it, viz. of Rosemary, of Wormwood, of Sage, and of Clarie: all which not only drunken, but also the joints anointed with it; or the vapour thereof received into the diseased joints, do also strengthen the same. When one is come to his former health, then must one look to it and also beware and take heed from all those things which are wont to cause those kinds of defluxions into the said joints: To which end you may look all the rules in the first Chapter, which be described in the first §. Take good Turpentine the quantity of a Bean, or in stead of that Opopanacum, or Sagapenum, which you will in the like quantity. There is very meet in like manner, if one take early in the morning half a scrup. of Lignum Aloes, with an ounce of the water of field Cipers. It is also much advised to take twice every week one dram of good Mithridate, or in stead thereof one Mirobalan Chebuli chewed and eaten: or one day Mithridate, and the other day one Mirobalan. All these foresaid things be not only commodious, but also very safe. Let this suffice now generally spoken of the joint disease Arthritide, and we will now proceed with the Chiragra. The fifth Chapter. Of the Gout in the hands, Chiragra. FOr the second sort of the Gout will we describe the Chiragra, the which we do properly call the hand Gout. But because that betwixt the Gout of the hands and that of the feet there is none other difference, but that the one cometh in the hands and the other in the feet: therefore will we here refer us to the Gout of the feet, where we will thoroughly discourse of these two kinds of infirmities. The sixth Chapter. Of the Gout of the Hips Ischia, commonly called Sciatica. BEfore in the first Chapter and first §. in dividing the sorts of the Gout, and in the description of Gutta, is this kind Ischia taken for the third sort, the which of the Physicians that do not well understand the Greek speech, is called Scia and Sciatica. This Gout of the hips is a long lingering pain, and especially when it cometh into the bones of the hips: notwithstanding that it doth otherwhiles appear in the uppermost parts, which is caused of a cold moisture that falleth down from above: And because that her gross toughness cannot easily be consumed, but much rather augmented from day to day and made worse, then falleth it at the last into the knees, the legs, into the feet, and so out at the toes. The same tough humours do cause also oftentimes through their great, gross and tough sliminess, that the hip bones be eluxated, although otherwhiles they return again to their natural places, and that when the ligaments of these joints through this waterish moisture happen to be loosed or resolved, and afterwards wax hard again, and shrink up as before. But if this foresaid hip bone be long eluxated, then doth it come easily to pass, that thereby the whole leg cometh to extenuate; whereof then a mere impotency or lameness might follow: so that this disease afterwards very hardly, but by actual cauterization may be helped, whereby the matter may be drawn out with cautery, which, when one is minded to use it, is to be done beneath the knees in the Calves, and that in the leg so diseased. But before and ere we come to the remedy we will first prescribe a general rule how to govern himself in his order of diet, which not only in this, but also in other sicknesses (according to the importance of the cause and place) may be diminished, augmented and altered. This that followeth here is ordained for them, in whose bodies all gross, cold, tough and phlegmatic humours tempered with Cholera, do abound. But these must first eschew all cold air, low dwellings, and especially they which do lie near the water side. The windows of his dwellings are also to open against the South and East (if it be fair weather) and the rest remain shut. And if so be that the time of the year will permit it, then is his chamber to be always kept warm, with a continual fire, and to be hang the stone walls with Tapestry, or to let it be wainescoted, or fenced with boards. In like manner he is also to keep his head well from cold, and to beware of great exercise, especially if he feel any pain, and that so long as any pain is instant, and until the joints be strengthened. What concerneth further the meat and drink, one is to keep himself therein moderately, and to use all such sorts of meats and drinks which do yield small sustenance or nourishment, and be meet rather to make one lean than fat, and especially if there be any debility of the stomach, or any wambling with it. He is also to chew his meat well, and to eschew the variety of drinks: Otherwise he is to use those meats which be warm and dry, and that are dressed and strewed with any drying and warming things; as with Pepper, Salt, Cinnamom, Nutmegs, Fennell, Parsley, Annis, Hyssop, Mints, Thyme, and such like things more. His bread must be a little more than common bread, leavened and salted. He is also to eat no other flesh but Hens, Pullet's, Pigeons, Pheasants, and all kind of field Fowls: yet for the most part rather roasted than sodden. Veal and Mutton is also very healthy for him. Amongst herbs be Colewoorts, Fennell, yellow rapes, etc. very good for him: but all cold herbs must he eschew, or at least use them very seldom & little, and being always tempered with some warm herbs: red Pease, Lentils, and Rice dressed with fresh flesh, may he eat. Amongst fruits there be none that be more requisite than Figs, Raisins, Hasell nuts, Almonds & such like. The sweet odoriferous Grapes be not much forbidden him. He is also to be restrained from butter as much as is possible, because of her slime and moist nature: but rather in stead thereof to use the oil of sweet Almonds, Salad oil, or oil of Walnuts. Vinegar, Verivice, Lemons, Oranges, or their juice be not much commended, and if one will ever use them, then must some other warming things, as Salt, Pepper, Cinnamom, be tempered with it in eating of other meats. All fish & doughie meats be very hurtful unto him. The best drink that he can drink is Honey water, which may be prepared as followeth: Take twelve quarts of water, and one quart of Honey, let them seeth together until eight quarts remain: if you put Annis unto it, then will it be the better. Certain later Physicians do advise (and that with good reason) that these patients should drink the decoction of Guaiacum: and how the same is to be prepared, that shall you find described hereafter in the fift part, in the discourse of the Pocks. Out of these forementioned reasons is it easily to be noted and marked, that it were very good utterly to forbear wine: but if it cannot be, then to choose a thin red wine, or the syrup of betony, and Oxymel of Squils' decocted with Annis water. Further, it is not very good to sleep much, and chief in the day time immediately after meat, for that engendereth much slime and other tough moistures. One hour and a half after supper is he to go to bed, & to lie first upon the right side, afterwards upon the left. Through much lying upon the back do the defluxions fall to great prejudice behind in the neck, and in the back bone. His sleep shall also not endure longer than seven or eight hours, and the rest of the time is to be spent in watching. Of the pain in the Hips or Sciatica through heat. §. 1. TO remedy the manner of this pain, is but a little different from all other joint diseases, because that they always for the most part proceed of cold, and do lie deep in the joints of the Hips. For the which in this disease all diuretical medicines be hurtful, because that thereby the matter will be made so much the grosser and tougher; so that afterwards it can by no means be consumed. Now when this disease is caused through heat, wherein commonly a cold phlegmatic matter is mixed with Cholera: yet notwithstanding, Phlegma getting the mastery, the same may easily be perceived by the high coloured urine, and other signs more. Therefore for a beginning is the liver vein to be opened in the arm, and that in the same side where the pain is: afterwards the vein (which is named of the disease Scia) and standeth as is described in the Introduction, upon the foot, and to let out four or five ounces of blood. But good heed is to be taken therein unto the strength and power of the patiented: for that, like as we have said in other places, the veins in the lower parts do weaken the body more when they be opened, than those in the uppermost parts. Other do counsel, that first the vein in the foot is to be opened: and if so be that the pain do not cease in some days after it, that then the same vein should also be once opened in the other foot: and beware of going the space of eight days. Likewise is also much commended to set boxing cups upon the Hips, or above the Hips, according to the importance of the disease. Of the pain in the Hips or Sciatica through cold. §. 2. But if so be that this pain of the Hips proceed through cold, like as for the most part it is wont to do, the which the bleaknesse of the face, the lingering pain, the belching of the stomach, the wambling and the falling down of all cold humours doth show: then is the patiented to be respected and taught to order himself accordingly: yet have you for an example this ensuing. For a preparative of the matter, make this syrup following, and then take thereof about two ounces at once, according to that one is bound or lose of the body: and so fast four hours after it. Take Fennell roots, Sperage roots, Parsley roots, Smallage roots, and Polipodie roots, of each one ounce, the seed of Ruscus, wild Sage, Gromill seeds, Nettle seed, the roots of Sarifrage, and the seeds of stone Parsley, of each one ounce, Heart's tongue two ounces, juniper berries three drag. Hermodactyli, and Turbith, of each half an ounce, Honey 18. ounces, Radish water 24. ounces, make a syrup thereof. Item, take all the foresaid things, and put unto it Ginger, wild Saffron seed, of each one ounce and a half, Agaricus three drams, stone Salt two scruples, Mace two scruples and a half, Sirupus de Stechade three ounces, Honey as much as before, Rosemary water, of Calmus and of Sage as much as will suffice; afterwards seeth a syrup thereof. At the last put a little Cinnamom, Mastic, Cloves, Nutmegs, and Mace unto it: also a little Musk and Amber. For to purge: Take the Confection of Inda three drams, or half an ounce, de Succo Rosarum one dram and a half, water wherein Ginger is decocted three ounces: give this betimes in the morning, and then sleep one hour after it: afterwards take a draft of Barley water after it. But if you had rather take Pills, then take Pillulas foetidas, and Hermodactylorum, of each apart one dram, or mixed, of each half a dram. This also ensuing is to be prepared: Take the water of peony roots, and the roots of Narcissus, of each two ounces, drink this for the space of certain days, early in the morning. Thereupon you are three hours after it, to swallow these pills following: take Pillulas foetidas, and the Sarcocolla of each half a dram, Swine's bread one dram: make thereof twelve pills with the juice of Smallage. Other do take washed Aloe half an ounce, Agaricus one drag. make thereof with the syrup de Acetoso composito, 35. Pills: then take of it about the third or fourth evening just before supper, according to the quality of the cause. Sharp Clysters with Salt, with Hiera, with Coloquint and other appropriate things, be exceeding requisite for this, as also are these ensuing: Take unwormeaten Hermodactyls one ounce, field Cipers, Stechadoes, Saint john's wort, carvi, and Rue seed, of each one handful and a half, Camomile, Melilot, and Dill seed, of each one handful, Saffron flowers one dram: seethe them all together in sufficient water, and take twelve or sixteen ounces of this decoction, Bevercod oil three ounces, Indie salt one quarter of an ounce, Hiera Colocynthidis half an ounce, temper them, and set it meetly warm. These Clysters are very meet for to draw the cold matter from the hips, and to expel wind. Another: Take Coloquint half an ounce, Turbith, wild Saffron seed, and Polypodie roots, of each half an ounce, Asarabacca, field Cipers, Stechadoes, Pionie, white Pepper, and Rue seed, of each one dram and a half: seethe them all together, and take of this decoction as before, and put unto it oil of Costus, and of Bevercod, of each one ounce and a half, Saltpetre four scruples: but use it not too hot. The third. Take the pickle of Herring, or salted Lemons twelve ounces, oil of Bevercod three ounces, minister this Clyster like as the rest. These Clysters be much commended of all later and ancient Physicians: but they bruise otherwhiles the Arseguts' within, which are hardly to be healed afterwards. The fourth which is not too strong. Take S. john's wort, Camomile, century, Dill, Malowes, Brionie roots, and Fenegreeke, of each one ounce, Annis three drams, Coloquint one quarter of an ounce, stone Salt half a drag. Bran half a handful, oil of bitter Almonds, and clarified Honey, of each one ounce, mix them all together. For a fomentation you are to take peony seed, peony roots, and Hermodactyli, of each one ounce and a half, S. john's wort, Artichoke leaves, Stechadoes, and the herb Calmus, of each four ounces, and eight or ten heads of white Poppy; seeth them all together in three pints of water even to the half, at last put unto it one ounce and a half of Saffron-flowers, and afterwards make a great cloth or a sponge wet in this decoction, and foment therewith twice a day the hip and all the buttock three or four times together. Immediately after fomenting is the Hip to be anointed all over with this following: Take unripe Salad oil, or oil of Roses four ounces, oil of Costus and of Southernewood, of each one ounce and a half, Sandaraca one quarter of an ounce, Frankincense, Hypocistis, Pionie seed, and Hermodactyli, of each one quarter of an ounce, Saltpetre, and Saffron of each one dram, Serapium, Opopanacum, and Rosin, of each one dram and a half, red Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve: temper them all together by the fire. This salve expelleth the pain. The same is also well to be used without fomenting: to wit, at noon. Another: Take oil of Foxes three ounces, oil of Pieretrum, of Bevercod, badger's grease, of each half an ounce, Artichoke roots, Agaricus and Stechados, of each one dram, Lettuce seed, Purslane seed, and the seeds of small Endive, and of water Lilies, of each one quarter of an ounce, Saffron one scruple, white Wax as much as sufficeth for to make a weak salve with it, afterwards seethe it in four ounces of the juice of salomon's seal until the juice be well wasted: then anoint the whole Buttocks with it only at night: for it is somewhat cold of nature: according to which one may know how he should govern himself. Item, take Turpentine, and small powned Hermodactyli, of each a like quantity; make a salve of it, and use it as the rest. But if you had not this salve, or desired not to use it, then may you anoint the place of the pain with the oil of Lilies, of Spica, of Costus, of Foxes, and Bays, and such like warm oils, whether it be each apart, or tempered together. Of plasters, these following be good. Take Apostolicon one ounce and a half, de Muscilaginibus half an ounce, Opopanacum and Galbanum, of each one quarter of an ounce, peony roots, Hermodactyli, Calmus, and white Henbane seed, of each two scrup. Saffron half a drag. then make a plaster thereof with wax, & spread it upon two round pieces of leather a span in breadth, & as now lay one upon it, & then another, & wear them always upon it, until one will use the fomentation at nights. Item, take Ammoniacum six ounces, Sagapenum, Bdellium, and Opopanacum, of each one dram and a half, Swine's bread, and Hermodactyli, of each one ounce and a half, Coperas one dram and a half, Wax as much as is needful; make a plaster or salve of it. When this sickness beginneth to decrease, and yet nevertheless there doth remain some wearisomeness or anguish in the joints, then is this plaster following to be made, and to be laid behind upon the rump, and the whole buttocks: and if the same do make an itch, then is the same to be taken off again, and the place to be rubbed with rough clothes, and then to lay the same plaster again upon it, until that the joint be well strengthened. Take Pitch six ounces, black Soap one ounce and a half, Hermodactyli and Pyonie seed, of each one dragm, Rosin one ounce, Roses, Mastic, and the juice of Sloes, of each four scruples, Euphorbium one scruple, burnt Coperas one dram, Wax as much as will suffice for a plaster. In fine, all warming plasters are very meet for this. The nature of Turpentine is, that it helpeth this Sciatica, through a secret operation: But because the same cannot be laid upon it, or anointed, therefore is it to be tempered amongst the foresaid oils first mentioned, or any of them that one will; as the oil of Saint john's wort, which is especially commended for it. Some lay a sheeps skin upon it, like as it cometh out of warm lie wherein the leather Dressers have it lying. Item, seeth Coming in water, and make a sponge or twain moist in this warm decoction: wring it out, and foment the Hip therewith. Or take betony, Sage, both or one of both, seeth them in Wine or Must, and whilst it is yet hot, temper this powder following in it: as Chamedryos, Betony, century, Hartswoort, Gentian, of each half an ounce: use them with a sponge as is beforesaid. Another. Take Elecampane roots as much as you please, seeth them well in wine, stamp them in Swine's grease, and lay it upon the place. This is also good for all biles of the Pocks. This following is highly commended: Take Elecampane roots powned small 8. ounces, of the best Salad oil that may be gotten 24. ounces, Malmsey one quart: seethe them all together until ●●●me be consumed, and use it as before. Take a hot loaf and lay upon it, or let the warm reek or vapour go upon it until the place of the pain begin to sweat, and do this certain times together. After all this foresaid fomenting; anointing, plastering, and applications, it is firmly advised again to use these pills not for the purging, but only to strengthen the parts diseased. Take well boiled Turpentine half an ounce, field Cipers one quarter of an ounce, Hermodactyli one dram: make of a drag. six or seven pills, and take one every morning and evening. Or take these following which be almost of the same nature: Take Chamedryos, field Cipers, Hermodactyli, of each one dragm, boiled Turpentine half an ounce, make pills thereof with the syrup of betony, and use them as is beforesaid. Further, it is also needful that those parts which cause these defluxions be strengthened, the which may be done as followeth. For strengthening of the stomach he is oftentimes to use Mace, Cloves, Mints, India Spica, Squinant, Cipers roots, and Lignum Aloes, with his meat, and to use the Confection Aromaticum Rosarum, and Diacalaminthum, Betony, Balm, and such like, with his accustomed meat. The compounded things are the Confection Diambra, Diamoschu dulcis, and de Xiloaloe, and that especially after supper. The kidneys will be strengthened with Almonds, Hasell nuts, Pingles, dry and salt Cheese, and with meat which is dressed with sheeps milk: but they are to beware of much lying on the back, and much venery, especially presently after meat. Item, of diuretical things, as Parsley seed, Annis and Smallage seeds, etc. These be now the three principal parts and causes of the defluxions. The other parts are not so highly to be regarded. And for to consume these kinds of defluxions be all Physicians of an opinion, that there is no better advice than to bathe in natural warm Sulphur baths, Coperas baths, Lime baths, or ash baths. For that these do pierce through the whole body, dry exceedingly, and do consume also all moisture. And if so be that one cannot get into such natural baths, then are Lies or baths to be prepared of the foresaid things, but the body must first be well purged. And if the patient cannot bathe, or will not bathe, then are these things following to be used, which vehemently consume all moisture: Take Sandaraca, Hypocistis, Frankincense, and the juice of Sloes, of each one quarter of an ounce, Lie as much as will suffice for to dissolve these things, and to temper them withal in a mortar, then anoint the joint therewith twice a day. This following is milder: Take powned Cipers nuts three ounces, Meal dust one ounce, temper them together with the juice of Bayleaves, as aforesaid. Item, take steeled water six ounces, powned Roses two ounces, Mastic, and prepared Iron dross, of each one ounce, parched Salt three dragms, temper them together in a mortar with the juice of teasel leaves, or with water wherein the same herb is decocted, it is good and approved. But if the pain continue, then is there no other remedy (as is beforesaid) but to use cauterization, which is also effected with plasters which raise blisters: but before this is to be begun, the same is first to be tried with the foresaid strong clysters, and afterwards this salve following to be used: Take white Mustard seed, and Pigeon dung, of each a like quantity: then seeth figs in a little water until they be almost dry, then powne them together for a plaster which is afterwards to be opened, and the water to be let out. If so be that this help not at one time, then is it once again to be used: and if the pain cease not then, and the joint be eluxated, then is it to be cauterized which is burned, that will be done of an expert Chirurgeon or learned Physician. For a conclusion, may powder be used, which shall be ordained for the gout in the feet, which beginneth thus: Take two kinds of Chamedryos, etc. And if one which is cured fall again into the same passion, like as it is wont to happen, and especially in those who have taken small advise and but little purged, then is this order to be followed. In the beginning of the pain, take Cipers nuts three ounces, Barley meal one ounce and a half, Roses one ounce, Mastic, Myrtle seed, and Sarcocolla, of each two drag. and a half; seeth this all together in hard white Wine until it be méetly tough like a plaster, then lay it warm upon it. This ensuing is yet more forcible: Take Sandaraca one ounce, Camomile, Melilot, and Dill seed, of each half an ounce, Meal dust three ounces, Roses one ounce: seeth them all together in wine, as in the last is beforesaid, then stir amongst it the yolks of three Eggs, and use it as before. But when the pain is increasing, then put unto one of these foresaid one ounce of the fat of sheeps wool: but when the pain is at the extremest, then are things to be used which do assuage the pain as followeth: Take oil of Roses, and of Camomile, of each three ounces, six yolks of Eggs, let them seeth very soft, stirring them always about. Last of all, put one dram and a half of Saffron unto it, and use it as beforesaid. Or take Cow milk twelve ounces, Barley meal three ounces, Mastic half an ounce, Saffron one dram. You are to let the meal and the milk seethe thick, afterwards temper the rest amongst it. This is especial good if there be any heat with it. But if the pain begin to diminish, then are drying things to be used for it: Take Myrtle seed, Mastic, Sarcocolla, Plantain, peony seed, Hermodactyli, and field Cipers, of each one quarter of an ounce: stamp it all to powder, and temper it with one of the forementioned which you will, and you shall find a lucky operation. The seventh Chapter. Of some accidents which this pain of the Hips doth cause. WE have in the beginning of this Sciatica declared, that the legs happen otherwhiles to extenuate, and especially when the member is eluxated or out of joint, and hath so continued a long time, whereof there followeth further a numbness and lameness: for which by good reason we ought to admonish somewhat thereof before we begin to discourse of the feet. Of the eluxation of the joints. §. 1. THis eluxation of the joints do the Grecians call Exarthrema. The Latinist's Eluxationem, and it is thus described: Exarthrema is a writhing aside of a joint out of his natural place into another, whereby the free motion is hindered. This disease cannot be cured but by manual operation, and by the knowledge of all the parts of man's body, whereby each member which is eluxated by thrusting, falls, or by looseness of the ligaments in the Sciatica, and strengthenings of the diseased member: and although it chief concern the Chirurgeons, nevertheless we will here discourse somewhat of the eluxation of the hips in the Sciatica. This plaster following doth marvelous much withstand all defluxions which fall down into any joint, and do weaken the same. But first of all are the places of this disease to be rubbed with this water following, which is to be distilled out of a Calves gather in séething water or Balneum, the which is so much the better, if so be that there be Sage, Brionie, juniper berries, and such like (according to the quality of the cause) added unto it. Afterwards boiled tansy laid warm upon it is very requisite, the plaster whereof we have spoken before, is thus prepared: Take Colophonia and Pitch, of each one ounce, the Mucilage of Hollihockes three quarters of an ounce, Galbanum, Myrrah, Ammonaicum, and Frankincense, of each three drag. Polypodie roots, Miscleden and Hartwoort, of each one quarter of an ounce, Wax one ounce, Turpentine three quarters of an ounce, the gums are to be dissolved in vinegar, and then to put the Wax, Pitch, and Turpentine unto it, and then let it melt by a soft fire, and to seeth so long until that all the mucilage and vinegar be wasted away, afterwards temper the rest being beaten small amongst it, this being now all done, than spread this plaster upon a cloth or leather, and lay it upon the place of the disease. Another: Take Hollihocke roots three ounces, small Akorne buds three quarters of an ounce, fresh Self-heale flowers one ounce and a half, cut all very small, and stamp it to pap: then take unripe Salad oil, and oil of Myrtles, of each three quarters of an ounce, thick red wine 24. ounces, Self heal water twelve ounces: seethe all together so long until the wine and the water be consumed. Then wring it out with a press, and put Frankincense and Myrrh unto it of each one drag. Bucks suet one scruple and a half, Turpentine half an ounce; then let them seeth again until all the moisture be consumed. Lastly, put unto it small bruised silver scum which is sifted through linen, and Sealed earth of each half a dram, Mini two drams and a half, Wax as much as will suffice for a plaster, this plaster is not only good for all Eluxations, but also for all fractures of bones, for it suageth all pain, and strengtheneth the sinews. Item, take a young oaken pole, and shave off the outwardmost rinds, afterwards the white: these white rinds are to be sodden in Beer, and then a woollen cloth made wet therein, and so laid warm upon it. If you have no beer, then take wine or water. Of the extenuated or withered Limbs. §. 2. WE have before declared in the description of the pain of the hips or Sciatica, that after eluxation of the joints, if the same continue long, the legs come quickly to extenuate, and afterwards to be lame. Now for to remedy these accidents will we here discover certain things, which, it cannot otherwise well be but that both these diseases, extenuation and leanness must depend one upon the other: for that because the veins be bereft of their due nourishment, the sinews and the tendons be stiffened, then must necessarily ensue thereof such infirmities. Therefore will we discourse of each apart as much as need requireth: and concerneth the lameness. It is a disease if there be any contracture of the hands, arms, legs, joints, or any other part, or be so lamed and numbed, that he cannot use his joints, the which may also grow of many kind of causes, of Apoplexia, of the Pocks, of the Cramp, & such like, of all which hath been spoken before, and shall be written of hereafter: but we will only discourse how that these diseases are to be prevented, proceeding of other causes. Take Mallows, Camomile, Sage, Horehound, and Verueine, of each one handful, juniper branches with the green berries two handfuls, power five or six quarts of water unto it, and seeth them so long as calves flesh: this may be used the space of three days, afterwards may a fresh be made. First, take Fox grease two ounces, Capons grease one ounce, melt them together, stirring them always about. When it is now molten, then put half an ounce of Balsam oil unto it and let it be cold. When as both these things be ready, then be the lamed limbs to be fomented in some vessel fit for that purpose. If so be that the lamed part cannot lie whole therein, then is he to be caused to sweat above the warm vapour, being covered all over, pouring the hot decoction now & then unto it. This bathing or fomenting is to be done every day two times, & although the first, second, or third fomenting do not sufficiently ease, yet is the same not to be neglected, for that the alteration and ease cometh not before the fourth or fifth day. When as one hath sufficiently bathed, then is the sweat to be strooken off with the flat of the hand, and to let the part dry of itself. When as then this fomenting is thus effected, and whilst that the place is still warm and dry, take of the foresaid salve of the bigness of a Pease, and rub it behind in the neck upon the backbone from one shoulder to the other; but warm the hands oftentimes, and so rub the salve well into it. Thirdly, rub also both the elbows from the hands, and likewise also both the knees clean over beneath and above, at last also the toes beneath and above with as much always of the foresaid salve as the quantity of a pease, rubbing it therein. When as this is now so done, then is the patiented to rest the space of half an hour after it. He may also once in ten or fourteen days go into a sweat bath, but not to tarry above one hour in it, and he is the same day to omit the fomentation: but like as is said, one is to proceed with the anointing and resting. This order is also to be pursued four, five, or six weeks, until he can go again or use the rest of his joints, by this means have many men found great ease. Here do follow many more other baths and salves, to wit, that men are to bathe the space of ten days in decocted Ebulus leaves, and that so long as nature may abide it. Afterwards use this salve following: Take the grease of the juice of Alps Goats suet, and badger's grease, of each a like quantity, make a salve of it with Wax, and therewith anoint the numbed limbs morning and evening. Or take Sage, Marjoram, Saint john's wort, Hollihocke leaves and the root, of each two handfuls, Elecampane roots one handful, seeth them all together, as is said. For to make a precious salve you must have ready a good fat Goose, and roast the same as if one will eat it, then take good heed that there come no water unto it, with the neck and the entrails do therewith what you please. You must have also ready with it a young, sound, and fat Cat which is three months old, being a male Cat, kill him and slay him (the head and entrails being cast away) chop it small, stamp it afterwards in a mortar, and add unto it three ounces of Barrowes lard, cut it very small, Rosin, Frankincense, & Wax, of each one ounce and a half, stop these all together into the Goose, and stop it tied that it fall not out again, and then let it roast by a mild fire: set a dripping pan underneath it for to receive the fat that droppeth off: reserve this fat being cold, and anoint therewith every day (in a warm place) the lame and withered members: in like manner also the swollen, and all that have any pain: the extenuated and withered joint will increase and grow again, and all pain shall be assuaged thereby. The Goose is to be well kept, to the end neither man nor beasts happen to eat it. Another salve: Take the marrow of a hail gelding which died through any mischance or in the wars, as much as you please, Heart's suet half so much, melt them together by a mild fire and then power Aqua vitae upon it, wring it out afterwards very warm through a cloth, and then anoint therewith the diseased place morning and evening, both these be marvelous good, and also very meet. Item, take the grease of a Beaver, of a Vulture, and of a Badger, of each half an ounce, Sage, Penniroyall, and Hollihocke roots with the leaves, of each one handful: seethe well the herbs, and stamp them to grout, then temper the molten grease amongst it, and anoint the lame place with it. Take oil of Tiles and oil of Almonds, each alone, or tempered together, and anoint therewith the members. The Mithridate and both the Treacles do bring the lamed members to right again, and to their former force, being as well applied outwardly as taken inwardly: but especially these oils following be good for it, viz. oil of juniper, of Nutmegs, of Pepper, and blue Floure deluce. Item, take a young Fox, make him clean, and chop his flesh very small, afterwards distil out the water, and put therein one dram of small bruised Camfer: then put it into a glass stopped well, and so leave it five days in the earth where as Aunts have their abode. Last of all, anoint you therewith in a warm bath, afterwards use this salve following: Take a young Fox made very clean and burnt to ashes, take thereof the half, and temper therewith one quarter of an ounce of bruised Camfere, oil of Balsam half an ounce, Dog's grease two ounces and a half, Snakes grease one dram and a half: melt these salves all together, and anoint you therewith after bathing. Both of these foresaid salves are to be used against lameness through heat and cold, for that they be of a temperate nature, and of the same nature is this also ensuing. Take Rice as much as you will, steep it a day and a night in a sufficient quantity of Goat's milk, afterwards distil it like as all other waters. This being done, distil it over again, and make oftentimes the lame members moist in it. Of the extenuated or withered members especially. §. 3. FOr as much then as we be entered into this matter, therefore will we not discourse of the same severally. Albeit this extenuation of the members may rather be named of their occasions then of the Sciatica alone, notwithstanding we will not here discourse of the consumption Hectica, Apoplexia, or of the Pocks, but only of the extenuation of some parts, whether it be of the Sciatica, or of any other cause whatsoever, for which these salves following be good: Take wild Cat's grease, Heart's suet, Bears grease, Swine's grease, the marrow of neats feet, Honey, Dog's grease, and badger's grease, of each a like quantity; séethe all together with wine until the same be thoroughly wasted, afterwards power it through a cloth and anoint the withered limbs with it. Item, take Bevercod one ounce, long Pepper one quarter of an ounce, oil of Wax, of Camomile, and of Bevercod, of each half an ounce, Wax one ounce, make a salve thereof: Or take Sage, Mallows, Nettles with the roots, Camomile, and sprigs of juniper, of each one handful, fresh Butter, and Dogs grease, of each three ounces: chop the herbs and seeth them to grout that one may wring them through a course cloth, than put the greases unto it, and let it seeth again together unto a salve. When as now you will use the same, then are you first to go unto a sweat bath, and afterwards yourself to be anointed before a warm furnace or fire upon the place of the disease twice a day: but you are to use the sweat bathe but thrice a week, and do this the space of fourteen days. This foresaid salve is good for all scabbines. The salve Dialthaea is fit for this same disease, whereof there be four kinds described in the third Part, the fourteenth Chapter, and 4. §. This ensuing is also very requisite: Take living Crabs and Earthwormes, of each a like quantity, dry them in an oven, and then stamp them to powder, afterwards temper them with as much Swine's grease, and make a salve thereof. For this are also good two precious Balsam oils, whereof the one is described in the second Part, the sixth Chapter, and 4. §. and the other in the eight Part, beginning: Take Myrrah elected, etc. Item, there is yet more good for this: oil of Tiles, and oil of sweet Almonds. This ensuing is also accounted for sure, and is many times proved. Take Earthwoormes, put them in an earthen pot stopped with a cover on the top, that the Antinous may run in and out, then set it so in the earth where the Aunts abide the space of three or four days, and there will engender a water of it, with this water anoint the withered limbs very warm, this should be certain and approved. In case also that the withered members be oftentimes rubbed with distilled Calues-gather water which is described before, then shall one find amendment. But if this lameness and extenuation be caused through heat which happeneth seldom, then have you a bath for it, which shall be prescribed against the Podagra. Item, the salve also of Earthwoormes, of Cassy, and other things more be meet for this intent, therefore it is needles to write here any further of it, but this foot water following is especially ordained for it. Take Feuerfew, Stechados, and Cowslips, of each one handful and a half, the roots of Eringus, and Mallows, of each two handfuls, Mather, Hartwoort, of each one handful and a half, Peucedanum half a handful, cut them all gross and let them seeth together, afterwards wash the feet and the lame hands with it. You may also use a sweat bath, for that strengtheneth the lame joints very much. Of the hardness of the joints. §. 4. THere cometh sometimes also a hard swelling in the joints, whereby they lose their motion and bowing: for which these plasters ensuing made hard or soft are to be used: Take the grounds of the oil of Violets which lie beneath in the pot, two ounces, two ounces of the oil of Lilies, oil of white Camelina, and oil of sweet Almonds, of each one ounce and a half, Saffron one scruple, badger's grease one ounce, white Wax one quarter of an ounce, Rosin as much as will suffice. Item: Take the plaster of Oxycroceum, Sagapenum, Opopanacum, and Ammoniacum, of each half a dram, Rosin three quarters of an ounce, white Wax three drag. the gums are to be dissolved in sharp Vinegar, than put the plaster, Wax, and Rosin unto it. If there be any hard biles with it, then take Ammoniacum one ounce and a half, Pieretrum, and Euphorbium, of each one dram, Saltpetre half a dram, make a plaster thereof with Wax and Rosin. Herewith will we now conclude the third sort of the gout, and come to the fourth sort which is the chiefest. The eight Chapter. Of the Gout or Podagra in the Feet. THe fourth sort of the Gout, as we have admonished at the first, is the well known Gout of the feet, Podagra: in which we also contain the Gout of the hands Chiragra: for that under these two sorts of Gouts there is no great difference, but that the one doth manifest itself in the hands, the other in the feet: and this kind of Gout is thus described. Podagra is a defluxion which very painfully assaileth the sinews with heat and cold, wherewith also the parts adjacent, the joints and the legs be plagued with swelling and pain. As much as concerneth the name of this disease, which the Latinists have taken from the Grecians; this name Podagra is nougth else but a snare wherewith birds be catched by their feet, and therefore is this disease of the Gout likened unto this instrument, for that it doth catch men by the feet, and holdeth them caught therewith. The Poets do also call this disease Scrupeum Humorem, which is a stony humour: for that the same will in the hands and feet alter into a stone, so that the same may at last be taken out without any pain: and like as we have admonished before, this disease cometh not only in the feet, but also in the hands which is called by the Grecians Chiragra, which is a pain of the hands. The causes of this gout are manifold: to wit inward, and also outward: the outward may be caused through great heat, which causeth the matter to melt. Item, through great idleness, or through great labour presently after meat: Also through venery with a full stomach, and that same especially doth cause the Podagra. Also the learned do certainly affirm, that no man can be plagued with the Podagra, so long as he hath not yet used the venerial act. Galen doth also confirm the same saying, that he never knew any man which was infected with the Gout, either of the hands, or feet, before that he hath had to do with women. Dainty eating and drinking is also a great cause of the Podagra. And that all this is so, we will show an example. Pliny writeth that these diseases were very strange and new in Italy in his time: for which cause it is named with that outlandish name Podagra. But what made them strange at that time and new, but that at the same time the Romans' lived very moderately in eating & drinking? Hypocrates writeth, that no Eunuch, nor any woman as long as she hath her terms, can get the Podagra, neither yet can be bald: Touching which, Galen his interpreter saith, that the same in the time of Hypocrates was true: for that the people in those days did méetly much labour, and did eat and drink soberly. But now he saith, that people do lead another life by going idle and rioting: for that one doth find now adays eunuchs which be subject to the gout without lying with any woman at all, which they do get only through their rioting and quaffing. And so is it with women which do also spoil themselves through a disordered life, that they get their terms very little or not at all. And to the contrary by measurable labour, by moderate eating and drinking, yea by hunger and abstinence from wine, the Podagra tarrieth away & is left behind, the which I have seen by a citizen in my time of Landsborough called Lucas Kesselin, who living again according to the pleasure of the world, got the Podagra again. And when he was best in health, than did he ride otherwhiles a horseback with two servants who must lift him up upon the horse: but when he came in poverty and drank no wine, and lived hardly, then did the Podagra seek another lodging. So that he being past fifty years old, was feign to troth up and down the country with a Pedlars pack on his back over high mountains for to get his living. This hath then his original cause: for if there be no superfluous humours fallen down into those places, than would there be no pain nor grief: neither would these defluxions settle themselves in the joints if the body were not overcharged with some superfluity. Now the mean to keep the body free from all superfluous humours, is that the body be kept with moderate exercise, to the end the meat may be well digested. Hereby appeareth now sufficiently, that the gout is not caused sooner of any thing in the world, than of idleness and excessive riot. When as now the Podagra is caused of any inward occasion, then doth it happen thereby that one having weak legs and feet, the matter, whether it be blood, Cholera, Phlegma, or Melancholia, each alone or mixed, might lightly fall into them, whereby it may well be understood, that the Podagra can be short, long continuing, hot or cold. It is also sometimes an inheritance of the children from the parents, and hath his virtue in both the seeds, and is imparted unto the children, so that the gouty fathers and mothers may also engender gouty children. Now may we also write somewhat of the signs which do not only signify the gout of the feet or Podagra, but also all pain of the joints. If this disease be caused through blood, then doth it appear with redness, & with great continual pain and smart: the urine is thick and red, the pulse strong and full, and the pain is more in the morning than in the evening. And if the patiented be by nature full of blood and sanguine, then doth the same pain increase daily. The same happeneth also when the party is young, hath lived easily, and if it be in the spring time. The signs, if the gout proceed of Cholera: then is the pain sharp, the place of the pain is yellowish, the urine very red and thin, the ordure is also yellow and thin, the pulse is swift, the heat is great, and chief on the place of the pain, as one may perceive the same in feeling of it: all which doth yield more assurance if the patiented be young and choleric of nature, and if he have done great labour before, or if the weather be hot, & he hath taken much hot meat & drink. If this disease come of Phlegma, then is the pain not very great: also the part of the pain is not altered of colour, the urine is whitish and thick, the going to stool is slimy, and the body in feeling is always cold. And this manner of gout is commonly always in bodies which be cold of nature, and that in winter time, and after a disordered life in eating and drinking. In Melancholic bodies the Gout cometh very seldom, wherewith is also great pain, the patient will be lean, the urine thin and crude. And this happeneth commonly in those bodies which be of a melancholic nature in the beginning of winter. Sometimes this disease proceedeth through wind, whereby is a great and exceeding pain, the which by windy meats is increased and augmented. How the Podagra is to be prevented. §. 1. WHen any one doth perceive and is assured, that this his sickness or disease cometh through heat, and that the time be at hand wherein he was wont to be assailed with it, then must he before whilst that he is well or in good estate (if he will by any kind of means be freed) be purged with those medicines which expel Choleram, and must refrain wine, even as all Physicians do advise, and in stead of these use some thin mead or drink, the decoction of Cinnamom: for that mead is not only good for the Podagra; but also requisite for all infirmities of the joints. But if this gout be caused through hot Cholera, then is Barley water rather commended, or water wherein Prunes be decocted. Item, temper fresh well water also with the juice of pomegranates. This also ensuing may be prepared: Take two ounces of Sugar, one handful of Barley, Raisins one handful, seethe them together in three pints of water unto the half: and if one will drink wine, then is there one half of this foresaid water to be tempered amongst it, or to drink some middle sort of clear Beer. Further, he must forbear all Honey meats, and all flesh. Also he is to eat and drink very little; but he is to sustain himself with Barley pap, Oaten pap, bread and butter, and such light meats. But what greater damages be found in this disease through surfeiting is sufficiently showed before. The members also which are accustomably plagued with this pain, are to be restrained from overmuch motion, or from wearying himself too much, and that especially if the patiented be gross and full of blood, and hath not a long time been let blood nor purged. Of divers means whereby to free one from the Podagra. §. 2. THese Pills following are very highly commended, as that through the use of them many gouty people be not only freed, but also healed altogether: Take Myrrah, Aloe, Lignum Aloes, Cinnamom, Mastic and Rhubarb, of each one quarter of an ounce, Muscus five grains: make 36. or 40. pills with Oxymel, or as many as you please, whereof you are to take two or three every other day, and to continue thus the space of thirty days: afterwards, take every week once as much more. But if so be that the Podagra do come in the mean while, then are the pills to be used after the first manner. First, take Aloe, Rhubarb, Species Hierae Galeni, Pillulae sine quibus, of each one dram and a half, field Cipers four scruples steeped in wine: make pills thereof with Lavender water, and use them as all the rest: they be stronger than the former. These Pills following hath the Emperor Carolus used against the Podagra: Take yellow Mirobalani Chebuli, and Indi, of each one dram, oil of sweet Almonds one quarter of an ounce, the juice of Roses, of Borage, and of fumitory, of each two ounces: temper them together, and let them stand in steep 24. hours, afterwards make it hot, and wring it well out. This being all well done, then steep therein again half an ounce of Rhubarb, Indi Spica half a scruple, Malmsey a spoonful, Woormwood water one ounce: let it then stand thus together steeped the space of ten hours, and afterwards wring it out hard. Thirdly, take Agaricus one ounce, stone salt four scruples, Ginger one scruple, Honey of Roses three scruples, Oxymel of Squils' one quarter of an ounce: steep all together 24. hours in white wine and wring it well out. Fourthly, take Aloe which is washed with Endive water, and Manna, of each one ounce, fresh Cassie two ounces, Bdellium two scruples, temper them well together in the foresaid boiled and steeped Colatures. Lastly, all being well tempered, then set them all together in the Sun, stirring it often about, and when it is well dried, than form pills thereof. Of these pills shall you take one every morning: they have a marvelous efficacy in preventing the Podagra: so that it is said, if one do not riot, that one shall be helped thereof in fifteen days. In the first part of this book in the twelfth Chapter in the description of the Balsam you have a very costly salve, beginning thus: Take Bayberries, etc. which fréeth one marvelous much of the Podagra. Item, if one set his feet in warm Smith's water, or foment them over the vapour of the same water: it is also very good to chew every morning a little Mastic. How the Podagra is to be purged. §. 3. IF so be that the Podagra be caused only through Cholera and heat, then is this Syrup following to be prepared: Take Endive three handfuls, Roses one ounce and a half; red, white, and yellow Saunders all together one ounce, seethe it well, and wring it out: then put unto this decoction twelve ounces of Sugar, and seeth it to a syrup like as all other sirupes be decocted: give thereof one ounce and a half with Endive water four or five times together, and then take these purgations ensuing after it: Take of the Electuary of the juice of Roses five drams with the foresaid water, which is especial good for the joints. Or take fresh Figs half an ounce, Currans five drams, the rinds of yellow Mirobalans one ounce, let them steep a whole night, and seethe them a little: then take of this decoction three ounces, and temper therein of the foresaid confection of Roses, and give it very warm early in the morning. Or if you had rather have pills, then take Aloe one dram, Diagridij five grains, Roses three grains, Hermodactyli half a dram: make pills of it with the juice of Roses, they be much commended. If there happen great pain with this kind of hot gout, then may two kinds of plasters be prepared for it, whereof one is to be laid upon the place of the pain, therewith to stop the defluxion, and the other on the top of it for to assuage the pain. The first is thus made: Take Myrtle seed, the seed of Ruscus and Bolus, of each half an ounce, red and white Saunders, the juice of Sloes, Pomegranate blossoms and péeles, Galls, of each one dram, Rose water and Plantain water, of each three drams, oil of Roses one ounce and a half, Barley meal as much as will suffice for to make a plaster or pap. The other: Take red and white Saunders, Starch, and washed Ceruse, of each one quarter of an ounce, Poppy seed half an ounce, Camfer one scruple, oil of Roses three ounces, unsalted Butter one ounce and a half, the seed of Fleawort one dram and a half, and two yolks of eggs, temper them all together, and lay them upon it as is before said. An easier. Take the oil of Roses three ounces, Vinegar half an ounce, temper them all together, and anoint the place of the pain with it; it assuageth the pain, and hindereth the defluxion. Now when as these defluxions do first of all begin, then be Salves, Oils, and other things more used and applied unto it, for which you may take one of these ensuing which you please: Take small pouned Bolus two ounces, Rose water, and the water of Nightshade, of each one ounce, two or three drops of Vinegar; temper them well together, and strike it thereon with a feather, or dip a cloth in it and lay it over the swelling: when it is dry, then take fresh, but always warm. Item, take oil of Roses, seethe Earthwormes in it: Mastic is also especial good. This following should be a special secret: seethe Earthwormes and Frogs in oil of Roses until they be almost all consumed, then wring them out hard through a cloth, and anoint it very warm on the place of the pain. This ensuing is not unlike to the former: Take of the oldest Salad oil that you can get, twelve ounces, and twelve water Frogs, chop them very small and seethe them well: when they be almost sodden enough, than temper therewith the juice of Houseleek, and the juice of Stonecrop, of each two ounces; then let it seethe so long, until that the moisture be wasted away; afterwards wring it out, and use it as before. Some do commend above all things the mucilage of Frogs to be laid warm unto it, which is thus made: Take in the Spring green Frogs before they begin to cast their sperm, take out the bowels, and hang them on a thread to dry in the Sun until they begin to be somewhat dry, than power Salad oil unto them, and let them seethe meetly well together, then wring them out, it is especial good for the sinews. Item, take badger's grease, and Turpentine, of each one ounce, Frankincense half an ounce, Wax as much as will suffice for to make a salve of it. Or take Poplar salve two ounces, small pouned Bolus, and oil of Roses, of each half an ounce, temper them together unto a salve. This ensuing is also good for it: Take four yolks of eggs, Saffron one dram, oil of Roses two ounces, temper them well together, and use them as before. A principal good one: Take Vine Snails as many as you will, put them into a pot, and lay a tin lid upon it; afterwards whelm the same pot over another pot, and then set it over the fire to the end that they may roast by little and little. This being done, the oil will drop into the nethermost pot, and with this oil anoint the hot gouts thoroughly. Item, seeth ten eggs very hard, cut them overthwart, fill the whites with pouned Myrrh; afterwards bind them together again, & lay them the space of 15. days in a seller, or longer, then will a water drop out of it, which you may anoint upon the gout as a salve. In like manner fresh Cassie is also much commended, with the mucilage of Fleawort, for all pain of the joints through heat. This ensuing assuageth the pain marvelously: Take the seed of Fleawort two ounces, seethe it in sufficient water until it be very slimy, afterwards wring it out very hard through a cloth: In this mucilage or slime melt one ounce and a half of Wax, Salad oil three ounces, let it then seeth a good while, stirring it always equally about until it be cold. Another of like force: Take oil of Walfloures two ounces, oil of sweet Almonds, and oil of Camelina, of each one ounce and a half, Butter one ounce, Saffron one dram and a half, white wax one ounce and a half, Dill seed, Camomile, and Duck's grease, of each half an ounce, three yolks of Eggs, then temper them one amongst another, and make a salve thereof. Item, take wheat bran two handfuls, Vinecuict as much as will suffice for to make a poultesse of it, Salt one quarter of an ounce: let it seeth a little together, and then lay it warm upon it, you shall hardly find any thing else that doth more assuage the pain. Item, take Barley meal or Pease meal, and pouned Roses, of each three ounces, white wine as much as will suffice for to make pap thereof, then let it seeth a good while: if you will, you may also put a dram of Mastic unto it. Some do seeth Bran in three parts of water and one part of vinegar, and so lay it upon it, and let it lie five or six hours upon it. This also ensuing is thought to assuage all pain whatsoever: Take three ounces of unripe Salad oil, Saffron one dram, four yolks of eggs, oil of Roses four ounces: let the oil seeth a good while, and when it beginneth to be cold, then temper the yolks amongst it, stirring it always well about: afterwards Starch and Barley meal of each one ounce and a half, and at the last Saffron: if you will have it more forcible, then put Butter unto it and Bdellium, of each one dram: then steep them all together until the same be thoroughly consumed, and afterwards temper the rest with it. Item, take the crumbs of white bread, steep them a good while in sweet milk, and then seethe them together to pap: now when it beginneth to cool, then temper a yolk or two of eggs amongst it, and a little oil of Roses, and so lay it upon the swelling and pain. Some do temper Butter, Ducks or Goose grease, and Sugar also amongst it. Another: Take Plantain seed, and Linséed, of each two handfuls, seeth them very soft until all the water be almost gone, than temper amongst it crumbs of white bread as much as you please: afterwards stamp them well together, and temper it with the oil of Roses: and when the pain is very great, then is the juice of cooling herbs to be tempered amongst it, yea very well three or four greynes of Opium, and one dram of Saffron, like as the same may be very well done in the foresaid crumbs of white bread. This also following is very good: Take Camomile, and Melilot, of each one ounce, Mallows, and Holy-hock roots, of each half a handful, Fenegréeke meal, Linséed meal, and Barley meal, of each one ounce: cut the herbs small, and seeth them mellow: afterwards wring them out, and stamp them well: last of all, mingle with the said meals oil of Roses, and oil of Camomile, of each five ounces or more, then make pap therewith, and lay it over the pain, & renew the same oftentimes. Item, seeth wheat meal and red wine to pap in fresh sweet milk: for this, is also good Beane meal decocted to pap in fresh sweet milk. These four oils following be also commonly used for the gout: to wit, oil of Lilies, of Camomile, of sweet Almonds, and of Walfloures, with which we do commonly temper Cassie extracted with vinegar, like as before there is also mention made of the oil of Poplar buds. Or take pouned Henbane seed, put it into a bag, and let it warm well, and so lay it upon the pain. Item, in great outward pain take Cowmilke six ounces, Opium half a scruple, crumbs of Rye bread, and these being well powdered as much as you please, make a soft plaster of it. In like manner you may also use the juice of Nightshade and of Plantain being tempered all together, or each apart. By all these foresaid remedies may easily be marked, that all these simple things following be especial good for the hot Podagra: as namely, Nightshade, Houseleek, Lettuce, Endive, Mirtus, Mucilage of Fleawort, Vinegar, Rose water, Bolus, etc. in the 16. Chapter, and 4. §. of the hot kidneys. Of the cold gout or Podagra and of his pain. §. 4. IF there be found with the pain of the joints, neither redness nor heat, and the patiented be of a cold nature, and that one be cold in the feeling, then may it easily be perceived that the cause proceedeth of cold. For this the patiented is to prepare himself to purge with these potions following: Take Sage, Cowslips, and field Cipers, of each one handful: seethe them all together in sufficient water until the third part be wasted. Unto this decoction put twelve ounces of Sugar, and then make a clarified syrup of it. If the matter be fluxible of itself, then is this following to be prepared: Take Calmus and Gentian, of each two ounces, Hartwoort one ounce, Saint john's wort, Sage, field Cipers, Cowslips, Bayberries and Chamaedrios, of each one handful, Annis, Fennell, and peony seed, of each one ounce, Bas●il seed, Cinnamome, of each half an ounce, seeth them all together in sufficient water even to the half: afterwards wring it out, and make it with six ounces of Honey, and nine ounces of Sugar unto a clarified syrup; give then one ounce and a half with some distilled water in the morning fasting. For a purgation is this following to be used: Take Turbith half an ounce, Hermodactyli one quarter of an ounce, Diagridij one dram, Mastic half a scruple, Sugar one ounce: then make a powder of it, and give thereof the fourth part at once, but no more, for that it is very strong. If you will, you may make pills thereof without the Sugar: but the pills of Hermodactyli exceed all other pills, viz. in purging all phlegmatic humours. They have also an astringent virtue, whereby they obstruct the conduits where the defluxions take their course. Treacle and Mithridate are to be taken of gouty men one dram, or one dram and a half with great avail twice a week. Item: Take field Cipers powned small half a dram, Turpentine three drams: temper them together, and take it with a wafer, or with fresh broth: it is also good for all lameness. These patients are also to be bathed and fomented with this ensuing: Take Sage, Rosemary, Penniroyall Rue, Mints, Horehound, Marjoram gentle, Marjoram, Lavender, and pomegranate péeles, of each one handful, seeth them all together in good wine: afterwards strain the broth through a cloth, and put three ounces of butter unto it, and then put the feet therein, whether it be with pain or without pain, and lay the decocted herbs very warm upon it. Item, when the place of the pain is fomented with boiled Fenegréeke, then will the pain be thereby assuaged. Or take stinging Nettles, seeth them in water and foment with the damp of the same, and so lay the herbs warm upon it. The oil of Foxes is also marvelous good for the Podagra, and for all pain of the joints, like as is also the oil of Tiles, and oil of Sulphur, which be both hot and piercing. Hereafter do more plasters and other things ensue to be laid upon it: and that after the place of the disease hath been fomented or anointed with any salve, and the afflux of humours is somewhat ceased: Take boiled Alehoofe and lay it therein and hold still the feet. Further, it is much advised, that for the cold Podagra, there shall be two kinds of Plasters prepared. First, take Cipers nuts, Mastic, Myrrh, and Frankincense, of each one quarter of an ounce, Gum, Dragagant, of each three drams, Sage water six ounces. Vinegar half an ounce: powne all small that are to be powned, and then make a meetly soft pap of it, or a plaster with Barley meal, and lay it upon the place of the pain. Another: Take the mucilage of Fenegréeke, and of linseed, of each one ounce, salt Butter, oil of wit Camelina, or oil of 〈◊〉, and burnt ashes of Colewoort stalks, of each two ounces, Wax as much as will suffa to make a plaster or salve of it: lay it or spread it upon the pain of the disease, it assuageth pain: the plaster Diachilon is also to be used for it. Item, take soft Storax, Bevercod, Euphorbium, Myrrah, Aloe, and the juice of Sloes, of each a like quantity, Wine as much as you please: let it seeth well together, and then wet a cloth therein and lay over it. Or dip a cloth in the warm decoction of Ebulus. Before certain plasters are described, of the crumbs of white bread: temper with one of the same one dram and a half, or two drams of the powder of Hermodactyli, and so lay upon it. Item, seeth Onions in water, and make a cloth wet in it and lay it thereon. Or roast certain Onions, stamp them very small, spread it on a cloth and lay it thereon. The common people do use Cow dung, and lay it thereon in stead of a plaster. Also the distilled Cowdung may be laid upon it. Item, take the decoction of Rape, and lay it thereon. You are also to powne Turnips, and to temper them with oil of Roses, and to lay the same upon it. In like manner temper sodden, stamped and well salted Turnips, with about so much Bran as Turnips, & with sufficient oil of Violets, make a plaster of it. Item, take a bag filled with linseed: seethe it well, and lay it over the pain. These be now simple things which warm the joints; to wit, S. john's wort, Hermodactyli, Ammoniacum, Euphorbium, Myrrah, Squils', Asarabacca, Bevercod, liquid Storax, Cresses, Cowdung, Marjoram, Mints, white Mustard seed, Pine apples, Capers roots, field Cipers, Camomile, Elecampane roots, Gailias, Radish, Rue, Sagapenum, and Vinegar of Squils', etc. Some do advise, that for the Podagra there be made an issue, which is a running hole into the leg, which is always to be kept open, whereby the matter may have issue. How this is to be done, shall be taught in the sixth Part, in the discourse of the Plague. Others do raise blisters the breadth of four fingers under the knees on the outside of the leg, opening the same, and letting the water to run out: whereof we have in other places more of this book made declaration. An especial and well approved remedy for the Gout. §. 5. FIrst is this powder to be prepared: Take two kinds of Chamedryos, which is field Cypers and Chamedryos, Gentian, Centorie flowers, Rapontica, the right Aristologia rotunda, (whereof is sufficient store brought out of Switzerland) of each a like much; stamp each apart: afterwards temper them together, and use it thus. After the necessary purgation, whereof we have sufficiently spoken before, take the space of forty days together, one dram every morning of this said powder in the Summer time with small Beer, and in Winter with Wine or Meade: Afterwards use no more but half a dram, and so prosecute this course the space of a whole year. If so be that the body be bound in the mean while, then is the patiented to use twice every month these pills following: take Mastic, Myrrh, Cinnamom, Aloe, and Rhubarb, of each one scruple; being all powned small, then make ten pills thereof with honey of Roses, and take two or three at once. They be very weak, so that one may use the more thereof if he please. In the mean while the patient must order himself very moderately in eating & drinking. Through this be many gouty persons thoroughly healed of the Podagra. The direction for the Gout sent to Charles the Emperor. §. 6. THis advice or remedy was sent to the Emperor Charles his Majesty of famous memory, from Francisco Toralto a Lord in the kingdom of Naples, who had lain most miserably the space of fourteen years of the Gout: Take clean milk of a black Goat, and turn it with Figmilke, or if you have it not, wherewith you will: strain out the whey, and let the rest seethe in an earthen pot; scum it well, and let of three parts twain seethe away, & then strain it once again, to the end there remain no curds in it at all: afterwards, take the uppermost of Borage a good part, and according to that there is much whey, with some other things more which be meet for the Podagra, and according to that th● ●gra doth proceed through heat or cold, let it steep well therein: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and drink of it once or twice a day. But if so be that the pain be intolerable great, then steep in the foresaid whey wherein the Borage and other things be steeped, one drag. or one drag. and a half of Agaricus: Take of this whey ten or twelve ounces according to the quality of the sickness, and according as he can easily go to stool, and temper amongst it Oxymel of honey of Roses, or (which is better) Oxymel of Squils' two ounces: you are to drink of it in the morning as warm as you can, and to fast four hours after it at least. Further, he is in the mean time to exercise himself with walking and going: afterwards he is during the space of five or six days to drink of this whey without Agaricus, and that is to be done once every month. And he is especially to endeavour himself to drink this in winter, for that it is sufficient if he do this twice a year. And this is especially to be done when one perceiveth that the Podagra is instant, thereby to be free: and although it appeared already, yet are you to proceed forward with it. What remedies are then to be used for it, may be seen and chosen out of the forementioned things. The letting of blood must be principally in the beginning of that spring, and before the pain ariseth; like as one may see and read more at large in the 2. §. But above all things is a good diet commended: for if the same be not kept, then may all other things help but little. This is now the principallest and the total of all, that Toraltus communicated to the Emperor's Majesty. The order of diet which is to be observed in this disease, may you perceive by all that which hath been said before, whereof also you shall find all things more amply described in the beginning of the sixth Chapter, where we have discoursed of the pain of the hips, that above all other things, Wine is chief forbidden unto all gouty people, as hath been before expressed. The decoction of Cinnamom, Meade, etc. are they to drink, as is there admonished. When any one doth go but ill after the Gout of the feet. §. 7. THis debility of the feet doth sufficiently show, that there is still some phlegmatic matter present which ought to be expelled, whereto these pills ensuing are to be prepared: Take prepared Aloe half an ounce, Coloquint one dram, Diagridion half a dram, Hermodactyli half an ounce: temper them all together, and make seven pills of one dram thereof: Afterwards, take every fourteen days six thereof, and fast six hours upon it. In the mean time is he always the fift day to take one of them before supper. Secondly, he is to use this Confection following: Take Species de Xiloaloe, Species Diatrionpipereon, of each one drag. white Saunders, Violet and Sorrell seed, of each one scrup. Sugar six ounces decocted in water of Asarabacca, or water of Parsley: make Sugar plates thereof, and then take daily before noon and after noon, or at leastwise once a day of it, three drams at the least, and continue this the space of one whole month. Thirdly, take one pint and a half of Smith's water and seethe therein fifteen or sixteen Cipers nuts, forty or fifty Galls, Hermodactyli, and peony roots, of each one ounce, until the third part be wasted away. He is afterwards to rub the sick person from the knees unto the soles of the feet, letting it be made moist, to wit, once a day always before meat. Fourthly, take unripe Salad oil one ounce, Sandaraca, Mastic, and burnt ivory, of each one dram: temper this together, and therewith anoint after the former rubbing, all the parts very warm which be weakened through the Gout, and continue it thus with rubbing until they be thoroughly strengthened again, and grow to be well. Fiftly, when the sick person hath used certain days to wash and anoint, and findeth nevertheless no perfect amendment: then is this salve following to be used, like as the other precedent: Take Dragon blood, fine Bolus, Sandaraca, the juice of Sloes, Mastic, Frankincense, and Myrrh, of each one quarter of an ounce, Sealed earth and Starch, of each one ounce, the juice of Plantain, and of Roses of each one ounce and a half: then temper them a long time together in a mortar unto a salve. These be now the very best and necessariest remedies, which of all ancient and later Physicians be prescribed for all the joints of the body, God almighty the chief and best Physician give his blessing unto it. What things they be which convey the medicines towards the joints. §. 8. AMongst all other things which be written of the joints, we have yet to speak of this: which be the things that convey the medicines towards the joints: amongst which, the chiefest that are to be esteemed, be roasted Squils, Ginger, Calmus, which is the right Acorus, Penniroyall, Opopanax, both of the kinds of Germander, the seed Amomum, and other more. The ninth Chapter. Of the outward accidents of the joints and members. FRom the third Chapter hitherto we have discoursed of many kinds of diseases of the outward members, which are most of all caused through outward causes and defluxions: here will we now in this last Chapter add certain outward accidents; as, when the outward members or joints be beaten or strained. Secondly, we will also admonish somewhat of the fracture of the bones. And because that by this there falleth otherwhiles some putrefaction of the bones, therefore will we here also discourse somewhat of it: and because that all this cannot be effected without great pain, we will show withal, how that the same pain is to be assuaged. Lastly, how that the numbness and unsensibleness of the members may be prevented and cured. Of strained members. §. 1. IF any one have strained any one member through falling or beating, and the same happened to swell without great heat, then take the salve Dialthaea one ounce, oil of Camomile and of Dill, of each half an ounce, Wax a little, and anoint the place therewith. Another: Take salve of Agrippa, of Althaea, and of the white salve which followeth hereafter, of each half an ounce; temper them together, and anoint the place affected with it: for which the Alabaster salve is also good. Item, take Barley meal, Fenegréeke and linseed, of each one ounce, Mallows one handful, Wormwood half a handful, Camomile and Melilot, of each one handful and a half: the herbs and flowers are you to seeth well, and then to seeth the meal amongst it: then are you with oil of Roses to make a soft plaster or pap of it. Item, take Beane meal three ounces, Camomile, Roses, Wormwood, and Bran, of each one handful: the herbs and flowers are you to seethe to pap in good red wine: at last, let the Bran also seeth with it, and then with oil of Roses make a pap or plaster of it. For this disease, it is also good to open the liver vein, and to let out five or six ounces of blood according to the ability of the patiented. You may also lay fresh Cowdung upon this disease, and anoint the place about it with Bolus which is tempered with vinegar. The expert Physicians do advise, that Cow dung should be tempered amongst oil of Roses. Item, take the whites of Eggs brayed well, and temper amongst it the powder of Wormwood as much as you please, and so lay them upon the bruised place. The golden waters are also commended for this, but they be hot: but if so be that there be great heat with it, then need not one stay to open the vein, like as we have said before. But these diseases would be always suppressed with cooling things: for which you have five kinds of white salves: Take Salad oil three quarters of an ounce, white Wax, and Ceruse, of each two ounces, the white of an egg: the wax and oil are to be melted by a soft fire, and afterwards to be well tempered with the Ceruse, and the white of the egg. This is not only good for bruised members, but taketh away all the blue spots which be come of falls, blows, and such like occasions. This is the common white salve which is always ready at the Apothecaries, and is called unguentum Album. The other salve. If so be that you desire to have this forementioned salve more cooling, than temper half a dram of Camfere well amongst it, and this is then called at the Apothecaries unguentum Camphoratum. The third white salve with Camfere. Take six ounces of the oil of Roses, the whites of three eggs brayed well, white wax one ounce and a half, Ceruse six ounces, Camfer broken in Rosewater one dram: melt the oil and the wax together, and then afterwards temper the Camfer and the whites of eggs amongst it: afterwards put the Ceruse unto it bruised very small, bruise lethargy of Gold washed in Rosewater one dram and a half, washed Ceruse half an ounce and half a dram, oil of Roses three ounces and a half, white wax about three quarters of an ounce: then melt the oil and the wax together, and temper the Ceruse and lethargy amongst it until it be thoroughly cold. All these foresaid unguents do cool all hot swellings, of whatsoever causes the same may proceed: they do repel all raw places, and they do also cool all the heat of scalding or burning. The fift is unguentum de Cerusa, whereof we have admonished so often in this book. The same is thus described by Mesua: Take Ceruse, and litharge of Gold, of each three quarters of an ounce, burned lead, litharge of Silver, of each half an ounce, Mastic, Frankincense, of each two drams & a half, oil of Roses and Vinegar, as much as sufficeth for a salve: first power the dry things into the mortar, and rub it very small: afterwards power some Vinegar, than some oil unto it, stirring it well always about until it be thick enough. This salve is also good for all salt Phlegma, and for all dry itch. Of the fractures of bones. §. 2. THese fractures of bones do the Grecians call Catagma. And although the setting, splinting, and binding of this fracture, and what else belongeth unto it, concerneth more the Chirurgeons than Physicians; notwithstanding doth our common order and method ask a means whereby this disease might be helped. Of which there is not a little spoken before, where we have discoursed of the lamed, extenuated, bruised, and strained members, which all together with the fractures of bones have a great communion, because they be also caused through such like occasions. First of all it happeneth oftentimes in this fracture, that the marrow in the bones (whereby they be sustained and nourished) is consumed and dried away: for which, you have a salve in the second Part and the fourth Chapter, of the marrow of a young fool, which is marvelous good for it. In like manner there is also described before in the seventh Chapter, and 2. §. yet one more of the marrow of a Stone horse, and other more which be there recited for the extenuation of the members, and all that is necessary for such like accidents. You have likewise four kinds of Dialthaea salves in the third part, the thirteenth Chapter and 4. §. which be altogether meet for this. Neither is the crook back or crooked breast ought else but an eluxation or fracture of the back bone and ribs, as in the second Part may appear at large, which may there be seen. The plaster of a Ram is marvelously commended for this, which is described in the third part, the third Chapter, and 1. §. And for to augment the remedies which may serve for these fractures, we will add plasters, salves, sparadraps, applications, and all kind of things that are requisite for the fracture of the bones, which the Chirurgeons may use. Take Wax five ounces and a half, Ammoniacum and Galbanum, of each two ounces: dissolve the Gum in Vinegar, strain them through a cloth, let it seethe until the Vinegar be wasted away, and melt the Wax amongst it. Then take Camomile, Balm with the roots, and Mallows, of each one handful: chop them and stamp them well, afterwards seethe them in two pound of May butter, and a pound and a half of Dog's grease, as long as one may seeth an egg hard: this being done, wring it out hard and stir the molten Wax with the gums amongst it. When it is almost cold, then take one ounce and a half of Bevercod, oil of Camomile two ounces and a half, of Bays sixteen ounces, temper all together and keep it in a pot: this salve do the Chirurgeons esteem to be an especial secret. And if you will use it, then take not too much at one time; make it warm and rub well the place with it: afterwards lay this fear cloth following upon it. Take Wax three ounces, Rosin one ounce and a half, Mastic one ounce, Galbanum, and Frankincense, of each three quarters of an ounce: dissolve the Galbanum in a little Vinegar; stamp all that is to be stamped; melt the Wax and Rosin in an ounce of oil: strain it afterwards through a cloth, and have a cloth ready as big as the fear cloth must be. Lastly, soak it therein, and after the anointing apply it upon the place affected. Others: take four ounces of Salad oil, melt therein half an ounce of Wax: when it is almost cold, then stir half an ounce of powned Mastic amongst it, and use it as before. Item: Take white Wax, and Frankincense, of each half an ounce, of oil of Linséed four ounces: melt them all together and draw a cloth through it. Item: Take Wax and fresh Butter, of each a like quantity, melt them together: these two be especial good against all swellings. Another: Take Fenegréeke meal as much as you please: seeth it in water and put powned Comfery unto it, until it be as it were grout, then apply it to the fracture. Item: Take lethargy of Gold, fine Bolus, and Comfery, of each three ounces, Beane meal one ounce and a half: powne them all together, and power good Vinegar unto it, and let it stand so one night: afterwards put molten Wax and Rosin unto it, of each three ounces, Salad oil twelve ounces, then temper them all together on the fire, and let it seeth well until that the Vinegar be consumed: When it is almost cold, then stir two ounces of powned Dragagant steeped in Wine or Vinegar amongst it, that it be like unto Jelly. Or take Rosin five ounces, Saffron, Euphorbium, and long pepper, of each one dram, Aqua vitae one ounce and a half, stamp all that is to be stamped: dissolve the Rosin in Aqua vitae, and then let it seeth all together until that the Aqua vitae be boiled away, then take Wax as much as is needful for a plaster: this plaster is also very good for all other ruptures. Item: Take Turpentine, and Wax of each 4. ounces, Galbanum three quarters of an ounce, Ammoniacum half an ounce: dissolve the gums in wine, and then temper them all together: when it is almost cold, then put one quarter of an ounce of Myrrh, and as much Turpentine unto it, and make a plaster of it. In like manner you have in the third Part, and the third Chap. one more beginning thus: Take Dragon blood, etc. And yet one othe●●n the second part, the third Chapter, and 5. §. beginning thus: Take Pitch, etc. Item, one more in the first Part, the fift Chapter, and 1. §. which be all together very good for the fractures of bones. For the putrefaction of the bones. §. 3. TAke burnt Led two ounces, Myrrh half an ounce, Aloe, Opopanacum, Iron dross, burnt Squinant, and the rinds of the Fir tree, of each one dram, then make a powder of it, and strew it upon the putrefied bone: for it separateth the same, and healeth marvelously. Take Canterbury bells, powne them small, and strew this powder also upon it. The same operation hath the water also wherein Sal armoniac is decocted. Here follow some especial things for the pain of the joints. §. 4. IT happeneth also otherwhiles, that in the uttermost parts of the members, as in the hands and feet, there cometh great pain, whether it be of the foresaid causes, or of something else that hath fallen, or been laid upon them, which may well be caused both of heat and cold. But if so be that heat cause this pain, then doth it appear with redness, with hardness, and with swelling, which is also a sign of some imposthume to come. But if it be caused through cold, then is the pain without any redness or heat: but with deafness, pensiveness, paleness, and sometime with a dry itching scurf. When as these signs be present, they give commonly to understand, that there might follow of it a palsy or Paralysis, and an extinguishment of all natural heat. If this disease come through some outward causes, then look on the same parts, whether they be redder than any other. Then is it to be anointed with cooling oils, as with oil of Roses, of Violets, of water Lilies, and such like. The letting of blood is very good for this: as if the pain be in the feet, then open the vein in the arm on the same side, etc. If it be caused through drith, and that neither redness nor whiteness can be perceived, and nevertheless the member seemeth to be paler from day to day: then let warm water fall from on high upon it, and afterwards let it be anointed with the salve which is melted together of oil and white Wax. But if you will have this salve stronger, then use that Anodinon which is described in the second part, the fift Chapter, and 18. §. or any other which be specified in the pain of the Podagra. But if the place be somewhat greater or swollen up, & that in feeling it be found somewhat coldish, then is it to be rubbed oftentimes with warm clothes that the pores or vents might open; and afterwards let this fomenting following be made ready: Take Camomile, Marjoram, & Stechadoes, of each one handful; seeth them, and hold the member over the vapour. Or take a sponge being made wet therein, and so lay it warm upon it: you must also let warm water drop upon it from on high: Afterwards anoint the member with oil of Walflowers, of Costus, of Lilies, or any such like, which be warm by nature. In eating and drinking he is to keep himself sober, and to exercise himself much, and to bathe. And if so be that this will not help sufficiently, then is he to be purged of all phlegmatic humours, as with the pills de Hermodactylis, Foetidis, and Medicamine Turbith. Lastly, and in need he is to use those things which be described in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, and 13. §. of Paralysis. Of the unsensibleness, shaking, and numbness of the Limbs. §. 5. OF all these diseases we have in the first part very largely and amply written: likewise also every where in the fourth part: which means may also be used in all these accidents: but especially there be very good for this two sure golden waters, which shall be hereafter described in the last part amongst other vital waters, whether it be that they be used outwardly, or drunk inwardly: for they be good for all diseases of the outward members and joints, like as is this also following: Take dry Willow wood, and burn it in two pots one above the other, like as the oil of juniper wood is wont to be made, and with the oil that runneth out into the nethermost pot, anoint the place affected the space of nine days. Another: Take Quinces which rot upon the tree, Bevercod, Bayberries, Sage, and juniper berries, of each a like quantity: stamp them, and cut them méetly gross: afterwards seeth it all together in good wine, and then rub the joints with it. These two things aforesaid be very highly commended of the common people. If so be that there be any thing discovered, not only that concerneth the fractures of the bones, but also this whole fourth part of the joints and outward members, wherein may be any want: thereof must advice be had with expert Physicians and Chirurgeons, and so we will conclude therewith this fourth Part. The fift Part of this book comprehendeth all the Accidents and Diseases, which do spread themselves abroad over the whole body. IN the foresaid four parts we have most of all described all outward and inward parts of man's body, with all their accidental diseases: this fift part shall discourse of those things which spread themselves abroad over the whole body: amongst which, outwardly is the skin, which covereth the whole body: inwardly are the veins, the blood, flesh, sinews and bones. Item, other accidental things more, as heat, cold, Phlegma, Melancholia, fatness, leanness, sleep, sweat, and such like. To the Skin will we ascribe many kinds of diseases, to wit, what may hurt the same inwardly and outwardly: as all Impostumes, Ulcers, or biles, Warts, Spots, Blisters, Clefts, Itchings, Scurf, Swell, Varices, Carbuncles, and such like. Item many other corroding ulcers, as Fistulac, Cankers, Gangrene, Pocks, Leprosy, Cacoëtes, and many other incurable ulcers. Afterwards we will discourse of such things as hurt the skin on the outside, as burning or scalding by fire, by water, or gunpowder, splints, thorns, all kind of wounds, and whatsoever may appertain unto them. Lastly, of Cicatrices, which be left behind after the cure of the forementioned accidents. The first Chapter. Of the Skin. THe Skin is by nature given to all living creatures that have blood in them, not only for an ornament and defence, but also as a garment of the whole body, which in one place is found thicker, thinner, and lofter than in another. The outwardmost skin is of itself insensible, and more fine and thin in mankind, than in any other creature. The skin within the hand, on the forehead, and for the most part over the whole face, and on the heels, can hardly be flayed off, by reason that they be throughout knit and woven with sinews and muscles. In like manner, if there be no flesh with it, & that it were wounded, it would not be possible to heal the same together again; like as may be seen in the eye lids, in the foreskin, and other places more of the body. What diseases or accidents this skin is subject to, we have discovered it before, and will also write somewhat more of it hereafter. Of the inward causes which harm the Skin. §. 1. FOrasmuch as this fift part of our practice of Physic doth not discourse of any other matter but of ulcers, anguishes, impostumations, and such like accidents which harm the skin: therefore we will discourse and write somewhat of it in general at the first, notwithstanding the difference which is between the ulcers and impostumes; like as in the third part, the 11. Chap. and 29. §. is declared. Thus will we under the name of impostumations contain all that proceedeth and followeth after, which the Physicians do thus describe. An imposthume is a disease or malady, which altereth one member or part of the body from his natural kind, into an unnatural constitution. Or an imposthume is an unnatural Tumour or swelling of a member, through wind, blood, or water, which hath drawn one of these matters unto it. This imposthume may be caused of all the four humours, and also of a several humour, or of a mixed humour, and that in this manner: When any part is badly qualified, be it of whatsoever cause it will, or that any bad humours, winds, waters, or other superfluities have access from any other part which is stronger than that whither they be sent, which is not able enough to expel the affluent humours from him: then there do they remain, and putrify, and at the last impostumate. When as such kinds of impostumes be caused only of blood, then do the Grecians call it Phlegmonem, which is an hot swelling, with great pain and beating. For if any swellings be caused through Phlegma, or any other waterish moisture, then be they called Oedema, and it is a soft tumour without pain, and it is sometimes seen in dead bodies, in hydropical persons, and in those parts which are extenuated. If any swelling be caused through pure Cholera, then is the same called Ersiypelas, which is the Rose. Of Melancholia cometh a hard swelling called Schirrus, the Canker and such like: which maladies do mix themselves oftentimes with divers other swellings, ulcers, and such like: as we shall especially write hereafter, and discourse of divers and sundry of them. But (as is said) we will begin with the first. Of the Warts. §. 2. HOw ill favoured this excrescence of the skin is to the sight, is sufficiently known unto all men, whereof there be also many kinds, some altogether dry, hard, black, and cleft or chopped: others be moist, running, itchy, and where pain is to be felt in handling them. Their principal cause is a very melancholic blood. Therefore ought such things first to be used as withstand the engendering of melancholic blood, as we have elsewhere showed, and shall hereafter declare more at large. But amongst the things which may outwardly be used, be these following: Take Willow rinds and burn them to ashes; afterwards mix it with sharp vinegar, and anoint the warts with it, especially if they stand in a secret place, or rub them with Ass' milk, afterwards lay the foresaid on them being spread upon a cloth, then will they fall off without pain. Item: Take the juice of Celandine, and the juice of Purslane, of each one ounce, oil of Sulphur one dram and a half: then temper them together, and anoint them therewith. The same doth also oil of Sulphur alone: Take the juice of Marigolds, and temper it with salve unto a plaster. Some do take Cranes eyes, and temper them with the juice of Onions and Salt unto a plaster, and so bind upon it. It is also said that red sealing Wax is very good for it: Take a garden Snail, strew it with Salt, put it into a glass, then cometh there an oil of it in the space of two days, then anoint the warts therewith and they will fall off. You may also anoint them with the oil of Camelina. If they be so great that they may be tied with a horse hair or any strong silken thread, then tie the thread from day to day fast about them, until they dry away and fall off. With this are you also to note, that when there be many warts together, like as commonly happeneth, you must begin first at the greatest, for that they have such a sympathy one with another, that when the greatest (being as the mother) hath her nourishment taken away, thereby the rest may easily be killed. Item, burn them with a Rye straw, and take afterwards powned Saffron, seeth it in Salad oil, and then put salt unto it and Swine's grease, to the end it may be as a salve, and then lay it upon them. For this is also meet all that which is discovered in the fourth part the second Chapter and 3. §. for the Corns. The warts require also a moderate diet, and that he forbear all that might engender melancholic blood. Of the Measles, red Gum, and of the small Pocks in general. §. 3. CHildren are for the most part subject unto these diseases, and also ancient folks otherwhiles. And like as the same be perilous in young children, so be they more perilous in ancient people. They do come also through many kinds of means, sometimes like red spots: also with waterish blisters which outwardly appear clean over one's body upon the skin, as big as Millet seed, which at last dry away and fall off. These be also (to tell the troth) not without great danger, especially if they happen through cold not to break out: or if they have appeared already upon the skin on the outside, and be strucken in again; for thereby do they make a narrowness of the breast, a short breath, hoarseness, disease of the throat, or of the mouth, and anguish of the whole body, with great Agues. The learned have sought out the causes of this breaking out of the small Pocks, Measles, and such like: therefore be they of opinion, that one bringeth the cause of this sickness with him out of his mother's womb when he is borne. For that because as the fruit is nourished of the finest blood of his mother's Terms: so doth the uncleanness of that blood remain in the pores of the children, and in other places more, which nature afterwards driveth out in due time. And because that all human creatures be through such means and nourishment sustained and fed in their mother's womb, therefore doth it seldom happen, that any kind of people can be old, without getting these Pocks or Measles, whereof this common false opinion is spread and grown amongst many people, that all children must once have these Pocks or Measles, whereby many mothers which have many children, if any of them get the Pocks or Measles, let them run one amongst another, whereby one child is infected of another, and so do catch the Pocks or Measles: saying besides the truth, that it is better that they get them in their childhood, than when they be grown in years. But this is none other (like as I have said) but a false opinion, for one may be freed of this sickness through a good diet. There be also other causes more concerning these maladies, viz. stinking air, which doth heat the blood and other humours of the body, and troubleth them. Like as to be long conversant in the warm Sun: also to overcharge him with such meat which quickly corrupteth in the stomach, as fish and milk eaten together, through much bad blood, through omitting an accustomed letting of blood, and such like causes more. The signs of these sicknesses be pain of the back, itch of the ears and of the nose, which come of the vapours of the corrupt matter, and are partly pestilential: therefore they have a frightful sleep, and the pricking may be felt over the whole body. With this they have also a slothfulness in all parts, redness of the face and of the eyes, and somewhat swelling: and they be so long pinched with sleepiness, until the Pocks do break out upon them every where. And although (like as we have admonished) the Measles and the Pocks have one kind of cause, yet we will discourse of each apart, as much as is possible. Of the Measles. §. 4. THis is (as we have said) a common infirmity of children, and it also assaileth ancient and full grown people, so that they over the whole body (some less, othersome more) are besprinkled with red spots. There is also great heat oftentimes with it, and a pursiveness in the breast. In this sickness must one beware especially of cold, yea of open air, and of hot meat and drink. And ancient persons are to order themselves, as we shall show in discourse of the small Pocks. Common people do especially commend the Conserve of Eldern flowers, and the same rubbed upon the heated parts. But what is further convenient for this purpose, you may make choice thereof according to the importance of the cause, out of the description ensuing of the small Pocks, what shall like you best. Of the small Pocks. §. 5. WHen as Children be assailed with these foresaid Measles or Pocks, and they will not break out, then take oil of Camomile and good Wine, of each one ounce and a half, Saltpetre one dram, seeth it together until all the Wine be wasted, and anoint the whole body with it when it is very well warmed. This potion following is very good for all aged people, and also for all young children. Take Citron péels one quarter of an ounce, sour Dates one quarter of an ounce, Cicorie roots half an ounce, the flowers of bugloss and of Borage, of each half a handful: seeth them together in a pint of water until about the third part be consumed: afterwards strain it, and temper amongst it Sir. Acetositatis Citri two ounces, de Corticibus Citri, de Succo Acetoso, of each one ounce: give oftentimes a little of it, for it is very meet and pleasant. Item, take Olive leaves two handfuls, agrimony one handful: seeth it all together in good Wine, and drink thereof every morning three or four spoonfuls: it drieth up all affluent humours. But when these Pocks begin to fall away, then are these means following to be used, according to the importance of the cause: Take Ceruse half an ounce, oil of Roses one ounce and a half, Camfere the quantity of a Pease, Saltpetre half a drag. and two or three peeled Almonds, wherewith you are to chafe the Camfere. Afterwards temper one amongst the other, and therewith anoint the place of the Pocks: Or take Salad oil, and Ceruse as before: then temper them together with a little Vinegar and Rose-water, and use it as before. Some do also advise to take strong lie, which is hereafter described against the burning of gunpowder. Another sort of small Pocks, which be called Swine pocks. §. 6. LIke as we have said before, these kind of Pocks be much like to the other before mentioned, and proceed also of the same cause, saving only that these whereof we now write, be bigger, broader, and also with greater anguish of the breast and of the breath: therefore may all be used for this, that is expressed for the troubled breast in the second Part, the fift Chapter, and 9 §. aswell in old as in young people. But especially is this salve following to be ordained for it: Take fresh Butter, oil of sweet Almonds, and Goose grease, of each half an ounce, Wax as much as is needful. Some do put unto it half an ounce of Turpentine, and one ounce of liquid Storax: this is especial good, and also approved oftentimes. Aged people be much advised to eat none other thing but Barley pap, or Oaten paps, and to drink Barley water. Take fourteen or fifteen Figs, Pistacies one quarter of an ounce, Fennel seed, the seeds of Smallage and Lacca, of each three drams, Lentils one ounce and a half, tragacanth half a dram, Roses, Saunders, ivory, and Quince kernels, of each half an ounce; seeth them all together in three quarts of Water, until a third part be wasted, and then drink a good draft thereof in the morning and evening. He is also to use oftentimes Oxysaechara, conserve of Roses, conserve of Rasps, the syrup of Sorrell, of Verivice, and of Quinces, to make the blood thick with it, and to cool it. There is especially commended for this, the water of Lentils when it is boiled in the third liquor, to wit, the two first being powered out. If now it be feared that the Pocks should hurt the eyes, then is this following to be used for it: Take Lycium, the juice of Sloes, and Saffron, of each one dram, Camfere one scruple; temper this all together in Rosewater, and drop it oftentimes into the eyes. If so be that now any Pocks or any redness be perceived on the apple of the eye, then use Sief album, and that according to the quality of the cause: for which you may look into the Register, where you shall find also the manner to make it. But if there do come any exulceration in the throat or mouth, then cleanse the same with Barley water, wherein syrup of Mulberries, wine of Pomegranates, and such like be decocted, and drink the same also softly. The juice of Mints is also to be drawn up through the nose, tempered with Saunders, Verivice & Vinegar: the same also fumed is good for it. Now when as the Pocks do anguish the Lights, then use Diapapaver. If there be any hoarseness or roughness of the throat then look what is good for it in the place where we discourse of it. For which is also this gargarisation to be made with liquorice, juiubes, Sebestes, and Figs decocted in water, and a little Dragagant dissolved in it, and then to cleanse the mouth with it, and sometime to swallow down some of it. When as there is no ague with it, then is it very good that one drink warm goats milk. Now for to free the entrails from the Pocks, roasted Quinces are to be taken with Sugar, or the syrup of the same. If a scouring happen with it, look what is described in the third part, the eleventh chapter, and 13. §. Lastly, all renowned and famous Physicians do advise (against the opinion of the common people) that one should about the seventh day open the Pocks, if they be ripe, with a golden needle, for to let out the matter, to the end that through their sharpness they should not eat inward, and leave great Cicatrises behind them. Make also a powder with Salt, Lentils meal, Bean meal, Pease meal, litharge of gold, and Ceruse: strew the parts with it, to the end that thereby the matter may dry. All which cannot be hurtful. If so be that after healing of the Pocks there do remain great dents, pits, or scars, then may these things ensuing be used. Take Sarcocolla, Melon seed, washed Rice, whites of Eggs, Chalk, Bolus, or white Sugar: temper them with the oil of Roses, or the oil of Lilies, and therewith anoint the Cicatrises. Or in steed of the oil, take Hen's grease. Item, take the Caule of a young Goat or Kid, power goats milk upon it, than set it so in the Sun, and power fresh milk every day upon it the space of one week: afterwards lay it the space of four days in Rosewater, and then hang it up to dry. This being done shred it small, and put it into a silver beaker, and set it in boiling water: when it is melted, then strain it through a cloth, and anoint therewith the marks and small Pocks. Of clefts in the Skin. §. 7. YOu have in the first Part, the ninth Chapter, and 1. §. of the cliffs in the lips. Item, in the third part, the fift Chapter, and 2. §. in the description of the places in women. And in the tenth Chapter, and 11. §. of the cliffs in the Arsegut. Also in the fourth part, the first Chapter, and 7. §. of the cliffs in the hands: all which remedies there described may be used for this our intent, and also all these that follow. Take the green rind of the Elder, steep it in a sufficient quantity of Salad oil, boil them together, wring them out hard, and with Wax make a salve of them. This salve is also very good to be used against the burning fire. Item, take oil of Roses, white Wax, Frankincense, Mastic, and Hen's grease, of each half an ounce, Ginger half a dram; melt the Wax, the oil, and the grease together, and temper the rest amongst it. Of the itch in the skin. §. 8. BEfore we begin to write of the Scabs, we will first entreat of the dry itch of the skin. This is called in Latin Pruritus, which is a desire to rub and scratch, either the whole body or some part of it, by reason of the great itch, which is caused of some sharp humours, which do yet lie under the skin. Also, if the humours (which are stirred up either by heat or by labour) be so tough, that they cannot transpirate through the skin and the pores of the same, then do they cause an itch. Also Lice, Fleas, Aunts, and Woodlice, do cause an itch. Item, if one do but seldom change his apparel. The inward causes may be an over great heat of the liver, which doth engender sharp and adust humours: also, debility of the virtue expulsive, as doth appear in aged folks. The signs of this itch are manifest, as that a body cannot sleep for it, and is hindered from doing his business aright. Now to come to the remedies of the itch, the patient shall have a vein opened, be purged, and almost observe the same order which hereafter is prescribed against scabbedness. A sweeting bath and water baths are specially commended for this purpose, which being once used, and not turning away the itch, show that the humours in quantity do abound, which cause the same. This bathing is to be reiterated, and the body to be rubbed where it itcheth most with this receipt following: Take white Roses two ounces, beat them thoroughly with Vinegar, and add one ounce of Bran unto them. The next day following bath again, and rub your body with powned Smallage, with green Nutshells, or with Fenegréeke. These itchy patients are to forbear all manner of Salt and hot things, and especially all that might inflame or burn the blood. If this itch be about the yard or member of a man, then take a quarter of an ounce of Ceruse Sulphur vife one dram and a half, Opium half a dram; make a salve of it with Vinegar: some do add two scruples of beaten Licebane unto it. If this itch be in the Arsegut, or in the womb, then take burnt alum one quarter of an ounce, Argall one ounce, temper them with vinegar, spread it on a cloth and so apply it. Of scabbedness. §. 9 scabbedness is of divers kinds, some with scales, some with blisters, some with matter, and some without matter, some dry and red; but all of them with an intolerable itch, according to the nature of the humours which cause the same, and are mixed with the blood. The cause of this infirmity, are the uses of all kind of hot, sharp, salt, and bitter meats, as spices, strong wine, oil, honey, want of change in apparel to lie or deal with them that be scabbed, with many other inward causes, that proceed of an inflamed and corrupted blood. The signs of all manner of scabbedness are apparent: but of what kind of humour the same is caused, shall appear by these reasons following. If it be caused of blood, that may be known by the repletion of the body, redness of the parts, and if the blood or matter do issue forth in the scratching: The patiented hath also commonly a sweet taste in the mouth. But if this scabbedness be caused of a salt phlegm, then is the skin yellowish, scaly, and reasonably full of matter: the patient cannot be quiet for the itch, and after scratching findeth great pain and smarting. If it proceed of Cholera, then perceiveth he not only a great drought in the joints, but also in the scabs themselves, with pricking, burning, and small store of moisture: or if it be caused of Melancholy, then is the skin blackish, dry, with many scales, and without matter. Now for to cure this common and well known grief, are these rules following to be observed diligently. First, because the common cause of this disease is gross and foul blood, first of all a vein ought to be opened. Secondly, after the letting of blood, is the body to be purged, and especially with Mirobalans, and fumitory. Thirdly, because the itch and scabbedness are engendered of salt, sharp, sweet, and spiced meats, are the same wholly to be forborn. Fourthly, venery is to be shunned, because thereby the humour is drawn to the outside of the body, where it doth raise hot and stinking vapours, that disperse themselves under the skin. Fiftly, bathing, inunction, and whatsoever else may be used outwardly, doth small ease, unless the body be first thoroughly purged. Sixtly, in eating and drinking refrain all salt, sharp, sweet, and hot things. Seventhly, sour and moist meats that do not suddenly putrify in the stomach, are good for him. Eightly, because Peaches and some other herbs, also fish, milk, and such like do corrupt the blood, they are to be shunned. Ninthly, the patient must forbear scratching as much as is possible, for thereby little bushes are turned into great scabs. Tenthly, the moister that the scabbedness is, the stronger remedies doth it require. As concerning the cure of this infirmity, the opening of the Median or liver vein is not to be omitted, and that as long as the patient can endure it. Then is the humour to be prepared with Oxysacchara, syrup of fumitory, and Pease broth: afterwards to purge with Cassy, with sour Dates, with Mirobalans, with Dodoer, or with Rhubarb infused or sodden in whey of milk, but above all other things is fumitory commended, whether it be the juice, the syrup, the conserve, or decoctive potions, or whatsoever else may be made of it. Seine leaves do the same, whereof thou mayst use those two kinds of potions in this scabbedness, which are described in the third Part and 20. §. Item, take powned Seine leaves one drag. strew them upon stewed Currants, and so eat them daily: use them so long, till thou be lose in body, and as thy stomach will suffer thee. Some do commend the golden water which is described in the last Part, if a little of it be taken either inwardly, or anointed on the scabbedness outwardly. After that the body hath been thoroughly purged, it is a common order to bathe, otherwhiles in fair water, otherwhiles also in natural dry baths, each as you like it best. But those that cannot intend to travail to the dry baths, may take Salt, alum, Brimstone, Argall and such like, according as the scabbedness doth require, and so with water make a bath of them. There are also many kinds of salves and oils ordained for it, whereof divers shall be specified at this present: Take lethargy of Silver finely powdered two ounces, Vinegar four ounces, boil them together until one third part be wasted, then add two ounces of oil of Olives unto it, one ounce of Ceruse, then boil them together until they be thick, stirring them continually. Another: Take Ceruse two ounces, litharge of Silver one ounce, Mastic, and Frankincense, of each two drams; beat them all together to fine powder, and mix them with three ounces of the oil of Olives, and in the tempering of them power now and then four or five drops of Rosewater and Vinegar unto them. In like manner you have also in the fourth Part, the ninth Chapter and 1. §. five kinds of white salves, which one may also use with all security for scabbedness. Item, in the first Part, the third Chapter, and 10. §. there is a good salve beginning thus: Take Turpentine, etc. Item, take Bayberries, Vinegar, & oil of Olives as much as you please, and temper them all together to a salve, it is very good and safe. Take the roots of Bistorta one dram, prepared Sarcocolla two drams and a half, Sandaraca four scruples, prepared Tutia one scruple, Turpentine washed with water of fumitory four ounces, Camfer half a scruple; temper amongst it six ounces of the next following salve of Elecampane roots. Take the juice of Elecampane roots, and of Dock roots, of each three ounces, Saltpetre, Sarcocolla, the lytharge of Silver, and Mastic, of each fifteen grains, Coperas and alum, (called lamemum) of each two scruples, mortified Quicksilver one dram, Butter two drag. and a half, Turpentine one ounce and a half, Pitch one ounce: the Butter, Pitch, and Turpentine must you melt together, and afterwards temper the other ingredients amongst it, and let it seethe with a soft fire until all the juices be consumed: you are then to anoint the patiented therewith by a good fire, and that especially on the places where the most scabbedness is; this salve draweth the corruption outward. Another: take washed Turpentine two ounces, washed Butter one ounce, Salt half an ounce, the juice of three Lemons, two yolks of Eggs brayed, oil of Roses half an ounce, or as much as is needful for to make a thin salve: then temper it all together, it is a safe salve. In the fourth Part, the seventh Chapter, and 3. §. you have also a good salve, beginning thus: Take Sage, Mallows, etc. which one may use very safely for all manner of scabs. Or take Dock roots, powne them very small, temper vinegar amongst it, and salt it well: with this are you to rub yourself well in the bath when you will go out of it, without wetting yourself after it. Item, take Dock roots, and Hollihocke roots, of each two ounces and a half, Hellebore roots one ounce, Smallage half a handful; seeth them all together in fresh well water until the third part be wasted: strain it, and put into this decoction one ounce and a half of Salt, Saltpetre one quarter of an ounce; fresh Butter, and oil of Roses, of each two ounces: let it seeth the second time until all the moisture be consumed, afterwards temper amongst it washed Turpentine one ounce, Treacle three drams, the juice of Lemons or of Orange's two ounces, lastly, temper them all together. Item, take the juice of Mints, liquid Storax, of each one ounce and a half, Salt three ounces, oil of Roses two ounces and a half, and make a salve thereof. The plaster Diachilon may also be well melted in oil of Roses, for the same use: Sulphur vife tempered with Turpentine, is also much commended for this. Or make it thus: Take Sulphur vife half an ounce, Salt as much also stamped small together, Salad oil two ounces, then make it to a salve with Wax, as thick as you desire. Take Ashes, Salt, and Sulphur, of each one ounce, bind them all together in a fine cloth, and then seethe it in four ounces of Salad oil, and rub the scabbedness therewith. Another. Take Turpentine, which is washed well with Rose water two ounces, oil of Roses, oil of Costus, and fresh Butter, of each half an ounce, Sulphur vife three dragms, saltpeter one quarter of an ounce, and two yolks of Eggs, then temper it upon warm ashes. Item, take washed Turpentine six ounces, quick Lime two ounces, Soot of the chimney one quarter of an ounce, and temper them all together. This salve following is much stronger than the forementioned: take of the salve of Elecampane roots, not long since described, nine ounces, Myrrh, Swine's bread, Hartwort, powned all together very small, of each one quarter of an ounce, Bean meal two ounces, Seen powder one quarter of an ounce, Sal gemmae two scrup. temper them all together unto a salve. Some do take fresh Butter and Swine's bread, of each four ounces, Ceruse three drams, Quicksilver one dram, stir them so long together that you see the Quicksilver no more, and therewith anoint the place infected once a day. Other do make it thus: They do take powned Bayberries, and fresh May butter, of each four ounces, and melt it by the fire: when it is a little cold, then mix one dram of Quicksilver amongst it, and afterwards the Bayberries, juice of Nightshade, and juice of Mallows, of each three quarters of an ounce: if one cannot get the juices, then take the powned herbs, and if so be that the salve be not tough enough, than put a little Turpentine unto it. Item, take man's grease, Rose water, and Quicksilver, each according to his weight, like as it is said before in this last salve, and anoint therewith the scabbed place once a day. Another: Take a small Cruise full of rain water, and put therein one dram of Mercury sublimati, so let it seeth together in a glass with a narrow neck by a soft fire: and when it is cold, than temper therewith the juice of Lemons, and Rosewater, of each half an ounce, and use it as before. Some do take Aqua vitae, and therein do they seeth a little Quicksilver, and therewith anoint the scabs. Item, take Swine's grease two ounces and a half, oil of Bayberries one ounce, mortified Quicksilver, Frankincense and Mastic, of each one dram, Salt two ounces, the juice of Plantain and of fumitory, of each one ounce and a half: lastly, temper one scruple of Orpiment with it. Or take Barrowes grease twelve ounces, Quicksilver mortified with vinegar half an ounce, oil of Roses one ounce, Frankincense, Mastic, Myrrh, Sarcocolla, and litharge of Silver, of each half a dram, Turpentine three ounces which is washed well in the juice of fumitory, Wax half an ounce, the two last are to be melted together, and temper the Barrowes grease amongst it, and at last the other powders: then stir all well together until it be cold. With this salve is the patiented to anoint himself twice a day the space of five days, and the other six or eight days afterwards, then is he to wash him with this water following: Take Dock roots and Elecampane roots both cut, of each six ounces, Bran six handfuls, Mallows, Violet leaves, and fumitory, of each twelve ounces, seeth all together in sufficient water, that one may bathe therein, sit in it méetly warm, and coming out of the bath, lay yourself about the space of an hour in bed. But here is to be noted, that the salves which be tempered with Quicksilver, are more meet for the pocks then for scabs, as hereafter shall be showed in more ample manner. If any body be plagued with a troublesome scabbedness, which proceedeth from a salt melancholic matter: then take the juice of Elecampane roots, and of Dock roots, of each half an ounce, liquid Storax, black Hellebore, and prepared Tuttie, of each two scruples; temper these all together in a leaden mortar, four or five hours together unto a salve. It happeneth also otherwhiles, that by some disease of the stomach or of the liver, this disease doth grow, and doth so spread itself over the whole body, that one supposeth certainly that it is a right leprosy. For this do all expert Physicians know good advice, with letting of blood and purging at the first. And for this kind of scabs is this remedy following found, wherein I myself have found marvelous operations: take oil of bitter Almonds sixteen ounces, fifty common Crevets, powne them, and let them seeth in the oil: afterwards wring them hard through a cloth, and temper amongst it eight ounces of the oil of Eggs, and anoint you therewith twice a day. For this is also good Salad oil, wherein Frogs be decocted. Item, take a water Snake, cut off the head and the tail and cast it away, afterwards cut the rest in small pieces, and seethe them in oil and strain it. In like manner you have also in the fourth Part, the first Chapter, and 8. §. against the scabbed hands a salve, beginning thus: Take Dock roots, etc. which is very meet for this kind of scab, and exceedeth also all others. The oil of Eldern flowers doth cleanse, and mollifieth and taketh all scabbedness away from the hands. The oil of Eggs is very commodious of itself for all sharp scabs, likewise also the oil of Tiles. juniper oil, whether it be drawn out of the wood, or out of the seed, doth expel all infection of the skin, although it were a Canker, or any old ulcer. Also, oil distilled out of Wheat is much commended for the same. We have also in the fourth Part, the first Chapter, and 6. §. other remedies more against the scabbedness and the soreness, which may be used for this, and over the whole body. Also, the maiden milk is very good for this, which is described in the first Part, the 5. Chapter, and 1. §. Of Tumours. §. 10. BEcause we have sufficiently before discoursed of scabbedness, therefore we will now speak and discourse of certain swellings, which assail the skin and the flesh under it. And because there can be no impostumes without swelling or rankling, as also all swelling may be caused of blows, falls, wounds, fractures of bones, and such like: therefore it is needless to spend any longer time therein, every one may himself seek in the Register for the member, wherein every such swelling doth manifest itself, where may be found perfect direction for all: wherefore we will only here declare certain common rules. First, is a Nutmeg very good for to cleanse all corruption of the blood, and that especially for the swelling of the milt: Conserve of Eldern berries doth also cure all inward swelling. In like manner doth Conserve of the same flowers expel all scour of the belly. Four or five Figs eaten twice a day are also very meet in all swellings. Amongst oils which may be anointed on the outside, are these following: to wit, oil of Mints, of Dill, or Lilies, and Tiles. And amongst all salves, the salve Althaea. There is a kind of swelling, which is soft, without pain, and which spreadeth itself far abroad, which the Grecians do call Oedema, which engendereth of wind and cold humours: with this manner of swelling are commonly hydropical patients troubled, and those that have the Consumption, or any other long linger disease. This swelling is also in the foresaid sickness no cause of the same, but only an accident; so that the same hath no need of any special remedy, but only to apply unto it Oxyrhodinum, tempered with salt, or salted Salad oil. Of all Botches, biles, and other hard swellings. §. 11. NOw if there appear any hard swellings, Botches, biles, or Wens in any place of the body, & that at last there befall with it heat, or redness with pain, without inclining nevertheless to impostumation; then do the Grecians call the same Ph●egmonas: But this name comprehendeth many kinds of swellings, for that by the name Phlegmone be understood all the swellings of the groins, the Bubones and such like more, because that the same be caused of one kind of cause, viz. of blood and Cholera. These swellings may also be caused of falls, of blows, or of thrusts, through which the humours be drawn towards the bruised place, and there being gathered together, do make such tumours, impostumations, and other swellings. Besides that it happeneth so much the sooner, if a body be plethoric and full of blood. The signs of these foresaid swellings, are heat, redness, pain, and beating, which is felt deep in the flesh, the whole member where this imposthume is, thereby appeareth distempered with heat and inflammation, with great swellings, and desire of cooling things. And when as the member is more sinewy wherein this imposthume cometh, so much greater is the pain: and how much more fleshly it is, so much is the pain and the pricking the less, and cometh easier to a perfect impostumation. Now for to remedy these kinds of swellings, must we note certain rules. First, if the patiented be plethoric, then is one of his veins to be opened, and that always in the side where the swelling is not, and according to the situation of the place where the swelling appeareth. Secondly, if the matter be hot, then must one give the patiented those medicines which alloy the heat. Thirdly, when the matter is well purged, then are repulsive remedies to be used upon the swelling, if it be not that the swelling stand in such a place, whereby nature is wont to expel all superfluity from her. Fourthly, amongst the things which hinder repulsion be gross and tough humours, cold and abundance of the matter. Fiftly, if so be that a swelling be great, and it seem to be inclined to impostumation, then are no repulsive things to be used, but only maturatives. Sixtly, when it is certain that the imposthume is ripe, and full of corruption, then is the same to be immediately opened, and especially if it stand near some noble part; for that if one delayed the opening too long, then might the matter eat inward, and do more hurt. Seventhly, the healing of this hot imposthume, consisteth only in staying of the affluent humours, and in discussing the matter present. Now for to heal this imposthume, one must imitate the first rule, and in the beginning open the vein on the contrary side. But if so be that the tumour have already continued three or four days, and the same were very big, then is the vein to be opened on the same side where the swelling is. The patiented is also to be purged with sour Dates, with Cassie, with syrup of Roses, with the Confection of the juice of Roses, or such like, and lay upon it repulsive medicaments for to lessen the power of the swelling, as cold herbs, Purslane, Gourds, Endive, and Nightshade powned, and their juices. When as now the cause is come to the state, and to the highest, then are maturatives to be used, whereof here be divers discovered. Some pocke Physicians do advise, that do not know better, or they that gladly hold the matter long in their hands, that the swelling is the space of thirty days together to be fomented with Marchasita, but that is very needless. This confection following is of the same quality, and therefore to be also omitted: Take Scrophularia, Polypody roots, Betony and swine's bread, of each one dram, poune them small together, and being tempered with three ounces of Sugar, make a confection thereof. For to apply unto it might this aforesaid be borne withal in some sort, for that it mollifieth all hard swellings, like as many other plasters do. Take the mucilage of Hollihocke roots, of Fenegréeke, and of Linséed, of each one ounce and a half, Barley meal two ounces, oil of Lilies and Hens grease, of each one ounce, Butter half an ounce, Saffron half a scruple, and one yolk of an egg: seeth the mucilage with meal by a mild fire, and at last stir the yolk of the egg amongst it. This plaster mollifieth all swellings which be mixed with cold and heat: it suageth also the pain in all the sinewy parts, and such like things more. Will you now use it for all cold swellings? then temper amongst it Ammoniacum, Bdellium, and liquid Storax, of each half an ounce, wherewith it is very commodious to mollify and ripen all hard swellings. Another. Take Camomile one handful, seeth it in good wine even to the half, than temper amongst it Salad oil & Butter, of each one ounce and a half, and as much Barley meal, until it be a pap; then lay it upon the tumour, it ripeneth and mollifieth all hardness. Item, take Camomile, Melilot, Roses, Dill seed, Fenegreeke, Holy-hock seed, and Linseed, of each one handful, oil of Lilies, and unsalted butter, of each two ounces, Saffron one scruple, temper them together by a soft fire unto a plaster, it mollifieth all hardness, and easeth the pain. Another. Take Camomile, Melilot, Mallows, and Holy-hock flowers, of each one handful, Barley meal one ounce, oil of Lilies and of Camomile, of each one ounce and a half: seethe the flowers in sufficient water unto the half, wring it out well, and poune it: put then the oil and meal unto it; this plaster hath the same operation with the other. Yet one more, which is very good: Take Hen's grease, Goose grease, and marrow of Neat's feet, of each one ounce, Mucilage of Holy-hock roots, of Fenegréeke, and of Linseed, of each one ounce, Bdellium, Galbanum, and Ammoniacum, of each one ounce and a half: dissolve the gums in two ounces of oil of Lilies, and then melt them with the grease and slime. Then poune 24. or 25. fat Figs amongst it, and stir them all together, and lay thereof upon the swelling. For to anoint, is this following to be prepared: Take Beane meal, alum, Polypody roots, Swine's bread, wild Cucumbers, Hartwort, Scrophularia, of each alike quantity beaten, Salad oil as much as is needful for to make a salve thereof. This is a very strong salve. Take well decocted Rosemary roots, and temper them with Honey: Item, take oil of Roses one ounce and a half, washed Turpentine two ounces, Myrrha half an ounce, the yolks of two eggs, Barley meal as much as is needful for to make a soft plaster with it. This plaster causeth all swellings to ripen: Take Violets & water Lilies, of each one ounce, oil of Quinces half an ounce, Starch two ounces, Camfer one scruple, fine Bolus one dram: make a salve thereof for to use for all hot swellings. Item, take Pitch, Turpentine, and Rosin, of each one ounce and a half, Wax one ounce, Salad oil three quarters of an ounce, let them melt together by a mild fire. The plaster Diachilon doth also much mollify all hard swellings. In the second part the second Chapter and 7. §. you have many excellent things which also may be used for this purpose. But if so be that these hard kind of swellings and impostumes be ripe, which is thereby easily to be known, when the heat, the ague, and other accidents do diminish; also, when the hardness is mollified, then must the swelling be opened, and so kept with taints, and to cleanse it well, so that for certain days together all the matter and corruption may run out: lay also clouts on every time with red or any other amper wine, wherein Roses and Camomile have been decocted. If so be that now after the healing like as it happeneth sometimes in these kinds of hot swellings, there remain some pain which keepeth the patiented disquiet, then lay beaten yolks of eggs upon it, tempered with oil of Roses. Or take crumbs of white bread, and power seething water upon it, then wring it out again and temper them with oil of Roses unto a pap. Item, seeth Mallows in common water, stamp them, and temper them with Bran and oil of Violets: to all these forementioned things are you to temper always some Saffron, because that it hath an especial power in allaying of all pains. Of the Rose, a certain impediment, called Erysipelas. §. 12. AMongst the hot swellings whereof commonly the foresaid impostumes are caused, is also the Rose or Erysipelas, which is none other thing but an inflammation of the skin, which in this country we call the Rose. The Latinists do call it Ignem sacrum, which is the holy fire, for that when the Rose appeareth in any place of the body, then doth it come with a burning heat, with an ague, and with a dry redness. And to know this impediment from all other inflammations, lay your finger upon the chiefest place of the redness, wring it so easily, if so be that then the place whence you lift up your finger that you had so wrung do seem white, and in the twinkling of an eye seem red again, then is it a sure sign of the Rose. This swelling commonly assaileth one with a quivering, with heat, and cold, it infecteth also only the skin without piercing (as other swellings) into the flesh, or very seldom, and when this inflammation of the Rose goeth inward into the body, then is it a very bad sign. Now for to heal this infection of the Rose, must heed be taken to these orders following. First, can not one do better, then to purge this hot choleric matter (whence this swelling hath his foundation) with necessary medicines: secondly, these choleric humours (which be as it were a scum of the blood) be not only a cause of this Rose, by their abundance, but also by their heat and inflammation: wherefore it is not hurtful for to open a vain, thereby to cool the blood. Thirdly, the cooling of this inflammation may not be used in all places by laying on of some repulsive things, to the end that the hot matter be not repelled and driven to any noble part, as to the brains, the hart, etc. whereby some great mischance might ensue. Fourthly, no cold things are to be used for this swelling, if the body before be not well purged. Fiftly, it is not needful for to ripen these swellings, but only to cool them. Sixtly, if this Rose be without any mixture of other swellings, then doth it not hurt although one drink cold water, but it is rather a medicine in this disease. Seventhly, when the swelling is caused of a red Cholera, then is it so much the hotter, therefore strong cooling things are to be used. Eightly, if so be that this swelling be tempered with an other sort of swelling, then is the same so long to be cooled, until one perceive that the member hath gotten again his natural colour. Ninthly, if the place of the swelling begin to seem black and brown, then use no cooling things more, to the end that thereby it come not to impostumate and rankle. And to prevent these things, this is to be done: first of all purge the patiented, for to expel the Cholera with Cassy, Electuario Lenitivo, Diaphoenicone, De succo Rosarum, De Sebeste, as is showed at large in the third part, the twelfth Chapter, and 6. §. But it were not amiss always to add some Rhubarb unto either of these medicines. But above all, he must beware of the use of Scammony, or Diagridion. But take 24. or 25. Prunes, sour Dates one ounce and a quarter, seeth them well in sufficient well water, then take of this decoction three ounces, and steep therein one dram of Rhubarb throughout the whole night, afterwards wring it out in the morning, and mingle one ounce of the syrup of Violets with it, or as much as you think good, and so drink it warm. If this purgation be too weak, then take some of the forenamed, and especially De succo Rosarum, and temper therewith one quarter of an ounce. It happeneth also oftentimes, that through the taking of any medicine, pain and marvelous accidents are perceived, then is the patiented presently to take warm water, or this ensuing. Take Annis, and Fennell, of each half a dram, Roses, Violets, flowers of Borage and of bugloss, of each half a handful, Saffron three greines, seeth it together with water, and drink a good draft thereof, or lay it upon the stomach. Afterwards set a boxing cup (unpickt) upon the hart, and two behind upon the back, and if so be that the age, and the repletion of the body may suffer it, then is the liver vain to be opened: otherwise may it be omitted, for that in this disease letting of blood is not always necessary. His whole order of diet must be cooling things, wherefore wine is much forbidden, and in the steed thereof, is there nothing more requisite than Barley water. There may also be used sometimes the syrup of Endive, of Vinegar, of Sorrel, and of Poppy heads: or the syrup and julep of Roses, and of Violets is also much commended, and if so be that the long use of Barley water went against him, then may he drink Well water; as herebefore you have seen further direction in a hot stomach and liver. For to use outwardly: Take Lettuce, which is somewhat grossly beaten, and lay it upon the heat of the swelling: or in the steed thereof, take Lettuce water. In like manner may you also use this following, whether it be tempered, or each alone, being made wet with a spoonge, and so laid upon it, viz. water of Endive, of Corn roses, of water Lilies, of Violets, or the decoction of Roses. Item, lay Cream of milk upon it, tempered with Bran, or crumbs of white bread steeped in milk; and in like manner also Oxyrrhodinum. Or take the juice of Plantain, and juice of Houseleek, of each a like quantity, and temper some Vinegar with it. Some do use for it the right writing ink. Take Plantain one handful, Nightshade and Violets, of each half a handful, Lineséed and Fenegréeke meal, of each half an ounce; let it seeth together to grout: Afterwards temper the yolk of an Egg amongst it, and use it as the other. Another: Take Barley meal two ounces, Linséed meal and Roses of each one ounce and a half, red and white Saunders of each one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus, and Camfere, of each one dram, the juice of Nightshade and of Housléeke, of each two ounces, and a little Vinegar; temper them all together with the oil of Roses unto a soft plaster. This oil following is also very good for to assuage heat, viz. oil of Roses, of water Lilies, of Violets, and of Poppy heads. Nevertheless, there is here to be noted, that all oily and fat things be not very meet for this; so that they are not to be used for this disease, but only for to mix them with other things. For to anoint withal, take small powned lethargy of gold, temper it unto dough with oil of Roses, afterwards put a little sharp vinegar unto it, and stir it so long together until that the Vinegar be well tempered amongst it: this is chief to be anointed upon the Rose there where there be any blisters apparent, three times a day. The salve of Roses, and the cooling salve Galeni, be very good for this, especially if there be a little Camfere tempered with both these. Also this salve following may sometimes be anointed upon it: Take the oil of Roses, of Camomile, of Eggs, and juice of Plantain, of each a like quantity, temper them all together. Or take this following: Take the juice of Plantain four ounces, Rose water, and oil of Roses, of each one ounce and a half. If you desire to make a salve thereof, then let it seeth until all the juice be wasted, and then put some wax unto it: Otherwise may you dip a cloth therein and lay it thereon, and as then, the last described pap over it, beginning, Take Plantain a handful, etc. Item, take Barley meal, Honey, and the juice of Apples, of each a like quantity, let them seeth together unto grout, and use them as the other. You may also use fomenting, where Roses, Camomile, and Housléeke be decocted. Of the swellings of the Groynes, Armpits, and Ears. §. 13. WE have here before in the common description of the Impostume and swelling admonished, that there is also comprehended by the same name, the swelling of the groins Bubones, as also the Carbuncles or plague sores. But because these swellings do commonly appear in man and woman in the armholes, or in the groynes: therefore have we in the third part, the second chapter, and first §. written thereof at large. And it is also so with all other anguishs, biles, F●runculis, but that they be somewhat more tolerable. Of the Carbuncle or plague-sore, a perilous swelling. §. 14. THis Impostume do the Greeks call Anthracem, which is a Coal; the Latinists call it Carbonem and Carbunculum, which name we have retained in our speech, howbeit that some make a difference between Anthrax and Carbunculus. This imposthume is described as followeth. Anthrax is an hot imposthume, by which the place where it appeareth is inflamed, burneth the gross blood, and causeth a black coal or core with an intolerable pain. And there is also in truth no worse imposthume amongst all the rest than this Anthrax, as all well learned Physicians do write thereof, and as daily experience bringeth with it. The signs whereby these two impostumes be known, is first a redness of the member, with a small blackish, dark blue, or pale push, whereon a scale groweth, under the which there is some matter or corruption gathered. But by reason these hot Carbuncles, or plague sores, for the most part, and most perilously make show in the time of plague (where shall be written at large of this matter) therefore will we not divide the matter: but all those that are taken with them at other times, we do remit to the sixth part of this book, providing there to teach at length whatsoever shall seem needful for it; therefore we will be the briefer at this present. First must they which be infected with this disease, cause a vein to be opened, and that on the contrary side, if so be that he be full of blood, and of humours: afterwards upon the same side: and if that can not be compassed, at leastwise there to set boxing cups; afterwards the patiented is to be purged with the whey of milk, with Epithymo, with Agaricus, or with sour Dates. For to comfort him withal may he use Citrons, Lemons, and Oranges. In eating and drinking is he to keep himself, as one that is full of the ague, and according as the heat is great. Outwardly is he not to use cold things, as in the Rose, for that the matter is somewhat thicker: But one may make a plaster of Galls, Plantain, Lentils, of crusts of bread, or Bran, tempered with Vinegar, alum melted in Vinegar, and then laid with clothes upon it: for this are also good Pomegranates cut in pieces, and decocted mellow in Vinegar, and laid upon it as a plaster: for thereby will the heat and the pain be suaged. Now for to cause this pain to ripen, make a plaster of Figs, of Currans, of Nuts, of Barley meal, decocted with Wine and oil. Round about the Carbuncle lay the salve of fine Bolus, made of Vinegar and Rose water, for to defend the parts adjacent from heat. When as now this anguish is broken up, then is it to be healed and cleansed with the mundificative which is described in the second part, the second chapter, and 9 §. and to use drying things so long, until that they be thoroughly healed, which may be effected with the salve Basilicon, Salue Basilicum. which is thus made: Take Ceruse five drams, Litharge of gold one quarter of an ounce, the lethargy of silver one dram and a half, tragacanth one dram; make a powder thereof, and temper it with an ounce of white Wax, and three ounces of oil of Roses, unto a salve. Of all manner of old Ulcers and old Sores. §. 15. THese ulcers or old Sores, whether they be caused of Impostumes, winds, or any other occasions, be always called by the Latinists Solutionem Continuitatis, which is a separation of continuity, which always happeneth in all ulcers and sores, where the skin and the flesh parteth a sunder: whereof there be found many kinds, as we also have described many of them before, and shall do hereafter again. But this present §. shall tell only of all old ulcers in general: for which some of these rules following are to be observed. First, if one see that an ulcer or wound do yield much thin matter, then is it a sign that one is to use drying things. Secondly, if so be that the matter be tough and thick, the● are Abstersiva, which are mundifying things, to be used. Thirdly when these kinds of ulcers be dressed, then is heed to be taken that the ulcer be not blown upon with the South wind, that there come also no cold, nor moisture into it, and that especially when the ulcer is moist and hot. Fourthly, for all wounds dry things be good, and that the rather if the same be deep. Fiftly, because there can be no good flesh engendered, unless that the wound be first well dried and cleansed, therefore such things must be used for it at times, otherwise would the matter be augmented in the wounds, and be unpossible for to engender flesh. Sixtly, there will be no flesh at all engendered, if it be not that the salve be like to the nature of the ulcer: therefore in all dry parts of the body dry things are to be used, and in moist parts, moist remedies to be applied. Seventhly, it must be looked too, that there be used no oils in any ulcer, for that they bring a putrefaction in all deep wounds and ulcers, and especially in warm time of year whether it be in dry or moist complexions. Eightly, it is needful, that in all qualities of the members which be hurt with any wound, or ulcer, where flesh must be engendered, the blood must be well cleansed, because that is the substance out of which the flesh must grow: and this not only in the same member, but also over the whole body. Ninthly, the drying medicines shall be no higher than dry in the first degree, for that when the same dry too fast, then will the young flesh be consumed and dried away. Tenthly, all drying medicines be very meet for all dry complexions: like as to the contrary, all moist medicines, be most necessary for all moist natures: whence it then followeth, that dry bodies or dry parties will be cured with dry medicines, and moist with moist. eleventhly, if the wounds or sores be moist by nature, then be dry remedies to be used for it. Twelfthly, if there be two kinds of ulcers, which be like one another in the matter, and the one were in a dry body, and the other were in a moist body, then in the ulcer in the dry body, are such things to be used which be more dry, and in a moist body apply remedies which do dry less, for to heal the same: therefore is Frankincense, and such like to be used in moist bodies, because that it drieth not forcibly. And on the contrary, Hartwort, Ireos, and such like things, which do dry forcibly, are to be used in dry bodies. Thirteenthly, the ulcers which yield a thick matter and be swollen, are to be cured with such drying things which do not bite, as Pomegranate péeles, decocted Plantain and such like. Now concerning the cure, there shall be by each description especially declared, how that the purging, letting of blood, and such like shall be used: Here will we only discourse, as much as concerneth all old ulcers, what plasters, salves, and other applications are to be used for them. Take old Barrows grease, Butter, Bucks suet, Hony, Wax, and Rosin, of each a like quantity, and a little wine; melt the same by the fire: afterwards take salad oil as much as is needful for a soft plaster: this being done, then wring it through a cloth, and let it be cold. This salve and all other salves which here ensue, may be freely used in all ulcers, observing always the difference between heat & cold. Take salad oil & vinegar, of each two ounces, Wax half an ounce, bruised lethargy of gold one ounce and a half, verdigris one dram, let the Vinegar be hot, & temper the other things amongst it, then seeth it together until that it be red. This ensuing is very like unto it: Take oil and vinegar, of each two ounces, Wax half an ounce, the lethargy of gold one ounce and a half, Mastic and verdigris, of each one drag. seeth the oil and vinegar so long till the vinegar be all wasted, and until the salve wax red. Item, take oil of Roses three drag. oil of Camomile one drag. Ceruse one quarter of an ounce, Dragon blood and fine Bolus, of each half an ounce, Camfer one drag. litharge of gold half a drag. prepared Tuty one quarter of an ounce, Coral one drag. Wax as much as is needful for to make a plaster; then spread it upon a leather, and lay it upon it. But before that there be this or that laid upon it, the ulcer is to be oftentimes washed with this ensuing: Take white wine four ounces, Rosewater two ounces, the white of a hard sodden egg bruised small, alum one quarter of an ounce, verdigris one drag. seeth them all together by a mild fire, and let it afterwards settle; then strain it, and keep it well stopped: and if it be too strong, then take more wine and Rose-water unto it. This plaster following is called at the Apothecaries Basilicum, and of the Chirurgeons, the water plaster. The same is especial good for all dry sores, which be without matter or moisture, and especially for the sinews, for that it drieth, cleanseth, and causeth the flesh to grow, and is thus prepared. Take Wax, Rosin, Ox suet, Pitch, Turpentine, Frankincense, Myrrh, and Colophonium, Salue Basilicum otherwise. of each a like quantity: but first you are to melt the Wax, and then the Pitch amongst it: afterwards put the Turpentine into it, and then mix the Myrrh & the Frankincense pouned small amongst it. Now when it is cold, so that it may be handled with the hands, then must it be wrought thoroughly with wet hands. Out of this will also a salve be made with oil, like as before in the 14. §. you have seen another. Item, in the second part, the third Chapter, and 9 §. is there one more, which beginneth thus: Take clarified Honey etc. which may be used for all hot and cold ulcers. The Chirurgeons do use this following under the name of the green plaster: Take Dogs grease, Wax, Rosin, and Barrows grease, of each one ounce, Nightshade and Mallows, of each one handful: seethe the herbs to pap in Goat's milk, until it be altogether thick, afterwards powne it all together, and temper it one with another. Wheresoever there be any Blisters which will impostumate or rankle, which the Chirurgeons do call Cossos' exulceratos, thereto are these salves ensuing to be used: Take lytharge of gold as much as you will, steep the same the space of two days in vinegar, and power off the vinegar three times, and power fresh upon it again; stir it oftentimes about, and then let it stand in the hot Sun: afterwards stir it and bruise it the space of two or three hours in a leaden mortar, putting unto it in stirring it, now and then, a little Vinegar, Violets, and oil of Violets, until it be thick: then at the last put two ounces of Ceruse unto it, the juice of Plantain and of Housléeke, of each half an ounce, Camfer half a dram, and two whites of eggs, so make thereof a soft salve, and anoint therewith all Blisters which be caused of heat, and all other exulcerations of the skin. The next day after is this disease to be washed with this water following: Take Dock roots, Mallows, and Violet leaves, of each one handful; seethe all together in fair well water, and strain it thorough a cloth, afterwards temper it with rosewater as much as you please, and use it oftentimes. Of a stinking and running ulcer. §. 16. THese ulcers or stinking sores do come of gross and tough humours. When one will heal them, than is the patiented to eat none other but light meats, and to drink thin drink, and to purge the watery and melancholy humours, to the end that thereby all affluent humours may be taken away. In like manner is the patiented to be let blood, if there be none other thing that letteth it: and to cut out all foul stinking flesh, or to bite or eat it out by some cautery, that there may grow new and good flesh in it, for the which these things following are very commodious. First, for to cleanse the ulcers, is special good the salve Mundificatiwm Apij, which is described in the second part. Item, the salve of the Apostles, which may be found in the Register, and is marvelous good for all kinds of ulcers. This following is also much commended: Take Plantain water, wine of Pomegranates, and Honey, of each two ounces, verdigris and alum, of each one ounce and a quarter: boil them together until it become thick, then apply it to the ulcers. Item, take unripe Salad oil one ounce and a half, burned lead three drag. prepared Tuty three quarters of an ounce, Mastic, Frankincense, and Sarcocolla, of each one drag. and a half, seeth all together in 6. ounces of water of Plantain until the water be wasted away: if you will make a plaster of it, then put as much wax unto it as is needful. This salve is to be laid with plegents in the ulcer. This ensuing doth cleanse and consume all bad matter of the ulcer: Take quick lime four ounces, oil 16. ounces, Dear suet 3. ounces, Wax as much as sufficeth for a plaster or salve: melt them together, and stir it so long until it be cold. Another. Take small sifted Otemeale eight ounces, the juice of Marierom and of Nightshade, of each four ounces, fresh Barrowes grease 6. ounces, temper them all together, and then lay it so thereon, the same doth ripen, cool, & mundify. There is also well prepared a very costly plaster, which is called Gratia Dei, which is especial good for all stinking ulcers, fresh wounds, & for all bad flesh; iron, glass, wood, poison, bones, and all that doth hurt in the wounds, doth it draw out and healeth it, which is made thus: The plaster Gratia Dei. Take Turpentine one ounce, Rosin 6. ounces, white wax 2. ounces, Mastic half an ounce, Verueine, Betony, & the great Pimpernell, of each half a handful: stamp all the herbs, & seeth them in strong wine, until the third part be wasted: afterwards strain it & wring it out. Then are you to seeth in this decoction the wax, Rosen, & Mastic, stirring it always about, until it be well mixed together, then set it from the fire, and put the Turpentine and the rest into it, then stir it very strong, so long until it be thorough cold. The Chirurgeons have also a plaster, which they do call the black plaster, which is very good for all wounds, ulcers, and Fistulas, The black Plaster. and is thus prepared: Take Amber, verdigris, Sulphur, Lytharge of gold, Lime, and bayberries, of each a like quantity, pouned very small, clarified Home, as much as is needful for to make a plaster or a salve. The salve of Egypt called unguentum Aegyptiacum doth also cleanse exceedingly all Fistulas, Salue of Egypt. stinking ulcers, and cleanseth them of the bad flesh, and is thus prepared: Take verdigris five drag. clear Honey one ounce and three quarters, strong Vinegar 7. drag. then seethe them together until it be thick enough. It is an especial good salve for all stinking sores, to cause the same to dry. Item: take verdigris half an ounce, saltpetre one ounce, bruise them together upon a stone and set it on fire with a paper, then will the saltpetre be burnt: all that remaineth on the stone are you to lay with the stone and all, in a moist cellar, and the stone lying awry, then in time will there be an oil run out of it; then temper this oil with Rose water, or with the white of an egg; it is too strong alone, but it healeth passing well. Item, these oils ensuing be also very good for such like ulcers, viz. oil of eggs, of Dill, of Lilies, of blue Flower deluce, of Walfloures, and oil of Tiles. Amongst the waters and such like be also good the two foresaid golden waters, which we shall describe hereafter in the last part, and M. Tristrams' water, one of these, which one will, drunk or applied to the ulcer. For this may also be used a certain ley tempered with Salad oil, which hereafter shall be described against the burning with gunpowder. Or make this following: take small cut Hartwort one quarter of an ounce, Assa foetida one drag. century one dram and a half, quick lime half a dragm; lay them altogether to steep in a pint of Ley, afterwards seeth it until a third part be wasted, wherewith the ulcer is to be washed luke warm. Item, poune Hony suckle to powder, and let it boil well in wine, afterwards lay this wine upon the ulcer. The Chirurgeons have also sundry powders in use; The red Powder. amongst which there is one very common, which they do call the red powder, and is prepared thus: Take Colophonium one ounce, Comfrey, Bloodstone, or Argall, Dragon blood, and Momy, of each half an ounce, make a powder of all these: the same doth heal all ulcers, wounds, and Fistulas, when they be cleansed from all foul flesh. You may also use it in all wounds. Item, take Beane meal half an ounce, mill dust 5. drag. Mastic half a drag. tragacanth, Gum, Momy, fine Bolus, and Dragon blood of each one scrup. temper them all together, & strew it in the moist ulcers. Of this powder may one make also a plaster putting wax and Turpentine unto it, which most mightily doth dry all ulcers. It is also much commended that all they which be troubled with an old ulcer, aught to take one drag. of Mithridate or Treacle, more or less according to the ability of the person, and that with the water of Fumitory: the like may he also use the stomachical powder which is expressed in the first part, the second chap. and 1. §. beginning thus: Take Seine leaves, etc. which powder if so be that the patiented do use diligently, he need not fear at all of any bad ulcer. The Rosemary wine is also much esteemed, for that it consumeth all excessive moisture of the body, & keepeth the body in good health. Item, if one wash the ulcer therewith, then will it both cleanse and heal it. Of the broken veins called Varices. §. 17. OF these Varices or broken veins, is very much admonished in the fourth part in the beginning of the second Chapter. And although these broken veins do appear most in the hips, & in the legs: nevertheless the same do also happen in deed in other parts of the body, where they be seen knobbed, green, and black. These said veins of the breast, do stick full of Melancholy blood, and are very ill to be healed. They which labour much with the legs, travel much by land, do bear heavy burdens, and do eat many melancholic meats, are for the most part troubled with these broken veins. Concerning the means whereby these broken veins are to be healed, is that at first the Basilica be opened, and that the patiented be purged with such medicines as expel melancholic humours, whereof there be sundry expressed here and there in this Book, and that is also oftentimes to be done, and he is to beware of all gross meats. When as this hath been continued a long time, then are the broken veins to be opened, and the blood to be let run clean out of it. Some do also use the actual cautery: yet must the uppermost vein be opened where it first beginneth, and afterwards to lay upon it this salve or plaster: Take Ceruse, Antimony, Lytharge of silver, and burnt Lead, of each one ounce, sheeps suet four ounces, Frankincense, Momy, Sandaraca, Sarcocolla, burnt alum, and Dragon blood, of each three drams, oil of Roses, and Vinegar of Roses, of each three drams, white Wax and Rosin, of each half an ounce: temper them together, and then make a salve or a plaster thereof: this is also good for all old ulcers, for it drieth and suageth the pain. Item, Take Frankincense, Mastic, Myrrh, and Momy, of each one dram and a half, the juice of blue Flower-deluce two drams and a half, Hartwort, Southernwood, and prepared earthwormes dried to powder, of each one dragm, bruised small, Lytharge of gold half an ounce, burnt Coperas, burnt Led, Galls, Cipers nuts, the roots Curcuma, white and red Coral, and Roses, of each two ounces, Dear suet, and oil of blue Flower-deluce, of each one ounce: poune all that is to be pouned, but the Rosin, the Turpentine, and the oil are to be melted by the fire, and so tempered with the rest to a salve. Some do take Lupine meal, and make a plaster with water wherein Tamariscus is decocted, or with Goat's dung & Wine. Also the uppermost members from whence this heavy blood falleth down, are to be strengthened and their disease cured. The second Chapter. Of depascent Ulcers in general. §. 1. FOr as much as we be now come to write of those ulcers which do not continue in a place, but corrode hitherwards and thitherwards corrupting the skin, the flesh, yea sometimes the bones: therefore is it first to be known that these ulcers be called Phagedaenas: but for the more difference, such like ulcers have their several names: amongst which Herpes, Phagedaena, and Cancer, be the chiefest: the first whereof, to wit, Herpes, doth yield much thin and subtle moisture; the Cancer, gross, and tough matter; and Phagedaena, middle between thin and thick matter; but Herpes is not always an open ulcer, but creepeth in time hitherwards and thitherwards like a Snake, whereof this disease also beareth her name; the one place healing, and the other excoriating a new: Phagedaena is a great ulcer, and corrodeth very deep into the place and on every side of it: Cancer (which is the canker) shall hereafter have his proper description. And albeit, these sores (as is said) do somewhat differ: yet are they for the most part comprehended all under the name of a Fistell, and it is thought that the Fistula is always a cause of the other: therefore we will also first of all writ of that. Of the Fistula. §. 2. THis name of Fistula (or Fistell in English) have the Latinist's first of all given unto this ulcer, which doth signify a Pipe: for as a Pipe is long and hollow; so is the nature of this ulcer also, being deep and having in the beginning but a small issue: for which cause it is described, as hereafter followeth. A Fistell is an ulcer, the which round about it hath a callous skin, deep, and long, penetrating into the body, and very crooked, which be hard to close up or to heal: and the which sometimes also in steed of good matter, do yield a subtle moisture. It is found also that these Fistels do appear very little above in the skin, and nevertheless do lie with their roots deep and hidden in the flesh, wherefore they be also the more dangerous to be healed, like as you may see in the seventh chapter, and eleventh §. of the Fistell in the corner of the eyes. Item, where we discourse of the Impostumes of the ears, and also of the Fistell of the gums which are all together described in the first part, & in the second part, the third chapter, and nine §. In like manner also in the third part, the tenth chapter, and twelfth §. of the Fistula of the Arsegut. The causes of these Fistels may be precedent impostumes badly cured; or for that one hath stayed too long from opening of them, whereby the matter hath eaten inwards, and so is turned into a Fistell. In like manner may also a Fistell grow of a wound which is not well mundified, also of fractures of bones, or any other bad humours of the body which lie hidden under the skin, and under the flesh, which do there corrupt the same, and be changed into a Fistell. The signs be these, viz. when one wringeth them, then be they without pain, if it be not that they stand somewhere about a sinew, or had some corruption in them. If so be that this Fistell be only in the flesh, then will the matter be white in a short space. Or if the Fistell be old, then doth it yield a long space thick and troubled matter: or if the Fistell be in a sinew, then is the matter thin and black, and if one wring it, then doth there run out bloody matter. If so be the same be in the bone, then doth there run out thin and yellow matter. And if so be that it pierce into the hollowness of the bone, then issueth a fat oily matter, whereby may easily be guessed that the marrow is spoiled, with other more such like signs, which be discovered in the same places. Now for to heal these Fistels, must certain articles he noted: First, because all Fistels proceed most of a waterish moisture, therefore are all drying things to be used unto it, and the patiented is to eat those things that make good blood. Secondly, by reason that the material cause is rooted in the body, it is necessary to have the same prepared and expelled. Thirdly, in old and very deep Fistels, is it surest of all (if one will heal the same) that they either by incision or by an actual cautery be taken away even to the bottom, as to the contrary, the potential cautery because of the sinews is dangerous and hurtful. Fourthly, all Fistels that go into the bone will never more be healed, if the bone be not first sealed. Fiftly, they that do go into the flesh, must of necessity be dilated and opened, to the end that they may be the better mundified and dried. The cure of this Fistell is of great importance, so that the patiented is to order himself in eating and drinking, according as the first rule giveth notice, and to use all drying things for it: also he is to lead his life in a dry dwelling, and there to settle himself. Fish and such like things be noisome for him, good flesh rather roasted than sod is commodious for him: his drink shall be good wine: but because of the sharp matter, the same is to be somewhat watered. And for to prepare the matter of the Fistell, take Oxymel of Squils', or Diureticum and such like, which may also be used in the Fistell itself. These be then the things which may be used outwardly: Take Frankincense and Aloe, of each one ounce, skummed Honey five ounces, seeth the Honey until it be thick. When it beginneth to be cold, then temper the powders amongst it: at the last put one ounce and a half of molten Assa foetida unto it, and rub it a good while in a mortar. This is a passing remedy to heal the Fistell, and also to cure all old ulcers, for that it cleanseth the same, it consumeth all corrupted flesh, it separateth all scurf and corrupted bones. Item, take Turpentine which is oftentimes washed with Sorrell water, four ounces, the yolk of an egg, temper them together, and put six ounces of the juice of Smallage unto it, let it seeth together till the juice be consumed; then add half a dram of Saffron unto it: this cleanseth and consumeth all that doth any hurt in ulcers or wounds, and it maketh also flesh to grow. Next unto this plaster and salve may you use the water which not long since in the first Chapter and 16. §. is described, beginning thus: Take small beaten Hartwort, etc. The Chirurgeons have also a kind of plaster which is not only good for all Fistels, but also for all wounds, and is thus made. Take Veruayne, Betony, Herba vulneraria, bugloss, Agrimony, Consolida Saracenica, Yarrow, Pimpernell, the great and small Plantain, of each one handful poune them all together, and wring out the juice: afterwards seeth it in three pints of good wine, and wring it through a cloth, than put it into a Kettle, and put a pound of Turpentine unto it, Wax four ounces, Colophonium eight ounces. This being all done, seeth it sufficiently, and when it beginneth to be cold, then stir two ounces of pouned Mastix amongst it. For this is also very good the plaster of Gratia Dei, the foresaid water of Hartwort, the salve of the Apostles. Item, take the urine of a man child, and rub it a long time in a leaden mortar until it be thick, afterwards let it dry unto a powder, and then strew this powder on the Fistell. The powder of Ireos strewed also thereon causeth flesh to grow: the powder of Honysuckles is also very good for this use. Rosemary wine, and such like more that be discovered in the 16. §. be very good. Celendine pouned small, and so laid upon the Fistell: or the juice of the same dropped therein, doth heal the Fistels. For this may also be used the oil of old linen, as hath been said in the first part. Item, make an oil of watercresses, and spread it or lay it upon the disease, wherewith it is mundified. Thus much be written of the Fistula, now will we proceed to speak and discourse of the running ulcers. Of the corroding ulcers, called Herpes. §. 3. THe name of this ulcer is as much to say as a Snake, like as we have admonished already, for that it creepeth forwards like as Snakes do, and remaineth not in one place, but windeth itself hither and thither, infecting most of all the skin only, without eating deeper inwards. The cause of this ulcer or sore, is the same with that of the other, to wit, superfluity of Cholera, if she merely remain and abide in her proper nature, that is, if the Cholera be not mixed with any other humour: for that when this Cholera doth spread itself over the whole body, then doth it cause the yellow jaundices, which by nature is of two sorts. When as now this Cholera is thick and gross, then will the whole skin even to the flesh be thereby damnified, and this ulcer will be then called Herpes exedens, which is the corroding Herpes. The other sort of Cholera is subtler, which remaineth (as is said) in the uppermost part of the skin, which doth sing the out side as if it were set a fire, the which without any addition is called Herpes, or Herpes miliaris, as having the name of the Milet seed, for that this exulceration is like unto it. The signs of these ulcers be these: the member loseth his natural colour, and waxeth black, soft, and stinking; also if the pulse and the pain diminish, and in the mean while the ulcer doth so corrode, that if it be not lóoked to in time, the member must be cut off, or the party must look for death thereby. The remedies of these ulcers (saith Galenus) be these which are wont to be used for the corroding Erisypelas, wherefore we may write so much the less thereof. But if it be perceived that it begin to putrify, then temper sealed earth and fine Bolus with Vinegar together, and spread it round about the ulcer, and also in it. But if this will not help, then be the corners round about the ulcers to be scarified, or lanced, and also to set boxing cups and horse leeches thereon, which may suck out the bad blood; and this plaster following is also to be laid upon it: Take Pease-meale, or Beane meal and shall, temper all together with the syrup of Vinegar, and lay it as a pap upon it: the scarificed place must also be washed twice a day with Vinegar, and then to anoint this salve following over it: Take Assa foetida, Nettle seed, and Hartwort roots, of each half an ounce, verdigris one quarter of an ounce, temper it with vinegar to the thickness of Honey, and anoint therewith the whole disease, and the places about it. And to the end that these ulcers may not corcode any further, then take verdigris, alum, & Honey, of each a like quantity, and use it as is before said. The selfsame taketh away all bad flesh, & sustaineth the new flesh. But in case that through these foresaid things the rotting ceased not, but daily did corrode more and more, and the stench increased, then shall you strew thereon this powder ensuing, to wit, pouned Hartwort and Galls, of each a like quantity. Or take tragacanth and Coperas, tempered together with vinegar, and if so be that this foresaid do not profit, then are the edges yea the whole accident to be cauterised with corrosives or hot irons: then take the roots of Celendine, unsleckt lime, Eoperas, Mirth, Hartwort, and verdigris, of each alike quantity, tempered with the juice of Plantain, or pouned Orpiment alone tempered with the foresaid juice. When as then the corrosives have done their work, and the crusts or stakes be yet hard, then must they be anointed with fresh butter until they do fall away of themselves, and afterwards those things to be used which are wont to engender skin and flesh. The other sort of these ulcers is Herpes miliaris, whereof we have admonished before. Some do call it Formica, that is, the Ant. This ulcer is also of sundry natures, and that according to the nature of the humour, whereof it is caused. It is also comprehended in three sorts or species: the one, which runneth hither and thither, which is caused of a subtle moisture, and is also quickly consumed: the second, that creepeth forward hither and thither, which is very hurtful: the third is of a gross and hot Cholera, which entereth somewhat deeper into the flesh, and is mixed with some Phlegma, and thence cometh the Formica miliaris, which is hotter and harder to be cured. Out of all these foresaid reasons be the signs apparent, and before sufficiently rehearsed and discovered. Now for to remedy this accident, is this the briefest way; that first of all be prescribed to the patiented a good order of diet, like as is done in the Agues. For purging is he to use sour Dates, Cassy, Epithymum with Rhubarb, steeped in Endive water, or whey of milk. If it be Herpes miliaris, then take Diaturbith. Further, you are to take Galls, Pomegranate pills, and fine Bolus, of each a like quantity: afterwards temper it with Rose water and a little Vinegar, and then anoint it thereon with a feather. Item, take the heads of salted fish, roast them in an earthen pot upon the fire, until they be almost burnt, and then mix them with strong wine, spread it upon the disease: or take sheeps wool, and fry it until it be black, then poune it, and temper as much Rose water amongst it until it be thick, and anoint therewith the foresaid accident clean over, twice or thrice a day, and then lay a white or blow cloth upon it. There be yet divers other sorts of impostumes and ulcers, which be of the same nature, differing in names and causes: but because we do comprehend them amongst the forementioned, therefore will we omit them, and especially because they may all be cured and helped with these foresaid remedies. Of the hard Tumour Scirrhus. §. 4. BEfore we come to the third corroding ulcer, namely, the Canker; we must first of all admonish of this tumour, which the learned do call Scirrhus, of some Schrosis, whereof we have also made mention before in the third part, the twelfth chapter and the fift §. and that by reason that this Scirrhus hath great alliance with the Scirrhus of the Liver. This Scirrhus is of two sorts, and both those are of the unnatural tumours of the body, whereof one is so hard, that it yieldeth at any hand; yea it is without pain and feeling, which is also accounted for incurable. This swelling is of colour like lead or ashes, and is caused only through Melancholy, the which is (as it were) dregs of all humours. The second hath but a little sense, and also some pain: for it proceedeth out of Melancholia and Phlegma, which be tempered together, and is of colour like to the other. The same may also be cured, but not easily, as before we have sufficiently written in the first chapter, and 11. §. This foresaid hardness may be well caused of some former imposthume, which is not well cleansed or healed: whereas the corruption remaining doth clod and harden. The difference between this Scirrhus and the Canker is, that in the compass of the Canker there is heat, beating, and opening of the veins; whereof there is none with this Scirrhus: for that Scirrhus is without heat, without pain, and without any sense or feeling, and also incurable. But forasmuch as this Scirrhus, doth appear as well in other places of the body, to wit, in the liver, milt, and stomach etc. and that we have written sufficiently in sundry places thereof, therefore it is not needful for to discourse here any further of it, but to proceed with the Canker. Of the Canker. §. 5. THis corroding ulcer, which is taken to be a kind of Fistell, hath her name of the sea Crab, which men call in Latin Cancer, which the Italians call Granizo, and the Grecians Carcinoma, not only for that it creepeth hither and thither, but also like as Galenus witnesseth, for that many times this Canker hath been seen, and especially in women's breasts, in all sorts like unto the sea Crab, for the veins do reach into the Canker (being filled with black blood) no otherwise, but as they were the feet of the sea Crab. This Canker is in the beginning very easy to be healed: but if it grow old, and hath rooted in too long, then hath it never been seen that the same could be healed without incision. The cause of this Canker is a superfluity of melancholic humours. Other do suppose that it is caused of melancholic humours which be burnt by Cholera, or be partly tempered therewith: whereof the Physicians do make two kinds of tumours; the one being a melancholic & hard swelling, without any ulcer, and with little pain, as before (in the discourse of Scirrhus) we have showed. The other sort is a corroding ulcer, as we have before declared. The signs of a beginning Canker be these; the same beginneth first as a small bean, round, and dark of colour, being tempered with green and black colours, and appearing with some heat and pain: it remaineth also immovable in the same place where it beginneth: but herein hath the Canker a difference with the Scirrho, viz. that the Canker is caused of Melancholy, being tempered with Cholera: and the right Scirrhus of a thick melancholic humour tempered with Phlegma. Secondly, the Canker causeth also great pain and beating, whereof Scirrhus is free. Thirdly, the Canker hath black and not red veins about it, as the Scirrhus or the Phlegmone hath. Fourthly, the Canker beginneth first to grow of itself: To the contrary, Scirrhus doth always come after some imposthume. Fiftly, the Canker is very sensible, and the Scirrhus without any sense or feeling at all. For this hard Canker, which is not yet exulcerated, be these rules ensuing ordained: First, the patiented is to beware of all meat which engendereth burnt Cholera; of all spices, and of all things, which do heat the body. Secondly, he is to eat no meat, but that which maketh good blood. Thirdly, if at the first and in the beginning of the Canker he lay thereto all that which is necessary for it, then may the Canker be helped, but the old Canker can be cured by no manner of means without incision. Fourthly, necessity requireth in this sickness, that the body is to be opened with decocted Epithymo, which is also very meet for the lengthening of life, although that it cannot yield perfect health. Fiftly, in the beginning is the Median to be opened. Sixtly, when a woman that is under fifty years of age, hath the Canker, and hath not her terms, then must it be endeavoured that she get the same. Seventhly, if it be a man, then is he to open the piles. Eightly, it doth not help to purge once or twice, but the same is to be done oftentimes; for that the humours which cause this disease are not easily taken away. Ninthly, by this foresaid order, and through all means which be possible, you are to endeavour, that the hard Canker be not opened. We must also ordain an order of diet. First, regard must be had, that the patiented have his dwelling in a temperate air, which is somewhat warm and moist. Also, he is to take heed of all hot meats that may inflame the blood, and whereof heavy thick blood might engender; as Coleworts, Lentils, Beef, Milk, Hares, Geese, salted or smoked flesh, beans, Pease, hot spices, Onions, Garlic, Léekes, Mustard, Cresses, Radish, and such like. Also the patient must beware of doing any kind of labour in the Sun, or of over heating of himself by any means, and of drinking strong gross wine. But to the contrary, he must endeavour himself for to eat and drink none other thing but good hail meat, as Pullet's, Hens, Lamb, Mutton, and Partridges: he may also eat all kind of River fish, which have scales. Item, Parsley, Borage, Purslane, Lettuce, Pompions, and such like, be also not forbidden him: fresh sodden Eggs, Oaten pap, and Barley pap is also very good for him. His drink must be clear white Wine, which shall be always somewhat watered. In fine, his whole government must be moistening and cooling: and if so be that there be any heat with it, then may he eat and drink Buttermilk. And like as the first rule giveth to understand, the Median is in the beginning to be opened, and to let out as much blood as the ability of the patient can suffer: and further to observe all things that the former rules do teach. We have not here to tell of any other remedies, because that we have already written in four places of the Canker, viz. in the first part, the eight chapter, and fift §. Item, in the second part, the third Chapter and tenth §. of the Canker of the breasts. Likewise also in the third part, the tenth chapter, and twelfth §. of the Canker of the Arsegut. Also in the third part, the 19 chapter and 13. §. of the Canker of the Matrix: In all which places one may most plentifully see, by what means these diseases are to be remedied. Nevertheless, all that which followeth hereafter is very commodious to be used, viz. the plaster Gratia Dei. But before you use this plaster, some do advise, that round about the Canker should be well and deep scarified, or to set Leeches about it, and to wash the scarified place three or four times with a sharp ley, wherein Lentils be decocted, and afterwards to fill the ulcer with flat plegents, which be anointed with the salve of Egypt. But you shall understand that the foresaid salve, like as also powned Agrimony, or the juice thereof, (which be much commended for this disease) cause the good flesh to separate from the bad. Take Lupine meal, Linséed meal, and Barley meal, of each four ounces, the juice of Wormwood, and Salt, of each half an ounce, Soap and Ley, of each a little, seethe them then together to pap. Item: Take pouned alum, and the powder of earth-worms, of each one ounce. Or take fresh earth-worms, poune them with the alum, and so lay them upon the disease. Item: Take Winelies, and alum, of each a like quantity, and so lay it upon the canker, and chief upon the disease Herpes. For this is also meet the salve of Roses, which is discovered before in the Introduction. Likewise also the salve of Tutia, which is called Diapampholigos, or this following: Take Lytharge of gold, and Ceruse, of each a like quantity, put them together in a leaden mortar with oil of Camomile, and Rose water, and rub it so long until it be as thick as salve: this is as meet for the hidden and secret canker, as for the canker exulcerated. This ensuing doth also withstand the canker that it grow no further, whether it be exulcerated or not: Take sealed Earth, ●●ne B●l●s, and Ceruse, of each a like quantity: temper it with the juice of Lettuce, or with the juice of Houseleek, and then stir it well together in a leaden mortar as before, and spread it on the canker. The mucilage of Fleawoort is also very good being tempered amongst it. The oil of Sulphur, the oil of juniper, whether it be distilled of the wood, or of the berries, tempered together or each apart, be very good for the canker. This powder following is also used to be strewed on this disease: Take burnt bones of a sound man, Cinquefoil, the roots of Mandragora, and Orpiment, of each one quarter of an ounce, make a powder thereof, and bestrew therewith the open canker: The Orpiment is very venomous and sharp; notwithstanding it is commended above all other for the Wolf, the Fistula, Canker, and in the Ulcer Her●●oxedens, if one know providently to use it. This Orpiment was wont to be tempered with the juice of Plantain, or with the juice of Nightshade, and to make a cloth wet in it, and with the powder of the same to bestrew the ulcer, and then afterwards to lay the wet cloth upon it. But when you will use this Orpiment, then anoint the canker round about with fine Bolus, which is mixed with the juice of Nightshade, for to free the place from any inflammation. If so he that the sore be thereby distempered and swollen up with heat, then lay one day or twain the foresaid cooling herbs upon it, and the pain will assuage therewith. If you will know whether the root of the canker be taken away, that is to be known hereby, viz. if it stink no more, and if there begin any flesh to grow, like as is wont to happen in all other ulcers when they grow full of flesh, and be covered with the skin. It is a great abuse that some suppose that there is to be laid upon the canker of necessity the flesh of Hens, Ca●ons, etc. the which the Canker should eat up, and should lessen the malady. There is also used in the exulcerated canker Mercurius praecipitatus, for that it is not so strong as the Orpiment. But the foresaid washing with Vinegar, Ley, and plasters, is much more surer and rather used. Item: take the roots of Verbascum, and Dock roots, of each half an ounce, the dried ordure of a sound man one ounce, make thereof a powder, and use that as the former. Or make a powder of chervil, temper it with Honey and lay it thereon, it hea●eth much. The water of Carduus Benedictus should have a great virtue against this disease. For the heat and inflammation of the Ulcers. §. 6. FIrst, for this inflammation may those things serve, which before in the 1. chap. and twelfth §. are ordained against the Rose. In like manner also all that which presently hereafter against the burning of fire and water shall be described, and especially this ensuing: Take oil of Eggs, and oil of Roses, of each one ounce, Vinegar half an ounce, black Hellebore ten grains: this being well tempered together, it is especial good for all inflammations of all ulcers. Other more: Take Woolblade, poune it very small and temper it with Vinegar, then lay it upon the heat: Or steep Quince kernels in water and anoint the heat with the mucilage. Take Corn roses, and Waterlillies, of each a like quantity, beat them and lay them thereon: if you cannot get them, then take their water. For this is also good, the leaves of the Mulberry tree: likewise also Poppy leaves decocted in rain water. In like manner also broad Plantain, and Bursa Pastoris laid thereon after the same order. The herb Carduus Benedictus decocted and laid thereon, is also good: the juice of Sloes spread upon the heat, doth take away the inflammation. But if so be that the inflammation hath gotten the upper hand already, then is this following very good: Take strong water one ounce, and put therein one quarter of an ounce of Quicksilver, and let it stand so certain hours together: afterwards take a feather and anoint therewith the disease once or twice a day, then shall the Canker begin outwardly, and in other places more to separate, till that the foul flesh will fall out: afterwards use the salve Apostolorum, or the salve of Egypt with flat pledgents therein, and that twice a day, afterwards lay some of the plasters upon it which be described against the wild fire. Item, for the cooling of this burning, take the oil of Eldern flowers six ounces, the oil of Saint john's wort one ounce, oil of Turpentine half an ounce, let them so mixed the space of certain days, stand in the sun, and then keep it until the time of need. There be many more sundry things which be very requisite for this, especially in the treatise of the plague, therefore we will not rehearse them at this present. The third Chapter. Of the Pocks, and of the lameness which is caused thereby. THis sickness and infection of the whole body of man, is placed by good reason next to the above mentioned ulcers, because they exceed all other ulcers, except the beforesaid in badness: the which now a days when I did write this, hath been known about the space of threescore and ten years, and from the time that King Charles of France 1494. did besiege the City of Neapoli; so that this disease until this present day is yet therefore called the French Pocks, and in Latin Morbus Gallicus. But the same sickness was known long before in Spain, whither long before it had been brought out of the Indies, and out of the New found lands, like as also until this time it is called by some Scabies Hispanica: so that before that any one could cure this disease, people were burnt, launched, and cauterised most miserably, and rather spoiled than healed: but daily experience brought by little and little more help and amendment for it. And like as the Quicksilver and such like means were not so ●ure, there hath been found out at last the use of Guaiacum. Now concerning the remedies of this disease, I will first of all prescribe a process of the ancient Physicians (the which in those days was found good) and is as yet not utterly to be rejected, and afterwards allege three of the most famous Physicians for this sickness, whereunto we notwithstanding shall at the last add certain good things more, whereof each may choose which one thinketh him to be most meet, and according to that the disease doth require. An order and cure of the ancient Physicians. §. 1. AS soon as a body can perceive that he is infected with this disease, then is he to keep himself warm, to sweat much in hot baths, to use cupping, to be let blood twice: afterwards he is to remain in a close chamber, and to let himself be twice a day anointed with this salve over all his joints, and then to sweat upon it the space of two hours: and because that every one cannot abide to sweat, then must heed be had to the strength of the patiented, to the end he fall not thereby in any swooning. Purging is also needful for this patiented, which may be done as hereafter followeth: Take white Turbith half an ounce, Ginger one quarter of an ounce, Galingall, Mastic, Cloves, and Cardamom, of each half a dram, Hermodactyli, Diagridion, and Seen leaves, of each half an ounce, Sugar three ounces: take one dram thereof, or one dram and a half at once, and fast five hours after it. They writ that this powder may boldly be given, and that it may be used also in other sicknesses. It is nevertheless very strong especially if one take one dram and a half thereof: but in mine opinion two scruples is sufficient in weak men, and a dram sufficient in a strong body for to purge sufficiently. The foresaid ancient Physicians do also advise, that one must take one quarter of an ounce of prepared black Hellebore, (viz. a strong body) steeped in Goat's milk, and strained, and then drunken, for that it cleanseth and healeth the Pocks: it is very good, but for strong persons it is strong enough. For as much then as these foresaid medicines be very strong, therefore can I not omit to add certain things of the later Physicians unto that of the ancient, and to teach a safer mean, which all they which needs must use Quicksilver, should observe. For this you have first in the third part the 11. Chapter and 20. §. the manner to make the infusion of Seine leaves, and how the same should be drunken with some kind of sirupes. These potions may one drink three or four times, every day once early in the morning: and afterwards (as the ancient Physicians do advise) the patiented is to purge with pills De Fumo terrae one dram, this is the common dose of them, but it may be augmented or diminished, according to the ability of the patiented. You may also steep Fumitory in Goat's milk, or let them seethe together, and drink thereof in the morning and evening: or you may drink the water of Fumitory alone, for the Fumitory doth cleanse the blood marvelous much. When as now the patiented is well purged, then is this salve ensuing to be prepared: Take Frankincense one ounce, Ceruse one ounce and a half, Lytharge of gold two ounces, Dragonbloud one quarter of an ounce, poune them all together, and sift it through a Sieve: afterwards take 16. ounces of molten Barrows grease, and so power it as hot as it is upon cold water, and so let it stand: this being done, than temper therein one quarter of an ounce of Quicksilver, so long until you can see it no more. Some do kill the Quicksilver in Turpentine, or vinegar of Roses, but it is needles: now then how this salve is to be used, that have we showed at the first. They divide the salve in four, five, or six parts, and they spend in the inunction every day one part, according to the ability of the person. But because that after this inunction the mouth will be sore, they do use for it alum, and Barley water, and let the patiented wash his mouth therewith: Or they take a pint of wine, and half as much vinegar, half an ounce of alum, two spoonfuls of Honey, and temper them together. With this do they gargarise the mouth when the tongue is excoriated, to wit, with a rag which is tied to a stick, which hath been described in the first part, the first Chapter, and 3. §. Before times the sick persons which were infected with this disease, were wont to be more plagued with lameness, and for that do they use this bath following: Take refuse of iron, make them glowing hot, and then cast them into a closed tub, afterwards take Camomile, Marierom, and Thyme, seethe them, and make with both the vapours a bath: then dry off the sweat with warm clothes, continue this the space of eight days together, or so long, till that you be whole, at each time, the space of an hour. Item, take small pouned Frankincense, temper it with two ounces of Aqua vitae, stir it oftentimes about, and then anoint therewith the members which be lame. If so be that the patiented have any ulcer, then take four ounces of Barrowes grease, Quicksilver one ounce and a half, salt Lard, Dog's grease, Bears grease, and badger's grease, of each three quarters of an ounce, temper them all together. But note, that you must use the salt Lard in no other salves, but when you have old ulcers in hand. For the foresaid old ulcers is this powder following to be used: Take Salt, and white Argall, of each a like quantity, burn them together in hot ashes. Also stinking ulcers be made wet with this ensuing: Take half an ounce of Mercurij Sub●mati. alum three quarters of an ounce, Ceruse one ounce, bruise all together very small upon a small Marble stone, put a pint of vinegar unto it, and make a cloth wet therein, and therewith wash the ulcer. Take Mercurius Sublimatus half an ounce, Aqua vitae twelve ounces, then anoint the ulcers with it: this is very strong. Of the lameness, and of the extenuation of the members, hath been spoken before in the fourth part, the seventh Chapter and 2. §. for the lamed member of the Pocks. This is in fine the means whereby the ancient Physicians were wont to heal the Pocks. How to decoct Guaiacum. §. 2. BEfore that we come to the curing of the Pocks which is used in our time, which happeneth for the most part by the decoction of Guaiac, called Lignum guaiacum, and Lignum sanctum, we will first of all teach how this diet drink is to be decocted and prepared of Guaiac, as followeth hereafter. The decoction of Guaiac. First, take small filled or shaven Guaiack 16. ounces, Stechas, field Cipers, rinds of the same beaten small 12. ounces, Carduus Benedictus, S. john's wort, yellow Lilies, and betony, of each one handful, first put the wood and the pouned rinds in a leaden earthen pot, and then power thereon seven quarts of water: let them stand in steep together the space of a whole night, being stopped tied too: afterwards set the pot to seeth easily, when the fourth part is consumed add the herbs unto them, than put two quarts of wine unto it, cover the pot close, and let them cool. The rinds, wood, and herbs, are to be dried, and well kept for to have the same used again another time, as shall hereafter be taught. The second manner: Take rinds of Guaiacum eight ounces, Guaiacum four ounces, pouned small together, well water five quarts, let them stand and steep together about the space of 24. hours, then seethe it all together until about the third part be wasted. Take it afterwards from the fire closed very tied, and let it stand so asteepe the space of twelve hours: strain it thorough a cloth, and wring it well out, afterwards power unto it as much white wine (which is not sweet) as the potion is, than cast two ounces of Hermodactils into it, and keep this potion as before. The third sort: Take four quarts of Rhenish wine, and eight ounces of grated Guaiac, pouned rinds four ounces, betony, and pouned liquorice, of each one ounce, then let it stand astéepe the space of 24. hours, and afterwards seethe it to the half: strain the potion through a cloth, and drink thereof morning and evening the space of forty days, each time four or five ounces. The fourth potion: Take three quarts of wine, rasped Guaiac eight ounces, pouned rinds four ounces, liquorice two ounces; let them seeth well together, and afterwards power four quarts of wine upon it, and let it seeth again until the fourth part be wasted. These be now the most usual manners to make this decoction, yet may the same be altered according to the importance of the sickness, and according to the strength of the patiented: now followeth here what order the Physicians now adays do observe in healing the Pocks. Another manner to heal the Pocks. §. 3. BEfore the patiented begin to drink, he ought first to be purged, for which the Cassie is most meet: also he is to be let blood. But especially this is the most fittest mean: Take Seine leaves, Polipodie roots, and Currans, of each three quarters of an ounce, seeth them all together in six ounces of Fennell water until the third part be wasted. In this decoction are you to steep the space of a whole night Rubard and Agaricus, of each one dram: afterwards wring it out, and put unto it one ounce of the honey of Roses, whereof you are at least every morning to take one draft three days together, and afterwards to observe this order following. The next day after the taking of these potions, must he in the morning betimes drink four ounces of the decoction of Guaiac, as is taught before in the second §. and that as warm as he may abide it: then is he to sleep or rest one hour. He is to drink so much again and rest, and do this the third time. But after the third draft, he is to arise, and shall according to the old custom break his fast, and that of such meats which be light of digesture. His drink that he is to drink on day times, is thus to be prepared. Take the wood and the rinds whereof the first drink hath been decocted, and then power water and wine unto it (as is said) and let them seeth together until the fourth part be consumed, and this must be his daily drink, but this may be altered diversly, according to the quality of the cause. Against the evening is he to drink of the first potion a good draft very warm, and an hour afterwards he is to go to supper, and so continue this until the fift day; but the sixth day is he to take the potion with Rhubarb. The seventh day he shall take none other but a spoonful of this composition following: Take small powdered Guaiac one ounce, Mace half an ounce, honey of Roses two ounces, temper them together. The eight day he is to begin again as before, to drink of the first decoction, and so continue the space of ten days together, unless it be found good to augment and increase it. The eighteenth day is he to take again the infusion of Rhubarb, and the two days following: Then is he to use none other thing but Honey tempered with the powder of Guaiac. Afterwards is he every day three hours after every mealetide, to take three ounces of this potion ensuing. Take juniper berries, and Bayberries, of each two ounces, Mustard seed half an ounce, powne them all gross, and seeth them in four pints of water unto the half. As long as one doth use these things, he must keep himself out of the air, and remain in a warm chamber, for that thereby the matter of the Pocks is expelled outwards towards the skin: and when you find that it breaketh out, then is he to wash himself with these things following: Take a quart of Vinegar, alum, and verdigris, of each one ounce, eight well brayed whites of eggs: powne all that is to be powned, and then wash him with this Vinegar: when he hath thus washed him therewith, and especially where there be any scales, then are they to be let dry, and the scales will fall off of themselves. Thus fareth it with this second cure, which is very safe, without any defect of the inward or outward parts, by which means there be a great number cured. And as we have said, his meat must be light of digesture, viz. young flesh, eggs, and all that is dressed therewith; also all other things which make good blood: but Milk, Cheese, Fruit, and such like be very highly forbidden in this disease. For this may also be used the golden water, which standeth described amongst other in the last Part, whether it be drunken, or anointed outwardly upon it. So is also Treacle highly recommended for the same. The third cure of the Pocks. §. 4. THis cure ensuing have I tried myself in a woman, which had used many sundry cures, and could not be helped: but by this means following she grew to be so healthy, that I knew her twelve years after always in very good health, without any hindrance of the same disease. First of all in this disease (like as in all other such like) the patiented is to be purged, and that according to the ability of the person, and strength of nature. Further, in eating and drinking he is to order himself like a woman in Childbed. After the purgation, he is to take a good warm draft of the first and strongest decoction, which is before described. Having taken the same, then is he to be covered warm, to the end he may sweat well, even so much as his power may well permit. The sweat is to be dried well with warm clothes: and it were very good that the clothes wherewith he hath been once dried should be washed every time, and that he put on a clean shirt every morning: for if the patiented keep him warm and clean, then may the potion have her operation the better. At meals, and throughout the whole day may he use this potion following: Take boiled rinds and Guaiac, lay them to steep as before, and seeth them. This may also be done even to the third time, and then to mix all the three decoctions together. When one hath about two quarts of the very strongest decoction, then must he set again to steep fresh Guaiac and rinds, to the end that one may betimes have more drink in a readiness. If so be that the patiented have any outward sore or scabbedness, then is he to wash the same with the dregs of this potion or lay it upon it with a cloth: and if so be that the sore be somewhat deep, then be pledgents to be laid into it, which be made wet in the dregs of this decoction. This is so to be done in the morning after sweeting, and in the evening one hour before supper. And if so be that these pledgents were baked therein, like as it happeneth also, then are they to be wetted with a little of the warm potion, and then to lay fresh to it again. The clothes wherewith his sores be once dressed, are not to be used again without washing. Now when as these sores be almost healed, and the flesh would grow too proud, there is then a fine powder to be powned of the rinds, and to be strewed oftentimes thereon; and also to be let lie upon it, until that there fall off dry scales: this powder drieth much with all pain. But if so be that it be a rich person, that had need of the use of this potion, then is he to take of the best Rhenish wine, for that it is more penetrating than any other, and also not too hot. Of the fourth cure of the Pocks. §. 5. IT is first here to be noted, that in all these medicines ensuing, no proper or due rules are prescribed, for that they be not set down by one Physician only, but gathered together out of sundry men's works, according as the cause requireth: wherefore every one is (as he thinketh best) to choose that which liketh him best. And for that cause be all these remedies ensuing ordained most for them which could not be healed by the former decoction. First, it is needful that the patiented above all things, and before he use any syrup or purgation, do take one ounce of well washed Turpentine, with a little flesh broth, or water of fumitory made warm: for this prepareth the way for all other Physic, to penetrate the better through the whole body. So that it hath been found before times, that thereby the working of the medicine hath been perceived even unto the great toe. Whereby it may be known, what a power Turpentine hath to open the way for Physic. This Turpentine is also given with the decoction, or with Malmsey, and it may also be made much stronger. Take Turpentine as much as you will, and put it in a glass; afterwards set it in the warm Sun, and temper a little Sugar from day to day amongst it, then stir it well about. This is especial good for the head, for the breast, for the pain of the belly, for the gravel, and for the laxation of the body. And to come again to our purpose: This syrup following is especial good for the Pocks: Take Seine leaves, Epythimum, yellow Mirobalans, Sebestes, liquorice, and Rapontica, of each half an ounce, field Cipers three drams, Polypodie roots, fumitory or the juice thereof, Hops or their juice, of each twelve ounces, flowers of Borage, of Violets, and Coming of each three drag. cut all that is to be cut, and let it seethe together in five quarts of wine, until about a quart remain: afterwards take of this decoction a pint, & temper therewith the syrup of fumitory, and of Hops, of each two ounces, Oxymel of Squils' one ounce and a half, syrup of Violets one ounce, good Sugar as much as you please: then take take thereof three ounces at once, and that with Endive water. You may also take this decoction with the infusion of Seine leaves, or water of fumitory certain days together, augmenting or diminishing the same, according as you would have it for to purge: this being done, you are to purge with Cassie or any other thing, according to the quality of the cause, as is beforesaid. You have also in the third part, the 14 Chapter, and 5. §. many kinds of things, which be all good for the Pocks. Of the letting of blood we have also spoken before, which also doth much good in this sickness, because that the bad blood is thereby diminished. But therein is no certain order to be given, but you are to order yourself therein according to the quality of the cause and ability of the person. But it is always especial good that the hemorrhoids be opened: for if they bleed not too much, then do they preserve one from the Pocks and Leprosy, as we have taught in the tenth Chapter, in the beginning of the 5. §. Before that now the inunction or Stricado be used, it is first exceeding needful that one foment the joints, and that he take for it, Calmus, Marjoram, garden Mints, Horehound, bayberries, Southernwood, and Dock roots, of each one M. cut it all together, and seethe it in well water, until about the third part be consumed: with this decoction before and in the anointing, foment the members which are to be anointed, and afterwards with warm clothes dry up the sweat, and then anoint them: this is to be pursued, as long as the anointing endureth, which is commonly four or five days, and until the pain doth come in the teeth, the mouth and the flesh of the teeth excoriateth, and the phlegm doth excessively begin to issue and run, then is the inunction to be stayed. For this be many kinds of salves prepared, and chief this following: take Barrowes grease six ounces, Quicksilver killed with the juice of Sage three ounces, black Soap three quarters of an ounce, Argall beaten small one ounce: make a salve thereof, and stir it together in a mortar the space of half a day, that it may be very well tempered together. This salve ensuing is very much used at Augusta: Take fresh Butter half an ounce, Barrowes grease two ounces, Treacle and Mithridate, of each one quarter of an ounce, mortified Quicksilver one ounce and a half, prepared lethargy of gold and salt, of each one dram and a half, oil of Foxes, and good Aqua vitae, of each one quarter of an ounce, Saffron five grains, unguentum M●rcuriale. afterwards temper them all together: this salve is called unguentum Mercuriale, and is by reason of the Treacle and the Mithridate much safer than any other salve. Item take Barrowes grease one ounce and a half, Turpentine and Quicksilver, of each half an ounce, powned Bayberries one drag, and a half, oil of juniper one dram, oil of Euphorbium, and bruised Cinober, of each one quarter of an ounce: temper it together. Item, take Barrowes grease four ounces, Quicksilver two ounces and a hal●e: seethe it all together in sufficient Vinegar, and put unto it the ashes of Bechen wooo two ounces, oil of Bay one ounce and a half, Mastic one ounce, Frankincense one ounce and three quarters; temper them all together so long, until that the salve be bluish: and then anoint therewith the patiented but once a day, for that the salve is strong. Note also that in case if any body be anointed too much with Quicksilver, then is the juice of the greater Pimperneil to be given him to drink, wherewith some be helped, in whom the Quicksilver was seen to lie in the veins. And because there appear sundry accidents through the inunction, viz. Ache of the teeth and gums, rawness and swelling of the throat, excessive slabbering, weakness of nature, binding of the body, and such like, therein one must also be provident. First, the pain of the gums is to be remedied with the juice of Wormwood, wherein whites of Eggs be brayed; to wit, if one wash the teeth and the flesh of the teeth with it, and cleanse the throat also with it. It helpeth likewise for this to cleanse the mouth oftentimes with sheeps milk. Secondly, take Rose water, and honey of Roses, or other clear Honey tempered with Whey. Thirdly, this ensuing is much commended: take the juice of Laurel, and cleanse therewith the mouth. Each one may try this that will. Some do advise, that the mouth must be cleansed with cold water, or with the juice of Nightshade, for that thereby will the flux of the mouth be stopped. Fourthly, chew linseed, or the roots of Woolblade. Fiftly, this disease is to be eased with a kind of fomenting of the members, which have been anointed before with warm water, wherein Rosemary and Sage is decocted. Sixtly, it is needful, that the patiented live very soberly, and do use good strong broths, and other forcible things, and that all his meats and drinks be also mixed with all that which doth strengthen and fortify the heart. Seventhly, there is to be used for this, Conserves of Roses, of bugloss, of Borage, Manus Christ's, with Pearls, and such like things that strengthen the heart. Eightly, there is a common Clyster to be set with Henbroth, Sugar, yolks of eggs, and with Salt, thereby to resist all accidents and obstructions of the body: and in great weakness of nature is he to use Sugar of Violets. Ninthly, prepare this salve: Take Gum, Bears grease, and oil of Roses, of each a like quantity: temper them together with a little oil of Balsam: then is the patiented to anoint therewith his face, both the temples of the head, and his hands: for thereby shall he get again his natural colour. Now to prevent those foresaid accidents, give the patiented one ounce and a quarter of Cassie, to wit, after the fourth inunction. And when he beginneth to slabber, then hold again from anointing, until two days afterwards: then purge him again after the third or fourth Stricado. When you do prevent the matter in that manner, then will the putrefaction of the mouth not be so hurtful. For the sore and foul gums is this following very good: wash the mouth oftentimes with Vinegar, wherein some alum is melted. In the evening and morning be the teeth to be anointed with the salve of Egypt: but beware of swallowing the same salve down. For the rotting or putrefying of the gums read in the first Part, the 13. Chap. and 7. §. what is written there against the foul gums. Item, take honey of Roses and the juice of Mulberries, of each one ounce, Plantain water 8. ounces, alum one quarter of an ounce, then temper them together, and use it to the washing of the mouth. You may also set boxing cups upon the shoulders. For the Pocks that have continued long. §. 6. IF so be that this sickness be so stolen or old, that it be not well to be helped, then give the patiented a Pill with Quicksilver which is killed with the juice of Lemons, and with as much Rhubarb, viz. of each about one scruple: if the pain be very great, than temper therewith Opium, and Saffron of each two grains. This is to be done always about the second day, when he goeth to bed, or that he let himself be anointed the space of eight days, where otherwise he ought to be anointed the space of three or four days. But always after the fourth inunction is the patiented to be purged, and to omit the same day the inunction, and afterwards to go on with the inunction unto the end of the same eight days, and when the eight days be complete and ended, then is he to drink the decoction of Guaiac, made after the common manner. When as the third part of this decoction is spent, then put unto it two ounces of Rapontica, Turbith half an ounce, Carduus Benedictus, half a M. Agaricus half an ounce, Seine leaves half a M. the rinds of Guaiac four ounces, good strong wine one quart, then let so much thereof seeth away as there is wine put unto it. If so be that this will purge too strong, then give him rather the potion of Seine leaves, which is described in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and 20. §. every second day. These pills also ensuing may be used for purging: Take Rapontica, Rhubarb, Manna and Aloe, of each one dram, Ginger and Spica of Indie, of each six grains: temper them all together with the syrup of fumitory, and make six pills of one dram weight, and take thereof every evening twain. The pills Aggregativae, and de Lapide Lazuli are also good for this purpose. If there be great pain with it. §. 7. IF now there be great pain with it, then take Frankincense, Litharge of gold, Argall, Mastic, Ceruse and alum, of each one quarter of an ounce, oil of Bay and Aqua vitae, of each one ounce, Barrowes grease five ounces, mortified Quicksilver one ounce and a half, then temper them together unto a salve. This salve doth mellow all cores, and cleanseth all ulcers. Item, take Salad oil, the oil of Foxes, or oil of Costus six ounces, and seethe therein one drag. of Quicksilver; the same flieth away, but the force of the Quicksilver remaineth still. This oil suageth all pain of the Pocks marvelously. Or take the spirit of wine, which is four times distilled, six ounces, Quicksilver which is mortified in Coperas water, one ounce and a half, yellow three quarters of an ounce, alum two drag. Lignum Aloes one drag. Muscus eight grains, Ambra five grains, steep all these things together in the spirit of wine, and make a cloth wet therewith, and wash all the places, where the pain is: Or make a cloth wet, and lay the same upon it, and especially upon all the joints. Another: Take oil of Roses four ounces, washed Earthwormes and Turpentine, of each half an ounce, Salt two drag. let it seethe well together, and so lay a cloth dipped in it, upon all the joints: you may also temper the oil of Foxes amongst it, and then it is not only good for the sinews, but also especially for all pain of the Pocks. Of the biles in the Pocks. §. 8. IF there appear any blisters or biles in this sickness upon any, then anoint the same three times a day with a salve which is before described in the first Chapter, and twelfth §. beginning thus: Take small powned lethargy of Gold, etc. But the expert Physicians for the Pocks do deem that there is nothing better for the biles of the Pocks, than unflect Lime tempered with black Soap, for that this openeth the skin, and thereby will the pain also be taken away. You have also in the fourth part, the sixth Chapter, and second §. in the description of Sciatica, two very good & safe salves made of Hollihocke roots, and Elecampane roots, for to mollisie all hard nodes or knots. The grey plaster Diachilon may also be used very well for it. But in case that the same be so hard, and so irremediable, that they must be opened by a potential cautery: we will put a meet Chirurgeon in trust with the same, yet we will here teach the making of a corrosive to be used at need, which is thus to be done. Take Vine sticks, burn them to ashes, and ashes of Beechen wood, of each a like quantity, power sufficient water upon it, and then let it run four times through a bag. Of this lay take three quarts, and put unto it blue willow ashes, unsleckt Lime, ashes of the Vine and of the Béech tree, of each half a pound: let this stand so the space of eight days in a wooden vessel, stirring it about every day three or four times; afterwards filter it so long until it be very clear. This Lie are you then to seeth in an iron pan upon a good fire, so long till it be sodden thick enough. Now for to know whether it be enough, stick a quill into it, and if the feathers do fall off, then take the pan from the fire, and hold it on one side, to the end it may run all together, and may be hard. It is also here to be marked, that when as in seething it beginneth to make bladders, or bubbles (like as pap is wont to do) then is it a sign that it is sufficiently decocted, and then cast it on a board, and cut it parcel wise. When it is through cold and waxed hard, then keep it in a glass stopped very close and tied, in a dry place. Another: Take unslect lime, Vine ashes, Willow ashes, Argall, and burnt Saltpetre, of each a like quantity, powne it all small, and put it in a new pot: afterwards power sharp Lie upon it, and so let it stand three days space, but stir it oftentimes about: filter this Lie so often that it be very clear, at the last seethe it and keep it as before. For all open sores in the Pocks. §. 9 TAke Ceru●e as much as you please, and Salad oil as much as is needful and a little Vinegar and Rose-water, bruise them together upon a rubbing stone, and anoint therewith the running sores of the Pocks, and other. Item: Take oil of Roses, Saltpetre, and peeled Almonds, of each a like quantity, Camfere a little, then rub it all together as before. For this may you also according to the importance of the cause temper small bruised Tuty, for that this healeth marvelous well all sores, and especially those which do stand about the throat: but if it be feared that they eat too deep inwards, then are they to be anointed before and after meat. For the Scales and other spots. §. 10. TAke oil of Camelina, and oil of sweet Almonds of each four ounces, Butter and marrow of Ox bones, of each three ounces the grease of Geese and of Ducks, of each one ounce, white Wax two ounces, make a salve thereof. This salve hath a marvelous virtue in mollifying all scales, impostumes, and other scirrhosities which proceed of melancholy, and all hardened sinews. Will you then have this salve to assuage the pain more? then temper the brayed yolks of three eggs amongst it, and one dram of Saffron. If you then desire to have it pierce more stronger, then take Bdellium and Ammoniacum, of each one ounce; dissolve them in Vinegar, and put them amongst it; then seeth them until that all the moisture be consumed, and stir it together one amongst another. Now for to heal all cicatrices, marks and spots, use this ensuing: Take a pound of Sulfur, beat the same gross, and seeth it with water in a covered pot: but look to it, that there go no vapour out of it: afterwards hold the member over it, and receive the vapour thereof: afterwards anoint it with sweet Butter. You shall also find good things for this in the description of burning. The fourth Chapter. Of the Leprosy. ALL famous Physicians do esteem no disease upon earth to be more terrible and hurtful than the right Leprosy: for this malady doth so vehemently infect the body, that it not only inféebleth all the members of the whole body, but spoileth and putrefieth also the same on all sides, that the members will fall parcelwise from the body: and it taketh away utterly his whole natural essence, for that his nose will be crooked, broad, and fallen down, his lips great, thick, and swollen, and his ears sharp; so that these people besides that they be disdained and despised of all the world, as if they were the filthiest creatures on earth, they must live and die in misery. And to the end that we might partly learn to know the misery which is caused through the Leprosy, these are the most common signs; the falling out of the hair of the beard & the eybrowes, hoarse speech, a short, heavy and stinking breath, great continual thirst, hardening and swelling of the spleen, unnatural heat of the liver and of the kidneys, wherewith is commonly gravel also: the patient will be vexed with terrible dreams, and will be much plagued (as it is commonly said) with the nightmare. He will also be vexed with much wind of the belly, & with great binding. Also the fingers and toes do rankle and swell, the nails do sliver and cleave, and spoil, that at last they do fall out. Wheresoever they have any openness, there runneth out always a black, loathsome and stinking matter. Otherwise they have over the whole body a hot, irksome and itching scabbedness with blisters and scales, which for the most part do appear in the throat and in the nostrils, whereby they do take away the breath from the patiented. He getteth thick cornels or knobs on the skin of the thighs, legs and feet, which do get a numbness, whereby the natural lively colour is altered into a dead, black and blue colour. The eyes do also get another form or fashion, whereby their sight is darkened. These be now (like as is said, and shall yet be said) the most common signs of the Leprosy, especially of that which the learned do call Elephantiasin, whereby all the foresaid signs do show themselves not all at one time, but always a good part of them. It happeneth also well, that otherwhiles but one member only, or some part of the body is infected with this disease, and not the whole body. We will also discover somewhat here of the causes of this sickness. It may be caused of a bad air, as in time of the plague, by conversing or dwelling beside Lepers, or by much speech with them; for that through their venomous breath may one be easily infected. And this is such a disease, whereby the one is not only infected of the other, but the children also do inherit the same from their parents; so that whether the man or the woman be infected with it, the other will soon take it also. This miserable sickness is wont also to be caused of great anger, long sorrow, fear and faintheartednes, whereby much melancholic blood is engendered, and then out of it the Leprosy. Item, of the long use of melancholic meats, as Pease, beans, etc. old cheese, goats flesh, Bears flesh, Foxes, Asses, and measelly Swine's flesh, all old salt flesh, gross fish, milk and fish eaten together, and such like things more. Item through too hot a liver, whereby the blood is burnt The Leprosy is divided by the learned into four parts, and each species of the same called after a certain beast, for that it hath a little likeness to the nature of the same beast: whereof the first is Leonina, of the Lions, the second Tyria, of the venomous snake Tyro: the third Alopecia, of the Fox: the fourth Elephantiasis, of the Elephant. The first species hath her name of the Lion, for that they that be therewith infected, be raging and mad, as otherwhiles the Lions be. This species is caused through an overheated and burnt blood, whereby they also get a deformity of the face, which is horrible to look upon: they do cry out, and beat their bodies so vehemently that their own skin doth thereby harden: they be also so hungry and thirsty, that they cannot be satisfied: they are also deprived altogether of sleep, until that at last they be very mad and distraught. Concerning the second sort, it is well known throughout all the world, that the Snakes do at a certain time renew themselves, strip off their skin from them, and do get a new: the which also happeneth in this sort of Leprosy, otherwhiles ten or twelve times a year, so that their skin goeth off with great heat and sharp pain, out of which runneth a subtle matter which infecteth the parts round about it: and this not only therefore, but also for that this kind of Leprosy doth infect and hurt all other people dwelling by. This Leprosy is also contagious, that all whatsoever he spoileth doth stink none otherwise than do the holes of these sorts of Snakes Tyri. The third species which is called after the Fox: it is very well known that this beast is subtle and ravenous, also frequenteth unknown and secret holes: also commonly twice a year cometh to cast his hair, and at last consumeth utterly. This species of Leprosy is also of this nature, that the patient can by no means be persuaded for to use any counsel, but feareth always that he shall be extenuated. At the first have we admonished, that the patient's beard and the hair of his eyelids will fall out: the same happeneth in this also, for that because his meat and drink can alter into no natural nourishment, therefore will not only the nourishment of the hair be taken away, but also the sustenance of the whole body, whereby the patiented must attenuate and consume. The fourth species receiveth her name of the Elephant: the cause of this Leprosy cometh through the use of all bad and melancholic meats, the which cannot sustain a body, nor engender sound flesh, but do rather spoil and destroy the same. In like manner do they also clean change the natural colour of the body, & make the same a dark grey, like as is the colour of the Elephant. Other are of opinion that this name proceedeth of a loathsome sight, for that this disease hath a loathsome sight. In like manner also for the altering of the voice, which seemeth like to the voice of an Elephant, with other more such like things. But for that at the first in all such leprous people the head oftentimes and the whole body do swell so, that one may say very well that he is like to an Elephant: their face is sometime so terrible to look upon, that one should be affrighted of the same, as of a terrible beast; for that their face, fingers and toes be full of sores, and those so great as a Nutmeg or Bean, and of the colour of a Mulberry, which is not as yet thoroughly ripe. When as these come to impostumate, then do they yield (as is said) a stinking matter: the eyelids do also swell sometimes so thick as a finger, afterwards they do split and cleave. But this is not all, for they do hurt also the mouth, the throat and the nose so wonderfully that the patient can hardly get his ●reath, and do alter afterwards commonly into the canker, and into all such peril, that he cometh to stifle thereby. The ears be also commonly full of sores and scales, and be also sometimes eaten up that they fall off, yea do so eat inwards that they make the patiented utterly deaf. The arteries and other veins of the neck will be apparently filled full of thick and clotted blood, whereby the voice will be hoarse and ulcers and blisters do appear in the joints with a great hardness of the spleen, and is almost a general numbnes of all the members, so that they cannot use them. Lastly (which is most of all to be wondered at) this sickness doth commonly cause the great rapture Buris, whereof we have written in the third part, the first chapter, and 8. §. Out of these four species of Leprosy may each expert man well guess, that the first species is caused through a choleric melancholy: the second species out of a phlegmatic melancholy: the third out of melancholy which is mixed with blood: and the fourth of a melancholic matter: therefore this last kind of Leprosy is much worse than any of the rest. This may suffice of the nature and causes of the Leprosy. Now we will come to the Physical means which may be used against it. For this above all are these general rules to be observed: First, although the Leprosy hath settled her root, yet letting of blood is good, but very little, like as also no strong purgations be good: for when this sickness is confirmed, then is the matter without the veins and in the outward members, out of which it is not to be expelled. Secondly, this sickness is not to be driven away, but only at the first through the purging of the melancholic, and other bad humours. Thirdly, I take that there be much spoiled blood instant, then is a vein to be opened, whether it be in the arm or upon the hand. But if there be not much blood instant, then is letting of blood to be omitted. Fourthly, both the veins of the throat (whereof we have written in the Introduction) are to be opened in great hoarseness, and that especially if one be afraid of stifling. Fiftly, there be in the beginning no strong medicines (especially Hellebore) to be given, for that this matter is not to be purged, but it is rather to be put in practice with mild things which do purge melancholy. Sixtly, each one that is infected with this disease shall beware of venery. Seventhly, neither baths nor salves are to be used before and until that the patiented be duly purged, for the gross matter doth obstruct the pores. Eightly, the flesh of the snake Tyrus, and all things wherein the same shall be tempered, are very meet for leprous people, and advised to be used by all learned men. Of means and medicines against the Leprosy. §. 1. THe famous Physician Galenus doth write thus: the Leprosy is an alteration of natural warmth, which appeareth with terrible and itching sores. And yet in another place he doth admonish that (in the beginning of Elephantiasis) he hath healed it through letting of blood, and through strong purging of melancholy: therefore must these sicknesses at the first (and as soon as they can be perceived) be remedied; for which one is to imitate this process ensuing: and although the same be more inclined to the healing of Elephantiasis than to any of the other kinds, nevertheless the same is meet to heal all Species of Leprosies. An order of diet. §. 2. FOrasmuch as melancholy is of a dry and cold nature, therefore must (to the contrary) warm and moist things be used for to mitigate the matter according as the humour is weighty, mean, little, and venomous. First then concerning the air, the patiented is to keep himself in a meetly warm and moist air, and that especially about rocks that are lying towards the East, the South, or towards the North, and also about some springing fountains. But if the wind cometh to blow over some odoriferous trees or flowers, then is it the better: but if one cannot get such an air, and that the time of the year be very hot, then sprinkle the chamber with fresh water wherein Violets, Waterlillies and Lettuce be decocted. Also lay these Trociskes' ensuing upon hot coals, therewith for to fume the chamber: Take Violets and waterlillies, of each one ounce, the seeds of Lettuce, of Endive, and of small Endive, of each half an ounce, the seeds of Melons, of Pompions, of Gourds and of Cucumbers, all together péeled, of each one dram and a half, Starch half an ounce, Camfer one dram; make Trocisks thereof with the juice of Lettuce, each about half an ounce in weight. When the same be dried, then powne them to powder, and let the patiented therewith fume his dwelling, viz. in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. Although now his dwellings were situated towards the North, and towards cold winds, yet is this fumigation very requisite for him, but the leaves of apple trees, or of sweet pomegranates, or of Almonds, or such like decocted amongst them are to be put unto it: also all his linen, and especially his shirts are to be washed with the same water. In like manner also are his clothes to be fumed. Further, this bag ensuing is to be prepared for to smell unto it. Take sealed earth and fine Bolus, of each one quarter of an ounce, the flowers of Borage, of bugloss, of Basill, of each one dram and a half, Violets and Waterlillies, of each one quarter of an ounce, Camfer half a scruple, wild Vine leaves, Broome flowers, and Lettuce seed, of each three quarters of an ounce, powne each alone, temper them very well one amongst another, and then bind it in a fine cloth. He must also beware of all such clothes as do wring the head and the breast too hard, or be too narrow. The hands and the feet are in summer with linen, and in winter with good warm sheeps pelts to be kept warm, and also the head preserved from all cold. Concerning his meat, it should be very good that all his bread were kneaded with water of Purslane, of Lettuce of Endive, or with some such like waters, a little salted, but meetly baked, and not eaten before it be two days old. All his flesh must be light for to be digested, as namely Pullet's, field fowls, fat Ducks, Partridges, Pheasants, Finches, wood Pigeons, and such like. Amongst all other flesh is good for him the flesh of young Goats, Lambs, Calves, young swine, of young Muttons, Hearts; and especially of young Coneys, young house doves and Hares, shall he not eat, because that the melancholic humours by them are engendered. All river fish which is not slimy, is very good for him, rather sodden than roasted. All fruit that is sweet, as Cherries, Cresses, hazel nuts, Almonds, Muscadel grapes, and other sweet Grapes shall not only be permitted, but much rather be advised for to use them. In like manner fresh Figs, and water drunken upon it, Peaches, sweet Apples, and sweet Pomegranates are very good in this sickness: but all sour fruit is to be forborn, for that vinegar and all whatsoever is sour doth harm much the melancholic persons. Walnuts, Chestnuts, Quinces, Services, and such must he forbear. The decoction of red and white pease, and these green herbs, viz. spinach, Lettuce, Beets, Endive and Purslane be very good for him, and especially if some Fennel be chopped amongst them. Item, ripe Melons, because they cool and moisten, are not ill for him. Milk is also for this sickness not discommended. All hot spice, as Pepper, Cinnamome, Galingall and Ginger are hurtful unto him, for that the matter thereby is the more burnt. But for to prevent the consumption, this powder following is to be prepared: Take Saffron one dram, Cinnamom two drams, Mace three drams, the seed of Violets, of water lilies, of Sorrel, and of Endive, red and white Coral, red and white Saunders, of each one dram, powne each alone, and temper them together. Item, he may also use Hens grease, Ducks grease, calves suet, Mutton suet, if it be not much salted, for all these sewets be much better in this sickness than butter. Léekes, Garlic, Sives and Radishes are to be refrained, or at leastwise used very seldom. In like manner also salted fish, salted flesh, and such like. The stomach, the liver, the heart, and chief the spleen of what beasts soever they be, is he not to eat, howbeit the brains of beasts being sodden are not ill. As concerning his drink, he is to beware drinking of all kind of red thick wine, and also of all white wine which is strong, and ascendeth or climbeth into the head, but a mild, white, and sweet wine which is not strong. And if this kind of wine cannot be had, then is his wine to be tempered with good well water or fountain water. When it is cold weather, then may he use Honey water, which from twenty quarts of water and one quart of Honey is decocted unto the fourth part. When the Grapes be ripe in the forepart of winter, then is always this wine following to be prepared: Take one hundred quarts and a half, or two hundred quarts of sweet Must, and steep therein twelve ounces of green small Endive cut very small Elecampane roots eighteen ounces, the seed of Dock and of Sorrell, of each one ounce, than put it all together in wine, and let the wine stand over a year and be very clear. If the wine be now too strong, than temper in the drinking good well water with it, or let it seeth together. Of this wine is he to drink all the whole winter even to the end of March: but from the month of March until the end of the month of September, then take Must and fountain water, of each one hundred quarts, Liverwort, water Cresses and garden Cresses, of each six ounces, green Citron leaves twelve ounces, cut them very small, and let it seeth all together. When this potion is cleansed, then drink it as before. The patiented is also to see to it that he eat not without hunger, nor drink without thirst, and and especially if his stomach be not well framed. To the contrary, he is not to fast any longer than till he feeleth that the meat in his stomach be clean spent. Many dishes or messes be not good for him, but all spoon meats that are thin are very meet for him. He is to beware of all dry meats. He is also to hold him sober in drinking, that the meat come not to swim in the stomach. If so be he find after meat that his meat do trouble him, then is he to take this following for to parbrake it out again: Take three ounces of water wherein Radishes be decocted, white sugar and honey, of each half an ounce, Salgemmae three grains, Coming five grains, Vinegar two ounces, temper them together and drink it lukewarm. But in case that the vomiting will not yet follow after it, than thrust your finger or a feather in your throat as deep as you can, which is made fat with oil. If it will not yet be, then must it be looked to, that the meat come not to rot in the stomach, and there engender an ague of it, which is to be done with this potion following: Take fresh prepared Cassie which is prepared with water of Violets one ounce, water wherein the herb Mercury hath been decocted three ounces, then make them warm together, and drink it at one good draft. Of sleeping and waking. §. 3. THey that be burdened with this disease, aught to sleep the space of eight hours at the least, and to go to bed one hour after meat, and to turn oftentimes about from one side to the other. The head is to lie very high, and to sleep half sitting. When it is cold weather, then is he to cover his whole body, & especially his head very warm. Reasonable exercise is very good for him, if so be that he can exercise himself. His head must he let be oftentimes and softly rubbed. Last of all he is to beware of all motions of the mind, as from anger, sorrow, and such like, for that these things do augment the burning of the melancholy. Let this suffice to be spoken of the order of diet, whereof we shall hereafter discourse more at large, and teach also how this matter might be diminished and expelled. Of letting of blood. §. 4. WE have before expressed in the general rules how that letting blood in the confirmed leprosy may not avail, except it be seen that the patiented be very full of blood: for which, setting of boxes is also very commodious, whether it be in the neck, the shoulders, the thighs, or upon the calves, and upon other places more according to the importance of the cause. But if so be that the Leprosy be not rooted, then is first the letting of blood to be used, and that for an vnburthening of the noisome matter. But if now the patiented be very plethoric, and the veins be full of blood, then must one open the patients Median in the left arm, and let out three or four ounces of blood. Or if there appear such fullness of blood about the liver, then is the liver vein to be opened in the right arm. But if there be any fullness in the veins about the head, then is the head vein to be opened, and that upon the hand about the great thomb. This letting of blood is in the beginning of the Leprosy, one of the most principallest medicines and means, because that the burning blood can through no more commodious way be expelled. After letting blood (or if it be not esteemed needful) do all learned commend the potion of Epithymo, whereof there be three sorts in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, and eight §. described, whereof the patiented shall take in the morning betimes four or six ounces very warm, and then to sleep one hour upon it, for it is a very mild laxative, and afterwards he is to fast six hours after it. But if you desire a weaker potion, then take fresh roots of Polipodie, powned Seine leaves, Thymus and Epithymus, of each one dram, Mirobalani Indi one quarter of an ounce, Whey five ounces, Annis, Cinnamome, wild yellow Rape seed and Mace, of each half a scruple, and beat it small, and steep it the space of 24. hours in warm Whey, afterwards wring it out, and so give it to drink. Item, take the confection of Seine leaves three quarters of an ounce, and temper it with whey of goats milk: this is a safe and elected medicine. This following is somewhat stronger: Take Seine leaves one dram, India salt, prepared Azure stone, and fine Bolus, of each two grains, then give it warm with three ounces of the water of Hops. Or take two ounces of the juice of the leaves of Polipodie, temper it with one ounce of good wine unto a potion. If you will have this more pleasant, then take the distilled water which is distilled out of the leaves and roots of Polipodie. Had you rather take pills? then let these following be prepared: Take Polipodie, Thymus, and Epithymus, of each five grains, prepared Azure stone, and fine Bolus, of each half a scruple, Annis, Mace and Ginger, of each two grains, India salt three grains, then make thereof seven or nine pills, and that with the juice of Roses for to be taken at one time. After this, may one bring together many purging things, but these beforesaid be sufficient for a pattern and example. The clysters may be made thus: Take Borage, bugloss, the uttermost of the Agaricus, Elecampane roots, and fresh Polipodie, of each one handful, then seeth them all together in sufficient water unto the half, then take thereof twelve or sixteen ounces for a clyster, without any other addition. Another. Take of this foresaid decoction twelve ounces, Butter half an ounce, then temper them all together: Or take good sweet Wine wherein Mallows and Violet leaves have been decocted four ounces, confection of Seine leaves and Cassy, of each half an ounce, India salt one scruple, temper them well together, and then set it very warm as a clyster. Here followeth a stronger: Take Coloquint, Mirobalani Indi, Emblici, Epithymus, Thymus, fumitory and Seen leaves, of each one handful, seeth all together in sufficient water even to the half, and use them without any other addition for a clyster. There may also be taken six ounces of the decoction wherein an Hedgehog is boiled, and putting thereto four ounces of the oil of Violets, India salt one dram, confection of Hamech three quarters of an ounce, and temper this together unto a Clyster. But this following is the mildest, and notwithstanding the most commodious: Take whey of goats milk 12. or 16. ounces, Cassie one ounce, and set it warm. If it be seen that the matter do annoy more the head than any other member, then is this laxative potion to be used: Take the confection of Diasena and Hamech, of each three drams, the decocted or distilled water of betony, water of Violets, or of the Savine tree, of each one ounce and a half, temper it all together. If so be that the breast be most of all infected, then take Agaricus one dram and a half, Mirobalani Indi one quarter of an ounce, fresh Polipodie, and the husks of the Seen leaves, of each one dram, Fennel water, and water of Hyssop, of each two ounces; make it warm, and steep the rest the space of 24. hours in it: afterwards drink it warm in the morning early. Or if so be that these melancholic humours do bruise the Liver most of all, and the rest of the entrails, then is this following to be used: Take Annis, Spica, Violet seed, Cuscuta seed, Sorrel seed and Mastic, of each half a dram, Roses, and the leaves of the wild Vine, of each four scruples, seeth them all together in six ounces of water even to the half: take of this decoction and temper therein of the confection ad melancholiam Auicennae. These be now the things whereby all such noisome humours may be diminished. First it is to be considered how the gross melancholic blood might be drawn from the vital parts to the outside: for this is very good after the use of the former purgation that the patiented do forcibly stir and exercise himself, viz. to go a foot, and to climb up to the mountains, whereby natural heat might be provoked, and the matter consumed. Secondly, it is very good that he be rubbed from the neck along the backbone downwards, and from the shoulders to the hands, and from the thighs to the feet with hot clothes, until the skin be very red. Thirdly, he shall bathe in this bath following morning and evening: Take fresh or dry fumitory twelve ounces, the Elecampane leaves, Violet leaves, and small Housléeke, of each six ounces, Camomile, Melilot, and Spica Romana, of each eight ounces, seeth them together in so much water as is needful: in this shall the patiented bathe, and be softly rubbed. Fourthly, prepare this salve following: Take oil of Sesamum six ounces, Camomile, Dill seed, Borage flowers, and fumitory, of each one dram, flowers of Elecampane & Dock seed, of each one dram and a half; powne them all small, steep them, and seethe them all together in the foresaid oil unto the half: afterwards anoint therewith the body twice or thrice a day, and especially the whole backbone, and also all other parts which are infected. There is also used for this hot and blistering herbs, viz. pouned, wherewith the members may be rubbed, whereby the bad humours be drawn outward toward the skin: these herbs be Marierom, Penniroyall, wild Thime, Nepe and Crowfoote, which have an especial power for to draw out the melancholic humours towards the skin, changing them into water, through the blisters which appear after this chafing. Some do use Cantharideses, but they are too strong, for they expel urine very violently, yea that the blood followeth with it, and do excoriate the conduits of the urine if the same be used at any one time in many places. For this is also good boxing cups set on the outward members, and the skin picked. If so be that there be any other soreness or impostumation with it, then have you before in the second § how the patiented is to parbrake, the which is very meet for this. But in these cases there is nothing better than to open the hemorrhoids, which may be effected by the rubbing of fig-leaves, or by the rubbing with the leaves of Comfrey: also with rubbing with an hairen cloth which is steeped in an Ox gall. There may also a small boxing cup be set upon the fundament, and when as the arsegut doth appear and come forth, then may the veins which do as then appear be opened with a lancet, and to let them bleed so long, until that the thick and gross blood do alter into clear and thin blood. This is also to be done four times a year, for it is very commodious. For to expel the matter of this sickness by urine. §. 5. AFterwards it is also very meet, that this noisome matter be driven out through the urine, for which you are to use one ounce or more of the potion of Epithymo, or of the water wherein Epithymus is decocted, whereof the patiented is in the morning and also at afternoon to drink, for that it driveth out a black and melancholic urine. Or take in the morning early one ounce of the juice of Smallage. Item, take three ounces of the juice of Pease, or the decoction wherein Pease be boiled. There is also Azure stone sodden in the water of Millet, and take thereof three ounces: Take Indie Spica one quarter of an ounce, Mirobalani indi three drams, seeth them in nine ounces of Fennel water even to the half, afterwards strain it through a cloth, and wring it out hard, and then drink it. The flowers of Broome be also taken for this, Madder, Valerian and Mew, of each one handful, let them seeth all together in eighteen ounces of water unto the half, and then drink thereof four or five ounces with powned liquorice and Gromell seed, of each half a dram tempered therewith. Wherewith the Mouth and other parts are to be washed. §. 6. TAke the decoction of linseed four ounces, and Oxymel compositum two ounces; temper them well together, and wash the mouth oftentimes with it always twice before supper, and two hours before dinner. You may also after the same manner chew Swine's bread and spit it out again: or in stead thereof chew Agaricus, which is more forcible and more safe. Item prepare this gargarism ensuing: Take Mirobalani Indi, Violets, Borage flowers, and bugloss flowers, of each one dram, the roots of Polipodie one quarter of an ounce, Indie salt one dram, the husks of Seine one quarter of an ounce: seethe them all together in twelve ounces of water even to the half, and use it warm always one hour before noon, and an hour before supper: to wit, ten or twelve times together. This ensuing is also much commended for the Leprosy, if it be often washed therewith in the beginning: Take Myrrh and Sarcocolla, of each three drams, Ireos, roots of fumitory, of Mew, and Hartwoort, of each three quarters of an ounce, black Hellebore two ounces, the seeds of Mallows, of Hollthocks, of fumitory, and the leaves of Elecampane, of each three handfuls, cut them and stamp them together, afterwards let them seeth in two quarts of water unto three pints. In like manner there is also much commended for this the golden water, if that one do take a little and oftentimes thereof, and do anoint the Leprosy therewith. The oil of Tiles is also much commended in the beginning of the Leprosy. But because the most principal cure of this Leprosy consisteth in consuming of the melancholic matter of this sickness, and that the blood must be well cleansed: therefore will we to that end describe certain good things, beginning first with the least. Whereby the blood in the Leprosy shall be cleansed. §. 7. TAke the water of Hops, and of fumitory, of each one ounce and a half, temper them together, and give it in the Summer cold, and in the Winter warm. Item: Take the whey of goats milk, or of sheeps milk, and drink thereof in the morning like as is said before. This following is also more forcible: Take four ounces of Cheese whey made of sheeps milk, and the juice of fumitory, temper them all together, and so drink it warm. These three things have an especial property with the breast, with the liver, & with the stomach, and do consume all humours of the same. Item: Take the syrup of Epithymo one ounce and a half, the water of Elecampane, of Sorrel, and of small Endive, of each one ounce and a half, temper them together, & drink it certain days together: the same expelleth the gross matter. This following is also meet for the same: take Syrupum de Thymo, Acetosum compositum, de Byzantijs, of each half an ounce, water of Smallage, and of fumitory, of each one ounce and a half, and use them as before. This ensuing is especial good for the Melancholy which is caused through blood, and where it may evidently be seen, that heat of the liver, of the breast, and of the head is with it: Take the seeds of Melons, of Cucumbers, of Pompions, and of Gourds, of each three drag. flowers of Violets, of Borage, bugloss, and of small Endive, the seed of Sorrell, of small Endive, and of Waterlillies, of each one handful and a half, fumitory flowers, Elecampane roots, red and white Saunders, ivory, red and white Coral, of each one dram, the juice of sweet apples six and thirty ounces, fresh Mallows, Endive, Sorrell, Hops, Purslane, and Lettuce, of each three handfuls, Dock leaves, Elecampane roots, Bistorta, Swine's bread, and Gentian, of each one handful, wild Vine leaves, small Housléeke and Liverwoort, of each three handfuls, seeth this all together (except the juice of Apples) in four quarts of water unto the half, afterwards wring it out hard and strain it: this being done, then put to this decoction the juice of Apples, and three ounces of sharp Vinegar,, white Sugar six and thirty ounce, then seeth them all together (always skumming) by a mild fire, until that about the third part be wasted, whereof you are to keep the one half, and the other half are you to seeth to a syrup; for that of the first is every day to be taken five ounces, and of that which is sodden to a syrup two ounces, with water of agrimony, and fumitory: to wit, of each one ounce and a half. This hath done marvels, but it must be continually used the space of six weeks or two months. This syrup (as also all other) is always to be taken when the meat is digested in the stomach, and afterwards to sleep an hour or twain, and then with out doing any great labour, to fast five hours after it. In Summer it is to be taken cold, and in Winter lukewarm. For to consume the remanent matter. §. 8. WHen you do perceive that this matter is much diminished, then give the patiented during the space of a month, always early in the morning one dram of powned Nepe with sheeps whey, for it is a safe remedy. In like manner you may give unto this patiented some days together one ounce of the juice of Marsh mints or of white water Mints, and that especially in the beginning of this sickness. The powder of Hedgehogges flesh hath an especial power for to consume this matter, if that one take the weight of a dram oftentimes with Whey, or give him oftentimes half a dram of Treacle with the decoction of Hedgehogs flesh. These be now sufficient and sure things chosen out of divers others. If so be that there remain any bad matter in the joints, then must the same (if one will have perfect health) be also consumed, to the end that thereby (the same there remaining) the whole body be not infected again. For which these two baths are to be used at the first: take Marjoram twelve ounces, Bayberries, the seeds of Licebane and Mustard seed, of each six ounces, Sulphur vice four ounces, the Earth called Sinopida two ounces, then seeth them all together in much water unto the half, than bath therewith the space of five or six days twice a day. When the patiented cometh out of the bath, then is his whole body to be anointed with Treacle, and the same to be rubbed in well. Afterwards he is to go to bed, and to sweat well upon it: and although he could not sweat well at the first, yet give him after bathing half a dram of the Treacle Diatesseron, with a little water of Violets, and then cover him close. When he hath thus bathed, then is he to use this bath following: Take Fenegréeke, and the seeds of white Sesamum, of each twelve ounces, the roots of Lilies six ounces: then let them seeth together to a bath as before, yet in bathing is the body to be rubbed with black Soap, and then to lie a bed as is said. When as now the matter is sufficiently prepared through bathing, and drawn towards the skin, then doth the cause require that it might be consumed, whereto stronger medicines be necessary, like as this ensuing may be prepared: Take verdigris, Orpiment, Coperas, and white Cadmia, of each six ounces, unsleckt lime twelve ounces, the roots of Crowfoot eighteen ounces, alum four ounces, Salarmoniack eight ounces, powne them all together, and then distil them in a helm, as strong water is wont to be made, and anoint therewith all scales and blisters every where. The third day are you to anoint them with this following: Take one ounce and a half of Starch, and washed lethargy of gold two ounces, unsleckt lime one dram and a half, Dragonbloud half an ounce, Vinegar as much as is needful for to temper together, afterwards temper them together in a leaden mortar. Other do use this following: Take the sweat soot of the chimney two ounces, lytharge of gold one ounce, Frankincense half an ounce, Mastic five drams, oil of juniper, and oil of Wheat, of each four ounces, yellow Wax two ounces, powne all small that be to be powned, and then temper therewith two ounces of the oil of Violets, afterwards put unto it the gold lytharge, the Mastic, and Frankincense, and at last a little Vinegar, yet stirring it always about. Other do temper amongst it six ounces of the juice of Cuccopit roots. What is to be used for the Scales. §. 9 IF that there be any scales upon any sores, then are they to be anointed with this salve following: Take the oil of Sesamum, Ass' suet, of each six ounces, the yolk of an egg, Camfer half a dram, then temper them all together with sufficient whites of eggs, it is also good against all heat of the joints, it healeth and causeth the flesh to engender. If so be that these foresaid scales will not fall off of themselves, then do some take them off with Razors, even to the root, yet not altogether at one time, but one before, and another afterwards. The blood do they staunch with powned lethargy of gold. They do make also a salve with fresh Hare's blood, or with a young man's blood, which is very meet for this. The anointing with this salve is to be done but once in three days, and then to wash the party with some water wherein Bran is decocted. You have also more at large of these things in the Chapter where the Pocks be discoursed of. When as after all this the matter proceedeth well the space of two or three months, then is one not to foreslow purging in the mean while, but to take good heed to these two things ensuing. First, to the stopping of the nose, which maketh an unseemly speech, and for to let that, make a long taint of Cotton, anoint it with the salve of Citron (which one findeth commonly ready at the Apothecaries) strew thereon small powned lytharge of gold, or Hartwoort, or in the stead thereof take the con●ection of Aurea Alexandrina. Further, you are to spout in the nose some lukewarm wine, amongst which a little vinegar of Squils' is tempered. Secondly, because that the hair of the eyelids fallen out do give a great deformity, therefore it is to be looked to, that the same be made to grow again, whereof you may read in the sixth Chapter and 8. §. But this ensuing is especially commended in the deformity: to wit, that the eyebrows be rubbed until they be red, and then are Leeches to be set upon it: and when as they be fallen off then have this salve following prepared: Take fresh Venus' hair, and Laudanum, of each a like quantity, seethe the same in oil of Bayberries, and a little wine, afterwards wring them out, and therewith anoint the eyebrows, and all other infected places. If so be that there ever appear any new matter, or any new imposthume, then must one begin to bathe with the last foresaid decoction, and in like manner also to anoint with the foresaid things, for that in such lingering sicknesses, must the remedies so oftentimes be reiterated as the diseases make return. For to strengthen the Hart, the Liver, and the Brains in the Leprosy. §. 10. BEcause that by the foresaid parts and other more this Leprosy taketh her beginning, therefore are the same to be strengthened: for which this following is very good: to wit, the confection Laetificans Almansoris, whereof give every day (half an hour before noon) one quarter of an ounce with Endive water, the water of water Lilies, or with water of agrimony. Secondly, the great Treacle is very forcible, for it strengtheneth the natural heat and the vital spirits, that it may the more mightier withstand all venom, if one take half a dram thereof with any distilled water. Item, take the confection Diambra, Diamoschu, and Manus Christie with Pearls, likewise half a dram of Lignum Aloes, tempered with two ounces of water of water Lilies, and drunk in the evening when one goeth to bed. There is also highly commended to take oftentimes one scruple of Pearls with one ounce of Basill water. What concerneth the skin. §. 11. WHen as the sking through great unnatural heat is annoyed and hurt, which may be perceived by the corroding and by the sharp matter, then is the same place to be anointed with the juice of Lettuce, of Purslane, of water Lilies, and also with unripe Salad oil: but if it be caused through cold, that thereby the unnatural heat be extinguished, then is there no better thing than to bathe the place with strong red wine warmed. But if the disease of the skin do not import any thing, then is it better that it be bathed with a mild Lie, with Nepe, or garden Mints, and if this corroding do increase, then use this precious salve ensuing: Take lethargy of Gold and Ceruse, of each two ounces, oil of Roses two ounces and a half, the juice of Rue four ounces, Starch as much as sufficeth, then stir it the space of certain hours in a leaden mortar, at last temper one quarter of an ounce of small bruised Camfere amongst it. Of the actual and potential cautery. §. 12. THese actual and potential cauteries are both of them commended by the Physicians in the extremest need, to wit, upon the head, and in the neck, and in more other places, but because it may not be effected without danger of some other parts (like as also they themselves do acknowledge) therefore we will not write any ampler thereof at this present. If any one be so hardly assailed of the Leprosy, that he be no otherwise to be helped but by cauterization, he may take the advice of those men that have experience in it. And because that all which we have hitherto written is more meet for the Elephantiasis, (like as we have declared at first) notwithstanding it is also good for all species of the Leprosy, therefore followeth hereafter all that which is commodious for all species of this sickness. What is requisite for every sort of Leprosy. §. 13. FOr this, hath Treacle the highest commendation; in like sort the confection of Hiera and Hedgehogs flesh (whereof we have admonished before) whether it be roasted, fried, or sodden. Also the flesh of the venomous Snake Tyrus is commended by Galen and of other famous Physicians more. But because that we (God be praised) have not this Snake here in this Realm, it is not needful for to write much thereof, but to speak rather of those things that are to be gotten in this country, and may do ease, as the powder of Hares one dram and a half, with four ounces of wine drunk three days together. Take in like manner as much powder of Squils', or the juice of the same, with the syrup of Squils', and then temper half a dram more or less of Assa foetida, with Honey amongst it, and so take it. Item, take powned Coming five drams, with clarified Honey. There may also be more written, yea a whole book full of the Leprosy, and how that every accident of the same is at the beginning to be eased; but if so be that the foresaid remedies will help the sick person, then be the accidents the easier to be helped: for which we have also in many places written much of the foresaid diseases, which altogether may and aught to be used for this, and therewith we will conclude. Of the bad ulcer Cacoëte. §. 14. FOr a conclusion of these corrodings, impostumes and ulcers, we will also briefly write of those which the Grecians do call Cacoete, which is a species of the Canker, and so venomous, that it continueth with a body all his life time: for notwithstanding all the counsel which may be done for it, yet is it all in vain, and it doth remain incurable, and moreover (like as is said) is very long continuing: yet do some commend this ensuing for some especial thing. Take Soldanella half a dram, powdered Rhubarb two scruples, give the same to drink oftentimes with white wine: when this is taken, then give to the patiented the next day afterward the syrup of Woormwood and of Cicorie, with Rhubarb, of each one ounce: and so continue every other day. Afterwards anoint the place of the disease with oil of Roses, or oil of sweet Almonds. The fift Chapter. Of outward infections and wound of the Skin. IN the beginning of this fift Part we have before declared many things whereby the skin is infected and annoyed within. Now doth our method require, that we should write somewhat of the outward accidents of the skin, which be hurtful to the same, and also to the flesh underneath it, and we will also begin with the least, which is of burning or scalding. Of burning or scalding with fire, hot water, and of burning with Gunpowder. §. 1. IF there be any burnt with fire or scalded with hot water, then have the things or medicines whereby both these are to be cooled and healed, small difference: but concerning the burning with Gunpowder, of that we will write after another manner. Of the burning of fire, or scalding with hot water, there cometh at the first an excessive pain, and divers blisters whereout water doth run. Secondly, if one will heal these sores, then is there first to be spread thereon a pap of the powder of Saunders, with Rosewater, and tempered with a little Camfere, or with the water of Nightshade. Or temper fine Bolus with vinegar, with Rosewater, and with water of Nightshade: these things are to be laid upon it so long, until the pain be almost gone. For this may also be used the salve of Poplar, mixed with the white of an egg. And if so be that the blisters do not break of themselves, then are they to be opened with a needle, to the end that the flesh next underneath be not harmed thereby. This is now a necessary and common manner of doing, viz. at the first: but what is meet to have more done in it, that shall hereafter follow. And because that such kind of diseases may be rather healed with salves than otherwhise, therefore will we first of all begin with them. These things following are to be used immediately after the burning, and until the pain be at the extremest: Take oil of Roses and unripe Salad oil, of each three ounces, white Wax, washed lethargy of gold, and Ceruse, of each one ounce, Starch three quarters of an ounce; melt the oil and the Wax together, and then power it hot upon cold water: afterwards wash it three times, and that with Nightshade water: at last temper the other things amongst it. But if you will have it more drying, then may you mix powned Cipers nuts amongst it, as many as you please. Item, take Butter, or Swine's grease, eight ounces; let it be hot, and power it upon cold water: afterwards let it be stiff again, and then put it into a dish: stir it well about, and power of the water unto it until it be thorough white: at last stir one ounce and a half of Peter oil in it, and therewith anoint the burning. But if so be that the burning be two or three days old, then take of the foresaid salve, and spread it upon linen as a plaster, and lay it six or seven times a day upon it, according to the importance of the burning, for that how much the oftener it is refreshed, so much the better and sooner is the same also to be healed. If so be that the burning be great and deep, them do not bind it tied, to the end the heat may pass out the better. Item, Take Butter wherein an egg is baked and burnt, power it upon cold water: when it is stiff, then wash the same eight times with cold water, and at the last twice with vinegar: now take two ounces and a half of this Butter, put thereto the whites of two eggs well brayed, linseed oil half an ounce, then anoint it on the burning. Commonly the oil of Roses is good for burning, being tempered with salt, Linséede oil, Ink, and Oxycraton. Item, take oil of Roses one ounce, three yolks of eggs, mix them well together: you may also add four or five grains of Saffron unto it. Another. Take oil of Roses three ounces, Bolus one dram, make it very hot: afterwards dip a cloth in it, and lay it thereon as hot as the patient can abide it. But if the pain be abating, then is there a salve to be chosen of this Lime ensuing: Take unslect Lime, power water upon it, but thrust not the hand into it, but stir it well about with a spoon until that it scum: afterwards strike it off with a feather, and temper it with Salad oil: at last anoint it in the burning: the same is very highly commended. Or take unslect lime, and with Salad oil make a salve of it as thick as pap, and anoint therewith. Item, Take oil of Roses two ounces, unripe Salad oil one ounce & a half, white Wax half an ounce, let it seeth a little all together: afterwards power it on cold water, and wash it therewith. This being done, temper small bruised Ceruse amongst it three quarters of an ounce, Frankincense and Sarcocolla, of each one dram, prepared lime half an ounce, Saffron half a scruple, washed lethargy of gold three quarters of an ounce, then temper them all together. This following is a well approved salve for burning: Take quick lime which is slaked with good wine, let the lime dry well, and put in as much linseed oil until it be as it were a dough: afterwards anoint the burning with it, and then lay none other upon it. But if so be that it wax dry and hard, then spread more upon it and take it not off, for that the burning will be suddenly whole, and when it is healed, then falleth it away of itself. This is thus by some to be assured: nevertheless it is perilous not to look to it in long time, for that there might some other thing stick unto it. For this is also fit, the oil of Saint john's wort alone or tempered with washed lime, and so spread upon the burning, for it cooleth marvelous much. Item, take oil of Roses three ounces, white Frankincense one ounce, Ceruse three ounces, the whites of three Eggs, Camfer one dram, make thereof a salve. Another. Take oil of Olives four ounces, powned frankincense half an ounce, the innermost rinds of Eldern one quarter of an ounce: seethe them all together with a little Vinegar, until that the Vinegar be thoroughly wasted, then strain it thorough a cloth and use it as before. Item: Take old candle tallow, goats suet, and Linséed oil, of each a like quantity: let them melt together, and put thereto the white of Hen's dung, as much of the one as of the other things: let it seethe well together, and then strain it through a cloth, afterwards lay it upon the place, and let it lie thereon a day or twain: then wash it off with lukewarm water, and lay again a fresh plaster upon it. For this is also good all the white salves which are described in the fourth part, the ninth chapter, and first §. Item, yet another salve which is to be found in the first part, the seventh chapter, and 17. §. This salve following is also very good for all sorts of burning: Take oil of Roses two ounces, the yolks of six Eggs stamped well together, and temper some Saffron amongst it, afterwards spread it on a cloth and lay it upon the burning: it healeth very speedily. Another. Seeth Mustardséede in the cream of milk, then powne it to pap and wring it through a cloth, afterward anoint therewith the burning. After the same manner is Linséede also to be sodden, strained and used. Or take Oaten meal, boil it in Cream, and use it as the rest: this is especial good for scalding with hot water. Item, take the juice of Rapes or of Onions, each apart, or mixed together, and anoint the burning oftentimes with it, and lay the leaves of the Cherry tree upon it. Take the juice of an Onion, and oil of the kernels of Abricockes half an ounce, temper them together. The syrup of Oxycraton doth cool much the burning. Ink tempered with the water of Carduus Benedictus is much commended for this, if one make a cloth wet therein and lay upon it. Item, the leaves of Waterlillies laid upon the burning do cool and also heal. Of the inflammation and heat of the ulcers which is caused within, you have heard before in the second chapter and sixth §. Of burning with Gunpowder. §. 2. IF any have a shotten pellet cut out of his body, then is this oil following to be laid upon it: Take oil of Eldern flowers twelve ounces, oil of Saint john's wort one ounce, Turpentine half an ounce; temper these together, and set them certain days in the sun: this hath a marvelous efficacy and virtue. Another. Take oil of Roses, Nightshade water, Rose water, water of Lilies, and oil of Saint john's wort, of each a like quantity, and wash therewith the wound oftentimes. Item, for to cool the inflammation, take the water of Nightshade and of Saint john's wort, of each eight ounces, alum half an ounce, Ceruse, Litharge of silver, and verdigris, of each one dram, powne them all small together, and temper them well together, and then lay it as warm upon it as may be suffered three or four times together. Or take Linséede oil, unsleckt lime, fine Bolus, and Rye meal, of each like quantity, stir them well together, and then spread it on the burning: it draweth out the heat and the powder. Item, take good honey eight ounces, let it seeth and be well scummed, then put thereto half as much sharp vinegar of Roses, and seeth it all together until it be brown: afterwards put a spoonful of beaten alum unto it, and keep it well; for the elder it is, so much the better it is. There is also prepared for this two kinds of ley; the one which is made of quick lime, and laid upon it with a wet cloth; the other is, if one temper strong ley with Salad oil, and lay it thereon: this ley is very good for all heat, whether it be through burning with gunpowder, or otherwise for all inflammation which doth appear outwardly. For all scales of burning. §. 3. TAke Ceruse one ounce and a half, Camfer half a dram, Rose water three quarters of an ounce, Starch half an ounce; bruise it, and temper it well together in a mortar with the white of an egg unto a thin salve; spread it thereon and round about the scales, and they will dry and fall off. Before in the third Chapter and tenth §. you have yet more other fit remedies for it. The sixth Chapter. For to draw Splinters and Thorns out of the skin. IF that any Splinter or Thorn do stick in the skin, then must one look to pull out the same immediately: otherwise it must rankle out with great pain. Thus for to remedy this: Take Ox suet, Wax and Rosin, of each a like quantity, Pirola, Béetes, Lovage, Ladymantle, and Sanicle, according to the quantity of the former: powne them together, and wring out the juice: afterwards put it amongst the molten Wax, Rosin, and suet, and then boil it until all the juice be wasted, and there become a salve of it. Another. Take two parts of Salad oil, and one part of Rosin, or Turpentine, and as much Wax, let it melt together, and stir it well until it be cold. For this is also good, the plaster Apostolicon and Gratia Dei, that are described before. Item, the juice of Barberies tempered with Barley meal, is also good for it. Sief de Thure draweth out the arrows, like as before is showed. The roots of Béetes, of Polipodie, decocted with their leaves and laid thereon, draw also much. If so be that any body in spinning get a shive in their finger, then take picked Plantain leaves, wring out the juice, and lay it upon it, it will quickly draw out the shive that sticketh in the hand, and heal it. The seventh Chapter. Of wounds and all that concerneth them. AMongst all outward accidents which harm the skin and the parts adjacent, are the wounds also to be accounted: for which you have before (in the common description of ulcers) certain rules which be also necessary for all wounds, and may be applied unto them: therefore they are to be added here. In all wounds (whereof soever they be caused, whether it be of pricking, cutting, shooting, or falling) the Chirurgeon must first look that he cause the blood to be staunched: but if that be not performed, then doth the patient's strength and power wear away, and at last his life also. Therefore will we first of all writ and discourse thereof. For to staunch blood. §. 1. TAke Gum of Arabia, and tragacanth, of each one dram, red Coral, Bloodstone, ivory and Camfere, of each half a dram, make this powder with water of Plantain unto a dough, and lay it upon the wounds. Some do also temper it with Bolearmoniack and Momy, which is not amiss. Item, take Frankincense, Mastic, and small cut Hares hair, of each a like quantity; make a soft salve thereof with the white of an Egg, and lay it upon the bleeding. Or take Dragon blood, unsleckt lime and Frankincense, of each a like quantity: this are you to use if there be any great vein perished: but if the great veins be hurt the long way, then use burnt Coperas with it. Item, Take the white of an Egg, fine Bolus, Dragon blood, Bloudstone, and Frankincense, of each a like quantity; make a plaster of it, and then spread it upon Tow, and so lay it upon the wound. Or stamp Peach kernels, and make a plaster of it with the white of an egg. Item take yellow Rose seed, powne it to powder, and temper Vinegar therewith unto a pap, and so lay it upon the bleeding wound, it will stop it. Resolve Coperas in Vinegar, and set it certain days in the hot sun, or let it seeth, afterwards wet a cloth therein, and so lay it upon it. The parings of Parchment boiled to Lime, and laid upon it, are also very forcible for to staunch blood. Burn a hat to ashes and strew it into the wound. Dried swine's dung powned to powder, doth also staunch blood. Item take Egshels, and lay it so long in strong Vinegar to steep, until that they be very soft, and then let them be hard again: afterwards powne them small, and use them as the other. Man's hair also burnt, and beaten to powder, stauncheth much the bleeding at the nose, and all other manner of bleeding. The juice of shepherds purse stauncheth and cooleth all hot blood. In May are you to take Comfrey with the leaves, and shred it small; this being done, distil it like other water, and drop in the wound. The same do the Chirurgeons ascribe to Maiden milk, which is in the first part, the fift chapter and 1. §. described. Item, for to staunch the blood at the nose, hold upon the forehead a cold flint stone, blood stone, Calcedonie or Carnoyle stones, or put in his hand the roots of Corn roses: a man is to hang his privities in strong vinegar, or a cloth wet therein and laid thereon, the bleeding will cease immediately. For to staunch the blood you may also look into these places following, as of the bleeding of the Ears in the first part, the 9 chapter, and 4. §. of the bleeding of the gums, in the first part, the 17. chapter, and 7. §. Item, of spitting of blood, in the second part, 5. Chapter and 11. §. to staunch the bleeding of the hemorrhoids, in the third part, the 9 chapter, and 4. §. of pissing blood, in the third part, the 16. chapter, and 11. §. and of women's terms in the 3. part, the 19 chapter, and 3. §. Of the clotted blood in the body. §. 2. IF so be that a wounded man, or one that hath taken a fall, happened to bleed inward, then are all means to be sought to expel the same with all speed: for otherwise it must inwardly corrupt and putrify, whereby very perilous agues and other deadly diseases might engender, whereof in the second part, the fift chapter, and 17. §. (of the spitting blood) is sufficiently written. The common people do advise, that in this disease one is to drink his own urine, whereby the clotted blood should be expelled. The same doth also the wine of Heart's tongue, and all other vulnerall potions which hereafter shall be described. This plaster following is much commended: Take goats milk and Honey, as much as you please, let it be very warm together, and stir fine Bolus therein until it be a salve, and bind that upon it, whereby the congealed and clotted blood will be expelled. Of the stitching of wounds. §. 3. THis stitching of the wounds is committed to the Chirurgeons charge, according to the importance of the cause: but I will only add this unto it, and speak of those things that do heal the wounds together without stitching: Take Mastic and Dragonbloud, of each one quarter of an ounce, Frankincense one drag. Mill dust and Bean meal, of each one ounce and a half; make them all to powder, and temper them with the brayed whites of Eggs and Rose water, unto a pap. Afterwards spread it upon two long clouts which be somewhat strong, and that are as long as the wound is, & lay one upon each side of the wound, upon the whole flesh: this being dry, than few the wound so close together, as you please, the needle not going through the skin, but through the clouts only. The golden salve (is also much commended) called unguentum Aureum Mesuae, which is made thus: Take yellow Wax 3. ounc. Salad oil 12. ounc. Turpentine one ounce, Rofin & Colofonie of each one quarter of an ounce, Frankincense & Mastic of each half an ounce, Saffron a drag. let the Wax, Turpentine, and oil melt together, and afterwards put the Rosen unto it: and when it beginneth to be cold, than temper amongst it the Mastic, Frankincense, and Saffron: this joineth the wounds together, and healeth them. In the first Part, the 7. chap. and 10. §. there have you a water described, beginning thus: Take lethargy of silver, etc. which is very much renowned for this purpose. In like sort M. Tristrams' water, and other golden waters, with four kinds of Balms which are to be found in the last part. Of fresh wounds. §. 4. THese forementioned things be verily the chiefest, which may be used without any delay for all fresh wounds. When as now the blood is staunched, and all finished that is needful to be done, then are these things ensuing commended highly: First, M. Tristrams' water is thought meet to heal all fresh wounds, which may also be done with all golden waters, whether it be that one take them inward, or lay them outwardly upon them. The oil of Tiles should not only heal, but also preserve the wounds from all putrefied flesh; this is also ascribed to the oil of Linen. The oil of S. john's wort is also much commended, and the oil of Roses; for that they have an astringent virtue and efficacy. Likewise the oil of Spike, and oil of Lead. It is also straightly commanded, that all new wounds shall be washed with Wormwood or with Rosemary: for that both these keep the fresh wounds clean, and fair from all putrefaction, and are also healing. But if any one be but a little wounded, so that it be not needful to go to a Chirurgeon with it, then use this salve following: Take Turpentine which is three times washed in wine, and stir the yolk of an egg amongst it, Barley meal one quarter of an ounce, Saffron 5. grains; temper them together: This salve is good for all pain, although it be also in a finewie part: it maketh flesh speedily to grow. It is also not unlike to Vnguento Mundificativo. This plaster following will heal the wound in 20. days, without matter and without pain: Take Wax half an ounce, white Coral 3. drag. Colofonia & Momy, of each 7. drag Myrrh 2. drag. Camfere, Loadstone, of each half a drag. oil of Eggs as much as is needful for to mix amongst all the rest. This salve is thus to be used, if any one be cut or thrust, & if this plaster be laid upon it within ●4. hours, then shall the wound within 20. days without any corruption or any other addition be healed. If so be that then it be a thrust that goeth quite thorough, then is one to have 4. plasters in a readiness, and to lay 2. upon it before noon, and 2. at after noon, without putting any thing else unto it. But if so be that it be but a wound, then are two enough: to the end that there remain no clotted blood within, is this powder following to be given to the patiented; take Mommy one quarter of an ounce, fine Bolus and Dragon blood, of each one dragm, give thereof to the patiented evening and morning, the quantity of an Hasell nut. Many kinds of vulnerall potions. §. 5. EVery Chirurgeon will show his cunning in this; for each one hath a several potion which he keepeth as a secretum secretorum. Also it is indeed of great importance, when as the inward parts be perished, or if there be any blood inwardly congealed, it can in no better way be helped than by this means: wherefore we have here rehearsed certain of these vulneral potions, whereof the Chirurgeons do much esteem. Take wild Béets (which is Pirola) with their roots one M. Consolida saracenica, the roots 2. M. Mugwoort without r●●ts 4. M. and power thereto one quart of wine in a new leaded pot: then stop it tied, to the and there fly no vapour out: afterwards let it seeth together by a small fire, until about the third part be consumed, drink thereof morning & evening, according as the disease is great, and according as the body is hot or cold, take strong or small wine. But in winter when the herbs be dry, then take one ounce of Mugwoort, Consolida saracenica half an ounce, wild Beets 2. drag. & seethe it as before in a quart of wine: this is an approved potion for all ulcers, wounds, and all other diseases, being used inwardly, and also outwardly. This plaster following is also to be used with it: Take clarified Honey 8. ounces, wheat flower 2. ounces, Linséed oil three ounces, fine Bolus one ounce and a half, then make thereof a plaster, and lay it thereon. Item, take Consolida saracenica with yellow flowers, Mugwoort, wild Béetes, and Ladimantle, of each one M. ●●●h all together in a quart of wine, whether it be Malmsey, or any other good wine. This potion hath been approved oftentimes, and was found very good. Another: Take wild Béetes, wild tansy, Sanicle, and agrimony, being all gathered at a full Moon, dried in the air, and then stamped to powder: when as you will use thereof, then take an earthen pot which will hold a quart of moisture, and put therein of this foresaid powder, as much as you can gripe at two or three times between your two fingers, and according as the wound requireth: afterwards power unto it a pint of wine, and cover the pot very tied with a slice of bread, then let it stand the space of a good hour in a warm place until it be cold, and give thereof to the wounded person twice a day. You may also strew of this powder in the wounds. Yet another: Take Consolida saracenica, agrimony, wild tansy, Mugwoort, Cicorie, Southernwood, and wild Béetes, of each a like quantity, dry the herbs in the shadow and then stamp them to powder: afterwards take a quart of wine, and put thereto an ounce of this powder, then seeth it in hot water, until the breadth of three or four fingers be consumed: afterwards put thereto a spoonful of Asarabacca powned small, and give thereof to the patiented when he goeth to bed three or four ounces at one time. Another: Take Sanicle, avence, agrimony, bugloss, Verueine, Cicorie flowers, Consolida saracenica, Betonie, Hyssop, Sage, Mugwoort, wild tansy, wild Béetes, and S. john's wort, of each a like quantity: seeth them all together in wine, and give the patiented thereof twice a day, at each time three or four spoonfuls. Item, take Consolida saracenica, agrimony, Sanicle, wild tansy, Plantain, and Béetes, of each a like quantity, let it seeth together in wine, and give thereof warm. divers such like potions are described in the third part, the third Chapter of the fractures of bones. Of the Plasters for thrusts and wounds. §. 6. FIrst, to write of the Plasters for thrusts, there be many kinds prepared for it, as hereafter followeth: Take Wax one ounce and a half, Colofonie and Momie, of each two ounces, Frankincense one ounce, Camfere one ounce and a quarter, bruise it small, and afterwards melt the Wax and the Colofonie, temper then the rest amongst it, and work it will together, anointing the hands with oil of Eggs. Another which is approved: Take Turpentine four ounces, Colofonie and Rosin, of each two ounces, white Cadmia one ounce, Loadstone one ounce, Frankincense two ounces, Mastic and Momie, of each half an ounce, juniper oil one quarter of an ounce, oil of Eggs, and Camfere, of each half an ounce, dissolve the Gum in Wine or Vinegar, and strain it through a cloth into a pan, afterwards let it seethe together, then put thereto the Cadmia and Ceruse: when it hath sodden well, then put the Loadstone unto it, and let it wale once again: afterwards add the Frankincense, Mastic, and the Mummy unto it. This being done, let it seeth a little more, and when it is waxed lukewarm, then put the Camfere well bruised unto it, and then work it further well together unto a plaster. Item, take Wax, Rosin, Turpentine, oil of Eggs, and Salad oil of each four ounces, oil of Roses one ounce, seeth it all together unto a plaster, and then at last put unto it one dram of Camfere: but if it be too hard, make it softer with oil of Roses. Another: Take Wax & Colofonie, of each one ounce, Momie one quarter of an ounce, Frankincense, Myrrh, and Mastic, of each half an ounce, white Coral three drams, Loadstone one dram, white Cadmia one quarter of an ounce, Dragon blood one dram, Camfere one ounce, make thereof a plaster. For this, is also very good the plaster of Master Flackenstone, which is described in the second Chapter, and the 1. §. Item, take Wax two ounces, Turpentine, and Gummi Holeni, of each one ounce, Dragon blood, and Hartwoort, of each half an ounce, Gummi Ammoniacum one ounce, Ceruse one ounce and a half, Frankincense, Momie, Mastic, and juniper berries, of each one ounce, alum one ounce and a half, make a plaster thereof. Another: Take Wax four ounces, Momy, Colofonie, Mastic, and Frankincense of each one quarter of an ounce, white Coral three drams, Camfere half an ounce, oil of Eggs one ounce, melt the oil with the wax upon a mild fire, and then let it be somewhat cold, afterwards temper all the other things (beaten very small) amongst it. This being done, let it seethe softly, stirring it round about, at last temper the Camfers with four spoonfuls of the oil of juniper amongst it. Item, take oil of Roses and Wax, of each four ounces, Dear suet two ounces, Frankincense and Myrrh, of each half an ounce, Galbanum, Mastic, and Turpentine, of each half an ounce, make a plaster of it. This ensuing is not only good for wounds, but also for all ulcers: Take Turpentine and Wax, of each four ounces, Mastic two ounces, Rose leaves 16. ounces, brown Betony, the greater Pimpernell, spiked Plantain, Nightshade, devils bit, Verueine, and Storks bill, of each eight ounces, add a quart of wine unto it; seethe first therein the Roses alone: this being done, power it through a cloth, and wring out the juice well: afterwards take the other herbs, and put them also into a kettle, with two quarts of Wine, afterwards let them seeth together even to the half, then wring it well out, and let the decoction be very hot that the Wax may melt in it, than put the Rose wine with the Mastic also unto it, then seeth it to a plaster, and work it very strongly with the hands, but you must first anoint them with Butter, This foresaid plaster is not only good for wounds, but also for all ulcers. Also you have in the first Chapter and 15. §. many things which are also very meet for to cure the wounds. The Chirurgeons have yet a black plaster niuse, which is made thus: Take Frankincense half an ounce, Momie half an ounce, Colofonie three quarters of an ounce, oil of Eggs half an ounce, Camfere one dram, white Wax three drams: melt the Wax and the oil of Eggs with the powned Colofony, and then temper the other things powned amongst it. If it be too hard, add a little Turpentine unto it. Item, take clarified Honey eight ounces, fine meal two ounces, linseed oil three ounces, fine Bolus one ounce and a half, make a plaster thereof, and lay it upon the wounds: for this also is requisite the plaster Gratia Dei. Vulnerall Salves. §. 7. THere be also many kinds of vulnerall Salves prepared, unguentum Fuscum. amongst which this ensuing is one of the principallest, which is called unguentum Fuscum, and is made thus: Take oil of Violets nine ounces, Wax two ounces, Colofonie one ounce, plume alum three quarters of an ounce, Pitch, Sagapenum, and Gummi Arabicum of each one ounce, Mastic, Galbanum, Ammoniacum, Bdellium, Opopanacum, Frankincense and Turpentine, of each three quarters of an ounce, the oil of Violets and Wax are you to melt, and to let it seeth thoroughly: afterwards temper the Pitch and the Colofonie with the dissolved gums amongst it, and when it beginneth to be cold, then mix the rest with it. This salve is somewhat attractive, cleansing, and also hea●ing. This ensuing is said to heal all wounds: Take Turpentine three ounces, Wax seven drams, oil of Camomile, and oil of Roses, of each one ounce and quarter, Frankincense and Mastic, of each one ounce, Myrrh and Rosin, of each half an ounce, good red wine and vinegar, of each three quarters of an ounce: let the gum be steeped the space of 24. hours in the vinegar and wine, afterwards melt it upon the fire with the wax and oil, then let them seeth until the wine be almost all wasted, when it beginneth to be cold, then temper the rest amongst it, and work this salve with your hands, yet the same being first anointed with oil of Mastic. This salve cleanseth all wounds, it causeth the flesh to grow, and healeth also very much. Another, which is also very good: Take Lovage, Bistorta, Sage, Plantain, Yarrow, Elecampane leaves, wild tansy, Sanicle, Cinquefoil, wild Béets, Mallows, betony, Agrimony, Verueine, and Consolida saracenica, of each a like quantity: shred all these herbs, and then put sufficient sweet Butter unto it; afterwards stamp all these herbs together, and let them so stand certain days. This being done, make it afterwards warm, and press it out hard, and then let it seeth so long together until the juice of all the herbs be consumed, then put unto it Ox ●et, Heart's suet, Bucks suet, the marrow of an Ox, Wax, Rosin, and Turpentine, of each a like quantity, according to the quantity of the Butter, and afterwards melt them all together: when it beginneth to be cold, then put unto it Frankincense, Myrrh, Fenegréeke meal, alum, verdigris, and Mastic being beaten small all together, then stir it much together. Another which is briefer: Take Ox suet, Heart's suet, Wax, Turpentine, Honey, Lovage, Violets, Betony, agrimony, and wild tansy, of each as much as you please, stamp the herbs, and wring out the juice, afterwards seeth it in the suets until it be as thick as a salve. Item, take Rue, Sulphur, chameleon niger, of each a like quantity, and Ox suet, as much as will suffice for to make a salve. For to draw matter out of the wounds. §. 8. TAke Wax one ounce and a half, Rosin three quarters of an ounce, Heart's suet one ounce, Turpentine and Salad oil, as much as is needful for to make a salve or plaster: or take clarified Honey, and Turpentine washed with wine, of each half an ounce, oil of Roses two ounces, let it seeth together until it be thick. This cleanseth the wounds of all kind of matter, and withstandeth all affluxions. But if there be any heat with, then take in stead of common Honey, Honey of Roses, but temper not the same with it until the other be first boiled. Of the Taints. §. 9 IF you think that the wounds will heal too soon, then cut a dry root of Gentian for a taint as big as you please, and use the same in stead of a taint: for when the same waxeth moist, then doth it swell, and holdeth open the wounds as long as you please, and it is very wholesome of itself. Anoint also the taint with the salve Apostolorum, or Aegyptiacum, which be both very meet to keep open all wounds and ulcers, and also to cleanse them. For foul flesh. §. 10. NOw these two be contrary: of the first mentioned salve the plaster Gratia Dei letteth no foul flesh grow in the wound; so also doth the oil of Tiles. Item, take burnt alum, and fine Bolus, of each a like quantity, and strew it therein. Or take verdigris, and Trociskes de Chelidonia, of each a like quantity; make a powder thereof and strew it therein. For this is also very meet, Hearts bones two parts, Salt one part, and use them as before. Take the juice of Narcissus, of Plantain, and garden Mints, and the juice of Rue: all these juices or those that you can get may you take and use. Item, burn Birchen rinds to powder, and temper it with burnt alum, or use each alone. If so be that then there grow any worms in the wounds, then temper the juice of Rue with Vinegar and drop it therein. To staunch the Synovia .. §. 11. TAke the white of an Egg and put a little Saffron amongst, afterwards beat them well together with a piece of powned alum the bigness of a Hasell nut, and lay it upon the place whence the Synovia issueth. Another: Take the white of an Egg, and mingle therewith alum, and Salt, of each one dram beaten small, and then use it as the other. Item, burn Lentils to powder and strew it therein: afterwards take Turpentine and Salad oil, let them heat together, and then mix therein the Lentils unto a salve or plaster: or take hempseed, powne it until it yield oil, afterwards lay it in a fine cloth over the disease and bind it unto it. Item: take the water of the greater Pimpernell and drop it therein. Item: take Strawberrie leaves, and apply them unto the place. Or take the fruit of Roses, dry them, stamp them to powder and strew it therein. When a wounded member is lamed. §. 12. FOr this do the Chirurgeons use this ensuing: Take Cow dung and goats dung, make a plaster of it with the oil of Earthwormes, and so lay it warm unto it: by this means do the shrunken sinews wax lose. But look in the fourth part the seventh chap. and 2. §. what is written of the lameness and extenuation of the members. The like also in the 3. chap. of the Pocks where you shall find good direction of this matter. To cause the flesh to grow in wounds. §. 13. THe Grecians and the Physicians do call the things which cause the flesh to grow Sarcotica, which be for the most part dry in the first degree: for if they be overmuch drying, then will they not only dry the humours which do fall into the wounds, but the blood also, and the whole substance of the part. This salve following is very requisite for it: Take Hony six ounces seethe and scum the same until it be a little thick; afterwards temper therein Myrrh, Sarcocolla, and Aloe, of each one dram and a half, powned all together to powder. Item, take the Lytharge of silver, refuse of Iron, century, Aloe, Frankincense, and Mastic, of each a like quantity, make a subtle powder of it. For this is also meet the plaster Album coctum, Triapharmacon, and Apostolicon, which all together engender flesh, and are prescribed for the same intent. For this also be these plasters following to be used, viz. Emplastrum griseum, or de lapide Calaminari, which is thus made: Take prepared Calaminari half an ounce, Lytharge of gold one ounce Ceruse one quarter of an ounce, Tuty half a dragm, Mastic one dram and a half, Myrrh one dram, Camfer two scruples, make thereof a plaster; if it be too hard, put more Turpentine unto it: this plaster drieth, causeth flesh to grow, healeth and cicatriseth all wounds. The other: Take prepared Calaminari four ounces, Mastic, Frankincense, and tragacanth, of each one dram, the Lytharge of silver half an ounce, Wax three quarters of an ounce, Rosin half an ounce, prepared Tuty two scruples, and oil of Roses, as much as is needful, this is somewhat weaker than the other. The salve of Tuty, Diapampholigos, is very meet for this use, so is also the salve Apostolorum. Of that which causeth the Skin to grow. §. 14. AT last if you perceive that the flesh is grown so high, that there wanteth only cicatrisation, then are things to be used which have an astringent virtue, and which do dry exceedingly without corrosion. For which be most fit all the salves of lime which be described in the fift Chapter, and first §. In like manner also the five white salves which be discovered in the ninth Chapter, and first §. and the last mentioned Diapampholigos. This powder following is exceeding good for it: Take Lytharge of silver, burnt alum, washed lime, Lead, Galls, and pomegranate peeles, of each a like quantity, strew it upon the wound: for this also it is very fit that the wounds be washed with Wormwood wine, or Rosemary wine. Concerning the wounds of the head we have written somewhat in the description of the skull in the first part, the fourth chapter, and 1. §. The eight Chapter. Of the Cicatrices and spots of the Skin. WHen there hath been any body wounded, or hath had some other exulceration healed, then will there remain on the same place some cicatrice or mark. For as hath been admonished at the first the skin doth never more heal of itself, but there must grow a new skin. Also it happeneth otherwhiles that newborn children do bring spots into the world. And because that the same are placed in the face they do make a great deformity: therefore we will also discourse of them. Amongst the Grecians be those spots that be white called Leuce, and by the Latinists Vitiligines, which be white spots of the body. Item, there be also black spots of the Leprosy. Of the spots which appear in the face we have written in the first part, the fift Chapter, and first §. which remedies may also be used over the whole body. But because there be so many kind of sorts we are to write the more at large of them. Of the moles or marks that children are borne withal. §. 1. IT happeneth also many times, that newborn children do bring with them into the world certain spots or moles, which are caused by some frighting, strange lusts, and such like, which women (being with Child) may get, as by experience hath oftentimes been seen. Chew in the morning fasting Mustard seed, and anoint therewith the spots, do this oftentimes, then will the spots wear away: but look diligently unto it, that it come not into the child's eyes: also breathe not into his eyes. There come also otherwhiles certain marks and other red spots on the skin, for which, the Basilica is first to be opened, and afterwards some cooling sirupes, and other cooling potions, but we will write and discourse severally thereof. Of red spots through heat. §. 2. OF these spots we have before admonished in the first Chapter, and 4. §. that all that may be used for it which is ordained for the Rose, or Erisipelas. But if so be that this be caused through some uncleanness of the blood (as it commonly happeneth) and that notwithstanding there be no special heat instant, then can no better thing be used for it than the syrup of fumitory, and all that may be made of that herb; for that herb hath an especial virtue to cleanse the blood, and to take away all itch of the skin. Afterwards are you to use this salve following: Take unsleckt lime, and prepared Tuly, of each one drag. oil of S. john's wort two ounces; and a little wax, temper them all together. Or take Camfere, & bruise it with an Almond, then temper the same with Rose water, and anoint the spots therewith. Take oil of Eggs as much as you please, and temper amongst it a good part of bruised lytharge of silver, then anoint therewith the spots this driveth them away how loathsome soever they be. For this, is also very fit the oil of juniper, and the oil of bitter Almonds, and of each alike, or each apart. Also you may use for this maidens milk, Lac virgins, which is described in the first part, the fifth Chapter, and 1. §. Item, take Hellebore two ounces, stamp it to pap, and put thereto as much of the juice of agrimony, and a little Rosewater, then rub the spots with it. Or take lytharge of silver, burnt alum, Lead, washed lime, Galls, and pomegranate blossoms, of each one dram, and make a powder thereof. Of spots which come by false. §. 3. BEfore in the first Chapter and 6. §. is a salve described, beginning thus: Take the cawls of Goats, etc. which is especial good for all spots, and very safe. Of spots by stripes or falls. §. 4. FOr this, you have in the first part, the fifth Chapter and 5. §. two good remedies, without which, you may use these ensuing, which may be rather used upon the whole body than in the face, because that Orpiment is somewhat venomous: Take the juice of Marjoram gentle two ounces, Orpiment half a dram, oil of Camomile one ounce, make a salve thereof. Item, take Wormwood three handfuls, Asarabacca, and Plantain, of each two handfuls, Saltpetre, and wild yellow Rape seed, of each one dram, Coming, and Sulphur vife powned small, of each three drams, Saffron one dram, two well brayed yolks of Eggs make a plaster of it with the juice of Solidago media, until it be decocted hard enough. But if the foresaid spots be without heat, then are to be used for it all kinds of fat of beasts, and of all fowls, or the plaster Diachilon, melted amongst it, and so used. Item, take fresh Butter, and the decoction of Mallows: temper the galls of Capons with the white of an egg, and use it as the other. In the fourth part, the seventh Chapter, and 3. §. is a salve beginning thus: Take Sage, and Mallows, etc. which is also very good for all kind of spots. These things following be also much commended; as the oil of bitter Almonds, of juniper, Citrons salve, the fatness of an Ass' neck, and M. Tristrams' water. And to conclude, we will describe a strong salve, which taketh away all spots, and softeneth all hard swellings, and doth also consume the same. Take the roots of wild Cucumbers, the roots of white Behen, the Lytharge of gold, and Argall of each one drag. and a half, Sagapenum, and Pigeon dung of each one scrup. oil of Sesamum three ounces, oil of juniper, & oil of wheat, of each two ounces and a half, white Wax one ounce and a half, seeth them together in four ounces of the juice of Oranges, until that all the juice be spent: take afterwards the white of an Egg, small bruised Camfere one dram, Vinegar twelve ounces, wash the rest with it, after that all is well tempered together: and afterwards use this salve. The ninth Chapter. Of inward things which spread themselves over all the body. WE have taught before of all outward accidents, which outwardly do infect the skin: but now will we write of those things and parts which are spread within through the whole body, which hold the same together, underprop it, and sustain the body upright: these are the bones, veins, and arteries, with the blood that is in them, and all that concerneth them; how the same is to be cleansed, and when it runneth overmuch, how it shall be stopped; how it shall be let out, and his natural heat cooled. There shall also be discoursed of the sweat, as a superfluity of all humours. Afterwards we shall discourse of the sinews, of the tendons and ligaments. Item, of the flesh, and chief of that which we do call the muscles. For as much as wearisomeness, fatness, leanness, sleep, pain, Phlegma, or slime, with many other cold diseases, as well as the blood, Cholera and Melancholia, may be dispersed in the whole body, and that the blood hath no certain place in the body, as the Cholera in the bladder of the gall, and Melancholia in the milt: (of which two hath been written in other places) therefore we must not pretermit to write of the nature of Phlegma, and must first begin of the bones. Of the bones. §. 1. THe bones of the whole body, be (as it were) the foundation and stay of the body, and also the hardest parts which be in it. These are engendered of the heat of the body, which drieth the moisture, and hardeneth the bones. Plato supposeth that their beginning is of the marrow, which should be so dried away, and hardened through heat: wherefore Empedocles doth ascribe the most part of them to Vulcano, that is, the fire. By nature they be dry, earthy, cold, hard, without blood, and also without feeling. They do get their beginning of the uppermost part of the back bone, which stretcheth itself even to the thighs. They be also hard knit together, and bounden through the sinews and ligaments, that there is not one amongst 248. (or as Albertus reckoneth, amongst 276.) that are in man's body, the which is not fastened to another bone. When these bones be broken, then do they not grow together again in their own substance, but by a certain liquor, which the Grecians do call Poros, the which hardeneth there so sore, that therewith the whole fracture groweth together again. But whensoever that these bones do break, or get any other disease, then ●●ke what we have written thereof in the fourth part, the ninth chap. and 2. §. Of Napta. §. 2. IT happeneth also sometimes that in certain places of the body such a matter is gathered, that doth so harden and grow out of some bone, that it seemeth to be a right bone, which in Latin is called Napta, and although this aught to be cured by chirurgery, we will nevertheless ordain this for it: Take Frankincense one ounce, Mastic five drag. Ceruse three quarters of an ounce, quicksilver half an ounce; temper them all together with four ounces of Swine's grease, and rub therewith the Napta, at the fire very hard, not regarding what pain soever it doth. The tenth Chapter. Of three kinds of Veins in general. THe Veins are described by Galen in this manner: The Veins (saith he) are a fat of the blood, tempered and mixed of blood and natural spirits, moist and warm, with great sensibility. And under this name are comprehended three sorts: to wit, blood veins (called by the Latinists Venae) Arteries and pulse veins, Arteriae, or Venae pulsatiles, for that they beat continually. Secondly, the nature of these veins is warm and moist: what difference there is between both these sorts of veins, besides the beating, that shall appear in this description following: the Anatomists do account 365. veins in a man's body. Thirdly, there be sinews, which be also comprehended under the name of veins, which have no fellowship at all with the blood veins, but only that they do lie spread over all the body, whereof in case that one lose her motion and feeling, then will forthwith the whole body, or some part of it (according to the quality of the disease) be without might, and deprived of all motion. Of the blood veins. §. 1. NOw for to describe these three sorts of veins, we will first of all admonish of the blood veins, which are called of the Physicians and Anatomists Quietae, which are still veins, and that by reason they be naturally quiet and without motion; for when they be moved, that is done by some outward cause. Albertus and Aristoteles would maintain and defend against Galenus, that these veins did take their offspring from the hart: But according to the opinion of Galen and Hypocrates, have they their beginning in the liver, which question we will leave to the Anatomists to be decided. But we will show here in brief what hath moved Hypocrates to ascribe the beginning of these veins unto the liver, viz. for that in all creatures (which have blood) there is no greater vein than the liver vein, which appeareth none otherwise but as the body of a tree, which is thickest beneath in the ground, and at his beginning, and besides his root stretching forth wide and broad, and the branches above do spread themselves again in many sprigs or twigs. And thus it is also with the arteries, wherefore the foresaid authors have also affirmed, that the liver is none other thing but like to a root and fountain of all other veins, so that she doth impart her blood first of all to the heart, as to the most noble part of the body. This is now sufficiently spoken in general of the blood veins, whereof we will speak and discourse more at large hereafter. Of the Arteries. §. 2. WHereof Galen writeth thus: the Arteries are vessels of the thin and clean blood, wherein are more natural spirits or air, more heat, drith, and feeling, than in the blood veins, which remain always panting and beating. They have their offspring of the left concavity of the hart, and the first branch a little off from his root is parted in twain, whereof the one part goeth upwards, and the other downwards, where (in both places) the foresaid bloud-veines are spread abroad, with divers small veins, so that there be few arteries without veins. This altogether is most diligently described by Aristotle, Galen, Albert, and also of Walter Rijf, and at last with lively figures it is apparent to the eyes. These arteries or pulse veins be by nature (as is said) much hotter, drier, thicker, sensiblier, and harder, than the blood veins: Partly like unto the nature of the sinews they also receive some blood, but it is subtler and fairer than the blood of the veins: they be also much more replenished with vital spirits than the veins, which is also a cause of their continual panting and moving, which happeneth so forcible, that the same is outwardly felt over the whole body, and especially on the hands, feet, temples of the head, and on other places me may be seen and felt. All Physicians may deem thereby, whether the nature be strong or feeble, and all according as the pulse beateth, swift, slow, hard, soft, steady, or very trembling. The ancient Physicians have been of opinion, that both these sorts of veins, and especially the arteries (if they be cut or chopped off) could not be consolidated again, yea that the heart veins be utterly incurable. But Galenus acknowledgeth verily that the same could hardly be effected in men that be old, but in young people otherwise. Of women and young children doth he admonish that one should not be discouraged; for that he had (saith he) healed enough himself that were wounded after that manner. For this be also before many good remedies in the second part, the fift Chapter, and 18. §. if a vein be broken in the breast or any other place, which may also be used inwardly and outwardly for this purpose. In like manner you may also use for it this confection ensuing: Take Henbane seed, and white Poppy seeds, of each one ounce and a quarter, Sealed earth, and red Coral, of each five drams, old conserve of Roses, the older the better, four ounces: temper all together, and take thereof in the morning and evening each time half a dram and no more: this is very good and also forcible for all kinds of bleeding. When as now the veins do swell be it of whatsoever cause it will, then anoint them with Treacle or Mithridate. Of the Blood. §. 3. IT is sufficiently known that man's body is joined together of four kinds of humours or complexions: to wit, of Blood, Cholera, Melancholia, and Phlegma; but amongst these is the blood one of the best, partly, for that it is the matter of the vital spirits, wherein life itself hath his being, or for that it is to be compared with the beginning of life, because it is by nature warm and moist: or because it hath more virtue to nourish and to sustain, than any of the other humours. In fine, it is such a jewel of nature; that if the same be taken away, than death doth ensue. Cholera and Melancholia have their proper places or residences in the body, wherein they do gather themselves, as we have of late declared, from which places they do also show their power in the engendering of sicknesses. But the blood and Phlegma are so divided into two parts of the body, that one cannot so soon ●pon the skin in any place, but immediately the blood doth issue forth, and that the veins be the vessels and habitation of the blood, hath been declared before; without the which there can also no blood be found, except in the least concavity of the heart. Wherefore Albertus hath been of none other opinion, but that the veins do begin there, and not in the liver. The nature of the blood is hot and moist; yea so hot, that in the whole body there is nothing ●otten and to the contrary nothing colder than the Phlegma. Therefore this hot and moist blood is given to all living creatures, not only for a nourishment of all members of the body, but also to maintain them by their natural warmth, and no otherwise. For example good wood is laid upon the fire for to warm a whole chamber with it; in like sort also, as the fire is abated and his burning taken away, if the same be overcharged with too much wood, or if the would be too moist: also if the would be plucked away, or too little laid upon it: so is it with the heat of the heart, that if the same be too much, or too little: likewise ouer●old, unmeasurable hot, or is too feeble. When the heart shall feel these kind of diseases, then will all other members of the body be partakers thereof. It is also the opinion and censure of all learned, that the blood is the most principal means in the mother's body, whereby the heart as the chief part of the body, hath his beginning. Concerning his nature and property, then is this not a small miracle of nature, that it hath ●n feeling of itself: nevertheless it is cause of the same and of life also. And it is found by daily experience, that if there run much blood from any creature, that thereby come swoonings, yea the life itself runneth out with the blood. Neither is the blood alike in all men, nor in all members, it getteth also through age many kinds of nature. In children it is thin and waterish, in youth hot and sharp, in men at the fullest and best of all, and in all these aforesaid, very much and abundant. In age there is but little, thick and black, and clotting very suddenly as well inwardly as outwardly upon the body. In like manner it is also sure, that how fatter a body is, so much less blood hath he, for that it is through the fatness consumed, as is seen, that all fat hath no blood in it. Contrarily, how much the leaner, so much the blacker is the blood. Besides these is also women's blood much grosser & blacker than men's blood, & women have also less blood in the outward than in the inwards parts. Moreover, there is no creature fuller of blood amongst all them that have received life, than women, wherefore nature doth unburden them every month of all the superfluities of the blood, and they are less subject than men unto all sicknesses which proceed of blood. Albeit it happeneth (yet seldom) that they bleed at the nose, or by the Hemorrhoids, then do they quickly find, that they have their terms the less. Secondly, the blood also in the Hearts, Lights, and arteries, is much subtler than that in the veins. The gross blood is drawn away by the flesh, whereby the foresaid blood is more subtle; thin and scummy. The upright good blood, which is without any disease, is light red, sweet in taste, and not too thick, and in that estate it may be sustained and augmented by good meat and drink, if one take abundantly thereof: but to the contrary, it will be diminished through want of those things. The blood doth especially increase by good strong wine moderately drunken, it maketh the same also fair and fresh, and especially the wine which is thick red, for that wine behoveth not to be much digested. In fine, according to that the food is good or bad, thereafter is the blood qualified: for the farther it is engendered from his proper nature, so much the blacker it is. If the same spoil through abundance, then will in the broken veins be knots called Varices, whereof we have written in the first chapter, and seventéenth §. of the fift part: or it will be expelled through the bleeding at the nose, or through the Hemorrhoids: also it is oftentimes altered in impostumations and corruptions. What diseases are caused of the corruption of the blood, that shall hereafter be taught and declared. Amongst all living creatures is the blood of man the most subtle: as to the contrary, the Ass' blood the most gross. So long as it doth remain in the body, it doth keep his warm and moist nature: but as soon as it is out, then doth it thicken: yet one man's blood more than another's, whence afterwards you may separate the little hairs or Fibrae. The blood of a Stéete is so hard, that being drunken it is a deadly poison. Contrariwise, certain beasts blood doth not thicken at all, viz. Hares blood, Coney's blood, Hearts and Hinds blood, the blood of Roes, of Swine, of Goats, and such like more. The Philosopher's opinion is, that all gross thick blood doth give strength, subtle and thin blood wittiness, little blood fear, and very little wit. But for conclusion, this ensuing is a marvelous property of the blood, that Nature hath placed such power therein, that the countenance of a man is altered in the twinkling of an eye, as happeneth in great anger, shamefastness and such, through the concourse of blood. Contrarily, if the same depart from the face, it showeth fear and fright. And in these alterations of paleness and redness, doth keep such a difference, that thereby may be adjudged and known, how the heart and mind of man is disposed within. Whereby the blood may be cleansed. §. 4. ALbeit that we have taught enough for all sicknesses, which be caused through the uncleanness of the blood, by what means the blood may be cleansed, yet can it not but be necessary to discover certain things here which be meet for the same. And first, what things they be: the confected Nutmegs are especially commended for this, because they make very good and hail blood. Nevertheless it is not advised, that they which be of hot nature should use the same unless it be very seldom. We have also declared in other places, that there is nothing that cleanseth the blood more than fumitory, and all that is made of fumitory, as conserve, syrup, juice, water, and especially if the same be decocted in the whey of goats milk. Rosemary is also highly commended for it. In the first part, the second Chapter, and first §. is a powder described, beginning thus, Take Seen leaves, which is also marvelous good for this purpose. Concerning the drink, we have told before that there is nothing better than good red wine. Amongst herbwines, the Borage wine, wine of bugloss and of Tamariscus is commended: for this may you look also into these places ensuing, where there be divers and sundry things described, whereby the blood may be cleansed, as in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and sixth §. Item, in the fift part of the ulcers and of scabbedness, which be commonly caused of unclean blood, as also of the Pocks and the Leprosy, hereafter shall be spoken of it in the description of Phlegma. How the abundant bleeding is to be staunched. §. 5. ALso there is nothing to be written of this abundant bleeding, but only to allege certain places where divers and sundry remedies are set down for to staunch blood withal, as in the first part, the eight chapter, and seventh §. Item in the first part, the ninth chapter, and fifth §. Also in the first part, the thirteenth Chapter, and seventh §. Item in the second part, the fift chap. and seventéenth §. Item in the third part, the eighth chapter, and fourth §. Yet again in the third part, the eleventh chapter, and sixtéenth §. Item, more in the third part, the fourteenth chapter, and 11. §. And if so be that this bleeding come upon women in childbed too fast, then look for it in the conclusion of the third part, and before in the seventh chapter, where certain precious vulnerall potions are described, in which places there may good means be found, according to the importance of the bleeding. How to let out superfluous blood. §. 6. IT is no less needful in many men to take away the superfluous blood, whereby nature is overcharged, and many sicknesses caused, than in others to increase it, and this happeneth most conveniently through letting of blood, through application of boxing cups, or through fastening of leeches. Of the letting of blood we have spoken at large in the Introduction, and also written of the sixteen veins of the body which are wont to be opened, and likewise in what sicknesses each of them is to be opened, whereby each one that readeth it, shall find a good direction. The second means whereby this noisome blood may be taken away, are the cups, whereof we have discoursed at large in the foresaid Introduction. Also in like sort of the setting on of the Leeches, thither do we direct the Reader, and so conclude this Chapter. The eleventh Chapter. Of the natural warmth of man's body. BEcause we have now written of the veins, and also how the same do spread themselves throughout the whole body, and other things concerning this, therefore we will admonish of the natural heat, which with the blood is imparted unto all parts of the body, for that the blood and the natural heat be so linked one with another and befriended, that one cannot continue without the other, but death must presently ensue. Yea there is also none other thing that giveth shape in the beginning to all living bodies, and afterwards causeth them to increase to the hour of death, but this natural heat which is borne with us. This is the only cause of all working: and it is known, that all that groweth and increaseth, yea also all herbs and plants wust have their nourishment thereby, and each according to the right property of his nature which giveth to each thing according to his need, both moisture and dreuth: but how were it possible that the same may be concocted and altered for the sustenance and increase of man's body, if there be no natural warmth with it? This natural warmth doth maintain all health, and consumeth all bad humours, it consumeth also meat and drink, whereby all inward parts do receive their power and strength, and also are made apt to do all things whereto they were created. The hardened skin will be mellowed and made thin through this natural heat, all wounds and ulcers be brought to natural matter, it suageth the pain, it looseth and softeneth all contracted sinews. Item, this natural heat is that which causeth the wounded head to heal, and freeth it from all his heavy accidents, drieth the moisture of the same, expelleth all corrupted bones, and taketh away the venom of all corroding ulcers. This natural warmth doth warm all frozen members, it helpeth all diseases of the Matrix and privities, etc. The same natural heat doth heal all broken bones. But how may that be better seen than by daily examples, which we have daily before our eyes, and as it appeareth in old folks? for it is seen that how much the natural heat abateth in them, so much the weaker and the more incurable do they wax of all diseases: and most manifestly in the dying, where it is clearly seen, that how much the more the natural heat doth abate, so much the nearer is death at hand. Therefore must heed always be taken that it be kept in his natural being: for if so be that the same be too great or too small in any body, then can follow none other but heavy sicknesses, and at length death itself. The like may be seen in the Palsy, and in the Plague. Therefore we will here discover certain things which sustain this natural heat, and do increase and strengthen the same, and afterwards show what is to be used against unnatural heat. First, there be certain spiced wines, Claret wines, Hippocras wines, and such like commended for it, but they must be used with providence, to the end that according to the quality of nature and of the age they may be prepared, that they heat not overmuch; for that the right nature of wine is, that it being moderately drunken, doth preserve and sustain the natural warmth, and strengtheneth the powers of men. The same doth also Elecampane wine, and confected Nutmegs used morning and evening after meat. The conserve of Rosemary doth warm all those which be half dead. But what need is it to write so largely thereof, seeing there is no sickness, which cometh through cold described in all this book, wherein hath not been taught how this weak natural heat might be helped? Hereafter also shall be spoken of the Phlegma, and by that means also of cold, and what is to be done for these cold diseases, where further advertisement may be sought for. Of unnatural heat. §. 1. IN all hot diseases which have been discovered hitherto, be means every where declared, wherewith this unnatural heat might be quenched and slaked. But we will here not only allege the passages where the same is taught, but also declare what may be meet for it. For this, are sundry things described, as the cooling salve Galem, the salve of Roses, the salve of Saunders, and the Pomade. For this is also good the Poplar salve, all which you may mix as you please, or use each alone. In like manner these oils following, as of Poppy heads, of Roses, of Violets, and of water Lilies, which do cool more than the oil of Roses, or oil of Violets. For an outward application, take the water of Corn Roses, and of Nightshade, of each two ounces, sealed earth, and fine Bolus, of each one dram, Camfer ten grains, temper them all together, and lay it upon the forehead, or where the heat is. One may use inwardly the conserve of bugloss, of Borage, of water Lilies, of Violets, of Cicorie, of red and white Roses, confected Cherries, and conserve of Barberries'. Item, confected roots of Cicorie, Framboys, confected Peaches (which one may use in all hot sicknesses) and Prunes that be confected. Item, fresh Cassie is very necessary in all unnatural and sharp heat. The sour Dates do cool and purge very mildly, and they do also quench the thirst. The simple things be Lettuce, Endive, Cicorie, and bread that is steeped in cold water, Fishes, Lemons, Oranges, Pompions, Melons, sweet wine, Pears, Apples and Cherries, etc. These foresaid things are not only to be used in hot sicknesses, but also to take them moderately being in health in hot times. There is also a syrup made of the juice of Oranges, of sour Pomegranates, of white Roses, and of Sorrell, the which do cool much in time of the Plague, and in all pestilential sicknesses, which do inflame the heart and the stomach. The syrup of Roses laxative doth especially cool all heat of Agues: likewise also the syrup of Verivice, of Violets, of Endive, and of Vinegar. In like manner also Oxycraton, Oxysacchara, julep of Roses, and of Violets: the honey of Roses hath a méetly cooling nature, therefore the same may also be used in hot Agues. When the patiented desireth to drink in great heat, then be some of these foresaid sirupes to be tempered amongst it, for which the syrup of Violets, of Borage, and of Roses, be the most principal, if the same be tempered with well water, or any cooling potion. The same doth also fresh well water alone. Item, Barley water, or Henbroth dressed with Endive, watered wine, Henbroth with Sugar and Barley, and the water of Larks spur drunken three or four times a day, these beforesaid do take away the unnatural heat, whether it be in the Plague, or in any other hot agues. Take water of Lark's spur and of bugloss, of each two ounces, Cicorie water one ounce, drink twice thereof morning and evening: it strengtheneth and cooleth also the heart in all hot things. Take a handful of Raisins, stamp them to pap, and power upon it eight ounces of water of bugloss, Cinnamome one dram, then wring it thorough a cloth, and afterwards take it, or give it to drink with Almond milk. But if so be that some unnatural heat do assail you without any special sickness, then is this ensuing to be used for it: Take a black Cockerel of a year old, chop it alive one part from another, take the Liver, and stamp it very warm in a mortar, than temper with it woman's milk of one that giveth suck to a boy, afterwards wring it together through a cloth, and give thereof to the overheated body two or three spoonfuls. Some do commend this very highly, and it may be tried without peril. Item, the juice of green Nutshells be very good against all accidents which may be caused of heat. The twelfth Chapter. Of the Sweat in general. AFter the description of unnatural heat, we are to write somewhat also of the sweat (which is contained in the corrupted blood) and pierceth through the whole body. The same is thus briefly described of Galen. Sweat is a cleansing and an excessive moisture which is mixed with the blood as the whey is with the milk. Other do expound it more at large. The sweat (say they) is a moisture, which is caused of the vapours of the body, which spreadeth it out to the uttermost parts of the body, and penetrateth out through the skin, whereby the blood is unburdened of much uncleanness, whereof there be two sorts, the one natural, which in great sicknesses is a good sign or Crisis, which kind of sweat doth break out also upon men through great labour, or in Summer time, and is a wholesome and healing sweat, which bringeth great ease and lightning with it. The other kind of sweat is unnatural and also hurtful, as is seen in them which suffer great pain, or that lie a dying: therefore it is not unjustly said (as also the truth is, that sweat is a sign of all the moistness which reigneth in the body. For when as the sweat breaketh forth excessively, then is it a sign of great abundance of subtle moistures, and of the strength of the expulsive virtue. Like as to the contrary, a little sweat giveth knowledge of the toughness & thickness of the same, or debility of the expulsive power. If so be that the sweat be red, then is it a sign that the blood hath the mastery: but if so be that the sweat be yellow, then hath Cholera the pre-eminence; or if it be white, Phlegma: and if it be blackish, Melancholia. And if so be that the sweat stink, then must the blood also in the veins whence the said sweat cometh, stink also. Item, these differences may be perceived by the tongue, that when one will prove his sweat and the same be sweet, then is it a sign that the blood reigneth; and if bitter, than Cholera, etc. The causes of the sweat be over hot air, great labour, warm weather, bathing, to go too hot clothed, and a moist body. But commonly it is caused through great rioting which is lately committed: the first cause will be taken away, if one beware of labour, and tarry out of warm air etc. The second through purging: but the sweat may come of whatsoever cause that it will, it is always very profitable for a moist body, and healthful: therefore is the same to be required in many sundry perilous diseases, viz. in franticness, Phrenitide, in which the sweat is especially very meet if the same be excessively expelled. The Physicians which be very expert have taken through the sweat no small signification of life or of death, and especially in those days which they call Criticos, which be these ensuing, that do yield also a good prognostication of health. The 3. 5. 7. 9 11. 14. 20. 21. 24. 27. 30. 31. 34. & 40. The other which cometh between these foresaid days do signify to the contrary a long continuing sickness. This sweeting is also every where common with all agues, and especially in all hot agues, but after a several or different manner: for if the sweat be cold, and that it be only about the head, in the face, and in the neck, than it is a very bad sign: if it come with a sharp ague, then is it a sign of death, or cometh it with a mild ague, then doth it signify a lingering sickness: by which it also signifieth that where the sweat doth break out, there the disease and the sickness is. Moreover, we will add this unto it, that when the blood is unmeasurable moist, thence springeth always a very grievous sickness, for that thereby it will be waterish (like as the whey of milk) retaining nevertheless the red colour, whereby it cometh also that a body sweateth blood otherwhiles. For sweeting be also these rules ensuing prescribed. First, the sweat is not to be moved before, and yet that the matter be purged whence that this is provoked, and so long as the patiented feeleth ease thereby, & be not over much weakened. Secondly, in consuming maladies, as Hectica, and Phthisis, sweeting is not meet. Thirdly, if the sweeting get so much the mastery, that a body is thereby weakened, then is the sweeting to be caused to cease by uncovering or taking away the coverings. Or doth it come through over much heat▪ then is the patiented to live soberly, and to fast. But if so be that it do come through repletion of the body, then is the same moisture or humour which causeth the sweat, to be purged. Afterwards is the body to be anointed with this salve following: Take Roses one ounce, red Saunders, blossoms of Pomegranates, Galls, and Myrtle leaves, of each half an ounce: seeth all together in four and twenty ounces of water until the third part be spent; afterwards strain it thorough a cloth, and put unto it six ounces of the oil of Roses, and then let it seeth so long until all the water be consumed, afterwards strain it thorough a cloth. With this salve is the patiented especially to anoint the side and the breast. He is also to drink oftentimes julep of Roses, and of Violets, and to moisten the breast sometimes and the sides with cold-water, and also to sleep alone, but upon no bed which is filled with feathers, and that but light covered. The sweeting causeth also sometimes swooning which is not without danger. This patiented is not to be bounden, rubbed, nor to keep in his breath, like as is done to others which fall into a swooning by some other cause: for that the foresaid things do drive out more matter and sweat out of the body. For this also is wine to be eschewed, for that it expelleth also sweat: but the face is to be sprinkled with Rose water, and with well water. The patient must also refrain from over hot labour, and not to cover himself too much. He must set his bed in a cold place, and hang the same with cold odoriferous things, as Roses, Saunders, Camfer, Quinces, Waterlillies, and such like. Whereby the Sweat is provoked. §. 1. AT the first are the pores to be opened, as doth the oil of Camomile, and of Dill, if one be anointed therewith: or take Pepper, Cinnamom, Calmus, Rapontica, Pieretrum, Rhubarb, Costus, Cassie wood, Balsam fruits, Marierom gentle, and the juice of white Mints; temper some of these foresaid things together and seeth them with Salad oil in wine, and anoint you therewith, it causeth a man to sweat. Further, these things following are to be used before one go to bed, therewith to expel the sweat, to wit, half a dram or a whole dram of Treacle or Mithridate. Item, take an Onion, and put good Treacle into it, afterwards roast it soft in hot ashes, and eat a good deal thereof, then lay you in bed to sweat therewith, and afterwards dry yourself clean with dry clothes. For bathing, he is to take the quantity of a nut of conserves of Rosemary, or conserve of fumitory, both of them do expel sweat: the conserve of Eldern berries is the common people's physic for this purpose. Item, take Rose water, Wormwood water, and Rue water, of each a like quantity, and use thereof every morning a good draft: or take one ounce of Ginger, and seeth it in a pint of red wine; afterwards strain it without wring, and then drink five ounces thereof: it causeth also to sweat well, and that especially in quartain Agues. Now to the end to abate the heat, than temper amongst it julep of Violets. Oxymel compositum doth also move sweat. But if one cannot sweat, then take two or three brick stones and make them very hot, and wrap them in a wet cloth, and lay first one, and then another to the feet, under the armpits, or the sides of the patiented, or between his legs; then will the vapour cause the patiented to sweat. And if so be that there be a stinking sweat instant, like as the stench of the armpits, whereof we have written in the fourth part, the first chapter, and the second §. and in the second chapter, in the third §. then may one with the foresaid, use this ensuing: Take white Coperas half an ounce, let it boil so long in a pint of water as one would seethe an egg hard, or somewhat longer, and wash you therewith. Also the sweat will be expelled by anointing with oil of Quinces, or by taking of Marmalade made with spice. Of the sweate-bath and other. §. 2. IT is very common that sweat is usually provoked by baths, which is attempted after divers manners, and must be done for many kinds of maladies, as we have declared in many places: for which now that bathing is noisome and bad, we have also taught here and there, as the same may be looked for in the Table. The thirteenth Chapter. Of the Sinews. IT is a question amongst certain learned men whence the sinews (which the Latinists call Neruos) have their beginning. Aristoteles was of opinion that they came from the heart, although it cannot be perceived that there hence any should come: but Galenus with his followers do say that the sinews take their beginning in the brains and the backebone. And this opinion is not without a foundation and sure ground, because that as soon as the sinews be inflamed with any unnatural heat, the brains thereby are so infected, that commonly these men be distraught of their wits and understanding, yea wax childish, and as the physicians name it Deliri. Albertus doth reckon to be in man's body 77. sinews, as well great as small, hard, soft, and other; and therein do all learned agree, that they be all of a cold nature, yet the one less than the other, and also without blood, wherefore some call them the white veins. Amongst these be three principal sorts: the first which we chief call Neruos, which is sinews: the second Tendones, which be the tendones: the third Ligamenta, which be ligaments or binding sinews. The first sort have their beginning in the brains, of both the skins of the brains, & in the backbone, the which Albertus calleth the vicegerent of the brains, for that they be both almost of one nature. These Nerui or sinews, the which by the Grecians is as much to say as bending, be by nature a little warmer and also drier than the veins or any other sinews, they are also more sensible than the arteries, and of such power that they frank and freely impart unto the whole body all motion and feeling. These foresaid sinews are by nature so placed in the back bone, and his holes, which be 60. in number, and that they be spread over the whole body, giving each part his sense and action; so that each may adjudge what is hurtful for him, or paineth any whit. They do spread themselves abroad over the whole body, to wit, out of the backbone, as it were a spring, which with many sundry spouts or gutters is derived hither and thitherwards, in a pleasant garden, for to moisten the same, and to impart her water unto it: So is also our body naturally nourished with these sinews and all other veins, which (like as is said) receive their beginning out of the brains, and so descend even to the feet beneath. And although this dispersion be so bountifully and pleasantly performed, notwithstanding there come no sinews into the bones, except the teeth, neither yet in the gristles, nor in the fatness, nor in the ligaments (which be the knitters of the members or joints) therefore all these foresaid parts have no feeling or motion, neither need they any. When as now the foresaid sinews are spread abroad every where in the muscles or lacerts, which (as is said) are instruments whereby we have all our motion, yet in other places, where need requireth, the other sort are, to wit, the tendones. These be of a tied compacted substance, easily cut in the length, overthwart very hardly or scant at all. When as they also (like as is oftentimes admonished) be wounded, then are they healed with great trouble. They can also abide no fire, like as the sinews do; for whensoever one is wounded or hurt, then doth the same member lose his accustomed action, or will at the least be much weakened. It is also much to be wondered at, to wit, when a sinew is hurt, that then there followeth much pain and mishap after it; and being hewed or cut quite asunder, that then the patiented knoweth not of any pain. The tendones or lacerts be amongst these three sorts of sinews the most hardest: contrariwise, the ligaments be the most softest, as shall be showed hereafter. These tendones be also not so sensible as the right sinews, and be also much bigger. The third sort of sinews the Grecians do call Syndesmos, the Latinistes Ligamenta, (which be bonds or knitters) Albertus doth call them Cordàs, that is, cords: these have no feeling where they hold fast in the muscles or bones, but they bind only the muscles and bones together. Let this now suffice of the nature of the sinews, and they that desire to have ampler direction thereof, let them look into Aristoteles, Galenus, Albertus, and other Anatomici, which have written thereof very largely. Of hurt and wounded sinews. §. 1. COmmonly the perished sinews do require such remedies as are wont to be used for the increase of the enfeebled warmth, and do dry hard and draw, yet without any corroding and bad property. The wounds are also to be kept open long, and if so be that they be too narrow, then make them wider, to the end that all bad matter may run out. Besides that, all diligence is to be used for to assuage the pain. If now there be any sinew pricked in letting of blood, or otherwise, then take oil of Camomile, of Roses, and oil of S. john's wort, of each one ounce, three well brayed yolks of eggs, and Saffron one scruple, temper them all together, and lay it thereon. For the pain. §. 2. IF so be that there be any great pain in the wounded sinews, then use the salves Anodyna, whereby the pain may be assuaged, whereof you may find sufficiently written in the first part, the 4. chapped. and 12. §. in the second part, the 7. chapter: in the third part, the 16. chap. and 4. §. also in the third part, the 17. chap. and 2. §. This ensuing is also very meet for it: Take oil of Lilies, one ounce and a half, oil of Dill and of Camomile, of each one ounce, white Wax as much as is needful for to make a salve. Another Anodynum. Take Walflowers three ounces, oil of sweet Almonds, and oil of Sesamum, of each one dram and a half, fresh Butter one ounce, Saffron half a dram; white wax one dram and a half, oil of Dill, of Camomile, and Ducks grease, of each one quarter of an ounce, one well brayed yolk of an egg; then temper them together unto a salve. For this you have also before in the third chapter, and 7. §. a salve, beginning thus, Take oil of Roses etc. and other things more, which do much assuage the pain. Item, take the marrow of calves bones, and very old Salad oil, of each four ounces, Earthwormes washed in wine two ounces, seeth them together in water meetly well, afterwards strain the broth thorough a cloth: it is marvelous good for the sinews, for that it assuageth all pain, and mollifieth the sinews. These foresaid things be not only good for the pain of the sinews, which be caused through wounds, but also for all other pain of the sinews, as this following is also: Take Henbane seed half an ounce, black Poppy seed one quarter of an ounce, Saffron one ounce, Hermodactyli two ounces and a half, small bruised crumbs of bread four ounces; temper them all together, and so lay this warm upon it, and that thrice in four and twenty hours: afterwards anoint the place with oil of Foxes, or with any such like oil, which shall hereafter be discovered: After that strew the powder of Earthwormes upon it; or temper the powder with Honey, and use it as before. It is also good for all pain of the members, and hardening of the sinews. There may also a plaster be made of the foresaid Earthwormes, and apply it. Cow dung tempered with oil and laid warm upon it, is also good. Item, take oil of Foxes three ounces, Salad oil four ounces, Earthwormes washed in Wine two ounces; let them seeth all together, like as is said before, it strengtheneth marvelous much all bruised sinews, and warmeth also the same, when they be wounded. Oil of Bricks is good for all pain, and all diseases of the sinews. In like manner the three sorts of Balsam oil which be described in the last part. When the Sinews be resolved and limber. §. 3. TAke Turpentine which is many times washed with Rose water two ounces, pouned Frankincense, and Corns of the same, of each two drams and a half; make a salve thereof. This doth also a salve which is made with washed lime and Salad oil, or oil of Saint john's wort. Item, there is also good for this all vital waters. For Sinews that be shrunk, or for the Cramp of the Sinews. §. 4. ITem, take one ounce of the plaster Diachilon, Ammoniacum and Bdellium, of each one quarter of an ounce; steep these two gums four and twenty hours in Vinegar, and afterwards let them seeth until all the Vinegar be spent, then mix the plaster amongst it, and also five drams of bears grease: when it is now sufficiently boiled, then work it well together with the hands, the hands being first made wet in Vinegar. This Plaster doth mollify and digest: Or take the féeds of Hollihocks, of Flax, and of Fenegréeke, of each two ounces, oil of Lilies, and of Olives, of each one ounce, Wax as much as is needful for a salve: this salve softeneth all manner of hardness of the sinews and of the joints, it assuageth the pain, it strengtheneth the extenuated members. Take oil of Bohen two ounces, Ammoniacum, Bdellium, of each two drams, Saffron two scruples, white Wax as much as will suffice for a soft ointment: at the last add one ounce of neats foot oil unto it. Item, take oil of Spikenard, oil of Saffron, of each six dragms, Bevercod, Ammoniacum, Sagapenum; badger's grease and bears grease, of each three dragms, marrow of Ox bones half an ounce, Wax as much as will suffice, besprinkle them all with Vinegar of Squils. If you would have it digest and dry stronger, add unto it Pellitory of Spain, Bevercod, Euphorbium, and roots of Costirs, of each two drams, Saltpetre half a dram, make it all into an ointment: This ointment is good for the Palsy, and coldness of the sinews, but especially for the shaking in the fit of an ague. The salve Dialthaea, is very good for the contraction and shortening of the sinews. Item, take Camomile flowers, sprigs of the juniper tree, Sage, Mallows, Southernwood, and Nettle roots, of each one handful, shred and beat them very small, and put unto them 16. ounces of fresh Butter, Dog's grease 12. ounces, boil them together until all the juice of the herbs be consumed, then strain them, and add unto them molten wax three ounces, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, of each one ounce, dissolve the gums in Vinegar, & mix them with the rest: when it beginneth to cool, stir amongst it oil of Bevercod 6. drag. oil of Camomile 2. ounces, oil of Bays 8. ounces, lastly, temper them well together. The Apothecaries do call it unguentum Neruinum, unguentum Neruinum. but it is not used every where. Item, take Wax, Pitch, and marrow of Ox bones, of each one ounce, oil of Roses two ounces, mix them all together, and put unto them the powder of Earthwormes, and so anoint the place aggrieved with it. As concerning the Cramp (which is nothing else but a contraction and convulsion of the sinews) hath been spoken in the first part the 12. Chap. and 15. §. where also I showed what might be used for it. And this following is very meet for the same: Take the juice of broad Plaintaine, boil it with strong wine, and bind it upon the place where the Cramp is. Item, take the roots of water-lilies, cut them in round slices, and so apply them, it hath been approved oftentimes. When the Cramp cometh in one foot, then bend back one of your toes, or bind it hard with a whipcord: but the best counsel is, to arise presently and walk, and to keep the foot warm. Cramp rings are also worn for it, but I find no great good in them. These oils following are very commodious for the Cramp, to wit, oil of Lilies, of Rue, of Wallfloures, and of Turpentine, which is made as followeth: Take Turpentine 3. pound, put it into a body, make fast the head and the receiver unto it very close, distil it in sand or ashes with an easy fire. First, there cometh over a clear water with the oil, next, a yellow oil, lastly, a dark and gross oil, keep each apart, for they are good for all cold griefs, and especially for them of the sinews. There is also good for it the oil of Tiles, oil of Quinces, which also comforteth the sinews. The oil of Camomile is not only good for the sinews, but also for all the joints. The oil of S. john's wort is especial good for the same. The ridge in the back being anointed with the oil of juniper, restoreth motion into all parts. Oil of Bays, of bitter Almonds, and of Bevercod, have an especial virtue to soften the hard and contracted sinews. Now follow those things which may be used inwardly. BOth the kinds of Treacle, and the Mithridate are marvelous good for the infections of the sinews. Item, take Calmus, flowers of Stechadoes, of each three ounces, Currants, Fennell roots, Parsley roots, of each one ounce, Centory, Coloquinte, Hermodactilis, of each half an ounce, boil them in a quart of water unto the half, and strain them out hard, then put 12. ounces of Honey unto it, and let them boil together again until they be reasonable thick, afterwards put unto them fine powder of prepared Agarick one ounce, Turbith half an ounce, Ginger and Diagridion, of each one drag. and a half, Spike of Indie one drag. make an Electuary of them. This Electuary purgeth all plegmatick, tough, green, and waterish matter from all the parts of the body both inward and outward. It assuageth all pains of the joints, sinews, and such like. Give of it at once four or six drams with the decoction of Ginger, if phlegm do abound. Contrariwise in a choleric body give it with the water of Succory very warm, and let him fast six hours after it, and before he be set down to dinner, let him drink a good draft of Meade. For the same purpose also serveth the confection of Diacorum, and especially the first of them which are described in the last part. Likewise the conserve of Lavender, of Spikenard, of Sage, and the preserved roots of Eringus. His common drink shall be Mead, or Honywater. Amongst the herbed wines are these commended, the wines of Elecampane roots, of Rosemary, of Sage and of wormwood. These wines are all very good for the sinews not only taken inwardly but also the infected places chafed and fomented outwardly. Common clysters are sometimes used for to comfort the sinews, whereof there be divers described almost every where, and such as may be used according to the place infected. But a little Coloquint is for the most part added unto them all. This contraction and induration of the sinews doth in time turn to a perfect lameness, whereof hath been spoken before in the fourth part, the seventh chapter, and second §. and after that in this fift part in the second chapter of the Pocks, in which places you may find sufficient store of remedies to content yourself. These things following are very hurtful for the sinews, the continual use of strong wines, ●enery, idleness, slothfulness, warm water, and especially in them that are wounded in the sinews. The fourteenth Chapter. Of the flesh and Muscles or Lacerts. WE must now speak of the flesh of the body which covereth the bones, veins, sinews, and in fine, all that is comprehended in the skin. First in respect of those parts which we call Muscles or Lacerts, the flesh in Latin called Caro, is very little in quantity; for the number of Muscles is so infinite, that it hath been unpossible for the ancient Physicians to name them all. Some did take them to be in number five hundredth, Albertus' 529. The flesh and muscles are engendered of the blood; they are warm and moist by nature, and soft in handling, and those that are coldish by nature (without any evident heat) they have much and very soft flesh. That which we call flesh, is placed every where between the muscles, only differing in this, that the muscles are contained in a thin subtle membrane, to the end that the sinews with their small twigs might the better pass through it, & impart their motion unto the muscles. This flesh is otherwhiles changed into fat, to wit, in fat men, or in them that live delicately; or else sometimes it decreaseth and the muscles also upon divers occasions. They that are very fleshy have also big veins, full of black blood, with great entrails, and a big belly. These persons are especially commanded by all learned Physicians, that they shall not purge themselves in Summer time. The other kind of flesh, namely Muscles and Lacerts, are peradventure so called, because they are not unlike to the Euets: for Lacerta in Latin is a Lizard or Euet in English, Aristotle, Albertus, Galenus, with divers others have written very curiously of the veins and sinews, and have showed how they are dispersed and spread abroad over all the body, and how by the Muscles they move and stir every member severally, whereof we need not at this present make any further mention. But to speak of them in brief: the body of the muscles is made of three several kinds of substance, for their beginning and the very head of them is full of sinews. Their middle (which is called the belly of the muscle) is flesh. Their tail, or the ends of the muscles is harder and more sinewy than the head, whereof the Tendons are made. In fine, these Muscles do consist of sinews, of flesh, of ligaments, and velmes, so that by the multitude of these sinews, are all the parts of the body moved inward and outward, upwards and downwards, quickly or slowly, too and fro, all as a man will himself. Besides this, they are according to their situations of divers proportions, as long, thick, broad, etc. and so strangely coadunated and conjoined, that their use may easier be perceived by their motion, than by sight, or by any other means whatsoever, but especially, in the face, in the forehead, and in the lips. These muscles may not be wounded without great danger, for by reason of the sinews which pass through them, by those wounds very great and heavy accidents must needs ensue. But the greatest danger is wounding, hurting, or in any way harming them of the back, for than can the patiented neither make water, nor go to the stool, nor do any other business at all aright. By these means cometh the Cramp, the falling sickness. I will not speak of the great misfortune that might follow if the same do putrify. Because therefore the muscles are very sensible, they do find by overmuch labour, by long walking, by running, and such like, a great debility, wearisomeness, and pain; so do the sinews also and the Tendons themselves. But it were in vain to show at this present how all the infirmities that the muscles are subject unto might be remedied, because the same hath been sufficiently spoken of in those places where we have entreated of Ulcers, Wounds, Pocks, Leprosy, and such like. The fifteenth Chapter. Of the fat of Man's body. AFter the description of the flesh it is very needful that we writ and discourse of the fat in man's body. This fat is a division of the nourishment in the skin and other parts, heaped insensibly and tied together: this insensibleness hath the fat of the blood whence it is engendered; for that the fat is none other thing, but digested blood, which also is insensible. By nature it is most moist; therefore the fat of all beasts, and also the fat of men is wont to be used for many kind of diseases, as may be seen here and there in this Book: and (as it is said) the fat hath his beginning of the fattest part of the blood, which runneth through the veins towards the skin, and setting itself on the same and on the sinews (both which are dry by nature) for to moisten them. But if it happen to touch the parts that be cold and bloodless, then doth it come to congeal, and to wax hard there: therefore that doth most of all happen in cold bodies, viz. in women, and in all such beasts which have been kept all winter, and be unmeasurable fat; where to the contrary, all that be hot by nature, wax lean and weak. Amongst all parts of men and beasts there are none that be fatter than the kidneys, and that chief on the left kidneys, more than on the right; yet especially in sheep wherein that the kidneys be otherwhiles so abundantly covered with fat that they cannot make water, but are constrained thereby to die. Of the troublesomeness of Fatness. §. 1. THere is no better disposition of body, as well amongst new borne children, as other ancient people, but that a man be meetly fat, not too lean, nor too fat: or if so be that any of both must be, it is always better to be lean than fat: for that if a body be ouerburthened with fatness, then happeneth it amongst other inconveniences, that a body be always slothful, unfit for labour, and for walking. I say nothing of other diseases and sicknesses which fat people be more subject to, than the lean. This excessive fatness cometh of blood, whereby all the parts of a man's body be fed and sustained: the fat bodies have always narrow veins, and arteries, and therefore also little blood, and fewer vital spirits; so that when they begin to be old, the natural heat is wholly abated and very lightly might be extinguished, or at least wise spilled and lost. Wherefore Hypocrates also saith by good right, that they that be fat by nature, do die much sooner, than they that be lean. But they that are between both by nature (saith he) and afterwards wax fat by their dainty and bountiful diet, they always keep their great veins, although they increase in flesh and fatness, therefore in them is less danger, although they be fat, and that their natural heat be corrupted in them. Also the Philosophers do conclude (like as we also daily see before our eyes) that both humane and bruit beasts bodies which are very fat, do remain unfruitful. For they have but little and weak natural seed, because that (as is said) leanenes is to be commended far before fatness of the body. Therefore must all men which are inclined to be fat, use these things following: Take Sandaraca three quarters of an ounce, drink it in the morning with water, and with Oxymel. Item, take the rinds of yellow Mirobalanes (roast them as though that they were half burnt) one quarter of an ounce: stamp them all to a subtle powder, and then give it to drink with Plantain water. Look also into the second part, the third chapter, and second §. for the Pills which marvelously hinder fatness. Item, take every morning a crust with vinegar, wherein a little Pepper is tempered, drink it very warm. But if one fear that it might hurt the sinews, then is it to be forborn. The sixteenth Chapter. For great leanness. THe reason why leaunes is better for a body than fatness, we have discovered before: nevertheless if the leanness were exceeding much, then is it very dangerous for healthy folks: for it behoveth no great proof that the body waxeth lean, when it wanteth food, or when the meat doth not digest, and is not conveyed to the appropriate members, or when people be overcharged with intolerable labour, with great sorrow, and such like. Likewise do some also fall into great leanness, for that their body is too cold and too dry: other will also be lean, for that the digestive and nutritive virtues, or any of both these be weakened. Item, this extreme leanness is caused also of the consumption Phthisis, whereof we have sufficiently written before, and also in the fourth part, the seventh chapter, and second §. For this may first be used all that is forbidden in the excessive fatness: neither is counsel to be deferred over long in this disease of leanness: for when as the leanness beginneth to root, then doth the same not only provoke Phthisin, which is the consumption; but also other more deadly accidents: so that not only all the flesh of man's body will be consumed, but also all the virtue and strength. And what might be used for this falling away, is to be sought for in the two forementioned places, there is especially commended (amongst other outward remedies) the rubbing with the flat of the hand of all outward members. All they that are wont lightly to parbrake, may not be purged in winter, when this leanness is not caused through some hot agues, but that the meat received is not by nature conveyed towards his due place: so that (like as it is wont to chance oftentimes) the ordure is cast out of the mouth, then is the patiented to use good white wine for his drink, yet tempered with water wherein Fennell seed is decocted. For his meat be Hens, Capons, or rather the broth of them, that is wrong or stamped out of their flesh. This patiented is also to foment often his privities and there about, with a spoonge dipped in the decoction of these things following: Take Fenegréeke seed, and of the white Sesamum, of each four ounces, Mallows and Smallage, of each three handfuls, Bdellium half a dram, Coming three drag. Caruway, Dill seed, Ameos, Fennell, of each half an ounce, field Cipers, century, of each half a handful, cut that is to be cut, and stamp the rest, let it seeth in sufficient water. You are also to use a warming plaster for the stomach, whereof there be seen in the third part, the eleventh chapter, and 5. §. and elsewhere described. This plaster ensuing is also good for it: Take twelve ounces of the broth wherein shéeps ●●et hath boiled a good while, Salad oil and Butter, of each two ounces, Saffron 6. grains, Salt one dram, slight Sugar one ounce and a half, temper it, and set this Clyster one hour and a half before supper; at which time he is to use the powder which is described in the third part, the 16. chapter, and 3. §. beginning thus, Take Annis, Fennell, etc. The seventeenth Chapter. Of wearisomeness. WE have taught in the description of the Muscles, that the wearynes of the body is caused through great labour, which weakeneth the sinews and the Muscles, as daily experience doth teach us: and when a man is weary without this cause, as though one had beaten his members in pieces, then doth it signify a great imminent disease. The learned do divide this wearisomeness into many kind of species, as they that come of ulcers, wounds, and such like, which may be apparently perceived. This doth come through great coldness of the matter, which is very easily to be cured, by warm dwellings, by rubbings, by sweet baths, and such like; which do warm the members, open the pores, and make the matter in the sinews and muscles subtle. Nature is also to be kept warm with eating and drinking: wherefore every such patiented is to keep himself with good white wine which is not too strong, and to use other things more, which shall seem meet for all cold diseases, whereof we (for a conclusion of this fift part) shall write immediately hereafter. Now we purpose only to speak of the wearisomeness which is caused of great labour: for the which there is no better nor safer remedy than rest and sleep. But this following may be used for it: Take Rue as much as you please, temper it well with Salad oil, and therewith anoint both the feet: it is very good. Item, take a little Salt in a cloth, bind it fast together, and dip it in the water, cast it into the fire, let it roast until it be black, and run together; afterwards poune it and temper it with Vinegar, wet therein a woollen clout, and rub therewith the soles of the feet. The eighteenth Chapter. Of Sleep. IF it be well considered what sleep is, then doth it not bear in vain the high title which is attributed unto it: and because that the sleep doth also oppress the whole body, passeth through each part of the same, and bringeth it to rest, therefore it is by good right placed in that degree. Concerning his title, the learned do write as followeth. Sleep is a continuing and a moistening of natural heat, an elected rest of all the members, which doth none otherwise cover and suppress all motions of the mind, than as the ashes do the fire, which by a little stirring or uncovering of it, will immediately burn again. And if so be that this rest, which is imparted to the body by sleep, and is as it were a remedy of labour, then may it well be thought, that they that cannot rest at all do sleep unnaturally, for that it taketh away the wits and all actions of the mind: wherefore sleep is called of ovidius, and Seneca Tragicus, a compeller of all mishap, and a rest of the mind, the best part of life, an image of death to come, and Death's brother. And further, this sleep is a confuser of the true and false visions, a haven of life, a taker away of wearied sight, and with the Poets, the pleasantest amongst all goods, yea the only giver of tranquillity on earth. For sleep driveth away sorrow, it is the remedy for sorrow and care, it fréeth the hart, and bringeth all things to rest. The foresaid sleep is a quickening of the weary and weak members, a strengthener of the labourer. It maketh the King and his subjects merry, sorry, and blessed. And to conclude, it is then so needful for nature, that without sleep this life cannot be upholden. You have before in the first part, the 12. chapter, and 6. §. also in the 10. §. of the lithargy; and in the six natural things in the first part, the fift chapter, and 10. §. all which may serve for this intent. Yet these be the things which provoke sleep, viz. Conserves of water-lilies, syrup of Poppy heads, which may be used for this purpose: Lettuce eaten in the evening for Salads is also good: The Conserve of Peony stayeth all fantasies and fear by night, which will hinder men of their sleep: Syrup of Citrons, Wormwood wine, oil of Dill, oil of Poppy heads, and also that which is beaten out of the heads, and the temples of the head anointed therewith, are very meet for it. What hindereth sleep. §. 1. THere shall not here be written of Lethargo, which is a species of the Palsy, and described in the first part, the twelfth chapter, and 10. §. but of that sleep which causeth a body to his great hindrance to sleep too much, in some kind of grievous agues, phlegmatic sicknesses, sweeting sickness, and such like. Now for to keep sluggards and sléepers waking, thereto are merry folks fit to company with one, pleasant speech, music, and play, if the patiented have any desire of it: the rubbing of the arms and legs, with or without footwater, cold water, honey of Roses holden in the mouth: in like manner also the anointing on the temples of the head with cold water, and the same sprinkled in the face. The nineteenth Chapter. Of Pain. WE will not here dispute of the outward pain of the body, or the inward pain of the conscience, whereof the Philosophers and Divines do write. Our book doth only speak of Physics sicknesses, wherein the pain is such an accident of human debility, that there cometh not one so small a sickness wherewith there is not otherwhiles some pain, like as may be seen by all the foresaid infirmities: and as is here in particular discoursed of all sicknesses, and to each is attributed his proper remedies for to assuage at least the pain of the same if it cannot be cured: wherefore we will send the Reader, and every one that hath occasion to take advise therein, to the titles of all diseases that do molest the body with pain. The twentieth Chapter. Of Phlegma. AS we have oftentimes admonished before that the body of man and the most part of all other living creatures are made and sustained of many kinds of humours, that so long also as the same be equally tempered, do bring health with them: contrariwise, if that one do reign above another, it doth cause a sickness. Of Cholera when it getteth the mastery, then do hot sicknesses grow out of it, as may further be read in the description of the Gall. In like manner also it is taught in the Chapter of the hot stomach, and in other places more. Of the black blood of Melancholia hath been spoken in the first part, the twelfth chapter, and eighth §. and in the second part, the fourth chapter, and ninth §. Item, in the fifth chapter and fifteenth §. also in the third part, the eleventh chapter, and 28. §. and in other places more. Concerning the clean blood, thereof hath been written not long ago in the tenth chapter and third §. so that we by good right may also write of the Phlegma, because that the same doth no less penetrate the body than the other. This bodily humour which is called of the Grecians Phlegma, and of the Latinists Pituita, is a waterish moisture which runneth through the veins of all the body with the blood; whereby the brains, the neck, the members, the sinews, and other parts (which draw that humour unto them) be nourished, moistened and cooled: wherefore it were not good that the same were wholly expelled by purging. Also Phlegma doth appear by the slime, matter, snot, spittle, and such like that man avoideth. In fine, all that is cold of nature and moist (saith Galenus) we do call Phlegma, it preserveth also his nature in such proportion, that it is no moister nor colder in the body: and although the same be also thoroughly concocted, yet nevertheless doth it remain always cold, and that not only in the body, but also when it is driven out of the body with purging medicines, so that it can be warmed by no means. This cold moistness (next to the blood) is the highest esteemed, as it is (because of the forementioned reasons) most needful to all living creatures. But this is only spoken of that kind which the Physicians do call the sweet Phlegma, for that it is of sundry natures, viz. thick, thin, and like to molten glass or gips: that which is tart and sour, is undigested and crude. The salt waterish moisture or Phlegma when it is putrefied, then doth it cause sundry sicknesses, as unhealthinesse of the whole body, cold swelling, sluggishness, much sleep, and headache; and especially where it doth abound greatly, then doth it cause sour belchings of the stomach, the gout, and disease of the sinews▪ all which showeth that this waterish moisture must be purged, what Physic ought then to be used to expel Phlegma, is sufficiently declared over the whole book. But for the better satisfaction we will here describe the best of them. First, there is nothing more fit, than that all men that spend their life in daintiness and idleness (whereby they do gather much waterish humours) might observe such an order of diet which might be clean contrary to their former life, as you shall find described in the discourse of the sicknesses which be caused through Phlegma. These be the simple things which consume Phlegma, viz. Penniroyall, Marierom, Nepe, Sage, Marierom gentle, Hyssop, wild Thyme, Rue, Fennell roots, Smallage, Parsley roots, Sperage roots, Pepper, Ginger, Cloves, maidenhair, Hony, Squils', Vinegar, and most of all whatsoever is warm, and dry by nature. Aloe doth also purge Phlegma; Cassie doth by a secret virtue expel it gently; Agaricus hath power to drive out all slimines, to attenuate the thick, and to open all obstructions; the hot Gum Euphorbium is used only at the greatest need; the juice of wild Cucumbers Elaterium expelleth waterish humours most forcibly; but it cannot well be used without danger above the quantity of four grains. In like manner also the leaves of Mezereon four grains, or six at the most. The seeds of Palma Christi do some use to the number of thirty when they be péeled, but it is very much: they do purge the Phlegma very well, but with great pain and torments of the patiented, for that they do purge upwards & downwards, and are very hurtful to the stomach. Now when the Phlegma lieth deep in the body and in the joints, then will it by Coloquinte be drawn forth best of all. The Mirobalani Chebuli, Emblici, and Bellirici, do purge very mildly, and that chief from the head and the brains. The seed of wild Saffron doth expel all moisture, and especially the dropsy, one quarter of an ounce, or three drams given at one time. Turbith is also especial good for it, but it is seldom used alone, but tempered with other things that hereafter ensue, viz. with Seine leaves, Polipodie roots, Sal gemmae, Stechas, Ireas, Behen, Hermodactyli, Nettle roots, Ginger, Coleworts broth, Sugar, Hyssop, Agrymonie, Pepper, Hartwoort, century, Hellebor, Pieretrum, Squils, Sarcocolla, Opopanacum, and Sagapenum. Amongst mixed and compounded things which do expel Phlegma, be first these sirupes following, as both the sirupes of Vinegar, both the Oxymels, and Oxymel of squils, Oxysacchara, Hydromel, Syrupus de Calamintha, de Prassio, and syrup of Wormwood; all these do expel Phlegma through the urine. Item, you have more in the second part, the fift chapter, a very good potion for the breast in a dry cough, called Decoctio Pectoralis, which doth consume the cold slime. The confection Benedicta, Hiera Picra, Pillulae foetidae, de Euphorbio, Cochiae, sine quibus, de Hermodactylis maiores & minores: all these do expel and purge. Item, Diaturbith cum Rhabarbaro, and Medicamen de Turbith, and other more. For a purging potion is this ensuing to be prepared: Take Heart's tongue, agrimony, and maidenhair, of each one handful Annis, Fennell seed, Epithymum, Agaricus, Cuscuta, Parsley seed, wild Saffron seed, Turbith, seed of Smallage, and Seen leaves, of each one quarter of an ounce, seeth them together in sufficient water: or take Mirobalani Chebuli, and Emblici, of each half an ounce, and lay it all together in a warm place to steep: afterwards wring it out, and make three potions thereof: then temper of the foresaid syrup or Oxymell therewith one ounce or an ounce and a half, and take thereof every morning. There is also prepared for it this laxative confection: Take Cinnamom, Cloves, and Nutmegs, of each half a dram, Mace, Cardamom, and Lignum Aloes, of each one scruple, Ginger one dram, Turbith three quarters of an ounce, Diagridion three grains, Sugar six ounces, dissolved in the juice of Quinces, boil it to the thickness of Honey, and then temper the rest amongst it: when it is now almost cold, then take three drams thereof, or half an ounce at once: but in hot weather it is not to be used, it purgeth Phlegma and Cholera marvelously. These things following be also very good, to wit, conserve of Rosemary, of Sage, confected Ginger, Calmus. and Nutmegs, etc. Item, Treacle and Mithridate one dram thereof taken otherwhiles. Tysane or Barley pap is also very good. For drink, is wine meetly good to be drunken, for that it consumeth slime, and amendeth all diseases which spring of Cholera: the same doth also betony wine, Elecampane wine, the wine of avence, of Hyssop, of Rosemary, of Sage, and of Wormwood, the Claret wine, and other spiced wines, whereof shall be spoken more at large in the last part: likewise also all vital and golden waters, the sour juice of Pomegranates used in meat or tempered in drink, is very good. In the first part, the second Chapter, and second §. be two pectoral potions discovered, which be very meet for it. Now for to use outwardly, you have in the first part, the second Chapter, and thirteenth §. a salve of a roasted Goose, which is marvelous piercing, and consumeth the tough slime. The salve of Roses doth also delay all phlegmatic defluxions. Item, oil of Camomile and oil of Rue anointed on the outside, or used with Clysters. Thus much be now spoken of the cold Phlegma; concerning the hot Phlegma, that concerneth the pestilential Agues, and other sicknesses which are caused through heat. The 21. Chapter. Of the cold diseases. EVen as we have discovered thoroughly in the discourse of the cold Phlegma, what here and there throughout this whole book hath been declared to be fit for this purpose, the same shall also be done in the discourse of divers cold sicknesses, of whatsoever occasion that they may be caused, as of age, of defluxions of the stomach, of the Matrix, of the breast, or howsoever the same might be: first of all therefore we will here teach what might inwardly be used for them. First, there is good for it the conserve of Eyebright, which drieth the brains. Item, the conserve of Hyssop and of betony, of Gilliflowers, of Lavender, of Spikenard, of Rosemary, of Marierom gentle, and of Sage. In like manner also confected Ginger, Calmus, Elecampane roots, and confected roots of the greater Pimpernell. The confections be also good which be made of the horse Radish, the Marmalade with spices, both kinds of Treacle, the Mithridate, and confected Annis seeds be also good. Rosemary wine is for this a very forcible and healthy drink. Item, Elecampane wine, Hyssop and Lavender wine: and for moistness of the head is very meet the wine of Asarabacca roots: moreover, all other spiced wines, as Hippocras and Claret wine be much commended for it; and if there were any body which could drink no wine, he may drink common Meade. Oil of Spica is much commended anointed outwardly upon it against all cold diseases of the brains, of the stomach, of the liver, of the spleen, and of all the entrails. In like manner also these oils following, viz. of blue Flouredeluce, of Bevercod, of Bay, of walflowers, of Wormwood, and above all others the oil of Tiles or Bricks. In fine, all that is before described for the cold Phlegma, and in other places for all cold sicknesses, may serve for this intent, and so we will conclude this fift part. The sixth part of this Book maketh mention of all such sicknesses as are incident to the whole body. WE have treated of many kinds of sicknesses in these former five parts of this book of Physic, all which pinch and pain one certain part of man's body, and also sometimes indeed the whole body, for that nature hath so knit and combined all the members of the body one unto another in unmeasurable shape and uniformity, that as there is any member anguished with pain or any disease, even than all the other members impart therewith: so that whensoever the head, the heart, the stomach, the liver, or any other suffereth, all the other members (one less, another more) must be partakers of this foresaid anguish, and in such measure are all of them grieved according to the quantity of the infirmity. And forasmuch as the Ague is so spread throughout the whole body, that (as it is commonly said) there is not so small a corner free; yea further (as all famous physicians witness and allege for an infallible saying and Axioma) that there is no disease so small which bringing with it an alteration of nature, that is without the Ague or Fever: therefore will we comprehend them all in this sixth part, that thereby we may also detect the noisome Plague or Pestilence which is also a spice of an Ague, and also some other, whereof hitherto in our former parts we have not sufficiently declared. The first Chapter. Of all manner of Agues in general. THese very common and manifest diseases are called of the Greeks Pyretoes, that is, fiery, and with the Latinists Febris, that is, a seething or boiling, and in our vulgar tongue we name this sickness the Ague, that is, a superfluous, hurtful, and unhaile heat, that sometimes often, and sometimes more vehement than before cometh again, and returneth. Or an Ague is an unnatural mixture of natural spirits in a hotter and drier nature than is necessary. And in another place, The heat which diseaseth the whole body, we call the Ague. Again, the Ague is an alteration of natural warmth into a fiery warmth, and therefore is a hot and dry disease. The old Masters or Physicians named all such sicknesses Agues, when any stood and complained of grief without any outward swelling, without the Rose, without anguish, and (to be brief) without any sore outward. So if there were any that were pained with the stitch in the side, with an inflammation of the lungs, and such like, than had they their special names, whereby they account the Ague not to be a particular malady, but incident and casual or casum: so that they held opinion none to be right Agues but such where the bad humours in the veins were inflamed, and yet the outward members felt not any painfulness. And these Agues are of so many kinds, that Hypocrates in describing them in a manner, forgetteth his old and brief custom of writing, where he saith thus: Some are long, biting, and yet mild: other without biting at all, but coming again: some strong and mighty: other that quickly inflame the body: some continuing at all times, are small and dry: other that bring no manner of belching or vomit with them. Some are full of filthiness and very ill favoured: other that take one with moisture and sweat. In like sort they have many kinds of colours, ruddy, Saffron yellow, and some have very bleak colours. It is not then a great wonder that the cold with the heat do cease at certain hours; as at one time it continueth, and at another time cometh again the third or fourth day, or twice on the third day: so that otherwhiles it hangeth on a body a whole year, yea sometimes ones whole life long. Any one may decipher the species of Agues as he will, yet nevertheless in truth there be but three sorts of mingled Agues, and even so they come also through three manner of causes: that is, out of Cholera, out of a black and melancholic humour, and out of Phlegma. For every one of these hath at the first two kinds of properties, as an intermission, at one time ceasing and remaining still, or continuance at all times enduring alike, which are divided into many sorts, and also mingling themselves with others, according as the matter or humour is much or little, or more or less putrefied, and also even as the places or parts be inclined whence the Agues grow and spring. All such unnatural mixtures and Intemperies, whereof we in the first part, in the first Chapter 1. §. and then afterwards in the second part, in the beginning of the sixth Chapter and of the hart, have briefly written, with those as are needful to be rehearsed again, are eight in particular, whereof the hot and dry mixtures are the most perilous and noisome, which being first kindled in the hart, and then spread throughout or over all the whole body, are now called the Agues. They are also of this nature (specially the Ague of one day) that if one give not the patiented somewhat to eat, then presently they are of more force and power: for hunger (in this Ague) otherwhiles drieth the patiented so vehemently, that thereby (as in other dangerous Agues) he will be so grieved in his head, that he seemeth to be out of his wit. The second Intemperies is almost like to the first, specially concerning the Ague, but that it is hot and moist. The third, whereas the moisture or the drought (be it in what kind of Ague that it will) prevaileth the one over the other, but not superaboundantly, or above mean and measure, this is the best. But when this uniformity is overthrown and broken, then is it best for all unnatural mixtures that they be hindered, whereby (as hath been showed) they come not to last long. Of like nature is that, that with cold and heat keepeth a just mean or temperature: But where the drought surpasseth the moisture, thereout cometh Intemperies. The fourth is a just mean, to wit, containing the equal measure in all that hath been said, yet always inclining a little to the contrariety. The other four mixtures are always either cold and moist, cold, moist, or dry and cold. For these mixtures of the humours are the very same whence all Agues spring in such a wonderful manner, that it is not possible for the Physicians to discern them, but only quotidians from the tertians and quartain agues, whereon depend all other mingled Agues, for that they out of this Intemperies do flow as it were out of a fountain, and are to be easily perceived & known. So that Physicians when as such Agues reign, must have special care of these three things; to wit, of the strength of the patiented, the occasion of the Ague, and to know the spece of the Ague. But for the better understanding of all these things, we will briefly declare certain species of Agues, which Galen hath collected out of many and divers other writers, and we will first begin with the very least. The second Chapter. Of the one days Ague, called Ephemera. EPhemera of the Greek word is that Ague called, which usually endureth but 24. hours. These species of Agues come only in the veins, where they inflame the vital spirits, whereof we shall more at large speak hereafter. Putridae Febres are Agues where the humours do putrify in the veins; amongst which are some that do cease a certain time, whereof the chiefest are the aforesaid three sorts, that is to say, the quotidian, the tertian, and the quartain Agues. The quotidian Ague is bred and engendered of Phlegma, the tertian of Cholera, and the quartain of Melanlia, Continua Febris is an Ague that always without ceasing remaineth continually without intermission. Causos of the Greeks, and of the Latinists Arden's Febris, is called a burning Ague. This Ague continueth always after one manner, until that through the health or death of the patiented it be ended. It is such an Ague as burneth still after one manner, and is the very hottest of all Agues: it maketh the tongue black and dry, it bringeth great thirst, and desire of cold things. If you will now read more of this unnatural heat, then look in the first part, the 11. Chapter. 1. §. where it is in particular described. Emphysodes, that hurteth the mouth through her heat and maketh it full of blisters whereof it hath this name given. Lypiria, this cooleth the patient's hands and feet but inwardly the whole body is inflamed, his water and going to the stool stopped and stayed whereby also cometh thirst and hardening of the tongue: the pulse will be feebled and small, and the natural heat decayeth, and that no otherwise, than as it were altogether extinguished. Rhoodes, that is as much as a Flix or Laxe, which happeneth unto one with great vomiting, cold, shaking, thirst, disquietness, and feebleness of the pulse. Astringens, that is, astringent or binding, is contrary to the other before mentioned, for that thereby the body will be stopped, the vomiting stayed, with a strong pulse, it endureth also long, it wasteth the body and maketh it lean. Icteriades, that is, mixed with the yellow jaundice, for it bringeth them with it. This inflameth the Liver, and drieth the tongue in such manner, that it is terrible to behold: what might be further written hereof, that may you learn in reading over the description of the Yellows. The Pestilent Agues do come with great heat and intolerable thirst, the going to stool is with much noise and great stench: also the urine stinketh much: the pulses are so feeble, that one can scant feel them, as shortly shall be written more at large. Languidae Febres, are slothful Agues, that distemper the head, stuff the nostrils, stop the urine, and going to stool. Phricodes, that is, when as with the shaking there is a great heat attained, the pulse feeble and scarce to be felt: moreover, the belly doth swell, with much rumbling and noise, the tongue will be very moist, whereby nevertheless the patient will complain much of bitterness and drought of his mouth. Quotidiana, is the quotidian Ague, that at a prefixed time either in the day or in the night returneth again. Tertiana, is the tertian Ague, wherewith the patiented is one day free, and is one the third day vexed therewith. Quartana, is the quartain Ague, which ceaseth two days, and returneth the fourth day. Hepialos, is a phlegmatic Ague, whereof the patiented sometimes of cold, and otherwhiles of heat complaineth. Some name this also of the similitude that it hath with the molten glass Vitrium. Other name it the raw and unconcocted Ague. Hemitritaea, is the half tertian Ague, that is a very strong Ague that never ceaseth altogether, but happeneth one day gentle, and the other day harder. Errabundae, are erring and wandering Agues, that keep no certain time nor measure, and these thereby do cause the melancholic humours to rot and foister in some place of the body, which otherwise in another place are not touched or moved at all, whereby all such Agues of necessity are engendered. Hectica, (whereof also cometh Marasmodes) is such an Ague as infecteth the parts of the body, like as the Ephemera doth the vital spirits, and as the Putridae or rotten Agues do the humours. Of this Ague proceedeth the consumption, which not only wasteth the flesh, but also the marrow in the bones, as we shall hereafter both of this and other Agues declare more at large. These are now the most principal sorts of Agues, and at this present shall these brief notes suffice. We will now proceed with those things that furthermore do appertain unto Agues. Wherefore chiefly it is to be observed, that every one of them by the Physicians is divided into four parts. The first they term Accossum, which is the beginning of the Ague: thereupon followeth Incrementum, the increase. The third is Status, that is, when the Ague is in the highest degree, and standeth still. The last part is Declinatto, that is, the decrease, or declination, of which parts of the Ague we have elsewhere more at large given intelligence. There hath been also a great debate amongst the learned, whether men might know every kind of Ague in one day of four and twenty hours; some thought that no man could rightly judge of the Ague before the third day. So that Galen in divers places derideth them, and confuteth their opinion with many profound reasons. The simple or compounded Agues (saith he) are easy to be known, but the compounded very hardly: yet it is not unpossible to discern them in one day. Many agues, and most of all other maladies whatsoever may well be known, the second, third (or at the longest) the fourth day: for there is no disease that in three or four days might not apparently be judged: so also are all agues according to the humour into which the blood is altered, qualified, and do also give a certain Ague of their nature. If Phlegma be cause of the Ague, then of necessity will it endure very long, and longer if it proceed and come of the melancholic humours: but if it ensue from Cholera, then can it not tarry long, seeing it doth vehemently waste the same. To conclude, all easy agues are ended in four days: as also all violent agues can kill a body in four days, which may be seen in the pestilent fevers. Thus far have we generally spoken of agues, now will we show the means and remedies for the same, and will first begin with the commonest, and with the best known; amongst which the most part of the foresaid agues are comprehended. The least of them all is, the first recited ague, Ephemera or Diaria in Latin, for that the same seldom holdeth the patiented (not disorderly eating and drinking) longer than a day, that is, four and twenty hours, because it is not fixed so fast in the heart, but only in the Spiritibus vitalibus, which we call the Vital spirits. This ague hath no corrupt or rotten humours that can be incended or can provoke any swelling of the outward parts. To conclude, this ague is likened unto a hot air that quickly loseth her efficacy and power. This ague is thus described: Ephemera is an ague wherein the vital spirits are incended, and so spread over the whole body without any long permanence. And that is a certain token of such kind of agues, that they must always have some cause going before, whereby it is procured; as namely, weariness, much watching, wrath, great sorrow, and such like vexation of the mind. Item, the heat of the Sun, cold, great labour, drunkenness, venomous air, and heat about the privities, be it through swelling, or any other occasion, conversation with sick men, or those that be diseased in the lights, use of indigestible meats, and such like. The tokens whereby they are known are needless to rehearse, by reason that they may be perceived and known of the patiented, thereby the better to remedy the same. For amongst all others, this disease is never more apparent than in the urine, and by the pulse: for that in this ague the urine is commonly higher coloured than accustomed, and the pulse much swifter; as anger also is deformed by his own pulse. Item, great sorrow, and a disquiet mind have also their own signs. Also by what observations, and how the Cholera, the melancholy, the Phlegma, and the blood is known: we have taught in their due place. Those that are troubled with the agues that breed through any swelling or ulcers, they feel a continual swift, and hard beating pulse: they are very hot burning with a ruddy countenance and white urine. And to conclude, they are all commonly Ephemerish agues that have the pulse equal. And albeit the same sometimes be unequal, yet is it scarcely to be perceived very ill to be. These are now the most usual and convenient signs of this ague, which we have said are very easy to be helped if men look unto it betimes: for being delayed too long, then fall the diseases into agues that are worse, and be of longer continuance: as namely, in Putridas, and Hecli●●s, so that many by negligent delays fall into their perpetual destruction. Therefore use these remedies following for it: first, a bath whereby the pores are opened, that thereby all noisome vapours might exhalate. For when as they are shut up, or through exterior cold closed together, then must all such infectious humours remain in the body, whence divers perilous agues are caused. For all those that are infected with the ague through any swelling of the privities, is the air hurtful either before or after the bath: but above all things it is in other agues to be shunned. But if any one will tarry long in the bath, then must he be gently anointed by the hand with Salad oil, especially such as got their agues through labour and travel. The diet of the diseased must be such as may engender good blood of a light digesture. Those that through the heat of the Sun, or by wrath or anger are fallen into this ague, they must use cooling and moistening things; if through cold, warm things; through watching, sorrows, and cares, moistening things, and such as will provoke sleep. All those that are thus afflicted, may well use wine that is small or watered; for such is always more fit than water alone, because it expelleth water and sweat. But in all these points is to be observed the age of the patiented, his strength, his custom of living, the season of the year, and the nature of the country, and such like. All those are forbidden wine, that in this ague proceeding of the heat of the Sun, have a swelling of the privities, or of any other part, till such time as all such inflammations be ended: The like also for all such that have their pores obstructed, and be therewith strut and corpulent of person. All such as through overwatching, or through great sorrow are fallen into a small Ague, must after their bathing be fed with moist meats, that are light of digestion, and make good blood. To those that by reason of long watching are feeble, may the wine be allowed without further regard or care, unless they had much headache, or feel great motion of the pulses in the temples of the head, these common rules must also be observed in other fevers. All those that get the Ague through wrath, sorrow, or deep speculation, they may drink wine well enough: in like manner also the idle headed, but only when their fit or madness is past, before which it is very dangerous to use the same. This also is a common rule, first always to seek remedy for all those accidents that are most troublesome, or to take away the cause of the sickness by his contrary, as labour by rest; wrath, sorrow, and madness, with merry and pleasant conceits; watching with sleep; those that get it through much speculation must wholly leave it off: even so must it be with the swelling and inflammation of the privities, that the same may heal, and the pain be assuaged. Here hast thou briefly set down, what order of diet and other things are to be observed in any accident whatsoever. Now will we learn you after the briefest manner we can, what things are to be used in any of the foresaid causes. When as then any body through the heat of the Sun, or through a bath, falleth into an ague, then must you anoint his head with the oil of water Lilies, Roses & Violets mingled together, or each alone: you may also make a decoction of cold herbs, or oil of Willows, or of any of the foresaid oils mingled with it: and then let it drop from on high on his breast. If the patiented have great thirst or drought, then give him to drink Well water, or Almond milk. When the ague is past, then let him bathe as hath been abovesaid. But if the ague proceed of outward cold, then is sweeting good for it: or can he not sweat? then may he use warm baths, wherein hath been decocted wild and garden Mints, Smallage, Fennell, and Parsley, with the roots. Also anoint the head with the oil of Dill, of Camomile, and with oil of Behen: but he must forbear the drinking of water. Likewise lay the patiented in a méetly warm chamber, anointing his body softly, and when the ague is past and gone, then may the patiented use to eat all manner of land fowls, and such like food. Is he then corpulent and full of blood? then open a vein, and let him use in this bath stone Rue, Camomile, Fennell and Stoneclevers, etc. Or come these Agues through the use of any hot meats? then use cold things; as Lettuce, Purslane, and the juice of Pomegranates. Purge with Cassie, Manna, sour Dates, or with Conserve of Prunes. Take also of the Confection Diatriasantalon, Endive water, Oxysacchara, julep of Roses, Barley water with a little Vinegar, Camfere, Lettuce, Purslane and such like cold herbs, or the juice of them. If this Ague come of drunkenness, of strong wine, or such like drink, then must the patiented urge himself to vomit, or to purge with the foresaid cold things. If there be adjoined a great pain of the head, then must you anoint it with the oil of Roses, or with some juice of cold herbs. Or if this issueth through great sorrow, fear, flight, over much watching, madness, wrath or such like, than remedy these things as is said, by their contraries; to wit, with mirth, music, comfort, sleep, and with such like: he must also shake off and forget all causes of sorrow and fear. Likewise this patient shall smell unto Roses, Violets, and Saunders, and wet clothes in the mucilage of Fleawoort, and the juice of cool herbs, mingled with a little Camser, and lay them upon his head. When the Ague proceedeth of wrath, especially in young folks, then is the wine to be refrained. These Agues also proceed aswell of exceeding joy, as they do of great wrath, albeit the same chanceth seldom; yet it is by the foresaid means in like sort healed. These agues may also come very easily through excessive labour, by reason that the same heateth the vital spirits. For the same must be prescribed light meats, rest, baths, measurable sleeping. Or if these Agues be caused of overmuch sleep and rest, as often it falleth out, then shall he constrain himself to watch, and let his body be rubbed over with hot clothes. These agues are very subject to all fluxes of the belly, and dysenteries of what cause soever the same doth proceed. For this are all astringent and binding things to be used, and to do all that is fit to be done in such like sicknesses. Also Cotton dipped in the oil of Mastic, or oil of Quinces, and laid over the stomach: but upon the liver and heart cool things. If the patient should thirst or hunger, then shall he use, and especially at the beginning, Barley paps, Oaten paps, water baths, and rest: and for his drink he shall take water mingled with the juice of Pomegranates. But if he be cloyed with too much meat, then causeth it lightly ague to follow: for which Clysters, purgations and sobriety are to be used: but if there be any sour belchings upward admised, then use Diagalanga, or Diatrionpipereon, and anoint the stomach with the oil of Mastic, the oil of Wormwood, or with oil of Spike, laying sheeps wool thereon. Afterwards when the ague hath left him, let him use sleep and sobriety. The agues which proceed of any impostumes, ulcers, Pleurisies, puffing up of the Lights, swelling of the privities, which is caused of pain, Cholera, heat, and thirst (more than the foresaid agues are) these shall you remedy thus: first, search out of what humours they grow; if of blood, then must the patiented open a vein, thereby to ease the imposthume or any other hot swellings: or do they come of Cholera? then must the patiented be purged; and moreover the ulcers or impostumes must be cleansed, ripened, and healed. It happeneth also, that as young children have the worms, they also fall into such an ague: for this all such things are to be used as are ordained and thought most meet for the destroying of worms, and especially a salve, beginning thus: Take oil of bitter Almonds, etc. Thus have we sufficiently spoken of Diarie agues, and mentioned how they are to be dealt withal. The third Chapter. Of the continual Ague, Continua, in general. GAlen termeth these continual Agues Continuas Febres, which from the first time that they enter upon a man, endure continually, without intermission, if they be not through health or through death dissolved, albeit that otherwhiles they wax a little fainter or flower: yet nevertheless sometimes many days, yea weeks, endure still. Of these are chief twain, the one that increaseth the third day, which is more perilous than the other: to wit, than those that change their nature the second day: and by reason of this alteration, the Physicians do give these Agues divers names, whereof the principallest is Typhodes, that is, burning, which greatly agreeth with the half Tertian ague. Then is there Synochus, which proceedeth of a superfluity and inflammation of the blood mixed with Cholera, taketh hold most of all upon the bodies of young, temperate and hot persons, whereof we shall hereafter speak more at large. The signs of these Agues be, that 24. hours long their fit continueth, inconstantly beginning and increasing. The pulses of them are swift and hard, the urine is redder than it was before. These things following are also to be observed, and well to be remembered, that in dry and hot weather they are few, yet strong and bad Agues do reign, but without any sweat at all: In wet weather are these agues most rife, and that with sweat. For so much as these continual Agues are first of all described amongst hot agues, therefore here will we admonish the Reader, that we make this our discourse so much the longer, to the end we might declare the matter more openly: and that such hot agues as hereafter follow, may thereby the better be known, and easier cured, and that especially in this §. wherein shall be taught the means which are to be kept in meat and drink, in vomiting, & sleep, also what might revive those that are so diseased, whereby they should be eased in great heat, and after what order they should govern themselves, their ague being gone. The Ague that is continual, Continua. §. 1. THe occasion of all such mighty Agues is the putrefying of the humours within the great veins: and the cause of the putrefaction aforesaid is a stay and detaining of superfluous tough humours that are carried in the body, the heat whereof approaching to the heart inflameth the same. This commonly happeneth in all such bodies that are filled with tough humours, or that the veins through heat of the same are over dried. This Ague also may engender of venomous air; as in the time of pestilence is to be seen. Item, through great cold (whereby the pores be shut up) through sore labour in the hot Sun, through much watching, through great anguish, grievous thoughts, and through a great flux of the belly. The common signs of this mighty ague, are pain of the head and great heat (easily to be felt) watching, great thirst, swift and unequal pulse, red, thick, and yellowish urine, the patiented rageth in his sleep, his senses are troubled, and complaineth of terrible dreams. If he be young, and the season of the year be hot, and that he dwell in a high and hilly country, then are all these recited signs the likelier to be certain and true. The order of diet in time of hot Agues. §. 2. IF so be that these patients desire to be rid of these Agues, then is it very needful that they have a good government or order in eating and drinking, & they must have special care to be fed with such meats, through which they may be cooled, the blood purified and moistened, whereby the heat and drought may be withstood. In like manner shall the patiented be kept in the beginning of his sickness (whilst he is in strength) sober in eating and drinking, and increase the same according to opportunity. In like sort with the letting of blood, if the patiented be red in the face, his veins full & young, then is he to be let blood (in a very hot ague) until he fall into a swoon. But if the patiented be so weak, that such forcible letting of blood may hurt him: then let it be done at divers hours, every time a little, two or three days together, for some are to be dealt withal more gentlier than other, and require that the Saluatella upon the right hand (to wit, by the little finger) may be opened, and that there shall about five ounces of blood be let out. We have before given order what kinds of meat this patient is to use, that the same must be cooling and cleansing the blood, as Cicorie, and Endive, with the roots, water Cresses sodden in his meat: and in like sort also a Salad made of the same herbs and roots, with oil and Vinegar; and there is chief to be put into the same Salad, Liverwort (that useth to grow beside the water Cresses) which is passing good. Also the juice of Oranges, Pomegranates, or Lemons are to be used with his meat: and amongst other herbs, spinach, Béetes, and Turnips, with their leaves are excellent good. Item, Lettuce, Endive, and Parsley, and mingle amongst them sometime a little Marjoram, Penniroyall, and wild Thyme, and Hyssop (but once) for that it is warm of nature. Of fruits let him use Damask prunes, Oranges, & Pomegranates. And of flesh let him be served with that of Calves, Hens & Capons, the which are to be bruised & eaten with the broth, also make sops with Vinegar, mingling the yolks of eggs & Sugar amongst it. Item, Partridges, Pheasants, field fowls, and such like are not hurtful: it is also to be noted, that with the flesh is to be sodden Parsley roots, Cicorie roots, & Verivice, with a little Marjoram and Hyssop. Moreover, the seeds of Lettuce, Melons, & Cucumbers, are passing good: yet not all together, but sometime of the one, & sometime of the other. peeled Barley sodden with Hen broth is much set by: and also Hen broth alone, wherein a little bread is soaked. Item, shives of bread soaked in water, and the water powered out, and afterwards the juice of Pomegranates powered thereon, and bestrewed with Sugar, is very good meat for all such maladies. Some are of opinion that the flesh of a Magpie, is a certain good medicine for the Ague: and some suppose that young Magpies with the feathers distilled, and the water of them given to the patiented to drink, and it were not amiss, that in the distilling of them, there were put the roots of Parsley and of Elecampane. For these hot Agues may fountain water be drunken, or any other clear river water, that hath been sodden once before, or powered a good while and often out of one pot into another. Or you may mingle with this water julep of Violets, or julep of Roses, and so drink it unsodden: Barley water is a very fit drink for all such maladies, & may be mingled with the foresaid julep. Wine (though very little) is otherwhiles permitted: and also Sugar water, and sodden Hen broth (the fat blown off) is very good. Common rules for Agues. §. 3. ACcording to the prescribed ordinance or government of the life, we are to show in like manner the remedies & cures. But first we will declare certain rules, which in all hot Agues must be observed: that thereby for all such maladies a better order may be had & kept. The first rule is, how to discern easily, that the patient cannot come to his health, until the putrefied matter of the Ague be purged away. Secondly, the eyes are to be fixed upon that matter that engendereth the ague, that the same be prepared for purging, the ague which is present be corrected, and that which is to come be hindered. Thirdly, when this putrefied matter is to be taken away, then must care be had how to open the obstructions, which are the foundations of the ague, for otherwise there can no good be done. Fourthly, if the Ague be forcible & hot, and the patient's strength very small to resist the same, that it is impossible for the patiented to tolerate the violence of the ague, then must the patiented not be suffered to use many cold things before, that thereby the natural heat be not quite extinguished: but if he be strong, & may withstand the sickness, then cut off the cause, expel the matter, keep the patient sparingly, & let him not use over cold things. Fiftly, if natural strength in the ague be very weak, then must the Physician strengthen the same, cool the unnatural heat, and with meet food comfort the debility of the body. Sixtly, the cooling of the ague is not to be effected with drying or binding things, unless it be when the material cause is expelled. Seventhly, if the nature and quality of the ague be doubtful, then must the patient live sparingly, & especially when the Ague assaileth, that it may find an empty stomach. Eightly, all fresh fruit are very hurtful, by reason that they will soon stink and putrify in the stomach. Ninthly, while the patient is in good strength, & hath blood enough, or is full of humours, than first of all let him blood, and especially when as his urine is red and thick, and when it is doubted, that the Cholera will get the upper hand. Tenthly, and if so be (as is rehearsed) that nature be of ability, then use those things first which lose the body mildly; afterwards open a vein, and then purge. eleventhly, in these kind of agues there is no strong purgation to be ministered. Twelfthly, if by the wambling or pain of the stomach, it be perceived, that the corruption falleth into the stomach, then shall you minister to the patiented a vomit: but if through the rumbling of the belly it be perceived, that the matter be fallen down into the bowels, then is it to be expelled with purgations. Thirtéenthly, those medicines that might hurt the bowels, be noisome & not commodious, in case that the patiented have not used preparatives before, be it in heat or cold: or in case that the corruption made not the patiented stark mad, or that he were in doubt to fall into a greater mischief. Fourtéenthly, as the blood prevaileth, and that a vein must be opened, then is the preparation of the matter to be expected, by reason that the same concerneth the other bad humours, and not the blood. Fiftéenthly, when the Crisis is near hand, you must forbear to minister any medicine. But if the same be unperfect, then is it to be aided, and to help nature in that, which she can not perform of herself, that is, in strengthening her, and in right use of the medicines. Sixtéenthly, if the letting of blood be thought meet, then is the same to be done at the first, for otherwise it will not do so well; for when the patiented is over weakened, then might the same be a mean of his death. Seventéenthly, the patiented is to be purged when the Ague is weakest. Eightéenthly, wine baths and fomentations are to be abstained in forcible and strong Agues, and rather drink cold water, which hath great efficacy to cool the heat of the Ague, but not to expel the putrefied matter through the pores, or through the urine. Nintéenthly, when the principal parts of the body (as the Heart, the Head, the liver) be strong, and the Ague is vehement and hot, then may you boldly give the patiented water to drink, yet not if he be in years, for those are not very strong of nature. Twentiethly, if there be much blood, much tough slime or phlegm, and binding of the body present, than first of all let the patiented blood, afterwards attenuate the matter, and lastly open the pores and warm them. One and twentiethly, above all things have regard to the strength of the patiented, and if he be strong enough and that he have need of purging, then is the same to be executed without any care: But if his strength be small, then let it alone at any hand, except it be some gentle thing, and after that he be somewhat strengthened. Two and twentiethly, if in the Febris putrida be any obstruction, than heed is to be taken to open the same, the which if it be caused of some humours, then are they to be evacuated. If those humours be tough and gross, attenuate them. And if the Ague be mixed, then prepare your medicines accordingly. Three and twentiethly, because the cold attracted air penetrateth to the heart, and other inward parts, let him thereby be refreshed, opening all manner of windows about him. Four and twentiethly, it happeneth otherwhiles, besides the grievousness of the disease, and the presence of divers accidents, that sometimes there are those things given to the patiented that are hurtful for the Ague, as in the swoonings in the Ague, for the which of necessity Wine and fresh broth are to be given to the patiented: wherein is to be considered, that the greatest extremity is first to be eased. Five and twentiethly, if need require that much blood or humours are to be taken away, and that the strength of the patient will not abide it, then must the same be done by little and little at divers times, and not at one time, even as is before expressed at large. But if the strength of the patient will permit it, then is it to be done at once. Six and twentiethly, in these forcible and vehement Agues must the Physician be provident and wary, how to expel and purge: for it is better to leave one part of the matter in the body, then to expel it all at one time. Seven and twentiethly, the Physician must always be hold and liberal in comforting the patiented; for although healthful meats breed some inconvenience, yet are they better than too much abstinence. Eight and twentiethly, minister always unto the patiented for his mouth such things as will keep his throat moist, that through great heat it dry not too sore, the which is accomplished by the mucilage of Fleawoort, the juice of Pomegranates, the mucilage of Quince kernels, by Purslane and liquorice, which things also are good for to quench thirst. Of common things for hot Agues. §. 4. AFter the description of the common rules (which are to be noted) we will now treat of this, namely, when it is found, that an Ague doth approach, then must the patient take four ounces of the water of Carduus Benedictus. Item, take the roots of Cicorie, cut them, powne them, and wring out their juice, drink a spoonful thereof half an hour before the Ague assaileth: but it is to be noted, that the inward heart of the root is to be taken away. Or take powned roots of Cicorie, as many as you think good, and power Wine thereon, boil them in Balneo, and then drink thereof three or four times, to wit, morning and evening: it is also passing good for such as are swollen with the Ague: chervil water is very good to drive away the Ague. A marvelous water of the ancient Physicians: Take a spoonful of Fennell seeds, and as much Salt, powne them together: and let it run through a Cearse or hairen Sieve, then take good Vinegar, and the urine of a man child, about six ounces of each, give to the patiented thereof three or four times, to wit, when the Ague beginneth to assail, and have regard that he vomit it not up again. This do all the physicians use, but hereafter follow many better and fit things. Out of the foresaid things easy it is to be noted, that for all hot agues these waters ensuing are passing good, as water of Endive, Cicorie, Borage, Cuscuta, Sorrell, Maidenhair, and such like. All Aguish diseases may freely use these sirupes, or any of them which one listeth, as syrup of Vinegar, of Verivice, Violets, Cicorie, with Rhubarb or without, of Citrons, Roses, Endive, or of Sorrell. Item: Syrupum de juiubis, de Byzantijs, Acetosum compositum, de Radicibus, Oxymel, and Melicratum, and if there be not much Cholera abounding, then use the Honey of Roses, which is good for all Agues: take thereof which you will, and mingle it with the water of Lyverwoort, of Endive, and fumitory, Sorrell, or with the water of Maidenhair, and such like. Of these confections following, you may use which you please, as Diarrhodon, Trisantali, Trociscos' de Spodio, cum Semin● Acetosae, de Eupatorio, de Berberis, powned, and mingled with any of the foresaid waters, and drunken. And the whey of Milk is chief commended. These are the meats that an Aguish body may well and commodiously eat and use. Of the loathing of meat in them that be assailed with the Ague. §. 5. FOr as much as in all hot Agues the appetite of feeding is taken away, whereby nature is suppressed and waxeth faint, and thereby scarce able to resist the Ague; therefore it is very requisite that herein good counsel be had and taken. For this you find in the third part, the eleventh chapter, and ninth §. what is to be done herein: likewise you may use for it any of these things ensuing. Take Conserves of Roses two ounces, confected Citron rinds, syrup of Apples as much as you think good; mingle them together, and use thereof fasting at each time half an ounce. There is also a confection or compound, that is called the King's sauce, the which is very good to provoke appetite, and the same is to be made with Sorrell, Cinnamom, Cloves, and Vinegar. Others make it of Vinegar, Sorrell, Fennell, and parsley. The third sort, take the juice of Parsley, Sugar, and Vinegar. Item, one may compound syrup of Vinegar with Oxymel. In like sort there is good for it both the sirupes of Mints. After meals it is very good to use prepared Coriander seed, Annis seeds, and Almonds confected. Item, Cinnamom, Marmalade, Conserves of Roses, and honey of Roses, roasted or baked Pears are also excellent good. Every such patiented is to be outwardly anointed with the salve of Saunders on the place of the liver, and on the Kidneys, with the cooling salve of Galen. This water here next following is also very sovereign to be used thereto for the washing of the feet. Take Sage, Camomile, and Bayberries, of each a handful, Marjoram half a handful, Citron rinds, and Orange pills, of each half an ounce, a pint of strong wine, and common Ley, as much as will suffice: let them all seeth together, and use it oftentimes, for it will provoke appetite. For the thirst in hot Agues. §. 6. BEcause continual Agues provoke great thirst, therefore we will not cease to give some knowledge and caveat how the same may be helped and remedied, the which will be effected with Barley water, and with cold and moist things, and also with such losings as be prepared & made with the mucilage of Fleawort, the mucilage of Quince kernels, and with tragacanth. Sugarcandie, and the kernels of Pomegranates, are also very often to be used, and he shall receive the cold and moist air. Before in the third part, the twelfth Chapter, 10. §. there are also divers things declared, being all very good to slake or quench the thirst. Item, take syrup of Violets one ounce, Barley water three ounces, Cinnamom water one ounce, oil of Vitriol three or four scruples, mingle them together, they will become a red potion with a tart or sharp taste; but because there are other more pleasanter things, do I counsel you to leave out the oil of Vitriol. Of purging and such like. §. 7. ANd for the expulsion of this matter or corruption in the best manner, thereto is very sovereign washed Aloe which is described in the Introduction. The common plague pills be also passing good for the same, the which pills are called de Tribus, and are to be mingled with Rhubarb. Also once a week at the least, let the patient take in some cooling and laxative medicine: as namely, conserves of Prunes, and Cassie, the which are good in old maladies; and therefore is commonly to be given an ounce and a half, with half a drag. of Rhubarb. Manna is excellent good for it, and the confections of Diamanna cum Rhabarbaro, the which are to be had in all well furnished Apothecaries shops. There are some that give counsel (and that very well) that the next day following the patiented is to take three ounces of laxative syrup of Roses mingled (if it please him) with some distilled water. Also there is good for it the losings de succo Rosarum, Diaphoenicon, de Psillio, & Diacatholicon: or use this potion following: Take sour Dates one ounce; break them in Cicorie water, and strain it through a cloth. This done, mingle Cassie and conserve of Prunes, of each half an ounce, half a drag. of beaten Rhubarb, and five grains of Spica amongst it. Take this in the morning early, and thereupon fast afterwards six hours. There are also cooling clysters used for it which the Physicians do call Lavativa (that is, cleansing Clysters) by reason that they are for none other purpose, but to strengthen the bowels, to make them slippery, and to warm them, as these ensuing: First, take Barley water and Sugar, or broth made of a sheeps portnance, wherewith is mingled fresh Butter, or Hog's grease, otherwhiles Béetes, and Mercury. Likewise there are many clysters of Salad oil, and oil of Violets, and also (in the pain of the belly) of linseed oil without putting any other thing thereto, but twelve or sixteen ounces taken at one time for one clyster. And when the going to stool and urine are to be provoked, then use thereto fresh broth that is most common and fit, wherein Barley is sodden and is mingled with oil. Or if you will have it stronger, then take an ounce of any of these confections mingled amongst it, as de Sebestis, Hiera, Diaprunis, Cassie, Thomas Sugar, oil of Violets, Honey of Roses, or of Violets. For the vomiting in the Agues. §. 8. ALl that lie of hot Agues may easily be brought to vomit, and that chief after their taking of any medicine, and to prevent it, look into the third part, the 20. chap. 7. §. For the loss of Sleep. §. 9 THey that are plagued with the Agues are easily barred from their natural sleep, and to further the same, look into the fift part, the 18. chap. where is sufficiently treated what hereto belongeth. For to relieve them that be sick of the Ague. §. 10. FUrthermore, there are many things that revive these patients whereby their heaviness (that proceedeth from the heat of the Ague) might be clean taken away: to wit, that fresh linen and sheeets be given often unto them, their beds often roused and made, also set in their sights glass bottles filled with fair water, put often fair water out of one pot into another in the presence of the patiented. Urge him to smell often to a glass filled with fair water, Rose water, and good Rhenish wine, and give them pomegranates, Oranges, and Rhenish wine to suck upon, and especially before meat. Let their hands and face be often anointed before and after meat with some pleasant odoriferous things. For the relief or comforting of the sick. §. 11. THese kinds of hot maladies require also, that sometime the diseased have somewhat given them, whereby the natural spirits may be revived, quickened, strengthened, and cherished. Therefore it is requisite that we writ somewhat thereof. Hereto is very sovereign the black confected Cherries, red and dried Cherries with the Conserves of the same, and all that may be made of Cherries. The confected Muscadel pears, with or without wine, according to the quality of the Ague are passing good. Item, conserve of Berberries', and the syrup of the same, are also very good for it: And in like manner all that may be made of Raspes. Item, Conserve of bugloss, of Borage, and of Roses, each apart or mixed together. Sugar of Roses melted in Well water, and so drunken, is also passing good for the same: and in like manner the Sugar of Manus Christi. Some use for laving a shive of bread soaked in Rosemary wine, for that it strengtheneth and quickeneth appetite; but it is better for the cold than for the hot Ague. If so be that the patiented do get blisters in the mouth, or the tongue fur, and the throat do burn, as chanceth oftentimes, then look into the first part, the thirteenth chapter, and second §. where you shall find very good remedies for the same. Ordinances for all those that are recovered of a long sickness. §. 12. NOw if it come to pass, that sick folks begin to amend, and the disease wear away, the breath beginneth to be free, the pain to cease, the sleep to come, and have lust and appetite to their meat, then may be freely said, that the patiented beginneth to recover: then is the patiented to be kept very sober in his diet of eating and drinking, and not feed upon any other meats than are requisite for such like diseases, like as Barley grout, Currans, & broth wherein the roots of Parsley and Cicorie are sodden, for that all these things do strengthen and moisten. There must also be used outwardly for the strengthening of the stomach, oil of Mints, of Mastic, of Wormwood and of Spica. You may also make a salve for the stomach, with the foresaid oils, being mingled with Cloves, Nutmegs, and Cinnamom, and with a little molten Wax. Item, the plaster of Mastic, and other plasters more, that are specified in the description of the stomach, are very good for it, being laid on the stomach outwardly. Concerning the patients binding of the body, you may use any cooling things, specified in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and 20. §. Above all the rest that is spoken of before, for the recovery of all diseases, it is passing good to alter the place or situation, especially to draw near to the mountains or hills, whereas it is dry, and far from the sea, and from all noisome and stinking lakes. Aromaticum Rosatum doth strengthen wonderful much. The fourth Chapter. Of the half third days Ague, called Hemitritaea. THis is also a kind of continual ague, the which is one day slacker than an other, & appeareth in the outward members, at one time with great heat, and another with great cold; therefore must you have daily care to mark how it taketh one, and what humours there be that do reign most of all in the same Ague, that there may the better order be taken for redress thereof; like as in the beginning of the continual agues, and hereafter shall be taught in the description of the Quotidian, Tertian, & Quartain agues. The mixture of these agues is of Cholera and Phlegma, for which cause it is joined half with a tertian, and half with a quartain ague, whereby groweth a continual ague. And when the Cholera getteth the upper hand, then is the tertian the more stronger: and when there is most of the Phlegma, then is the quartain the mightiest. So that when they are both o● equivalent efficacy, than it is only called Hemitritaea, that is, when both these humours do work equally, and have their operations alike. There is for the heat of these agues given commonly to the patiented Barley water, that is sod with Melon seeds, Gourd seeds, Endive seeds, and such like. For the cold, is Pepper, Cinnamom, and Annis seed, and the Wormwood much praised, especially Oxysacchara, be it of whatsoever humour this ague doth proceed. The fift Chapter. Of the tertian Ague. LIke as we have in the former chapped. made mention of the tertian Ague, and have numbered the same amongst the hot agues (whereof we now do speak) so doth our method now require to add these and all other hot agues unto them. This ague doth alter herself into many kinds of sorts and species, according as it mingleth itself with other agues, which oftentimes happeneth. But if this Ague remain in her own property, then do the learned call it Exquisitam, and Legitimam, that is as much to say, as neat of itself and unmingled: and it is such a kind of Ague, wherein the property of the person, his age, the time of the year, the state of the body, and the whole former order of diet do agree one with another, and accord with the humour which causeth this Ague. This exquisite tertian ague cometh not above seven times, and it is wholly without peril. The second sort of this Ague, they term Tertianam Notham, or Spuriam, that is as much to say, as a bastard tertian Ague, whereof we will speak and declare hereafter apart. Now to speak of the right nature and property of the tertian Ague, they are commonly subject unto it which are cold of nature, and of a middle age, because that in them the Gall most aboundeth: also in Summer time when the Cholera reigneth, there happen many hot and burning Causenes, whereof we shall hereafter make mention. This tertian Ague reigneth most in hot dry countries, in hot dry dwellings, and in hot air. All bodies that do labour sore in the Summer, watch much, live in great sorrow, are nourished with subtle meats and such like, are most subject to these sorts of Agues: as also all they that use too much Physic, they that are hot and dry of nature. And although all species of the tertian ague (as also the Exquisita) are the very hottest; yet have they nevertheless with the ague Causone this difference, that the foresaid tertian ague forceth much gall with the blood into the veins, and there inflameth the same. To be brief, these are called Tertianae exquisitae, for that they come upon the third day, expelling the Choleram through vomits, going to the stool, and through sweat. And whereas none of these foresaid things appear thereby at all, then is it to be called only Tertiana; for that the same thereby only differeth from the Exquisita. For when this tertian ague maketh appearance which continueth many hours, to wit, the whole space of the tertian Ague, the which remaineth continually 28. 30. 36. or 40. hours, the same do the learned term Tertianam extensam, that is, a lengthened or extended tertian Ague. In like manner they term that Tertianam duplicem, which is mingled with the quotidian Ague. Item, Hemitritaeam whereof we have declared before, and many more that we omit for brevity sake. It cometh to pass that all Tertians approach with a greater and with a more trembling cold, & have commonly this nature that they do not continue long, nor yet (as is also said) keep not their fits above seven times. And if there be any that giveth her occasion by some ill diet that the same continue any longer; yet doth she always alter her own nature into another ague, the which may be prevented through good government of life. The occasions of this ague are partly declared before, to wit, sore labour, or great exercise, and that chief at hot times, long use of things that increase the Choleram, and inflame the humours, as Garlic, Pepper, and all that is dressed therewith, also Ginger, and fined strong wine, and such like. The signs of the very true tertian ague are these, when it doth assail you with great shaking, and cold, which is more violent in this tertian, than in any other ague. Afterwards the heat followeth upon it, a strong swift pulse, and drought of the tongue, and of the whole body. The patiented feeleth a pricking over all his body, as if he were pricked with nails: the urine is red as fire, & you may perceive the heat by the feeling: there is great disquietness with it, and no sleep at all; yet without any pain in the head, unless it be not an exquisite tertian, but a mingled ague. Also if there be any great thirst, madness, and frowardness with it, there cometh a sweat in the end unto it: and these signs are the more surer, if the patiented be young and choleric, in the Summer time, in a lean body, and that hath lived very continently, and is much inclined to vomit Choleram. It is first to be considered, that all the common rules that we have before collected in describing the continual ague, are also very requisite herein, as these rules following shall further declare. First, the exquisite Tertian or third days ague that proceedeth of red Cholera, must be well moistened and cooled. Secondly, for as much as the Cholera is the hottest and driest humour of the body: therefore it is requisite that it be expelled which is fallen into the stomach by vomits: and that which falleth down lower, is to be expelled and purged by going to the stool, be it by potions or clysters. Thirdly, all moistening meats are very good, except such as putrify quickly in the body. Fourthly, the recovery for this and all other putrefied agues consisteth herein, that all putrefied humours must be clean purged out, and the unnatural heat quenched: for if in the exquisite tertian, the corruption be less than the heat, than the more diligence ought to be had for to cool the same, than for to purge the humour. Fiftly, if the patiented be much bound in body, then is he in the beginning to be opened and loosed with moderate clysters, that the bad humours may be somewhat expelled and diminished. Sixtly, because all fruits are hurtful for all agues, therefore they ought to be forborn. Seventhly, two or three hours before the ague cometh, the patiented is to eat somewhat; and likewise also when the ague is departed. Eightly, when by the preparative medicines the humour is made to vanish a little, and to be concocted (which may be perceived by the urine) then is it high time that the same be purged, and that by that way whither it most inclineth. Ninthly, if after the assault of the ague, and after the departure thereof there followeth sweat, then must the same be suffered to take his course, unless that some swooning, or such like accidents are feared. Tenthly, at the beginning of the ague the patient must shun drinking and sleeping, to the end that the humour thereby be enclosed in the body, and that the drinking hindereth the vomiting up of the humour. eleventhly, the letting of blood is never good for the third days ague, before that the patiented have had it three or four times. Twelfthly, there are no Mirobalans to be given to the patiented at the beginning of this ague, because they purge at the first, and afterwards bind the body. Thirtéenthly, he ought also to be secluded from Diagridion; for it inflameth. Fourteen, he must not take any sour thing with any thing made of Barley, for that the one spoileth the other, albeit either of them by themselves are commodious. Fifteenthly, Rhubarb purgeth Choleram, but it warmeth somewhat, and leaveth a heat behind; therefore the same is to be taken in the water of Endive. Sixtéenthly, if it be perceived that there do any hot vapours ascend into the head, they are forthwith to be withdrawn, by a moderate Clyster, thereby to draw them downwards, and to strengthen the head, that it receive not them so speedily. And to come to the cure thereof, it is requisite that we make some mention of such things as are declared in the foresaid rules, which I hope shall never a whit mislike the reader. This is the opinion of all expert Physicians, & the nearest way, and above all other (so far as is possible) to cool and moisten the body; for because this Ague is hot and dry, therefore must it be cured and corrected with contrary things, to wit, with cold and moist things. When as the Cholera lighteth in the mouth of the stomach, then must the same thorough vomits be expelled: but if it descend, and fall into the bowels, then must it be purged downward, albeit the nature of an exquisite Tertian be such that it commonly expelleth the same of itself, either by sweat, or by urine. The Cholera is also lightly to be purged downward, and that through a mild Clyster, whereof there be divers described before in the third Chapter, §. 7. And if so be that need require any stronger, then take of the foresaid decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, mingled with Benedicta laxativa, Cassie, and course Sugar, of each half an ounce, confection of Bevercod two drams, Sal gemmae one dram, Salad oil, and oil of Sesamum of each one ounce and a half, mingle them all together, and exhibit this Clyster at least an hour before meat. For the provoking of urine, there is a potion to be made, wherein Smallage or Dill hath been steeped. If you would use stronger, then look in the third Part, the eighteenth Chapter, and the first §. etc. When as the humour is purged through Clysters, and is expelled through the urine, then do some famous Physicians give counsel, that the patient should open the Saluatella upon the hand, and afterwards to purge him with mild and cooling medicines, as hereafter followeth. Take sour Dates and Cassie, of each a quarter of an ounce, Rhubarb one scruple, Whey of milk three ounces: mingle them together, and drink it, and fast six hours after it. Take of the decoction of fruits, called Decoctio fructuum, four ounces, steep two drams of Rhubarb in it all a night; early in the morning wring it out hard, and mingle therewith two ounces of Manna, one quarter of an ounce of Diacatholicon, take it fasting: but of the Diacatholicon may you take more or less, according to the ability of the patiented. There are more such like in the description of the continual ague. After purging, let him drink five or six days one after another, of this potion following: take Oxysacchara one ounce, syrup of Violets half an ounce, water of Sorrell, and of Cicorie, of each one ounce and a half, and mingle them together. But when as you perceive that the corruption beginneth to be concocted, then may be given to the sick body without fear the juice of Wormwood, dressed in this manner: Take the highest sprigs of Wormwood, powne them to pap, and then strain out the juice: and afterwards take every morning hereof a spoonful, and fast two hours after it: so do also at nights two hours after supper. Some use to steep the Wormwood in Melicraton, and drink thereof. This following is an especial medicine, for the grief in the stomach of Cholera, to wit, to use often bathing in fresh water, for thereby is the Cholera wasted, cooled, and moistened, if the same be used twice a day, & he may remain therein so long as it liketh the patiented, but it must always be used with moderation, and at opportune times. Secondly, he must observe such an order of diet, whereby the Cholera may be avoided, whereof is sufficient mention made in the description of the Gall and Stomach. But briefly to express the meaning of Galen, which is, that in Tertiana exquisita such government is to be kept, that the patiented drink no wine so long as the disease endureth: but the disease being clean gone, that then wine is first to be taken watered. All cold and moist meats are perfect good for this malady, wherewith the patient may cherish himself as long as he thinketh meet, and as his stomach can digest them. Amongst all green herbs, these be good: Orage, Blites, Dockes, Mallows, Lettuce and Gourds. Likewise also Barley paps, and all river fish: and amongst fowls, let those suffice as have soft flesh, and of other the wings only. Item, all wood fowls, the brains and feet of hogs, rear sod Eggs, and especially the yolks be better than the whites. He may use all fruits that are not hard of digestion: but he must forbear at any hand Honey, Mustard, salt meats, and all hard meats. All this hath Galen left behind and described for a diet in the mixed tertian ague. Here is to be noted, that at all times the patient shall eat at least four or five hours before that the ague approacheth, that it may find an empty stomach: and in like manner he shall not eat until two or three hours be passed after it. The sixth Chapter. Of the counterfeit and bastard Tertian, that is, a false third days Ague. THe third days Ague which the Latinist's term Notham Spuriam, that is, a bastard Tertian, is so called, by reason of her due cause which proceedeth not of mere Cholera; and because that the Cholera is mixed with Phlegma, so that both of them are converted into one kind of humour. And the difference of them which is between the late described Hemitritaea and this Notha, is that the first appeareth in the beginning with two kinds of humours, and the Notha cometh with one only, and hath but one kind of putrefaction of two several humours. The signs whereby this counterfeit tertian may be known from the exquisite tertian, are these: First, this Notha (as is aforesaid) is not exquisite, but mixed. The exquisite tertian cometh not above seven times, except the patiented or the Physician have committed an error, whereby it is continued. And the bastard tertian heateth not the body so greatly, and all the symptoms are not so vehement as accustometh in all other Agues: for this Ague lasteth longer than twelve hours, and otherwhiles remaineth two months, specially in old phlegmatic persons, and that in winter season. These signs also following do manifest how to know the difference between it and the right tertian Ague, to wit, that the humour or matter of this Ague departeth not so soon, and abateth not the body so quickly, neither doth this Ague end with such a sweat. These are the common rules to be observed for this Ague: First, even as this counterfeit tertian Ague differeth from the right tertian Ague, so require they several kinds of cure. Secondly, as the same is mixed with Cholera and Phlegma, so must also the medicines that serve for the same, be mingled, and must be both digestives and purgers. Thirdly, for that the syrup of vinegar doth attenuate Phlegma, and doth digest Choleram, therefore is the same very commodious to be used for it. Fourthly, because the same Ague cometh not so speedily to the state or highest, the patient may eat and drink moderately, least for want thereof he lose his strength, and may expect the state of the Ague. And to speak farther hereof, it appeareth plainly, that touching these Agues, the old proverb may be verified, wheremen usually say, the Ague hath three deadly enemies, namely, purging, fasting, and letting of blood: which three in truth do not only gall these bastard tertians, but also all other Agues. But in this Ague, whereof we have spoken, which is not so exquisite and pure as the former, there must be regard taken that the sickness increase not, lest thereby the sick persons be quite overthrown, because (as aforesaid) there are two sundry kinds of impediments at hand, it is scarce possible therein to keep a mean: yet specially is abstinence good, that the more the same is used, so much the more will the sickness be discussed and spent, but the same féebleth greatly the strength of the patiented: for how much the greater it is, so much the more doth it abate and weaken the patiented. But to the contrary, the more that the patiented séedeth, so much the more doth the malady increase, wherefore special care is to be had, that that be always done or left undone which is most requisite and profitable, so that in strong natures the abstinence, and in weak good nourishment be prescribed, which not only in this, but in all other maladies is to be specially observed and kept. In this counterfeit and mixed tertian Ague, at the first the patiented is not to bathe, but only when it beginneth to abate; and the patient must not have every day meat to eat, but every other day, and must keep himself quiet, cover close his breast, & otherwhiles use a Clyster. Item, for purging you must take half an ounce of Cassie, Diaphoenicon two drams and a half, and whey of milk three ounces mingled together. For a preparative of the humour use this potion following: Syrup of vinegar one ounce, Syrupum de Eupatorio half an ounce, mingle them together with water of Sorrell, of Cicorie, and of Fennell, of each one ounce; drink it off in the morning fasting cold or warm: this is continually to be taken, till his urine begin to wax paler, and certain small clouds be perceived in the bottom. Afterwards, let him take these things following: Take Cassie prepared with Cicory water three ounces, Rhubarb and Agaricus, of each one scruple, Spica of India, and Ginger, of each four grains, decoction of Melons, Gourds; and Citruls three ounces, mingle them together with the rest, and so give it him warm. There is also to be used for these Agues, letting of blood, and that at the very beginning. The whole ordinance or government of diet must not be cold nor moist, as is said of the right Tertian, but must be such that it warm, digest, and open. It is also very good to dress all his meat with Parsley, Fennell, and such like things, and his Barley paps with some Pepper. Item, let him use Honey water, wherein Hyssop, Marjoram, and Spikenard hath been steeped or sodden. Also all things that provoke urine (except such as warm and dry too fast) are passing good, and likewise Syrupus acetosus compositus. If you desire more other things, then look what is before written thereof. And you must not fail, but to give every seven days once to the patiented for this ague the juice of Wormwood. Oxymel is also passing good, and especially that which is made of Squils', which openeth all obstructions. Some also accustom to give for these species of Agues, Mithridate or Treacle, according as the same is over hot or cold. To conclude, vomit after meat is so requisite for all aguish persons, that thereby only many are freed and helped. Some will have many things to be used for this Ague, as there be many will give counsel thereto, when all means and ways have been tried, then take two ounces and a half of the salve of Poplars, and mingle it with Cobwebs, and so lay them upon the pulse three hours before the ague cometh. Some bind it upon the pulse before the Ague cometh with Cinquefoil, Item, take a handful of Eidern leaves, Lavender, and Salt, of each a little, mingle them well together with Salad oil, and so lay it upon the pulse, this should also drive away the Ague. The seventh Chapter. Of the burning Fever, called Causon. OF this Ague is rehearsal made amongst other Agues in the first chapter of the sixth part, that it is (like to the right Tertian Agues) the hottest of all other Agues, even as we have also said in the fifth Chapter, in which two places her properties are expressed: for the observation therefore of our accustomed method, we will here show and rehearse somewhat thereof. First, this Ague is thus described: Causon, that is, a burning Fever, is a very forcible and continual Ague, and proceedeth of a red Cholera, which putrefieth and inflameth in the veins near the heart, in the liver, and in the mouth of stomach, or about any part of the body. The occasions thereof are sometimes the very hot time, great labour that is done in the heat of the Sun, hot meats, wrath, inflammation of the liver, and of the blood in the veins, and other causes more, that are rehearsed in the two places aforementioned. The signs of the same Ague are a continual heat, and never ceasing burning, and that rather inwardly than outwardly, with many more terrible accidents: also, there is great drought of the tongue, which at the first is yellowish, and afterwards burnt and waxeth blackish, with great thirst, without any sweat (if a Crisis be not at hand) the pulses beat freely, the eyes are hollow, the appetite faileth utterly, and the water or urine in this ague is flerie, and yellow of colour: yea, it chanceth otherwhiles that hearing, seeing, and speech is taken away by this Ague, with a great binding of the body. In these perilous Agues that commonly make a dispatch of one in four, five (or at most) in seven days through death or health; these common rules following are to be observed, and also all those that are herebefore noted in the third Chapter, and the third §. First, hasten to expel and mitigate the humour. Secondly, when the urine is yellow, or yellowish, and the pulse slow, then must you not let blood; for that the Cholera thereby will be the more inflamed, because the moist blood which delayeth Cholera, might thereby be drawn out. Thirdly, if the urine be red and thick, and the pulse strong and mighty, than first of all must you open a vein. Fourthly, if it do seem that it is good to let blood, then must it be done at the first: for afterwards it is not allowable, lest that thereby great feebleness, yea death itself be procured. Fiftly, when the heat is almost past, then are you to give the patiented to eat and drink sparingly; yet in such measure, that the natural strength be not thereby too much enfeebled: otherwise force the patiented (although against his will) to use cooling meats. Sixtly, you must also give the patiented oftentimes cold water to drink, and let him suffer no thirst. Seventhly, when his nose or any other part happen to bleed during his sickness, then must you speedily staunch the same, that he lose no manner of strength thereby. Eightly, that the hot damps of this Cholera may not ascend into the head; the same therefore must be cooled with the oil of Roses, Vinegar, Saunders, and with Rose water. And when as the patient cannot sleep at all, or happeneth to fall into any frenzy, the same must be cured with meet things, as may be found out in the register. Ninthly, first of all must this Cholera be expelled (be it by vomits or stools) and seek afterwards to cool the great heat, which cannot more conveniently be done, than that there be sufficient cold water given unto the patiented to drink. Tenthly, even as before we have expressed, these diseased are commonly much bound in the belly, which must be prevented the first or second day with mild clysters. eleventhly, the patient must also have a drink given him wherein Prunes & sour Dates have been sodden: also heed must be taken that he go twice or thrice a day to stool. Twelfthly, the heart must be comforted (which is inflamed with this heat) with cooling cordial waters without all delay. And these are the common rules which are to be observed in this burning fever. Concerning his order of diet, his dwelling place should be cool, airy, and be sprinkled with water and Vinegar. His head must be set with Vine branches, Willow boughs, and other cool green things: for the same do cool and alter the air, that by the lungs is drawn towards the heart, whereby the heat of the heart is chief cooled. Secondly, even as is expressed in the third rule, if the patient's urine be red and thick, then must his Median or Basilica be opened, and the same day or the day following must he use these medicines following, thereby to prevent all terrible accidents of the heart. Take flowers of Borage, bugloss and Violets, of each half an ounce, twenty or five and twenty Prunes; seeth them all together in sufficient water till the third part be sodden away, then take three or four ounces of this broth, and put therein Cassie and sour Dates, of each three quarters of an ounce, Rhubarb steeped in Endive water half a dram: afterwards give it to the patiented early in the morning. Item, to cool and to prepare the humour, make this syrup: Take great and small Endive, Lettuce, Purslane, Agrimony, Liverwoort, sprigs of Poppy leaves, and green Maiden hair, of each a handful, Violets, Waterlillies, Roses, and Lens palustris, of each one ounce, seeds of Lettuce, Endive, Purslane, and of small Endive, of each a quarter of an ounce: seeth them all together in sufficient water till there be eighteen ounces remaining, then put as much Sugar thereto, and let it seeth again and clarify it: put thereto E●●iue water, Rose water, and the juice of Pomegranates, of each six ounces, ivory, red and white Saunders, Camfere, and white Poppy seeds, of each a dram and a half: then afterwards seethe them all together unto a syrup, give thereof four times in four and twenty hours tempered with Barley or fountain water. And when you perceive the next day that the ague is abated, and thereby make show as though the fourth day it would end; then must you not give the patiented to eat (but as necessity requireth, and as the fift rule showeth:) crumbs of white bread soaked in fountain water are good for him. Likewise Almond milk is also good for him, if the same be made with Melons or Cucumber seeds. You may also mingle amongst his drink syrup of Vinegar, Mucilage of Endive, of Purslane, and Melon seeds: and in like manner the syrup of Poppy heads, and chief of black Poppies. But in case there light upon any young patient any intolerable thirst, and thereby longeth to drink cold water, then must you let him have it, and that so much as he may drink up at a good draft: and then afterwards if the thirst and heat yet continue with the patiented, give it him once again to drink. But note that old folks have not any such drink. Secondly, good heed must be taken that none of the principal parts thereby be damnified: but only let such have it as it is meet for. Thirdly, it must not be given at all if the ague proceed of any cold humour. Fourthly, it must not be ministered when the natural strength is much decayed. Fiftly, if there be no great obstruction at hand. Sixtly, if the sickness be not increasing, but decreasing. Seventhly, it is not tolerable, unless the thirst and the lust to drink water be very extreme. Eightly, if there be any fear of any great feebleness, then must you mingle that water with the juice of Pomegranates, or with Verivice, Hen broth, wherein Lettuce, Purslane, and Cucumbers are sodden, is also very meet for him. Item, raw Butter milk well sugared and with crumbed white bread in it, is marvelous medicinable. But if there come any sweat, then must special care be had that the patiented continue in it, and sweat as long as his strength will abide it. With the blood must be dealt as is said in the eight rule. The eight Chapter. Of the Ague which is called Synochus. AMongst all other continual Agues is this also comprehended, which the Greeks call Synochus, whereof we have also spoken before in the third cha. that the same groweth through the superfluitte of the blood, being mingled with Cholera. The learned describe two manner of these agues; whereof the one is provoked of the blood that is not putrefied & the other sort of a putrefied and noisome blood in the veins. The cause of the first ague is, if the party be by nature sanguine and full of blood, and therewithal useth daily meats that engender much blood: as namely, good delicate flesh and wine, yolks of eggs, and such like, little or too much, lack of exercise, vapours of superfluous and over hot blood, that draweth upwards and never findeth any issue; because the pores and all inward passages are obstructed. The signs of this ague are, when the pulse doth beat a like strong and swift, if the heat be not extreme, then may it best of all be perceived in the palm of the hand: the urine for the most part is like unto that of healthful persons, yet the same is often red and thick, and specially in a corpulent body. Herewith may appear also a redness of the body, and of the face, with a fullness of the veins, and there is no cold nor shaking, but a troublesome breathing: otherwhiles they fall into a dead sleep, as it were into a Lethargus, whereof we have spoken in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, and tenth §. Before that any do fall into this ague, he feeleth first a great wearisomeness over all his body, and an itching of the nose, ache of the head, and in his sleep he seeth many red and bloody fantasies: above all this the speech is troublesome unto him. For this bloody ague are described these rules following. First it is the opinion of all learned Physicians, that all such patients are to be let blood even until they begin to fall into a swound. Secondly, if it appear very waterish and choleric, then must the same be cooled and thickened. Thirdly, if the same be too gross and too thick, then must the same be mad subtle and thin. Fourthly, the body must after letting of blood be well frothed, that the pores may be opened. Fiftly, when as the letting of blood is neglected (and the patiented yet strong enough) than the same is to be done still, yet at all times with the counsel of a learned Physician. Sixtly, if the patient will not abide letting of blood, then must alterating, penning, & expulsive things be used, whereby the superfluous humour & blood may be abated. Seventhly, the letting of blood and drinking of cold water work and effect so much, that you need not use any other things. Eightly this Ague requireth great abstinence, if nature may abide it. Ninthly, when this Ague proceedeth of surfeiting in meat, then must the letting of bl●● not be used before the 2. or 3. day: notwithstanding that the malady is such wherein the opening of a vein may not be omitted, for that it quickly annoyeth; wherefore must the first rule be forth with applied, by letting him blood in the Median so long till he begin to swoon. And if the same cannot be effected at one time, then is the same to be done at sundry times, every time a little. Afterwards let the patiented use cooling things, as namely, syrup of Verivice, of Purslane, of Pomegranates, and of Lemons, or of Sorrel: much cold water is also to be given to the patiented to drink, yet with such direction as before in the description of the Ague Causon hath been showed. Let him have bread to eat that is steeped in the juice of Pomegranates or Verivice. Barley water is the most commodious drink that he may drink, and syrup of Roses may be mingled amongst it: if he go not to the stool, then make him a chicken broth wherein Mallows are sodden. Purge the patiented also with sour Dates, with conserve of Prunes, Cassie, or with Manna, and so proceed with cooling things till the heat be clean extinguished. Of the Ague Synochus, with putrefied blood. §. 1. THe other sort of this continual Ague is also very strong, proceeding of a putrefaction of the blood. And hereof is a disputation also amongst the learned: for some say that when as the blood cometh for to putrify, that then it is no longer blood, and therefore this Ague Synochus cannot be engendered of blood. The causes are the same that are of the other, but that only with the former there are many inward vapours without any putrefaction of the blood. In like manner the signs of both these Agues are the same, but that in the first the heat is greater, & all other symptoms more violent than in this. In fine, herein do they both agree, that there is never any increasing or abating of the fit, as may be observed in other continual agues. Now to cure this ague, the patient must be let blood out of hand, if the stomach be not overcharged with meat, and that the age and the strength will permit the same and thereupon purge, as is taught for the former ague. And if it fall out (as it accustometh to fall out) that with this ague there were adjoined a feebleness of the liver, then must these Trociskes following he prepared for it. Take burnt ivory, tragacanth and starch, of each a dram, seeds of Purslane one quarter of an ounce, liquorice one quarter of an ounce and one scruple, make thereof then Trociskes with tragacanth dissolved in Endive water; they do cool and comfort the stomach, and also the liver. Another. Take two scruples of Roses, two scruples and a half of Berberies, seeds of Melons, Cucumbers, Citruls, Purslane and ivory, of each a scruple, tragacanth, Gum, and Almonds, of each half a scruple, Rhubarb, Saffron and Camfere, of each seven grains; make thereof Trociskes, and minister one dram of them at once with Barley water: you may also mix the aforesaid Trociskes with conserve of Roses, and so use them. For this are also commodious the losings Diatrionsantalon, Diatragacanthum frigidum and that for both sorts of these Agues, because both of them do ask one and the same kind of remedies. Of the order of diet. §. 2. BOth of these Agues do require a sparing diet, as Barley pottage, Oaten paps, Hen broths, wherein Lettuce or Verivice is sodden, and such like. One may also seethe Lentils by pouring out the first broth thereof, and dressing the second with Parsley and a little vinegar, or juice of Pomegranates. The broth of red pease with sugar, stewed apples, pears, and fresh Gourds dressed with Almond milk, are special good. He may also eat otherwhiles Melons, Citruls, Endive, Lettuce & Purslane. But if the patiented be bound in the body, then may you seeth in the Almond milk spinach, Mercury, and such like: or take conserve of Prunes, sour Dates, Cassy and Manna, of which you will: also mild Clysters may be used and taken for this purpose. And if the patiented have great headache, then delay the same with oil of Roses, vinegar, or with Oxyrrhodino. In like manner may you also use a little oil of Violets, or oil of water Lilies being dropped into his ears, and to hold Roses, Camfere, or Saunders before his nose. If the patient cannot take any sleep or rest, a … that no lithargy be feared, then is the juice of cold & moist herbs to be used, and in like manner of small & great Mousléeke, of Nightshade, Lettuce, Purslain, and of Poppy leaves, or Poppy heads, Poplar salve, and such like, dip a cloth therein, and lay it upon his forehead. The very best and most usual drink that can be used in this sickness is barley water; but in great heat you must mingle therewith (as is said) the juice of Pomegranates or verjuice: Item, cold water with syrup of Pomegranates, or any other cooling syrup. And if there chanceth any swooning called Cardiaca with it (whereof we have admonished in the second part, the sixth Chapter) then is the same to be helped with cooling and fragrant things, even as hath been showed in the foresaid places, and especially apply this plaster following to the liver, Take red, white and yellow Saunders, of each three drag. Roses and Barley meal, of each one ounce, Camfer a quarter of an ounce, make a plaster thereof with Rose water. If so be that he fall into a great sleep, then must you chafe the hands and the feet very vehemently with vinegar, pouring the same also upon a hot stone, that the vapour thereof may ascend into his nose: You must also call earnestly upon him, pull him by the hair or by the nose, and use such like things more for the same, as be showed in the first part, the twelft chapter, & 10. §: for whenas these vapours do ascend forcibly into the head, then is the dead palsy to be expected. Whereas is unquenchable thirst, there must the water be mingled with vinegar, & hold these losings following under the tongue: Take the juice of unripe Grapes, of Sorrel, of Lettuce, wine of Pomegranates, and white vinegar, of each an ounce, put thereto white sugar and sugarcandy, as much as is thought meet, letting it seeth so long together as shall suffice to make losings of it. Here is now sufficiently entreated of this Synocha, and of other hot Agues. The ninth Chapter. Of the Quotidian Ague, Quotidiana. THe cause of this daily Ague proceedeth of a putrefied Phlegma, and slimy corruption, which nature forceth towards the exterior parts of the body, and there engendereth such a cold, which may be called rather a shaking than right cold, wherewith it so burdeneth and suppresseth nature, that thereby the pulses are faint, and unnatural heat stirred up, and the pulses are found unequal. Whenas the cold avoideth, then by and by followeth the heat, which is shorter than the cold, continueth longer because of her slowness, and by reason of her toughness; whereby this Ague cometh to her state very slowly, and declineth very suddenly: so that it happeneth therein as if one lay green wood upon the fire, where the moisture withstandeth and suppresseth the heat, and remaineth so long without burning till all the moisture be consumed, and then suddenly burneth away as long as there remaineth any wood. The occasion of this Ague is outwardly cold and moist air, the long use of cold and moist meat, as fish, fruit, and such like, and unaccustomed idleness, to bathe much in sweet waters, and great rioting. Item, if the body be overcharged with overmoyst and slimy humours that putrify in the body, go out of the veins, and send stinking vapours towards the heart, whereof an Ague might ensue. This Ague is also very easily by her signs to be known from the Tertian Ague, for it beginneth not by and by after the first day with cold, but beginneth by little and little: also the pulse altereth not, as it doth in the tertian Ague. The patiented complaineth of no great heat, of no short breathing, neither of any great thirst. His urine is like unto the urine of such as have new gotten the quartain Ague, not knowing of any sweat at the beginning, but in time doth he perceive it: so that these signs are so manifestly differing from the tertian Ague, that they seem to have no communion at all. Also, one may perceive by this patiented that the heat is somewhat mixed with a vapour, which appeareth outwardly: also the pulses of this Ague be much fainter than the tertian or quartain agues. The tongue is moist, and he is quickly provoked to vomit, whereby he casteth up much filth: and in like manner is the going to the privy cold by nature, moist, undigested, waterish, and full of vapours. The urine is white and thin, and otherwhiles thick and troubled, and the whole body full of waterish humours. All bodies that live in quiet, are fat and moist, haunting daily riotousness and surfeiting, much bathing in fresh waters, and such as have their habitations near to moist places, are most of all subject to this disease. To conclude, this ague long enduring is not without peril of life. Now to remedy and cure this Ague the better, you must above all observe these rules following: First, this patiented is to use that which warmeth and attenuateth the humour. Secondly, if the patient can hardly cast or vomit, than it is a sign that the tough phlegm of the stomach must be incided. Thirdly, you are in the beginning of the Ague to force the patiented to vomit, whereby the matter or humour might partly be abated. Fourthly, these inciding and attenuating medicines must be used from the beginning to the very ending of the malady, yet now and then, as the Physician thinketh meet. Fiftly, all kind of Agues in the beginning do accord with these three things, to wit, that the nature be brought through easy means to be laxative, to provoke vomit, and moreover to use such things that do incide and attenuate the matter, and expel urine. Sixtly, forasmuch as the debility of the stomach and of the liver is an occasion of many filthy humours, therefore need requireth that you seek to comfort and open the same, and also the spleen. Seventhly, for that this Ague from the beginning till it come to the highest state, requireth much time: therefore you are to consider of the patient accordingly, and to give him much or little meat. Eightly, one must in the beginning of the Ague, and likewise as often also as it assaileth, keep the patiented awake, and that so long till it begin to decline, that the expulsion of the humours be not thereby hindered. Ninthly, he is not to be fed so long as the fit of the Ague endureth, but a good space before, and afterwards, unless that some debility and weakness require the contrary. And how these Agues are by medicines to be cured, that is before in the fift part, the twentieth chapter sufficiently taught and expressed, whereby every one may govern himself: and especially these pills here following are to be prepared for these phlegmatic Agues: Take the rinds of Mirobalani Chebuli, Rhubarb, Cinnamome, Cardamome, and Cloves, of each a dram, Aloe three drams; beat all these together very small, and with the juice of Mints, wherein a dram and a half of Agaricus is steeped: then make pills thereof, and every morning and evening take half a drag. at once. You are also to receive a potion that is described in the third part, the twelfth chapter, beginning thus, Take Gentian, etc. You are generally at the first to use always for these Agues Oxymel, and other things more that provoke urine, as hath been taught in the third part, the eighteenth chapter. This patiented is also to use none other meat than such as doth separate the tough phlegm, and expelleth it. In like manner when the Ague is at the state, then must care be had for the mouth of the stomach, like as there are therefore divers medicines ordained in the description of the stomach in the third part, the eleventh chapter. Vomiting is for these Agues passing good, for thereby will many slimy humours be expelled: And how to provoke vomit, you may search and find in the first Register. The tenth Chapter. Of the Quartain Ague, Quartana. WHen as these Quartain Agues are mixed with other Agues, then hath she her beginning of Melancholy, as the Quotidian Ague of Phlegma. And because the black melancholic blood hath his residence in the Milt, it will commonly be felt in the same place at the beginning. This ague is (as her cause is) cold and dry. Albeit the same humours are very gross, cold, and heavy, yet doth their cold nature not appear forthwith, to wit, in the beginning, or the first day, but by little and little, as it engendereth: so that the cold (when the Ague is at the highest) doth not otherwise show itself, than it doth unto such as are stiffened by extreme cold in the hard winter: and it is to be likened by a stone, muscle, or bone, which lying in the fire and being hot, you cannot well know the heat till you feel it. So fareth it also with melancholic humours, when they happen to kindle, then remaineth there no moisture till they be clean burnt: and therefore are they the longer before they kindle than any other, for that (as is said) the corruption cometh to kindle by little and little. By the foresaid occasions it cometh to pass also that the pulse beateth very slow, faint and longsome, yea in young folks so very faint, that they may be likened to old folks: for as this Ague beginneth to increase and attain to the highest, then will the pulse be the more swifter and forcible, yet not so strong as it is in the Tertian Ague, whereof we will further write and make mention. The causes of this quartain Ague are (even as abovesaid) first the melancholic blood, time of the harvest, and after that the winter, for that at these seasons these humours are not only stirred, but also augmented more vehement and durable, so that otherwhile they endure until winter; whereas to the contrary the same are shorter in Summer, and the rather, if the nature of the country be inclined that way; and the time of the year otherwhiles is such, that it engendereth foul blood, whereby then such and other Agues are caused. Wherefore good heed must be taken to all these foresaid things: and in like manner whether the patiented be not of a melancholic nature, and hath not used before to eat such kinds of meats, whereof this melancholic blood is engendered or increased, as bread of Millet, lentils, Beans, Chestnuts, salt cheese, salt fish, Beef, Hares, Hearts, Cabbages, and such like. Item, all other things that inflame the blood, as Garlic, Cresses, pepper, Mustard, strong and spiced wines, wine, and all kinds of hot spice or fruits; but especially great labour, travel in the heat of the Sun, long anger, great sorrow, and long former Agues, whereby the blood and other humours are burnt and putrefied, and are altered by the great heat into Melancholiam before they be expelled, whereof you have further instruction in the description of Melancholy, and of the stomach. Item, have special care whether the Milt of the patiented be not swollen, or have any other infirmity. Or whether the patiented have before had no erratic Ague, for that the quartain Ague never cometh alone, but commonly always after another Ague. You must always mark well, whether the urine be white, thin, and waterish; in these things, as also in the pulse and cold doth it altogether differ from the tertian, but regard not you the vomiting of the gall, for that is the only nature of the tertian ague: but if you find by the motion of the pulse or otherwise, after that the Ague is gone, or if there be any signs of the ague, then is there no doubt at all but that it is a quartain ague. Now to cure this Ague, we will first of all show you certain rules: and for the first, if the pulse be forcible, and beateth swiftly, the water be red and gross, the patiented be young and full of blood, then shall you not omit, but open the Basilica or Milt vein on the left hand: but if the blood be red and clear, then stop it again; but if it be thick and black, then let it run, and that so long as the party's strength be able to bear it. Secondly, if so be that the patiented have not much blood, let him then not bleed at all. Thirdly, you must not give to any that is taken with the Ague any strong purgation at the first, by reason that all melancholic humours are very tough and gross, and the same may not be purged in the beginning, but mild purgations must be used, and gentle Clysters. Fourthly, all meats and drinks that are prepared daily for the patiented, shall be laxative, that he may always have some vacuation. Fiftly, against such time as the Ague approacheth, the patient must at any hand refrain food, that nature thereby may work the better on the matter of the Ague, also the easier expel and withstand it. Sixtly, he may not bathe until the Ague begin to decrease. Seventhly, he must forbear all fruits, by reason of their gross moisture that lightly doth putrify, and may provoke obstructions. Eightly, these patients must take heed of the cold air, and settle themselves in temperate dwellings. Ninthly, they that have any obstruction in their veins, are to use such meats and drinks that warm and moisten. Tenthly, because that this humour is compact, and the state thereof a great while after it beginneth, the patiented is not to be kept oversparingly, but let him be cherished with meat, that he may retain his force and strength, and expect the statum of the disease. eleventhly, for this kind of sickness you must not give him any overhot and dry things, for fear that the ague be not thereby doubled, prolonged, and altered into a continual ague. Twelftly, you are not to use overcold remedies, because they do thicken and harden the matter, wherefore ●uld means are always to be used and taken. Out of these foresaid rules it is easily to be understood, that no strong medicines are to be used in the beginning of this Ague, except one see that there is great store of blood at hand, at which time the Median may be opened in the right arm. Also if the blood be black and thick, as it happeneth to be of such that have a diseased spleen, then may one let it run the longer; but if it be red and clean, then must it be presently stopped. The ordinance and government of his life must be such, that he feed not upon any thing that provoketh or breedeth wind, but use all meats that engender good blood, and keep the body open and soluble: and if any defect be hereof, then must a mild clyster be ministered. Also, he shall forbear swine's flesh, and all meats that are slimy and hard of digestion, and of all that which might make the body cold and dry. His drink must be thin white wine, his meat all manner of field fowls, but no water fowls, fish of light-digestion, and not slimy, salt meats and mustard may he also use. Also he may sometimes use the confection Diatrion pipereon or Diaspoliticon: and although the patiented did drink every day a little pepper with water, it were not amiss. This patient shall not wholly forbear from riding, from walking, and from baths, if he hath been accustomed to it, yet is the bath not very good for him. If this quartain ague be not very strong, nor yet continue long, then can it not hurt, if the patiented upon his free days do execute his affairs and business. But about the time as is supposed that the Ague is come to the highest state, then must the patiented feed very moderately, yea more sparingly than ever before, keeping himself very quiet, and anoint the belly with such things as may keep the body open and soluble: and also use such things as provoke urine, whereof you shall find good instruction at due time and place. And as soon as one perceiveth that the humours begin to avoid, then are those things to be used that expel melancholy, and that not once, but as often as need shall require. Also to provoke him to vomit, and that after meat, and (if need be) let him take a little black Hellebore therewith to ease and further the vomiting. But they that cannot vomit must be purged; Treacle is also passing good for them: yet it is to be noted, that none of these foresaid things may be used before the sickness be at the highest, for thereby might of a single quartain ague be made a double; and lastly of a double quartain a three double ague. Galen writeth (out of whom this counsel is gathered) that he knew a Physician, who (before the quartain was at the highest) gave his patiented Treacle, whereby the same ague so increased that he died thereof. When as this order hath been observed in this ague, then do the later Physicians teach that these things following are very fit to be used. Take Ginger one ounce, cut it small, and then seeth it in red wine until there remain five ounces, then mingle therewith one ounce and a half of julep of Violets, and so drink it, to wit, two hours before the Ague cometh upon you, and the same will make you sweat thoroughly. Item, take an ounce of the juice of Plantain two hours before the fit of the Ague approacheth, it will remove the Ague. The water of Carduus Benedictus, or the herb sod in Wine and drunken, cureth the Ague. The common people take the powder of this herb and strew it upon a shine or twain of bread that is soaked in wine or Aqua vitae, and so eat the bread before the ●●ue come. Oxymel scilliticum compositum openeth all obstructions in the quartain and tertian Agues. Some commend the wine of Asarabacca roots, for this root hath the nature of the Hellebore, it drieth all inward parts, and provoketh urine, and will therefore also expel the Ague. The like virtues are ascribed to the wines of Heart's tongue, of Hyssop, and of Tamariscus. The syrup of Oxysacchara is also passing good. The eleventh Chapter. Of the Consumption or Ethicke Hectica. THis is one of the most perilous Agues that may light upon a man, for by her hot and dry operation she drieth up all natural moisture of man's body. This Hectica is not satisfied with the hurt that it doth to all natural moisture and vital spirits, but it drieth also all nourishing parts, and all the flesh of the whole body, yea the marrow of the bones also, so that it may duly and rightly be called the consuming Ague. This destroying heat beginneth first in the heart of the Ague, which is termed Causon, that is, the burning Fever, whereof we have written in the seventh Chapter, which continueth there so long until it consume the very sap and moisture of the heart. And albeit that it doth not consume and waste all the moisture of the heart, yet doth it burn and spoil the same. For it fareth with the heart as with a wick in a lamp, that at the beginning doth burn bright and clear; but the longer that it burneth, the harder, and the more burnt, the drier it waxeth, where by a little and a little it loseth light and extinguisheth: and albeit more oil be poured unto it, yet burneth it not then the brighter, but the flame remaineth small and slack, and the longer that it burneth the darker it is, till at the last all of it goeth clean out of itself. So fareth it also with this Hectica, with or without an Ague, as plainly may appear in very old men, which are commonly said to die like a lamp or candle. This is to be noted also in children, that sometimes also use to abate and fall away. This Consumption, namely that which is without an Ague, is called of the Greeks Marasmodes, that is, a Consumption; and of the Latinists Senectus, that is, old age, whereby we may call it the infection of the heart, whereof we have spoken in the second part, the sixth Chapter and ninth §. In like manner in the description of the Consumption, in the fifth Chapter, and 22. §. When this Hectica spreadeth herself over all the whole body, drying it altogether up, then is it (as we have already told) called Marasmodes. This sickness is incurable, and above all men's help, for that the natural heat would quickly like a tree (through very great age, or in them that lie about the fire) through extreme heat be dried away. The causes of this Hectica, are all outward things, which do heat the parts of the body, whereby many Agues might be provoked, whence at the last this consumption is sounded and springeth. Item, the hunger and thirst, if they be not remedied betimes, the which for the most part happeneth to choleric and lean men, who falling into a quotidian Ague, are thereby lightly turned into a burning, and lastly into this Ague Hectica. Item, the perishing of the lights may very well be a cause of this Hectica, whereby is hindered that the fresh air may not cool the heart sufficiently: and there be other more occasions, whereby the heart may be inflamed. We will now admonish somewhat of her signs. They that fall into Tabem. that is, into a consumption, are easily to be discerned; for before that one come to feel their pulses, one may see how their eyes be sunk and fallen into their heads. The apples of their eyes will be dry in this agony and wrinkled, and the flesh round about the eyes fallen away, so that one may otherwhiles almost see the bones of their brows. It seemeth also otherwhiles, that these diseased persons face is so bedusted with dry dust, as it is in them that have gone the whole day through the dust in the heat of the Sun. Also the lively ruddiness and colour over all the whole body is vanished and gone: and likewise the skin of their forehead so hardened and shrunk, that they seem to close their eyelids very badly; and sleeping, they lie with their eyes half open, which can be no due sleep, but rather an overgreat watching, and the flesh in the temples of the head doth so waste away, that there seemeth to be a great hollowness. To conclude, there remaineth no more than the very skin and the bones, so that when one seethe them naked, he would judge none other than that the carcase were covered with a dry skin, and that all the entrails are taken out, or lie hid in the breast: and when as one toucheth the skin and plucketh it hard, then shall he find it through dry, and it seemeth that by plucking it will follow. These sick persons have a hard pulse, and at the first touching of them doth one perceive small heat, but when you hold your hand long upon them, then may you feel the heat under your hand increase, and divers such like signs more. Of this malady Hectica and Tabes is a great disputation, whereof here we will not make many words, but will commend that matter to the learned: yet nevertheless before we come to the cure, we will briefly admonish thus much, that such as be of a moist nature in the beginning of the consumption, are not assailed with this Ague Hectica, but they only that be dry of nature, and somewhat hot, and therewith do great labour, watch much, and live in carefulness, whereby their natural moisture is wasted and spent, these presently are taken with this Ague Hectica, and specially such as chafe much, live in extreme sorrow, or frequent great heat. And although this sickness when it hath long endured, and is once rooted into the body, be thought incurable, yet nevertheless men must not disdain the help and means which God the Lord hath ordained for the use of man, but pray heartily unto him that he will bless them for the glory of his holy name. Wherefore these rules following are to be observed and imitated, for thereby may be gathered a perfect cure of this sickness. First, it is needful for the languishing persons that they use all things that may moisten and cool. Secondly, because these diseased persons must neither be purged nor warmed, therefore the warm bath is also hurtful, for thereby the heat is increased. Thirdly, all their meat and drink must be cooling and moistening, or at the leastwise temperate, as barley pap, Ptisana, henbroth, and Panada. Fourthly, the curing of this Hectica is like to that in the drought of the stomach, whereof we have written in the third part, the second Chapter, and seventh §. yet are cooling things hereto required, by reason of the great heat of the Ague. Fifthly, if need require that other meats are to be ministered unto him which are not cooling, as namely Wine and fresh broth, yet nevertheless therewith are cooling things to be used. Sixthly, if the Ague proceed of any imposthume or bruise of some other part, then must special regard he had for the healing thereof, and that the liver be cooled and brought in good course. Seventhly, a good cool air is one of the principal helps, and therewith fresh linen also that is washed in water, where Roses, Willow leaves, or Trocisci de Camphora be steeped. In like manner Rosewater is very commodious for it. Eightly, the smell of Camphor, Rose water, fresh Poppy heads, Roses, Saunders, and such like, is very requisite and profitable for this patiented. Ninthly, all cooling plasters (wherein no astringent things are intermingled) are to be laid on his breast. Tenthly, if this diseased person desire to have health then must he (so far as is possible) incline himself to sleep, and to all quietness and rest, and keep himself from thirst, hunger, pensiveness, anger, hatred and much sorrow. eleventhly, he must not sleep upon any thing but a mattress. Twelftly, it is also marvelous good for this sickness to sleep by the noise and rushing of waters, or by springing fountains. It is very good to hang up all green things about his bed, or to sprinkle his chamber with the water wherein such herbs are or shall be sodden. Thirtéenthly, goats milk or Ass' milk, whereof that is best of them that are fed in a meadow where cool herbs grow, is a most sovereign medicine for this malady. Fourtéenthly women's milk surpasseth all other milks. Fiftéenthly, buttermilk is likewise very good for this sickness. Sixtéenthly, to conclude, for consumptions are all manner of milks from the beginning to the ending thereof very excellent good; and all good fresh henbroth sodden with Lettuce, Purslane and verjuice, is exceeding profitable for the patiented. But above all things, special care is to be had that he observe and keep a good diet, wherefore he is to eat and drink but little, using always such meats as do nourish well, to wit, Pheasants, Partridges, young Quails, and such like, as hen's flesh, Veal, Mutton and Lamb's broth, etc. wherein Lettuce, Purslane, and such like cooling herbs are sodden. And as we have declared before, let him use always goats milk or Ass' milk, and above all, woman's milk: for all these are so highly commended for this disease, that it is not possible to tell of any thing that may exceed them, to help and cure this malady. For if he use any of these, or any other good milk, yet in such measure that he be not cloyed by taking too much thereof at once, but to take it the oftener, and namely, betimes in the morning méetly warm, or when it is new milked, and that about two ounces thereof at once, and then afterwards in the day time four times more, about three or four ounces at once, so that five draughts be taken within 24. hours. His meat must be (as is said) Barley pap that is dressed with fresh broth, and pap of starch, or that is made with grated bread, and wherein also one of the foresaid herbs are sodden, sometimes one of them, and sometime another. Pease broth wherein hens or any other thing is sodden, or of itself, is passing good. The very best drink for this disease is Barley water wherein sugar pennets is dissolved: and to retain the patient's strength, you are to permit unto him thin white Wine, that which is very clear, being mingled with fair water, when he sitteth at meat: but the mealtide being past, let him drink nothing but barley water. They that are quelled with this malady, have for the most part always a very dry mouth, dry tongue, and great thirst, whereto prepare these confections following, and hold them in his mouth to refresh the same therewith: Take the seeds of Fleawort and Quince kernels, of each three ounces, steep them seven or eight hours together in lukewarm water, press out the mucilage, put thereto afterwards the juice of Pomegranates two ounces, sugarcandy one ounce and a half, starch as much as is meet for to make it in form of a confection. If you will have it to drink after the manner of a julep, then leave out the starch, and put thereto the water of Purslane and of Citruls, of each eight ounces, and so let it seeth a little together; and lastly clarify it with the white of an egg. If one hold green Lettuce or Purslane in his mouth, that refresheth it much. You have also in the third part, the twefth chapter and tenth §. and afterwards in the seventeenth chapter and 7. §. very many things which are all good against the thirst, where you may have choice of that which is best for this malady. These cooling and comfortable medicines following are to be daily used for refreshing and comforting, namely, conserves of Roses, conserves of waterlillies, and the sirupes of them both, conserves of Cicorie. In like manner also the roots of the same in a salad or confected, are very meet for it. The confected Citrons, and the juice thereof; the juice and syrup of Oranges, conserves of white Roses, and all that is made thereof, is for this purpose highly commended, for they cool more than red Roses. Secondly, the kidneys and backbone are also through this malady very much tormented, with a great heat; whereto is very commodious the salve of Roses, wherewith he must be anointed six or seven times in 24. hours. Also it is very good to moisten the backbone often with milk, and also to anoint it with oil of Roses or with oil of Violets. Thirdly, there happeneth otherwhiles to this patiented (that is feeble already) a sore sweat, which may cast the patiented altogether down, which may by the foresaid means be hindered. But if that will not help, then besprinkle the face and the whole body often with this water following: Take twelve ounces of Rose water, one quarter of an ounce of Camfere, Purslane seeds and red Saunders, of each a dram, one quarter of an ounce of starch, mingle them all together. This drink following is also highly commended: Take six or seven river Crabs, lay them in a quart of water, than cast therein a hanfull of ashes, and let them stand four hours long; afterwards rub then well therewith, and wash them clean with fair water three or four times, and so seethe them; and take the tails of them, cut them very small, and seeth them again with a quart of barley water till they be almost consumed, then strain the broth through a cloth, and give thereof three or four ounces every time to the patiented to drink when you will. But if you will have this water to cool more and nourish less, then seeth the Crabs whole and uncut, and not so long time as is aforesaid. After this manner may you also dress a Tortoise that liveth in fresh water, and is excellent good for this disease. The small fishes that are taken in fresh waters, are very commodious for this disease, if they be taken without spice. In the description of the consumption Phthisis, in the second part, the fifth chapter, and 22. §. are many kinds of remedies prescribed for this Hectica, and afterwards also in the sixth chapter of the panting of the heart through heat are divers culliss described that are very good and profitable to be drunken. You may also prepare these confections following for the same: take of the white flesh of a young Hen or capon six ounces, starch one ounce and a half, new oil of sweet Almonds six ounces, five whites of new laid eggs; let the oil, starch, and eggs seeth together on a soft fire until it be thick, afterwards mingle the flesh of a Capon being chopped small amongst them, and make cakes thereof, whereof the patiented may use a little at each time, and as often as him pleaseth, which also is as good as if he took much at once, seldom, and better. Or prepare this following: take white Poppy seeds, peeled seeds of Melons, Citruls, Cucumbers, and of Pompions, of each a quarter of an ounce, Almonds, Hasell nuts, Pistacies (all of them shaled) and Sebestes, of each three drams, Pingles that have been steeped 24. hours before in Risen water five drams, conserves of Borage, bugloss, and Species Diarrhodon Abbatis, of each one quarter of an ounce, conserve of Roses five drams, Manus Christi with pearls and sugar pennets, of each half an ounce, roasted Capons flesh two ounces, white flesh of Hens that is stuffed and dressed with bugloss, Balm, Borage and Endive, three ounces, cut both of these small, and then mingle therewith Species Diambra and de Gemmis, of each half a dram, Doronicum, Saffron, Cinnamom, Roses, and red Coral, of each five drams, Species Diatriasantalon, and grains, prepared pearls a quarter of an ounce, sugar sodden as thick as honey, as much as need requireth for to make a confection, mingle them well, and use it as aforesaid, one quarter of an ounce at once. There is also usually made for this a confection of oil of sweet Almonds, starch and sugar. The preserved Gourds are also wonderful good against this unnatural heat. Of the Ague Hectica, with a pain in the breast Empyema and Phthisis. §. 1. IN this compounded Ague, which is placed amongst the Putridas or putrefied Agues, there doth appear besides the former signs, cold, and a very stiffness of cold, which cometh at uncertain times, sometimes by day and otherwhiles by night, and that always unsteadfast, which happeneth by the diversity of the humours, whereof now the one and then the other is stirred up and inflamed. The corruption which is gathered together in the breast, out of the head, or out of the veins, doth chief cause this consumption, which lieth there putrefied and mingled with the blood; i● cast out and expelled: and albeit that this kind of consumption and also the former be incurable, yet you must be marvelous diligent by these means following to accomplish health is far as it is possible. First therefore you must refrain and shun all things that are sharp and salt, as Mustard, Radishes, Onions, Garlic, and such like. Item, all flatulent and windy things, and all that is cold by nature and hard of digestion, as unsodden milk, porridge of pease or beans, unleavened and dough baked bread, Verivice and Lemons, etc. His drink must be good common clear Beer, or any thin red sweet Wine, but he must refrain from strong wine and beer: but if he cannot bear wine nor beer, then give him to drink good sugared Barley water. Young lambs flesh, young swine, Muttons of a year old, and calves, are very wholesome meat for him. Also Larks, wood fowls, Partridges, Pheasants, and Hares; and specially river Crabs sod in barley water or milk, are passing good. Coleworts sodden, stewed Barley dressed with starch, calves feet sodden in vinegar, the lights of all beasts, but chief of Foxes and Hogs, rear sodden eggs, or the same dressed with other meat, fresh butter and cheese but little salted, milk pap, three or four dry figs eaten before meals, and sweet Pomegranates roasted in the warm ashes, are all of them much nourishing. After meat let him also eat three or four roasted Hasell nuts, and Saffron and Cinnamome in his meat measurably. These confections following are also most commodious for him: Take white Poppy seeds an ounce, roasted flesh of a Capon four ounces, starch three quarters of an ounce, prepared Pingles four ounces, peeled Almonds three ounces, Roses three drams, yellow Saunders and Mace, of each a quarter of an ounce, Cinnamome three quarters of an ounce, Cloves half an ounces, Lignum Aloes two drams and a half, Nutmegs a dram, Amber two scruples, Musk six grains, fresh oil of sweet Almonds four ounces, sugar which is sodden with Rose water and Balm water, as much as need requireth for a confection; mingle all these well together beaten and shred small: take thereof every morning and evening half an ounce every time before meat. And when as this disease falleth out of the head into the breast, and that this Ague Hectica hath from thence her beginning, then must special care be had for to comfort the brains, which may thus be compassed. First, let the head be shorn bald, and then upon the naked shorn head lay this plaster following: Take Laudanum a dram and a half, Rosin and red Storax, of each three quarters of an ounce, Mastic, Roses and white Coral, of each half a dram, Sandaraca a dram and a half, Mace two scruples, Cloves one scruple; dissolve the gum and rosin in vinegar that is not too eager, then mingle it all together with molten wax, and make thereof two round plasters, which you may lay thereon, now one and then another. Secondly, take a little piece of Mastic, chew the same once a day at the least a long time, and then spit out the moisture, and about the third evening let him always after meat swallow a piece of Mastic. Thirdly, the fift night when he goeth to bed let him take a dram and a half of this confection following: Take of the confection Diapapaver half an ounce, Frankincense & Sandaraca, of each eight grains, and mingle them all together. Fourthly, take of the confection of Loch de Pino, and de Papavere, of each an ounce, prepared Fox lights one quarter of an ounce, Ireas two scruples, flowers of century half a scruple, make a confection thereof with Vine cuict, whereof the patiented is to take every morning two or three drams, and likewise at night as much more, to wit, two hours after meat. Also you may drink it mingled with warm barley water, or with sweet wine, and so drink it. Also the patient may take of this confection into his mouth, and so swallow it up oftentimes. Fiftly, take two ounces of Currans, a dram of sliced liquorice, Hyssop and Horehound, of each two scruples, yellow seeds of Roses two drams, prepared Fox lights one dram and a half, tragacanth and Gum, of each a dram, melt the gum in Vine cuict, half a scruple of Saffron, white pepper five grains, and white sugar thrice as much as all the rest do weigh, make it to powder, whereof let him eat a spoonful after dinner and supper. Sixtly, when as the patiented hath used ten days long the foresaid three things, then let him take these things following other ten days: Take distilled Colewort water two ounces, water of blue Flower deluce flowers, and of Horehound, of each half an ounce, powdered Elecampane roots and Mouse ear that groweth on the mountains, of each a scruple, which the patiented must take luke warm early in the morning, and fast four hours after it. Seventhly, take Knotgrass, Mouse ear, Roses, red Coral, Bloodstone, and yellow Amber, of each one scruple, tragacanth half a scruple, Honey of Violets, and Sugar pennets, of each three quarters of an ounce: afterwards seeth the Honey and Sugar till it be thick, and then mingle them with it, and take thereof an hour before supper a spoonful, and again as much more at midnight. Eightly (this being done) you must use this confection following: Take fresh roots of blue Flowerdeluce one ounce, fresh Elecampane roots half an ounce, Comfrey, Daisies, juice of Sloes, tragacanth and Gum, of each a scruple, Frankincense, Mastic, and Sarcocolla (prepared with woman's milk) of each half a dram, Bloodstone, yellow Amber, Dragon blood, prepared Fox lights, Centorie flowers, Myrtle seed, Knotgrass, Mouse ear and bryony, of each two scruples, dissolve all the Gums in the mucilage or slime of Sebestes that were steeped in warm Honey water, let them seeth therein, scumming it always: and when it is sod to pap, to wit, the herbs and the roots, then strain out the juice through a cloth, and put thereto two ounces of sweet wine, Currans half an ounce, and ten or twelve Dates; powne all the same very small, and mingle then the Gums with the rest of the foresaid things: Also half a dram of Saffron, powdered Saxifrage a dram and half, whereof give the patiented a spoonful in the morning, and half an hour before both his mealetides half as much, and let him swallow it down by little and little. This cleanseth the breast, engendereth flesh, and withal damnifieth not the breath. Ninthly, when the patiented hath used this confection four days long, then let him take nine of these pills following, to wit, in the morning betimes three, and three more before noon, and also before supper other three more. This must he continue four days together or longer, even as the cause requireth. Take Lungwort, Knotgrass, Comfrey, Daisies, of each a dram, Saffron, liquorice, Saxifrage, of each one scruple, Starch, sealed earth, prepared Tutie, and tragacanth, of each two scruples, make pills thereof with the juice of Comfrey, and form eight to a dram. Tenthly, if occasion serve that the heart must also be strengthened, and to quench and refresh all drought, and to cool and moisten all heat, for which you shall take new conserves of Roses two ounces, conserves of bugloss one ounce, ivory, Roses, seeds of Endive, of Purslain and Lettuce, of each a dram and a half, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, Gourds seeds, and peeled Cucumber seeds, of each five drams, sugar pennets two ounces, starch one ounce, prepared crabs tails (as in this chapter not long ago is taught) four ounces, powne all very small, and mingled into a confection, then when he hath used the pills, let him take a spoonful thereof, and that in the morning early, and likewise again an hour and a half before both mealtides, and after them half as much. Last of all, this patiented must lay this small bag upon his left breast: Take Violets, waterlillies, ivory, Roses, red and white Coral, Heart's bones, and Doronicum, of each a dram and a half, the jacinth stone, the smaragd stone, and sapphire stone, of each half a scruple pearls a dram and a half, three leaves of beaten gold, and Mace one dram and a half, saffron a a scruple, Cardamome and Galingall, of each five grains, powne each alone, and then mingle them all together, and lastly make it into a silken cushion or little bag. But if you covet to have the brains strengthened, then look in the beginning of the first part for the pain of the head, and after that where the brains are described. The twelfth Chapter. Of the Ague Marasmode. OF this Ague and of the nature thereof we have in the former described Hectica made a plain demonstration. This is of some taken for to be a second Hectica. In fine, they are both such kind of Agues, that there is small help of man to be had against them. This properly is that which the Physicians call Senectam, that is, the old age, to wit, a consuming of the whole body. The causes of this is, that the heat and the drought get the mastery, which might be caused when one is fasting and hath a cold stomach: In like manner also when one is overheated, and straightway drinketh cold water upon it: Also the hot air and the heat of the time may well provoke and raise that which wasteth, drieth up, and oftentimes expelleth the natural heat, whereby the body is sustained, whereof the cold and drought do follow. Moreover, this sickness may be caused of the debility of natural heat which cannot nourish the whole body: and in like manner of cold vapours that ascend towards the heart and over-coole the same. Likewise of all cold causes that lie hidden in the body, as may be seen by very old folks. These are signs of this malady that it is without any Ague, but with a slow pulse, with an extenuation of the whole body, without heat, and in feeling may a general cold be perceived: the urine is thin, white and waterish. In fine, there are no other signs to be found than age, as are to be seen in very old folks. Now to come to the remedies of this kind of consumption, this patiented shall use as near as he may, all warm and moist things. He must often bathe himself in fresh warm water, and use many moistening clysters, as the broth of lambs heads, of tripes, of Hens, and the like: for these are very commodious for him because they moisten the bowels, and refresh and nourish the liver. But you must put hereto neither salt nor any spice, that they be not too sharp, and may be held in the longer. You must also take for this Clyster not above six ounces of broth at once, but in four and twenty hours you are to minister three or four. Also the rubbing or bathing of the external parts after meals is greatly commended: and as Honey in the Ague Hectica is very hurtful; so is it in this disease Marasmode very commodious. Further, all light meats are passing good for him that are not slimy, as fresh broth, rear eggs, with a thin and pleasant wine being measurably used, and such like. Item, all the salves, plasters, and other things which are prescribed for the Fever Hectica, may also be used in this sickness. But for these diseases special heed is to be taken of cold, and of all things as in any way consume the radical humidity. Those that will have any further declaration of this infirmity, let them read that which hath been said in the description of the consumption or fever Hectica. The thirteenth Chapter. Of the long lingering Agues. THe long continuing of Agues dependeth upon three kinds of causes. First, when any one hath an outward sore which hardly will be cured. Secondly, if the patiented or the Physician ever mistake, or keepeth some bad order. Thirdly, this is also procured by some outward occasion, as by the time of the year, by continual rain, by the nature of the country, by the unhailnesse of the dwelling place, by great care and troubles of mind. But when it is known that there are none of these foresaid occasions, then must it of necessity depend on the fourth cause, that is on a gross, tough and slimy humour. If therefore you will have remedy against the continuing of Agues, then must you cure and take away the foresaid causes with their contraries. For that these long continuing Agues are commonly caused by an obstruction of the liver, whereto these things following are principally good, to wit, sirupus Diarrhodon, de Cichorio, de Lupulis, de Eupatorio, de capillo Veneris, Oxymel compositum, de Bysantijs, de Radicibus. Item, the decoction of Adiantum, Heart's tongue, Agrimony, Wormwood, Endive, Cicorie, of all, or of some of them. The common pestilential pills, called Ruffi, and Rhubarb, Cassie, Hiera picra, conserve of Prunes, Agaricus, and syrup of Roses laxative, are also excellent good. Item, you must boil also parsley roots with your meat: the wine shall be mingled with water wherein Cinnamome, Annis seed, Coriander, and Fennell roots are sodden. You must anoint the liver with the salve that is described in the third part, the twelft chapter and third §. beginning thus, Take oil of bitter Almonds, etc. in which place you shall find many more other remedies against the obstruction of the liver through heat and cold. For the liver being deopilated and opened, then will the long lingering Ague be easily mitigated. The fourteenth Chapter. Of swellings that follow after the Ague. IT cometh oftentimes to pass that some have their feet swollen after the long continuing of an Ague, then use a bath to sweat in, and take one ounce of the distilled water of Camomile flowers which hath been drawn only out of the yellow seeds of the flowers. You must boil in the water of this bath Slow leaves, and therewithal bathe and sweat. In the bathing you shall forbear from drink: but this bath is more commodious after some phlegmatic Agues than after any hot Agues; and what order of diet is to be observed after a linger Ague when the patiented beginneth to recover, hath been sufficiently showed and declared in the third Chapter and the twelfth §. The fifteenth Chapter. Of the Plague. THis most noisome, terrible, and perilous malady of the plague, is called of the Greeks Epidemia, and of the Latinists Lues, Pestis, and Pestilentia, which last name we also use. This malady is described by Galen after this manner. The Plague is a sickness that doth infect all, or at the least very many men, and is caused of the venomous air. Or thus: The Plague is a disease that either speedily killeth, or soon forsaketh a man. And where such sicknesses get the upper hand, there distress and misery aboundeth, for it hath been seen by experience that it hath made away men, cattle, and fowls of the air, yea many thousands of fishes in the waters, and that not only villages and towns have been deprived thereby of all their inhabitants, but also great cities and countries have by the same been made desolate. The causes of the Plague. §. 1. OF the natural causes of the Plague, there are as many opinions amongst the Philosophers as there are causes that procure it; as namely of venomous vapours of the earth that are infected by some earthquakes: or if a country be hot, moist, full of stenches, full of lakes, or still standing waters, and cloyed with stench of dead bodies, as it oftentimes befalleth after great wars and slaughters; but especially is the air infected as is abovesaid through sin, whereby it may diversly be venomed. Also when the air is warm and moist, and that it doth rain much in time of heat, with a Southerly wind, whereof we will not at this present make any further discourse: but they that desire to have any ampler description hereof, may read over the Philosophers, and other learned Physicians. But howsoever, this is the most certain cause of this sickness, that God the Lord for our manifold sins and wickedness, to wit, idolatry, incredulity, and ingratitude, hath used this Plague and many afflictions more, as hunger, war, and shedding of blood, to punish the foresaid sins and transgressions. These are his rods and scourges (even the ministers of his wrath) to chastise the wicked world, as (through his Prophets) he hath foresaid and threatened the world, and as both holy Scriptures and heathen writers testify, that it hath afterward ensued accordingly. Signs of the Plague to come. §. 2. FIrst, it is a certain sign that the air is infected, and that a plague is to be expected, if in the end of the summer there appear Comets, or any other impressions, which men call flakes of fire, stars that fall or shoot, and such like in the element, which proceed of vapours that are drawn out of the earth into the air, and there are kindled, whereby both men and cattle are infected. Secondly, when any unaccustomed heap of beasts are seen, as of Frogs, Toads, Grasshoppers, Mice, and Worms, which oftentimes have been approved heretofore. Thirdly, when in the winter the South or East winds abound, misty or foggy weather, full of vapours, and glowing or drowsy, and like as it would rain, and yet raineth not at all: these are signs that the air is not as it should be. Also if the spring of the year be cold and dry without rain, the wind Southerly, the air foggy and lowering, and standeth so at a stay eight days long, and then altereth into warmth: if these alterations often chance, then is it a certain and infallible sign that the plague is at hand. In like manner also is it a sure token of the plague to ensue, when in the summer time it is hot a days and cold a nights. Item, when the summer is not hot, but gloomy & cloudy, and one day hot and another day cold, then must we look for a plague in harvest. In like manner also if two or three days be very hot, and afterwards very cold, as it often chanceth, then doth it prognosticate a plague. How to prevent the Plague. §. 3. THere is no more Christian nor certain means for to escape this great punishment, then for a man to reconcile himself to his heavenly Father, and to pray unto him with much contrition and hearty repentance of his sins, that it would please him to withhold his threatenings and punishments for our due deserts, and that we acknowledge him from the bottom of our hearts to be the right only and true Physician that will and can preserve us, be it living or dying, in perpetual health and welfare. Yet notwithstanding hath he not in vain created natural means, nor forbidden us to use them, but rather all things, as Physicians, physic, roots, herbs, seeds, and the airs, yea all that is above and under the earth for the benefit of man, and to serve him, therefore we ought duly to accept and receive the same as a most godly benefit and noble blessing of so good a God, and in no manner of wise to despise the same, and therefore are all learned Physicians most highly to be esteemed, that have found out so many means for all kinds of diseases, as also for this present infection, and have revealed and made them known to mankind. And to the end men may have a good instruction how this sickness may be helped with the foresaid remedies, there shall be observed these three principal points: the first whereof is for the healthy, that thereby they may know what order is to be kept, whereby they might be freed from this venomous contagion. Secondly, we are to show that if any be taken with the Ague, or other signs, with sores or biles, or not at all, what ought to be done to them, or what is to be left off. Thirdly, we will speak of all such as keep those that are so diseased, and are to minister and serve them, for the which there be many approved and famous medicines selected, both by the ancient and latter Physicians, our most loving and merciful God give us his gracious blessing and prosperity to finish them. First than it is generally concluded by all learned men, that forasmuch as the heart requireth a sweet, clean, and healthy air, like as the body requireth meat and drink: also that nothing is more venomous, noisome, nor hurtful for the same, than a foul stinking air; for thence cometh it especially if a lose and unstaid life, either in excess of meat, drink, exercise, incontinency, wrath, and such like be adjoined, that the venomous air with other infections, the sooner hurt the heart and inner parts, and by their contagion disease the whole body, and lastly bereave man of his vital breath. How the healthy may be kept and preserved from the infection of the Plague. §. 4. EVen as we have oftentimes heretofore admonished, so will we now show by what means the hail and healthy may in the time of the Plague be freed and preserved from this contagious malady; therefore is it first of all needful to observe a good diet in eating and drinking: and further a fair clean dwelling which must be smoked and perfumed, thereby to correct and take away the corruption of the air. For this must be used all fragrant things, to keep the body lose with larative medicines, and to comfort the heart with cordials, and always to take somewhat whereby all the parts of the body and the vital spirits might be comforted and defended against the venomous air, and contagion of others that we might be conversant withal, with many more things as shall hereafter appear. And first of the order to be observed in diet. It is passing good, and very needful for every body that wisheth to live out of the danger of the Plague, to take great heed that his body be not pestered with over many humours, nor overcharged with meat and drink, but to live very soberly, and that all such meat as he taketh must be more drying than moistening, for that whereas there is an unmeasurable fullness of the stomach, there are many bad humours engendered, which afterwards by this contagion very easily are infected. Neither ought any body to eat before that he feel and find that his former meats and digested; and when nature by hunger or thirst requireth food, then satisfy her without longer delay: for as the over charging of the stomach is a great cause of corruption, even so also doth an empty stomach procure bad humours. It is likewise very commodious, that all the patient's meat be rather cold than hot in operation, which must be dressed with sour & eager things, as we shall hereafter instruct you more at large. His dread must be of good wheat, well raised, baked, and seasoned. Of fowls, the Partridges, land fowls, Pullet's, Hens, Capons, and young Pigeons. Item, young Wethers and veal, yet rather roasted than sodden, or else if it be sodden, then must it be dressed with sour things. And for that the Plague oftentimes infecteth all fourfooted beasts, as Oxen, sheep, swine, and sometimes the very birds of the air, therefore great heed must be taken that then neither the flesh nor the milk of them in any way be used: also the Magistrates ought not to permit any of the flesh of those beasts so infected, to be sold. Note also that in the time of the Plague all sour things are very wholesome, and therefore Vinegar is highly commended with all kind of meats, and especially vinegar of Roses, or of Gilliflowers, or of Framboyes. Item, horse radish with Vinegar and Sorrel beaten for sauce, Pomegranates, Saint john's grapes, or Ribs vulgaris, Verivice, preserved Cherries, conserves of Barberies, and all sirupes that are made of these foresaid things, unripe Grapes dressed with their meat, new Lemons and Citrons, these are all very good to be used in time of the Plague. Item, for all such as have no pain in their eyes nor ache in the head are roasted Onions (or the same softened in fair water) passing good: but Garlic above all the rest (being dressed in meats) is wonderful good, and much esteemed for a preservative against this kind of infection. Therefore it is commanded that men dip their bread in Vinegar, wherewith the juice of wild Thyme and of Garlic is tempered: also to eat the kernels of two or three Nuts dipped in the same. And you may use this sauce following with your meat: Take Vinegar and juice of Lemons, temper it as you think good with powned Walnuts, and with a little grated bread, and and you may also (if you please) put thereto some Saffron and Cinnamome. And you may make a temperature also with Currans and Vinegar, flesh broth, Cinnamom: poched eggs are also permitted if they be used with verjuice. Of fruits, all that be sour are only tolerated. And you may strew this powder following upon the meat: Take prepared pearls one quarter of an ounce, red Coral and fine Bolus, of each half a dram, Cinnamom two drams and a half, and then mingle them all together. The meats that are forbidden to be used for the healthy, are these, to wit, Milk and all that is dressed therewith: all sweet fruits, stewed apples and pears are allowed: muddy or slimy fish are especially prohibited, as Eels, Tenches, and such like; but such fish as are taken from sandy ground are not bad: old powdered flesh, or salt fish are also suspected. But be it flesh or fish, let the same be always dressed with some sour thing, as with Vinegar, the juice of Lemons, Verivice, and such like. Or you may use these sauces following: Take the juice of Pimpernel, of Sorrel, bugloss, of Scabious, of Rue, of Lettuce, of Endive, of Balm, of Elecampane, all together, or some of them, as it pleaseth you, and mingle them with vinegar and bread, as you think good. Item, Capers with the juice of Lemons or of Citrons, is also a healthy sauce to be used. All water fowls, as Ducks, Geese, Hernsewes, and such like, let him not eat; notwithstanding that the Ducks blood is thought to be a preservative against venom. And for your drink, you must not use any but only to slack thirst withal, or according as the party hath eaten: the best drink is white clear and thin Wine (which is not sweet) being tempered with steeled water, or that wherein Gold hath been extinguished. But there can be no better thing than to drink fair fountain water which is tempered with vinegar and sugar, or water wherein the juice of Pomegranates is mixed. You may also make a drink of Barberries', and juniper berries, whereof you need to take but now and then a little draft. And you must also note here, that it were not amiss to drink every mealetide a draft of Wormwood or Sage wine, or in stead of them to take a bit of bread that is steeped in the wine of Elecampane and wine of Zeduary. These are the ordinances that in the time of the plague are to be kept and observed in meat and drink, having always a good regard (as we have already said) of the time of the year, of the constitution of the patiented, of his accustomed manner of diet, and so forth, whereby either of the foresaid things may be used or omitted. How their dwellings ought to be. §. 5. IT is also very needful for a preservation against this sickness, that the house and all the chambers (as well as the body) be kept neat and clean. Therefore every householder ought (if he love the health of himself & his family) to look diligently that his house or place of his dwelling be kept very clean. All tame beasts, and especially swine ought to be kept far apart from all your dwelling houses. Your house is to have many windows in it, and that such windows as do stand towards the West and South must you keep close and shut; but the windows that be towards the East and North must be opened wide, so that the plague be not in those quarters near hand. Warm stoves are very unhaile, and especially if they do lie low: but in the chimney it is best to burn dry wood, and most of all jumper wood, dry Vine branches, Firwood, Ash, Okes Cipres wood, Bay trees, and Rosemary sticks, and that according to the nature of the place where every kind of wood is best to be had, and chief the Béech tree, for that there is no kind of wood that more taketh away the venomous vapour or infection of the plague than the Béech tree doth. Moreover, you must cause the house to be swept wherein you dwell at least twice a day, and besprinkled with vinegar or Rose water, and then to smoke it with some of these things following, to wit, with juniperberries', Hyssap, Marierom, wild Thime, Mints, Rosemary, Mari●rom gentle, and Basil, with Lavender, Penniroyal, and apple parings, or such like. And for rich men you may make divers compounded things, whereof we will write at large, which you may use as need shall require. First there are perfumes which the Apothecaries do call Ozyletes: for this must you use juniper, yellow Saunders, Paradise wood, Frankincense, and juniper berries, of each three drams, Amber, juniper, Gum, Sandaraca, and Rosemary flowers, of each one dram, Nutmegs and Cloves, of each one dram and a half▪ powne them all together to powder, and then put to it of Laudanum one ounce and a half, Benzoi and red Storax, of each a quarter of an ounce, black Frankincense three drams, Tilly coals that are to be sprinkled and moistened with Aqua vitae being beaten small, half as much as all the rest: afterwards make the mortar and the pestle very warm, and then put therein the Laudanum with a little Turpentine, temper them together till they be as soft as dough, and mix then therewith all the foresaid things, and make hereof a strong dough with mollified Dragagant, and roll it on a table that is rubbed over with oil of Spike, and make the candles as great and as small as you list to have them, making them underneath with three feet that they may stand, and let them dry in the sun: and when you set those candles in a close chamber to fume, they will for certain expel all the venomous air of the Plague. These things following are used for this at Augburch in high Dutchland, to wit, Laudanum two ounces, black and white Frankincense, of each one ounce, red Storax half an ounce, Benzoi three quarters of an ounce, Cloves, Roses, Cinnamom, black Coriander, Mastic, Sandaraca, Cipres wood, Bayberries, yellow Saunders and Nutmegs, of each one dram beaten small, liquid Storax two ounces, Wax one ounce, Turpentine two ounces and a half, wine or Aqua vitae as much as is needful; the Laudanum, Storax, Wax and Turpentine is to be molten i● a warm mortar, and hereof may you make candles as is before taught: if the dough be hard, then make it soft with wine. Another: Take Paradise wood, Saffron, Cinnamome, Cloves, yellow Saunders, and Roses, of each half a dram, Mastic, red Storax, and Frankincense, of each a quarter of an ounce; powne them very small, and then make it up with liquid Storax into dough, but temper not too many Tilly coals amongst it, that the virtue of the other things be not thereby abated, and form them as before. Or take Benzoin, Gallia Moscata, red Storax, & roots of Costus, of each half an ounce, Diptamus, Tormentill, Citron peels, & Setwall, of each a drag. red & white Behen, of each half a drag. red, yellow, and white Saunders, Roses, of each half a drag. powne all that are to be powned, melt the Laudanum with Rose water in a warm mortar, & then form candles thereof, as is aforesaid: these candles are specially good against the pestilent air. But for that the right Costus roots and Behen are ill to be gotten, are these candles but seldom made. These following are also used: take Laudanum, red Storax, Myrrh and Mastic, of each a quarter of an ounce, Rosemary leaves, wild Galingall, and Roses, of each half an ounce, Cinnamom, Cloves, yellow Saunders, and Nutmegs, of each a drag. Tilly cools moistened with wine or Aqua vitae, four ounces, than form them as before. Yet other: Take Cipers' wood and juniper, of each half a drag. small beaten juniper berries (the kernels taken out) Rosemary leaves, and wild Galingall, of each three drag. blacks and white Frankincense, of each half an ounce, Laudanum three quarters of an ounce, Tilly coals as aforesaid. In the stead of these fuming candles, men use to make also cakes of all the foresaid doughes (but only the coals left out) and in winter time you may use them laid on the coals, or on the hot furnace of your stove. Item, take yellow Saunders, Benzoin, and red Storax, of each a quarter of an ounce, white Frankincense one drag. Nutmegs & Cloves, of each half a drag. Roses, Coriander, & Sugar, of each a scrup. beat all small to powder, and then mingle them together with tragacanth dissolved in Rose water (as afore is taught) in a mortar, and in Summer then prepare them with fresh Roses, to wit, that each cake be covered with a Rose leaf, and then pressed flat: but if you would have them costlier, then put unto it four greines of Musk, and two greins of Amber, dissolved in Rose water, and then will they be exceeding pleasant. These are also usually made at Augsburg: Take Benzoin three quarters of an ounce, the roots of Cipers half a drag. red Storax, and white Saunders, of each 3. drag. Cloves and prepared Coriander, of each a drag. Calmus and Frankincense, of each half a drag. Musk two greines, white Sugar six ounces: then make cakes thereof with dissolved Dragagant. Item, take been Cipers and juniper wood, of each three drag. Rosemary flowers and juniper berries, of each a quarter of an ounce, white and black Frankincense, of each half an ounce; beat them very small, and temper them with as much Laudanum, that it cleave together, or with dissolved Dragagant, Turpentine or Storax. Or take juniperberries', Bayberries, Roses, Wormwood branches, Mastic, Frankincense, Cardamome, Rue, and Cloves, of each a like quantity; then mix them together with dissolved Dragagant as aforesaid, and then lay it on the furnace in your stove. Here followeth now a very costly water to temper with these kinds of cakes, Candles, and Pomanders. Take good Rosewater one pint, Lavender flowers three M. Cloves and Cinnamom, of each half an ounce, yellow and white , of each three quarters of an ounce, Mace a quarter of an ounce, Roses one M. Benzoin and red Storax, of each 2. drag. powne them small, & power thy Rose-water thereon, or Muscadel wine, or any other strong wine, eight ounces, Aqua vitae one ounce: let it be close stopped one month or twain, and so stand in the Sun: Afterwards distil it in séething water, stopped very exceeding tied and close, with a helm. And with that which is stilled temper Musk and Amber, and then set it in the Sun again. This Rose-water following is also very excellent for the same, or any such like intent: When you will distill the Roses in common Stills, then must you not set them in sand but in ashes, and then put some Roses into it, and cast on it the powder of Cloves, then lay on it more Roses, and so do till the Still be full; then put on the helm, and make it tied and close, taking heed of burning. But if you will have it stronger, then put to them more spices, as Benzoin, and such like. Lastly, then may you strengthen the savour of the water distilled with Musk and Amber: both of these waters may also be used for other things as is aforesaid. But if you will spare this labour, then may you use the foresaid things each apart, or mixed together (as you please) with hot coals, and so let it savour and fume. In like manner may you prepare these powders following: Take Benzoin, red Storax, Paradise wood, Musk, Amber, Cloves, Frankincense, Myrrh, Mastic, and Gallia Muscata, which or as many of them as you will; powne them to powder: for this powder you must omit the coals, the Laudanum, and the other dissolved things, the which otherwise are commonly used in the compositions before. Item, take grated or powdered Cipers would a M. also of prepared Cipers half as much, beaten Rosemary half as much as of the Cipers, black and white Frankincense, of each half an ounce, Bayberries shalled clean a quarter of an ounce, being grossly beaten, mingle them well together, and strew a little of it on the coals; for it is a most pleasant savour. And if you fear that such odoriferous savours were too hot in Summer, then may you put thereto some of the leaves and seeds of Myrtle, also to augment the quantity of Camfer, Sanders and Citron peels: sprinkle it also with Vinegar or Rose-water. In stead of fire strew the chamber with Rose leaves, and let them be swept out at night, that they be no cause of stench; and before you go to bed you must fume the chamber well. It is also very meet that you keep lying in the chamber where you sleep, odoriferous Quinces, Citrons, Apples, Pears, Oranges, and such like. When they begin to rot, then must they be had away, and other laid in their places. Also in Summer you may prepare this powder following: Take Roses, Myrtle seeds, Citron péels, red, yellow, and white Saunders, Sorrell seeds, & wild Vine leaves, of each one drag. & a half, Myrrh, Paradise wood, tragacanth, and Gum, of each two drams, Camfer a drag. all stamped small, and put them together. You may also make it up into cakes with dissolved Dragagant. If it be in Winter, then take Myrrh, Paradise wood, Mastic, red Storax, and Frankincense, of each a drag. Cloves, Citron péels, and the roots of Cipers, of each half a drag. Camfer a scrup. Gallia Muscata, ten greins, Musk and Amber, of each 5. greins; beat them together into a powder. You may also make cakes of it with liquid Storax, & Rosewater: if you will put Laudanum to it, then make the same warm as aforesaid, & fashion your cakes as big as you will have them. For the common people and for the husbandmen the Bay tree is very good, or if the country yield it, juniper wood with his berries, & with dry Hen dung fumed: or take powned Wormwood and Bayberries, of each a like. The rich folks do use to lay also with their clothes odoriferous bags, for which all the powders that are before mentioned for fumes, and hereafter for Pomanders, are very good, excepting the Laudanum, the which is not to be powdered, and other more such soft things. This following is very common in France: Take Ireos four ounces, Roses two ounces, wild Galingall, Cloves, and Marjoram gentle, of each two dragms, yellow Saunders, and Benzoin, of each two ounces, red Storax half an ounce, then mingle them all together and put them in a bag. If you will you may put thereto Musk and Amber, or Camfer. In the first part, the twelfth chap. you have also an especial bag to strengthen the head as thus: Take Ireos, etc. the which is very commodious for this our purpose. Also you have in the second chap. and elsewhere, applications for the strengthening of the heart; the which are not only profitable, but also very necessary for this intent. What exercise is to be used in the Plague. §. 6. IN the time of infection the healthy are to exercise themselves moderately, and rather use an easy walking than a great pace, that thereby the venomous air may not overmuch be drawn into the body, as it happeneth to such as at such times do greatly labour and travel; but when a man abideth in a clean place, void of pestilent air, and will exercise his body according to his old accustomed manner, that cannot but be thought passing good. Of the sleep in this sickness. §. 7. AT such time as the Plague reigneth, some think that it is better to sleep by day than by night, even seven or eight hours long: first upon the right side being méetly well covered, and his head raised high. But seeing the same is not accustomed with us, then must they eat but little in the evening, and sleep the foresaid time of seven or eight hours. But if he could not sleep a nights, then must he about 12. a clock, being 2. hours after his meal compose himself to sleep. Others counsel to sleep a nights in a chamber that is well fumed, and close shut, but not very long, for that through much sleep the body is too much moistened, the which must always be inclined to drought as much as possibly may be. They also forbidden sleeping by day, and that chief in Winter. Also you must take heed of excessive and overmuch watching, for that greatly drieth and weakeneth nature. Of Purging and letting blood. §. 8. CAre must also be had that the body be not too much bound: and if the going to stool come of itself, it is the better; if not, then must the party be helped with suppositories, and mild Clysters, with Cassie, Manna, sour Dates, and such like means, whereof we have here and there spoken at large; but especially in the third part, the eleventh chapter, §. 20. Other would have that young choleric bodies should generally be purged in the summer, and in the beginning of winter, with the foresaid cooling and laxative things, and also with yellow Mirobalans boiled with Plum-porredg: but in the end of Autumn, and in the winter with stronger medicines, to wit, with Agarick, with Turbith, and with Polypody: but they must be used with great heed and discretion. Touching letting of blood: When the party is once purged, and above sixteen years old, being full of blood and strong, and without any obstruction of the liver, then may he have a vein opened. In like manner also women, if their terms and flowers be stopped, and if they be without piles in the fundament, then may they in May and in Autumn let blood, and if occasion serveth, once a month, to wit, in the Liver vein, or Milt vein, every time three or four ounces, for this taketh away the boiling of the blood and the Cholera in the veins. Yet for this infection must sometimes one, sometimes more be opened, but especially that which is fullest of blood. But great regard must (as hath been said) be taken of the age and weakness of the patiented: also whether a woman have conceived or not, or whether she have her terms or not, or have the Hemmorrhoids or not, with many such circumstances more, that the weakness of the party thereby be not augmented. Above and beside all this must the patiented abstain from venery as much as may be. Of the motions of the mind. §. 9 NOw concerning the motions of the mind, as sadness, fear, sudden motions of the mind, & such like, they do greatly alter and spoil the blood, whereby it may the sooner receive the pestilent air, and anger especially inflameth the heart, like as also doth overmuch gladness: notwithstanding moderate gladness is most commodious for the heart. Of baths and other common causes. §. 10. AT such times take heed of bathing, for that thereby is the body moistened, the pores opened, and all the members made the readier to receive the infection of the plague. It is therefore very ill done (yea a temptation of God) in time of the plague to frequent common bathing houses, for that the plague can by no means be sooner gotten, by reason that as well the pores of the infected as the sound are opened, whereby the venomous vapour of the infected is let forth, and may easily be received of the healthy: wherefore it is much better (as the custom of this country is) to refrain wholly from bathing. In like manner it is not good at such times to wash the head, for thereby are the vital spirits weakened, but only to comb their heads with an ivory comb. But the hands must often be washed, sometimes with wine, and otherwhiles with vinegar, and especially with Rose vinegar. How one shall govern himself without doors. §. 11. IT is very good that at this time every man observe a good diet within doors, and not accompany himself with many men, for amongst many are as well those that be infected, as those that are healthy, whereby the diseased infect the healthy with their breath: but for that it is unpossible to forbear it, by reason that every man hath business with others, it is therefore best that every one defend himself from all ill airs. Wherefore first we counsel the common sort, and men of occupation (which cannot bear greater charge) to observe these rules following, to wit, that he in the morning betimes before he go abroad or settle himself to work, take three or four dry Figs, three or four kernels of Nuts, and fifteen or sixteen leaves of Rue, with a little salt. This composition or medicine is so sure and approved, that men have used the same every where for all manner of Plagues three hundredth years before the birth of Christ: and the same was found out by K. Mithridates that waged wars with the Romans'. Some add to it a few Almonds, and make it to a confection with clarified Honey. It is also passing good for all such as be not afraid of the bitterness, that they use in the morning fasting a piece of the root of Gentian, and especially when he hath used of the premises. Other do also give counsel to eat but one Fig and one Nut kernel, but it is too little for a full grown person, for children it will suffice. It is also very good before the going forth in the morning to break one's fast, and thereupon to take a little unicorns horn, Tormentill, Gentian, Angelica, Diptamus, Citron péeles, or a bit of zeduary, and hold it in your mouth: or to wash the mouth with vinegar wherein Wormwood hath been decocted. For this also confected Calmus is much commended, taken before the going into the air, for it hath an especial virtue against all venomous air. Also some do counsel not to go out of doors before that the mouth and nostrils be cleansed with wine wherein Treacle is mixed. This composition following is commended for an especial preservation if inunction be made with it: Take the juice of Garlic and Rose vinegar, of each one ounce and a half, Treacle three quarters of an ounce, Bevercod two drams, mix them together, and therewith anoint the mouth, lips, and nose. Some do use this salve following, therewith to anoint the heart before they go out of the house, the which is not good only for the healthy, but for all such as are already infected: take Treacle three quarters of an ounce, Saffron and Camfere, of each ten greines, the juice of Lemons and Vinegar, of each a like much, or as much as is needful to make a salve. Or in the stead of these, he may wear the cordial shield which is described not long since with the cordial bag in this manner: Take Borage, etc. It is also very good to wear gold rings wherein are set precious stones, as Rubies, Carbuncles, sapphires and jacincts, both within the house and without doors. It is also much forbidden that any stir out of doors before the Sun rising, as also before the going down thereof to repair and keep himself in his perfumed house or chamber. Further it is very good to carry some odoriferous thing in their hands, when one must deal with other folk, that through this pleasant smell the brains and the heart may be comforted and defended from all pestilent and contagious vapours. It is also not amiss for the common people that they carry in their hands a little box of juniper made full of holes, wherein a little sponge moistened with vinegar and Rose-water, and strewed with the powder of Cloves, be held in the hand all the Summer time, whereto also some leaves of Rue may be added daily refreshing them, and that they continually smell to the same. In this manner also mayst thou hold some fruits in thy hand, as Apples, Pears, Quinces, Oranges, and such like: but if it be in the winter, then take Marjoram gentle, Rue, Balm, Valeriana, juniper berries, or some other thing steeped in vinegar, put it into thy box, and use it as is aforesaid. Also thou mayst bestrew thy moist sponge with Saunders, Camfere, Saffron, Paradise wood, Cloves, or Ireos. But the rich and able folk do use Poma Ambrae, which we call Pomanders, whereof there are made many sorts, as here may appear. Yet men must note here that all such strong odours, whereas there is any pain of the head proceeding either of heat or cold, them are they neither so good nor so often to be used, but in such sort as hereafter followeth, whereby the same pain as it often falleth out, be not augmented: and women must beware of these smells, and especially those that are vexed with the suffocation of the Mother. And if it be in winter, and the patient be cold of complexion, then are you to prepare these Pomanders: Take Gallia Muscata, Roses, Cloves, zeduary, Mace, Nutmegs, and Paradise wood, of each a drag. Saffron a scrup. red Storax a drag. and a half, Ambra & Muscus, of each 5. greines, powne them all together except the two last, and then make hereof with prepared Dragagant a Pomander, even as is taught in the first part and the second Chapter. Item: take yellow Saunders a quarter of an ounce, Paradise wood a dram and a half, Roses, Cloves, zeduary, Mace, and Nutmegs, of each half a dram, Cloves, Cardamome, Coriander, and black Coriander, of each a dram, all of them beaten to fine powder, Laudanum one ounce, Benzoin half an ounce, dissolve them with Rosewater and make thereof an odoriferous Apple or Pomander: and if then you put thereto Musk and Amber, it is at your choice and pleasure. This Pomander is special good against a bad foggy air, and this following may also be used in winter: Take Laudanum, and red Storax, of each half an ounce, Cloves, and Cinnamom, of each a dram and a half, Nutmegs, yellow Saunders, Roses, Basill, and yellow Amber, of each half a drag. powne them all together, but dissolve the Laudanum in warm Rosewater, and then make thereof a Pomander. Also the mortar (wherein these things have been tempered) must be wiped about with a little kemmed sheeps wool, and then wrap the Pomander therein, afterwards bind it up in red sarsenet, and then they will keep their scent the longer. Another: Take clean Laudanum half an ounce, Benzoin a quarter of an ounce, red Storax three drams, Paradise wood, yellow Saunders, white Frankincense, and yellow Amber, of each a dram, Rosemary flowers, Marjoram gentle, garden Mints, and Basill, of each half a dram, Cloves, Nutmegs, Cardamome, Cucubes and Coriander, of each a dram; temper them all together, and form it into a pomander with a little liquid Storax, and at the last put a little Musk and Amber unto it. But if it be in Summer, or that the person be of an hot complexion; then take water Lillie flowers, Mints, Violets, wild Vine leaves, Roses, Myrtle seed, white and yellow , Citron péels, dried Quinces, dried Prunes, of each half a dram, Saffron and Camfere, of each a scruple, Galliae Muscatae ten greins, make them up into a pomander with Vinegar wherein fine Bolus is dissolved: with this mayst thou also use Vinegar and Rose-water. Item, take Roses, Violets, bugloss, and Borage flowers, of each half a dram, yellow and white Saunders, of each one dram, Ireos' three drams, Balm, Citron shells, of each two drams, dissolved Laudanum, scant as much that it may be tempered with the rest and made up into a pomander with tragacanth dissolved in Rosewater, and at the last add a little Musk. There are also divers pomanders prepared that are good at all times; amongst which first these three following are to be used in the time of the plague. Take Roses a quarter of an ounce, red and white Saunders, of each a dram and a half, Camfere one scruple, Ambra half a drag. Musk 4. greines, Paradise wood two scrup. Citron pals half a drag. Cinnamom, Mace, and Nutmegs, of each a scrup. red Storax half an ounce, Laudanum one ounce, beat them very small, but dissolve the Laudanum with liquid Storax, and then make thereof a pomander. Another: Take Roses, Violets, and flowers of bugloss, of each 2. scrup. Myrrh, Calmus, Nutmegs, Spica of India, Sandaraca & Mastic, of each a scrup. Musk & Amber, of each half a scrup. red, white, & yellow Saunders, of each a drag. Roses 3. drag. juice of Purslane & of Oranges, of each .4. ounces, water Lilies, & parched Coriander, of each one quarter of an ounce, red Coral, & ivory, of each half a drag. syrup of Citrons & fine Bolus, of each half an ounce, Sealed earth a quarter of an ounce, pown all that are to be powned except the Amber & Musk, set them in the Sun in a close stopped pot, or on a warm furnace until all the juice be dried in, afterwards take four ounces of Laudanum, that is dissolved in Rosewater and vinegar, & Turpentine washed in Rosewater as much as is needful for a mass, and hereof make them Pomanders. Item, take Roses, Cloves, Mace, Spica of India, water Lily flowers, Violets, Marjoram, Asarabacca & S●echas of each half a scrup. red & white Saunders, red and white Coral, the seed and péels of Citrons and Cucubes, of each xv. greines, Saffron, Ambra, of each one scrup. Camfer, Frankincense, Mastic, fine Bolus, and Sandaraca, of each half a scruple, Paradise wood one dram, Muscus three greines, Specierum cordialium half a dram, Laudanum one ounce and a half, dissolve it in Rosewater, and with the rest make a pomander. Yet another, at all furnished Apothecaries you may find divers preparatives of pomanders, so that thou needest to add nothing but Musk and Amber, of the which we will describe four sundry sorts. Take Laudanum three ounces, red Storax three drams, Marjoram gentle, Roses, Camfer, red, white, and yellow Saunders, of each a dram and a half, Cinnamom, Nutmegs, Cloves and Mace, of each a drag. Paradise wood two scrup. dissolve the Laudanum (as is aforesaid) and then make thereof pomanders, until such time as you will add some other thing to it. The second is made as followeth: Take Laudanum and Benzoin, of each three drag. Paradise wood, and Cinnamom, of each a drag. and a half, Cloves, Nutmegs, and Cucubes, of each half a drag. red, white, and yellow Saunders, of each a drag. Saffron a scruple, powne all that is to be powned, and form thereof a pomander as before, and if you list you may prepare it with Muscus, Ambra, and Camfere. Thirdly, take red Storax and flowers of bugloss, of each two scruples, Cloves one dragm, white and red Behen, of each a scruple, Paradise wood two scruples, Myrrh, Calmus, Nutmegs, Spica of India, Frankincense, juniper gum, and Mastic, of each half a dragm, red, yellow, and white Saunders, of each a drag. Roses three drag. Coriander a dram and a half, make it up as aforesaid. Fourthly, take Roses two drag. yellow and red Saunders, of each a dragm, and a half, a scruple of Camfere, Amber half a scrup. Muscus four greines, Paradise wood two scruples Citron peels half a drag. Cinnamom, Mace, and Nutmegs, of each a drag. red Storax half an ounce, Laudanum an ounce, afterwards make a pomander thereof as before. Some take an ounce of pure Laudanum, and cut the same as small as may be, and mix therewith powned Citron péels and their seeds, of each a dragm, Saffron and Camfer, of each half a drag. and tie them all together in a piece of sarsenet, or if you will you may make a pomander of it, tempering it with the juice of Basill. Preseruativa, or preservatives, that defend men from the Plague. §. 12. THere are also divers things that men (being in health) may use in the time of the Plague, whereby they be not so soon infected of other men, for the which first of all these simples are for the most part good, to wit, Citron seeds, Scabious, Pimpernell the great, Rue, Valerian, Cicorie, Sorrell, and both their waters, Elecampane, Diptamus, Gentian, Tormentill, Carduus Benedictus, Angelica, & Bayberries, one of these things holden in the mouth, taken in powder, or drunken, are all especial good against the Plague, and they may be used in many other compositions, as may be seen by these following. All famous Physicians do for this sickness counsel, first, that men should speedily fly far from the contagious places, and return back again with leisure: for he that is a far off from the Plague, shall not be infected therewith, even as no man is slain in the wars, that is not present there. Also it is to be noted (as hath been already said) that men ought to be lose bodied, and freed from all superfluous humidities and uncleanness. Therefore those that are above the age of eleven years, are to be oftentimes purged with these common pills hereafter described. Also care must be taken that the heart and all other principal parts of the body be comforted and kept dry, which may be done by the right Bole armoniac. In like manner also with Mithridate and Treacle, if that every week, or at the least every ten days a dram in weight be taken with the water of Sorrell, sweeting after it, & keeping within doors all the day after. Here is also to be noted, when any one will take of this Treacle or Mithridate, that he have eaten nothing afore, nor eat any thing afterwards in five or six hours. But amongst all other medicines & preservatives, these last before mentioned pills bear the prick & price, which are to be had at the Apothecaries, called Pestilentiales Ruffi, Communes, de Tribus, and sine Cura, which the principal Physicians have described and commended so highly, that it hath never been seen that such as used the same orderly were killed of the Plague, which also any one may at all times, be the person young or old, use without any danger: for like as it is with a pot beginning to seethe, it casteth up scum, and is cleansed through scumming, even so do these pills take away all superfluities and uncleanness which is gathered together about the principal parts, and preserve the blood from all kinds of putrefaction. These pills are made in this sort: Take Aloe one ounce, Myrrh and Saffron, of each half an ounce, beat them all together with good pleasant wine, hereof are you to take every week a dram, or every third day three pills as big as a great pease, and thereupon drink a pretty draft of white wine that is delayed with Rosewater, or with Sorrell water, yet ought women with child to abstain from them. These pills are of great force in the time of the plague, and do also drive out all superfluities of the stomach. Others take Aloe three quarters of an ounce, Myrrh three drams, Saffron one dram, Rhubarb a quarter of an ounce, prepared Agaricus one dram, Cloves, Citron seeds, and the péels, and Spica of India, of each a scruple, Tormentill and red Saunders, of each a dram and a half, fine Bolus three drams, Camfer ten greines, powne them well all together, and make pills hereof with syrup of Citrons. Item, take the juice of Sorrell, the juice of bugloss, and of Cicorie, of each two ounces, fine Bolus one ounce, mix them all together, and stir them often in 24. hours, afterwards add these things following, Aloe three ounces, Camfer two scruples sapphire, jacincts, and Smaragdes, of each half a scruple, Pearls one drag. Citron seed a quarter of an ounce, Paradise wood, Basill seed, Amber, red Coral, and zeduary, of each eight greins, Roses, Violets, Sorrel seed, Borage flowers, and flowers of bugloss, of each half a scrup. stamp them all together, & mingle it well, and afterwards set in the Sun or in any other warm place till all the juice be dried away. This being done, then power more juice thereon again, and do so three times. Now when you desire to use hereof, then make 7. pills of one drag. with some Aqua composita, and take hereof every morning or every evening one pill, and that before meals. These following are also highly commended: Take of the common plague pills (that are herebefore described) four scruples, prepared Agaricus half a dram, Zeduary and Angelica, of each one dram, Rhubarb one scruple, Trociscorum Alhandali five greines: then make pills hereof with water of Carduus Benedictus: take of these pills one drag. once a week, three hours after supper, and in the morning drink a good draft of the decoction of Pease, and eat somewhat three hours after. Some use these pills following: Take Aloe and Agaricus of each one dram, Myrrh and fine Bolus, of each a quarter of an ounce, Saffron a dram; then make pills hereof with Balm water, or water of bugloss, and so use them as hath been said. These pills following do not purge, but defend the hart and all inward parts from all bad infection: take Paradise would half a dram, burnt Harts horn two scruples, red Saunders one dram, Tormentill, Citron seed, Terra sigillata, and red Coral, of each half a scruple, Sorrel seeds, Diptamus, and zeduary, of each a scruple, fine Bolus three dragms, Species de gemmis frigidis a dram and a half, Lignum Balsami half a dram, Camfere four greins: then make hereof pills with syrup of Citrons, or with the juice of Ribs. These following are yet more forcible: Take Paradise wood half a dram, Tormentill two scruples, Diptamus one scruple, Zeduary and Lignum Balsami, of each half a dram, Saffron one scruple, Cloves five greines, Verueine half a drag. Hearts horn two scruples, red Saunders one scruple, red Coral and Sorrel seeds, of each half a drag. fine Bolus three ounces, Species de gemmis frigidis three drag. Camfere four greines, make pills hereof with syrup of Citrons, or with the juice of Ribs. Others that are good for the heart: Take Citron seeds two drams, jacincts, Smaragdes, Doronicum, and bones of a Stag's hart, of each one scruple, zeduary, wood of Paradise, of each two scruples, the roots of five-leafed grass, or Cinquefoil, of each a quarter of an ounce: then make pills hereof with the syrup of Citrons. Of all these foresaid pills may be used which you please, and when you please, therewith to comfort the heart, and defend it from all ill air. There are also divers Confections prepared for preservatives, that you may use in stead of pills, to wit, morning and evening, whereby nature is aided, thereby the better to withstand the pestilent air. For these, take Terra sigillata, white Diptamus, fine Bolus, Myrrh, Wormwood, Rue Scabious, Pimpernel, Sorrel, and zeduary, of each a dram, Aristology, Tormentill, and bayberries, of each a dragm and a half, five or six kernels of Walnuts, ten or twelve new Figs, Mithridate and Treacle, of each an ounce, Saffron and Camfer, of each a scruple, unicorns horn, prepared Pearls, bones of a Stag's hart, burnt Harts horn, and Smaragds, of each one dram and a half, peeled seeds of Citrons half an ounce, Mace one dram: powne all that is to be powned, and then temper all together with syrup of Citrons to the consistence of a confection. This Consection killeth all venom of the plague, and preserveth men very marvelously from her infections, if they take thereof in the morning and evening, to wit, in winter time with a draft of Malmsey, and in Summer with Rosewater. But if you have not these confections, then use that of Nuts and Rue, that herebefore is described in the 11. §. Another confection that is most excellent: take juniper berries, Cloves, Elecampane roots, and Nutmegs, of each one dram, Aristology and Gentian, of each three quarters of an ounce, Purslane and Sorrel seeds, Doronicum, red and white Behen, Spodium de Canna, bones of a Stag's hart, Paradise wood, red & white Coral shavings of ivory, Bayberries, Mastic, and Rue, of each two scrup. Figs, Raisins, and Dates, of each one ounce, Saffron two scruples, Cinnamom and liquorice, of each half an ounce, Tormentill and roots of avence, of each three dragms, white Diptamus, Almonds, Pingles, peeled Melon seed, Gourd seeds, citrul seeds, and peeled Cucumber seeds, of each one ounce prepared Agaricus, three quarters of an ounce, the root of Peucedanus, Terra sigillata, terra S. Pauli, and fine Bolus, of each two drag. Momy, and zeduary, of each one dram, Camfer half a dram, Species Diatriasantalum, and Diarrhodon, of each two drams, Citron peels, Smaragdes, of each a dram, Muscus a scruple, Treacle, Diatessaron, and Mitridatium, of each an ounce; powne all that is to be powned, and hereof make a Confection with syrup of Citrons. Item, take conserves of Roses, of Violets, of Borage and of bugloss, of each half an ounce, smaragd, hyacinth, and Pearls, of each one dram, bones of a Stag's hart, filled Gold, Citron seeds, fine Bolus, and sealed Earth, of each half a dram; powne all that is to be powned, and then make thereof a confection with syrup of Citrons. Another: Take conserve of Roses, of bugloss, of each an ounce and a half, Doronicum, bones of a Stag's hart, jacincts, Smaragdes, sapphire, of each half a scruple, yellow Saunders, Cinquefoil and Paradise wood, of each three drams, Sugar one ounce, wine of Granado, and syrup of Lemons, of each half an ounce, ten or twelve gold leaves; then mingle all together to the consistence of a confection. Another that is very good and approved: Take conserve of Roses, of bugloss, and of Borage, of each six ounces, Doronicum. zeduary, Basill seed, Mace, Saffron, and Adiantum, of each one dram, bones of a Stag's hart, jacincts, Smaragdes, and sapphire, of each a scryple, Pearls one drag. six leaves of beaten gold, syrup of Apples, and of Citron peels, of each two ounces, Violet water three quarters of an ounce, white Sugar four ounces; seethe the syrup and Sugar with water enough, till it be as thick as Honey, and afterwards temper the spices therewith: then beat it well together, and put thereto Rhubarb one quarter of an ounce, that hath been steeped four and twenty hours in Malmsey: Lastly add thereto Musk and Amber. of each four greines: this being done, mingle them all together, and keep it safe (being well stopped) in a glass. Item, take Mithridate and Treacle (that at the least is ten years old) of each half an ounce, Citron seed, and fine Bolus of each half a dram, Rose water, with the which Muscus is dissolved) as much as is needful for a confection: hereof may you use every day one dram. Also that are sound and whole, as also those that are infected, may use the weight of a quarter of an ounce of this confection following, morning & evening, without any danger: Take jacincts, Granades, Smaragds, sapphire, Pearls, bones of a Stag's hart, & Paradise wood, of each half a dram, red and white Saunders, red and white Coral, ivory, Tormentill fine Bolus, Terra sigillata, Camfer & small filled gold, of each one scruple; beat them all together very small, and then take Sugar six ounces, that is sodden with Rose water to a syrup: then temper it so thick as you will have it, with syrup of Citrons. Men may use also otherwhiles in stead of this confection, two or three days together, of this drink following, which also is a wonderful preservative against the plague, and may be used as well of young as of old folk, yea also of young children, and women with child: Take fine Bolus a dram, and a half, beat it to fine powder, and drink it with white wine and Rose-water, very warm in the morning: and eight days after you must take a dram of Treacle or Mithridate, in the winter with wine, and in the summer with Rosewater. These foresaid medicines are not only good against the plague to come, but also against that that hath already infected. And forasmuch as those foresaid confections are made of many costly things, that may be too dear for the common people: for this cause have we of purpose described the confection of Nuts and Rue, which they may use in stead of these. Or take the kernels of Nuts, Rue and juniper leaves, of each a like quantity; powne them all well together, and with Vinegar make thereof a confection, whereof every morning you may take the bigness of a Nutmeg. In like manner may one also prepare this following: take eight and twenty or thirty Nut kernels, and forty or two and forty Figs, Wormwood, Rue, Scabious, and Sorrel, of each half a M. aristology two drams and a half, Tormentill, Pimpernel, and white Diptamus of each one dram, fine Bolus half a dram, red and white Coral, Sorrel seeds, of each half a dram, Citron seeds one dram, juniper berries three drams; chop and stamp all that must be stamped, and hereof with clarified Honey make a confection: hereof may one take at one time the bigness of a Walnut. Also make another, which is called the confection of juniper berries, as followeth: Take Nut kernels, juniper berries, of each two ounces, beat them well together, put thereto four ounces of clarified Honey, and temper with it, Cinnamom, Ginger, Mace, and Cloves, of each a dram, white Diptamus, Tormentill, Zeduarie, Citron peels, Rue, Carduus Benedictus, and S. john's wort, of each a quarter of an ounce, Cardamome, Paradise wood, black Coriander, Angelica, white and red Behen, fine Bolus, and sealed Earth, of each a drag. then mingle them all together. If the quantity of Nut kernels, juniper berries, and Honey be too little, then may you take twice so much. And for the common sort it is also excellent good, that every morning he do take eight or ten juniper berries that have been steeped in Vinegar. Now follow certain powders that preserve men from the Plague: but (as hath been said before) great regard is to be taken in time of the plague, that the heart may be defended from all pestilent infections as much as is possible. To this end are all the bovesaid medicines, also many powders, confections, cordial waters, and other such like, as hereafter follow prescribed: Take Rubies, Granats, jacincts, Smaragdes, and sapphires, of each half an ounce, white and red Coral, and shavings of ivory, of each three quarters of an ounce, shaven Hearts horn, and Sorrell seeds, of each half an ounce, prepared Pearls a quarter of an ounce, Saffron ten greines, beaten gold four leaves; mingle them all together. Item, take prepared Rubies, sapphire, jacincts, hemorrhoids, and Pearls, of each half a dram, red Coral, ivory, shaven ivory, unicorns horn, Diptamus, Zeduary, Cinnamom, and Tormentill, of each two scruples, Doronicum, Aristology, red, white, and yellow Saunders, Citron péels, and Sorrell seeds, of each half a dram, Saffron two scrup. white Amber one scruple, red and white Behen, of each two scruples and a half, Sugar six ounces and a half: mingle them all together, and then take half an ounce thereof every time. These following do the Apothecaries call Species liberantes, that are very much esteemed, and much used at Ausburg, by reason they defend the heart and all inward parts very marvelously against all venomous air; they are made in this manner: Take prepared Bolus and sealed Earth, of each three quarters of an ounce, Tormentill, Sorrell seed, seed of Endive, peeled seeds of Citron, and prepared Coriander, of each three drams, red, white, and yellow , prepared Pearls, red and white Coral, yellow Amber, shaven ivory, bones of a stags hart (that hath been steeped a while in Rosewater) red and white Behen, Doronicum, Cardamome, Mace, Paradise wood, Cinnamom, Saffron, zeduary, and Cassie wood, of each a dram, Emrodes, sapphires, Granates, and silk Worms nests (chopped as small as may be) of each a scruple, Camfer fourteen greins, Musk and Amber, of each six greines, Sugar candy, and Sugar pennets, of each a quarter of an ounce: beat all very small, and mingle it together: ye shall give one dram of this powder in the winter with wine, and in summer with Sorrell water. The emperors powder against the Plague: Take Pimpernell, Gentian, Tormentill, Dragon, Rue, Wormwood, Nut kernels, prepared Granats, and juniper berries, of each a like much; make them into powder, and use it upon a toasted piece of bread. If you will make a confection of this powder, than put thereto Rose vinegar, and Treacle, as much as shall suffice. Another powder: Take fine prepared Bolus one ounce and a half, Cinnamom one ounce, Tormentill, and white Diptamus, of each half an ounce, Pimpernell, Angelica, and Gentian, of each a quarter of an ounce, prepared Coriander three drams, Saffron, Sealed earth, Citron péeles, red and white Behen, red Coral, yellow Saunders, shaven ivory, & prepared Pearls, of each a quarter of an ounce, ivory, Paradise wood, and bones of a Stag's hart, of each two scruples, Granates, sapphires, jacincts, emrod's, and Rubies, of each half a dram, Spike of Indie three greins, Amber six greines, Musk two greines, Camfere six greines, Sugar as much as all the rest do weigh: temper them well together and make them into a subtle powder, and use it as before. Another like unto this: Take fine Bolus very small beaten two ounces, Tormentill, Doronicum, Diptamus, and red Saunders, of each one dram, shaven ivory, ivory, and Citron péeles, of each half a drag. Pearls two scruples, Rubies, emrod's, Granates, sapphires, and jacincts, of each one scruple, bone of a Stag's hart a dragm, unicorns horn half a scruple: temper them together and give half a dragm hereof at once. You may if you will put Sugar unto it. Item: take Citron seeds, and Sorrell seeds, of each two drams, Diptamus, Gentian, and Tormentil, of each two dragms and a half, fine Bolus, and Cinnamom, of each one ounce, Pearls, sapphire, and bones of a Stag's hart, of each one dram, red, white, and yellow , and small Basill seeds, of each a dram and a half, make powder thereof. But if you will make a Confection of it, then take an ounce and a half of the foresaid powder, and twelve ounces of Sugar: and when you have taken of it, then drink a draft of Sorrell water after it. Montagnana writeth, that he never saw any that have died of the plague, which diligently used this medicine. Of all these foresaid powders may also Manus Christi, or Sugar cakes be made. The common custom is to take one ounce and a half of powder, and twelve ounces of Sugar. When the Arch Duke Maximilian that now is Emperor of Rome took his journey into Spain, then was this powder following ordained for him as a preservative against all bad air: take zeduary, Cloves, Nutmegs, Myrtle kernels, Cinnamom, & Ginger, of each a quarter of an ounce, Gentian, Diptamus, Tormentill, Elecampane roots, and aristology, of each a drag. and a half, Nutmegs, Sage, Rue, Balm, peony seeds, Citron seeds, Sorrel seeds, Basill seeds, Bayberries, Mastic, Doronicum, Frankincense, fine Bolus, Sealed earth, and burnt ivory, of each half a drag. bones of a Stag's hart, red Coral, and Pearls, of each one scruple, conserve of bugloss, and of Borage, of each half an ounce, Rosewater and Scabious water, of each three ounces; then mix with them ten greines of Camfere, and boil them with eight and twenty ounces of white Sugar to the consistence of a confection: and when the same beginneth to be cold, then temper the species with it, and so make Manus Christi of it. These Sugar cakes following are very common at Heydelborough in high Germany: Take Species Diamargariton a quarter of an ounce, Liberantes four scruples, zeduary, and Citron peeles, of each one dram, Doronicum, Angelica, and Pimpernell, of each half a dram, Couchenele two scruples, Cinnamom a dram and a half, Cloves one dram, unicorns horn half a dram, Smaragdes ten greines, Muscus two grains, beaten Gold, three leaves, white Sugar nine ounces: dissolve the Sugar in water wherein red crimson silk is sodden, and make hereof Manus Christi. This following do the Physicians call Alexipharmacum, that is, such a medicine that can expel all manner of venom, and whatsoever else is hurtful to the body: Take Salad oil of one hundred years old or more, & if you cannot get such oil, then boil it until it waxeth eager & sharpish, thirty ounces, Turpentine 3. ounces, ●uphorbium, and Bevercod, of each half a drag. dew or rain Worms (washed in Wine) half an ounce: afterwards put therein eighty or ninety Scorpions, and in the Dog days take the Adder that is called Vipera cut in pieces, and let the oil seethe in boiling water the space of four hours, afterwards set it ten days in the hot sun. This being all done, add to it zeduary, Gentian, Tormentil, white Diptamus, aristology, and Rhubarb, of each half an ounce, Hollihocke leaves, Saint john's wort, Danewéede, and Rosemary, of each half a handful. Treacle and Mithridate, of each half an ounce; then powne all that is to be powned, and temper them together; & then being close stopped, bury it in horse dung for the space of three months. Lastly, press it through a strong strainer, and all that you can get out shall you reserve in a pelter bottle. This medicine must be used in manner as followeth: to wit, that you take it cold, and not warm. It sufficeth also to anoint the hart, the pulses, and the temples of the head but thrice a day, leaving two hours only between every iwnction. At Pisa is a custom that the Magistrates every year give to the University two prisoners that have deserved death for to anatomize, which is a good means to prove this medicine. When as they give unto one of these prisoners one scruple of Rat's bane, and eight hours before his death anoint him with this salve as is aforesaid; then find they indeed that such men might afterwards live five days longer. These foresaid receipts have been of others described but falsely. This mixture following is highly commended to anoint withal: Take Amber half a dram, Annis seed half a scruple, Paradise wood, Laudanum, red and white Behen, of each a quarter of an ounce, Mace, and Citron péels, of each two drams and a half, Nutmegs, white Coral, red and white Saunders, of each one dram, beaten Gold six leaves, Basil water, water of Saffron flowers, and Rosewater wherein Musk is dissolved, of each five ounces, Vinegar two spoonfuls, Malmsey two ounces; temper them well together a great while, and anoint oftentimes the pulses therewith, the temples of the head and the face, and reserve it being stopped very close. In Saxony they have a salt of Wormwood, called Sal Absynthij, which will free and defend men from the plague without any further care. We will also here describe certain drinks against the plague: First, it is not unknown what power there is in the compounded Aqua vitae against the plague, and against all venimes, as is sufficiently rehearsed in the eight part. An approved water: Take Tormentill, Valerian, Pimpernell, Dragon, Diptamus, Sealed earth, fine Bolus, dry Vinegar dregs, and long Pepper, of each half an ounce, Saffron a drag. Amber half a drag. Treacle one ounce, Nux vomica, and Carduus Benedictus, of each three quarters of an ounce; pown them all small together, and power as much thin white wine upon them as you please; let it so stand four days, and of this drink a spoonful at once, sweat upon it, and fast five hours after it. For the common people you may prepare this following: Take Valerian, the roots of great Burrs Bardana, Diptamus of Candy, Gentian, Bistorta, Tormentill, and Pimpernell, of each a like much: beat all together grossly, and power Aqua vitae upon it as much as will cover it; insolate it fourteen days long, stirring it about every day. This being done, then must you not take above a spoonful of it at once. Also you may distil it, and use it by itself: but by my counsel this should not be used in Summer. This drink following hath been approved of many thousands: Take in May the roots of great Burrs, called Bardana sixteen ounces, of the middle rind of the Ash tree two M. chop it small together, and distil it: give of this water to drink three or four ounces, to wit, when he is thought to be infected of the plague: it is also wonderful good against all biting of mad Dogs. Another: Take Rue, Wormwood, Roses, and juniper berries, of each a handful, twenty or twenty five kernels of Nuts; stamp these all together to pap, power wine and vinegar thereon of each one pint and stop it right: then let it seeth in Balneo four and twenty hours: this being done, then strain it, and of this give every morning fasting two spoonfuls to drink. Item, take fifteen or sixteen heads of Léekes, peel off the uppermost shales, and stamp them small, and afterwards mix thin white wine with them, and vinegar of Rue, of each a good pint or a pint and a half, and good Treacle one ounce, and keep it close stopped in a glass. And when you will use it, then give thereof a spoonful or twain to drink in the morning betimes. It driveth out sweat, and expelleth venomous air. This syrup following is highly commended: Take Citron péels, roots of Capers, Verueine, red Saunders, and burnt ivory, of each a quarter of an ounce, Cloves, bugloss, Balm, Borage, Calmus, of each half an ounce, Sorrell, Liverwoort, & Mallows, of each three drag. Cicory seeds, Melon seeds, seeds of Pompions, Gourds, of Cucumbers, and Violets, of each 2. ounces, Thymus, Epithymus, of Polypodie; Mirobalani Chebuli, and yellow Mirobalanes, of each one ounce, Agaricus and Rhubarb of each half an ounce, the juice of fumitory, of Wormwood, of Danewéede, and of broad Plantain, of each six ounces, the juice of Quinces eighteen ounces, Diagridium a quarter of an ounce, white Sugar twenty four ounces; make hereof a syrup: and when it is almost sufficiently decocted, then power thereto four ounces of the juice of Quinces, and then let it boil till his consistence. This syrup is marvelous good in the time of the plague; for it drieth the body moderately, and cleanseth also the same of all superfluous humours: it strengtheneth the heart, the liver, and also the inward parts: You may take of it one ounce and a half, or two ounces every week with the water of bugloss, early in the morning, and then to sleep thereupon a while, or at the least to lie still an hour after it. Hitherto have we described many medicines, whereby the healthy (in time of the plague) may be preserved. All these things must be used in good order, like as these medicines following also, to wit, that you use sometimes the one, and sometimes the other, and not always one and the self same, that nature not accustom herself to it, and in the end do think the remedy to be rather a food than a medicine, so that it by that means cannot have her operation. The sixteenth Chapter. When any are infected with the Plague. NOw this Chapter shall only entreat of those that are already infected with the Plague, be it by what means soever they have first gotten the same; as with Agues, swellings, plague sore, or such like. Of the Ague in the Plague. §. 1. THe Plague commonly cometh always first with an Ague, whereupon presently followeth the Tokens or Carbuncles. Of the causes of these twain hath been spoken before; whereby it hath also been said, that in the time of heat, as in the Dog days (when the heat of man is drawn inward) that the heart as then is inflamed through an unnatural manner of heat: then also the outward air (wherein we continually abide) increaseth the heat, and the heart is so set on fire, that the heat spreadeth over the whole body, and thereby quickly causeth a pestilent Ague, especially if there be such humours in the body that are subject to inflammation, but if the body be not thereto inclined, then can there be no cause (how violent soever it be) of such infection. Of the signs whereby this sickness is known. §. 2. EVuen as all other sicknesses have their certain signs, whereby they are known, so is it with this venomous ague, which manifesteth herself with seven kinds of accidents: whereof the first is, an unnatural cold and shaking, whereupon strait way followeth a great heat; albeit the same oftentimes altereth, so that sometime first the heat and afterwards the cold ensueth. Secondly, let this happen howsoever it will, there followeth always after it a great and intolerable thirst. Thirdly, bitterness and unsavorines of the mouth. Fourthly, loss of appetite. Fiftly, heaviness of all parts of the body, with wearisomeness and sleep. Sixtly, a binding of the body and the going to the stool by constraint, and with great stench: the urine also cometh with a great quantity and stinketh much: lastly, bereaving of sleep. And albeit these foresaid signs manifest sufficiently the violence that nature suffereth, it is to be wondered at nevertheless that at the first neither by the nature and quality of the ague, nor by the pulse, nor by the urine this infection is to be discerned, for it often happeneth that the urine of all men so infected is very like the urine of the sound, and that the heat is also much slower and obscurer than that of any other agues, and the pulse also quiet and scant to be felt. Now when all these signs or any of them shall appear, or that there be a plague sore, or other signs more, than all ancient and later Physicians conclude with one consent; that there is nothing more profitable and requisite than that the patiented do sweat well, and be dealt withal, as hereafter followeth. By what means the patiented is provoked to sleep. §. 3. FIrst, they ordain these confections following, whereof shall be taken the quantity of an hazel nut: Take one ounce of Treacle, Pimpernell, Gentian, Bistorta, Tormentill, Sage, Rue, Wormwood, juniper berries, and Nut kernels, of each one dram, stamp them all together, and then with vinegar make it into a confection. Or use this confection following, called Bezoarctica, one dram, warmed in Sorrell water, or in water of Carduus Benedictus, at what time soever you will, and then cover him very well, and let him sweat three or four hours (if he be able) for the more he sweateth, the better hope is there of his recovery. But if the patiented be under the age of twelve years, yet above five years, then must you give him half a dragm, and further deal as is abovesaid. It is also needful, if the patient may abide it, that he sweat morning and evening, this confection is made as followeth: Take of the best Treacle and Mithridate, of each half an ounce, Pimpernell and Angelica, of each ten greines, Cardamome five greines, Camfer three greines, Cinnamom ten greines, put them all together. But if you have none of this confection at hand, than a dram of Treacle or Mithridate with any of the foresaid waters, or take of the golden Egg, which is described after two manner of ways, as followeth: Take a new laid Hen egg, and make a little hole in the top that the white may issue out, The golden Egg. and the yolk tarry within, then fill it up with good powdered Saffron, and shut too the hole on the top again with the white of the egg and eggshell, then roast it by a mild fire so long as the shell will hold, and that it be all clean brown. This being done, take off the shell, and powne the inner part very small, then mingle it with white Mustard seeds, Diptamus, and Tormentill, of each a quarter of an ounce, Nux vomica a dram: lastly, add good Treacle to it in weight as heavy as all the rest, then temper it all together two or three hours together, and make hereof a hard confection, which men call the golden Egg, and will remain good twenty or thirty years. The second: Take all that is before rehearsed except the quantity of the Treacle, and put thereto Angelica, Pimpernell, Zeduarie, Camfer, and good Treacle, of each as much as of the other, and that in weight: but I think that there is too much Camfer, and too little Treacle. Whereas it is not a little available to know how this confection is to be used, therefore you shall understand, that whensoever this sickness first beginneth with cold, then must you (if it be a man) before that twelve hours be past, give to him the weight of a ducat, to a woman as much as a Rhenish gilderns weigheth, and a child or boy half as much, with a small wine. But if this sickness taketh one with heat, then take in the place of wine water of Cicorie, or if you cannot get it, then take half wine half vinegar, and sweat upon it. This confection may be used at all times against all bad humours and venom, yet then must the Nux vomica be left out. In the fift part, the twelfth Chapter 1. §. is likewise showed how to provoke sweat. The ancient Physicians accustomed to use this powder following for to cause sweat: take Valerian roots three quarters of an ounce, Gentian, white Diptamus, and dry Rue, of each one ounce, good Saffron one dragm, red Coral, and Mace, of each a dram and a half, temper it, and powne it all together, and give one dram thereof with a draft of wine. A marvelous oil for to procure sweat: Take a glass bottle as big as you will, fill the same half full of Elder flowers, & put thereon the third part of Hollihock flowers, or flowers of Ebulus, & again thereupon a third part of the flowers of S. john's wort, so that with these three things the glass be full: this being done, power thereo● old Salad oil (the older the better) and at last stop it very close, & so let it stand all the Summer a sunning with this oil must you rub the body very warm three or four times a day. It hath been approved, that this oil through the abundant sweat that it provoketh, expelleth all contagion of the Plague. Here follow now diaphoretical potions: Take Rue, Wormwood, and the uppermost tops of the Black berries, of each a handful, Celandine a handful and a half: power thereon a pint of Vinegar, afterwards stop the pot very close that there come out no vapour, and then let the third part seethe away; then strain it out, and keep it close stopped, and when any are infected with the Plague, or in any wise poisoned, then give him of this drink, to wit, two or three ounces, and let him sweat after it, and not sleep at all. The water of Geranium is also very good against all venom, and therefore good to be used in time of the Plague, whether there appear any swelling or any other accidents or not. Some also commend this composition following to be an especial remedy, and it is indeed not to be disdained. Take a great Onion, cut off the top, and make a hole therein, and then fill him with Treacle and the juice of Rue and Vinegar, of each one dram, then close the top too again with the piece which you clipped and cut off, and fasten it with two sticks, & wind it in well tow: this being done, roast it in the hot ashes till it be very mellow, afterwards stamp it to pap, and then strain it through a cloth, and it will be a broth, then preserve this broth till time of need. If one then be found that he be poisoned, then give him a dragm thereof, and hold toasted bread sprinkled with vinegar before his nose that he cast it not up again, and let him lie down on the bed that he may sweat. But it is to be noted, that sleep in sweeting is forbidden and hurtful, wherefore the patiented shall not sleep till the sweat be gone, that the venom hasten not towards the vital parts, afterwards he may sleep, that he wax not impotent and weak, yet he is otherwhiles to be awaked. And if the age or might of the patient will permit it, than ought he to be let blood, that the contagious matter which corrupteth the blood, and hurteth the principal parts, might be let out, and the inflammation lessened. Herein do many Physicians and Barbers dote and err very absurdly, which strait way as soon as they suppose it to be the Plague, not perceiving any sign thereof, begin their cure with letting of blood. For albeit that it may not be delayed too long, yet ought it not rashly to be done by reason of the former causes. When the patiented thus sweateth, then must the same be wiped from his face with a cloth, and hold before his nose rose Vinegar, Rose water, and such like: also let the air of the chamber be cleansed and perfumed with fire or sprinkled with Vinegar; but especial heed must be taken that the sweat strike not again into the body. As he hath now sweat well and is wiped clean, then must he be laid in another bed: for the exchange of beds is very good; for thereby they are the less infectious, which otherwise increaseth still more and more, and is more hurtful for the diseased person. Some are of opinion that the patient should not take any thing within an hour after his sweat, that nature first might be able to endure and bear it the better. Besides the airing and sprinkling of the chamber, it is good counsel for the rich, that there be a cloth wetted in Rosewater, and hanged in the night before the bed of the patiented; and when it is dry that it be moistened again. How to comfort those that are infected with the Plague. §. 4. FOr as much as there are many causes in this sickness whereby the patient may be weakened, which the disease of itself bringeth with it, as great heat, much watching, thirst, pain, sweat, & such like things more: wherefore good regard must be had how the heart might be comforted, and natural strength be maintained: for the which this water following is ordained for the common sort of people, which not only strengtheneth, but also driveth out the sweat: Take new distilled water of the kernels of Nuts four ounces, powdered Verueine one dram, good Treacle, two scrup. Saffron seven greines: then mingle it all together, and so give it warm. It profiteth much also that the patiented always have in his hand odoriferous things, wherewith the heart, the brains, and all inward parts may be comforted, and the bad vapours taken away; for the which this Pomander following is very commodious. Take red, white, and yellow Saunders, and Roses, of each one dram, Saffron, and Camphor, of each one scruple, Musk, and Amber, of each five greines; then make hereof a Pomander with Dragagant that is dissolved in Rosewater, and then bind it in red sarsenet as is before mentioned. Of these Pomanders, as well hot as cold of nature are herebefore divers described, where we have treated of the preservation of the healthy. And these sweeting patients must not abstain from meat, for that the emptiness of the stomach is very hurtful for them; and what meat and drink is good for them, that shall be showed hereafter. If the sick person be so weak and feeble that he may not be let blood nor purged, then give unto him this drink following, that shall do him good: Take white Diptamus, Tormentill, white Coral, Gentian, fine Bolus, Sealed earth, and Verueine, of each one dram, beat them all very small together, and take thereof one quarter of an ounce, good Treacle one dragm, juice of Scabious four ounces, Vinegar half an ounce. But if you cannot get the juice, then take the water of Nut kernels, and let him drink it warm: yet in winter give him wine in stead of these waters. The next day give to the patiented fine Bolus tempered with as much conserve of Roses, and four ounces of Scabious water after it. Sometimes also must the common pills be used. There is also to be made this cordial confection as followeth: Take prepared Rubies, jacincts, Granats, Smaragdes, fine Bolus, Pearls, bones of Stag's hart, fine filled gold, and small filled unicorns horn, of each one scruple, raw silk that is cut very small, Roses, Amber, Citron péels, and shaven ivory, of each half a dram, white Sugar dissolved in the juice of Lemons as much as you please, seeth the same as thick as honey, and mingle the rest amongst it to a confection. Give this to the patiented two or three drams with fresh broth, for it strengtheneth marvelous much all the vital parts, it resisteth all vapours, and breaketh the force of the Ague. In like manner there are cordial waters to be outwardly applied, whereof some shall be showed hereafter. Take Rosewater sixteen ounces, water of Endive, bugloss, Nightshade, Balm, and of Sorrell, of each eight ounces, Vinegar, and good white Wine, of each three ounces, red, white, and yellow Saunders, of each one quarter of an ounce, Coral, and Roses, of each one dragm, ivory, Saffron and Camfere, of each half a dram, then mingle them all together, and so wetting in it a double cloth, lay it over the heart. Or take water of bugloss, and of Sorrell, of each three ounces, water of Willow leaves, Roses, Wormwood, Grass, Balm, and of the wild Vine leaves, of each two ounces, Spec. Cordialium temperatarum a dram and a half, Saffron eight greines, Myrrh, Diptamus, Gentian, Paradise wood, yellow Saunders, Basill seed, red and white Behen, jacincts, and Smaragdes, of each half a scruple, juice of Lemons three ounces, Vinegar one ounce, Malmsey five ounces, put them all together. Item, take the water of bugloss, of Scabious, Violets, and of Borage, of each sixs' ounces, Rosewater wherein Musk is dissolved eight ounces, Specierum Cordialium one ounce and a half, Camfere half a scruple, white Coral four scruples, prepared Pearls a dram and a half, beaten Gold eight leaves, Malmsey four ounces. Note that you must temper the water and the Malmsey together: and when you have taken twelve ounces of the same, then must you take a dram of this powder and mix with it, and use it as is before rehearsed. Another: Take Sorrel water, and Carduus Benedictus water four ounces, Vinegar of Gilliflowers one ounce, Species de gemmis frigidis a quarter of an ounce, Saffron two greines, Camfere five greines, Malmsey half an ounce, temper them all together. When as these cordial waters are laid on the heart, then may you anoint the sick bodies left breast pap with this salve following: Take one ounce of the best Treacle, juice of Lemons, and of Vinegar, of each half an ounce, Saffron, and Camfere, of each one scruple; then mingle them together, and spread it on a cloth or on a red crimson clout. This following is stronger: Take good Treacle two ounces, Rhubarb, and Carlina, of each one drag. and a half, old oil of Olive twelve ounces, forty or 45. Scorpions: powne all that is to be powned, and then let it seeth in water in a pot alone five or six hours long; afterwards strain it through a cloth, and first anoint the heart, the pulses, and the temples of the head. Afterward he must be anointed upon all outward signs or sores of the Plague, and at the last round about the neck: and this anointing must be done once every six hours very warm: the chamber must also be kept fumed and continually sprinkled. We have also made mention herebefore in the sixth part, the second chapter, and tenth §. and shortly after in the Ague Hectica of many things wherewith sick folks are to be comforted and revived. What is to be done after sweeting. §. 5. WHen as the patiented hath sweat, is wiped, and laid in fresh bedding, then do some counsel to give him out of hand one dram of fine Bolus, to wit, with Rose water if a great heat be adjoined, or with wine if without heat, and that not at one time only, but every day: but it importeth very much whether you have the right fine and orient Bolus or not, for there are many kinds of earths used in stead of it. Further, let him take immediately after his sweeting, to wit, three mornings (one after another) of these sirupes following, for the cooling of these hot agues, to warm the same first in hot water, and in case that he afterwards feel a sweeting again, then let him forthwith continue in his sweat if he can abide it. Take sirupes of Lemons one ounce, syrup of Citrons half an ounce, water of Carduus Benedictus, of Sorrel, and of Borage, of each one ounce, mix them all together for a potion. And if so be that after the use of these three potions the patient should be purged (which in this ague is seldom needful) then must it be done with this following: Take of the common plague pills ten greins less than a dram, and ten greines of Agaricus, Rhubarb one scruple, then make hereof small pills, and give them all to the patiented at one time. Another regiment when any one is infected with the Plague. §. 6. FIrst, these pills following are to be given to the patiented in the morning betimes: Take of the common plague pills a dram and a half, that are form with syrup of Citrons, and then let the patiented (if the infirmity may bear it) sleep afterwards a little: the next day after shall he three or four days after other always in the morning betimes, take a dram and a half of fine Bolus powdered either with wine or with Rose water, as the time of the year requireth. This is a marvelous good medicine and without all danger, but only that it somewhat bindeth the body, which may be prevented with mild Clysters, which must be made of oil only. It is not amiss for this intent to use these confections following every other day, which strengthen the body, and make it sound: Take good Treacle one dragm, prepared Smaragdes seven greines, then mingle it with wine, and so give it him. But if the party can hardly take this, then let him use one of these Sugar plates following: Take jacincts, Granats, Rubies, Smaragdes, sapphires, and bones of the Stag's hart, of each one dram, red and white Saunders, and red Corals, of each one scruple, ivory, fine Bolus, prepared Pearls, Sealed earth, and unicorns horn, of each four scruples, filled gold one dram, Sugar sod in Rose-water sixteen ounces, make it up into Manus Christi, or Sugar plates, and take two or three drams of them at one time. As soon as the patiented feeleth himself infected, let him presently take this potion following, and if he vomit not the same up again, but sweateth after it, than it is a good sign of amendment, and a manifest token of health. Take white Diptamus, Tormentill, white Coral, Gentian, fine Bolus, Sealed earth, and burnt Hearts horn, of each one dram, Smaragdes, Camfer, and prepared Pearls, of each half a dragm, Myrrh, Saffron, & Citron seeds, of each one scruple: beat all very small, and take of it a quarter of an ounce, Treacle a dram and a half, Sorrel water, and good white wine, of each one ounce and a half, mix them for a potion, and give it to the patiented warm lying in his bed, that he may sweat well, and that as long as he may suffer it: afterwards wipe him well, and lay him in another bed. But if the time of the year be cold, and the Ague not very hot, then may you put the more wine to the foresaid potion: and contrariwise, if it be hot weather, and the Ague hote also, then let Sorrell water be mingled therewith. But special care must be had that the patiented cast not up the potion agine, for the which it is good, that there be a great cup set under his stomach, without opening the skin, and some good savour be holden before his nose, his hands dipped in cold water, or smell to toasted bread that is moistened with Vinegar, and such like things more. Some forbidden that men in sweeting shall neither eat or drink; which were somewhat indeed if the patiented be strong enough: but when he is feeble, then have you for this a good direction before. How to purge those that are infected with the Plague. §. 7. IN the end of the foresaid fift §. we have declared, that purging for this sickness is not greatly commended: nevertheless if great need require, then is there nothing more fit than the common plague pills, with somewhat tempered therewith. This potion following may also be given him with all safety, for that it doth cleanse the blood of all superfluities: Take of the confection Triphera Persica and Manna, of each three quarters of an ounce, Rhubarb one dram, then mingle them together in four ounces of Sorrell water. Or take Cassie and sour Dates, of each three quarters of an ounce, Confection of the juice of Roses one dram, then temper them together with Sorrell water. Item, take Tripheram Persicam half an ounce, prepared Agaricke and Rhubarb, of each one dram, and mingle them as before. Another. Take the confection Diasena and Triphera Persica of each three dragms, Confectionis Hamech a quarter of an ounce, de succo Rosarum half a dram, mingle them with the decoction of fruits, or with bugloss water. But if the patiented be so feeble that you dare not give him a purging medicine, then let him have a Clyster of fresh broth or herbs, with Cassy, the yolk of an Eglantine, course Sugar, oil of Violets and salt. For all such diseases are the Conserve of Borage and bugloss very commodious, even as they are also for all pestilent Agues, for they are both very comfortable; they revive the heart, resist venom, take away all weakness, make men glad, and cleanse the blood. We have before in the fourth §. written of other things more that also do comfort the patiented. This shall suffice that we have spoken of the beginning of the Plague: we will now proceed and make mention of other accidents of these diseases, and teach their due remedies. Of the unnatural heat in the Plague. §. 8. AMongst the other seven accidents of this contagion (that we have heretofore spoken of, and are always permanent with the pestilent Agues) there is commonly great headache adjoined. Now to strengthen the head and brains, have we set down many goodly instructions and directions, in the first part, the first chapter, §. 2. and also afterwards in the headache of heat. This potion following may you use for the same: Take Tormentill, burnt Harts horn, red Coral, and fine Bolus, of each one dram, prepared Pearls half a dragm, Camfer four greines; beat them all together to powder, and then give thereof the weight of a drag. tempered with Sorrell water. For this also serveth this julep following: take the juice of Balm, of Borage, bugloss, Sorrell and of Cicorie, of each one ounce and a half, Rosewater and white Vinegar, of each three quarters of an ounce, the juice of Citrons or Lemons half an ounce, Sugar as much as you please: seeth the sugar to a syrup, and when you will use the same, temper it with Barley water unto a julep. Or take Conserve of Roses four ounces, conserve of bugloss two ounces, Species Triasantali one ounce and a half, ivory, Sorrell, Melon seeds, peeled Gourd seeds, Citron seeds and Cucumber seeds peeled, and chopped small of each one ounce and a half, Sugar one ounce, Pearls four scruples, and six leaves of beaten gold; then temper them well together for a confection: hereof may the patiented use as often as he will. For this also is good the Conserves of Borage and bugloss, of water Lilies, of the juice of Oranges, and all that therewith may be made. Of the unsatiable and great thirst. §. 9 THe second accident of these pestilent Agues is thirst, that by little and little getteth the upper hand, so that the diseased falling into a frenzines thereby, seek to leap into the water, or into wells, thereby to cool themselves, and quench their thirst. To cool the same, and to allay it, you may use this julep following: Take water of Sorrell, of Scabious, of water Lilies, and of Endive, of each six ounces, Granado wine four ounces, Vinegar two ounces, the juice of Lemons two ounces and a half, white Sugar as much as you will; seeth it for a julep, and then let the patiented drink hereof as much as he thinketh good. Another: Take bugloss water, and of Sorrell, of each six ounces, water of Cicorie, Endive, and Willow leaves, of each four ounces, syrup of Citrons two ounces, syrup of Vinegar, and of Oxysacchara, of each one qunce, Granado wine eight ounces: let them boil a little all together, except the Granado wine: this being clarified, put the Granado wine unto it. In like manner is also good the syrup of Citrons, Lemons, S. john's grapes, or berries, Roses and Endive, being mingled with some cooling water; or else with well water or Barley water. Item, Well water which hath been once distilled: but above all things that can be devised, is nothing better to quench the thirst, to withstand poison, to comfort the heart, than the juice of Lemons or the same being pared, and cut in slices, and strewed over with Sugar, and so to use them, and to take the liquor of them with a spoon. Item take Quince kernels one ounce, let them mollify one whole night in eight ounces of Sugar water, then strain them: this being done, than temper therewith one ounce of the syrup of water Lilies, and oftentimes use it. As for the thirst, you have divers remedies thereto in the third part, the twelfth Chapter, and 10. §. which are altogether very good. And afterwards yet more, to wit, in the seventéenth Chapter in Diabete, and also in the description of the Agues. Of the bitterness in the mouth. §. 10. THe third accident is the bitterness of the mouth, which proceedeth of an inflammation of the Gall, whereof we have written more at large in three other places, to wit, in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and sixth §. Also in the fifteenth Chapter, and tenth §. Item again, in the third part, the twelfth Chapter, and sixtéenth §. in which places you may read it. All such patients must often hold the leaves of Sorrel in their mouths, or chew the seeds of the same. They may also very well hold in their mouth Gum Arabiack, and swallow it down by little and little. Of the want of Appetite to meat. §. 12. THe fourth accident in this Ague is the loss of appetite: whereas this sickness requireth that the patiented in this malady, more than in any other, should be fed and kept in full strength and power; therefore it is needful in this disease, that the appetite be stirred up: whereof we in the third Chapter, and fift §. and before that in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and ninth §. have treated at length. Especially you may prepare this stomachical unguent for it: Take Marmalade two ounces, Mastic, Spica of India, Roses, red Coral, of each one dram, Agaricus one dram and a half, beat them well all together, and then anoint the stomach therewith, or lay it on plasterwise. Make also these Sugar plates following: take Marmalade made with Sugar two ounces, ivory, Mastic, water Lily flowers, and Roses, of each one scruple; rub the Marmalade in a mortar with syrup of Citrons, and form the cakes of the weight of half an ounce: then take hereof at all times, to wit, morning and evening. Of the weakness and sleepiness. §. 12. THe fift accident: Albeit we know well that nature grievously striveth with this malady, and thereby is wearied, weakened, and void of all strength, that is no wonder: for that cause it is highly commanded that men must have especial regard to the strength of the patiented, for the which also are divers means set down how to preserve his strength: so that it is needless to rehearse the same at this present. Also it hath been showed in the fift Part, the seventeenth Chapter, and in more other places. Of the binding in the body. §. 13. THe sixth accident is the binding of the body, which is augmented by the heat. And to remedy the same are no strong things required, for strong purgations are not good in this sickness; yet if great need be, you have had before in the seventh §. also in the third part, eleventh Chapter, and 20. §. of the binding in the body divers fit remedies, amongst which many easy and ●ooling purgations may be chosen: wherefore those that will cure this sickness, let them beat 4. ounces of Sebestes, and steep them in water, and then give to the patiented many times of it to drink. But if you will have it more forcible, then steep with them the leaves of the lesser ivy. Of the loss of sleep. §. 14. NOw the seventh accident of these pestilent Agues is loss of sleep. For this must you take Violets, water Lilly and Elecampane roots, of each one drag. seeds of Dill and Saffron, of each one scruple; make them into powder, then bind them up in silk, and hold it continually before the nose, and smell to it. But of this have you further discourse in the fift part, the twelfth Chapter, and sixth §. the which you may read over, and use it for this purpose. When a Plague sore appeareth. §. 15. WHen these foresaid means have been used, and that there appear a Plague sore, then must you follow such things, as hereafter shall be set down: but before we entreat of that, it is not demanded in vain whence this Plague sore Anthrax proceedeth, and of what nature it is: whereof the learned do write in this manner: Anthrax proceedeth of gross and hot humours: which when they begin to putrify, then do they alter into a very hurtful poison: sometimes it is red, otherwhiles yellow and sometimes black, which is the very worst and most venomous. For this manifesteth that nature is not strong enough to expel the venomous matter into the utmost and furthest parts, whence of necessity followeth, that the foresaid venomous humours are dispersed in the noble parts of the body inwardly. To remedy the same you shall begin with the letting of blood, and that upon the same side where the Plague sore is: Afterwards you must use boxing and prick the same deep, whereby the gross blood may be drawn out: Lastly, you must purge the patiented with some of these foresaid purgations, that are set down before in the seventh §. And special heed is to be taken, that for this Plague sore men lie not thereon (as men use to do in other swellings, that the matter might be repelled) but attractive things are to be used in this, for to draw the matter outwards, and that chief in the only place of the plague sore. In like manner you must lay no hot nor moist thing thereon, that engender matter or corruption, but rather such things as dry greatly, and are reasonable cold by nature, that they may slake the heat, and hinder the vapour thereof. But if that there appear any redness in any place of the body that would not impostumate, then are you to use these things following: Take the inside of a Radish, the Radish leaves, Eldern flowers, and Bayberries, of each half a handful; seeth them all together to pap, and then put half an ounce of white Mustard seed amongst it, afterwards make a soft plaster thereof, and lay it on the redness. Item, take a black Cockerel, pluck him alive over all his belly, and then bind his belly over the redness, or over the swelling, for the natural warmth of the bird will draw out the venom into him. Other slit his belly alive, and so lay it thereon living. Or take a living Pullet, cut him up underneath, and so bind him open against the swelling: hold the head in thy hand, and so let him die. Then shortly after take another, and do as before. Further lay thereon ripening things and cure it, as the other swellings. Some lay thereon live Frogs. Or take beaten Tormentill and Ginger, of each a like quantity, and put thereto as much Treacle: afterwards put it into an Onion made hollow, and roast the same in a mild fire, or amongst the ashes: lastly, stamp it to pap, and stir three yolks of Eggs amongst it, and then lay it thereon. And the better to draw out the redness and swelling, the old Physicians accustomed to make a plaster of Eldern leaves, of Scabious with the roots, (to wit, of each alike) and to mingle the same with leaven, and so lay it thereon. Some do counsel also that you may temper therewith Salt, salt Peter, and Comfrey. And if you will have it yet stronger, then are you to put powned Mustard seed thereto, and in like manner Pigeon dung, for that draweth out the swelling exceedingly, and maketh it great, all which aforesaid things you must often cause to be renewed. This next following hath very great force to draw out the venom: Take coals of the Tillet tree, and make them glowing hot, afterwards sprinkle them with wine and vinegar: when as they are slaked, then bind them warm in a cloth that is wetted in the foresaid vinegar and wine, and wrung out again, then lay these coals warm thereon, and when as the cloth is waxed yellow, then put it away, and take another. Item, take the roots of Crowfoote bruised small, and apply it on the place where the pain is, and the venom shall be drawn out very much. Others do use this thing following, which is also marvelous good to draw out the Anthrax, that is, the Plague sore. Take a great Onion wherein Treacle is roasted (as is lately taught) or lay thereon a plaster of Oxycroceum, which is always sound ready at the Apothecaries, and temper as much Diachilon cum gummis thereto. You may also make this plaster of leaven, Eldern flowers, and Treacle tempered together: for as it is admonished, this Treacle is above all other things to be commended for this sickness, both inward and outward. Also all Chirurgeons are here to be admonished, that they have care to open these swellings before they be maturated, be it by the actual cautery, or by incision, and that they hold open the same as long as is possible. Item, the foresaid plaster of Diachilon only is also very good for to maturate and ripen it. Or take the common plaster Diachilon three drams, and the juice of Celandine, and make thereof a salve with a little wax. Or seeth Colewoorts with a little Bacon, and lay that thereon, and when you see that the swelling beginneth to impostumate, then are you to use these plasters, salves, and other things following: Take Hollihocke roots, Scabious, and Mallows, as much as need requireth, seeth it, and stamp it all together to pap, and make thereof with Barrowes grease a mild plaster. Or temper wheat meal with Salad oil till it be a pap, and lay the same thereon. Another: Take Mallows, Hollihocke roots, Linséed, beaten altogether, & wheaten meal, of each alike much; seethe them all together, and powne it to grout: then mingle it well with Saffron, & so lay it warm thereon. Now when as the swelling is once maturated, than you must open it out of hand, be it with an actual or potential cautery, or by incision, & so keep the same open. In the mean time while this swelling is a healing and runneth as yet, you must daily give the patiented a spoonful or twain of Scabious water, or Rose-water with fine Bolus, and sometimes the Species liberantes, that thereby the poison may be expelled from the heart. This plaster following doth also ripen very much: Take the middlemost rinds of Eldern, stamp them very small, and temper them with white Vinegar, afterwards strain them through a cloth, and put thereto white Mustard seed beaten, but not too much, for it is very sharp, and make a pap thereof, and lay it on the swelling. Some suppose that this swelling of the Plague doth ripen much if one rub it over by day and night with a sapphire stone: but they that have proved it, and found it to be true, may write prob●tum est. If the Plague sore be of a very bad nature, then must the same be burnt out of hand, or a corrosive laid thereon: but if it be of no malign nature, and not too hard, then must you use drying things that cor●ode not. Others bind Pullet's or young Pigeons upon it; and after that they have set cups or Horseléeches thereon, wherewith they intent to draw out the venom, to strengthen the part, and to allay the pain. Some have also for a custom, when as the Plague sore doth show itself any where, that they make an issue with a corrosive on some place of the patient's leg, and keep the same open, whereby all venomous matters thereby might have their course. When as now the Plague reigneth throughout a whole realm or country, then is it no bad counsel to do the same, when the patiented hath first been purged: and the same may be done on the right leg, four fingers broad under the knee, on the outside of the leg. And this also is good for them that are troubled with the Gout. You may use also in stead of the actual or potential cautery these salves following: take Cantharideses two ounces and a half (the heads and wings plucked thereof) pown them small to powder, & temper it with one ounce of Barrowes grease, molten wax, and honey, of each half an ounce, Camfer and Dragon blood, of each a drag. and a half. This being well mingled, you must then spread thereof as much as will cover half a Doller upon a cloth, and lay it over the place where the plaguefore appeareth, and it will in six or seven hours draw a blister, then open the same that the matter may run out. This being done, let not the patiented sleep in ten or twelve hours, nor drink wine in three days. And for as much as through these accidents there is commonly great anguish and pain, than you must for allaying thereof use this potion: take Treacle and Mithridate, of each half a drag. juice of Scabious four ounces, temper them all together, and give it the patiented to drink méetly warm. Now for to kill the plaguesore: Take two or three yolks of new laid Eggs, and temper therewith about half an ounce of powned salt, and lay it thereon new every quarter of an hour. This reiterating must be so often done, because these plasters are infected themselves through the venom, specially when the sore is broken. And if this be not enough, then take therewith Scabious, Comfery, and Mallows, of each as much as you please, and thereof make a plaster. And if that the sore would corrode further, then take fine Bolus, Dragon blood, Vinegar, Rose water, and the whites of Eggs, as much as you please, and spread or lay the same plasterwise round about the sore. Another: Take soot of the chimney, beaten salt, Sage, & Wheat that is chewed in the mouth, of each a like much, and make a plaster thereof with black Sope. And if so be that this plague sore will not be killed through these foresaid things, than put thereto some Scabious and Comfery, and then cleanse afterward the sore with Mundificatiwm de Apio. Take Lovage, one ounce, Barley meal two ounces, seethe them together in water to pap, and put thereto Salad oil. You must also often wash this plague sore, to wit, with water of Carduus Benedictus, for that cleanseth and healeth. These ulcers do many times spread wide abroad, whereby the flesh about is spoiled: for this, you must use stronger remedies, as the salve of Egypt, Mercurium praecipitatum, or that which is better, burning with an hot iron or gold, whereby all putrefying is taken away, and the part fortified; for the actual cautery is an effectual remedy that strengtheneth the parts that be of a cold nature, and doth defend them from putrefaction. Some also do scarify the ulcers round about with a razor, and then spread fine Treacle therein. But as the black edges of these ulcers increase notwithstanding all these applications, then is it a sign that this venom is very strong, wherefore must you burn it deeper, and anoint the scars with sweet Butter, or with pap of Hollihocke roots, or of Mallows and Butter together. But when the swelling or ulcers do yield matter, then must you lay no more maturatives thereon, that thereby the matter augment not, and the healing be the more hindered. Lastly, you must have care to engender flesh and skin, whereof we will write and treat further in their due place. When as this Anthrax or plaguesore is thoroughly killed, then take Scabious, comfery, of each a handful, and a little Salt, then temper it together with fresh Barrowes grease, and lay it warm thereon, and change it new three or four times in a day and night. Another: Take Scabious four handfuls, Treacle one ounce, Barrowes grease one ounce and a half, stamp the herbs and make a plaster thereof, and refresh it often, even as is aforesaid. You are to cleanse the ulcers with salve of Turpentine, juice of Scabious, and the yolks of eggs, especially when all other accidents are past. This plaster following is also especial good: Take green Rue one handful, leaven half an ounce, Pepper one dram, Salt a dram and a half, three or four dry Figs, powne them all well together, and make a plaster thereof, and refresh it twice a day. It is of a wonderful operation: for it will separate the bad flesh from the good, and that in the space of two days. When these swellings come to impostumat, and have need of cleansing, then are you to use the salve De Apio, and therewithal you may prepare these things following: Take Turpentine (that hath been often washed with water and Scabious) one ounce, Saffron seven greines, and temper amongst it the yolks of two eggs. Or use this thing following to cleanse and to engender now flesh: Take Turpentine that is washed with the juice or water of Scabious four ounces, Barley meal one ounce, two yolks of Eggs, Saffron, Sarcocolla, Mastic & Frankincense, of each half a drag. temper it all together. Thirdly, take small beaten Sarcocolla half an ounce, and honey of Roses as much as need requireth for to make a mild salve thereof, and use it so long till it be thoroughly whole. For this also may you see what hath been written in the fift part, the first chapter 16. §. And further in the fift part, the seventh chapter, and 14. §. where this matter hath been treated of at large. When as there is no plague sore perceived. §. 16. IF there appeareth no Anthrax or plague sore, and yet nevertheless the pulse and the urine sufficiently showed that a pestilent Fever were at hand, and that the patiented by reason of his age and power may suffer well the letting of blood, then must his liver vain be opened in the right arm. Other do counsel when as the Ague endureth, and his strength good, that the Saluatella on his left hand should be opened, and to let out four ounces of blood. For letting of blood in the Plague. §. 17. WE have before declared that amongst all other remedies for this swelling, the letting of blood is beneficial, but to the end when need requireth it be not omitted, you shall observe these instructions following. When as after sweeting you find that any thing appear (be it a black blister, or any thing else) and that the patiented is above thirteen years old and be strong, then must you let him blood on the same side, and underneath the swelling, and make a good issue that the blood may issue forth the better. If the swelling appear behind the ears, which the Physicians do call Parotidas, or Gemellos, even as we in the first part the 9 Chapter 4. §. have showed, then must you open the head vein on the same side in the arm, and if it will not bleed, then must you open that vein in the other arm. Or if the swelling appear in the arm pits, on the breast, or on the ribs, then must you open his liver vein in the arm on the same side. Some give counsel that there should be put thereto three or four Leeches one hour after, that they might suck out a good deal of that venomous blood. But if this Anthrax or plaguesore be any where about the privities or in the groins, then must you let him blood in the vein upon the foot, or between the great Toe and the next unto it. And if that will not bleed, then must you open the vein in the other foot, and let out more or less according to the age and ability of the patiented. Some also have anointed the swelling behind the ears with Hen's grease: afterwards you must give him the confection Philonium Persicum, yet at all times by the counsel of a learned Physician: also in like manner the Trocisci de Carobe, and herwith we will conclude. The government of life in the Plague. §. 18. AS much as first belongeth to the meat: you must note, that it is not needful that one need in a pestilential Fever to forbear meat, as in other hot and strong Agues, as in the Pleurisy, or continual Ague, and other such like: but the need requireth here, that there may be often given to the patiented (yea as some suppose every three or four hours) to eat and drink in the time of the plague. And it hath indeed been found, that all those that have forced themselves to eat, were much sooner cured than the other; wherefore do they well, that feed such a patiented often with light meats that are dry and cold by nature, whereby they may withstand the heat of the Ague by their cold, and the moisture of the bad and slimy humours by their drith. These are strained Pease, Barley pap, Oaten pap, Hazel nuts, Capon broth, Hen broth, or of any other young flesh, wherewith bugloss, Borage, and such like herbs are sodden, whereof you may make Panadella with grated bread. And it is to be generally noted, that you may dress all his meat with sour things, as with Vinegar, Verivice, juice of Lemons, and such like. But if the fresh broth be too sweet, then may you therewith temper two yolks of eggs, which are first to be beaten with Rose vinegar, and so make thereof a sourish broth. All sour things are also good for it, for that they provoke appetite, which presently is taken away in these Agues by the putrefaction in these diseases, which specially féebleth the stomach, insomuch as very often they are addicted to vomit, whereby the patiented will also be weakened: for if the patient can keep no meat in his stomach, then can the body retain no nourishment of the meat that is taken. But to return again to the wholesome meat for the plague, there are also good small Damask prunes, conserves of Cherries, conserves of Raspes, and such like. Also all green herbs are to be stewed, to wit, Borage, Lettuce, Sorrell, with a little beaten Saunders added thereto. The juice of Lemons, of Oranges, and of Citrons, is a special sauce for all his meats. The most commodious drink that he may drink is Barley water, the juice of Lemons, Oranges, Sorrell, Pomegranates, or tempered with the syrup of the same. Also it may be sodden like a julep, and the syrup tempered amongst it. The common sort may seethe amongst it Berberries', Sorrell with the roots, or Quinces chopped small. But when the patiented is weary of this drink, then may he use a draft of Almond milk, or thin Beer; and he may also drink for this sickness Well water tempered with Rose vinegar. Distilled waters, as the waters of Carduus Benedictus, Sorrell, Borage, or water of bugloss, are very good for him. Item, water wherein unripe Grapes are sodden, or mixed with Verivice: also the sirupes of Roses, of water Lilies, Violets, and of Cicorie, and their juleps, are much commended for this sickness. And with all these foresaid meats and drinks is Manus Christi prepared with Pearls, for this malady much commended. Item, conserve of Violets, of Roses, of Gilliflowers, and specially conserves of Cuckobread, taking the bigness of a Walnut of it. Contrariwise, the patient must utterly forsake wine, and all meats that are dressed with Spices. Fish, Milk, and all roast meat is hurtful unto him, and after meat the patient must keep himself very quiet. Of a convenient air for the Plague. §. 19 THe air that is good for such sick folks, must be cold and dry, because the sickness requireth all cool things, and that by the drought all putrefaction may be withstood. Therefore must the chamber (as it is said) be sprinkled with Rosewater and with Vinegar wherein Saunders and Camfere are tempered. Item, the chamber must be sprinkled with all cold and fragrant herbs and flowers, and in case there be any bad savours or vapours in the chamber, then are the fuming candles, or odoriferous cakes to be used, whereof we have largely written before, and showed how they are to be made. Besides these, it is also good counsel that there be kept a good fire burning in the same house, to wit, of juniper wood, or any other sweet wood. But if so be there be no bad air in the patient's chamber, then are you not to kindle any fire in that chamber, but rather use any cold and odoriferous things; and you may hang clothes that are made wet in rosewater, or Rose vinegar, and wrung out again here and there about his bed or couch. How they shall govern themselves that escape this Sickness. §. 20. AS for all them that recover from this Plague or any other lingering sickness, all things are good that strengthen the stomach, and provoke appetite to meat, and mildly open the body, as these confections following: Take Mirabalani Chebuli, Indi, Rhubarb, Cinnamom, Carduus Benedictus, and Cloves, of each one dram, Mastic a quarter of an ounce, Aloe three drams: mingle them all together with the juice of Mints wherein half a dram of Agaricke hath been steeped, then take thereof morning and evening the bigness of a Chestnut. For this may you also look the foresaid third Chapter, and twelfth §. where you may find a further discourse of these causes: and further if it be needful (as is rehearsed) then look in the second part, the eleventh chapter, where touching these things a perfect direction is given. The 17. Chapter. An exhortation for them that keep these Patients. FIrst, they that assist and keep them that are infected with the Plague, must have care that the patiented be laid upon a high couch or bed, that the venomous damps and stenches may rest above, and be the less hurtful to the standers by. And it were also not amiss that there be a burning fire always between the patiented and the standers by. If there be a chimney in the chamber, then look what is spoken thereof before. Secondly, when one cometh near or toucheth the patiented, then must his mouth be kept close shut, and draw his breath only at his nose. He shall anoint his nostrils with wine wherewith fine Treacle is tempered. The standers by are also to use every other day the Plague pills every time a dram, or a dram and a half. He must also take oftentimes Mithridate. Thirdly, fine Bolus preserveth men from all infection of the plague if a dram and a half of it be taken with Wine and Rosewater. Fourthly, if you take as much of the golden Egg as the bigness of a Hasell nut one day one, and another day another: to wit, pills or any such like. All they that visit them that be sick of the plague must wash their mouths with Vinegar, wherein Wormwood and Rue is sodden, before they come at them, and eat some Garlic with a bit of bread. Further, they shall alway hold a Pomander in their hand before their nose. All what is described in the beginning of the Plague, to wit, how the healthy are to govern themselves with them that have the plague, is also very requisite for this purpose. All that is hitherto set forth for this disease are very passing and good means, which God through his gracious goodness hath ordained and created for the good and welfare of man, wherefore he will of us for these his benefits be praised, and be acknowledged for the only Physician both of the body and of the soul: and therefore we ought especially to pray unto him for his blessings, and thank him for the gifts received; for without him all physic is in vain, and of no effect. The 18. Chapter. Of the Scurvy, Scorbuticus Morbus. THe Scurvy which is called in Latin Icteritia nigra, or Scorbuticus Morbus, is none other but a spreading abroad of melancholic humours throughout the whole body, chief caused & proceeding of the obstruction of the spleen. These sicknesses are for the most part incident unto them that lead an idle life, and feed on gross meats and drinks. They that are burdened with this disease have commonly a bleak and leadish colour, their breath short with an oppression at the hart, and a lost appetite, wearisomeness of the whole body, the gums are blue & swollen, quickly provoked to bleed and putrify; otherwhiles blue or greenish spots over all the body, stiffness in the knees, and most commonly they have black small speckles like 〈◊〉 l●●●ts upon the shins, and above that their urine is commonly brown red. Thus to cure this sickness the patiented is first to receive an easy purgation, as the potion made of Decoctum laxatiwm, of Benedicta laxativa, or of Seine leaves: this being done, then may one open his Median vein and let him bleed well, if he otherwise be full enough of blood. The next day after you must prepare for him this green potion following, whereof he must every day three or four times take a good draft: to wit, in the morning and before noon one time, after dinner two times, and after supper and going to bed a good draft more. Take Becabunga and Watercresses, of each two handfuls, stamp them in a stone or wooden mortar to pap, power thereto a pint of wine, and a pint of small Beer: afterwards stir them all together, and strain them through a cloth, then give thereof to the patiented to drink as is abovesaid: and you must continue this till that the patiented be through whole. Another. Take the roots of Horseradish, which is called Raphanus syluestris, as much as you think good, grate the same, or beat it small to pap, and power unto it the moiety Whey of milk, and the other half Rhenish wine, or you may take some small beer as much as you please, and then mingle it with stamped Horseradishes: afterwards strain it through a cloth, and drink thereof three or four times a day, as is aforesaid. Item, take Scuruigrasse two handfuls, or as much as you please, stamp it to grout in a stone or wooden mortar, temper it with as much small beer and wine as you think meet, or after as you can drink it, for the stronger the better: lastly, strain it through a cloth, and drink thereof as above. And if it come to pass, that in this sickness of the Scurvy, the gums of the patient's mouth were utterly spoiled and putrefied: then wash the mouth with wine, and anoint the gums with syrup of Mulberries, and with honey of Roses; and if need so required, then must you anoint your gums with the salve of Egypt, called unguentum Aegyptiacum. This may suffice for the cure of the Scurvy. The 19 Chapter. Of the detestable sickness, Drunkenness. IT will perchance offend the gentlemen drunkards, that I have here put their sickness of drunkenness after the infectious Plague, and Agues, and that I have compared their sickness to those: but I will omit here the los●e of everlasting life, disdain of humanity, and credit, consumption of worldly wealth, strife, murder, blasphemy of God, disclosing of secrets, whoredom, and many more ungodly works that ensue thereof: wherefore we will here only treat of the hurt that the body may hereby take thereof, and let other judge afterwards, whether this sickness be not worse than the Ague, yea worse than the Plague itself. For Solomon speaketh not in vain, the Drunkenness hindereth all wisdom, which cannot be otherwise confirmed than that it maketh a man a fool; darkeneth it not the understanding? in feebleth it not the brains, the memory, & all the senses? bringeth it not more forgetfulness with it, than is perceived in young children? Behold only how the hands, the feet, the head, yea the whole body tremble and quake, how the sight is darkened, the tongue stammereth, and how that there is not one member of the body that is able to discharge his duty aright. Yea, say they, this sickness hath neither need of the Physicians nor Apothecary's counsel, make thereof as weighty a sickness as you can, it may be helped with a very pleasant medicine, that is, with a sweet sleep. Whereto I say and answer: Oh good drunkard, there followeth with the time some other thing thereof, to wit, that thereby the good complexion of your Liver is spoiled, so that it doth not engender any good blood, but other bad humours, whereby the Dropsy afterwards ensueth, or it doth so inflame the same with his sliminess, that the whole body will be filled with Cholera, that lastly spoileth and fireth the whole mass of blood, whereof then is caused fearfulness, frightings, speaking in the sleep, heavy dreams, the loss of all good colour, of natural seed, unfruitfulness, leprosy, and lastly, a madness itself. Item, the Palsy, lethargy, the falling sickness, and divers such cold diseases. Is there not provoked through this drunkenness a corruption of the stomach? the parbraking of slimy and gross humours? weakening of all the members? the gout? and to conclude, and untimely death? so that it hath been seen, that some in their drunkenness have remained dead. Who is it then that doth not take this drunkenness and swilling or gulling, for the most contagious, perilous, and sodainest sickness? Wherefore to help this extreme sickness, there is no certainer nor spéedier remedy, than Sobrietas, which is sobriety, and fasting or abstinence; and albeit that this receipt seem to be altogether bitter, sour and unpleasant for these Ale knights, yet notwithstanding it will expel the foresaid malady, it sharpeneth the understanding and wits, it maketh a good stomach, whereby good blood is engendered, & bringeth to the body none other but health. I conceal, that it strengtheneth the vital spirits of all healthy bodies, causeth godliness to serve their Creator, to seek his glory in holiness and righteousness, & to obey his commandments. Whereas then some have so weak a stomach, that they of necessity are constrained to drink Wine: notwithstanding are so feeble of brain, that how soberly soever they drink it, it disturbeth their heads and maketh them drunken. For this purpose may these things following be used: to wit, juice of Quinces, or raw Quinces well chewed, and the juice taken down: likewise the juice of Citrons, and Lemons, or of their sirupes, do hinder drunkenness: Hony is also much commended if it be taken after much drinking of wine; for thereby will the vapours of the wine be so driven downwards, that it cannot weaken the understanding nor the brains. Bitter Almonds confected, Conserves of Gilliflowers; after that you have drunken much, do prevent drunkenness. In the old time men did make a Garland of Saffron flowers and did wear it on their heads; the same virtue is ascribed to the blue Violets. And it is said that white Colewoorts cut into Salads and the same eaten, or the seeds thereof chewed in the mouth should hinder drunkenness: for the juice of Colewoorts, or the pith of the stalks doth stay the vapours of the wine from ascending into the head. The precious stone Amethyst should also preserve men from drunkenness. But for to defend and prevent all contagions that proceed of drunkenness, we will add some things more. First, he must be urged to vomit with Oxymel of Squils', with Radish seed, with a feather dipped in oil and put into the throat, and thereupon he must fast and sleep: and after he awaketh again, you must froth his members, to wit, his hands and feet, with warm water wherein is sodden Roses, Camomile, and a little salt, and tempered with some oil of Violets, whereby the vapours may be drawn downwards. Item, lay a cloth upon the head that is made wet with the juice of Cucumbers, Purslane, or in any of their waters: the patient must keep himself herein very sober, and use light meats, Colewoorts, Lentils, young Pullet's, and young Pigeons dressed with the juice of Lemons, and Pomegranates: the prepared and confected Coriander is also very good, and sleeping thereupon until that all the wine be digested, which may be seen by the concoction of the urine. It chanceth oftentimes that drunken folks have great thirst, which if it cometh not through the abundance of wine, then give them fair fountain water to drink, and sour fruits to eat. You have also an especial thing in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, and fourth §. which is good for drunkenness, and thirst after drunkenness. There is also a great difference in drunkenness, and that according to the nature of them that are drunken. He that is sanguine doth sing, dance, laugh, and is merry: he may be compared to children, that soon laugh, and for the most part know not why nor wherefore: and when as a long time they have been merry, then begin they to sleep till they have slept it out. The choleric man is in his drunkenness angry, raging, clamorous, addicted to fight, and will not be corrected nor admonished of any body, one cannot bring them to bed, they have much babbling, and are much bragging. The Phlegmatici, they will be weary, lazy, sleepy, and keep themselves quiet. The Melancholici are sorrowful, bewail sometimes their sins, their friend's disease, and that is the greatest imperfection of their drunkenness: they are therein like to the Apes, but in this they are all alike, that they stammer with their tongue, they réele, and tarry not by their right wits. How hurtful also drunkenness is, doth appear in many places of this our book of Physic, where we admonish all men to refrain it, and that not only of this unmeasurable drinking, whereof we now make mention, but also where all expert Physicians do forbid wine. And we will for a conclusion add this to the rest, that the Rape wine and Beer wine drunken after meat, doth make one more drunken and sleepy, than any other kind of Rhenish wine. And it is a common opinion that watered wine doth sooner infect the head, than pure wine. But this is to be understood of gross and thick wine, which by the putting to of a little water is the more subtler, whereby the vapour sooner fumeth into the head. You have also many remedies before in the first part, the first Chapter, and eight §. that are commodious for the pain of the head through drunkenness. The 20. Chapter. Of Frighting and Fear. LEt no man wonder that we speak of Frighting amongst other sicknesses: for it is not only found by experience, that through many sorts of distemperature of the blood many sundry sicknesses are provoked, but also a sudden death itself: whereof cometh not only the aforementioned, but also thereby is caused an inestimable fear and faintness of ●art, whereby they become most unfit for all worthy and knightly prowess, and are deprived of all counsel and endeavours. Of this faint heartedness and fear, the Philosophers do write, that the same for the most part do reign and dwell in the hart of such as are of a cold nature, which being suddenly and hastily set upon, their subtilest blood runneth with such a stream to the inward parts of the body, and towards the heart, that it seemeth, that the natural heat should be suffocated; whereby cometh such bleaknes and quaking, yea sometimes swonnings, debility of the sinews and muscles, that it makes frighted persons very feeble and weak, whereby also the motions of the muscles are so disturbed, that both ordure and urine slides from them, their teeth chatter for cold, they are thirsty, and the whole body shivering and shaking. For this are two principal and also certain remedies (even as Horatius saith) to wit, that one should build a wall of steel about him, that is, shall always have an upright conscience, that cannot accuse him of any misdealing. Secondly, that he fear God, and have righteousness always before his eyes: which medicines do so free men of all frighting, that (like as David saith) it will always go well with him: and know for certain, that God of his goodness hath with his holy Angels (as it were a strong tower) compassed him round about, whereby he will defend him. But the faintness of heart is also to be helped with natural medicines. Note therefore, that when the blood through frighting is stirred, and runneth towards the heart (as it indeed happeneth) then must of necessity the trembling and quaking follow after it: for which you have in the second part, the sixth Chapter, and seventh §. a very good Eldern water & many other things described. When a woman (with child especially) is frighted, then do some bid, that there should be taken a quarter of an ounce of clarified honey, and therewith some scraped Nutmeg, and so eat it all together. Wine moderately drunken, maketh the fearful and faint-hearted men, stout and courageous. And it is a common custom, if any be sore frighted, that he be admonished to make water, and if there be any that after such frighting can come hardly to himself, and fell into a swoon, then is he to use those things that strengthen the hart, for which there are many remedies described in the second part, the sixth Chapter, and first §. and also afterwards in the description of the heart. The 21. Chapter. Of Trembling. FOrasmuch as the trembling or quaking is a sign or token of fear, (yea for the most part is caused thereby) therefore it might be needful to write somewhat amply thereof: But we have made in the first Part, the twelfth Chapter, and twelfth §. a long discourse thereof, and therewith also showed, that this is a disease of the Brains. Also of the trembling and panting of the heart, hath been spoken at large in the second part, the sixth Chapter, from the third §. unto the sixth §. Wherefore I do suppose, that it were needless to discourse any further thereof at this present. The 22. Chapter. Of the impediments that come of Fals. INto what diseases men may fall, by false, stumblings, blows, pinches, and such like, is sufficiently known to all men: whereof we have also written in divers places, and especially in the second part, the fift Chapter, of the vomiting of blood: and also in the eightéenth §. of the clotted blood, where very good remedies are described, and therefore here are but a few declared. But if any be bruised much through a fall, then have the Chirurgeons a special experiment, that they speedily flay off the skin of a Wether, the which they must lay warm round about the bruised or wrenched member, and keep it warm, and this should help in one day. Brimstone sodden in strong wine, is also very good: In like manner powned Garlic tempered with Barrowes grease. Item, take Bran of Rye meal, the roots of Ebulus, of each a like quantity, seeth them together in a little Vinegar, and so bind it upon the wrenched or bruised part. There was once a child fallen out of his Cradle, who thereby had got a swelling on his arm; which was healed by anointing it with oil and salve of Roses. For this also do serve all golden and waters of life, principally if any swooning were at hand, the same waters drunken and laid upon the bruised member, and anointed doth heal. And if the dead Palsy or falling sickness join with it, then look into the first part, the twelfth Chapter, in the end of the thirteenth §. where are showed some good remedies commodious for this purpose. And if the joints be removed from their natural places, then read the description of the Crookebacke, in the second part, the fourth Chapter, and second §. In like manner also of the dislocation in the fourth part, the seventh Chapter, and first §. where very good remedies are described. The end of the sixth Part. The seventh Part of this Book speaketh of certain Poisons, and Venims, of Plants, Metals, and Beasts. THe miserable life of man is not subject to sicknesses and diseases enough, as well inwardly as outwardly, but there must be divers venomous things to hurt and annoy the same, which are almost among all creatures, and with such hurtful quality endued, that they bereave men of their lives, some sooner, and some later. But God of his goodness hath ordained innumerable and wholesome means for it, and that almost in the smallest creatures, as in Herbs, Roots, Earth's, and other: amongst which the simplest in sight have otherwhiles the most virtue to resist the strongest poison; preserving both man and beast from death, even as hereafter may be seen in many places, which ought to admonish us to praise and thank God almighty for our health, and to acknowledge him to be the fountain of all goodness. And to speak and treat thereof in this our Book of physic we purpose to rehearse them in this seventh Part, wherein shall be only admonished of such poisons as are known in Germany, and (as one may speak) are every day before our eyes. For what poisons are or may be found in the East, and in Aphrica, it were superfluous to speak of them at this present. We will part these poisons or venims into three kinds: whereof the first shall be the vegetables, as Herbs, Roots, Plants, Seeds, juices, and such like: the second sort are the venomous Metals: the third sort are certain Beasts, & whatsoever else cometh from them, whereby men are harmed: so that the sum of this seventh Part consisteth in two things. First, to know all the venims whereby heed may be taken to eschew them. Secondly, if it so chance that any one have taken any of them unwittingly, or were ministered unto him by another; how that one may help him, and show how that venom might be withstood, and how to extinguish his deadly quality. For it is very needful that every Physician or householder be provided with good remedies against all manner of venom, whereby he as soon as need requireth, may have somewhat in readiness that he may minister against the venom so taken. For in all such causes there serveth no delay; as there be but a few venomous beasts and other, which if they be not remedied out of hand, do so infect, that afterwards they remain irremediable, as we have also showed in other places. And therefore must we match and meet with these venomous and hurtful things, imitating the first rule, if any man be poisoned by meat or drink, then is a vomit the principallest remedy. Or if he have received any venom through thrusts or biting, then must you set cups or boxes with pricking thereon, scarifying or cauterizing the sound flesh about the wounds, and at the last if need be cut off the whole joint or member. And those thrusts and bits are to be cured by some iniection and application, so to hinder the violence and operation of the poison. The poison taken inwardly is subdued through tart and sharp wine, and other means: and lastly through purging, sweeting, and such like, as hereafter shall be taught. Regard is also to be had of the quality of the venom, and of the strength of them that have taken it; that the strongest poisons may be expelled with the strongest remedies: and the smallest venimes with mild medicines and remedies. Also regard must be had to the time of the year, and to the age of the poisoned person. This is now briefly prefixed for a Preface, we will now proceed to the remedies. The first Chapter. All those things that are good against Poison. ALl that by the learned may be used against poison, shall here be described and specified; and we will show and name those things that are well known, and easily gotten. For what may it profit us to counsel any man to take the gall of an Elephant, the blood of a Crocodile, and the Eggs of a Tortoise in the sea? First, Verivice (which is of himself good alone) or a syrup made thereof, is very good, for it withstandeth all Poison. The roots of Valerian, brown Betonie, and Rue, of each a dram, taken with wine, is also good against poison. Conserves of Gilliflowers and their wine are also good for the same: the Bevercod, the conserves and wine of Borage do also withstand poyon. In like manner also the juice and the syrup of Citrons, and all that is made thereof. Carduus Benedictus leaves are also marvelous good against all venom (it is said that Frederick the Emperor was the first that brought the same herb out of Gréece into Germany) for the juice, water, powder, and seed of it are all good against poison. Fennell seed is also much commended, Sealed earth (if it be right) is of all Physicians accounted for a noble medicine against all venom. Peucedanus and wild Radish are also much commended. Wine of Heart's tongue is also used for the same, albeit the ancient Physicians do make no mention thereof. The Conserves of Eldern flowers is also very good, and is accounted a conserve for the common people. The Conserves of Hyssop, and the wine of the same, doth also contend with venom. Nep, Coming, and Caraway, are more strong than the Fennel seed. Agaricus is good if a man will purge. Angelica is of all Physicians accounted good against all manner of venom, and recommended by the name Laserpitium. Eringus withstandeth all venom. The Oleander which the Greeks call Nerion and Rhododendron is also commended. The long Hartwoort is also good. Rue hath an especial efficacy against all poison: and in like manner the seeds of wild Rue; Rosemary is also praised of some: the learned writ not any thing thereof. Sagapenum and Serapinum is also accounted good for it. Wormwood, and all that is made of Wormwood is marvelous good against all venom. The compounded things that are commodious against all venom, shall hereafter follow. An exhortation for all those that are afraid to be poisoned. §. 2. AVncient Physicians were wont to have an old Proverb, and to say, that Venom is so proud that it dwelleth commonly in Gold and Silver: whereby they meant, that great personages that eat and drink out of gold and silver, are in greater danger to be poisoned, than the common people that do eat and drink out of earthen dishes; wherefore must such high personages that are afraid to be poisoned, diligently take heed of the meat and drink that they eat, and that are dressed of divers things. Also they must not take too much of all sweet, salt, and sour drinks; and they must not eat too eagerly nor too hastily, and they must at all times have great regard of the first taste of their meat and drink. But the most surest way is, that before the mealetide he take somewhat that may resist venom, as Figs, Rue, or Nuts: each by himself or tempered together. The Citrons, Rape seed, Nepe or any of those that are described before, the weight of a dram taken with wine, now one and then another, is very much commended. Sometimes also two Figs with a little Salt, than again Mithridate or Treacle, and such like more may he use before the mealetide. When any body perceiveth that he hath taken Poison. §. 3. But if one be sure and perceive, or certainly know that he hath taken poison, then must there be no long disputing what is to be done: for in case the one will be long a counseling what shall be done, then will the venom in the mean time infect his blood and other vital parts: whereby the party may be neglected, and afterwards also remain incurable. Therefore must the common means be used (as is said before) to provoke him to vomit & cast, and that through the taking of luke warm water tempered with Salad oil or with sweet Butter. There are here and there in this book divers remedies expressed, whereby vomiting is to be furthered, which may be used for this purpose, and you may seek for them in the Table. And as soon as the patiented hath vomited, then are you to cause him to have a lose and open body, which may soon be brought to pass with a strong Clyster, whreby the remaining sharpness of the venom, that might remain behind in the stomach, or in the bowels, might be driven out and expelled. The signs when one is poisoned. §. 4. ALbeit that the signs of those that be poisoned, and the nature of the Poison taken, or the biting of a venomous beast are divers (as shall hereafter be more at large declared:) nevertheless can it not be but good and requisite to comprehend them all under one. First they get a vehement pain in the stomach, in the belly, and in the bowels, pain of the Liver, the kidneys, and the bladder. Often they get a hoarseness, gnawing and biting, shivering, cold, dumbness, and convulsion of the sinews, feebleness of the pulse, the Lethargy, swimming of the head, darkness of sight, and a shortness of breath, yea that they seem to choke, great thirst, bleeding, lack of appetite, great heat, great feebleness of the face, loss of understanding, of might, and more such like symptoms; yet hereby cannot sufficiently be known the nature of the poison that hath been taken. For example, if any man hath taken Cantharideses (which are Spanish Flies) he getteth diseases in the tongue, in the stomach, and in the kidneys, the bladder is inflamed, he can scarcely make water, to wit, without infinite pain, blood, and great sharpness. The Caterpillars of the Fir tree called Buprestes, and the Salamandra, do also cause the foresaid accidents. Item, all those that have taken Opium do fall into a very deep sleep, or altogether into a malady, that is called Lethargus, to wit, the sleepy sickness, they get bleak spots, they wax sluggish, cold and stiff, and are deprived of all their senses. The like chanceth to them that have taken the juice of Mandragora, or the juice of Hemlock. The Henbane seed maketh men not only foolish and raging, but as it were mad, or as if they had taken Aconitum: they be not only choked that have taken Aconitum, but also those that do take Toadstooles, Ceruse, Gippes, and Ox blood: but (as it is said) we shall hereafter further discourse and admonish at large of this matter. Here we will most of all entreat of those poisons especially that grow, and whatsoever else proceedeth thereof, and add unto them their Latin and Greek names. The second Chapter. Of the venomous Plants and such like. THe Mandragora is not otherwise called in Latin nor in Greek, and is by good reason placed amongst the venims, for that by her nature which is cold in the third degree, it doth choke one: and when one taketh too much of the juice, then causeth it a sleep unto death. It is also very dry, yet may with discretion the weight of one dram be given thereof as need requireth: for the learned write, that if any man be too sore frighted or feared, so that he must be cut or burnt, then must there be given one drag. of this root unto him, and he shall then fall into so deep a sleep, that he shall three or four hours long remain unsensible, in which space the Chirurgeon have time enough to do their work. But what the Toothdrawers or Mountebanks do with this root of Mandragora, (making the people believe that they grow under the gallows of the urine of the hanged thieves, having the form of a man) is known to all men. Henbane is called of the Greeks' Hyoscyamus, and at the Apothecaries jusquiamus, which is almost as much to say, as hog's beans, and that by reason that this herb is a deadly poison for swine, if they be not presently well washed, and drink much, or do eat Crevets, which have a special operation against this poison. This Henbane is of three kinds: the one hath red flowers and black seed: the second hath yellow flowers and yellow seeds, and are both by their very cold nature venomous: the third hath white flowers and white seeds, and is also cold to the third degree, which of the Physicians is very aptly used in some causes: but if you cannot get the white, then take the yellow, and leave the black. You may make of the new seed a juice, which is dried in the sun, but it may not be kept above one year. When you have taken this juice, then will it make one frantic, and as he were drunken, but by certain medicines the same will quickly away. You must take therefore the milk of an Ass, or in stead thereof Goats milk or cows milk. Item, Honey water is very good for it, if he drink much thereof: when you are weary thereof then cease and then drink again afresh. Water wherein Figs were sodden, is also very good for his. Cucumber seeds or Pingles sodden in wine and so used, are good for this purpose. Item, wine that is somewhat salted, and tempered with Barrowes grease, is also not ill. Item, there is very commodious for it Nettle seed, Cicorie roots, white Mustard seed, Cresses, Radishes, Onions, or Garlic, any one of these taken with wine, and then afterwards the patiented laid to sleep, even as one that is drunken. Coriander is a known seed, called in Latin Coriandrum, and in Greek Corion, or Corianon. The learned have divers opinions of it, Dioscorides writeth, that it is cold, but Galenus and his followers do reject this opinion, and saith, that it is hot, or at least somewhat warming. And albeit this seed be somewhat venomous, yet may the same easily be corrected, to wit, when it hath been steeped in Vinegar, and is dried again, and then may it be used in many medicines as you may find every where, etc. Take prepared Coriander etc. The nature of his venom is, that when one eateth too much of this seed, or drinketh too much of the juice, then will the head be thereby so out of frame, as if a man were drunk: it maketh one hoarse, and as if he were dumb, or if he speak, yet are they but unreverent words. In fine, it is not without great danger: for it hath been often found, that after the taking of the juice death hath followed, therefore it is good counsel, that you use of this a little, and but seldom: yea some will correct the Physicians that daily use this seed for strengthening of the head, by reason that it is much contrary to the head, and noisome. Now to take away the venom of this seed, you are first to cause the patiented to vomit, and that with oil called Irinum, or in stead thereof, with oil of Olives, both of them taken with the warm decoction of Wormwood. Also you may fry an Eglantine or two in this oil, and mix it with pickle of salt fish, and so drink it, or the pickle alone, well salted Henbroth or Goose-broth. In like sort sodden wine mingled with ley, are very good for it. Nardus seeds or Nigella seeds, called in Greek Melanthion, and in latin Nigella, by reason of his blackness. There are four kinds of it, two black, the which (by reason of their pleasant smell) are planted in the gardens: another which groweth of himself in the fields: the fourth sort is yellowish, and hath no difference from the black kinds. The nature of them all is hot and dry, which maketh them venomous, when one taketh too much thereof he is in danger of death. And herein is a wondrous work of nature, that contrariwise it resisteth poison, and in old time (by reason of his pleasantness) was baked in bread. For what diseases then this seed is good, that is showed and taught in more other places. Milk thistle. This root the Greeks call Chamaeleonta, for that the leaves do alter their colour after divers sorts, according to the nature of the ground, now black, and then green, now blue, and then yellow, and into divers other colours: In latin this herb is called Carduus Suarius, that is, Sowthistle, for that it killeth hogs if they eat this herb mingled with Barley meal. In like manner it killeth Rats and Mice if they eat thereof and drink not thereafter immediately. The Apothecaries call this herb Cardopatium. Because that this is hurtful to the said beasts, therefore cannot it be but hurtful to men if they eat too much thereof. And the same is manifested by his nature, for that it is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third: yet this root is often used for many things, and highly commended, and that most of all against the venom of the Plague. There are two sorts, black and white Milkethistle, both of one nature: notwithstanding there is here to be noted, that the black is to be used only outwardly. The Yewtrée do the Greeks' call Smilax, and the Latinist's Taxus. This tree is well known, he groweth prosperously in cold and shadowy places, for such is his nature. That he is placed amongst the venims, is not without cause: for it hath been tried, that if bottles be made of it, and the wine kept therein a certain time, it killeth a man. In like manner doth the fruit of the same tree which groweth in Spain. Moreover it is said, that whosoever sleepeth under the shadow of this tree, or upon the leaves, and specially upon his blossoms, must die, for that the whole body will be thereby overcooled, that a man must die suddenly. His leaves are not hurtful for the wild beasts, but only for such beasts as do not chew their cud, as the swine, Horses, Asses, etc. they are killed with it. It is said also, that if a copper nail be struck into his stem or body, then will his venom vanish away. His smoke should kill Mice. And his venom will also be taken away by the same means that hereafter is prescribed against the venom of Hemlock, where you may seek and find the same. Wild Cucumbers and their juice Elaterium, whereof is so many times admonished that men must deal with it warily, and use but a very little at one time, except it be in grievous sicknesses, as the Dropsy, and such like: the Greeks do call this herb Sicyagrion, which is wild Cucumbers, for that the same are like to the tame Cucumbers. When these wild Cucumbers are ripe, and softly handled or wrong, then break they open, wherefore you must look to your eyes, for they are hurtful. In Latin it is called Cucumis Anguinus, Syluestris and Erraticus. The Apopothecaries and common people call it a wild Cucumber. His juice is Elaterium: it is made as well of the roots as of the leaves: but it is not so forcible as that which is made of the fruit. Of all medicines, there is none that continueth longer good than the same, for Theophrastus writeth, that it hath been found good and forcible 200. years, & it ought not be used until it be three years old: it is hot and dry by nature, for which cause Dioscorides doth place it amongst poisons. It is so vehement, that when a woman useth it in pessaries it killeth the fruit. But we have written of it also in the Introduction. Fleawort. The Greeks do call the seed of this herb Psyllium, the Latinists Pulicariam, by reason that the seed is like to Fleas, or that it hindereth the breeding of such vermin: The Apothecaries do keep both the Latin & Greek names. It is (as some say) cold in the second degree, & is measurably dry and moist. Others do ascribe great cold unto it, wherewith this following doth agree. Albeit this seed be commodiously used, as many places of this book may witness, yet hath it nevertheless his venom, to wit, when one useth too much thereof, for that it maketh the whole body cold, sluggish, feeble and unapt. Against this may be used that which is prescribed for Coriander. Crowfoote, the Greeks do call Batrachion, the Latinists Ranunculum, that is Frogwort, either because it willingly groweth (as Frogs do) in moist places, or for that the Frogs gladly hide themselves under it. Some call this herb Flammulam, by reason of his burning nature; for being applied green, it doth not only excoriate the place with pain, but also if the flowers lie long thereon, it maketh a hard escarre: The beggars have learned this so well, that therewith they open their legs, and make them sore, that they are loathsome to behold, to the end that thereby they may get the greater alms. As much as appertaineth to the venom of this herb, it is by nature hot and dry, so that it burneth not only the outward parts, but also the inward parts, when it is taken inward. The root dried provoketh néesing: if one hold it a good while at a tooth, it drieth so much that it falleth to pieces. Api●strum, which the Apothecaries do call Apium risus, is also of the same nature. We call it water Crowfoote: it is with us very sharp, but much sharper and more venomous in the Island Sardinia. All that eat thereof are deprived of their understanding, the sinews of their mouth and lips are so mightily convulsed that the patiented seemeth always to laugh, when nevertheless he dieth: whereof that vulgar proverb is sprung, Sardinius risus, which is, Sardinians laughing, that is as much as when one laugheth where he had more need to weep. Now to cure this venom, you are to give to the harmed abundance of honey water and milk to drink, and anoint the body with some warming salve, or to put the patiented into a bath of warm water, among which oil is tempered; and in fine to use all things for this purpose that is to be used for the cramp and convulsion of the sinews. Nightshade do the Greeks' call Strichinos or Trichnos, and the Latinists Solanum, the which name the Apothecaries have turned into Solatrum. Hereof are four kinds described by the learned, whereof the first is garden Nightshade, which may be eaten amongst other pot herbs. The second sort are the winter Cherries, whereof we will not write any thing. The third sort provoketh sleep. The fourth sort maketh men mad and out of their wits, wherefore it is called in low Dutch, Dulcryut, that is, Maddingwort. The Nightshade that provoketh sleep, is cold in the third degree, like to Opium, whereof we will speak shortly, but it is not altogether so cold: and albeit that sometimes the root of this herb is taken for the dropsy, yet notwithstanding shall the same be forborn; for it hath often happened, that when one hath taken too many of the berries that he thereby is become raging and mad, yea so stiff over all his body, as though all his joints were dislocated. This stiffness accustometh commonly to endure three days, so that some deceivers accustom to use the same to bring men into a misbeléefe, as Pliny writeth. If one take the weight of a dram of this root, it maketh a man lusty, friendly, and causeth wonderful fantasies, so that they seem to be foolish, and to have forgot all shamefastness. And such as take two drams thereof, they will be wholly mad & raging: and if one take half an ounce, then will death follow; for the said Pliny writeth, that the Greeks with such like merriments have played the fools: whereby may easily be noted, that these two species of Nightshade ought not to be used for any medicine inwardly. And this foresaid making mad is none other than that the Greeks call Doryonion, which was used in old time for the poisoning of arrows. The taste of this herb is like milk, it provoketh hoarseness, it hurteth the tongue by his moisture, it expelleth blood by vomit, driveth out matter and filth by stool, even as they that have the red or bloody flux. Thus before those and such like accidents do appear, you may use these remedies following, to wit, that the patiented take much Honey water, wherein Violets are sodden, and then vomit it out again. In like manner are you to use the milk of an Ass, goats milk, or new warm wine, wherein Annis seed is tempered, or wherewith bitter Almonds are mingled. The water wherein Mussels, Crabs, and such like are sodden, is very commodious to be drunken for it, yea Mussels themselves eaten raw, and likewise clysters: and in fine, all that may draw the venom out of the body. Nesingwort is of two sorts, to wit, white and black Néeseworts: the Greeks call it Elleborus, and the Latinists veratrum nigrum, whereof we have at large discoursed in the Introduction. We take this herbs name of the operation, because it urgeth néesing. The ancient Physicians make much a do with it, and committed many follies by it. Both these roots are in use, yet it is with them as with other things, that whosoever taketh thereof too much it is poison, and bringeth him into the peril of death. These roots are hereby known to be venomous, when as they are digged up, & that the vapour of them riseth into the face of the digger, that thereby he hath great pain in the head, & swelleth much: wherefore it must be digged up speedily, and the digger ought to stand with his back to the wind, & to eat some Garlic before, and then drink a good draft of wine after it. Black Néesingwort killeth horses, oxen, and swine, and purgeth downwards. White Néesingwort is not so hurtful for cattle, and purgeth upwards. The physicians specially forbidden that none of these roots shall be used in women, old folks, nor children, nor in them that have a short breath. Poppy heads, and the juice of them, called Opium, the which is known with us very well, is called of the Greeks Mecon, and of the Latinists Papaver. Some of them have red flowers, which are Corneroses, the which if one plant, they bear white, grey, and black seeds, of which the white are the best, and the black the worst. All their natures are cold until the fourth degree, therefore not only the seed, but also the whole herb provoketh sleep. There is also a yellow sort, but the same is hot and dry by nature. And by reason of the extreme cold, is this herb numbered amongst venoms, not (if it be measurably used) that it bringeth any hurt with it, for that the seed thereof is baked in bread, but only when one taketh too much thereof, and that chief of the black, which is much stronger than the white, in provoking sleep, for thereby is the sleepy sickness Lethargus caused. And of this black Poppy seed, or of these heads (the which grow not in this country, but elsewhere) is the juice made, dried, and afterwards is called Opium, which is used in many places of this book. But if you are to use it inwardly, then must it (as we have often admonished) be warily taken in hand: for if there be too much thereof given at once, then doth it cause a man to sleep so long till he die: Therefore there are a number of ancient physicians that affirm that none ought to be used little or much of it, to wit, inwardly; but to leave and refuse it as a very hurtful poison. But if it happen that any have taken thereof too much, then are you to give unto him salt with Oxymel to drink, even as is to be done when any body is poisoned with Toadstooles. Toadstooles, do the Greeks call Mycites, the Latinists Fungi: whereof are many kinds, and some when they are dressed cannot hurt, yet at all times give no good nourishment, for that they are hard of digestion, and are avoided downwards, as they were taken. In fine, all learned men agree in this point, that some through a secret nature, and other through their quantity, do kill one no otherwise than as if they were strangled with a cord or rope. Wherefore it is rather a bravery, and an intolerable lickerishnesse of them that eat the same, and put their health in danger, than any part of wisdom. Do not we read of the Emperor Claudius, & of whole families, that meeting together at banquets, and eating of the Toadstooles, have died instantly? We speak not here of those that eat the same moderately, and only for pleasure, and yet that they do no great good to those that use them: for they augment the choleric humours, and inflame all other bad humours of the body. One may know them hereby, that in dressing they wax hard: they also got a venomous nature if they grow about rusty iron, or any foul thing. Item, by any venomous beasts, as Adders, Snakes, Toads, and such like, when they have their holes thereabout, and so infect the same. Wherefore it is to be well noted, that when any have taken thereof, and find any hindrance of the breath, or otherwise find himself ill at ease, that then the patient must immediately be caused to vomit, whereby the poison may be cast up; which may be done by the taking of the pickle of fish and lay mingled together, or by the decoction of Marierom and Hyssop. The force of this venom may also be allayed by Hen's dung taken with vinegar. Esula, all the venomous herbs that give milk, are seven in number, described by the ancient physicians, and all of them are called of the Greeks by one name, Tithymalon, and of the Latinists Herbae lactariae, as milk herbs, the Apothecaries call it Esula: of these herbs there are some species unknown, wherefore we will not waste much time in describing them: all together (yet the one more than the other) are hot in the fourth degree, and dry above measure; so that if one break a sprig thereof, and holdeth the same to his tongue the space of many hours, he cannot be rid of the burning. Also if you lay the powned herb on the whole skin, then beginneth the same forthwith to inflame and burn, so that it seemeth that a coal of fire lieth thereon. In like manner also doth this root manifest his venom first in the digging up, whereby the digger and also the preparer are to expect more danger than hath been told of Néesingwort, and by reason of her great venom, is this root but seldom used by famous physicians for the purging of superfluous Cholera and Melancholia, even as you may see in some places of this book: but how a man shall prepare this root, that have you before in the Introduction. The herb Wolfsbane, and specially the root, is of the ancient physicians and Poets accounted the most venomous plant; so that when they will once talk of poison, they call it Aconiton, with which name the Greeks and the Latinists call Wolfsbane, which is of two sorts, whereof the one is called Pardalianches, for that it choketh the Panthers, and hath a root, that at the end is like the tail of a Scorpion, which is called of the Apothecaries vua versa or Lupina. The other sort is called of the Greeks Lycoctonon, which is Wolfsbane, for that specially more than any other beasts it straightway strangleth the Wollfe, notwithstanding that it also killeth the Foxes, Swine, and all other wild beasts, if the powder of this root be strewed upon any thing that they come to eat. In fine, of all venoms there is none that sooner killeth and taketh out of the world, and that not only when one taketh it inwardly, but also if one touch it: For if one touch any she cattle therewith about their members, then must they die the same day. His nature is to corrode continually inward, and maketh the parts that it toucheth stinking. Both of these sorts grow much in Germany in the valleys and on high hills. And verily there is another wonder of nature with it, to wit, that this venom most mightily withstandeth all other venoms: As for example, when one taketh this Wolfesbane or Monkeshood, then must he expect none other than present death, unless there be another poison before in the same body, as if one were stung before by a Scorpion. Wolfesbane finding another poison in a man's body, opposeth itself against it after a most vehement manner, and expelleth it, yea and combateth against it no otherwise but as a warrior that omitteth all other things, and setteth only upon his enemy, in which strife they remain both slain, and the man retaineth his life. As soon as one hath received this poison of Wolves bane, there cometh a swimming upon him; chief if he would arise his eyes will run, he feeleth great anguish in the breast, and in all inward parts: his breath will be short and grievous, therefore it is needful that you endeavour to expel this poison by vomits and Clysters. First, there is good for it sodden Marierom, Rue, Horehound, Wormwood, and Wormwood wine, Houseleek, Southernewood, Milk thistle, wild Cypress, and more such like. In like manner also the right Balsam, if you give it with the weight of one dram with honey, or with milk, Bevercod, pepper, and Rue, of each one scruple, may be taken with wine for this purpose. Also the rennet of a young Kid, of a young hare, or young Roebuck drunken with vinegar, is also very good. The wine wherein a piece of glowing gold, a piece of silver, or a glowing iron is quenched, is also highly commended for it. Or ley and wine, wherein a hen is sodden. Fresh broth made with Beef, mingled with wine and drunken. The herb of wild Cypress is also very requisite for it. Hemlock is well known every where, and is called of the Greeks Conion, of the Latinists and Apothecaries Cicuta, but by us it is called Hemlock. It killeth men, and that very extremely, if any one take of his juice. It is a very cold herb, and therefore very venomous. With this herb have the Athenians gotten the name of Tyrants, for that therewith amongst many other they murdered Socrates. Against this poison it is very good that one do drink much strong wine, and that betimes, before the poison passeth to the parts of life. It is also taken to be certain and sure, that if his juice be tempered with wine and drunk, that there is no counsel nor help to be expected against it. Outwardly the Hemlock is to be used in some accidents with advantage, as hath been showed in divers places of this book. All they that receive of this poison, their head seemeth to run round, and their sight so darkened, that at last they can see no more, they wax hoarse, they lose their understanding, the outward parts wax cold, and are convulsed as if they had the Cramp, the pulse will be still, the breath tarrieth behind, and they die miserably. Wherefore (as in all other venoms) the patiented is straightway to be made to cast and vomit, to minister Clysters, and continually ply him with wine, giving him Asses milk, Cow milk, Wormwood, and pepper, tempered with wine and Rue. Item, juice of Mints tempered with wine, is here much commended. In like manner also Ameos, Cardamome, or Storax, the weight of half an ounce, Pepper with Nettle seed, and Bayberries drunk with wine. Item, Vine evict excessively drunken, and vomited up again, is against this sort of poison much commended. Dog's bane is called of the Greeks Ephemeron, for that it killeth a man in one day. And that we may make difference of this root from such as are not venomous, namely from the Liriconfansie, we will add Colchi●on with it, by reason of the country where it groweth in great abundance, and most venomous: the Latinists call the same Bulbum agrestem, and the Apothecaries Hermodactylum. They grow almost in all meadows in Germany, and are sweet in the mouth, whereby the ignorant (by reason of their pleasant taste) may be easily deceived, and alured to eat thereof, whereby they are in danger of death: for as soon as they come into the stomach, by and by they feel a burning & a pain over all the whole body, as if they had been burnt with Nettles, they feel also a gnawing in the bowels, the stomach will be hot and oppressed, and in time there cometh a lask after it, so that the scrape of the bowels and blood doth follow, and lastly death itself. For this are all remedies good that are prescribed against the venom of toadstooles, to wit, vomiting and clysters. It is good before the venom get the mastery to drink water wherein is sodden Oaken buds, Acorns, Pomegranate péeles, or wild Thime, and is mingled with milk. Item, you may also use one of these juices following, as the juice of Cicorie, of Blackberry leaf, of Myrtles tempered with wine, the inward péeles of Chestnuts powdered and mingled amongst it is also very good. In like manner it is especial good to drink Marierom with Lie. And above all things, there is nothing better than Cow milk, or the milk of a Buffell drunken in great abundance, and held in the mouth: for if one have such milk, it is no counsel to seek any further for any other things. The third Chapter. Of the venomous Metals, and such like. AS we have spoken in the description of the foresaid venomous plants only of such as are well known in this country, so we will here treat of certain metals, and of all that cometh thereof, and teach also thereby when any body is poisoned therewith, how that venom is to be resisted. Ceruse, the Latinists call it Cerussam, and is taught by Dioscorides that the same is made of lead by the vapour of the vinegar. This art was found long ago, but now at this time it is made more easy. The Ceruse taken inwardly, is deadly. Through the taking in of Ceruse followeth hoarseness, cough, drought of the tongue, coldness in the outward parts, loss of understanding, and the members will be thereby weary, sluggish, and feebled. These accidents are to be helped by these means following, as with honey water, with sodden Violets, or Mallows water, with warm milk, with beaten seed of Sesamum sodden in wine, with Lie that is made of Vine ashes, with oil of Marierom, or with Oleo Irino, or with water wherein Peach kernels are sodden, Pigeons eggs with Frankincense, sodden Barley and Prunes: you may give any of these things which you will, and as often as you will, and cast them out again. In like manner there is good for this Scammonea sodden with Honey water. Gips is very like unto Chalk, for it is made of many stones by calcination, and also digged out of the earth. His nature is, that when it is made soft with water, it is immediately altered again into a hard stone: the same doth it also in the body of man, whereby it strangleth presently: wherefore all that is prescribed against the venom of the toadstooles, is also good for this. Item, oil that is sodden with Mallows in stead of water, by reason that it is fat, provoketh a slippery passage for vomiting, and hindereth also the exulceration of the passages. Likewise there is also good the oil of honey water, or dry figs sodden therein and so drunken. The lie which is made with the ashes of the Fig tree is marvelous good for it: or in the place thereof you may take the ashes of Oaken wood, and eat Figs. Also you may use the ashes of the Vine, and temper the same with wine, and drink much thereof, and then cast it or vomit it out again. Lime and Gips are very like one to another, and they match one another with their venom. The red mine, whereby some do understand the red lead, and some sinople, or mine of the quicksilver, Sandaraca, Auripigmentum, which is Orpiment, they are for the most part all of one nature, that they torment the entrails with an intolerable pain; and in case that there be no remedy had for the same in time, then doth it kill him. We will also add to the former the yellow, red, and white Ratsbane or Arsenicum. For this is commodious all that expelleth venom, abateth his sharpness, and looketh the belly, whereof there is much written before. The juice of Hollihockes and of Mallows is special good for it, by reason that they are both of them mollifying. For this also you are to give him a potion wherein Linséed and Rice are sodden, or Milk tempered with Hony water must he drink unmeasurably. In like manner also all fat flesh broth. Quicksilver is called in Greek Hydrargyron, which is Water silver, and in Latin Argentum viwm: we call it in this country Quicksilver, and is of Pliny called a venom exceeding all other venoms. It doth also manifest the same in man's body, not only taken inwardly, but also anointed over the outside. That it is such a poison not only of the blood, but also of the venomous pocks, and of other maladies more, as you may see and read before in divers places of this book. Some do say, if one drink it, it presently runneth though the body: but if any such thing happen, yet notwithstanding there remaineth somewhat thereof behind in the body that doth hurt the same and the entrails. For the remedy of this poison, one must drink much milk, and then vomit it up again: or in steed thereof Wormwood wine, or water wherein Smallage, the seeds of Clary, and Marierom, or Isop are sodden. For this is also very requisite small filled gold, which doth draw the Quicksilver unto it in a wonderful manner, as by experience may daily be seen at the goldsmiths and other, how quickly it cleaveth to the gold, and when it is warm, it mingleth itself with the gold, where nevertheless all other things that are cast upon it are expelled from it, and swim on the top of it, and letteth them not fall to the bottom. There may also be well used against the venom of Quicksilver all that standeth written against the lethargy of gold. Further, it is well known to all the world that there is no stronger venom than the Mercurius sublimatus, like as all Chirurgeons and Pockmasters do find by experience, when as they do use the same in any ulcer. How one shall prepare the lethargy of silver, Pliny doth teach the same diversly, we will here admonish of his poison: when the same is drunken, then doth it make in the body, & in all the entrails, not only an anguish, but also an extreme pricking & pain, it pierceth the inward parts, by his weight it stayeth urine, it swelleth the body, and procureth a leaden colour. When as the patiented hath vomited exceedingly, then are you to give him wine to drink with the seeds of Clary sodden in it, Myrrh, wormwood, Isop, seeds of smallage, pepper, Ligustrum, or dried pigeons dung The fourth Chapter. Of the venoms that come of Beasts. WHat great commodities Almighty God hath given unto us in Beasts, is sufficiently known unto all the world, and the same is to be seen in the foresaid parts of this book, and in divers medicines. For behold, what is more base and less esteemed than the Earthwormes that breed in the stinking dunghills, and also live therein, nevertheless they are used in grievous sicknesses both inwardly and outwardly with great good. The venomous Scorpions and Vipers are wholesome medicines against venom and other diseases, and yet more such like, whereof one might write whole books, as the books of all Physicians and Philosophers do testify; yea it hath been found oftentimes that the ordure of some beasts hath helped in deadly sicknesses. But to the contrary, there are four little beasts not fearful but hurtful, against which hurts and harms there are here very good remedies taught to defend & preserve one from them. For what is a more friendlier beast towards men than the Dog? What beast is more obedient, and can be less without the company of men? Yet it is not unknown to all men how hurtful and perilous the biting of a mad dog is; for if there be not presently very good remedies used against it, then will the same man be mad also, and all other men that shall be bitten by the said mad man. Wherefore we will in this fourth Chapter speak of certain venomous beasts and worms, whereof we by the grace of God (in regard of the South countries) have but a few in Germany. Wherefore we will omit Basiliscus, Amphisibaena, Cerastes, Dipsades, and such like venomous beasts more, which are to be found only in Africa, and admonish of those that are known of us, and add unto them the remedies that are requisite against their venom. The first are the Aunts or Pismires, which truly are provident and laborious little beasts, whereof we will not here describe the nature, but will discourse so much as serveth to our purpose. Then it is found, that men through their pissing feel in their skin, the which is more greater than is the stinging of Nettles, for the place thereof swelleth. They annoy also thereby all herbs and trees. And for to drive away the same from thence, you are to take Cowdung, and temper it with vinegar, and therewith anoint the body of the tree, or take Pitch or Rosin for it. They shun also the smoke of Brimstone, and the fume of Marierom in such sort, that thereby they forsake their holes. Some affirm the same also of Cicorie, or (that is better to be believed) of Esula, which herbs and the smoke of the sulphur doth not only hunt them away, but also killeth them. These Aunts and their eggs are also used in physic. When as any man is stung of Bees, Wasps, or Hornets, then doth he not only complain of great pain and heat, but also of great swelling of the place where he is stung, whereto you may use this following most commodiously: Make a plaster of linseed meal and salt tempered with vinegar: or stamp Hollihocke leaves and lay them moist thereon. You may also do the same with the flowers of Balm. The same doth wild and tame Rue, the milk of new Figs, salt fish, and the pickle of the same. Item, sea water, when the place is often moistened therewith. Take Treacle or Mithridate as big as a hemp seed, and anoint it thereon, or if you have nothing else, then take the moist earth out of the garden, and anoint it therewith. It is said, that if one be once bitten of a scorpion, that then never afterwards neither be nor Wasp will bite him. The same is also written of the worms that grow on Coleworts, when they are tempered with oil, and anointed therewith. This is also worthy to be thought upon, that when one beareth any odoriferous things, that then the Bees are the readier and gréedier to sting the same party than otherwise. Although that there be no Cantharideses or Spanish flies in Germany, yet are they common at all Apothecaries. They are also very much used of the chirurgeons, and of other, as may be seen before in many places: but by reason that some most unprovidently take the same in hand, and also will use them inwardly, therefore cannot I conceal their poison. These Spanish flies breed of the Caterpillars or little worms of the Fig tree, Pear tree, Fir tree, and Rose tree, etc. and when one drinketh them, then follow there afterwards all manner of painful symptoms, for that one may feel from the mouth even to the neck of the bladder a sharpness and great exulceration: and he supposeth that he always smelleth pitch, the right side swelleth inwardly, the urine will hardly void, and passeth away with blood, and in going to the stool there avoideth the scrape of the bowels, like to them that have the bloody flux. They lie in great smart, are also feeble and impotent. The head swimmeth so much, that otherwhiles they fall to the earth, until at the very last they are bereft of their understanding. And to remedy these grievous accidents, there must be given to the patiented Salad oil or some such thing to drink for to bring him to vomit: and when this is done, then are you to minister unto him a clyster that is sodden with Rice, Hollihocke roots, Fenegréeke, Linseed, Mallows, and such like. If one may get the right Nitrum, then is it very commodiously used with Oxymel (our saltpeter is not the right Nitrum) whereby the rest that remain sticking in the stomach and in the bowels might be washed off and expelled. Afterward you are to give him wine and sodden Must to drink, wherein is sodden Pingles or Cucumber seed. This may also be effected with milk or honey water: and in like manner also Goosegrease and sodden wine. There is a pap of Barley meal to be laid upon the swollen place, made with honey water. It is also to be noted, that at the first there must no plaster be laid thereon, for that will do more hurt than good. When all hath been done that is abovesaid, then are you to anoint the body with oils that be warm by nature, and then to bathe after it, so that thereby all that may hurt the body might be drawn out. You must also see that the patiented have always a lose body. He may eat Cockerels, young Bucks or Kids, and Swine's flesh that is very fat: And he shall also seethe linseed with it, for that mollifieth and dampeth the eagerness of the poison. He shall drink excessively sweet wine. The rinds of Frankincense and sealed earth, the one or the other, the weight of a quarter of an ounce taken with Must, is also much commended. Item, there is good for it the decoction of Penniroyall. Item, Orage, stamped Rue, and the juice of the same drunken with wine. In like manner also Cow milk that is described in the third part, the twelfth chapter, and 11. §. beginning thus, Take Gentian, etc. But above all these are the Antidota good, as also both the Treacles, the Mithridate, Alexipharmacon, and such like. It happeneth also oftentimes, that the people that travel through the country do unawares drink an horseleech, which according to the old wont without interceasing sucketh blood within the body: but if it remain hanging within the throat, thou may it be seen. But when this happeneth, then must good heed be taken that you venture not to get it out with any tongs or other things, for that commonly they leave their teeth sticking in the flesh, whereby afterwards grow grievous impostumes, and it booteth not thereto that they be cut off, they leave not therefore their sucking: and if they fall deeper into the body, and come to hang at the mouth of the stomach, that is easy to be known by their drawing. Thus for to cure this accident, he is to drink pickle of fish, or any other salt water, holding it in the mouth, and to gargarize therewith. Item, Angelica sodden with Béetes. Further, take Rue, seeth it in vinegar, and drink it, or hold it in the mouth, according to the place where the worm is fastened. Or take Vinegar that is heated with a glowing iron, melt butter therein, and give the patiented to drink of this vinegar. For this is also very good the meal of Lupins tempered with water, and the same holden in the mouth. The Woodlice are a filthy stinking vermin, nevertheless they are said to be good against all venom, which if they be burnt, and the fume of them received, they cause the Horseleeches to fall off. The Flea is a vile troublesome and blood thirsty little beast, which vexeth both man and beast: To drive them away or to kill them, there is no fit means than that you keep the chamber always very cleanly, sprinkle it with water, and sweep out the same clean, for that they do grow of dry dust. Item, you may also use these things following: Seeth Coriander in water, and therewith besprinkle the chamber, and also let the linen be washed therein. This same driveth also louse away: yet note that of late was written of the Coriander, that thereby the head take no hurt. Item, take Coriander, wild Thyme, seed of Tribulus aquaticus, and Eldern leaves, seeth them in water enough, and besprinkle the chamber therewith: this driveth away and killeth the fleas. The same virtue is ascribed to the smoke of Penniroyall, and the powder of Rue strewed in the chamber: and all those things that may be used for Lice and Wood-lice. The Italians and other nations more have a mind to eat Frogs, which other nations do abhor: but we will dissuade all the world from them, and specially such as breed in stinking ponds and waters, and are done, which are not like the right frogs, for they provoke a swelling of the whole body, with a bleak and yellow colour, like unto the Holly tree: thereupon followeth a short stinking heavy breath, hoarseness, and effluxion of the natural seed. Now then for to remedy this mischance, you must let the patiented vomit mightily, and drink over much wine. For this also may you give him of the Cipers' root beaten a quarter of an ounce. Further you are then to admonish the patiented that he endeavour himself mightily to run, and walk much, or take some other exercise in hand, thereby to sharpen the body: and he shall bathe every day. We have said before, that there is no more perilous venom than that of a mad dog. And concerning the madness of a dog, it is most perilous in hot times: as when the Sun entereth into Leo, to wit, in the months of july and August; which thirty days we do not only call the dog days of the Dog star, but also for that dogs in those days are most inclined to madness, and then hurt men most of all: wherefore the hunters during these thirty days ought to give to their hounds meat tempered with hen's dung. This madness ceaseth also of itself when it beginneth to freeze, and that but seldom. The signs of a mad dog are these; he will neither eat nor drink, and he foameth at the mouth and nose, beholdeth every one overthwartly, and with a heavy look, and biteth as well men as beasts. If a man be bitten by him, then is there at the first no other accident perceived, but only that the wound cleanseth itself, and is very painful. Afterwards there followeth thereby a marvelous extremity, which the Greeks do call Hydrophobos, which is the fear and fright of the water, which oftentimes in the dogs and in men is so forcible, that they come out of their wits. Notwithstanding that they fear most of all the water, yet nevertheless they throw themselves into it and drown themselves. This fear of the water they get not all at one prefixed time, but they get chief the same (that neglect the bit most) about the fortieth day, some after the sixth month, yea some also very well a year afterwards. The ancient Physicians do write that this franticness of the biting of mad dogs hath manifested itself seven years after that they first were hurt by them. They that are infected with this disease, do also get a convulsion in all the sinews of the whole body, and chief of the face, it will be red, and thereby cometh a great sweat, and extreme feebleness. Some can abide no light, and others are vexed with an intolerable headache, many howl like Dogs, and bite all others that they can come by, who will be afterwards as mad as they. The ancient Physicians writ also that they be very few that do recover. Yet for this hath been found many wholesome remedies, whereof we shall speak hereafter. There are two kinds of means: the one common, which is good against all bitings and stingings of all venomous beasts: the second, that is, good alone against all biting of mad dogs, if one do but presently put it in practice. But if it be deferred too long, it is used in vain. First, there are some things that a body must provide to have always in a readiness, that the same may immediately be adhibited. Take for this Crevets, and burn them with as much of the roots of bryony to ashes; then powne them small and preserve them. Secondly, have always in a readiness some small beaten roots of Gentian: and then if there be any bitten, cast in twelve ounces of strong wine, two spoonfuls of the ashes of Crevets, and a spoonful of the foresaid roots, and then drink this at four times, to wit, in the morning early. Item, for this is also commended the shells of the Lobster if they be powdered in drink. Item, one other more that is made of Crevets, and is very like to the former, to wit, as hereafter followeth. Take Crduets that are taken in july and August, burn them alive to powder in a luted pot, and then give the powder in drink with Treacle, to wit, one dram and a half with water of Scabious. Take also two or three drams of this powder, and drink it certain days together with the water of fumitory. Another: Take Gentian, and Myrrh, of each one dram, Ashes of Crabs a quarter of an ounce, give thereof every morning with wine: or if the patiented be full of heat, then take fountain water in stead of wine. Item, the juice of Balm is also very good for this; or to beat the leaves to powder and drunken with wine. In like manner one may also twice a week take a dram in weight of the great Treacle, or of the Treacle Diatessaron, be it with Wine or any other distilled water. You have also in the sixth Part, the fifteenth Chapter, and twelfth §. a water of the great Burr, which is also wonderful good against the biting of a mad dog. Now a days is much commended (and that by experience) the juice of Quinces if one take thereof once a day three or four ounces, that the same will marvelously preserve one from this venom. And now to preserve this juice, you must let it seethe so long by a mild fire till that the scum is separated and taken away; than you may preserve it in a glass with a narrow mouth, and power thereto a little Salad oil: it is also good for all other venimes. It is also written that clarified Honey taken daily should preserve one that he cannot be annoyed with the biting of mad dogs. In like manner if one eat the liver of the same made dog, that the same should preserve the bitten person from all symptoms. The wild Roses powdered and drunken, are also found very good for it. Besides all these foresaid remedies, one may use things that cleanse the infected blood, which one may do with these medicines following, if the same be drunken fourteen days together: Take syrup of fumitory, of sweet Apples, and Pomegranates, of each half an ounce, water of fumitory, bugloss, and Cicorie of each one ounce; mingle them together and drink it fasting. Afterwards use this purgation: take new Cassie three quarters of an ounce, confection of Hamech one quarter of an ounce, Inda one dram, make a Bolus or bit thereof with Cinnamom and Sugar, swallow it down in the morning, and fast six hours after it. For this is specially commended, Hiera with Coloquint: For this is also good, thick milk, called Lac scistum, for that it looseth, and doth withstand the venom. And as soon as the body is purged, and after that all the foresaid remedies have been used, it is then requisite, that one think upon the biting or wound. First the biting is not to be healed, but it must be well rubbed with Garlic, vinegar and salt, so long till it come to bleed apace. Some bind thereon living hens and pullets: but look what is written thereof in the description of the Plague, whereas we have spoken of the Plaguesore. Make also a salve of the juice of Onions, juice of Rue, Vinegar, and honey, wherewith anoint the wound three or four days together keeping it clean, the which will bring all things in security. This doth also Garlic fried with Butter and laid thereon. Or an onion made hollow and filled up with Treacle, and roasted in the ashes, whereof we have before admonished. And you may also take two handfuls of Rue, fry it twice it butter, and apply it twice a day to the wound. Others take Garlic, Rue, salt, Frankincense, Myrrh, of each a like much, beaten all together, and a plaster made thereof with wine. Take Cheruil seed, seethe it in fair water and drink thereof, wash the wound also therewith: this is good without and within. The powder of Verueine is also commended for it that is gathered between both our Lady days for to strew on the wound. There is also good for it all Nettle waters drunken: likewise the Nettle seed stamped to grout and laid upon the wound. The Fennel root is used after the same manner. These are now things that may be used outwardly, and that not only three or four days as some suppose, but also some days together with other things more. For as we have admonished before, this venom doth otherwhiles not appear in a twelve month after it: as may be seen, if one be bitten with a mad dog, and handleth a Raven within a year after, that the same foul will be mad, or the man will be mad again. It is also especial good that the wound be anointed within and round about with Treacle or Mithridate. For this also are requisite the péeles of new Melons and Pompions beaten and mingled with wine, and laid over the wound. Item, new onions tempered with vinegar, or if the same cannot be had new, then are the same to be sod, and to drink the decoction, and lay it also on the wound, or tempered with honey and wine, and so let it lie three days thereon. The kernels of nuts being chewed by one fasting and laid upon the wound, should do marvelous much good. Or take great roots of Smallage, seeth them in water and drink the decoction thereof: stamp the roots and lay them on the wound. Item, Rue mingled with Salt; these and the like things may be used at the first without all danger. But in case that the vinome of this mad beast lieth hidden and dead a while, and the patiented thereby supposeth to have escaped all peril, the which nevertheless yet showeth itself afterwards, wherefore there are divers that have a manly heart, and had rather live a painful life, than to die a painful death. Of the actual cautery and incision. SOme that will play surely, and will prevent all these before mentioned mischiefs, do begin this cure at the first by incision and adustion, so that they cut out the sound flesh round about the wound according to the situation of the member, and also draw out the blood, and make the wound much wider: for how much larger the wound is, so much the better will the blood be drawn out, and the better is the wound to be handled, which is to be committed to the expert chirurgeons: but burning is better than cutting for it, and it is commended to be more surer and more forcible, because the fire tameth all venoms, and letteth not the same pierce and deeper into the body; and also the wounds heal not so fast, which must be kept open so long as may be. These things following are very requisite for to keep the wounds open, as all salt things, powned wild Garlic, juice of Onions, and powned Wheat that is made moist. These things make the wound wider: and after such kind of incision or adustion set on boxes, and scarify the sound flesh, that thereby the infected blood may be sucked out. And if it be perceived that the wound heal too fast, then must the same of necessity be opened again with fire, or with incision, that there be no venom included. How the wounds are to be cured, that is known to all chirurgeons. To conclude, this is to be added, in case that neither the easy remedies now mentioned, neither yet the incision nor adustion had been used at the first, then are they to be omitted and left altogether, and not put the patiented to such pain in vain, for than cannot the venom that is spread over all the body, be drawn any more to the wound, neither be drawn out. An order of diet for them that are bitten by a mad Dog. ALl they that are bitten with a mad dog, must use those things that do withstand poison, and interrupt the violence thereof, that the same penetrate not to the inward parts. For this doth first of all serve stung wine sodden thoroughly, and milk for his drink: it is also good that you put into his meat, Garlic, Onions and Leeks: let him use Treacle and Mithridate sometimes. He shall feed every day upon eager and sour meats that do hinder the venom. Sweeting before and after meat is also very good for him. But above all things is the Ellebore highly commended, if he use the same but once in forty days: for it is proved already that those that were vexed with the fear of the water, that they were only cured by the taking of Ellebore, when as they had used all other means and remedies before. Toads are beasts well known, that are full of cold venom. Against this is to be used all that which is described against the venom of the Frogs that haunt stinking pools. That Lice be loathsome and filthy vermin and beasts, is known to the whole world, and hath sufficiently been showed in the first part, the third Chapter, and eighth §. Milk that is turned doth sometimes very quickly strangle them that do drink the same, for that through her clotting it stoppeth the pipes of the Lights. Against this must the Whey of milk be tempered with Vinegar, and given to the patiented to drink, and the patiented compelled to take it. The same doth also dried Nep, and the juice thereof. In like manner also Angelica tempered with vinegar and water. Item, Thymus with wine and ley, and some ashes with it. All salt things must be shunned, for thereby will the milk be turned more. In like manner must heed be taken from vomiting, for the clots might very well strangle one. Ox blood is very gross when it cometh first from the Ox, it will be soon hard and clotted: this stifleth a man also if he drink thereof, for it settleth itself at the vulva, and strangleth a man, it refrigerateth the sinews of the throat, whereby the same is stopped: the tongue will be red, and one may see some part of the blood sticking between the teeth. He must also be kept from vomiting, for the clotted blood remaineth in the throat. In this must the blood be resolved and the body opened. And for this are especial good great Figs that are not very ripe, and yet full of milk, when they are given with vinegar and water. The juice of Beane straw with vinegar, and Goosegrasse eaten, or used otherwise is also very good. All they that do recover of it, do avoid much filth and other matter through their stools, and the belly and stomach must be often anointed with Barley meal and Honey tempered together. Caterpillars (which are the right destruction and spoil of all plants and gardens) are also in some sort venomous, yet the one more than the other: but they that live on the Fir trees are the most venomous. If it chanced that any body swallow one of these, then presently doth he get a great pain throughout the whole mouth, and therewith a swelling of the belly, of the tongue and the stomach, with a pain in the belly, that it seemeth that his belly is full of worms, his whole body will be burning, and getteth a great distemperature in the stomach. This venom is to be remedied with those things that are ordained against the venom of the Spanish flies: but in the stead of Salad oil, the oil of Quinces is much better. Snakes and Adders are of divers sorts throughout the world, and Africa, Media, Echatana, and Troglodytis, are marvelous much plagued therewith, even as now a days Italy is in some places. Wherefore may Dutch men and English men account it for a blessing of God, that they cannot say as men do of Africa, that there are more men slain by venom than by the sword. And because this seventh part discourseth only of poison of venomous beasts, we will add here to the rest all the principallest things that are set forth by the learned against the biting of snakes and such like venomous beasts. Wherefore we will speak first of the root of Aron, that is, Cuckopit: when Snakes are smoked therewith, then will they be all as if they were drunken, and remain stiff. In like manner, when this root is beaten to powder, mingled with oil of Bays, anointing the place therewith where they do use, then will they be hunted away. This root is also to be drunken in red wine against all venom. If the fruit of the tree Platanus be taken with wine, then doth it withstand all stingings of Snakes and Scorpions. Elecampane roots drunken in Wine, are also good against the stinging of venomous beasts. The ●oo●e of Mandr●gera is also good for it, principally if any must be cut or adusted for these venomous beasts bitings, for it bringeth the patiented into a deep sleep, and maketh him wholly insensible, even as before we have taught. If ●b●lus be set on fire, then doth the smell of the same drive away all manner of Snakes. The leaves thereof laid in Wine, and drunken thereof, are also good against all kinds of poisons. The leaves of the Ash tree wrong out, and the juice thereof drunken, and laid upon the biting, withstandeth the poison of Snakes as vehemently as any thing in the world: For this tree hath such an antipathy with the venom of snakes, that the snakes shun the shadow of this tree. Plinus writeth also, that if one compass them in one place with fire, and in another place with Ashen wood, that they had rather run into the fire than be touched with that wood. This bad worm doth also not creep out of his winter hole, before & until that the Ash tree beginneth to blow, the which is a marvelous work of nature. Moreover, the Ash tree shall not let his leaves fall before and until that the Snakes be cropen again into their holes. Right Balsam is commended against all venom of Snakes: but by reason that we have not the same, there are many kinds thereof distilled, wherein every one is to use all diligence that he can to attain to the right Balsam as near as he can possibly: whereof you shall find divers descriptions in the last part, where you shall also have living and golden waters which are very commodious for it. And for that England and Dutchland (as is already said) are almost free from these bad beasts: we rest contented with the easiest and best known things: in like manner leave the Balsamum artificial to the charge of the Chirurgeons. Teu●rium do the ancient Physicians say to be the most precious remedy against the venom of Snakes, whether it be taken in drink or laid upon the bite. In like sort the great Teucrium, whether the same be taken green, dry, decocted, or the juice thereof. Mugwort is also taken to be very good for the biting of Snakes, if the same be laid in wine, and some thereof drunken and laid upon the wound. Betony and all herbs of that virtue, as Gilliflowers, etc. the ancient Physicians do write to have such power against the biting of a snake, that if this herb be laid round about her, she had rather be killed than creep over the same herb: for which cause the wine and conserve of this herb are highly esteemed: so is also the powder and seeds of the same. Bevercod is good for many things, as is sufficiently before declared in the description of other sicknesses. And amongst other it is also good against the biting of snakes, and biting of other venomous beast, if the same be mingled with other things, according to the importance of the beast that hath fo bitten. This if it be used in time of need, you may take thereof half an ounce with wine. Bucks and goats hair set on fire driveth away all snakes. Penniroyall withstandeth all snakes by nature, by reason of the savour or smell: wherefore it is to be strewed upon the place where as the snakes have bitten one, and be drunken with Wine. Purslane eaten and applied also upon the sore, draweth out the venom. It is also good for all other kinds of poison if one drink the sap thereof with Wine or Hony: but the wild purslane is the best. The juice of the flowers of Selfeheale drunken with Wine, should be good for all the venom of beasts. The nuts of the great and small Cipers' trees, which may be had at every Apothecaries, stamped and drunken with Wine, are also good for this. In like manner the same Cipers' herb (which is to be found in many gardens) is very highly commended, for that it withstandeth all poison of snakes if it be drunken with wine. Nardus seed is renowned to drive away snakes by his smell and savour. Dill mingled with Rue and Swine's bread, with pepper, and so given to eat, is good against the biting of Snakes. Acorns are also good, to be drunken against this venom. Hen's eggs hard sodden, and tempered with Cresses, are good, being laid upon the biting of Snakes. Verueine steeped in wine and drunken, is very good likewise if it be laid thereupon. The root of Gentian is in divers manners good against venom, as before hath been declared, but chief against biting of snakes: it is commended above all others if one take a quarter of an ounce thereof with wine. Pease meal tempered with vinegar, drunken and laid upon it, is also very good. The smoke or fume of Ass' lights will also drive away venomous beasts. Venomous beasts cannot abide the smoke of Ferne, wherefore it is good that it be strewed upon the places where they haunt. Fennell, and specially the seed of wild Fennell drunken with wine, is much commended for it. Hair of women's heads burnt, hath a marvelous power to drive away Snakes and Spiders. Galbanum is a gum that driveth away all venomous worms. The herb Cuckowbread, the weight of a dram drunken with wine, hath many times been approved. Barley meal laid on with vinegar, withstandeth venom. Some do give the root of Celandine, the weight of three drams with wine, or make thereof a salve, and lay it on the venomous biting of a Snake. The brains of a Cock or Capon are also good for this being used in meat. The seeds of Mew is amongst other seeds most commended if the same be drunk with bitter Almonds, or the juice of this herb with bitter Almonds and with wine. In like manner also, if one be anointed with the oil thereof, then doth it preserve him against the biting of Snakes. Hare's rennet is very forcible against the venom of Snakes, and also for more other things. Heath Erica is much commended against the venom of snakes. Heart's horn hunteth them also away through his smell. The round and long Hartwort, the weight of two drams drunk with wine, or tempered with vinegar and laid thereon, is also much commended. Dog's garlic that groweth in vineyards, is also very forcible against the venom of Snakes. Clevers have also a special force against Snakes and their venom, if one drink the weight of a dram of them. Melilot hath this nature also, that it is said that there was never seen a Snake to have come near this herb. In like manner the seed of it is much commended being taken with wine. Garlic driveth away all snakes through his savour and smell: it is also very good against all venomous stingings of beasts; and if one mingle it with bread and honey, then may it be eaten for that intent. Coleworts with Barley meal laid thereon, or the juice thereof tempered with vinegar and Fenegréeke seed, is also very commodious. Corn mints do also drive Snakes away. The dung of all four footed beasts tempered with wine, and laid thereon, is also commended. Crabs that are caught in fresh water, and in the sea, are also very commodious for this, as we have admonished in other places more. Wild Thyme hath also great virtue for it when the leaves thereof be drunk with wine: and the smoke thereof driveth them also away. All pickle of sallt fish is also highly praised for this use, as hath been taught elsewhere. The roots of Lovage with Barley meal, or tempered with wild Balm and laid thereon, is also very commodious. Bayberries tempered with wine and drunken, is good against all cold venom. Eringus the weight of a dram drunken, tempered with water, and laid thereon, is also good. A live Mouse applied to the place hath a special virtue for to draw out the venom: howbeit Hens, Pullet's and Frogs are also very commodious for it, as we have oftentimes showed before. Must drunken is an utter enemy to Snakes: so is all sodden and falsified wine. How forcible Nuts be, not only against snakes, but also against all venom, if one use them with Figs and Rue, we have oftentimes declared before. Oleander, which the Greeks call Rhododendron, is marvelous, for his leaves are venom to all fourfooted beasts, and yet a medicine for men against the venom of Snakes sodden with Rue in wine. Earewaxe rubbed on the bitting assuageth the pain out of hand. peony roots, whereof there are two sorts, are both of them good for this purpose. Pepper is for all cold poisons measurably used, taken for a special medicine, even as we have declared in other places more. Pistacies are also very good against all poison. That Rue is good against all venom, and against the biting of snakes, we have already said in many places. The rennet of Fauns that die in their dams bellies, is commended to be marvelous forcible for it. For this is likewise commended the Madder. Radishes sodden with water and vinegar, and laid thereon, are accounted very good. Great century, which is called Rapontica, the weight of a dram of it given with wine. The water of Larks spurs is said (being drunken) to be good against the biting of all venomous beasts, if the biting be washed with it. The same is also to be used against the Plague. The juice of white water Mints a quarter of an ounce drunken with three or four ounces of wine, and the biting washed therewith, is much commended. The seeds of yellow Rapes or Turnips, and also the roots and the herb carried about one, will preserve him from the biting of Snakes: and if any body be bitten, then must the seed with the grease of any birds be stamped and laid thereon. The seed of the common Rapes is very good against venom, being taken in the stead of Treacle. Salt is very good against all poison. Sugar is to be tempered with oil, and laid thereon. Swine's bread hath a great virtue against all venom, as we have admonished in more other places. The juice of Scabious is also taken to be very good against all venom of Snakes and Scorpions. The three sorts of Dragons do drive away all venomous beasts if one carry the root about him. It is also good (being drunken) for them that are bitten of them. Léekes are also good when they are tempered with Vinegar. Mustard seed is to be mingled with vinegar, and applied thereon. They fly from the fasting spittle of man, and if they get it in their mouth, they must die thereof. Southernewood strewed on the place where the Snakes haunt, or where fume and smoke thereof is, driveth them away. Also Southernwood is good against all venom, being taken inwardly and applied outwardly. Codwort (which in Latin is called Aster) is also for this highly renowned. Styrax Calamita, as the sent thereof is very acceptable to all men, so contrariwise there is nothing that Snakes may less abide. Tamariscus is good against all poison. Woodlice (albeit they be loathsome worms) nevertheless they are above all things commended of the renowned Physicians against the poison of Snakes, and also against all other poison. If the venomous Snakes ever come to sent or smell the leaves or wood of juniper, then creep they away: they are also good against all venomous beasts. Lysimachia is also commodious for all these things. The juice of Onions applied to the biting of a Snake and tempered with Hony, is very good against venom. The Gnats that plague beasts and men with their sting in summer, and in like manner all plants, are depelled by the smoke of Pomegranate péeles, and of Galbanum, also by the smoke of Nardus seed and Lupins. But forasmuch as (through the grace of God) we have no Scorpions here in England nor in Dutchland, therefore it is no great need to write much thereof, by reason that all that is written against Snakes is also requisite for the same; yet cannot we conceal this miracle, that the Scorpions themselves are a remedy against their own poison, if the same be beaten and laid thereon, or if they be roasted and eaten. In like manner you have their oil, and other their virtues more described here and there throughout this whole book. Spiders are well known beasts, whereof there are many sorts described by the ancient physicians, which as they do differ in fashion, colour, and in weaving their webs, so they do also differ in poison. Albertus doth describe eight kinds of them, which we have all here in this country, Some do live by catching of Flies: others by catching of water worms and small fishes. Some also are enemies to the Toad and Snake; for that it hath been seen that such Spiders have let themselves down by one of their threads upon the heads of such beasts, and leave them not before and until they have killed them. Other are deadly enemies to the young Euets, which through their spinning do bind the mouth too, and do smother them, and hale them into their nets, that thereby they might suck out all the moisture of them, and by the diversity of the venomous nourishment altereth also their venomous nature, whereby the same is sometimes more forcible or more mild. Also their manner of dwelling is not all one: there dwell many in houses, other in the fields and in the hedges: some dwell willingly by the water sides, but we will not write here any more of their natures, but discover their venoms. Of all the venoms of the Spiders, that which the Greeks' call Phalangium is the most renowned, and albeit that the same is not known in England nor Dutchland, yet we will describe the nature of this venom, whereby one may be taught to assuage all the lesser stingings, and the harm that may come thereby, and how the same may be cured. The Greeks' call this species of Spiders the Wolf, for a difference from other Spiders that are not so noisome. These Spiders are hairy, and have a great head. The she Spider (which only spinneth) bringeth three hundredth young ones at one time, and she receiveth also the reward of her noisome fruitfulness, to wit, that she is killed of her own young ones, and afterwards sucked out, which they would also do to their father if he with might did not withstand them. If then any body be stung with this Phalangia, then will the place of the stinging be red, nevertheless without pain or heat, howbeit that it yieldeth some moisture, and as soon as there is used any medicine against it, then beginneth the body to shake, the sinews of the knees and the inward parts will be feeble, and they will be convulsed as if it were the cramp, they take a great anguish in the members, the patient can scarcely make water nor go to stool, he getteth a sweat throughout all his body, his eyes run and are dim. Against this must the ashes be used that are burnt of the Fig tree, tempered with salt and wine, and so laid thereon. Item, Hartwort, Barley meal, and Vinegar tempered to pap. You are also to wash the sting with some water wherein Smallage was sodden. To bathe often is also very good. For this one is to take a quarter of an ounce of any of these seeds following with wine, to wit, the seed of Southernwood, Annis seed, Hartwort seeds, the rinds of the tree Platanus, or the seed of Melilot. Item, the fruit or rind of Tamariscus, or wild Cipers sodden in wine. Some will say if one take the juice that is strained out of Crabs with milk and seeds of smallage, that thereby the patient will immediately be whole. Plinius writeth of the water of Smallage, that the same hath a special virtue against the stinging of the Spider. And there may be used against the Spider Marierome, Nardus seed, Southernwood, Hyacinthum, juice of Mulberries, field berries, and Framboyes, being tempered with honey and wine, or each also alone. Woodlice, albeit that they be good against divers other venoms, yet nevertheless are they very loathsome to all men, shrewdly biting, and bloodthirsty, whereby they take away a bodies sweet sleep, and spedially vex the young children, for which there hath been much counsel seek to drive them away. For this is very good the smoke of the great Ferne. Item, if Horseleeches be cast on the fire, and they be fumed with it. Birchboyes set in the chamber drive them also away. The water that we use daily for our necessity hath by nature no venom in it, yet if one drink it too cold, likewise strong Wine, and by and by after bathing, or after that one hath run hard, then doth there ensue great pain and stitches, which diseases may be expelled through letting of blood and purging. Of the worms that breed in the belly grow divers diseases. In like manner also of such that grow in the fingers, in the arsegut, in the wounds, and other places more. What is to be done thereto, that have we sufficiently declared elsewhere. Thus for a conclusion of these venoms of beasts, and of the seventh part of this book, there is yet somewhat to be added that some account for witchery, to wit, when there is given to any body that which excitateth love, by which commonly such miseries do follow, that they that receive the same become mad and foolish, like as daily experience doth teach us. ovidius writeth that Philtra do weaken the wits, and by their virtues they make men foolish and mad. This do we call the lovers herb, as if witchery had power to command one to love another. This witchery (or rather this poisoning) do women use most of all, intending thereby to constrain men that they should love them. The ungodly heathen that have excelled therein, and chief the Thessalonians, have taken great delight therein, and also strange misbeléefe, that are rather to be concealed than disclosed. It is very difficult to ordain any certain remedy for it, because it cannot well be known (for that there be so many kinds of them) by what means it hath been put in practice, so that the same must rather be judged by the signs apparent to the eyes, than by any other signs: yet have I found out two things described by famous Physicians, which are very good for this purpose: but the first thereof is very strong, and is not be used without counsel, but the other is somewhat safer and easily approved. Take a Valerian root with the herb, five or six roots of Gentiana Cruciata, a small handful of the roots of wild Cucumbers, and a quart of Wine with half as much water: afterwards seethe it softly about a quarter of an hour, and drink thereof morning and evening: And you are to seeth therewith a little Cinkfoyle. The other: Take the middlemost green rinds of Eldern shred small one handful, let it dry well, afterwards seeth it in a pint and a half of goats milk till about the half, strain it, and drink it as aforesaid. Hereof will some say, that the same purgeth all things whatsoever hath been given unto any body by women to this intent, although it had been done three years before. The end of the seventh part. The eight and last Part of this Book, containeth sundry things. THe eight and last part of this general Practice of Physic, is ordained for those things that do not concern any special diseases, which are before sufficiently described, but that are meet and good for to help sick persons, to strengthen the weak, and to maintain health: which also may be used in the kitchen for pleasure, and for other purposed more; as Electuaries, Potions, Conserves, and Confections of all kinds of Fruits, of Flowers, of Roots, and of other Plants: Oils, Sirupes, and juices: Golden and vital Waters: Hearbed and Aromatical wines, and such like; whereof otherwhiles hath been admonished, how that the same may be prepared, and to the end that the virtue of all them might be known. Wherefore we will also declare their virtues and operations. The first Chapter. The Confection of Calmus. THis very precious and necessary Confection, is prepared after sundry manners: for besides this, that it is very common, it is also very pleasant and acceptable. But first of all there is to be noted, that the ancient Physicians had another root, and not the yellow Lily root, which we have now in use: yea ours is not to be compared to the old Acoro, neither in virtue nor in operation. The learned do esteem the Calmus to be the right Acorus, which is also very requisite for this Confection. Other be of opinion, that it is the great Galingal, which is also good for it: Wherefore (in mine opinion) this first Confection is to be used rather than the other following. And if so be that you had rather have it with the taste of Sugar, than of honey, then boil Sugar to a syrup. First, we will describe one of the Confections of Mesua, whereof there is always one found ready in all well furnished Apothecaries shops, and afterwards one other sort more, whereof each one may take that likdth him best: Take the root Secacul, or in the stead of it, take of our powned Calmus, and prepared Pingles, of each six ounces: seeth the roots in fair well water, and stamp them to grout: afterwards put six pound of the best well scummed honey unto it, & then seethe it all together by a soft or gentle fire, until the moisture of the roots be all consumed, and stir it about, to the end that the roots burn not: when as it is decocted thick enough, then take it from the fire, and temper these things following amongst them, powned very small; to wit, Pepper one ounce, long Pepper, Cloves, Ginger, Roses, and Mace, of each half an ounce, Nutmegs, Galingall, and Cardamome, of each three drag. temper them well together. This Confection is marvelous good against all diseases of the sinews, it sharpeneth the wit, it assuageth the headache, and is also good against all old sicknesses, but especially against all rheums, which fall out of the head into the breast. The second: Take Calmus which beareth the yellow Lilies, which groweth in moist places, and is fair and of a horseflesh colour, 16. ounces, make it very fair and clean: afterwards cut it in thin slices, and seethe it so long in fair water, until they be mellow, then strain the water well from it, and power a pot of red wine unto it, and let it boil well, then power the wine from it, and stamp it all to grout, and put six pound of clarified Honey unto it, and let it seeth well with the wine unto a Confection, at last put unto it six ounces of Ginger, Cloves, Nutmegs, Mace, Cardamome, long Pepper, and Galingall, of each one ounce and a half, Pepper three quarters of an ounce, beaten all together very small. The third: Take Calmus prepared as before, and chopped small, two pound, clarified Honey four pound: seeth the roots very well in red wine, afterwards put them to the Honey, & let it so seethe by a mild fire until it be very thick; then temper therewith small chopped Almonds, eleven ounces, Ginger four ounces, Pepper half an ounce, long Pepper and Cloves, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamom one dram and a half, Galingall, Cucubes, Cardamome, Nutmegs and Mace, of each one dram, stir them so long together with a wooden pestle, until that it be cold. The fourth: Take dry sliced Calmus one pound, and seeth it in two quarts of small wine; afterwards powne it to grout, and take Hony or Sugar two pound, let it seeth till it be thick, when it is a little cold, than temper with it small cut Ginger six ounces, powned Cloves, Nutmegs, Mace, and Cardamome, of each one dram and a half, long and common Pepper, of each three quarters of an ounce, Galingal one drag. and a half, Greins one quarter of an ounce, temper them all together. The fift: Take Calmus cut it in shives, and take twenty ounces of it; seeth it in three pints of red wine, so long until all the wine be consumed; stamp it, but not too small, then take a pint of clarified Honey, and let it boil by a small fire, afterwards put the prepared roots unto it, and 8. ounces of small sliced Ginger, then let it boil again by a mild fire, unto a confection, when it is lukewarm, than temper with it common & long Pepper, Cloves, Cinnamom, Nutmegs, and Ginger, of each half an ounce, Galingall, Mace, Cardamome, Cucubes, and Greines, of each a quarter of an ounce beaten small together, temper them so long until they be all waxed cold. The sixth with Sugar: Take Calmus as before, 12. ounces, seeth it in Muscadel until that the wine be all wasted, stamp it to grout, and put thereto four pounds of common clarified Sugar, with as much wine or water, than put the roots unto it, and let it seethe until it be thick; when it is a little cold, than temper amongst it Ginger cut very small four ounces, Cinnamon, Cardamome, Nutmegs, Mace, Cloves, Calmus and Cucubes, of each three drag. temper them well, and let them seethe so long as one would seeth Eggs hard, then keep it in a galley pot. How to make Verivice for the Kitchen, and for Physic. §. 1. Verivice is to be priest out of the best Grapes a good while before they be ripe, and if so be that one will keep it long, then must the same be sodden: but if so be that you will use this Verivice in the Kitchen, then temper a good deal of Salt amongst it, and stir it the space of an whole hour, afterwards put it into a small vessel, and cast some unripe Medlars into it, then shake it well about, to the end it may work and be clear. But if so be that you will keep the Verivice for Physic and without salt, then fill a glass with a narrow neck, and power upon it some Salad oil, then will it remain good the space of a whole year. There may also be made of this unsalted Verivice a syrup called de Agresta, to wit, in this manner: Take the juice of unripe Grapes, when it is first priest out, five parts, white Sugar 3. parts, and let it seeth softly unto a syrup: further, then clarify it with the white of an Eg. This syrup is marvelous good in great heat, it suageth thirst, allayeth all wambling, parbraking, and lask, which is caused of the gall: it is also very meet in hot choleric Agues, and above all measure good for all women with child, which be inclined to vomiting, for that it strengtheneth the stomach, and withstandeth all venom. The 2. Chapter. Of the artificial Balm which may be used in stead of the right Balsamum. BEcause that the right Balsam is no where to be gotten, or although it be brought unto us, yet common people cannot have the same, by reason of the dearness: wherefore have many Physicians endeavoured themselves for to distil such an oil, which might have the same efficacy and virtue: and verily the Physicians and Chirurgeons have found therein an especial operation, wherefore I cannot pretermit the description of some of them. First, this ensuing is a very precious remedy against the pox, against all diseases of the mother, and of the stomach. Take fair clean oil of Turpentine sixteen ounces, stop it very close; afterwards take Lavender, Sage, Betonie, Roses, Rosemary, Mints, and Bayleaves of each a small handful, roots of Angelica, of Ireas, of Valerian, Elecampane roots, and Diptamus of Candy, of each one dragm, flowers of Borage, of bugloss, of Lavender, and flowers of Spike, flowers of Sage, of Camomile and Stechas, of each one quarter of an ounce, Annis one drag. and a half, Peony roots, liquorice and Spica of India, of each one dram, péels of Citrons, and of Oranges, of each two scruples; stamp them all small together, and then power unto it the oil of Turpentine, and so let it steep the space of a whole day, with meetly much water with it, that it be covered therein: afterwards distil it out again in water, at the first with a gentle fire, until it be warm, and that so long as any oil or water doth come out of it, afterwards separate the oil from the water. Secondly, if you will distil it once again, then put to the foresaid water and oil 3. ounces of liquid Storax, and distil it as before. Thirdly, take red Storax two ounces, Frankincense, Myrrh, Lacca, Mastic, Bdellium, and Benzoin, of each one ounce and a half, stamp them all together and distil it as before. Fourthly, take Ginger, Galingall, Zeduarie, and Gentian, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cubebes, Cardamome, Greines, and Pepper, of each one dram and a half, selected Rhubarb and Saffron, of each half a dram, Nutmegs, Mace, Cloves, and Calmus, of each one ounce, stamp them all small together, and put it into a glass body: then put unto it again the foresaid oil and water, let it so stand and steep, and distil it afterwards, then separate the oil from the water, and keep it well stopped. You have also in like manner in the second part, the sixth Chapter, and third §. an artificial Balm, which was ordained for the Emperor Ferdinandus, and another in the first part, the twelfth Chapter, called a Hypobalsamum. This following is also highly renowned: Take selected Myrrh, Aloe, India Spica, Dragon blood, Frankincense, Bdellium, Balsam fruit, Saffron, Mastic, Gum, Stechas, red Styrax, Laudanum, and Bevercod, of each one quarter of an ounce, Turpentine three ounces and a half, yellow Cowslips half a handful: further, distil them all together as is before said. These three last be very forcible against all Palsies, if the lame members be anointed therewith, and if that one do drink a drop or twain thereof with wine, it is also very good. These Balms be also good for all fresh wounds, so that they may be healed in two or three days therewith. They be also very good against all diseases of the sinews. Another which is common with all Chirurgeons: Take selected Myrrh, Aloe, Spica of Indie, Dragonbloud, Frankincense, Momy, Opopanacum, Bdellium, Ammoniacum, Sarcocolla, Laudanum, Balsam fruits, Saffron, Mastic, Gum, and liquid Storax, of each one quarter of an ounce, fresh Bevercod two drams and a half, Muscus half a dram, Turpentine four ounces and a half, powne all that is to be powned, and add the Turpentine unto them with a little water, and distil all together in séething water, as is said afore. Of Beer. §. 1. COmmon Beer is made in this country of many kinds of Grain, as of Oats, of Barley, and of Wheat; whereby it is also of sundry natures: That which is made of Barley is cold of nature, in comparison of wine: that which is made of Barley and Oates, is less binding, and maketh also fewer winds, and doth also nourish less: that which is brewed of Wheat or of any other grain, is hotter, warmer, and more binding, the thicker it is, the worse; the thinner the better: that which is well Hoped, causeth one to piss freely, and looseth the body, but it is not wholesome for them that have weak brains; and that is unwholsomer wherein the seeds of Rue be decocted, for that the drunkenness of such Beer weareth away much flower, than the drunkenness of wine, for that it maketh gross vapours in the head, and a tough flime, which will hardly be digested. If it be not well sodden, then doth it cause much wind, puffeth up the belly. But very old and well sodden beer, doth make people fat, increaseth the blood, and (in women that give suck) the milk, and that especially if the same be brewed of good corn. Thus for to keep beer long, take about half a pound of prepared Coriander unto a barrel of beer, and seethe the same in two quarts of the same beer, afterwards strain it, and wring it out, and power it warm into the vessel, yet make it tied, and let it stand so still a day and a night. Some do take a new earthen pot, knock the same in pieces, and cast it into the vessel, and put also unto it a new laid egg. The 3. Chapter. Of Claret wine, Hyppocras, and Herbwines. THese aromatical wines and such like have no certain prescription, for that each one maketh them according to his own good liking and pleasure, the one putteth much spice unto it, the other much Sugar, and another less of the one or of the other. Some do also make them with Honey, like as hereafter some do follow for an example. Take elected Cinnamom three ounces, cleansed and small cut Ginger and Greines, of each one ounce, Galingall one ounce and a half, Nutmegs, Cloves, Cardamome, and Cucubes, of each one quarter of an ounce, being powned all together grossly, power a quart of wine upon it, and stop it tied, afterwards set it a whole night in a warm place. This being all done, then take four quarts of wine, and one quart of clear skummed Honey, power the Honey unto a little wine, and so let it seethe softly together: afterwards then power the four quarts of wine unto it, and all the steeped Spices, and let it cool a little, then power it so thorough a straining bag, and that so oftentimes together until the wine run clear through it. This Claret wine may be put into a little vessel, and the spices through which the wine hath run, are to be hanged in the vessel in a long bug, then will it remain good a long time. This potion is very good against all cold and moist diseases of the head, of the brains, and thee stomach. It is also good for all cold women, and for all old people: it strengtheneth the digestive virtue, provoketh natural heat, and consumeth the Phlegma. Another: Take Species de gemmis frigidis three drams, Aromatici Rosati one dram, Cinnamom one quarter of an ounce, white Sugar seven ounces, good strong wine one quart, steep them therein, and power it oftentimes thorough, as is said before. Of this Claret wine are they to drink oftentimes which have a weak stomach, and an obstructed liver, or to steep sometimes therein a piece of bread. A common Claret wine: Take Cinnamom, Pepper, and Greines, as much as you please, clarified Honey also as much as you list, power it then all together through a woollen bag, as before. You may also take Cloves, Nutmegs, and other Spices: in like manner also Sugar in stead of the Hony. You have also in the third part, the eleventh Chapter and 5. §. a Claret wine called Stelladia, which is much used in Italy. There is also another sort made which is almost like unto some of the former, but there be not so many spices taken for it: to wit, but half an ounce of powned Ginger, Cardamome one dram, and Sugar half a pound, or more, unto a quart of wine, and so filtered together. There is also an aromatical wine which is called Hippocras made thus: Take Cinnamom 2. ounces, sliced Ginger one ounce, Greines one quarter of an ounce, Galingall, Cloves, Nutmegs, Cucubes, and Cardamome, of each one drag. of these gross powned spices you shall take unto a quart of wine one ounce and a half, according to that you will have the Hippocrasse strong, Sugar half a pound or more; then set it in a warm place to steep a whole night, and afterwards power it through the bag as all the rest. There is commonly taken for this red wine. This Hippocras hath the same virtue as the Claret wine hath: yet are all young people to refrain from such like drinks, and from Malmsey and Muscadel, to the end that they do not increase heat by heat. This Hippocras and Claret wine may also be well made for all weak bodies, that it be somewhat laxative. But if so be that there be any sick persons which be forbidden wine, or if that he drink not the same willingly by nature, and that nevertheless the decoctions did not agree with him, then may this potion following be made, called Hippocras fontis: Take Cinnamom, Figs, Cloves, and Ginger, of each one quarter of an ounce, Grains one dram, good well water a quart, which is coloured well with red Saunders, and then put the spices beaten gross into it, and let it boil a little. If you will have this potion sweeter, then put in some Sugar in the seething, or some Honey, and then let it distil through the bag, as is said before. You have also in the third part, the twelfth Chapter, and 4. §. another aromatical Wine, which might be placed among these. In the end of this part shall more aromatical wines be described. Of Clysters and their use. §. 2. IF one know how to use these Clysters aright, and to prepare them, then can there be no more profitable, nor yet safer medicine invented. Therefore there be before and almost in all sicknesses so many kinds ordained, and thereby taught how that the same shall be prepared, that it is almost needless to write any more of them. Nevertheless to prosecute this our method, we will here discover certain common and mild Clysters. In small Agues, and when the patiented is weak or scant as yet recovered of some long sickness, then are these ensuing to be used. Take Mallows, and Violet leaves, of each one handful, boil them well together: take of this decoction twelve or sixteen ounces, mingle Cassie, Honey, and course Sugar of each three quarters of an ounce with it, oil of Olives three ounces, Salt one dram or somewhat more, temper them all together, and minister it reasonable warm: for such like Clysters may you take Hen or Mutton broth. Another that relaxeth and cooleth: Take Violet leaves and Mallows, of each one handful, Mercury, Béetes, and water Lilies, of each half a handful, Lettuce and Purslane, of each somewhat less: seeth them in sufficient water, and take thereof as much as is before, oil of Violets four ounces, Salt one quarter of an ounce, and minister it méetly warm. In hot Agues: Take Béetes, Mallows, Mercury, and Violet leaves, of each one handful, boil them all together in sufficient water, and then take thereof twelve or sixteen ounces, Cassie, Hony, Sugar, Salt and Oil, as is said before. When the patiented doth complain of great pain and wind in the belly, then boil therewith gross powned Fennel seed, Annis, Coming, and Caraway. There is also an especial Cassie prepared for a Clyster, in this manner following: Take Violet leaves with the flowers, Mallows, Mercury, Béetes, and Melilot, of each half a handful, seethe the same in a little water, strain it and wring it out, then wash therewith the Cassie out of the Pipes, for to get all the black out of them, and then afterwards seeth it short, until it be thick, when as then you have six ounces thereof, then put nine ounces of Sugar unto it, and let it seeth until it be thick enough. This Cassie doth lose very mildly. Of confected Seeds. §. 2. HEre we will now speak only of all seeds which be confected with Sugar, as Coriander seed, Fennel seed, Annis, Coming, Caraway, and such like. Item, of some Fruits, as Almonds, Pingles, Pistaces, Hasell nuts, Cucubes, and of other more confected roots, which may be confected with Sugar: and because the same by reason of the Sugar and otherwise are very pleasant, whereby they will not only serve for the Kitchen, but also for Physic, wherefore we will here describe the nature and operation of them all. We have in the seventh part often admonished of Coriander, and given a caveat of his venom, that the same ought not to be used unprepared; otherwise it is by all Physicians advised, that morning and evening confected Coriander should be used: for it drieth up the ascending vapours of the stomach, it strengtheneth and drieth the brains, it is good against all swimming of the head, and against the Palsy; it is good for the stomach, and procureth sleep, insomuch as then these virtues be ascribed to the Coriander, to which the Sugar addeth only the pleasantness, you may look what the Table saith of all the other seeds. The confected Annis seeds are good for them which have a stinking breath, and cannot sleep, it provoketh urine, it quencheth natural thirst, it taketh away the windiness of the belly, it is good for all pains of the stomach, against all diseases of the Liver, of the Lights, of the Matrix, and it helpeth the digestion. It is also good against all hoarseness, shortness of breath, and especially for all cold diseases of women, and for all them which be much plagued with the Whites. Lastly, it augmenteth also much the milk in women. The confected Fennell seed is good against all poison, and especially against the venom of Snakes, it moveth women's terms, it warmeth the back, it assuageth the pain of the same, it breaketh the stone, it expelleth urine, the stone, gravel, and the slime whereof the gravel is engendered, it increaseth women's milk, it cureth sour belchings of the stomach, it is good against all wambling and vomiting, it allayeth the Cough, and all hoarseness of the throat. But above all is this Fennel seed commended against the darkness of the eyes, for it preserveth people from all volines on the eyes, it sharpeneth the sight if one take the same morning and evening, to wit, after meals, and cheweth the same long. Co●●● doth grow much in Apulia, it hath the same virtue with the Caraway. It is also very good for them which be plagued with the gravel, and can hardly make their water. The Caraway seed is hotter and drier by nature than the Annis or Fennell, therefore it is stronger and more forcible; and especially doth it warm the stomach, and all inward parts, it openeth all obstructions, it forceth urine, it breaketh the stone, it expelleth sand and gravel, it driveth out winds, and it taketh away all pain and colic of the belly. The confected Almonds are good against all diseases of the Lights, and the throat, against all dry Coughs, and narrowness of the breast, it strengtheneth all weak people, and all them which do consume away. The bitter Almonds do expel urine and gravel, they do dry the brains, and do hinder the ascending vapours, they withstand all drunkenness, and be good against many diseases of the breast, and of the lights. The hazel nuts have in some sort the same nature with the Almonds: but they with the red shales have an especial operation and virtue for all scourings and laskes, and especially to staunch the bloody Flux. All sorts of hazel nuts be more wholesome confected with sugar than otherwise, as one may see and read in many places of this book. The Pingles be also of the same nature with the Almonds, and be especial good for all leave folks, for that they strengthen much: yet are the kernels to be laid 24. hours before to steep in Rosewater, and then to be dried again, for they augment much human seed. Of the confected Spices, Peeles, roots, and such like. §. 3. THe Ginger, the Cinnamom, the Cloves, the Nutmegs, the Mace, Cucubes, Orange peeles, Citron péeles, Marjoram, and the sliced liquorice, are likewise confected with Sugar. These foresaid do keep all alike the properties of their natures, and be especial good in time of the Plague, for that they make good breath, which will not lightly be infected. It is also to be noted, that all that which is to be confected for physic, must be covered very thin with sugar, but only the spices may well be confected somewhat thicker. The common baked Ginger sugar is thus prepared: Take one pound of sugar, and seethe it with Well water, clarify it as the sugar is wont to be boiled for baked sugar, and when it beginneth to be cold, then mix five drams of powned Ginger amongst it, and when you see that it beginneth to be thick, then power it upon a stone or a table, which is made fat with a little salad oil. Yet another baked sugar: Take Ginger two drams and a half, Cinnamom one quarter of an ounce, Cloves one dram, Mace and Nutmegs, of each half a dram, Sugar one pound, seeth it, and do as before. You have in like manner also in the third part, the eleventh Chapter and 20. §. a baked sugar, which purgeth mildly, whereof one may take a quarter of an ounce at once. The 4. Chapter. Of preserved Fruits, Flowers, and other things. TO the end that all Fruits, Flowers, Rinds, and in fine, all that is preserved with Sugar or with Honey, be not parted from the former, therefore we will in this chapter comprehend all that is preserved in Sugar, or decocted, as Conserves, and also declare their virtues. How to confect the Elecampane root. §. 1. IN the spring of the year is this root to be digged out of the ground, and the outtermost péeles to be cut off, the root made very clean, afterwards cut it in somewhat thick shives or slices: this being done, then seeth the same very softly in two kinds of water one after the other, to the end the bitterness may be taken away, and be very mellow. Then lay them on a clean cloth, to the end they may wax somewhat dry. Put them in a leaded pot, and power méetly hard sodden Sugar upon them (but that it be not too hot) until the roots be covered. This shall stand so a day and a night, then shall the Sugar draw all the moisture unto it, which as yet is in the root, and afterwards power the Sugar off again, and boil it unto a syrup: this being done, then power it lukewarm upon it, and do this so often as the roots give any moisture from them. These preserved Elecampane roots be a very good medicine for all cold diseases of the bladder. They take away the piping of the breast, and the shortness of breath. They be also good against the Cough, the spitting of blood, against the pain of the sides: they strengthen the stomach, and the digestion: They cleanse also the same from all unclean humours: they break the stone, and move women's terms: They separate also all tough phlegm of the breast, they heal the ulcers of the Lights, and all inward parts, and especially they warm the stomach and the Matrix. To preserve black Cherries. §. 2. TAke black Cherries as they come from the tree, and then cut off the stalks, for two pound of Cherries take one pound of Sugar, and seeth the same, and clarify it: when it is then half boiled, put in the Cherries, and then let them seeth all together softly, to the end the Cherries do not break, and that so long, until that the Sugar be drawn between the fingers with small thréeds. And when as now the broth is almost cold, then put the Cherries in a leaded pot with the stalks upwards, for so they will remain good a whole year. And in this manner shall red Cherries also be preserved. These Cherries be not only acceptable for them that be sick, but also good for all kind of heat, they moisten the dry mouth, the tongue, and the throat, they quench thirst, they make appetite, and refresh debility. The conserve of Cherries is thus prepared. Take black Cherries as many as you please, let them seeth well in wine, wring them through a cloth, or through an hairen strainer, and afterwards let it seethe again until it be thick, stirring it always well about. Unto three pounds of this juice put two pounds of Sugar, and afterwards seeth them together to the full thickness. There may also a Conserve of Cherries be made with spices, as hereafter followeth: Take of the foresaid Conserve whilst that it is yet warm one pound, and temper powned Cinnamom amongst it, and Nutmegs, of each one quarter of an ounce, Ginger and Galingall, of each one dram, Cardamome, Cloves, Mace, and Lignum Aloes, of each half a dram. This latter conserve doth strengthen the heart more than the former. Conserve of Eyebright. §. 3. TAke Eyebright in july with the white flowers, strip the leaves and flowers from the stalks; afterwards chop them small, and take one pound thereof, and stamp amongst it two pound and a half of Sugar, and then set it in the Sun, and stir it well oftentimes about. This is the Conserve of Eyebright which is very commodious for the Eyes, as in the first Part is sufficiently declared. It sharpeneth also all dark sight, it drieth the brains of all cold superfluous humours, it strengtheneth the Liver, and openeth all obstructions, it expelleth the yellow jaundice, and the Ague that proceeds of an unclean stomach. In conserving of all flowers and herbs is to be noted, that all they that are hot and dry, as Lavender, Marjoram, Balm, Sage, Mints, and such like, one is to take to one pound of them, two pounds and a half of Sugar: but to all that is moist, as Borage flowers, and bugloss flowers, etc. is but two pound to be taken. Conserve of Betonie. §. 4. BEtonie is very highly and worthily reputed of all Physicians, whereof there be three kinds, to wit, brown Betony which is the upright Betony, and also the Conserve which we will here describe. The second kind are our Gilliflowers. The third sort be Cowslips, whereof we will speak hereafter in their due place. This Conserve of Betony is therefore not unjustly commended, seeing these virtues ensuing be ascribed unto it. Some do write that it is good against the cramp, against the palsy, and against the falling sickness; it is also good against madness, against spitting of blood, and against the Sciatica; this herb is also good against all pain of the stomach of the kidneys, and of the bladder, of the liver, milt, and of all inward parts, it expelleth urine, it looseth, and it helpeth digestion: it is also good against belching, it cleanseth the breast, it withstandeth the dropsy the Ague, and it moveth women's terms. In fine, it is especial good for all inward sicknesses: lastly, it is also good against all venom. If that one desire to make a conserve of it, then take only the flowers for it, which are to be powned together with Sugar, like as is taught at the first. How the greater Pimpernell roots are to be preserved. §. 5. TAke the roots of the greater Pimpernel which be about one finger thick, wash them well, scrape them, and cut them in pieces about the length of a finger: but cut them longwise, & take out the heart of it, then power fresh Well water upon it, and let them seeth like as is said of the Elecampane roots, but they must not utterly lose their bitterness. This being done, power decocted Sugar, or Honey unto it: and when it is waterish, then boil it again, and that so often as is needful. These roots expel urine, gravel, and the stone, they strengthen the kidneys and the bladder, they cleanse them from all uncleanness, they assuage all pains of the bowels, which do come through cold causes, and they be good against the suffocation of the mother in time of the plague, they be good against all bad air if they be holden in the mouth. How Pears are to be preserved after two ways. §. 5. YOu may take such Pears as you think good which be new gathered from the tree, but none other but those that be sound. If they be too hard, then let them lie in a warm place the space of three or four weeks, until they begin to be somewhat mellow: but handle them not much, for that thereby will they quickly rot. If so be you will preserve them, then have an earthen pot ready and lay in the bottom of this pot some dried Vine leaves or Nut leaves, & thereon a lay of Pears, etc. leaves and Pears until that the pot be full: afterwards fill up the pot with old wine, and lay some heavy thing upon the top of it that the Pears may not swim. These Pears may be used for meat, and also for sick persons for a comforting. The common people which have no wine may do it after the same manner with water. But if you desire to have them of a better taste, then take Ginger which is made very fair, cut the same small and strew it between each row. Item, take a new pot and put Pears into it (like as is said before) make the pot as close too as is possible: afterwards lay it so in a vessel with Wine, then will they remain fresh and good the space of a whole year. These Pears may otherwhiles be roasted in the ashes, and strew them with Fennell seed; and also after supper to eat them, thereby to close up the stomach, to the end the bad vapours may not ascend towards the head: they strengthen also the brains, and be especial good for the sight. If one will preserve Musk pears, then are they to be gathered in fair dry weather, and in the decrease of the Moon, and when they be very ripe, then take of the very fairest and soundest of them, pair them very thin, cut off the stalks and the flower on the top: then make ready a clean syrup of white Sugar which is well boiled: when you will take the same off from the fire, then lay the prepared Pears therein, and let them seeth two or three waumes together, afterwards cool a day and a night. This being done, seethe the Sugar once again, and then lukewarm power it upon the Pears, and do that so long until that you see that the syrup waxeth no moister, otherwise they cannot continue. If you will have them pleasanter, than put Cinnamom unto them, and they will be the better for the stomach. These Pears do comfort and refresh all sick folks that do loath meat, and they close up the stomach against the ascending of all bad vapours: if they be eaten at the first sitting down to meat, then do they bind the belly. But if one can get no Musk Pears, then may other be taken in their stead which be likest of all unto Musk Pears in smell and taste, and to prepare them as is expressed. How Oranges are to be preserved. §. 7. THis Apple is wont very seldom to be confected, but his péeles very often, the which are thus prepared: Take fresh Orange péeles, cut the white out, and cut the yellow longwise: afterwards let it seeth so long as one would seeth an Egg hard, and afterwards let the broth run off. This being done, than power Sugar upon it which is well boiled until that be well covered, and so let them stand the space of eight days in the same, then be they prepared. Oranges are prepared also as followeth: Take the outtermost of fresh Orange peels and cut the yellow the longest way; afterwards seeth the same in water until that the bitterness may come out of it. power the liquor from it, and then let it seeth again until that they be through mellow (to wit in good wine) then stamp them to grout, and at last put good Malmsey unto it, and so much Sugar as you please, and so let it seeth well together stirring it always well about. Some do lay them to steep in a strong ley, and afterwards steep them in water. But it is not so good, for that their force will be thereby much abated; so that it is better to seeth them in two or three waters, to the end that they may lose their bitterness: they strengthen the heart and the vital spirits, and therewith also the stomach; they do help the consumption, and dry the brains. Conserve of Borage. §. 8. AMongst the learned there is debate, whether the name between Borage and bugloss, be exchanged, but therein is no great importance, by reason that both of them are of one nature, to wit, that the same are to be used in all venomous and pestilential Agues; they do strengthen the heart and all vital spirits: they withstand all venom, and all heaviness of mind, and they do also cleanse the blood from all melancholy. In fine, they cool all inward parts. This Conserve is made of the blue flowers, as we have taught before. How Calmus is to be preserved. §. 9 TAke fair perfect Calmus, power fair Well water upon it, and let it seeth together, until it be through mellow, and that it lose some of his bitterness: afterwards make these roots fair from the outwardmost peeles, and from all other uncleanness. If so be that some do swell too thick, then cut them longwise; and in case that they be too bitter, then let them seeth once again in water: and then afterwards lay them to dry in a sieve. The Sugar is certain times to be decocted, like as is taught before, until that all the moisture be wasted. This confected Calmus is most in all his force like unto the Ginger, and especially it is very good for all debility of the stomach that is burdened with some cold humour, for that it consumeth the same humours, and besides this, strengtheneth the stomach: if it be taken in the morning, then doth it keep folks from all pestilential air, and maketh a sweet breath: it expelleth water, and is especial good for all diseases of the bladder and the kidneys; it forceth the stone, and the gravel, and it provoketh women's terms: it is warm and dry by nature, and hath an especial operation for to open all obstructions, etc. How Citrons are to be preserved. §. 10. A Common manner to preserve Citrons in Sugar or in Honey, is this, that one peel off the yellow rinds, and cut the white pit in round or long pieces, and then to separate the sour with the seeds from it. Further, the same is to be boiled in a water or twain, to the end that the bitterness come from it, and therewith may be mellow and soft: afterwards is boiled Sugar to be powered lukewarm upon it, and deal with them, like as is taught of the Elecampane roots. This preserve is very good against all venom, it strengtheneth the heart, and all vital powers: it is moist and cold in the first degree, and it is very safe to be taken. How Citron peeles are to be preserved. §. 11. TAke the péeles of Citrons, which be not péeled too thin, but that there remain some of the white with it, and do therewith as is said of the Orange péels. These péeles be warm and dry unto the third degree, wherefore they are but seldom to be used: but in cold sicknesses they do help digesture, they withstand all melancholic humours, and also all diseases which may proceed thereof. How Berberries' be preserved. §. 12. YOu must take of the very fairest Berberries' that you can get, and wash the same very clean, afterwards seeth them in a syrup of good Sugar, and when the syrup is sodden short enough, than cast the Berberries' unto it, and let it seethe so softly a short time, so that the berries do not break, and then preserve them in a glazed pot. They be good against all heat and all other inflammation of the blood, and especially of the stomach and liver; they comfort sick persons in great thirst, they moisten the dry tongue, the throat and all the mouth. There is also a conserve made of this fruit, and that in this manner following: Take Berberries' as before, and seethe the same in wine: afterwards strain them through a sleeve, or searce, or through a cloth, and then let it be sodden unto a Conserve, stirring it always about. This Confection stoppeth the bloody flux, & cooleth the blood which is inflamed of Cholera, it obstructeth women's terms, and maketh appetite to meat, it is always somewhat stronger than the Conserve of Raspes. Otherwise hath it the same virtue or operation: the Apothecaries do call it Rob de Berberis. Conserve of fumitory. §. 13. THis bitter herb fumitory, is very well known; if you will make a Conserve of it, then take the flowers of it, and powne the same with Sugar, as other Conserves, and as we have taught of Eyebright. This confection is especial good for all them which be full of unclean blood, and also for all them that be plagued with scurf, with the Pox, and with such like uncleanness: it keepeth men in health, and also from all venomous air. Of this Conserve may freely be taken, as much as the quantity of a great nut, before that men will bathe, for that it expelleth out the sweat, and all bad humours of the body: therefore it is also good in the beginning of the Dropsy, for that it openeth the liver and all obstructions of the inward parts; it driveth out the yellow jaundice by the urine, and is very commodious for many other things. How the Conserve of the fruit of the wild Rose tree is to be made §. 14. WHen as the fruits of these wild Roses (which be called Priestpintle) begin to be ripe, then take as many as you please, and seeth the same with red wine unto pap, afterwards wring it through a sieve, or searse, & so let it seeth well without putting any other thing unto it, with a continual stirring about, as another conserve. This Conserve hath a marvelous operation for to stop the scou●ing or lask: it is also good for all wambling of the stomach: others do make it to a Conserve with Must half decocted, wherewith they seethe it again, and cast certain slices of Marmalade unto it, which is especial good for a cold stomach. This Conserve is more in use with the common people, than at the Apothecaries, wherefore we will speak the less thereof. How Abricockes are to be preserved. §. 15. THe skins of these Abricockes are to be plucked off softly, than power upon them Sugar decocted hard, not over hot; then let it stand so the space of one day, or somewhat longer, afterwards seeth the Sugar again and that so long as the Abricockes do yield any moisture from them. Their virtue and operation are like to Peaches. Conserve of Eldern berries. §. 16. FIrst for to write of the Conserve of Eldern berries, the same is holden by the ancient Physicians, and also amongst the common people, almost in stead of Treacle, and that not without cause, as you shall hear hereafter: and is thus prepared: Take ripe Eldern berries, strip them with a call from the stalks, wring out the juice and let it seethe by a mild fire unto a pap. This Conserve is to be taken against all inward venom, it cureth all ulcers and swellings, it expelleth by sweat all bad humours and corruptions: wherefore it is to be taken before that one do go to the bathe: but this cannot be done but only after purging, and that fasting. If this be so used, then doth it consume the Dropsy at the beginning. It hath also been found, if that this Conserve be spread upon the Rose, that thereby it will immediately wear away. If thou wilt make Conserve of the flowers, then take the flowers when they be very ripe, shake them from the stalks, and let them dry between two clothes: afterwards shred them small, unto a pound of flowers, take two pound and a half of Sugar, powne them well together: afterwards set them in the sun, and stir them oftentimes about. This Conserve openeth the Liver, driveth away all swelling of the belly, and all beginning of Dropsies, etc. How Ginger is to be preserved. §. 17. TAke fair white Ginger, of the fairest races, and lay the same to steep the space of certain days, or so long until that the uppermost péeles will be pared off, them take them off, and make them very clean, afterwards power fresh ley upon them, and let them steep, to the end that they may swell thoroughly: and when as they be waxen very mellow (which may be perceived by cutting them through) then power of the Ley, and wash them well with sweet fresh water prick them oftentimes with a small knife overthwart, and afterwards lay them a day and a night in sweet water, to the end that the sharpness of the ley may be taken away, and do this so long until you can perceive no sharpness of the ley any longer: then spread the Ginger upon a four cornered linen cloth, that the linen may draw the moisture out of it; but if so be that the cloth be through wet, then lay it on another dry cloth again. Some do spare this labour, and lay it upon sieves, when it is then very dry, then have a syrup ready, which is made of Sugar, or clarified Honey, and then do therewith like as is taught of the Elecampane roots, but above all have good regard that the syrup be not powered too hot upon it, for that thereby the Ginger will shrink, yea be hard and unpleasant: then keep this Ginger in a galley pot. This confected Ginger is very good for all cold phlegmatic sicknesses, and for a cold weak stomach: it taketh away all vapours that do ascend from the stomach towards the head; it warmeth all the body, and all inward parts. At evening when one goeth to bed a good piece taken of it doth dry marvelous much the brains: Thereby will also the parts of generation in men and women be strengthened. But this may be gotten preserved green out of the Indies, which is much better, than that which is preserved in this country. The same was wont before times to be preserved after an easier manner, to wit, in this manner following: Take white Ginger as much as you please, bury it the space of 14. days in moist sand, and wash it afterwards with a sharp ley, lay it afterwards again the space of fourteen days in Rosewater: this being done, make a syrup of Sugar, or of Honey, or both of them tempered together, cleansed and scummed well, and then lay the Ginger in this syrup: But I cannot commend this manner of doing. How Raspes are to be preserved. §. 18. YOu must take the Raspes as they hang upon the hedge, wash the same very clean, and make them fair, if there be any uncleanness with them, and then make ready a clarified syrup of Sugar, and when as now the syrup is almost boiled, then cast in the berries, and let them seethe softly therein a good while that they may not break, and do not also cool. Their Conserve is made as followeth: when the berries be very ripe, then strip them from the stalks, and wring the juice through a clean cloth; afterwards let it seeth softly, stirring it always about until it begin to be thick, then put as much Sugar unto it as you please, and seeth it away like as all other Conserves. You may also boil this juice without Sugar, and it is also better for Physic. The Apothecaries do call the same Rob de Ribs. This Conserve hath an especial virtue to slake thirst, and to moisten the dry tongue, and all other inward parts, it maketh appetite, and that especially in hot times. In like manner may also this decocted juice be tempered with wine, and used as a sauce amongst other meats. How the Conserve of Hyssop is to be made. §. 19 IN july, take the flowers of this herb, and sugar also with it, powne them well together, like as we have taught of Eyebright. This Conserve is very good for the breast, the lights, and such like parts: it is also good against the cough, the narrowness of the breast, and against the short breath; it consumeth and drieth all cold rheums: it exceedingly warmeth the breast, it strengtheneth the stomach, the head, and the brains: it taketh away all ascending vapours; and is good against all poison, and also very meet against all coldness of the inward parts. Of the Conserves of Lavender and of Spikenard. §. 20. BOth these herbs are found to agree so near in operation that the Spica is called the male, because it hath bigger leaves and ears, and the Lavender the female. Of both these herbs are the flowers only taken, & for every pound of flowers two and a half of sugar, or otherwhiles three pound of sugar, because they be strong: beat them well together. This Conserve is very good for all cold diseases of the stomach, and for all windines of the same, it easeth the pain in the belly, and the ascension of the Mother, it openeth all obstructions of the Liver, it moveth urine, it drieth the cold and moist brains, it is good for the sinews, Palsy, and lameness that proceedeth of them, it restoreth the lost speech, it taketh away all cold rheums that fall out of the head into the eyes, teeth, and other parts, and this conserve is especial good against the corruption of the gums. How to preserve the Eryngus root. §. 21. THis herb is called of the Physicians Eryngium, the roots only of this herb be preserved. The same are digged up in the spring time or in harvest, wash and scrape the same well; afterwards cleave them in the length and take out the hart, then cut them in mean pieces, seethe them and prepare them as you did Calmus and the greater Pimpernell roots: or you may leave them long, put only the pith of them out and stick it about with Cinnamom and Cloves, which giveth it a pleasantness. These roots be also very good for them that have any disease in the Liver, they do take away all pain of the Milt, the kidneys, and back, they drive away the colic, they move urine and women's terms; they be also good against all venom, and against all pursiveness in the breast, they free one from the cramp, and of the falling sickness, they do warm the parts of generation, and be especial good for a cold stomach. Conserve of Marjoram. §. 22. OF this herb are the leaves only to be taken, and powne them with Sugar like the Eyebright: this Conserve is of a dry and of a warm nature it is especial good for all moist and cold diseases of the brains, of the head, and of the stomach, it openeth all obstructions of the liver, and all inward part, it doth strengthen the heart, and it hath the same virtue with the conserve of Lavender and of Spikenard. Conserve of Balm. §. 23. A Conserve of this herb is especial good for all biting of Scorpions, of Spiders, and of Wasps, and is also good for all biting of mad dogs, the same being eaten or laid upon it: it moveth women's terms, it assuageth all tooth ache and pain of the joints, it fréeth one from the poison of the Toadstooles, it stayeth the scouring Dysenteria, and taketh away all colics, it driveth away all pensiveness, it strengtheneth a cold stomach, it warmeth the breast, and giveth a light breath, it cleanseth all ulcers, and is good against all dark sight: of the white flowers of this herb is also a Conserve made like as of all other flowers, which nevertheless is not much in use. How Nutmegs are to be confected. §. 24. OF Nutmegs take the very best, lay them to steep in sharp lay which is made of woodashes, and let them lie so long therein, until they be thoroughly steeped, yea mellow and soft: afterwards power away the lay and peel off the uppermost grey skins. This being done, power fresh water oftentimes upon it, to the end that the sharpness of the ley may be drawn away again: then let them dry in the shadow in a Sieve: prepare afterwards a syrup of Sugar which is well decocted, and so power it luke warm upon them; and if it wax waterish, then seeth the same again, and that once every three or four days until that the syrup continue thick. These Nutmegs be of a dry and warm nature, they strengthen the head, the brains, the hart, and all vital spirits, they increase natural heat, and all natural powers, if so be that one take the same in the morning fasting, and in the evening after meat. They do consume all noisome and superfluous humours of the inward parts, they do strengthen the stomach and make fresh blood, they yield a good and odoriferous breath, they ease all swellings and hardness of the spleen, and they be especial good against all cold diseases of the Liver: but they be not so good for the Lights: they have great power for to dry a moist head. Now adays be they brought out of India preserved green, which be much better and forcible, than they which be preserved in this country. Conserves of Gilliflowers. §. 25. divers kinds there be of these well known flowers, the red well savouring be the best to make a Conserve of, cut the undermost white from it and use the leaves alone, and the white are you to cast away; the same is to be pouned with Sugar like to other Conserves. This Conserve hath the same virtue that the conserve of Betony hath, for they are also a kind of Betonie. These Gilliflowers are especially commended against all venom: this Conserve is also very good for the head and the brains, drying and warming the same, it allayeth also the shaking and shivering of the quartain Ague: it is also somewhat bitter, and is therefore good against all worms taken fasting, it is good against the pain of the teeth, it withstandeth drunkenness, and breaketh the stone. This may also be used as a preservative in time of the plague. How Walnuts are preserved. §. 26. ABout Saint john's tide take green Walnuts and prick them through with a bodkin, and péele off the green bitter shales from them; afterwards lay them 8. or ten days in fresh water or in running water which is more better, and they need not so much time also for it. When as now they be quite rid of their bitterness, then let them seeth softly, until they be somewhat mellow, but not through soft: and afterwards let them dry in a sieve, and then stick their holes with Cinnamom, Cloves, and Orange péeles: also seeth the Sugar somewhat short, as we have taught in the preserving of the Elecampane roots. Some do prick it without, but they put Cloves, Cinnamom, Galingall, Mace, Cucubes, and Cardamom in the syrup, each according to his good liking: but if so be that you will preserve them with Honey, than it is not needful that one péele them. These Nuts be commonly used at banquets, notwithstanding that they be also good for Physic: they that be preserved with spices, do help digestion and do warm all inward parts: they close up the stomach after meat, and do stay the ascension of the vapours, yet they are very seldom used in this Book. Here we will also admonish and teach how that one shall keep ripe Walnuts a long time fresh, that the kernels may be péeled: for this are you to take good new nuts, bury them in sand, and when you will use them, then wash away the sand. Or take a new pot, and strew therein a lay of dried Vineleaves, and then a lay of Nuts, and so forth, until the pot be full, wherein they will last long and keep their taste. Conserve of bugloss. §. 27. WE have before admonished in the description of the Conserve of Borage, that both of these be of one nature and of one operation, wherefore it is not needful to discourse thereof more at large. How Apples are preserved. §. 28. APples may be preserved as we have written of Pears, some do power upon them winelees, and they wash them when they will use them: Apples do cool the hot stomach, they do attenuate the tough slime and quench thirst. Conserve of Pionie. §. 29. TAke the leaves of peony flowers (which do blow in May) and powne them very small, unto a pound of Flowers take 2. pound and a half of Sugar, & set it the space of three months in the Sun stirring it about every day. This Conserve is very good against all fantasies, against the hag or nightmare (as some term it) against the falling sickness, and swimming of the head, against the diminishing of the sight, and all diseases of the brains: it moveth women's terms, and cleanseth them after childbirth: it is also good for the gravel, and for the yellow jaundice, it suppresseth the vapours of the stomach, it refresheth women that be vexed with the suffocation of the Matrix, it is also marvelous good against the pangs of children, and it letteth the growing of the stone in them: if so be that the children be too small that one cannot give it them, then are the nurses that give suck to use this Conserve in abundance. How to preserve Peaches. §. 30. WHen the fruit is ripe, then is the same to be plucked off with the hand that it may not be bruised: those Peaches are esteemed to be the best to preserve which be ripe about Saint john's tide, and be somewhat smaller than the other: the uppermost skin is at the first to be péeled off with a knife, and the syrup (like as is said of the Musk pears) to be sod until it be thick. They have almost the same nature that the Musk pears have, they comfort and strengthen the sick persons, they be good for the thirst, they moisten the dried tongue, they do cool all inward parts, and be very good in all hot sicknesses. In this manner be the red and the wine Peaches preserved: péele the same and take out the stones; afterwards lay them in an earthen pot, and power upon them clarified and thick Hony. These Peaches be not so pleasant as the other, but they be well as forcible as the small, and they may also be prepared with Sugar. And because that some people may not abide the taste of Honey, it may be washed off before they be used with water; it is also in the third part (where we speak of the bloody Flixe) declared how these Peaches are to be dried and used. Item, the hurt which these Peaches do through their cold and moisture, that will be remedied through eating of their kernels, or with a draft of wine. The flowers or blossoms of Peaches may also be preserved with Sugar as other flowers: this conserve is very necessary for children against the worms, because that children can hardly use Wormséede by reason of the bitterness: and this conserve doth not only expel worms, but letteth that none other can come to engender. And if one have suspicion of Worms, than it is advised that it be given, for that it strengtheneth much the stomach. For to make Conserve of Prunes. §. 31. TAke of the great Damask prunes or other great horse Prunes which be somewhat sourish, as many as you please, cut them open and pluck out the stones: then let them seeth in a pot, afterwards strain them through a strainer, and then let it seeth again unto a pap, this cooleth all heat and quencheth the thirst in Agues. If you will have a laxative Conserve, then take sweet Prunes. There is also made at the Apothecaries a laxative conserve called Diaprunum solutiwm, which you are to seek in the Table. Some do take for the first described Prunes conserve of the one half of Sugar, whereby it is also pleasant, but it is in hot sicknesses much more commodious to be used without Sugar. But if you will only preserve Prunes, then take the foresaid Prunes of Damask, and then power as much clarified honey upon it which is not too hot, stirring it always well about. If it be seen that the Honey be waterish, then must it be decocted again, like as it is oftentimes admonished before. How Quinces and other things are to be preserved. §. 32. OF these noble and odoriferous Quinces have many ancient and also later Physicians written much, and used after sundry manners, whereby it is now come to pass, that there is scant any household of account where one findeth not always something prepared of Quinces, wherefore we will discourse somewhat ampler thereof, and first of all describe divers confections. The Apothecaries do call the one Diacydonium simplex, for that there is none other but Sugar or Honey in it, and is thus made: Take Quinces as many as you please, whereof the kernels be put out, and cut them very small, afterwards seeth them in Well water to the end they may be soft, then strain them through a Strainer or Sieve, so that there remain nothing but the parings in the Sieve. Then take three pound thereof, Sugar or Hony that is well clarified about four pound, or as much as you please, then seeth them together unto a conserve or confection, stirring it about continually. Another: Take cut Quinces which be cleansed from the seed, put them into a pot, and cover it on the top with a pewter potlid, turn it afterwards about into another pot which is full of water, and let the same seeth, that the vapour may ascend, and the Quinces, through the vapour of the nethermost pot, may be mellow, that they may be afterwards driven through a Sieve: take four pound thereof, Sugar three pound, and let it seeth so together to a conserve. Some do take but half so much Sugar as Quinces, but therein may each one do his pleasure, how less Sugar that there is with it, so much the better be they for Physic. Other do boil or foment the Quinces with good old wine, which is also not to be rejected. This following is more forcible: Take as many Quinces as you will, grate them very small, and press out the juice, afterwards power it upon other sliced or cut Quinces, and then let them altogether seethe thoroughly with Sugar or Hony. This is an especial medicine for to strengthen the stomach, it stoppeth all scouring and wambling, it strengtheneth the inward weak parts, besides the digestive and retentive virtues, and it provoketh appetite. But note this well, if one will stop the scouring, that one must take it before meat, and against the vomiting after meat. At the Apothecaries is prepared a Diacydonium compositum, or cum Speciebus, as hereafter followeth: Take thick sodden juice of Quinces, wherein is neither Sugar nor Honey, eighteen ounces, clarified Honey one pound and a half, seeth it meetly thick. When it is now waxed luke warm, then temper these spices following (powned small) amongst it: to wit, Cinnamom three quarters of an ounce, Ginger half an ounce, Pepper and Galingall, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cloves and Nutmegs, of each one dram and a half, India Spica, Lignum Aloes, Mace, and Cardamome, of each one dram, zeduary half a dram: afterwards power it into boxes, and make a hole or twain above on the top. It is also well advised that one take Sugar in stead of honey. If you will have a purging conserve of Quinces of Marmalade, then take of this foresaid conserve (whilst that it is yet warm) with the spices 22. ounces, and temper half an ounce of powned Diagridion amongst it, and stir it very long, to the end it be well tempered. This foresaid conserve of Quinces with the spices is more forcible for all the foresaid diseases, than the other, it causeth the winds to avoid, it expelleth all bad smells, it maketh a good colour, and it strengtheneth the natural powers. For the kitchen and for housekeeping may this ensuing be prepared: pair as many Quinces as you please, grate them even to the core, and put all that is grated into a strong cloth, afterwards wring the juice well out, and keep it in a pot. This being done, take other Quinces, pair them and cut them in four pieces, put out the seed, and seethe the same in water until it be almost as mellow as pap, and all the water be consumed, but put out the seeds clean, and put it in a pot apart, and power water upon it, then let it seeth well, and strain it through a cloth. Tie also a course cloth over an earthen pan, and lay thereon a good deal of mellow Quinces, and rub them through it, so that the best may go through, then take afterwards fair white Sugar, and power thereon some of the decoction of Quinces, let it seethe méetly hard, (than needeth not the conserve of Quinces to seeth so much) then take of this decoction of Quinces one part, and two parts of the other, and let it seeth until it be half thick enough, afterwards put the Sugar unto it, & then let it seeth thick enough, stirring it continually: when as it beginneth to be cold, then put into the boxes. And if this Marmalade be not fair enough, then take off the uppermost skin with a knife. It is also to be noted, that if it be not decocted dry enough, then can it not last above a year. Now for to make a clear and perspicuous Marmalade: Take fair great Quinces, wash them very clean, grate them very small, wring out as much juice as you please: take afterwards other Quinces, cut them in six pieces, put them into a pot, let them be vapoured with hot water, like as we have taught before, until that they be through mellow, then take half a pot full of the former juice, and power it upon the former stewed and cut pieces, break it well together, and then put the rest of the juice amongst it, wring it through a thin cloth, until it be clear: Of this juice shall you not seethe more at once, than for to fill a box therewith, and put white Sugar unto it (beaten very small) as much as you please. If the juice be troubled, then let it pass once or twice through a cloth, or so long until it be through clear: afterwards seeth it speedily away over a slight fire: when it is boiled enough, then power it into the box, or wherein else you will, which might be made wet before: and when they have stood one night, then may they be taken out. Note also here, that you must not take too little of the pap of the vapoured Quinces; for that the Marmalade should be very tough, and if one let the same seeth long, then would it be very brown. If you will make course Marmalade, then take the Quinces that remain, whereof the best is strained out, and rub it through a hairen sieve, and afterwards put more vapoured Quinces unto it, and let it seethe away with Honey or Sugar. This serveth to dress withal, or otherwise. A Marmalade not sodden: Take twenty or twenty five Quinces, pair them, and cut the half thereof in small pieces, the rest grate small, and press the juice well out: power that unto the cut pieces, and stew them until all be soft: afterwards wring them through a cloth, and stir as much powned Sugar amongst it, as you please, and then put them in a box, and so let it dry upon an oven. Item, take ripe Quinces which be not stony, pair them, and take out rdund pieces so deep, till you come to the stones. You are to grate these Quinces, and to wring out the juice, to the end that you may have a good deal of it, then power this juice upon the pieces that you cut out, and then let it seeth until it be through mellow: then put clear decocted Sugar unto it, as much as you please, and then dry them with a soft fire, then put them in the boxes, and let them dry well. Another: Take four ounces of fresh Quince kernels, let them steep a day and a night in Well water, or in the juice of Quinces, in a warm place, afterwards wring out the slime through a clean cloth, and then put thereto four pound of the juice of Quinces in a leaded pot, and let it seethe all together by a soft fire: yet it is to be strained then through a cloth again, and afterwards also take two pounds of Sugar, and seethe it until it be thickt enough. Yet another course Marmalade: Take of the pith whence the best juice is wrong out, and put warm water unto it, and seeth it well; then rub thereof thorough as much as you can, and put clear Honey unto it as much as you please, and then put some Pepper unto it, and seeth it very thick. If you will now know when these Marmalades be decocted enough, then let some fall upon a cold Iron, and be cold, if it be enough, then will it easily part from the iron, and remaineth not hanging on the fingers, but it goeth clean and dry off. All these sorts of Marmalades, or Conserves of Quinces are very good for the stomach, and help the digestive power. The same may moreover be tempered in Malmsey, in Claret wine, and Hippocras, and may also be used in stead of a sauce with meat. It is also here to be noted, that all Marmalades, which are prepared with Wine, spices, and such like, are good only for old folks, and for cold women, and for all them which be cold by nature. Contrariwise, they that be prepared with water and juice of Quinces, be meetly hot, because the fruit is cold in the first, and dry in the second degree: wherefore they be meet for all people which be hot by nature, and for all them whose gall overfloweth much in the stomach. Snowwhite Marmalade is also to be made in this manner: Take pared Quinces, cut them, in four or five pieces, and cut them out within: afterwards put honey unto them, and let them slew in a pot, until that they be mellow: then take them out, and let them be cold, and stick them about with cut Cinnamom and Cloves, put Honey unto it again, and then set it so in a cellar, that it may remain moist, and lay some heavy thing upon it, that they swim not. Item, take Quinces as many as you please, prepare them as before, power wine unto it, but let them not be stewed too mellow, especially if one will keep them a certain time: let them afterwards dry upon a cloth: if you will stick them about as before, that is wholly in your power: if not, bind in a cloth Cinnamom, Cloves, Mace, and lay it in the decoction: afterwards take one part of wine, and two parts of Honey, and let it seeth so long until that all the wine be wasted, then afterwards power Honey upon it, but not too hot, to the end that thereby they be not too hard. Before times, these were wont to be made in this manner following: Take a rough cloth, and rub off therewith the uttermost parings of the Quinces, or pair them very thin, and then cut them in four pieces, and take out the core within, afterwards power upon them two parts of wine, and one part of Honey which is clarified, then seeth them so long until the skin do wrinkle, then be they enough: put them out, and let them be cold, lay them in a pot, and strew some spice upon each row; afterwards power the decoction (sodden short) luke warm upon it. Item, take Quinces, take out the coares, and lay them in a pot close one to another, and let them stand stewing in an oven, until that they be mellow, so that they may easily be pricked through with bodkins; afterwards let them be cold, and then put them again into another pot, and power clarified Honey upon it, lay some heavy thing upon it, that they swim not about, then will they remain good a whole year, and have the same virtue of the common Marmalade. You have also before in the description of Pears, how that they shall be made close in a pot, and should then be laid in a fat of Wine, you may also put the same in practice with the Quinces. Lay the Quinces all the winter in small chopped straw, and cover them well, but lay none other fruit with it, and keep them from the air. Other do take Flocks, some Bran, or Hay. But the very surest is if one will keep them the whole year, that they be covered in their own leaves, and afterwards cover them with Lome, let them dry, and set them somewhere in a cold dry place. There may also be made many kinds of things of Quinces, viz. the syrup Miva, and oil, and also the seeds thereof be used and the péeles. Conserve of Roses. §. 33. Conserve of Roses which is ready at all Apothecaries, and common in all houses is thus prepared: Take red Rose buds, which be plucked in dry weather, as many as you please. clip them off under the white with a pair of shears, then lay them on a clean cloth, and one double cloth over them, that they may be well covered, let them lie so still upon a table two or three days, that they may whither a little, and afterwards stamp them in a mortar to grout: and to one part of the powned Roses, take two parts of Sugar, and stamp them well together; afterwards put this Conserve in a glass, and stop it close the space of three months in the sun; yet stir them about once every day, with a wooden spatine: if so be that you think that they will be too hard, then set them afterwards in a cellar, that they relent somewhat. It is here also to be noted, that if so be you cannot get the right red Roses, then take the Carnation coloured, yea also the wild Roses, of the which I have found myself, that the Conserve itself is of very good taste, and moreover very forcible in working. This Conserve of Roses hath an especial virtue to strengthen a weak stomach, and to allay all choleric humours; it strengtheneth the brains, it quickeneth and strengtheneth the heart, it cooleth the heat, and all inflammation of the inward parts. This Conserve of Roses may well be tempered with Rosewater or Well water, and be wrung through a cloth, and so in all hot agues to comfort the sick persons with it: it moisteneth also the dry tongue, the throat, the breast, and the lights, and especially that which is new made: that which is oldish hath another nature of binding in all scour and fluxes, it suageth the pain and sharpness of the same, etc. The purging Conserve of Roses is made thus: Take twelve ounces of Sugar of Roses, and temper amongst it at the least half an ounce of small pouned Diagridion. This conserve of Roses is also very good in sundry sicknesses, and especially in linger diseases. There is half an ounce thereof given, or at the most three quarters of an ounce at once, when as the Diagridion hath been tempered amongst it at the least two months before. The white Conserve of Roses is made like to the red. Some do make all Conserves of Roses with Honey in stead of Sugar, but this Conserve is hotter, and is seldom used. There is also Conserves made of Damask Roses, after the foresaid manner, which is very pleasant, and looseth mildly. Conserve of Rosemary. §. 34. THis Conserve is very pleasant, not only for Physic, but the flowers and the herb is also used in the Kitchen, with wine and otherwise. But as much as concerneth the Conserve, the Apothecaries do call it Conserua Anthos, and is made thus: Take flowers of Rosemary which are to be gathered in the spring, and in harvest, powne them to pap, and to one part of these flowers, take three parts of Sugar, and powne it very well togther, then set it in the Sun, stirring it oftentimes about. This Conserve is warm by nature, it attenuateth also all tough, gross, and phlegmatic matter of the inward parts, it drieth and strengtheneth the brains, it refresheth the heart, and maketh it merry; it strengtheneth the mortified natural heat, it expelleth the yellow jaundice, and withstandeth the Dropsy, it warmeth and cleanseth the breast, it maketh a good breath, it driveth out phlegm, and strengtheneth digestion, it withstandeth all venom that might hurt the heart, it taketh away the Colic or gripping of the belly, it causeth one to sweat well, whereby it expelleth all bad humours out of the body, it cleanseth the blood, hunteth away all heaviness and pensiveness, and strengtheneth all weakness. To preserve the roots of all red Beets. §. 35. YOu are to stew these roots with a little water, when they be mellow, than put thereto little pieces of Horsradish, and put them in a pot, and strew it with Caraway: afterwards power half wine and half vinegar upon it, until that they be well covered, and then lay some heavy thing upon them, that they may not swim: in the same manner may you also prepare all the roots that serve for Salads: the roots which are too great are to be cut overthwart. These and such like roots are not to be used for physic, but for meat. Conserve of Sage. §. 36. Conserve of Sage is also made of the flowers, like unto all other; it doth strengthen the stomach, it openeth all obstructions, it consumeth all bad humours of the stomach, it strengtheneth all members, and is very good for all diseases of the head, which proceed of cold, it is good against all Palsies and lameness, it is also meet for all diseases of the sinews. How Sloes are to be preserved. §. 37. TAke very ripe Sloes, with their stalks, and put thereto two parts of Honey, and one part of wine, and let them seeth so long until the wine be thoroughly sodden away; afterwards lay the Sloes in a pot, with the stalks on high, and power the same Honey upon it, and cover it with a trencher, and lay some heavy thing on them, to the end that they may be covered with the liquor; and then set them in a cellar. Another way to preserve Sloes: take unripe Medlars, ripe Sloes, ripe and pared Quinces, when the coares be cut out, of each as much as you please: if you will you may stick them about with spice: likewise also the Medlars; which you shall seeth with the Quinces in Honey, like as is first of all said of Sloes, and lay some heavy thing on the top of it. Conserves of Cowslips. §. 38. THere be two kinds of these flowers, whereof the one is wild, and without smell, which is meet for nothing: but take of the yellow that smells well, and cut thereof behind the long pipe, and with Sugar make a Conserve thereof. This Conserve is of a warm and dry nature, it is very good for the head, it strengtheneth and warmeth the brains it is also good for the Palsy, for which cause it is also called Herba paralysis. This conserve is also of all them (which be inclined to the Palsy) much used, and it strengtheneth also the heart: but it is perchance not much used, for that it is a kind of Betony or of Gillowflowers, which be more acceptable. Conserve of water Lilies. §. 39 LIkewise there be two sorts of these flowers, to wit, yellow and white, take thereof the white, and the white leaves only of the flowers, make a conserve thereof ●ike unto all other conserves. This conserve strengtheneth much, and cooleth in very hot agues, and also in pestilential agues, It is also very good for them that consume away, and that have the Pleurisy. It taketh away all dry coughs, for that it cooleth and moisteneth the breast, the throat, and the dry tongue: it quencheth thirst, it cooleth through her cold the Liver, the Milt, and all inward parts, and it provoketh sleep. All hail people and they that be cold of nature may not use the same, for that if the same be used too much, then taketh it away the fleshly desire, and it obstructeth also the spermaticall flux if it be heat. Conserve of Violets. §. 40. TAke blue odoriferous Violet flowers, pluck the flowers from their hu●, and powne them to a pap. Unto a pound of flowers put two pound of Sugar, and then stamp them well together, and so set them in the Sun. This Conserve is cold in the first, and moist in the second degree. It cooleth and moisteneth with mildness, and it assuageth also the pain of the guts, but it is not so good for the stomach. It allayeth also the choleric heat which cometh through moisture. It looseth and also taketh away thirst. It may well be given to young children (in all heat) very freely, for that it is good against their pangs, it keepeth the belly open, it strengtheneth the brains and the heart, and it taketh away all stitches. The yellow Violets are also preserved otherwhiles. Conserve of the flowers of Cicorie. §. 41. TAke the leaves of Cicorie flowers, and make a conserve thereof, like as is taught of all other. This conserve is especial good for the Liver, it openeth the obstruction of the same, it cleanseth all inward parts, and also the entrails of all choleric humours, it expelleth them out through the stool, and withstandeth thereby all putrefying agues, therefore this conserve is also to be used in the beginning of the Dropsy, it reviveth the weak and overheated heart, and also the stomach. In fine, it is very good in all hot sicknesses. The roots of Cicory are also preserved, which are digged up before that they begin to sprout out. Being digged up make them clean, and cut them the long way, and then take the innermost hart of it. Afterwards cut it in pieces the length of a finger, and then let them boil well in fresh water, that the bitterness may come out, and the roots may be mellow. When as they be meetly dry, then power thick boiled Sugar upon it, and if the roots be still somewhat hard, then let them boil in the Sugar until they be mellow, and let them be cold. But if that the syrup be thin through the moisture of the roots, then seeth the same thick again, and that so often until it remain stiff. These roots be of a cold and dry nature, and they have the same virtues with the conserve. How red Cherries are preserved. §. 42. Read Cherries be preserved like as we have taught before of the black. They have also one kind of operation, and are thus preserved: Take picked red Cherries which be not bruised, put them in a small Oaken vessel, afterwards take clarified Honey, and let it seethe with a little wine, until all the moisture be consumed, and power then this Honey warm upon it, otherwise would they break through heat. This being now done, then stop the vessel tied, and lay it in a Cellar, and roll it daily from one place to another, and do this the space of fourteen days, or three weeks. There is also made of these Cherries a conserve, as hereafter followeth. Take Cherries as many as you please, stamp them a little, and then power yet more other Cherries unto it, and boil it without any other moisture: all that which will remain thick, is to be rubbed through a sieve, to the end that there do not remain any other thing in the sieve, than skins and stones; then seeth it in an earthen pot. You may also put Sugar unto it, as much as you please, and then seeth it unto a conserve. For this, is no kind of Spice meet, if so be that one desire not to put a little Cinnamom unto it. This conserve is very good against all drith of the mouth, throat, and tongue, if sick persons be washed with it. It quencheth thirst in all hot Agues, and otherwise. It is also good for all Cholera of the stomach, it maketh appetite to meat, and it cooleth the hot reins: the kernels do expel gravel. In Summer time is wine to be mingled with this conserve, and to be used for sauce with roast meat. If one desire to keep Cherries long fresh, then are picked Cherries to be taken for it, and to dip the same in molten Wax, viz. when it beginneth to be cold, & to let them be well closed in Wax, and afterwards to cement the same with Loam until it be thoroughly closed, then are they to be hanged up in a cool place, and they will remain fresh a very long time. How ripe and unripe Grapes are to be preserved. §. 43. THe unripe Grapes shall be confected like to all Barberries', but you must cut every berry from the Cluster, to the end that they may keep their stalks, and put therewith like as is said of the black Cherries: then let them not seeth long, that they do not break and get a bad taste. They have the same power as the Barberries'. The ripe Grapes are to be confected, like as we have written of Pears. Of that which commonly keepeth all fruits fresh. §. 44. ALL that is laid in Honey, whether it be Flesh, Fruit, and Plants, or any other thing, doth remain a long time before it spoil, therefore have dead carcases before time been powered full of Honey. If you have then any Fruit, Fowls, Venison, or any other such like things that you will keep good the space of a year; or any Plants, or Flowers, and such like throughout the winter, then look into M. Tristrams' water, whereof all ancient Physicians have had a good opinion. The same also do all vital and golden waters, which follow immediately hereafter. The sixth Chapter. Of the golden and vital waters, and Elixirs of life. THese kinds of potions and artificial waters, are ordained most to this end, for that they should strengthen the most principal parts of the body, as the head and the heart, to keep it from debility and swooning, especially if the same proceed of cold. Thus we will describe some of them, whereof there be two, which the ancient Physicians call golden waters for their especial virtues. Take fine Sage seven ounces, Nutmegs, Cloves, Ginger, and Greins, of each half an ounce, Cinnamom, peeled Bayberries, and Bevercod, of each one ounce, Spikenard one dram, péeles of Citrons one quarter of an ounce, temper them all together grossly beaten, then power two quarts of wine upon it, and so let all together stand the space of fourteen days stopped close, stirring it well about every day. Afterward distil it in water in an Helm luted well and tied. This water doth keep all manner of meats by their natural taste and virtue, it expelleth all bad humours of the body, it maketh all wine clean and of a good taste, if one temper a little amongst it, anointed outwardly upon one, or used. It is very good for all inward parts, as the Stomach, the Spleen, the liver, and the Lights. It is also good for all bruises, and to anoint the bruises with it. In like manner it is good for all falls, for all biles, and all pains of the head. It is good (namely at the first) against all Dropsies, against the Palsy, and also against all venom. If one have any thing in the stomach that he cannot digest, then will it be consumed thereby, it maketh a good memory, and withstandeth the Leprosy, it healeth all scabbines, and also all ulcers, if one drink it, or lay it upon them. Another. Take Lavender flowers, Hyssop and Sage, of each four ounces, cut them very small, Nutmegs, Ginger, Cinnamom, and Cloves, of each half an ounce, Greines two drag. beat all small, afterwards power upon it three quarts of the best wine, and set it the space of fourteen days in the Sun stopped very close. Thus may you use the first. Item, take good Malmsey two quarts, and steep these things ensuing in it, being stopped very close, and then set it in a dunghill which lieth in the East the space of thirty days, afterwards distil it, as is before said. Take fine Sage with the flowers, of each half an ounce, Borage flowers one ounce, one Orange, Rue three drams, Rosemary three ounces and a half, Rosemary flowers half an ounce, the tops of Marjoram gentle four ounces, the flowers of bugloss three quarters of an ounce, red Roses two ounces and one quarter, Hyssop half an ounce, Carduus Benedictus half an ounce, Ireos' three drams, Camfere three quarters of an ounce, prepared Perls half a dram, oil of Spike and liquid Storax, of each half a dram, powned Cinnamom four ounces, Galingall three drams, long Pepper and Greines, of each half an ounce, Cucubes, and Cardamome, of each one ounce and a quarter, zeduary three drams, Ginger one ounce, beat this all together gross. Here is to be noted, that there will be too little wine, and that freely there may three or four quarts of wine be taken for it. Now followeth here a water, called the elixir of life, and is thus made. Take Cinnamom and Cloves, of each one ounce and a half, Nutmegs one ounce, red Roses ten handfuls, white Roses as many, Hyssop two handfuls, Lavender flowers seven handfuls, power unto it a quart of Malmsey, and so let it stand the space of nine days, and distil it afterwards, as is said before. Now for to distil a common vital water is thus to be done. Take Cinnamom one ounce and a half, Ginger one ounce, Cloves, Nutmegs, and Greines, of each half an ounce, Lignum Aloes, Mastic, Mace, and long Pepper, of each two drams, Sage sixteen ounces, Cardamome, Cucubes, and Galingall, of each two dragms and a half, Roses one quarter of an ounce, Balm three drams, Citron péels three quarters of an ounce, Rue, Bayberries, and Stechas, of each half an ounce, Rosemary, Marjoram, Lavender, and Betony, of each three quarters of an ounce, Spica, and Bevercod, of each one dram, stéep it in three quarts of Malmsey, and so let it stand the space of ten days, then distil it like as is taught of the other. Some have also an especial water, which is called Aqua spiritualis, for that it strengtheneth much the vital spirits: Take the herb Lavender with the flowers, and Liriconfancie, of each two ounces, Rosemary flowers, and betony, of each three drams, Sage, and Marjoram gentle, of each one ounce, Balm half an ounce, Hyssop, Mints, the greater Pimpernell, Tormentill, Rapontica, Angelica, and Bistorta, of each one quarter of an ounce, Peony roots, and of Valerian, of each one dram avence, and juniper berries, of each half an ounce, Bayberries, and Bevercod, of each one drag. cut the roots, and powne them grossly. The herbs are you to take dry, and to cut them small, and then put them in a glass which is narrow above, afterwards power five pints of the spirit of wine upon it, and stop it tied, then set it the space of eight days in the Sun, or in another warm place, and distil it afterwards, as is said in the beginning. In all that which is distilled out are you to lay in steep, Ginger and Galingall, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cloves half an ounce, Cucubes one quarter of an ounce, Cardamome and Nutmegs. of each half a dram, Greines one scruple, Citron peeles one quarter of an ounce, Pomegranate péeles half a dram, Lignum Aloes and white Mustard seed, of each one scruple, Saffron half a dram, Indie Spica one scruple, Annis half an ounce, Fennell one quarter of an ounce, Treacle one ounce, Turpentine three drams, prepared red Coral one dram, Manus Christi with Pearls half an ounce, conserve of Roses one ounce, clarified Honey four ounces, then powne it all gross that is to be powned, and so let it stand the space of four days in a warm place, afterwards you shall distil it, and then temper amongst it Muscus and Ambra, of each one scruple, Spermaceti one drag. good Rhubarb one quarter of an ounce, Camfer ten greines, Sugarcandy one ounce, then wring it out oftentimes, and keep it stopped close. Another. Take dry red Rose leaves half an ounce, flowers of Sage, of Rosemary, of Borage and bugloss, of each one quarter of an ounce, Liriconfansy one ounce & a half, Balm, Citron péeles, betony, and red Gilliflowers, of each one ounce, Nutmegs & Mace, of each one drag. Cardamome & Cucubes, of each half a drag. white & yellow Saunders, of each one quarter of an ounce, powne all these things very small, then take a pint of good spirit of wine, and put therein 2. ounces of Cucubes, the stones taken out, & then cast them to the foresaid small beaten herbs, and let them all stand to steep in a warm place, until that the wine hath drawn the virtue of these herbs unto it, the which will be done in the space of two months. You may also set it in the Sun all the whole Summer, strain it at last through a fine cloth. You may also put unto this Musk, precious stones, Amber, Perls, unicorns horn, and such like things, for to strengthen the same therewith. These foresaid vital waters be especially good against all swooning, against all debility of the brains and of the heart, they strengthen also the sinews, & the memory, they warm the chilled and bad digesting stomach, wherein is much slime, if they be taken fasting. If one perceive any loss of his memory, then is he to anoint therewith the forehead, the hinder part of the head, and the temples of the same. They be also good against all lameness of the Palsy: they be also good against trembling & shaking, against swimming in the head, and such like diseases. But note, that here will be too little wine, but one may take more. In like manner, you have also in the 1. part the twelfth Chap. and 5. §. a very good water of May Lilies. This following is also an elixir of life, and is thus prepared: Take rosewater 4. ounces, water of Borage and of bugloss, of each 3. ounces, Manus Christi 1. ounce, and a half, prepared Pearls one drag. and a half, temper them all together, and so give it him that hath great heat of the head and of the Liver, and where as is great faintness of the heart. This vital water ensuing is very common at Augusta in Germany. Take culled Cinnamom three quarters of an ounce, Ginger half an ounce, Cloves, Nutmegs, and Greines, of each one quarter of an ounce, Mace, Lignum Aloes, and long Pepper, of each one drag. Cardamome, Mastic, Cucubes, Galingall, and Calmus, of each half a dragm, Balm flowers six ounces, Citron péeles three drams, peeled Bayberries and Stechas, of each one quarter of an ounce, Rue, Rosemary, Marjoram, Lavender, Balm, and Betony, of each half a handful, India Spica, and Bevercod of each half a drag. steep them all together in two quarts of Muscadel, or in any other strong wine, and let it stand so 10. or 12. hours' space. Afterwards distil it in seething water, then are you to hang Musk and Amber, of each fifteen grains, to wit, in a fine cloth, and then keep it close stopped. This following is a very odoriferous water to be used for what one will: Take the flowers of Spike, and Lavender flowers, of each one handful, Cloves, Cinnamom, Nutmegs, Mace, of each one dram and a half, Musk the quantity of a pease, than power unto it three pints of Rosewater and so set it in the Sun. There is yet another odoriferous water in the sixth part, in the fifteen chap. and 5. §. which may also be used for divers purposes. Cinnamom water is also exhibited to sick folks for a strengthening, and they are anointed therewith, and is to be further used for many Confections, Marchpanes, and other pleasanties, the which is thus to be made: Take four ounces of good Cinnamome, pown it very small and put it into an helm, afterwards power a pint of water upon it and lute it close: then distil it in seething water, and that which cometh out first is whitish, and strongest, and is only to be kept, and the rest to be received in another glass. The 7. Chapter. Of Hand waters. TAke Lavender or Spikenard where out the water is before distilled, and power as much rain water unto it unill the helm be more than half full afterwards distil it in seething water and set it in the sun, it smelleth strong enough and it remaineth good certain months. For to make May cheese. §. 1. TAke a new earthen pot wash it well with hot water & rub it with Salt within, afterwards make a hole in the bottom and put in a small tap: then take fresh milked milk and rennet it like as a Cheese is wont to be rennetted, and so let it stand from morning to evening: then pluck out the tap that the whey may run out: afterwards put every day a saucerfull of new milk with it, according to that there is much or little in the pot: stir it well about, and then let every evening the whey run out: besides all this, you are to salt the milk a little in rennetting of it. How to make wafers of Sugar. §. 2. WHat the Wafers be (which are wont to be set upon the table a nights) is well known to all men, thus for to confect them and to make them only of Sugar, is to be done: Take fair white Sugar powned very small and sifted through a fine sieve, make past thereof with tragacanth dissolved in Rosewater; the which is to be stamped in a mortar, to the end you may make thereof thin flat wafers: this being done, then is the same beneath and above to be bestrewed with well powned Sugar that it cleave not too, then wind them on a round stick & lay them upon a sieve to dry, to wit, in a warm place, but not in the sun: if you will you may also put Muscus unto it. In like manner you may take for it powned Sugar, & Cinnamom tempered together & roll the same also upon a round staff with dissolved Dragagant the which being bound to the space of fourteen days may remain good, and they are made like Cinnamom pipes. Honey water, Hydromel. §. 3. Honey water or our course Meade do the Grecians call Hydromel, and the Latinists Aquam mulsam; this water is to be used for many things, and especially in Physic for two kinds of things: the first, if one will lose the belly or procure vomit, then temper the same with two parts of old rain water, and one part of Honey, and so let it stand in the Sun. This Honey water is to be tempered with oil if the cause require it, and being lukewarm used for vomiting: the other Honey water is to be sodden and used also for many kinds of things, as we in this book have in many places declared. The eighth Chapter. For to make juleps IVleps are made after divers manners, and most of all of distilled waters, but the commonest and most known are to be boiled of Rosewater, and Violet water with Sugar, as both these in the third part, the 12. Chapter, and 10. §. be described: both these juleps be very much used in hot and dry causes. The ninth Chapter. For to take spots out of all Clothes. FOr to take spots out of all clothes, take two parts of Béechen ashes, and one part of Lime, and make Ley thereof with rain water, filter it oftentimes, and therewith wash the Spots. Item, take Argall one handful, three Ox galls, Venice soap two ounces, alum half an ounce, and a pint and a half of water: seeth it all together until that the fourth part be wasted, and then wash the spots therewith. But above all should distilled water of Toadstooles be very good to take all spots out of clothes, they may try that will. For to take the spots out of Chamlet and silks, rub it out with Turpentine oil. Spice cakes which be excellent good. §. 1. OF fine Hony take a quart, clarify it well, and half a pint of Malmsey, Cloves two ounces and a half, Ginger two ounces, Nutmegs one ounce, fine meal or flower five pound: let the Honey and Malmsey seeth together, then knead the Meal in it and make Cakes of it as you desire to have them, then bake them in an Oven. The tenth Chapter. Here after follow Confections. HEre shall follow now all kind of purging confections which are commended to be used in this book, to the end that not only the bare unknown name, but also their virtues and operations might be declared: therefore we will comprehend them in a short sum, and use the names that are best known at the Apothecaries; and besides that we will interpret and english their names the best we can. Confectio Anacardina. §. 1. FIrst of all we will speak of the Anacardina. This confection doth sharpen the understanding and the memory, and is also good against all pain of the stomach which cometh through cold, it cleanseth the blood, and maketh good colour: it is also called a confection of the Sage men. Antidotum Haemagogum. §. 2. THis Confection hath her name of the blood wherein it doth also reign: the which also the Greek name doth give to understand. Electuarium de Baccis Lauri. §. 3. This is a confection of Bayberries; this confection is for the griping and pain of the belly which is caused of wind, the v●●●best medicine that may be devised, and moreover against all inward maladies which proceed of cold. Benedicta laxativa. §. 4. THis confection is called a blessed Laxative, it is very much used and found ready at all Apothecaries: it is made of many simples, wherefore we omit her description: it is very good to purge all tough slimy matter, and especially that which lieth in the joints, as in them which have the joint disease or the gout, it cleanseth much, and purgeth also slimy matter of the kidneys, and of the bladder, etc. Bezoarctica. §. 5. SUch like Confections there are very many prepared in time of the plague for to provoke sweat; of which we have described one in the sixth part, the 16. chap. §. 3. Electuarium de Calamintha. §. 6. A Confection of the field Mints is described after three ways by the Physicians; and when we make it, which happeneth seldom, it is in form of Tabulates: but that which Galenus describeth, is made as followeth: Take the seeds of field Mints, of Penniroyall, of Parsley, and Siluermountaine, of each one dram, the seeds of Smallage, and of Thyme, of each one quarter of an ounce: the seed of Lovage one ounce, Pepper three ounces: make thereof Species. You are to take Sugar according as you will make a confection or tabulates, and that in such quantity as thereto belongeth. This confection is very good for all them that have a wambling of their meat, for them that have a bad breath, and a bad stomach, and be much plagued with the wind of the stomach. Confection of Cassie after three ways. §. 7. HOw highly that the Cassie is commended in Physic, and especially in hot sicknesses is discovered in many places of this book, and especially in the Introduction, where it is also taught how the same is to be driven through a sieve. Secondly, there is a confection made thereof, to wit, Diacassia cum Manna, which is to be used against the binding of the belly. The third is here before in the third Chapter described, in the first §. where we did discourse of Clysters, and in other places more. Electuarium de Castoreo. §. 8. THis is the Confection of Bevercod which one findeth very seldom, unless it were prepared of purpose for any body. Catharticum Imperiale. §. 9 THis is as much to say, as an imperial purgation, for that especially it is a purger of the head, maketh sweet breath, and expelleth black melancholy, and gall out of the stomach: this confection is not common at all Apothecaries. Catholicon. §. 10. THis Greek name is as much to say, as universal, and the ancient Physicians have given that name unto this Confection, for that it is meet for all diseases: therefore it is also kept prepared at all Apothecaries. And because that the same can be made by no householder, therefore we will not set down her description. It is not only good for all strong diseases, but also for all the extremest sicknesses, it allayeth and altereth the same, it strengtheneth all them that have any infirmity of the liver, or in the Spleen; it purgeth melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic humours, and is a safe medicine; as it is also used in many places of this book. Electuarium de Cincribus §. 11. THis Confection of Ashes is hardly to be found ready at any Apothecaries, but by reason of her profitableness, to show that the ancient Physicians have not pretermitted to make it known, therefore it is described in the third part, and hath an especial virtue in expelling of the stone, and of the gravel. Electuaria varia de Citonijs. §. 12. THere be sundry Conserves of Quinces, or of Marmalade, like as you find them before in the fourth Chapter, and 32. §. Electuarium de Corticibus Aurantiarum. §. 13. THe preserved péeles of Oranges, doth one find ready all Apothecaries, and are good for all pains of the stomach. Electuarium Ducis. §. 14. THis Confection was prepared for a Duke, and is compounded of many things together: wherefore we will not describe the same here, for it is found commonly at all well furnished Apothecaries: it is also very good for all windy and bad digesting stomachs, and against all cold of the inward parts: it is also good against all griping of the belly, and especially for the stone: for which cause it is principally ordained in this our book of physic. Electuarium de Epythymo. §. 15. THis Confection is very seldom used, but the flowers and the Thymus is very common in Physic. This Confection should be very necessary, and helping women unto fruitfulness, like as is also prescribed in this book for the same. Electuarium de Gallia. §. 16. THis for the profitableness and commodity that it hath in the pain of the guts, and in Phlegma, and for that it is easy to be made, is described in the third part, the 15. Chapter, and 6. §. for it is not known at the Apothecaries. Confectio Hamech. §. 17. THis Confection is of two sorts, and is compounded of many things, and is very common at all Apothecaries: wherewith the humours of the Gall, especially the salt humours which cause scabbines, the Leprosy, the Canker, and all other diseases which excoriate and inflame the skin by their sharpness are helped. The lesser Confection Hamech, purgeth Melancholy, and is also good against all frenzy, giddiness, forgetfulness, and all infections of the skin. Hiera Picra simplex. §. 18. THis Confection is at all Apothecaries every where prepared, and is not only very well known to the Physicians, but also to the common people: Take Cinnamom, Balsam wood, Asarabacca, Spica Indica, Saffron and Mastic, of each one dram and a half, Aloe 25. drag. clarified and scummed Honey thirteen ounces; make a Confection thereof. But if you will have it to strengthen rather than to purge, then take washed Aloes, in stead of other. This Confection is very good against all rotting and stinking humours, which do keep themselves in the mouth of the stomach, and in the bowels. In like manner it is also good for all them that have lost their natural colour, and against all inward diseases of the sight; it looseth very mildly and her operation penetrateth no further, but into the Liver, it strengtheneth the stomach, nevertheless that it is partly hurtful for them that have a hot Liver, but because of her great virtue, it is much used. Hieralogodion. §. 19 THis Confection is also found at all Apothecaries, the which is made out of many sundry things, wherefore we will not describe the same here: it is good against all old madness, against all Melancholy, against all Falling sickness, and all other ragings or madness, against the giddiness, and all pain of the head. Item, it is very good against all Palsies, against all shaking, and against all heart beating. It is also good in the Pleurisy, in all sicknesses of the Liver and of the Spleen, it provoketh women's terms; and is also good against all Gouts, against all poison, Leprosy, and scurf. Of this Confection may one take a dram at once with Wine, if there be tempered a little salt with it. Hiera Pachij Ruffini. §. 20. THe first Hiera is now of late come again in use amongst the Physicians, it is marvelous good for many kinds of things, not unlike to the aforementioned. In this our book of Physic is otherwhiles mention made of it. Electuarium Indum. §. 21. OF this Confection there be two sorts, a greater, and a lesser; yet both do expel bad humours, especially such as breed wind in the stomach, and other nutritive parts, they amend also the bad accidents which arise thereby, as swelling up of the stomach, the griping of the belly, pain of the kidneys, and such like. Electuarium Lenitiwm. §. 22. THis is a laxative Confection, which expelleth gently, without any pain, the phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic humours. It is also good against all Agues, and it is found ready at all Apothecaries, howbeit that it is very seldom used in this our book of Physic. Electuarium de Lepore combusto. §. 23. THere is also a Confection prepared of the Hares head, which is marvelous good against gravel, and is described in the third part, the twelfth Chapter, and 4. §. Laetificans Almansoris. §. 24. THis pleasant Confection is now adays made rather in Losing, than in form of a Confection: but how the Species be made, that do you find described in the first part, the twelfth Chapter and 8. §. Electuarium de Manna. §. 25. THis Electuary of Manna, is a very noble Confection, wherein come many easy laxative things, it cleanseth the blood, withstandeth Cholera, and Melancholia; it is very good for a hot liver, and cleanseth also the body. Electuarium ad Melancholiam. §. 26. THis Confection is not made, if it were not that it is especially ordained, and it is also but once used in this book. Michleta. §. 27. THis Confection Michleta is prepared at all furnished Apothecaries: it is especial good against all superfluous bleeding of the Piles, and against the griping of the belly, and it is exceeding good in all laskes, as in Lyenteria and Dysenteria. It is also used in diarrhea. Mithridatium. §. 28. THis high renowned and very well known confection, hath next to Treacle the highest commendation and price above all other confections and compounded medicines, the which of very many and divers simples is composed together: wherefore we will pretermit her description here. It is also older than the Trea●le & was found out by Mithridates' king of Pontus three hundred years before Christ's birth, and so named after him. This foresaid Confection did the King use against all venom, and with such commodity, that when he was in greatest extremity and had taken poison, he could not die of it. Wherefore and because that the same is oftentimes ordained in this book, therefore we will briefly rehearse her virtue and vigour. First, it hath almost in all things the same power of the Treacle; but that only the Treacle is somewhat hotter & more forcible against all venom of snakes: otherwise it is good against all pain of the head which proceedeth out of cold, and chief against all melancholic diseases, and also for them that live in great heaviness without cause. It is also good against all heavy fancies and madness: and further it is also good against the Falling sickness, against the giddiness, and all old pain of the head. Likewise it is a very good medicine against all running and diseased eyes, it sharpeneth the sight, and it is good against all sissing of the ears, and against all pain and falling of the gums if the same be laid upon it. Besides that, it is much commended for the squinancy, it cleanseth and healeth all ulcers of the throat. It is a special medicine for all them that be taken with the palsy, and them that have a disease in the lights: as it is also for all them that cough much, spit blood and complain of pursivenes. It is also especial good for all cold and moist stomachs, it maketh appetite, it strengtheneth the digestive virtue, and maketh a good colour. It assuageth all gripings, all scour, and the bloody flux it openeth the obstruction of the liver and the milt: and it is a medicine for all inward parts, it driveth also the cramp away, and all convulsions of the sinews, it expelleth the gravel, and the stone of the bladder, it suageth all pain and ulcers of the same, it expelleth water, and month women's terms: it is very necessary for all maladies of the Matrix, it is also especially commodious for all them that be plagued with the gout in the hands and feet; but especially it is given against all poison: this doth it not only taken inwardly, but also laid upon the outside. In like manner doth it apparently work in the tertian and quartain Ague, if that the same be taken an hour before or ere the ague cometh, with wine. The common weight that one taketh thereof is a dram: the which nevertheless according to the ability of the person and of the sickness, may be augmented or diminished, or also omitted all together. Electuarium Oculistae. §. 29. THis is a Confection for the eyes, whereof you shall find two sorts in the first part, the 7. chap. and 20. §. Electuarium de Olibano. §. 30. THis present Confection of Frankincense is seldom used and prepared, but it is good against all pain and rheums of the head, and also of the eyes, it suageth all bad throats which proceed of defluxions, it is also available against the Cough and spitting of blood, it stayeth all wambling and vomiting. Further, it is also good for all diseases of the Lights, and for the pleurisy, whereas the matter is coughed up; it stayeth the running of the reins, and women's terms, it is also used against the scouring. Electuarium de Ouo. §. 31. HOw that this precious Confection of the golden Egg is to be made, is after two ways described in the sixth part, the 16. Chapter, and 3. §. and also taught thereby, how that all hail and sick folks ought to use the same. Electuarium Diaphoenicon. §. 32. THis Confection of Dates is also to be made in Tabulates. It is méetly strong for to purge therewith in the Quotidian and Tertian agues. It purgeth Phlegma and Cholera. It hath a marvelous efficacy against all pain of the stomach, and other like pains of the guts, which are caused through any rough slimy humour, therefore it is also oftentimes prescribed in this book. Philonium. §. 33. THis confection is also called according to them which have found it out, to wit, after Philon. It is made after sundry manners, whereof there be twain, which be accounted the chief, viz. Romanum and Persicum. The first is good against the Cough, and against all diseases of the Lights, viz. heavy breath, spitting blood, distemperance of the stomach, pain of the liver, of the Spleen, and against all infirmities of the privities, and of the bladder. The other, to wit, Persicon, is very good to staunch blood, like as women's terms, or when the piles run too sore: also in all scour and bloody flux, and whereas blood is avoided then is it an especial medicine. It is also exceeding good for women which have first conceived for to preserve and keep the fruit. Electuarium Diaprunis. §. 34. HEre before in the fourth Chapter, in the description of the preserved Prunes, is expressed of her power, and how it is made. Electuarium de Psyllio. §. 35. THis is also one of the commonest confections, which one findeth ready at all Apothecaries, it expelleth the choleric matter, and is very good for all hot Agues, which otherwise are hardly to be expelled. Moreover, it is good against the giddiness and all pain of the head, which is caused by the vapours of Cholera, and mixed with other humours. Item, for the falling sickness, and for inflaming of the liver, etc. Electuarium de Raphano Syluestri. §. 36. HOw this is to be prepared, and of what power it is, that is to be seen in the third part, the 17. Chapter, and 4. §. Electuarium Regium. §. 37. ALbeit that it is called a kingly confection, and is very good, yet it is nevertheless no where in this book used, but only in the spitting of blood. Electuarium de succo Rosarum. §. 38. THis present Confection named, of the juice of Roses, is one of the chiefest purging confections, and because that it is very easy to be made, therefore we will describe it here. Take the juice of red Roses and white Sugar, of each eight ounces, Diagridij three quarters of an ounce, red, white, and yellow Saunders, of each three drams, ivory one dram and a half, Camfer half a scruple: the juice and Sugar is to be sodden unto a meet thickness, and when it is almost cold, then temper the rest amongst it, being all beaten very small. This may also well be made after the form of losings. This Confection purgeth Cholera without any anguish, and it is also good for all pain of the members, which be caused through hot choleric rheums, also for the tertian Ague, and for other more such like hot accidents. Diasatyrion. §. 39 THis is a Confection of Ragwoort roots: how the same is prepared and used for the increase of human nature, you may read in the third part, the sixth Chapter and 4. §. Electuarium de Scoria Ferri. §. 40. THe Confection of the refuse of Iron doth Rasis describe. It is seldom made or used. It stoppeth the Flux and all blood. Electuarium de Sebesten. §. 41. THis is also a very usual confection, how that the same is to be prepared, and what it hath for an operation or power, you may read that in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and twentieth §. Dia Sena. §. 42. THis Confection of Seine, is also very common at all Apothecaries. It is good used in all melancholic, frantic, pensive, and such like sicknesses, which proceed of melancholic blood: and it cureth them that complain of the Spleen. Theriaca magna. §. 43. THe occasion wherefore that this high commended Confection is not here described, is, for that it is made of so many things. Also because there is a contention as yet amongst the learned, then for that certain things (which must be used in it) be not to be gotten, and especially in this Country, as the flesh of the Snake Tyrus, whereof this Treacle hath the name: but it is nevertheless needful and well worthy that we here describe her operation and vigour. This Treacle and the Mithridate, be amongst all other confections the most renowned and worthiest. The first, was by Andromacho Nero's Physician found out first, but afterwards by Galen brought into a better order, and in such manner amended, that it may very well be kept for so precious a jewel, which is neither with gold nor silver to be compared: thus for to speak of her virtue. First, it is good against all poison, whether it be of beasts or otherwise, for to the same end it is given: and it is laid upon the biting of mad Dogs. In like manner, it hath an especial power against all bad air, against the Plague, and all pestilential Agues. It is also good against all old pains of the head, against the falling sickness, the giddiness, and all darkness of the eyes. Item, it is commended for all infirmities of hearing, and for loss of scent. And briefly to speak thereof, it doth also amend all debilities, the infirmities of the mind, and also of the brain. Moreover, it strengtheneth also all weakness and swoonings of the heart, it openeth all obstructions of the liver, and of the Spleen, and mollifieth or suppleth all their hardness, it openeth the breast, and is good against the wheasing, and also against the short breath. It allayeth the cough, and suppleth all rawness of the throat, it doth provoke the tough humours to be coughed up, it withstandeth spitting of blood, and swelling up of the veins. It expelleth the yellow Cholera and the Dropsy, it healeth all inward diseases and ulcers, it assuageth all inward diseases where there is no heat nor ague instant, if the same be taken with Wine, or otherwise the same must be taken with some other distilled water. Likewise it is also good for all bad stomachs, it easeth the Consumption, it expelleth Worms, and all windiness of the guts: also it is good against all gripings and pain of the guts, it is also very fit for all diseases of the reins, it is very commodious and helping to all them which be vexed with the gravel or the stone, for that it expelleth the same, it healeth all ulcers of the bladder, and all conduits of urine, it expelleth urine and women's terms; in like manner also dead children out of their mother's bodies. To all melancholic, which be full of anguish and pensiveness without cause, and half distract of their wits, is this given with great advancement. In fine, it is very good for all lingering sicknesses, as the Leprosy, old Agues, and chief Quartain Agues. Wherefore it is advised to such as are to travel in the cold, that every morning fasting they should take somewhat thereof, for that it warmeth the inward parts, and defendeth them from all cold. It strengtheneth also the lame members, and bringeth them again to their power, and when the greatest pain of the Gout is past, then is it taken with great advantage so that it preserveth the body from all corruption. But here is especially to be noted, that this Treacle is not good for young people, especially in Summer time, or when it is hot weather, if so be that great need do not require, and then shall not above half a dram be given at once, for that it is too strong for such young natures. All they that be of middle age it is good for, used oftentimes, so that it cannot here be told, how much thereof may be given at once. The commonest weight is a dram, and if so be that need require not the same, then is seldom any more to be given: yet according to the importance and ability of the person, the sickness, and such like, is the same to be augmented or diminished with wine, or any other water. Theriaca Diatessaron. §. 44. THis Confection hath her name of the Grecians, for that it is made of four kinds of things, namely in this manner following: Take Gentian, fresh Bayberries, Myrrah, and the right Hartwoort, of each two ounces, stamp all together very small, with one pound and a half of well scummed Honey, then keep it well where you please. This Treacle may the common people commodiously use in stead of the great Treacle, for that it withstandeth all pestilential Agues, and all venom, therefore do the people of the country also give it to sick cattle, and that with very great advantage. It is also good against all diseases of the brains, of the sinews, and all sicknesses, which proceed of cold, as Falling sicknesses, Palsy, lameness, and the Cramp, it strengtheneth the stomach and her digestive power, it openeth the Liver, the Spleen, and the Kidneys, therefore it is also good for the yellow jaundice, the Dropsy, it expelleth windiness, and all pain of the guts. There may one dram or one dram and a half be taken thereof, to wit, in the morning fasting, but cattle must take more of it. Triphera. §. 45. OF such like Confections are many kinds described of the Physicians, like as we shall show hereafter. The first is Foenonis, and is the lesser. It is good for all excessive fluxes, for women's terms, for the bleeding of the piles, and against all debility of the stomach, it causeth all gross and tough humours to avoid, it amendeth the natural colour, it strengtheneth the bladder, and stayeth the scour. The other is Triphera magna, that is the greater. The same is used for all cold pain of the stomach, as soon as one hath taken thereof, then sweat doth break out upon one. It is good for all melancholic women which cannot sleep, and they that have gotten this anguish and vexation through any disease of the Matrix. Likewise also for those which be burdened with any slimy matter in the Lights, and for all them that spit blood, whether it be beneath or above; and if that one leave out the Opium, then should the same be good for to advance the fruitfulness of women. The third is, Triphera Persica, which is made of many kinds of things, it is good against all agues, which proceed out of the stomach, and also against the yellow jaundice, which proceedeth of great heat, it openeth all obstructions, it amendeth the sight which is infirmed through choleric vapours, it quencheth thirst, and defendeth one from all hot sicknesses. The fourth is Triphera Saracenica, which with her heat strengtheneth the digestion of the stomach and of the Liver, it consumeth all windiness of the same, it maketh a good breath, and is very commodious for the whole body; it keepeth a body healthy, it provoketh desire of venery, and it obstructeth all the bleeding of the piles: whereof is from one dram to three drams to be taken, and that according to the importance of the person. Electuarium vitae. §. 46. THis is called a Confection of life, and is described in the first part, the second Chapter, and first §. Of Ley. §. 47. THe ancient Physicians, as they were very diligent and curious in searching out the virtues of all things, thereby to withstand all diseases of mankind, so have they not omitted to search out the nature of Ashes, for to discern (of whatsoever wood that the same be burnt) which should be the most commodious and fit, and they have in truth found no small efficacy and power in them, as is showed here and there in this book. For to make excellent spice or sugar Cakes. §. 48. ALbeit that these cakes may be used for the strengthening of the stomach, and of the head in Physic, nevertheless they be more eaten of liquorousness: but for their abuse we will not omit their description. First, take wheat and Rye flower, of each about a pound and a half, clarified Honey as much as is needful for to kneade this flower to dough; then temper amongst it these spices following, all beaten small, to wit, Cinnamom two ounces, Greines, Nutmegs, and Cloves of each half an ounce, long Pepper one quarter of an ounce, Mace and Galingall, of each one dram, Cucubes one quarter of an ounce, prepared Coriander one ounce and a half, then make thereof round or long Cakes, and let them be slowly baked, when they be then almost baked, then anoint them oftentimes with wine, then do they get above an orient or pleasant colour. The right Sugar cakes be made thus: Take a pound of Sugar, which is decocted to a syrup, and when you have taken it from the fire, than temper amongst it four ounces of Wheat flower, and about four ounces of Rye flower, and make a past thereof: at last put these spices unto it, viz. Ginger two ounces and a half, Cinnamom two ounces, Cloves half an ounce, Nutmegs, long Pepper, of each one quarter of an ounce, prepared powned Coriander half an ounce, Annis (also unbeaten) three quarters of an ounce, and so let them dry together. Other which be daily used: Take Sugar two pound, and power a quart of water unto it, let it seeth together, and clarify it well with whites of Eggs, when as now the water is sodden to the half, then kneade amongst it five pound of flower, two ounces of Ginger, two ounces and a half of Cinnamom, Nutmegs and Cloves, of each one ounce, Pepper one dram, and let them dry. If you will make them of Honey, then take three pints of Honey, and a quart of water, let it seeth, and clarify it, than put therewith as is before rehearsed. The Biscuit cakes be thus made: take of the old baked cakes, as many as you please, and great them on a grater, than put Hony and spices unto it, and then bake them once again. The Noremberger Sugar cakes be made after this manner: Take one pound and a half of Sugar, Cinnamom three ounces and a half, Nutmegs 2. ounces, Ginger 3. ounces, Cloves and Cardamome, of each half an ounce, cut them, but not too gross, and then take thereto one pint of Honey, set it on the fire that the Honey may melt, and afterwards take the Sugar, stir the same beaten very small amongst it, and so let it seeth very softly, that it do not burn or run over, stirring it always well about, then mix therein as much flower and spice as is needful, and work it upon a table: at last make cakes thereof about the weight of six ounces, & work each a part, and bake them afterwards as behoveth. Loch, Lohot. §. 49. THus do the Apothecary's name certain mild Confections, which have but little difference from other Confections, and therefore be they separated from the other, that one might know how to ask for them. Loch ad Ast●m●, that is for a heavy breath: this Loch is not much in use, it is good for a heavy wheasing breath, for an old cough, and it doth cause all tough matter of the Lights to avoid. De Cancris, of Crabs: this Loch is very good in the Consumption. De Fa●fara, of Folefoot leaves: this Loch is to be used as all the rest. De Papavere: this Loch is somewhat troublesome to be made, and is commonly made at all Apothecaries: it is good against all coughs, and roughness of the throat, which be cause of a hot defluxion, which may be perceived by the thin and subtle spittle, and it maketh the same thick. There be two other Confections more made of Poppies, under the name of Diacodion: amongst which that is which Mesua describeth, and is thus made: take green Poppy heads, that be somewhat withered, five or six in number, and fair rain water 10. ounces; let them seeth together, so that there remain a third part: unto this colature add wine, and when the two third parts be wasted, then put unto it one ounce and a half of good Honey, half an ounce of soft Acatia, Saffron, Myrrh, & Pomegranate blossoms, of each half a drag. Trocisci Ramich one quarter of an ounce: temper them all together, as appertaineth: but there will be too little Honey, therefore must more be taken. It is to be noted, that this may also be made into losings: they be very good for them that have any subtle defluxion falling on the breast, great coughs, and other diseases more. De Passulis, of Currans: how it is to be prepared, and what his virtues are, look in the first part, the fift Chapter, and 12. §. De Pino, of Pingles: this is to be sought for in the first part, the fift Chapter, and 6. §. which is good for all old coughs, & for the short breath; it causeth all tough phlegm of the Lights to avoid. De Portulaca, of Purslain: this is not often used by us, but there are two kinds made in Italy, which follow hereafter: take the clarified juice of Purslain 12. ounces, Trocisci of sealed earth, and Opium of each one drag. Trocisci de Carobe, and Dragonbloud, of each half a dragm. Hares hair, and Bloudstone, of each one scrup. white Sugar six ounces, then seeth it like other Loch. This is especial good against spitting of blood, especially if it be tempered with this confection following: take Henbane seed, white Poppy seed, of each 10. drag. red & white sealed earth of each five drag. Conserve of Roses 4. ounces; temper them together, give it in the morning & evening, each time half a drag. The other: Take of the aforesaid three quarters of an ounce, Philonij Persici 3. drag. Trocisci de Carobe one drag. and a half, Species Diatragacanthi frigidi half an ounce, temper them together with Purslane water as before. De pulmone Vulpis, of the Lights of a Fox: how highly the same is to be praised, and how the same is to be prepared, is to be read in the first part, Chap. 5. and §. 12. Sanum expertum, that is as much to say, as healthy and approved, viz. for all old coughs and shortness of the breath, etc. De Scylla, of Squils': how the same is to be prepared and used for all old coughs, that may you read in the first part, the fift Chapter, and 7. §. The 11. Chapter. WE will discourse in this 11. Chapter of many sundry causes, as followeth hereafter. Almond milk. §. 1. ALmond milk is prepared after many manners, and that according to the quality of the sickness. If so be that one will strengthen nature, then is the same to be made the stronger and the thicker, and one must take the more Almonds, and less water. But this is the common fashion to make it: Take Almonds as many as you please, put them in hot water, and let them steep so long therein, until one can péele them: then power cold water upon them, that through the heat of the water, they lose no virtue; afterwards powne the peeled Almonds very small, and take them in a very clean cloth, power three or four spoonfuls of fair water upon it, and then with a spoon rub out the strength, and so pouring only more and more fair water upon it: you are to continue this straining, viz. so long as you suppose that there cometh out any whiteness, then put as much Sugar unto it as you think good. If you will use it for sleep, then pown a little white Poppy seeds, and rub that through with the Almonds. If you desire that the Almond milk be more cooling, then stamp a little Melon seed with it: if one will use it against the flux, then is the water to be stéeled: for the breast be Currans and Liquorice to be sodden in it: there be also Pingles otherwhiles powned, Hasell nuts, and such like things with it, all according to the quality of the malady. And albeit that this Almond milk be used for the kitchen, yet it is also good for many kinds of infirmities and sicknesses. Manus Christi. §. 2. HOw these losings are to be prepared after two manner of sorts, with Pearls, and also without Pearls, that is in the first part, the third Chapter, and ninth §. described, and they be very much in use, so that the common people esteem them only to be a strengthening of the heart, although there are more forcible things prepared for it. Marchpane. §. 3. TAke good fresh Almonds, as many as you please, and péele them, as we have taught of Almond milk: or if one have so much leisure, lay them a whole night to steep in cold water, then will the péeles go off; afterwards powne them small in a stone mortar, and power a little Rose-water unto it: at last you are to powne amongst it as much Sugar as you please, whether it be much or little, this dough or past is to be spread on waters. But if the dough be too moist, then hasten not with baking; otherwise will it be full of bladders. These Marchpanes be most méetly baked in an oven, the top and bottom covered with a mild fire, laying the Marchpane very dry therein, and there is laid for the more certainty a paper beneath upon the bottom of the pan or oven. Will you have the Marchpane very white? then must you make the fire very slow. But if you will make a Marchpane to strengthen one (for which it was first of all found out) then must you add Pingles, Pistacies, and other spices unto it, and also water of Spike, of Lavender, of Endive, or take any other waters, as Cinnamom water, and such like. The Sugar is also to be sod méetly hard; and when it is well clarified, then stir it, and mix afterwards the powned Almonds amongst it. For to counterfeit Marrow of bones. §. 4. TAke peeled Almonds, powne them very small, and make them often wet with Rosewater, afterwards then temper four ounces of beaten Sugar amongst it: and to the end it may be harder, in rolling it put two ounces more of Sugar unto it, and strew that on the outside upon it, than form it as you think good, and bake it like Marchpane. Medicamen de Turbith. §. 5. THe manner to make both these powders, and their virtues have we declared in the third part, the 11. Chapter, and 20. §. Melicraton. §. 6. THis do we call in English wine mead, whereof the ancient Physicians do make two sorts, for the one they took two parts of sour wine, and one part of Hony. When this is waxed old, than it is nourishing: when it is meetly old, than it is very requisite for the stomach and the belly, and it expelleth also urine: but after meat it is not very wholesome to be drunken. If one will use the same quickly, then must these two things be boiled together. Other do take six parts of Must, and let the same be hot, then do they power a quart of Honey unto it, and when it hath boiled awhile, then do they preserve the same. This Meluraton is beforetime much more usual than now adays, and especially with the Romans', which called the same Vinum Muscum. Of Meade, a common drink. §. 7. THe Honey water and the Mead are not only invented for their virtue, but also for necessity, chief in such Countries where no wine groweth, or may not be used. And it is very true, that this drink is more wholesome than sulphured wine; for although the Mead be hot by nature, yet it is tempered with moisture, wherefore it cannot overheate nor overdrie one. And albeit that this Mead may be made according to the fashion of every Country, diversely: yet nevertheless is this the commonest manner, viz. that one take eight quarts of water unto one quart of Honey, and so let it seethe by a gentle fire, skumming it so long until it begin to be clear. It is also here to be noted, that how much longer you think to keep the Mead, so much the longer are you to seeth the same. When it is cold, then put it into a vessel, and let it be three fingers empty, to the end it may work. If so be that you desire to have the same stronger and more forcible, then hang these spices following in it, viz. Ginger, Cinnamom, Cloves, Galingall, Nutmegs, and such like, and that in weight, as we shall write hereafter of the aromatical wines. Some do take also Saffron unto it, not only for the colour, but also for his virtue, and for that it yieldeth a good savour to the Mead. When it hath spurged or wrought, then is the same to be let lie stopped the space of three months. But in case you desire to use it presently, then seeth the same not long, and expect not her working, but drink it freely as soon as it is cold, and then the next day make new again. In Liefeland they have in some places a custom, that they hoop their vessels with Iron, and so bury the Mead under the earth, and this will be stronger than any wine, but we will permit such Countries to keep their customs. If you do desire to make quickly a good Mead, then take a good Nutmeg, and one ounce of Cinnamom cut small, and power thereon three quarts of water, then let the third part seeth away, and then put unto it half a pound of clarified Honey: this being done, let it seeth again together, until that there remain about a good quart. In old time was this Mead following to be made: Take Honey combs, wash the same well with lukewarm water, and afterwards let it seeth well. But if it be not sweet enough, than put more honey unto it, and scum it well: afterwards put thereto prepared Coriander half a pound, Sage and Hops, of each one handful, let a third part seeth away, and so keep it in a fir fat, at last hang Valerian, Cinnamom, Cloves, Nutmegs, and Mace therein. Another sort: Take as much skummed honey as you please, put the same into a clean leaded pot, and power as much water unto it as you please, then take Sage and Marjoram (according as you desire it to be strong.) If you will put any Cinnamom unto it, that is also not amiss, then let it seeth together, and scum it well. If so be that you desire to have it brown, then take two or three spoonfuls of honey, and let the same seeth well, and stir it well about until that it be strong, as soon as you take it from the fire, then power presently water upon it it will boil together, and then power the rest unto it, strain out the herbs, and then keep it in a cellar. The common virtues of these Meads be, that they quench thirst: It is also good for all cold diseases of the brains, of the backbone, of the sinews, and for all other diseases, for which wine is hurtful, by his penetrating virtue and force, it cleanseth and openeth the breast, it taketh away the cold dry cough, it cleanseth the kidneys, the rains, the conduits of urine, and the bladder, of all cold slimy matter whereof the gravel and the stone doth grow, and it expelleth also all hurtful matter out of the guts, wherefore the same is to be used in all diseases of the brains, as in the giddiness, in the falling sickness, and in lameness which is cause thereby. In like manner it is good for them that be plagued with the Cramp, and the hot Podagra. The 12. Chapter. THis twelfth Chapter hath no more than two sorts of compounded things, as oils and some other which be made with vinegar, which be therefore called Oxymel, Oxycraton, Oxysacchara, and such like. First we will write of Oils, whereof there is much declared, and add thereto, for what they are to be used: amongst which there be some first of Plants, of Fruits, and of Seeds, as well priest as beaten out: other by the addition of certain herbs, flowers, roots, and other things which be decocted therewith. Some are distilled, and by force of the fire be drawn out of Roots, out of Mines, out of Metals, and such like things: and the manner of making them is divers, whereof we will write hereafter, and also declare thereby for what each of them shall be good. Oil of Poplar buds. §. 1. BEcause that in the making of all oils there must heed be taken that the herbs, flowers, roots, and such like be not put too moist into the oil, the same must first of all be withered a little, and afterwards be chopped small, to the end the virtue and force may come the better out of it. If you have not the hot Sun, then let it seeth in a narrow pot in hot water. If so be that you renew the herbs or the flowers two or three times, then is the oil the more forcible. And now to come to our oil of Poplar buds: Take Salad oil 12. ounces, white wine twelve ounces, fresh Poplar buds (which be powned) nine ounces, then let them steep the space of seven days in the wine and oil, and stir them oftentimes about, afterwards boil it in a narrow pot in water, until all the wine be wasted, and afterwards wring it through a cloth. It is also to be noted, like as is beforesaid, that if so be you do renew the Poplar buds two or three times, that then the oil will be the more forcible, which may also be well done. This oil is very good against headache, pain of the joints, of the rains, of the kidneys, and against the pain of the Gout, with other pains more. Oil of Mandragora. §. 2. IT is oftentimes before declared, what force the Mandragora hath, to wit, that it causeth sleep, and causeth insensibleness. This oil is prepared and made in the same manner as all oils of other roots are made, but it is very seldom used but when great need doth require. Oil of Amber. §. 3. ALl they that delight in distillations, and have endeavoured themselves to draw out the purest and cleanest out of all things, they have also found great virtue in the oil of Amber; for which there hath been made especial ovens, glasses and other preparations, etc. which were here too long to discourse, but we will only declare her virtue & use. First, there is nothing more forcible against all venomous air, if one rub a drop thereof in the nostrils. In like manner the losings are also good, amongst which two or three drops of this oil is tempered. The same is good against all sicknesses of the head as against the Palsy, and against the falling sickness, if one take it with betony water, or with any such like water, and anoint it outwardly upon the neck: but that is especially good which is distilled of the white Amber. It is also very good for all diseases of the sinews, as for the cramp, the lameness, and such like, it expelleth the stone, and the gravel, if the same be given with the water of Parsley: it furthereth also Child birth if it be given with water of Verueine, so doth it also if one anoint the navel on the outside with Snakes grease and it together. It is also very commodious against the suffocation of the mother, if one anoint the same in the nostrils, and upon the pit of the heart. The losings wherein this oil is baked, be special good against all cold rheums, they strengthen the brains, they be good against all swooning and heartbeating, and they do also strengthen the digestive power of the stomach. In fine, this oil may be used in stead of the true and natural Balm. Artificial Balm. §. 4. OF this artificial Balm, and how the same is made after diverse manners, and distilled, we have declared before in the second Chapter sufficiently. Salad oil, or oil of Olives. §. 5. THis Salad oil is of all people so well known, that whereas oil standeth without any surname, thereby always Salad oil is understood: and it is also a gracious gift of God, that people may use the same for sundry necessaries, which were too long to discourse: for how many kinds of Plasters, Salves, Oils and Clysters, etc. be prepared of this oil? But as much as concerneth this Salad oil, there be three sorts of the same used for Physic, to wit, one that is thorough ripe, the second that which is not thorough ripe, the third, which is very old, for that each one of the three hath his proper nature: that which is clean ripe is of a warm nature, so that it defendeth the body from all cold being anointed thereon, it refresheth all the members, and maketh them fit for labour, it suppleth all the whole body and the skin, it assuageth all pain of the joints, it cleareth the sight, it is good against all venom if one drink the same often and vomiteth it up again: so that the ancient Physicians have left a proverb behind them, Wine sustaineth the body within, and Oil outwardly. When the oil is above a year old, then doth it lose much of her pleasantness, and the best driveth alway above, which is contrary in Honey, wherein the best doth lie always underneath, and the best of the wine is always in the middle. The oil which is priest out of the unripe Olives, that is called Omphacinum, the same hath power for many kinds of things, and especially in Salves: it is also very meet for the stomach through her astringent virtue, likewise it doth fasten the gums and the teeth. The old oil is hotter than the other, and hath also more virtue to digest, it strengtheneth much the sight if it be anointed under the eyes, if one can get no old oil, then look before into the Introduction how that the oil is to be prepared. Oil of Behen. §. 6. THis oil of the roots of red and white Behen is not very usual, howbeit that we do sometimes remember it in this book. Oil of Pyrethrum. §. 7. IT is an oil which is very hot, and that is not made at the Apothecaries, but only if the same be prescribed to be made, therefore we will write no further thereof. Oil of Bevercod. §. 8. THe Apothecaries do make a certain oil of Bevercod, which is made of many kind of things for all cold diseases, and especially for all diseases of the sinews, and pain of the joints. It is very good for the Palsy, and stiffness of the neck. It allayeth the cold in Agues if the back bone be anointed with it. But we will here describe that which is easy to be made: Take Bevercod one ounce, Euphorbium three drams, Myrrah one quarter of an ounce, white strong wine eight ounces, Salad oil twelve ounces: let it seeth so long together until the wine be thoroughly consumed, afterwards strain it and keep it. Oil of Lead. §. 9 THis oil of Lead is thus made: Take dry Ceruse one pound, Vinegar which is two times distilled, one quart or more, and seeth it in a narrow pot in séething water an hour space, but stir it often about, and let it settle: afterwards distil it through a Filter, to the end the vinegar may run through it, and the oil tarry in it: do this two or three times; then set this oil in sand, and distil it slowly, then will come out of it that which is fair and clean. This oil healeth all ulcers marvelous well, as we in the fifth Part, the fourth Chapter, and 4. §. have taught. Another. Take Lead as much as you please, and beat it very thin, than power as much distilled vinegar upon it until it be well covered, then will it be lead white. When it is now clean consumed, then set it certain days in the hot sun, or in horsedung, and afterwards distil it in sand, until that the water which distilleth do alter, than set another receiver before it, and there cometh a ruddy oil out of it. Oil of Penniroyall. §. 10. THis oil is made like oil of Camomile. You may adjudge the virtue by the property of the herb, yet it is not much used. Oil of Purslane. §. 11. THis oil is prepared as the oils of other herbs, but it is made very seldom. Oil of Camomile. §. 12. THis oil is thus made: Take well savouring Camomile as much as you please, put it into a pot, and power upon it as much old Salad oil, until all the Camomile be well covered, and then set it the space of fourteen days in the sun, or in some other warm place: afterwards let them seeth in a narrow pot in séething water, and then put out the Camomile, and put in fresh again, and let it seeth again, then wring it out well, and do this three times one after another, and then keep it until you have occasion to use it. This oil is good for many kind of things, it openeth the pores and sweat vents, it expelleth vapours, it allayeth rheums, it is good for the sinews, for all pain of the joints, and assuageth also the pain of the guts. Oil of Capers. §. 13. THe oil of Capers is most commonly made at the Apothecaries in this manner: Take Capers roots one ounce, rinds and leaves of Tamariske, the seeds of Agnus castus, Heart's tongue, and Cipers roots, of each one quarter of an ounce, Rue one dram, Vinegar and good wine, of each one quarter of an ounce, ripe Salad oil twelve ounces, powne the roots grossly, and let them steep a whole night, afterwards seeth them in an especial pot in boiling water, strain and keep it. This oil is especially good for all hardness, obstructions, and pain of the Spleen, but you may in séething put some more wine and vinegar. Oil of Costus. §. 14. TAke of the very true and good roots of Costus one ounce, Cassie wood, or Elecampane roots in stead of it, half an ounce, sprigs of Marierome gentle four ounces, oil of Sesamum eighteen ounces, and wine as much as sufficeth. Let it steep two days and two nights, afterwards let it seeth all together in water until the wine be thoroughly wasted, which you may perceive hereby, if that you let one drop fall into the fire, and that it hiss no more. This oil is of a warm nature, it openeth the obstruction of the stomach and of the Liver. It is good against all diseases of the sinews, it avoideth the growing of grey hairs, it preserveth the body in his natural colour. In the first Part you have two other sorts of oil of Costus, which may also be used for advantage, and they be also hotter than this present oil is. Oil of Dill. §. 15. THe oil of Dill is made of the herb, of the flowers, & of old oil, like as oil of Camomile is made. This oil assuageth all pain, it openeth the pores, it consumeth wind, also all cold and hard swellings, it taketh away the shaking of the Ague, it maketh one to sleep, and taketh away all pain of the head in hot Agues, if the back bone be therewith anointed. Oil of Eggs. §. 16. HOw this oil is made, and what it hath for efficacy and power, is taught in the first part, the third Chapter, and sixth §. Oil of Annis. §. 17. THis oil of Annis is made by distilling in this manner: Take one pound of small beaten Annis, and put it into a glazed helm, and power so much water upon it until the helm be half full: but distil it the first time with a mild or slow fire in boiling water, until it begin to be hot, afterwards make a good fire, until that the oil and the water do go over together. Now being distilled, then separate the water and the oil one from another with a glasen funnel, for that the oil swimmeth always on the top. This oil hath a great force against the giddiness of the head, and against the Colic, and is also highly commended against the falling sickness, if one give thereof three or four drops. It is here to be noted, that if one will distil any such like, that one is always to take for one pound, two or three pound of water. Oil of wild Cucumbers. §. 18. THis oil is not usual in this country: But for what it is meet, look for that in the Table. Oil of Euphorbium. §. 19 THis oil is thus made: Take Euphorbium half an ounce, oil of yellow Violets, and good wine, of each five ounces, let it seeth so long until that all the wine be consumed; afterwards wring it through a cloth: it is especial good for the cold brains and sinews. In like manner it is also good against the pains of the head Cephalalgia, Hemicrania, and against the sleepy sickness, if one anoint it in the nostrils. Item, for all pain of the joints, of the Liver, and of the Spleen, if it proceed of cold. Oil of Foxes. §. 20. BEfore in the second Part, the fourth Chapter, and 15. §. there is found this oil of Foxes, and therewithal also his operation. Oil of Lilies. §. 21. TAke the white leaves of Lilies, and prepare the oil like as is said of the Cammomils'. This oil healeth all cold pain of the breast, of the reins and the bladder, and especially of the Matrix, and also all pain of the guts. For that it is of an hot nature, it hath power to digest, it assuageth the cough, it ripeneth all impostumations, it drieth all bad sores of the head, and it diminisheth also all swellings, if one temper a little Saffron amongst it. Oil of Hempeseed. §. 22. Out of Hemp seed is this oil beaten: it warmeth and drieth much, therefore it doth consume natural seed: yea if one eat too much of the same, then doth it the same hurt that Coriander doth: wherefore the same is very seldom, and that very little used in Physic, as also thereof but twice hath been spoken in this Book. Oil of the kernels of Abrecocks. §. 23. Out of the kernels of this fruit is oil priest, like as is done of Almonds, but it is very seldom prepared in this country. Oil of Eldern flowers. §. 24. YOu are to make oil of Eldern flowers and of old Salad oil, as oil of Camomile is made. It assuageth the pain, it cleanseth, and is very good for the yellow jaundice, and all diseases of the Liver, and also for their obstructions: likewise it doth also take away all pain of the joints. Oil of Saint john's wort. §. 25. OF this herb, you must take the tops when it beginneth to ripen, to wit, the uppermost sprigs three ounces, steep them three days long in good Wine: afterwards wring them out well, and then put other in again and let it seethe together. Being sodden, wring it again even to the third time: and if the wine were sod away, then put more unto it. Lastly, take three ounces of Turpentine, old Salad oil six ounces, Saffron one scruple: put this altogether in a several pot, and so let it seeth in séething water, so long until the wine be consumed: then wring it hard through a cloth, and let it settle: so do the Apothecaries make it. The Chirurgeons do make it in this manner: Take four pound of the uppermost sprigs of Saint john's wort, put them into a pot of the quantity of five quarts, and power two pound of Salad oil upon it, and as much white wine until the herbs be covered: then stop the pot tied, and so let it stand the space of six weeks: afterwards make it open, and put one dram of Saffron unto it, but stop the pot by and by very close, and set it in a kettle with séething water, and so let it seeth the space of ten hours. This being all done, then power it all together in a linen bag, and bind it very fast unto it, and press it hard out whilst that it is yet warm, put it in a glass and set it in the sun, or in another warm place; then will the oil come on the top, lad it off then continually, and keep it well stopped in a glass. This oil is hot and dry, and hath an especial astringent virtue: therefore it doth also heal all wounds and all wounded sinews; yea all burning of fire, it assuageth all pain of the hips, of the bladder, and doth expel urine, etc. Oleum Irinum. §. 26. THere are two kinds described, and are both very troublesome to be made, they be also not much used. Oil of Cherry kernels. §. 27. THis oil is also very seldom used, and is made like as oil of Almonds by pressing, and is much commended for moving of urine. Oil of Melilot. §. 28. SO is it also with this oil of Melilot, it is also seldom made, and also very seldom used. Oil of Cresses. §. 29. THis oil is also very seldom made, yet it is made like all oils of herbs. Oil of Copper §. 30. THis oil do the Alchemists distil, like the oil of Lead, whereof there be two kinds described before, and there is no other difference between them, but that the Copper is somewhat smaller to be cut, and must be beaten somewhat thinner. Oil of Gourd seeds. §. 31. THis oil is not usual with us, and is very seldom used. Oil of linseed. §. 32. THe virtue of this oil may be gathered by the properties of the seed out of which it is beaten, and also out of many places of this book, wherein they be commanded to be used. Oil of white Sesamum. §. 33. THis oil is made of the seed Sesamum, and it is also beaten out of the foresaid seed, like as the linseed oil, it hath a special power to ease all rough throats, to take away all hoarseness, and to make one have a good voice: wherefore it is used in many parts of Physic. Oil of Linen cloth. §. 34. HOw this oil is to be used, we have told in the first Part, and also taught therewith how the same is to be made. It is to be used for all running eyes. Oil of Bay. §. 35. THis oil is brought unto us by the merchants in great quantity out of Italy: it is warm by nature, it openeth all obstructions, and assuageth all pains of the bowels, also all cold pains of the belly, of the Liver, of the Milt, the Kidneys, the Matrix, of the sinews, and of the joints, and is also very good for all cold sicknesses. Oil of Mace. §. 36. THis oil is brought unto us out of India, and used for divers cold accidents. Oil of the seeds and flowers of Poppy. §. 37. FIrst of all there will be made of this plant and of the white flowers an oil, which is more mild than the red and carnation flowers be, and will be made with Salad oil, like as Camomile oil is wont to be made, yet at sundry times renewing the infusing of the flowers, according to that one desireth to have it strong. This oil assuageth all hot pain, it cooleth much, and is very good for all them that cannot sleep well, if the temples of the head be anointed therewith: and as the hot vapours do draw to the head, in any hot sicknesses, also the nostrils, the ears, and the temples of the head may be anointed with it. The oil which is made of the seeds of this herb, is made of the white, grey and black seed, and beaten out of it, as the oil of Lineséed is made: it maketh fat, it assuageth the pain of the throat, heat of the Agues, and all heavy dreams. Oil of sweet Almonds. §. 38. THere be two kinds made thereof (of sweet and bitter Almonds.) This oil is pressed out or beaten out upon a powning mill, like as the oil of Lineséed is beaten out. But if one will drink the oil, then take Almonds well dried, which have a fresh and sweet taste, as much as you please, powne them very small, and parch them a little, afterwards put a Rose-water unto it, and press it well out with a strong press. But the oil of sweet Almonds is much used. The oil of sweet Almonds is good against the roughness of the throat, of the breast, of the lights, and against all drought of the same. Further, it assuageth all pain of the joints, it is also very pleasant for to be occupied in all meats, and good for all them which begin to consume, it maketh fat, and augmenteth humane nature, it quencheth thirst, it allayeth the heat of the urine, and all pain of the bladder, together with all ulcers of the womanhood, if the same be anointed thereon or injected therein. The oil of bitter Almonds doth assuage all hardness of the sinews, it openeth all obstructions, it consumeth wind and all bad vapours, and it is especial good for deafness and all bad hearing, for all sissing of the ears, and it taketh also away all spots. Oil of Marierome gentle. §. 9 TAke the herb Marierome gentle four handfuls, wild Thime two handfuls, Myrtle leaves one handful, Sothernwood and Mints, of each half a handful, Cassie wood two ounces, unripe Salad oil as much as will suffice for to cover all the foresaid; then stop it tied, and so let it stand the space of eight days in the sun: afterwards wring it out hard, and lay fresh again therein: do this thus three times together. This oil is special good for all diseases of the brains and of the sinews, and it is especial good in bathing against all lameness, or convulsion of the Palsy Paralysis: if the same be anointed in the ears and in the nose it taketh away all sissing: it moveth women's terms, and it withstandeth all venom of Scorpions. Some do make this oil only of the leaves, like as Camomile oil is made, and it is made most so. Oil of Mastic. §. 40. THe manner to make this oil, and also his virtue is described in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and fifth §. Oil of Narcissus. §. 41. THis oil is called by the Physicians Oleum Narcissum, and is made like as oil of Camomile is wont to be made. This oil is very good for the hardening of the womanhood, or if the same be shut too close: it is also used for the Palsy that cometh of falls. Oil of Myrtles. §. 42. OF this oil be two kinds made: that which is made of the seed hath an astringent virtue, wherefore it is also good for all hot ulcers, and for the chaps of the Arsegut; it strengtheneth the slackness or looseness of the sinews, and it stayeth sweat. But that which is made of the leaves, strengtheneth only the brains, the sinews, the heart, and the stomach: but because that we can get no fresh, they are first to be infused in good wine, and to put unripe Salad oil unto it. Oil of Mints. §. 43. THis oil is made of Mints and unripe Salad oil, like as the oil of Camomile is wont to be made. This oil warmeth the cold stomach, it taketh away vomiting, it maketh appetite to meat, it helpeth the Consumption, and it consumeth all hard swellings. Oil of Motherwort. §. 44. THis oil is very seldom used, and is made as other oils, yet in this book it is but once ordained. Oil of Nutmegs. §. 45. THis oil is made like as the oil of Almonds is wont to be made, that is, by pressing it out. Oil of Cloves. §. 46. TAke good fat Cloves half a pound, powne them very small, and distill it, like as before in the 18. §. hath been said of Annis seed. A pound of Cloves doth seldom yield more than an ounce and a half of oil. In the same manner may oil of Nutmegs be also distilled, and there is hardly more gotten out of it than five drams out of a pound: both these oils are more forcible than th● same spices. Oil of Walnuts. §. 47. THis oil of Walnuts is priest out of old Nuts, like as oil of Almonds: his virtue do we find described in sundry places of this Book. Oil of Pepper. §. 48. WE will refer the preparing of this oil to the Apothecaries; but it is good for all cold diseases of the sinews, as for the palsy, the cramp, convulsion of the mouth, shaking, falling sickness, pains of the hips,, and other diseases more of the joints. In like manner it is also good for a cold stomach, for the guts, for the rains, and for the cold bladder: for that it warmeth, it avoideth all slimines, it openeth all obstructions, it breaketh the stone of the bladder, and also of the kidneys. There is also oil distilled out of Pepper, like as is said of the Annis. Oil of Peach Kernels. §. 49. THis oil is also priest out like to the oil of Almonds. Oil of Quinces. §. 50. THe virtue and nature of this oil, and also the manner of making it, is described in the third Part, the 15. Chap. and 5. §. Oil of Rue. §. 51. THis oil is to be made of fresh Rue, like as oil of Camomile is made: it is warm by nature, it openeth and suageth the pain, it is good for all cold kidneys, for a cold Matrix, and for the pain of the same, if the belly be anointed therewith, or if one set a clyster with it. It is very meet for the sinews, for the cramp, and it expelleth all cold humours. Oil of Earthwormes. §. 52. IN the fourth part, the fourth Chapter, is the virtue of one of these oils showed and the manner how to make it. But there is also another made, which doth warm more, doth penetrate more, and strengtheneth all the joints: Take Camomile, Sage, agrimony, and field Cipers, of each half a handful, Rosemary half as much, juniper berries one quarter of an ounce, Earthworms decocted in Wine six ounces, white Wine one pint, Salad oil fifteen ounces: let it seeth together until the wine be thoroughly consumed, and then wring it out through a cloth. Oil of Privet. §. 53. THe Physicians and Apothecaries do name this Privet Ligustrum. This oil is made as the oil of Camomile, it strengtheneth all sinewy parts, and hindereth the hair to be grey. Oil of Rhubarb. §. 54. TAke Rhubarb nine ounces, Agaricus three ounces, Turbith three ounces and a half, roots of Polipodie four ounces, Cinnamom and juniper berries, of each half an ounce, red, white, and yellow Saunders, of each four scruples, long and round Hartwoort, Gentian, roots of blue Flower deluce, of Costus, Asarabacca, zeduary, Ginger, Galingall, Elecampane roots, and Calmus, of each one quarter of an ounce, Tormentill, & roots of Carduus Benedictus, of each one dram and a half, Nutmegs, Cloves, Bayberries, Mace, and Cucubes, of each one drag. the seed of Sorrell, of Purslane, red and white Behen, and Doronicum, of each half a dram, Lignum Aloes, red and white Coral, scraped ivory, Mastic, Spica, and Camphor, of each one scruple, ivory one dram: powne them all gross, and then power upon it t●e clarified juice of Borage, and of Balm, of each six ounces, the juice of Oranges three ounces: let it steep certain days together, stirring it oftentimes about to the end it do not stink: afterwards you are to distil it in seething water, then doth it first of all yield a water: but as soon as you perceive that it gins to get another colour, and that it beginneth to drop slowly, then augment your fire and receive your oil in another receiver, & keep it well stopped, at last set it the space of 20. days in the Sun. This oil is somewhat ruddy, and smelleth very well; so that if one put a drop in a great deal of well water, then getteth it a savour accordingly. This oil doth purge very mildly if one give half a dram thereof more or less, according to the quality or importance of the patiented. This oil is most méetly given with goats milk: it is also especial good against the Quartana, if the patiented have governed himself well before in his order of diet. In like manner it is also good in all other Agues, which the Physicians do call Putridas: it killeth and driveth out the worms if it be given with Purslane water or with wine. This oil is also especial good given once every six days against the Pocks: it is also good against the rheums, against the pain in the head Cephalalgia, against the giddiness, and against the pain of the kidneys, it obstructeth women's terms, and the flux of human seed. It is good against the gout of the feet, if once every fourteen days two or three drops of this oil be given with the decoction of field Cipers. It is also very good against all running Fistulas, against all ulcers, and against the canker: also for all diseases of the places in women, and of the matrix, if one iniect half a drag. thereof with the decoction of Feuerfew, it provoketh also fruitfulness. The water that cometh out before the oil hath his virtue also, for that it prepareth all humours which cause any sickness in the body, if one once or twice a day take thereof half an ounce at each time with three ounces of Endive water. Oil of Roses. §. 55. AFter the common fashion is this oil of Roses prepared, and is very meet for divers matters. It is made of Rose buds as the oil of Camomile. This oil cooleth much, and hath an astringent virtue: it is good for all manner of heat of whatsoever occasion that the same may be caused, used outwardly, or in clysters inwardly, and it strengtheneth also the joints which be anointed therewith, like as they be ordained for it throughout the whole book. This oil is made very seldom of white Roses; and it cooleth also more, than that which is made of red Roses, Oil of Saffron. 56. THe oil of Saffron is not used by us, but yet is prescribed in some places of this Book. Oil of Sandaraca. §. 57 THis oil is also utterly unknown, it is but once prescribed in this book. Oil of Sulphur. §. 58. THis oil of Sulphur is an Alchimisticall oil, and is made in divers manners: some do put one quarter of Amber unto it; other do put Petroleum unto it. In Italy do they take Sulphur vif, and power the urine of a manchild unto it, & so bury it in horse dung; and afterwards distil the oil out of it. But after these two manners following is this oil chief made: Take 5. pounds of small beaten Sulphur and temper oil of Tiles amongst it: afterwards lute the helm very tied, and and at the first make a small fire, & afterwards increase it. There is gotten out of the foresaid 5. pounds of Sulphur, no more than about one ounce of oil: this oil must with great providence be given, to wit, in winter time two drops with vital waters or Malmsey, and in summer time with Endive water. This oil doth assuage all griping of the belly, whether it be in the undermost or in the uppermost guts: as also all pain of the stomach which proceedeth of wind and cold humours: the same may also well be used outwardly. It is likewise very good anointed in the children's mouths when they have the canker, or any stinking ulcer in the mouth. Further warts 〈◊〉 also taken away with it, and it maketh the teeth white. To make the other oil of Sulphur: Take Salad oil and power therein a good deal of small powned Sulphur, & let it stand so long upon the fire until that all the sulphur be clean melted, stirring it well about: then are you to quench gloing pieces of coals in it, until the oil be thoroughly sunken into the tile stones. This being done, powne these stones and put them alone in the helm: the rest that overfloweth, and also the Sulphur is to be done away, and then distil further all that is put into the helm. The first oil that cometh out of it doth appear somewhat bleak in the helm; and when it beginneth to be white, then set another receiver under it. This oil seemeth to gild if it be anointed upon Iron, or upon any other thing. Oil of blue Flower-deluce. §. 59 THis oil is to be made like the oil of Lilies, but it will be somewhat strengthened through the roots: it is somewhat strong, but it assuageth all pain and melloweth all swellings, it is especial good against all hardness of the joints, it warmeth the Matrix, driveth away the cramp, and taketh away all pain and sissing of the ears: lastly, it doth withstand the canker of the nose. Oil of Scorpions. §. 60. BEcause that we (God be praised) have no Scorpions in Yew, therefore is the oil brought unto us out of Italy, and is made thus: Take ten or twelve Scorpions, cast them in twelve ounces of oil of bitter Almonds, and so set it five or six weeks in the Sun; afterwards strain it and keep it for to use. This oil breaketh the stone of the bladder, and of the rains, and it driveth the same also out, if it be anointed upon the rains, and upon the privities, or if it be injected into the bladder: lastly, it is also good for many other things more, etc. Oil of water Lilies. §. 61. THis oil is made as well of the yellow as of the white water Lilies, but unripe Salad oil is taken for it, and it is made as the oil of Violets. The oil of the white water Lilies hath also the same virtue with the oil of Violets, but that it is somewhat colder, but not altogether as cold as that of Poppy heads: wherefore these oils are commonly tempered with other oils, according to the quality of the disease. It is very good for them that cannot rest, and for the pain of the kidneys of heat: also it is passing good against all venerial lusts if the privities be anointed with it. It is also used for divers other matters, as may appear in divers places of this Book. Oil of Mustard seed. §. 62. THis oil is very seldom used, for that it is so hot. Oil of Spikenard. §. 63. Under the name of Oleum Nardinum be there two sorts described: we will commend the greater to the Apothecaries, because it containeth divers doubtful things, but the smallest is thus prepared: Take good Spikenard three ounces, Wine and Water, of each two ounces and a half, oil of white Sesamum eighteen ounces; seethe them together in hot water until that all the moisture be consumed, then strain it. This oil doth heat, digesteth, and refineth all that is thick and gross, and is somewhat astringent: it is good for all cold diseases of the brains, of the stomach, of the liver, of the spleen, of the kidneys, and of the bladder, it cleanseth the head if it be anointed in the nose, it maketh a good colour, and also a good savour. It is brought now adays méetly good and reasonable cheap out of France. Oil of Antimony. §. 64. THis oil is thus prepared: Take a pound of Antimony, powne it ●●osse, and set it in the fire in a melting crust, when it beginneth to smoke then cast half a dram of Boreas unto it: when it is melted, then power it upon a flat stone and let it be cold, than stamp and melt it again, like as before, and so do three times: afterwards powne it to fine powder, and power vinegar upon it which is distilled two or three times, then put it into a glass being stopped very tied and close, yet stir it often about, and that so long until the vinegar begin to be red, which is wont to happen in the space of a month or twain. This being done, put all together into an helm, luted very close, and distil it with a mild fire so long, until the redness be discerned, and as soon as that is perceived, then augment your fire, and fasten another receiver to it, & make a good fire as long as one drop of oil comes out of it. Out of a pound of Antimony you cannot have above one dram or twain, according to the goodness of it, or the oil is well made. This oil hath a red brown colour, it is also used for healing of wounds, & of old ulcers, like as also for all Fistulas, Leprosy, and for the Pocks, yet nevertheless according to the importance of each sickness, if there be a drop or twain taken tempered with any thing else. The ulcers are washed with the water, but it is very sharp. Another: Take one pound of Antimony, pown it small, and put unto it one quarter of an ounce Mercurium Sublimatum, put it then into a glass retort, and give it presently a good fire: there doth come no water out of it, but only (five or six hours after) clear oil. Oil of Steel, or oil of Iron. §. 65. TAke small filled steel, or iron, and white Flint, powned very small, of each half a pound, put it in a glasen helm, and distil it in sand, first with a mild fire, and afterwards always greater, it giveth first water, and afterwards red oil, which hath a very pleasant smell, even like to Balsam. Now for to distil this oil, then are you to make an oven after the fashion of a Retort, as the Alchemists do know. These things are rather searching out of the secrets of nature, than necessary for Physic. Rock or Peteroyle. §. 66. SOme of these oils be white, some yellow, and there are also some black, which is called Naphta. This Peteroyle doth run in Italy, and also in other places out of the rocks: it doth heat, dry and consume: it is also good for the falling sickness, for the Palsy, for doting, and for the enfeebled memory. Oil of Turpentine. §. 67. THe manner to distil this oil have we showed in the fift part, the thirteenth Chapter and fourth §. Oil of Violets. §. 68 THis oil is made of blue Violets and unripe Salad oil, it is somewhat colder than the oil of Roses, therefore it doth the more cool all heat, especially the heat of the rains and of the kidneys: in like manner it doth assuage the dry heated breast, and is moreover good for many other things. The oil of Wal flowers is prepared also of the flowers, and of old oil, it is very good against the convulsion of the sinews, it driveth away all diseases of the breast, the kidneys, and the bladder, and it is also good against all pain of the sinews and of the Matrix: also it assuageth and melloweth all other diseases. Oil of Ireas. THe oil of Ireas is utterly unknown unto us. Oil of Vitriol, or of Copperas. §. 69. THis oil is very highly commended, it getteth an especial sweetness, which is a miraculous work of nature, and is made thus: Take four pound of Hungary Copperas, stamp it very small, and then put it in a great body, then let it dry certain days: afterwards powne it again, and so set it in a warm place covered with a fine cloth, to the end that the savour of Copper may thereby avoid. This being done power four pound of the best spirit of wine upon it which is well rectified, suit it well, and so keep it forty days in a warm place, or dunghill, and afterwards distil it, then shall you see the oil swim on the top of the wine. There be yet more longer and more other means for to distil this oil, but this is the commonest manner. Concerning the virtue of this oil, and her force, it is very needful that it be providently dealt withal, it must always be mixed with somewhat else, for that it is too sharp, that it will inflame the entrails, otherwise hath it the same force of the oil of Sulphur, but it is much stronger and penetrating. It is very good against all filth, and infection, and against the Plague it is especial good: it hath also great power to cause the matter of the Pleurisy to avoid out of the breast, it is good for all tough phlegm and corruption of the breast to fetch it out, it suffereth also no stone to grow in the bladder, and healeth the bruised or perished bladder. There is no more but three or four drops to be given with wine. There may also losings be made of it. Also this oil is used by some, according to the importance of the cause, like as is admonished in certain places of this book. This oil doth strengthen the cold stomach, it consumeth Phlegma, it causeth all tough and slimy matter to avoid, it is good for the griping of the guts, and against all red fluxes, it quencheth thirst, it withstandeth all wambling and parbraking. Because that these oils must be driven through strong fire, it doth happen otherwhiles that the glasses leap in pieces, by which all the cost, the trouble, and labour is lost. Now for to prevent that, are the glasses to be hardened in this manner following: first, are the bodies to be luted very well with lome, and before that you will use the same, anoint them oftentimes with Alum water, and so let them dry: and if so be that they happen for all that to break, yet may they afterwards be soldered together, that they may hold water in this manner: Take Venice glass, red Lead, Linséede oil, Mill dust, and the white of an Egg, mix it well together, and then spread it meetly thick upon the cracks, and let it dry afterwards. Of the oil of Wheat. §. 70. THe oil of Wheat is made like as the oil of Annis seeds is made. Oil of juniper berries. §. 71. THis oil is drawn out of the powned berries. It may also be distilled like as the oil of Annis seeds, but because that there is very much brought to sell of it, the same may be bought better cheap than made. That which is distilled out of the wood is made as followeth: Bury a pot in the ground that it stand about three fingers out of it, then take another pot which fitteth well the undermost, and fill the same with small chips of juniper wood, then make over it a latin lid with many small holes, that the moisture may drop through it, and that the chips fall not into the undermost pot. This being done, then whelm both these pots one over the other, and then make a fire round about the upper pot a good while, then gather the oil together which is dropped into the undermost pot. This oil is very good against all that that doth outwardly infect the skin, as old ulcers and cankers, but especially against the Varices. The oil which is drawn out of the wood, hath an unpleasant savour, but that which is drawn out of the berries, hath a very pleasant savour and smell. They have both of them one operation. Oil of Willow leaves. §. 72. THe leaves, flowers, and fruits of this tree have an astringent virtue, whereby they draw the wounds together and heal them, withstand the spitting of blood, and take away all spots of the face. The oil thereof is good being dropped in the ears, against the pain of the ears: and if the same be anointed on the outside, than it is very good against the Gout, and it taketh away all unchasteness. There may also oil be drawn out of Willow wo●●, as it is drawn out of juniper wood. Oil of Argall. §. 73. TAke four pound of Argall, poune it very small, and set it to burn in a pot bakers oven: afterwards poune it again, and then put it into a woollen bag, and so hang it in a cellar, then will there drop out clear moisture, which is rather a water than an oil. Oil of Wormwood. §. 74. AVncient Physicians do make this oil, of Wormwood which groweth in Ponto, and with unripe oil, like as is said of the oil of Camomile: but because that we have not that Wormwood, therefore are we to take that of ours; and one must take half so much Roses as Wormwood. This oil hath an especial power to warm, it strengtheneth also all that is cold, and especially the stomach, it maketh an appetite to meat, it openeth all inward parts; and if one anoint it on the Navel, it killeth the worms, without any hurt: wherefore it is more profitable for young and old people, than the Wormeséede. Oil of Tiles. §. 75. THis oil is to be distilled after two ways, as the same is to be seen in the Table. Oxycraton. §. 76. THese things following do keep the Greek name with the Physicians and with the Apothecaries, for Oxys is Vinegar: afterwards do they add somewhat unto it, which is tempered with the foresaid Vinegar, like as with the Oxycraton, where wine, water and vinegar are tempered together, which of the Latinists is called Posca: for which the same is now to be used, that is to be seen in many places of this book. Oxymel Simplex. §. 77. THis Oxymel is described in the first Part, the second Chapter, and sixth §. It is very often used, and praised for many things. Oxymel Compositum. §. 78. THis is therefore named so, for that it is made of sundry things, which is also described in the first Part, the second Chapter. Oxymel Scillinum. §. 79. THis is also described in the same place, and used oftentimes. Oxyrrhodinum. §. 80. IT is another compound than the former. It is much used against the pain of the head, laid upon it on the outside, there be two kinds of it, as is taught in the second Part. Oxysacchara. §. 81. THis compound, and her virtue and operation, is described in the first Part, the eighth chapter, and second §. The 13. Chapter. THis Chapter is a gathering together of all kinds of Plasters and Pills, which be described in this book. Emplastrum album Coctum. §. 1. WE do commonly call this, the white plaster. How it is made, is to be sought for in the Table. Apostolicon Plaster. §. 2. AFter two ways is this plaster made; whereof one is called Triapharmacon, for that there cometh not above three things into it: You may look for both of them in the latin Table. Emplastrum de Baccis Lauri. §. 3. THe manner how to make this plaster, and also her virtue, is described in the third Part, and the eleventh Chapter. Basilicon. §. 4. HEr preparation and use is described in the fift Part, the first Chapter, and 15. §. A Plaster for the Rupture. §. 5. THere be divers specified of these in the third Part, the third Chapter, and §. 1. The Plaster Ceroneum. §. 6. IF there be any that desire to make this plaster, he may look for the same in Nicolao, for that it is very seldom used. Diachilon. §. 7. OF this Diachilon there be three kinds made: the common Diachilon is described in the third Part, the twentieth Chapter, and twentieth §. The great Diachilon is found at the Apothecaries, it melloweth and ripeneth all hard swellings. The Plaster de Galbano. §. 8. HOw this plaster is made, and also her operation, is to be sought for in the Latin Table, under the name of Galbanum. Gratia Dei Plaster. §. 9 THat is as much to say as God's graces Plaster. The manner to make the same is found in the fift Part, the first chapter, and 16. §. Emplastrum Griseum de Lapide Calaminari. §. 10. WE call this the grey plaster: It is also made after two ways, and it is described in the fift Part, the seventh chapter, and 12. §. Hyssopi Cerotum, sive Philagrij. §. 11. THis Plaster is made very seldom, and used but three times in this book. Emplastrum de Meliloto. §. 12. THis is a Plaster of the flowers of Melilot, and is made of many kinds of things: wherefore we will pretermit her description, and whereto it is to be used, shall you find here and there in this book. Emplastrum de Muscilaginibus. §. 13. FOr what this plaster is to be used, and how the same is made, that is found in th● first part, the sixth Chapter, and seventh §. Emplastrum Oxycroceum. §. 14. AFter three manners is this Plaster described: it hath her name of the Vinegar, and of the Saffron. Of her excellent operation may you read here and there in this Book. Emplastrum de Pelle Arietis. §. 15. Look for this in the third part, the third Chapter, and first §. how highly the same is commended for all manner of ruptures. Emplastrum de Radicibus. §. 16. THis plaster of roots is but once used in this book, and that in the third part, the twentieth Chapter and eleventh §. The Plaster of Saunders. §. 17. THis plaster is called at the Apothecaries, Cerotum Sandalinum, which may be made to a salve, as it is described in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and sixtéenth §. The black Plaster. §. 18. WHereof there be two sorts described, to wit, in the first part the fourth Chapter, and second §. and in the fift part, the seventh Chapter, and sixth §. for that they be very much used of the Chirurgeons. Sparadropon. §. 19 THese Sparadraps are described in the fourth part, the second Chapter, and second §. Emplastrum Viride. §. 20. THis Plaster do the Chirurgeons use much in old stinking ulcers, as the same is described in the first part, the first Chapter, and fifteenth §. And because that now all the Plasters must be boiled, therefore it is taught in the first part, the fourth Chapter, and third §. how to make a proof, whereby it may be known, when the same are sodden enough, and must be taken from the fire. The second part of this Chapter speaketh of Pills. THe most of all compounds and mixtures of Pills, be composed together of many things, and they be used but one dram alone at one time, and not with whole or half ounces, as the Confections or Conserves are, wherefore it is not needful for to add their description here: and also seeing that each householder may buy the same for a small sum of money at the Apothecaries: but we will nevertheless discover the virtues and commodities of all the Pills, which be in this book commemorated, and for what sickness that they are to be used. Pillulae de Agarico. §. 1. Pills of Agaricus be good for all them that be short on the breast, or be vexed with any old cough, and much tough phlegm. Pillulae Aggregativae. §. 2. THese Pills be very good in all lingering Agues, in all diseases of the head, of the stomach, and of the Liver, they expel Cholera, and all slimy matter. Pillulae Elephanginae. §. 3. THese P●●● do cleanse the stomach, the brains, and the head, from all tough, gross, and slimy humours: they do strengthen the stomach, and her digestive virtue: they be also very common and safe. Pillulae de Aloe lota. §. 4. HOw that Aloe is to be washed, and Pills prepared of it, you may see in the introduction of this book. Pillulae Azaiareth. §. 5. THese do expel the Cholera and the Phlegma, and are good for all rheums which cause the Cough. Pillulae Aureae. §. 6. THese cleanse the head, sharpen the sight, expel wind of the guts, and do lose without pain. Pillulae de Bdellio. §. 7. THese Pills be very good against much bleeding of the piles, and against women's flowers. Pillulae Benedictae. §. 8. THey do purge the Phlegma, and especially that that falleth into the joints. They do also cleanse the kidneys and the bladder. Pillulae Cochiae. §. 9 THese do purge the head very mightily of all gross, tough, and slimy matter, in like sort also the sinews, therefore they are also much used. Pillulae de Cynoglossa. §. 10. THese Pills have a marvelous operation in staying all kind of thin and subtle defluxions that fall into any part of the body, and to ease one of all manner of pain: but they are very seldom used, unless it were in great extremities. Pillulae de Euphorbio. §. 11. THese Pills have a mighty power to expel the water in the Dropsy, and all other matter which is caused of any tumour. They be also good for all pain of the reins, and for the Podagra, which is caused of any humour: but they be not much used. Pillulae Foetidae. §. 12. THese purge all gross, tough, and slimy humours: therefore they be also good for all Species of the Gout. Pillulae de fumo Terrae. §. 13. THese Pills of Fumitory, do purge all salt and sharp humours of the gall, therefore they be also good for all diseases of the Skin. Pillulae de Hermodactylis. §. 14. THese Pills be especial good for all diseases of the gout, and for other causes mo● Pillulae de Hiera simplici. §. 15. THese be very good for all diseases of the stomach, that be caused of any manner of slimy humours. Pillulae de Hiera composita. §. 16. THese are good for all infirmities of the head and sinews, which are caused of slimy humours, and for other matters more. Pillulae de Hiera cum Agarico. §. 17. TO these Pills of Hiera is a little Agaricus added. They do empty the stomach and the breast from all gross and tough humours, and they be good against the sissing of the ears. Pillulae Iliacae. §. 18. BEcause these Pills are made with small trouble, viz. for all pain of the guts, therefore be they described in the third part, the fifteenth Chapter, and 6. §. Pillulae de Indae. §. 19 THese sorts of Pills be described, where we do treat of the hardness of the Spleen, for that they be especial good for it, as they be also very necessary for the melancholy, against the Canker, the Leprosy, bad ulcers, heaviness of the mind, and against the Quartain ague. Pillulae de Lapide Armeno. §. 20. These do purge Melancholy, and the Cholera very mildly, they be also good for all maladies which do proceed out of them. Pillulae de Lapide Lazuli. §. 21. THese Pills of Lazure stone be used against all diseases of Melancholy, and also for all others, which be caused through gall. Pillulae lucis. §. 22. THey do cleanse the head of all Phlogma, and strengthen the sight, like as their name doth testify. Pillulae Masticinae. §. 23. THese Pills do defend the stomach from all sickness, they lose mildly, they do strengthen much, and let not the humours putrify, they do great pleasure and virtue unto all them that use the same, against all pain of the stomach, of the head, of the belly, and the Matrix. Item, for all pensiveness be they also especial good. Pillulae de Meserco. §. 24. THese Pills do expel very vehemently the Dropsy, wherefore they are also used in Anasarca and Ascite. Pillulae de Opopanaco. §. 25. THese be g●●d for the Palsy, against the convulsion of the mouth, against the weakness of the knees, against the Podagra, and more other pains of the joints, and also for all diseases of the sinewy parts. Pillulae pestilentiales, siue Ruffi. §. 26. HOw these common pills and other more be prepared, we have declared in the sixth part, the fifteenth Chapter, and 12. §. and admonished also thereby how that the same hath an excellent virtue for to preserve one from the plague, and to expel all stinking humours from the stomach. Pillulae de quinque generibus Mirobalanorum. §. 27. THese purge the Melancholy, the Phlegma, and the Cholera, and do also cleanse the blood. Pillulae de Rhabarbaro. §. 28. THese pills be especial good in the beginning of the Dropsy, and in the obstruction of the Liver: in like manner also in all linger agues. Look further Rhabarbarum. Pillulae de sandaracha. §. 29: THese pills be seldom made, and also scant used. Pillulae de sarcocolla. §. 30. THey expel the Phlegma, and all sicknesses which are caused of it. Pillulae de Serapino. §. 31. THese pills have an especial power in the pain of the hips, the gout of the feet, and of the joints: they be also very good for the stomach, and further women's terms. Pillulae sine quibus esse nolo. §. 32. THese pills do marvelously purge Cholera, Phlegma, and the Melancholy, and are especial good for all Rheums, and be especial good for all dark sight. They are also good for the pain of the ears, and for all pain of the guts. Pillulae stomachicae. §. 33. THese pills expel Phlegma, and the Cholera out of the stomach, and moreover out of the head, and they be also good for many more diseases. The fourteenth Chapter. THe Physicians and Apothecaries have certain conserves in use of some fruits, and other things, where as they temper nothing but Sugar with it, which they call Rob: amongst which the commonest is the Rob de Berberis, and De Citonijs, that is, Rob of Quinces, and De Cornubus, that is, of Gadrises, Rob Nucum, that is, of Nuts, De Ribs, that is, of Raspes, etc. Honey of Roses. §. 1. Honey of Roses is made after divers manners, like as such is taught in the first part, the third Chapter, and 4. §. whereas his use and virtue is declared. Vinegar of Roses. §. 2. TAke red Rose buds, cut of the white beneath, and power red wine Vinegar upon it, to the end that they be well covered with it, and then let them stand so the space of two months in the hot Sun. In this manner is also made all manner of vinegar of herbs, and other flowers. Vinegar of Rue. §. 3. THis Vinegar is made after the same manner as the vinegar of Roses. The fifteenth Chapter. THis Chapter is none other, but a gathering together of certain Salves, Siefs (which be Eye powders) Sirupes, and Species, which be remembered in this book, and used daily at the Apothecaries. Aegyptiacum. §. 1. WE will now speak first of the salve of Egypt, whose preparation is described in the fift part, the first Chapter, and 16. §. Salue of Agrippa. §. 2. TAke bryony roots twelve ounces, roots of wild Cucumbers six ounces, Squilles three ounces, Ireas one ounce and a half, roots of Ferne, of wild Eldern, and water nuts, of each one ounce, white Wax seven ounces and a half, Salad oil 24. ounces, take the roots all fresh, and let them steep the space of eight days in oil, afterwards seethe them and wring them out, you are then to melt the Wax in this decoction. This salve is marvelous good for the Dropsy, and all swelling of the body: it is also good for all diseases of the sinews, it driveth out the water, and if it be anointed on the outside, then doth it lose the belly, and is especial good for all pain of the kidneys. Salue of Alabaster. §. 3. THis salve is also very seldom used, and in this book was it spoken of but once. unguentum album. §. 4. IN the fourth part of this book be described five kinds of these white salves, and therewith declared for what they be meet. These white salves are so rise and common, that the skin can scarce get any disease for which the same are not used. unguentum de Althaea. §. 5. THis salve of Hollihock roots is very common, whereof there be four kinds, and also their virtues described in the third part, the fourteenth Chapter, and 1. §. unguentum Anodinum. §. 6. THe Grecians do call those salves Anodina, which do assuage all manner of pain, whereof there be sundry described in this book, which you may look for in the Register. unguentum mundificatiwm de Apio. §. 6. THis is a mundifying salve, made of Smallage, her preparation is described in the third part, the third Chapter, and 9 §. unguentum Apostolorum. §. 8. THis 〈◊〉 of the Apostles and her efficacy is described in the third part, the eight chapter, and th●● §. unguentum Arogon. §. 9, This salve is much used, but is very troublesome to be made, it helpeth all cold diseases of the body, all convulsions of the sinews, the weakness of the joints, and all pain of the same. unguentum de Artanita. §. 10. OF Mesua, there be two kinds of this salve described which are very seldom made, they be especial good against the dropsy, they kill worms, and expel the same, they lose the stomach very mildly, if one anoint it very fat underneath the navel, like as is wont to be done in vomiting. unguentum de Cerussa. §. 11. THis salve is described in the fourth part amongst other white salves. unguentum Citrinum. §. 12. AT all Apothecaries this salve is always ready, but it is somewhat troublesome to be made: it driveth away the spots in the face, it is good against all roughness, against all redness of the eyes, and it softeneth all hardness, but it is not much used in this book. unguentum Comitissae. §. 13. THis salve is very good against all mischances of women, it stoppeth the bleeding of the piles: and it is also very good for the kidneys, but it is very hard and troublesome to be made. Salves for Scabs. §. 14. Sundry of these salves are described in the first Part, the third Chapter, and ninth §. unguentum infrigidans Galeni. §. 15. THis cooling salve is in the first Part, the first Chapter, and 1. §. described, and therewithal also her virtue and operation. unguentum Martianum, vel Martiatum. §. 16. THere are three kinds of them described by the Physicians which be compounded of many things together, and are also of sundry operations, yet here too long to discourse. unguentum Mercuriale. §. 17. THis salve of Quicksilver is much used for the Pocks, and is described in the fift part, the third Chapter, and fift §. unguentum Neruinum §. 18. THe description of this sinew salve do you find in the first Part, the 13. chapter, and 2. §. unguentum Nihili. §. 19 HEr preparation is to be found in the first part, the seventh Chapter, and 4. §. unguentum Pectorale. §. 20. WHereof be two sorts described in the second part, the fift chapter, and fift §. Pomada, Pomadoes. §. 21. THe manner to make this salve shall you find in the first part, the eleventh chapter, and 1. §. unguentum Pompholigos. §. 22. THe preparing of this Tutie salve is described in the second part, the second chapter, and second §. and her virtue is to be found in the table of the Tutie. unguentum Populeonis. §. 23. THis Poplar salve is rife at all Apothecaries, and is very troublesome to be made: wherefore is the same to be fetched at the Apothecaries: it is good against all unnatural heats; and if it be anointed upon the temples of the head, then procureth it sleep. unguentum Rosatum. §. 24. THe preparation of this salve is described in the first part, the first chapter, and second §. and is there also taught how that it is good against all hot pain of the head, and other pains which be caused through heat. unguentum Sandalinum. §. 25. THis salve of Saunders is much used in effluxion of human seed, and is described in the third part, the sixth Chapter, and first §. This and other salves be used for many other things, which (as the cause shall require) are to be sought in the table. The second Part of this Chapter, of Sief. WE have discovered before that the Physicians understand through this Arabian name Sief, all manner of fine and impalpable eye powders, whereof some have been described in this book. Sief Album Rasis. §. 1. THis Sief is used for all red, sore, and waterish eyes, and is described in the first part, the seventh chapter, and first §. for what it is further to be used, look for that in the second table upon the name Sief. Sief de Fellibus. §. 2. THe manner to prepare this Sief, is to be found in the first part, the seventh chap. and 15. §. Sief Memithe. §. 3. HIs preparation is in the first part, the seventh chapter, and 1. §. Sief de Plumbo. §. 4. THis is described in the first part, the seventh chapter, and tenth §. Sief de Rosis. §. 5. THis Sief of Roses is described against sore eyes in the first part, the 7. chap. and sixth §. Sief de Thure. §. 6. THis Sief of Frankincense is set down in the first part, and seventh Chapter. Sief viride. §. 7. THis Sief shall you find in the first part of this book, the sixth Chapter, and first §. The third Part of this Chapter of Sirupes. Of the Sirupes and juices in general. BOth of these things, as Sirups and juices, be almost innumerable that be used in Physic, to wit, the juices of fruits, herbs, flowers, roots, and such like things, sometimes alone, but tempered for the most part always with other things, according as each pleaseth, as may be discerned through out all this Book. Wherefore it is not our purpose to gather here together such things, but only those which are most used: but we will as much as is possible, most truly expound and translate their names into English, and also adjoin therewith their operations and powers. First, you have in the Introduction how all juices are to be clarified. Secondly, it is also a general rule that no sour juices, as the juice of unripe Grapes, Barberries', neither wine nor vinegar are to be sodden in Copper vessels, for that they may get an hurtful taste: but the same are to be decocted in earthen leaden pots. Thirdly, you have also in the first part, the first chapter, & sixth §. how that the compounded sirupes are to be decocted. Fourthly, because that it importeth much that the sirupes be not decocted too hard, to the end they come not to candise, and that they be not sodden too thin, and come not to be mouldy: wherefore the proof also is described in the introduction, whereby may certainly be understood when as they be enough: like as is also sufficiently admonished of each syrup that they may be clarified. Syrupus de Absinthio, that is, of Wormwood. §. 1. TAke Romish Wormwood, or if you cannot get it, then take of the common. Wormwood six ounces, red Roses two ounces, India Spica three drams, good white wine, and the juice of Quinces, of each four and twenty ounces, let them steep all together in an earthen pot the space of one whole night, and afterwards seeth it to the half: this being done, strain it, than put four and twenty ounces of clear Honey or Sugar unto it, and then let it seethe to a syrup. This syrup is also especial good for the stomachs, for the liver, and for all nourishing parts: it maketh appetite to meat, and helpeth to digest the meat: it is good for the falling sickness, it expelleth wind, and driveth out all bad humours by the urine. In the table under the name of Wormwood is her virtue described at large. Syrupus de Acetosa, of Sorrell. §. 2. TAke the juice of Sorrell three parts, Sugar two parts: let it seeth together, scum, and clarify it well until it be sufficiently decocted. This syrup is good for all hot pestilential Agues: it quencheth the thirst, and the inflaming heat of the heart, and also of the stomach, and it strengtheneth the same. See further in the table of the Sorrel. Syrupus Acetosus, of Vinegar. §. 3. IN the third part, the 11. Chapter, and 9 § is taught how that this syrup is to be made, and one may also read her use there. Syrupus acetosus compositus, also of Vinegar. §. 4. How this syrup, and also the Radicibus, is to be made, is to be seen in the third part, the 11. chapter, and 9 §. where both their operations be described. Syrupus acctosus de Cytonijs, which is of sour Quinces. §. 5. HEr preparation is described in the third part, the eleventh chapter, and sixth §. Syrupus Acetosus Diarhodon, that is, of Vinegar and Roses. §. 6. THis syrup is very seldom used, but for what it is good, you may read that in the table of the Roses. Syrupus de Acetositate Citri, of the juice of Citrons. §. 7. TAke the juice of Citrons, which is strained through a cloth without wring, otherwise the juice will be thick when it is cold, like as pap, than teeth away this juice, with half so much Sugar. This syrup hath the same virtue of the syrup of O●anges, whereof we will speak shortly, but that it is more forcible. This syrup is made thus in Cypro, like as hereafter followeth. Take clear juice, Sugar half so much, then stop it tied, and set it in the sun. This syrup remaineth always clear. Both these sirupes be good against all venom, but especially for the Plague and all other putrefied humours: it strengtheneth the stomach, it cooleth the heart, and all other inward parts, it quencheth thirst, it bringeth sleep, it stayeth all vapours of the stomach, especially if one drink too much. Read further in the Table of the Citrons, and their virtues. Syrupus de Agresta, of Verivice. §. 8. FOr what Verivice is good, and how the same is to be made, we have taught in the first Chapter of this eight part: for the syrup are you to take five ounces, short sodden and unsalted Verivice, and three ounces and a half of Sugar; then let them seeth together unto a syrup. Syrupus de Aurantijs, of Oranges. §. 9 TAke the juice of sweet Oranges, which is wrung through a cloth, and well cleansed, two parts, Sugar one part, seeth them together unto a syrup. This syrup is very good for all heat caused of Cholera. Likewise it is also good in all pestilential Agues, and it assuageth the thirst singular well: it may also be made of sour Oranges, for that the same is much more forcible than that of Citrons. Syrupus de Artemisia, of Mugwoort. §. 10. THis syrup is very troublesome to be made, wherefore we will commend it to the Apothecaries: it is very good for all diseases of the Matrix, it keepeth it in her due place, it expelleth all wind, and all pain of the same, it strengtheneth the sinews, it openeth the pores, it maketh good blood, and it forceth women's terms. For what purposes else it may be used, look in the table of Mugwoort. Syrupus de Berberis, of Barberries'. §. 11. TAke Barberries' which be very ripe, and let them seeth well in wine until that they be mellow, then wring it thorough a cloth, and boil the colature with Sugar, as before. Item, take the juice of ripe Barberries', and let it seeth apart, afterwards scum it well: when it is well cleansed, take as much Sugar as juice, seeth it all together unto a syrup: her virtue is to be read in the Table of the Barberries'. Syrupus de Betonica, of betony. §. 12. THe description of this syrup is very long, wherefore we will pretermit it: her virtue may be adjudged by the description of the herb Betonie in the Table. Syrupus Byzantinus. §. 13. TAke the juice of Endive and of Berberries', of each six ounces, the juice of Hops and of bugloss, of each three ounces, seethe all together, clarifying it until there remain 12. ounces, than put seven ounces and a half of Sugar unto it, and let them seeth all together to a syrup. This sirupy maketh all the tough slimy matter to avoid, and it openeth all obstructions, wherefore it is all good for all yellow jaundice, like as there be many other sirupes. Syrupus de Boragine, of Borage. §. 14. WE have before admonished in the fourth Chapter in the description of the Conserve of Borage, that there is none, or indeed very small difference between the Borage and the bugloss: nevertheless there be made at the Apothecaries two kinds of sirupes, and commonly mixed with other medicines: wherefore is an householder to prepare it thus. Take the juice of both these herbs, of each 8. ounc. the juice of both these flowers, of each one ounce, seeth the same with four ounces of Sugar, and scum it as behoveth, and aught to be; you may also suffer the flowers to seeth in some water, and power the juice unto it. This syrup is good against all diseases of the heart, and it maketh a merry mind: and of her power you may read further in the Register of Borage. Syrupus de Buglossa. §. 5. OF this Syrup is sufficiently written in this foresaid syrup of Borage. Syrupus de Calamintha, of field Mints. §. 16. TAke of field Mints and white water Mints, of each two ounces, the seed of Lovage, of the greater Pimpernel (in stead of Dauci Cretici) and Squinant, of each five dragms, Raisins six ounces, honey 24. ounces, let them seeth all that is to seethe, scum and wring it out well; then make with honey, or with as much Sugar a syrup of it. This syrup is especial good for a hard Spleen, and all hard entrails, and also for an old Cough, of all old people, which be plagued with a feeble and short breath: like as you may read further of Mints in the Table. Syrupus Capillorum Veneris, or of Maidenhair. §. 17. THis syrup doth cost very much labour before the same may be made, like as we have admonished under the name of Maydenhayre in the Table. Syrupus de Cichorio cum Rhabarbaro, of Cicorie. §. 18. AT all Apothecaries this syrup is very rise: it cleanseth and withstandeth all poison, and especially the Carbuncle, and such like: it strengtheneth the hart, and all nutritive parts: it is also good for all pestilent Agues, it expelleth all bad matter, by the stool, and by the urine: it causeth also appetite and sleep. Syrupus de Cytonijs, of Quinces. §. 19 THis syrup is like to all other sirups, made of Sugar and juice of Quinces: you shall read of her virtue and efficacy in the Register in the description of Quinces. There is another syrup described before of sour Quinces, called Miva Cytoniorum. Further, there are juices or thick sirupes prepared under the name of Miva, whereof there be some described in the third Part, the eleventh Chapter, and 17. §. Syrupus de Citro, of Citrons. §. 20. SOme do take not only the sowernes of the Citrons, but also the juice of the white rinds, so that not only the outwardmost péeles and the seeds are separated: but this syrup is not so forcible as that which is prescribed: yet they be both made and used in all hot sicknesses. Syrupus de corticibus Citri, of Citron peeles. §. 21. TAke the outwardmost fresh péeles of Citrons, cut in small 〈◊〉, one pound, power thereon five times as much water, and let it seethe to the half: then wring it through a cloth, afterwards put a pound of Sugar unto it. When it is almost sodden to a syrup, than put four grains of Musk unto it, broken in Rose water. This syrup cooleth not like the former, but it warmeth and strengtheneth the hart, the brains, all inward parts, and the vital spirits. It strengtheneth the weak stomach, maketh a good breath, and defendeth from the Plague etc. Syrupus de Cucurbita, of Gourds. §. 22. THis syrup is seldom used, and in this book but only in two places. Syrupus de Endivia, of Endive. §. 23. OF this herb be many sundry sirupes made. That which is called Simplex, is made thus: take the juice of green Endive one pound, and when it is clarified through seething, then put ten ounces of Sugar unto it, seeth it away, like as all other sirupes be. This syrup is good against all inward heat of the Liver, and other nutritive parts, it is used for many kinds of things, as may be seen in the Register. Syrupus de Epithymo. §. 24. AT all well furnished Apothecaries this syrup is rife, whereas the same is to be fetched: it expelleth the choleric humours, it doth therefore withstand all sicknesses which spring or come thereof, viz. the Leprosy, Canker, bad ulcers, and Fistulas: like as his name shall show in the Table. Syrupus de Eupatoria, of Agrymonie. §. 25. THe opinion of many learned men is, that our Agrymony is the true Eupatorium: Of this is also a syrup made, which is very troublesome to be made: wherefore we will not describe the same here. It hath a special power for to help the cold and obstructed liver, to expel all Dropsies and such like sicknesses, for to make all gross slime thin, and to strengthen the liver: it also month urine. Look further of her virtue in the Table of Agrymony. Syrupus de fumo Terrae, of fumitory. §. 26. TAke the juice of Fumitory, and of the sprouts of Hops, of each one pound, clarify it and temper it like as we have taught, and then decoct it unto a syrup with one pound of Sugar. At the Apothecaries there is an other made of many sundry things, which here we will not describe. These sirupes be both good for to open all obstructions of the stomach, and of the liver; for to strengthen the same also, and to cleanse the blood, that thereby all scabbedness, all had sores, and such like accidents may be suppressed, and avoided. Wherefore they be also good against the Pocks, against all old ulcers, Leprosy, and other such like diseases. more. Syrupus de Glycyrriza, of liquorice. §. 27. THe common people do make this syrup thus: Take a pound of small sliced liquorice, and power thereon two pots of water: afterwards let it seeth so long, until the virtue come out: then strain it, and put to this decoction one ounce of Dragagant, and let it seethe together until it be thick enough. This syrup is very good for the Cough, and for all toughness of the breast. But this following is the right syrup of liquorice: Take small sliced liquorice one ounce, maidenhair half an ounce, Hyssop one quarter of an ounce, put a quart of water unto it, and let it all together infuse the space of four and twenty hours; afterwards put unto it ●●ere Honey, Sugar pennets, and white Sugar, of each four ounces, Rose water three ounces seeth it together unto a syrup. This syrup cleanseth the breast, and the lights, it is very good for all cold coughs, and also for the pleurisy, as you may read in the table of liquorice. Syrupus Granatorum, of Pomegranates. §. 28. IT is a great abuse to wring out the sour and sweet Pomegranates together, by reason that the sour and the sweet each a part are meet for sundry diseases, but the foresaid mixture we will leave alone for Cookery: thus, take two quarts of Pomegranates wine, and seeth it so long until it be well clarified, than temper amongst it half a pound of Sugar, and so set it in the sun until it come to work, and then afterwards preserve it in a cellar. And for to write a part of the sour Pomegranates: Take thereof five pound of the juice, and white Sugar three pound, seeth it together to a syrup skumming it always about. This syrup is very forcible in all hot agues which be caused of Cholera. The syrup of sweet Pomegranates is prepared in all sorts as the former, like as the same is taught in the table at large of the Pomegranates, and every one may direct himself accordingly. Syrupus de Hyssopo, of Hyssop. §. 29. YOu must take dry Hyssop, the roots of Smallage, of Fennell, Parsley, and of liquorice, of each five drams, peeled Barley one quarter of an ounce, the seed of Mallows, of Quince kernels, and tragacanth, of each one dram and a half, Maiden hair three drams, juiubes, and Sebestes, of each fourteen or fifteen, Currans three quarters of an ounce, Figs, and Dates, of each five or six, Sugar pennets twelve ounces, then make a syrup thereof. This syrup is very forcible for all the diseases of the breast, and of the lights: it causeth all tough slime to avoid which may hardly be coughed up, like as shall be more at large taught thereof in the English Register, under the name of Hyssop. Syrupus de Ireos, of Ireas. §. 30. THis syrup is made, as in the third Part, the tenth chapter, and ninth §. is taught, whereas it is ordained against the dropsy Tympanites, like as also the table under the name of Ireos doth give to understand. Syrupus de juiubis. §. 31. OF juiubes take thirty or thirty six, the seed of Violets, and of Mallows, of each two drams and a half, Maiden hair, peeled Barley, and liquorice, of each half an ounce, Quince kernels, white Poppy seed, the seed of Melons, of Lettuce, and tragacanth, of each one dram and a half; séethe them together in well water, and to this decoction strained put twelve ounces of Sugar, and then let it seethe to a syrup. The same syrup is good against all hoarseness, against the cough, and against the pleurisy; and also to other diseases more, like as the table doth express. Syrupus de Limonibus, of Lemons. §. 32. THis syrup is made of fresh Lemons, even as the syrup of Oranges is made; but it is far stronger than the syrup of Citrons, like as the same may be seen in the register under the name of Lemons. Syrupus de Lupulo, of Hops. §. 33. TAke the juice of the sprigs of young Hops one pound, and th●●● of Fumitory half a pound, which be both very clear decocted, and skimmed, afterwards seethe them with a pound and a half of Sugar unto a syrup. The juice of Hops may also be taken alone. This syrup cooleth much, it expelleth the yellow jaundice: moreover all slimines and also the Dropsy through the stool, and is also good for all other things, like as is sufficiently declared under the name of Hops in the Table. Syrupus de Menta, of Mints. §. 34. THere be two kinds of Sirups of Mints, as the same and also their virtues are described in the third part the eleventh Chapter and 17. §. where it is also admonished, that it is especial meet for the Laxe. For what causes more the same is profitable, that may you read in the Table under the name of Mints. Syrupus de Myrto, of Myrtle seed. §. 35. IN the third part the eleventh Chapter and 17. §. is this Syrup also specified, which is very commodious for many things, like as you may read in the Table. Syrupus de Nymphaea, of water Lilies. §. 36. TAke of the white leaves of waterlilly flowers one pound, let them waume up in water, afterwards wring them hard out through a cloth, and then seethe this decoction skumming it, with a pound of Sugar to a syrup. This syrup is very meetly used for all hot sicknesses, like as before is taught in the fourth Chapter and 39 §. It moisteneth, it cooleth, and furthereth sleep. Another, which is commonly prepared at all Apothecaries: Take the leaves of white water Lilies one ounce, yellow water Lilies half an ounce, seeds of Fleawort and of Sorrell, of each half an ounce, the seeds of Melons, of Citruls, of Gourds, and of Cucumbers (all together peeled) of each one quarter of an ounce; the seed of Lettuce, of Endive, of small Endive, and of Purslane, of each one dram, Fennel roots half an ounce: shred it all together very small, and let it seeth in Barley water: afterwards strain it thorough, and wring it out hard. Now being clarified, then put six ounces of white Sugar unto it, Vinegar and the juice of sour Pomegranates, of each one ounce, then let them séethe all together again unto a syrup, at last temper yellow Saunders with it, and India Spica, of each two scruples. This syrup doth marvelous much withstand the hot Cholera, and besides all hot Agues, and procureth also sleep: it is also to be used for more other things, like as the Table under the name of water Lilies doth set forth. Syrupus de Papavere, of Poppy heads. §. 37. THere be two kinds of these sirupes made, the one called Compositum, is thus made: Take black and white Poppy heads which be very fresh, of each 25. drams, Maiden hair seven drams and a half, liquorice 22. drams, juiubes fifteen drams, Lettuce seed two ounces and a half, Mallows seed and Quince kernels, of each three drams, seethe them all together in a pot of water even to the half: afterwards wring it out, and seethe this decoction again with Sugar and sugar Pennets, of each four ounces unto a syrup. This syrup is very good against all dry Coughs, against the Consumption Phihisis, and against all rheums, it maketh sleep, and is also good for more other causes, like as the Table maketh mention. Syrupus de Persicis, of Peaches. §. 38. THis syrup is made of the juice of the selfsame fruits, her virtues are described in the fourth chapter; and wherefore it is further good, look for that in the table of the Peaches. Syrupus de Plantagine, of Plantain. §. 39 THis syrup is very seldom used, and beside made with greater trouble; it is also used but once, to wit, in the obstruction of the piles: it is made only of the juice like as all other sirupes. Syrupus de Pomis, of Apples. §. 40. OF Apples there be two kinds of sirupes made, like as the same be described in the second part, the sixth chapter, and fourth §. their use is declared in the register under the name or title of Apples. Syrupus de Portulaca, of Purslane. §. 41. THis syrup is also made of the juice of the herb, but used very seldom, like as one may read in the register under the name of Purslane. Syrupus de Prassio, of Horehound. §. 42. TAke Horehound one ounce, liquorice half an ounce, maidenhair, and Hyssop, of each three drams, Currants, Annis, roots of smallage, and of Fennell, of each two drams and a half, of the greater Pimpernell seed, of Fenegréeke, and Ireos, of each one dram and a half, linseed, and Quince kernels, of each one dram, Currans one ounce, eight or ten Figs, Sugar pennets, and Sugar, or Honey, of each twelve ounces; then make a syrup thereof like as is taught before. This syrup is very good against all diseases of the breast, and of the lights, which be caused of cold tough slyminesse, and be hard to be expelled; but it is especial good for all old and ancient people which have stuffed breasts. The register teacheth further for what this syrup is meet. Syrupus de Pyris, of Pears. §. 43. THis syrup hath the same power which the syrup of Peaches hath; it is also made and used for the self same sicknesses. Syrupus de Radicibus, of Roots. §. 44. THere be also two sorts made of this, the one of twain, and the other of five kinds of roots, like as the same in the third part, the 20. chap. and 20. §. are described, where be also their virtues discovered. But whereto the same be further meet, look for that in the register under the name of the syrup of roots. Syrupus de Ribs, of Raspes. §. 45. TAke three pounds of the juice of Raspes, and two pounds of good Sugar, seethe the same unto a syrup. For what it is good, look before in the fourth chapter, where it is described how that the same is to be made after sundry fashions. Syrupus infusionis Rosarum, of Roses. §. 46. TAke fresh Rose leaves twelve ounces, put them in a pot, and power upon it thirty ounces of hot Rose water; afterwards stop the pot close, and so let it stand a steep the space of eight hours: this being done, then wring it out and put fresh Roses unto it again, then let it stand a steep as before: then being wrong out again, put twenty ounces of Sugar unto it, & seethe it together softly unto a syrup: this Syrup is especial good for to slake thirst, to cool all heat, and hot Agues, and also to strengthen the stomach: It withstandeth all rotten humours: wherefore it is also very good 〈◊〉 the Plague, it withstandeth winds and other diseases more, like as the Table maketh mention at large. Syrupus de Rosis siccis, of dry Roses. §. 47. ALso there is a syrup made of dry Roses which looseth not, but bindeth, but it is not much used, and is made like as in the first part, the thirteenth Chapter, and fourth §. is showed: look for this in the Table under the title of honey of Roses. Syrupus Rosatus solutiws, purging syrup of Roses. §. 48. ALso there be sundry sirupes of Roses laxative prepared, as liketh each Physician best; whereof in the first Part, the second Chapter, and seventh §. are described the two commonest sorts, and their virtues and operation added unto it. For what they be now further to be used, look into the Table under the name of Roses. Syrupus de Rosis albis, of white Roses. §. 49. ALthough this syrup be very profitable, nevertheless it is not much used: it cooleth much more than the red syrup. Some do commonly take only the juice wrong out of the flowers, and they seethe it short, with Sugar unto a syrup, to the end, that it might the better retain his virtue. Look further into the Register of white Roses. Syrupus sapor Regum. §. 50. TAke the juice of bugloss and of Borage, of each six ounces, the juice of sweet Apples nine ounces, let them stand and settle, and afterwards put one ounce of Seine husks unto it, let them so infuse 24. hours, and then let it seethe a waume or twain, and afterwards seethe it with nine ounces of Sugar, unto a syrup; further, hang with a little bag, half a dram of Saffron in it, and wring it oftentimes out. This syrup is only to be occupied in Melancholia. Syrupus de Stechade, of Stechas flowers. §. 51. HEreof be two kinds described, but we will commend them unto the Apothecaries: they be also good for all cold diseases of the brains, and of the sinews, also for the Palsy, for the falling sickness, for the Cramp, for the convulsion of the mouth, for the shaking: they do strengthen the stomach, and all other inward parts, like as the Register further declareth, under the name of Stechas. Syrupus de Thymo, of Thyme. §. 52. THis syrup is used very seldom, and in this book it is only used against the Leprosy. Syrupus Violarum, of Violets. §. 53. THis present syrup is also described after three kinds of sorts: the first is made by infusion, like the syrup of Roses: the same is good against all inward burning, against all heat of Agues, of the Liver, of the Hart, against all roughness of the throat, against thirst, and against the obstruction of the belly. The purging syrup of Violets is made laxative like the syrup of Roses, which is described in the first Part. The third syrup is made as hereafter followeth: Take one ounce of fresh Violets, Quince kernels, the seed of Mallows, of each half an ounce, juiubes and Sebestes, of each ten or twelve, water of Gourds as much as will suffice, let it then seeth together until the third part be boiled away. Species Nere. §. 27. THese species are for the most part mixed with other compositions, and made as followeth: Take Amber one ounce, Lignum Aloes three drams, Musk half a scruple, Camphor five grains, mix and beat them all together. Species de Olibano, of Frankincense. §. 28. THese species (by reason of the Opium and Henbane seed which be put into it) are seldom used inwardly, and therefore made but seldom. Whether they be made in powder or in a confection, yet be they always good for all pain of the head, they stay all rheums, they be good against the Cough, and spitting of blood, and they do also expel all wambling of the stomach, they be also good for all those that have any impediment in the Lights, and them that have the Pleurisy and spit matter, they stay the effluxion of natural seed, and Satyriasin, besides that also women's Terms, if they run too much, for which in this book they be commended to be used: further look into the Table under the title of Frankincense. Species de Papavere, of Poppy seed. §. 29. TAke the juice of liquorice, tragacanth, and Gum, of each five drams, white Poppy seed, and sugar Pennets, of each ten drams, peeled Almonds, five drams, Starch, Quince kernels, and Purslane seed, of each two drams and a half, peeled Gourds seed, the seeds of Pompions, Cucumbers, and Lettuce, and of Mallows, of each one dram and a half, shred them, and stamp them very small: of this may commonly be made a confection with Sugar, like as they are also in the Table under the name of loosings to be found. Species de Penidio, of sugar Pennets. §. 30. THese species be also described in the second part, the fift Chapter, and 6. §. and also therewith declared for what the same is wont to be used. Species Paeoniae, of Peony. §. 31. THese species be very seldom used, and that but once in this whole book. Species Diaphoeniconis, of Dates. §. 32. THis mixture and her operation is described in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, and 5. §. for what the same is now to be used, that is to be seen in the Table under the name of Dates. Species Philanthropon. §. 33. THis is a very great composition, so that there come indeed some 50. things into it. It is seldom made, and is used in this book but once, viz. in the obstruction of the Kidneys. Species Pliris Arcoticon. §. 34. IN these kinds of Species there are put many kinds of things: they be very good against all melancholic and pensive people, against weak stomachs, and also against all swoonings which proceed of any debility of the heart, they quicken the understanding & the memory, they be also very good for all them which have the Falling sickness, and a short breath, and also for other things more. Species de Prassio, of Horehound. §. 35. THis is also one of the very greatest compounds, for that it is made of some lxx. things. It is made in manner of a Confection, and also in form of loosings. It is good against all dazzling and darkness of the Eyes, it cleanseth the throat, and all parts adjacent, it drieth the moisture of the Vnula in the throat, it assuageth the toothache, and it is especial 〈◊〉 for the heavy breath, and for all that which causeth the same, it expelleth the pain of the liver, and strengtheneth the same, it strengtheneth the Stomach and the Milt, it expelleth all pain and also all wind of the bowels, it cleanseth the Kidneys and passages of urine from all gravel, and when the same is often used, then doth it make a good colour, it furthereth women's Terms, and also is good against the Tertian & Quartain agues. In fine, all they which often use these Losing or Confections, they are freed and defended from many kinds of sicknesses, but because of their unpleasantness, they be seldom used, as in the Register you may see under the title of Horehound. Species Diarrhodon Abbatis, of Roses. §. 36. ALbeit that this composition be made of many things, yet it is nevertheless oftentimes used, wherefore we will here describe the same: Take red and white Saunders, of each two drams and a half, tragacanth, Gum, and burnt ivory, of each two scruples, Asarabacca, Mastic, India Spica, Cardamome, the juice of liquorice, Saffron, Lignum Aloes, Cloves, Gallia Muscata, Annis, Fennell, Cinnamome, Rhubarb, Basill, Berberies, the seeds of small Endive, of Purslane, peeled Melon seed, Gourd seed, the seeds of Cucumbers, of Pompions, and of white Poppy seed, of each one scruple, Pearls and bones of the Stag's hart, of each half a scruple, Sugarcandy and Roses, of each one ounce and three drams, Camphor seven ounces, Muscus three grains and a half, poune each apart, and then temper them all together. These species be especial good for all hot stomachs, for the heat of the Liver, the Milt, of the Lights, and for all pain of the entrails, and of the whole body. For what these species or their confection be meet, look for that in the Register, under the name of Roses. Species Electuarij de succo Rosarum, of Roses. §. 37. THese Species be before in the tenth Chapter, described amongst the Confections: out of which Species there be purging loosings wont to be made. In the Register shall you also find (under the name of Roses) for what the same are to be used. Species Rosatae Novellae. §. 38. THese kinds of Species be very seldom prepared; they be especially meet for all hot and dry stomachs, Hearts, Lights, and Livers. They do quench thirst, stay vomiting, they fortify the Stomach, they draw the resolved inward parts together, and they be very necessary for all that have any panting or beating of the hart, they do withstand sweat, and strengthen them also which be recovered from a long linger Sickness. Species de Seminibus. §. 39 THese be also very seldom used, and be made of these seeds following, viz. of Annis, Fennell, Carnway, Coming, Parsley seed, Ameos, seed of Smallage, Amomum, of each a like quantity: let all these steep together in Vinegar, and dry again, and afterwards be pouned to powder. They are used in all cold pains of the Kidneys, in the gravel, and it moveth also urine. Species Triasantalum, of Saunders. §. 40. TAke red, white, and yellow Saunders, Rose sugar, and Sugar, of each three drams, Rhubarb, ivory, and the juice of liquorice, of each one quarter of an ounce, and xv. greines, tragacanth, Starch, Gum, peeled Melon seed, Pompion seed, seeds of Gourds, of Cucumbers, and of small Endive, of each one dram and a half, Camfer one scruple, temper them all together pouned very small. This is especial good against all heat of the liver, and of the stomach; it is also good against giddiness, and the yellow jaundices. Species Trionpipereon, of Pepper. §. 41. TAke long, white, and black Pepper, of each five drams, Ginger, Thyme, and Annis, of each one quarter of an ounce, Indie Spica, Ameos, Ammoniacum, (or in steed thereof, Cucubes, or Calmus) Cinnamom, one dram, Cassie wood, the seeds of Smallage, of Silver mountain, Asarabacca, & Elecampane roots, of each half a dram, make a powder thereof. This is very good against all cold stomachs, against all belchings, against the quartain Ague, against all diseases of the liver, and also against the cough. Species dia Turbith, of Turbith. §. 42. THese species be described after two ways, to wit, as they be ordained in the third Part, the eleventh chap. and 20. §. against the obstruction of the body. Species de Xyloaloe. §. 43. NOw for as much as these species be very common, therefore we will not pretermit to describe them here: Take Lignum Aloes, and Roses, of each one ounce, Cloves, Indie Spica, Mace, Nutmegs, Gallia Moscata, Cucubes, Cardamome, Greines, Mastic, Cinnamome, Cypers roots, Squinant, red and white Behen, spikenard, red Silk, Pearls, red Coral, Amber, Citron leaves, Basilicum, Mints, garden Mints, Marierom, long Pepper, and Ginger, of each half an ounce, Musk one scruple, Amber one dram and a half; poune it small, and then temper them together. These species be good against all infirmities of the stomach, of the hart, of the liver, and also against all other inward diseases which be caused of cold. Item, for all swoonings, for the bad digestion, and for a stinking breath; they do also make merry, as you shall find described in the Table under the name of Lignum Aloes. To make strong Water. §. 44. FOr a conclusion of this former Chapter, we will add unto it this strong water: Take Allome, and Coperas, of each one pound, Saltpetre half a pound; put them all together pouned small into a body, and then distil it in land. Make first a mild fire, and so a little stronger and stronger: and when the fume in the glass receiver beginneth to be red, then give it a stronger fire; and when the redness beginneth to be gone, then draw out the fire and let it be cold, then keep it stopped very close. Although not only the Chirurgeons, but also the Goldsmiths, and other more do use this water: yet it is nevertheless very good against the pain of the teeth, but it must be wisely taken in hand, or else must be wholly omitted the Quicksilver whereof the powder precipitate is made, and also is calcined with it. Species Berchtoldi. §. 45. THe occasion wherefore we have not adjoined this Species with other, is therefore, for that these species are only used in the Kitchen and for fish: the same is tempered with some good Wine; they be not only pleasant, but also very healthy. And to allay the moistness of the fish: Take Ginger half an ounce, long Pepper one quarter of an ounce, Cinnamom three quarters of an ounce, Greines one dram and a half, Galingall one dram, Saffron half a dram, Sugar ten ounces; poune them all small, and then temper them together. Another: Take Cinnamome, half an ounce, Ginger three drams, Greines' half a dram, Cloves, Galingall, and Cardamome, of each one scruple, Saffron half a dram, Sugar two ounces; poune them all together and make it moist with Wine: afterwards temper it in a mortar, and let it dry in a warm place, then bruise it at last to powder again. The 16. Chapter. IN this Chapter be certain Potions described, as also certain powders for meat, and Trociskes, which here and there be ordained in this present practice of Physic: wherefore we will first begin with the Potions. Decoctiones Aperitivae, Potions that do deobstruct. §. 1. THere be some of these described in the third Part the eleventh Chapter, and twentieth §. viz. called the common, and with Rhubarb, which be very necessary for to keep an open body: notwithstanding that one may use the same commonly, for to mix other Confections with it. Decoctio Epithymi, of Dodder. §. 2. THis Potion is prepared as it is described in the first Part, the twelfth Chapter, and eighth §. viz. in three kinds of ways. Her operation may you read in the Register under the name of Dodder. Decoctio fructuum, a Potion of certain fruits. §. 3. THis Potion is described in the third Part, the third chapter, and fift §. where we do speak and discourse of the Rupture. Decoctio pectoralis, The pectoral Potion. §. 4. THis Potion is very good for all them which have a short breath, for the Cough, and for the rheum, whereof there be two discovered in the second Part, the 2. chapter, and 2. §. and in the second Part, the 5. chapter, and 5. §. For what the same is further used, is to be found in the Register, under the name of a pectoral potion. Decoctio & infusio Senae, A potion of Seine leaves. §. 5. THis Potion is described in the third Part, the eleventh chapter, and 20. §. where it is ordained for the obstruction of the belly, as the Register doth witness the same, under the name of Seine leaves. A water of Man's blood. §. 6. AFter the discourse of these foresaid potions, I cannot pretermit to adjoin with this a new invention, whereof some princes have very great estimation, and have also used otherwhiles for to remain thereby in their force, and to live long (as they thought) which was this, viz. that one should choose a young strong man, which was as yet in his flourishing youth, like as of 25. years, which was somewhat choleric by nature: the same is to be fed the space of one month, and be well dieted with light & healthy meats, also with all kinds of spices, and with good strong wine, who also is to be kept with mirth: this being so done, then are both his veins to be opened in his arms, and so much blood to be let out as he may tolerate and abide; and unto six pound of blood mix one handful of salt: then put these together in a glass body, stopped well and tied, and set it a whole month in horse dung, yet every eight days in fresh horse dung: afterwards distil this blood in ashes, when the water is distilled out of it, then power it again in the body, by all that which remained therein, to the end it may be soft again, and in this manner distil it seven times together. Other be of opinion, that as often as it is distilled, that then it is to be set again in horse dung. Some suppose that it ought to be but three times distilled, and that at the most: put the dry feces into a Retort, and distil it with moderate fire and then will it yield a stinking oil. Afterwards power oftentimes water unto it, and distil this oil as many times with the water, until it lose her savour or stench. This water is to be given in three or four times a year, each time one ounce; but not above three or four drops of the oil. Each one may believe this as far as he will. Concerning all other drinks, as Beer, Claret wine, Aromatical wines, Barley water, juleps, Almond milk, Meade, and such like: of them we have written elsewhere. In the end of this book we will admonish and discourse of more other herbed wines. The second Part of this Chapter, of certain powders for Meat. WE will not here admonish of any powders, which be serviceable & meet for any sicknesses: but we will only speak of them that are used for pleasure, and for to warm the stomach, or that may be strewed upon wine sops, as this ensuing: Take elected Cinnamome one ounce and a half, Ginger three ounces, Greines and Pepper, of each one dram and a half, Nutmegs, Cloves, and Mace, of each three drag. poune all very small together, Sugar as much as you please, and according as that you desire to have it strong. Item, take Cinnamom one quarter of an ounce, Nutmegs one drag. Mace, Greines, and Cloves, of each half a drag. Sugar as much as you please: Or take Cinnamome one quarter of an ounce, Nutmegs one drag. Mace and Greines, of each half a drag. prepared Coriander and red Roses, of each two scrup. Sugar as much as you please, but not too much. These powders be very good, used as well at meals, as afterwards. Another, take black, white, and long Pepper, of each half a drag. Thyme, Annis, and Ginger, of each five greines, Sugar five ounces, then temper them altogether. This is special good for all cold stomachs. The third part of this Chapter, of Trociskes. TRociscus is a Greek name, and is as much to say as a round shive, or round Cake, like as these Trocisci be made: but the Apothecaries do commonly make them now adays four square, and about the weight of one dram, which is of small importance. These Trociskes be made diversly, whereof be many mentioned in this our book: whereof we will only describe the name and force of them that be too troublesome to make, to the end the same may be asked for at the Apothecaries, when there is use for them. Trocisci de Absinthio, of Wormwood. §. 1. THese be ordained only against the obstruction of the Liver, and be described in the third Part, the twelfth chapter and 4. §. Trocisci Adulphi. §. 2. THese do take their name of the Sulphur, like as you may find written in the second Part, the fift chapter, and fifteenth §. Trocisci de Agarico, of Agaricke. §. 3. THese Trociskes are found prepared at all Apothecaries, to the end that the bad quality of the Agaricke may be taken away thereby. The manner to prepare them is described in the Introduction. Their use shall you find in the Table, under the name Agaricke. Trocisci Alhandel, of Coloquint. §. 4. THe preparation of these Trociskes, is also described in the Introduction of this book, for to strengthen other purgations with it, like as stands admonished in the Register, under the name of Coloquinte. Trocisci Alkakengi, of winter Cherries. §. 5. THese be also troublesome to be made, they be good for all diseases of the Rains, and the bladder, and for Dysuria. Look further in the Register under the name of winter Cherries. Trocisci de Berberis, of Barberries'. §. 6. OF the juice of Barberries', take one quarter of an ounce, ivory, Lignum Aloes, Sorrel seed, Mastic, Gallia Moscata, and India Spica, of each one ounce, Gum three drams, Roses five drams, and Rose water as much as is needful for to temper them together. You shall find their use under the name of Barberies. Trocisci de Bolo Armeno. §. 7. THese Trociskes be in no use, but they are advised to be used for a cold stomach. Trocisci de Camphora, of Camfere. §. 8. FOr that these Trociskes be very much used, therefore we will describe the same: Take Roses half an ounce, ivory and liquorice, of each one quarter of an ounce, peeled seeds of Melons, of Pompions, of Gourds, and of Cucumbers, tragacanth, Saffron, Gum, and India Spica, of each one dram, yellow Saunders two dragms and a half, Lignum Aloes, Cardamome, Starch, and Camfere, of each two scruples, white Sugar and Manna, of each three drams: then fashion them with the Mucilage of Fleawort, which is made with Rose water. These Trociskes be very good against all hot Agues, against all inflaming of the blood, and Cholera, against a bad stomach, and bad liver, and also against thirst, which is caused thereby, they be also good against the yellow jaundice, against the Consumption, and against the dizzines of the head: like as you may further perceive in the Register, under the name of Camfere. Trocisci de Capparis, of Caper roots. §. 9 THese Trociskes be very seldom made: They be good against the hardened Milt, like as you may further read in the same place of the hardened Spleen. Trocisci de Carabe, of Amber. §. 10. TAke a quarter of an ounce of yellow Amber, burnt Harts horn, parched Gum, Coral, tragacanth, the juice of Sloes, Hypocistis, blossoms of Pomegranates, Mastic, Lacca, & parched black Popie seed, of each two scruples, Frankincense, Saffron, and Opium, of each half a dram, then make thereof Trociskes with the slime of Fleawoort. These Trociskes stop the blood, out of whatsoever place it should flow: as women's terms, the Piles, and excessive making of water: it healeth also all inward exulceration, viz. of the Liver, and of the Lights: look further in the Table of Amber. Trocisci de Chelidonia, of Chelidony. §. 11. THese Trociskes are used alone in this book, for fowl flesh in ulcers. Trocisci de Corallis, of Coral. §. 12. THey be very troublesome to be made, and be very seldom used; they be only good against the Piles. Trocisci de Eupatorio, of Agrimony. §. 13. TAke the juice of agrimony, and Manna, of each one ounce, Roses half an ounce, ivory three drams and a half, Indie Spica three drams, Rhubarb, Asarabacca, and Annis, of each two drams and a half; poune them very small to powder, and temper them together with water of Cuscuta, then dry them in the shadow. These be especial good for all obstructions of the liver and of the spleen, and also for all agues which proceed of it. Item, for the yellow jaundice, and dropsy: look in the register for agrimony. Trocisci de Lacca. §. 14. THey are very troublesome to be prepared; they open the obstructions of the liver and spleen, and cure the agues that are caused thereby; they do also expel the dropsy Ascites by urine, as hath been showed in the name Lacca. Trocisci de Myrrah. §. 15. TAke Myrrah one dram and a half, Lupins two drams and a half, Rue, white water Mints, Diptamus of Candy, Coming, Madder, Assa Foetida, Sagapenum, and Opopanacum, of each one dram, then make thereof Trociskes with the juice of Feuerfew. These Trociskes do move women's terms, and assuage all pain, which may be caused by their obstructions: such like Trociskes of Myrrh have you described in the third Part, the 19 chapter, and 2. §. look further in the Table of Myrrah. Trocisci de Olibano, of Frankincense. §. 16. THe description of these Trociskes you have in the third Part, the 11. chap. and 12. §. look further in the Table under the name of Frankincense. Trocisci de Rhabarbaro. §. 17. TAke good Rhubarb five drag. the juice of Agrymonie, and bitter Almonds, of each one quarter of an ounce, Roses, India Spica, Annis, Madder, the seed of Smallage, Wormwood, and Asarabacca, of each half a dram; then make Trociskes thereof with water of Fleawort. These open the obstructions of the liver, they take away all pain and swelling of the same; they be good against the dropsy, and the yellow jaundice, and also against all distemperance of the body, like as you may read in the Register under the name of Rhubarb. Trocisci Diarrhodon. §. 18. THese Trociskes doth Nicholaus describe, and they be easily made: Take fresh Rose leaves half an ounce, ivory, and red , of each one dram and a half, and seven grains, white one dram and twelve grains, Saffron two scruples and seven grains, Camfer two grains; make Trociskes of them with Rose water. They be very little used, like as is admonished in the Table of Roses. Trocisci de Rosis, of Roses. §. 19 BY Rasis these be described in this manner following: Take Roses half an ounce, Lignum Aloes one quarter of an ounce, Mastic one dram and a half, Wormwood, Cinnamom, Indie Spica, Cassie wood, Squinant flowers, of each one dram; fashion them with ●ld Wine. They be very good against all pain and bad digestion of the stomach, against all cold agues, and the beginning of the dropsy; but especially they be very good for all them which lose their natural colour: look further for this in the Table of Roses. Trocisci de Santalis, of Saunders. §. 20. THese be not made but when the same be prescribed of purpose; they be very good against the diseases of the liver, and against the dropsy, like as our table of Saunders doth show. Trocisci de Spica. §. 21. THese Trocisks be not used, and there is mention made but once of them in this Book, and that only against the pursivenes of the breast. Trocisci de Spodio, of ivory. §. 22. THese be prepared as they are described in the third Part, the eleventh chapter, and fouretéenth §. and ordained for the lask Lienteria; for which they be further necessary, that doth the Register make mention of ivory. Trocisci de Terra sigillata. §. 23. OF more than twenty things be these Trocisks made, wherefore we do leave them to the Apothecaries. They be very much used, for that they be forcible against spitting of blood if the same be given with the water of Knotgrass: they be also good against the bleeding at the nose if the same be anointed on the forehead; and also for women's flowers if they pass away too excessive fast: likewise for the bleeding of the piles, and for pissing of blood, if it be spouted into the yard, like as the same is mentioned in the Register under the title of sealed Earth. Trocisci de Violis, of Violets. §. 24. YOu must take Violet leaves which be somewhat withered one ounce and a half, Turbith one ounce, the juice of liquorice, Manna, and Diagridion, of each half an ounce; make Trocisks thereof with the syrup of Violets. They are very seldom used alone, but sharpened with three greines, or with any other pills if they be given to any body that is hard to be purged. They are made also without Diagridio, and they be also otherwhiles mixed with some other Trocisks: look further for it in the Register of Violets. For to make writing Ink. §. 25. WE must not pretermit the description of this Ink (being a necessary matter.) It is also made in sundry manners; but this is the commonest manner for to make Ink: Take pouned Gall nuts one pound, Coperas half a pound, rain water five quarts; seethe them all together until the third part be wasted, then let it settle, afterwards strain it thorough a cloth: put four ounces of Gum unto it, and then stir it oftentimes about. Some do not boil it but let it stand and steep, stirring it very often and well: but take for it no more but three quarts of water, and let the Gum be first dissolved in good wine Vinegar until it be all dissolved, and then put the other substance unto it, & thus it is also best of all & doth remain always without moulding. For to make common Varnish. §. 26. Varnish is made after sundry ways, and there are also sundry sorts of them, each for an especial use: the one is made thus, and the other so. But we will here describe only and teach how that it shall be most fitly made, and for what it shall be requisite for each one. First take old Linséed oil, and seethe it so long until it be as thick that if you do take a drop of it out, and let it be cold, when you press upon it with your finger it spinneth two or three threads, or glueth to the finger. This oil being now so sodden, put Rosin unto it as much as shall suffice for to make the Varnish thick enough: then let the Rosin decoct together with the oil so long until it do stand wholly still. This Varnish is good for the Smiths, for the Trencher-makers, for the Trunck-makers; and further for to Varnish all slight things. Of Painter's Varnish. §. 27. TAke old Linséed oil and seethe the same as is aforesaid; afterwards put amongst one pound of the oil, half a pound of Mastic or somewhat more, and so let it seethe together a good while. This being done, then set it in the sun, in a leaden Basin, and power one part of water upon it, and stir it well together; then will the oil come upon the top, and let it stand so clarifying in the sun and air the space of two or three months. But it is to be noted that you must always take good heed of the fair weather, and of the rain, and also of the night: for if so be that it did rain, than would your oil run over and so you lose the same: wherefore must you have always ready a board or plank for to cover the same oil, as well from the rain, as from the night, upon adventure lest that it should rain at night, etc. You may make also a fair Varnish of the oil alone, to wit, through the seething it away, and then let it clarify as is before said. For to make odoriferous Varnish. §. 28. FOr to make this odoriferous Varnish you are to take a new earthen pot which is well leaded, and put into it one pound of oil of Spike, and let the same be boiling hot: afterwards you are to take half a pound of Sandaraca, or somewhat more, and strew the same amongst it being beaten small, always with a little at once, and stirring it well about; then set this Varnish to clarify as is said before. This Varnish drieth very hard and with a fair gloss: it hath an especial good savour, and may be used for all things that you please. The 17. Chapter. IN this Chapter do come no compositions, but only those which be tempered with blue Violets and wall Flowers, whereof we have oftentimes written before, whereof each is to be found in the Register: as the julep of Violets, that you shall find in the third Part, the twelfth Chapter & tenth §. The syrup of Violets in the fifteenth Chapter, and 53. §. The Conserve before in the fourth Chapter. The oil of Violets in the twelfth Chapter, and 69. §. viz. in this eight Part. The Vinegar of Violets is made, like as the Vinegar of Roses is wont to be made. The 18. Chapter. Of all kinds of Wines. IN this Chapter be all Wines contained, which be made with any kind of Herbs, and such like things, viz. all such as may be accounted amongst the Physical remedies: and because they are commonly prepared with Wine or Must, therefore we will write first of them, and that in the briefest sort: for that to write of all kind of Wines were a matter without end. Of Wine in general. §. 1. IT is most true, that this noble Plant is made of God for divers necessities of mankind, notwithstanding that man doth daily abuse this noble gift of God so shamefully, and so in stead of doing good thereby, harmeth his body, and provoketh sickness, wherefore we must discourse and treat somewhat of both these things. In this do all learned agree, and daily experience doth teach us, that Wine is so commodious & necessary for man's life, and for his health, that there can no better drink be devised. Moreover, it withstandeth all poison, and is especial good for all soreness of the Kidneys, and for all pain of the Bladder. But especially sour wine strengtheneth the stomach: further, it doth provoke digestion, it sustaineth natural power, it strengtheneth all inward and outward parts, it keepeth a body with a good colour, it maketh fresh and healthy blood, it maketh the languishing merry, the dismayed courageous, it carrieth the well digested meat into the inward parts, it consumeth the slimy humours, it strengtheneth and drieth the brains, it refresheth the hart, it sharpeneth the wits and the understanding, wherefore it is of the heathen endued with a godly name, and is called Liber, that is free. Further, it bringeth with it the pleasant sleep, it provoketh venery, and maketh women fruitful. In fine, Wine hath so many virtues, that Asclepiades said, That the power of wine may well be compared with the Gods. Esdras doth write (which I cannot pretermit) that Wine is stronger than men that drink it, that it altereth the wits, that it maketh Kings, wise, poor, and rich men, it assureth and sharpeneth the understanding, it causeth all pain to be forgotten, it satisfieth all concupiscence, it careth neither for King, nor Princes, and it uttereth all that it listeth and pleaseth. These be now the commodities and avails which Wine can bring with it. But what shall I say to the contrary of those things which it doth if it be superfluously used, but we have enough spoken thereof in the sixth part and eighteen Chapter, where we discourse of the Plague; but we will proceed with those things that are more fit for our purpose. We have before admonished, that there can no more commodious nor healthier potion be found for man's nature than wine, and of all other are best the fair, clean, light red, and they that have colour like Geese feet. But for to have a full and perfect instruction of wine, and for what Sickness each wine is prescribed or forbidden, that is to be seen in the table of the Vine. In like manner, there is also found here a perfect instruction of Must, of vine cuict, and of spirit of wine; also of vinegar, and for what the same is good within and without, and for what it is also hurtful. Lastly, we will describe sundry herbed wines, to wit, how that they be made, and also what operation they have. Of sundry natures of Wine. §. 2. IT is also very needful, that one do know the nature of wine, for that some of them do alter their nature, according as they be young, old, white, red, thick, subtle, small or strong. The white wine is warm in the first degree: the very old wine in the third degree: but the wine of a year old keepeth the middle mean. The thick red wine maketh much blood, because it needeth no great alteration, but the thin, white, and sour wine, giveth little nourishment. The thick and troubled wine obstructeth the belly, the liver, the Spleen, and the Kidneys, so that all they which use the same too much, are wont to be troubled with the Dropsy and Gravel, and especially the old folks. Out of this may each one choose such wines which be most meet for him. Of Must. §. 3. THe wine which we call Must, that is new wine, which is first priest out, and not long cellered, and hath not as yet wrought thoroughly, like as the same is known unto all men: this Must hath his proper nature, but there is almost no Must which doth any good, but many that are hurtful. But Must is commonly used when one will make any herbed wines. Of vine cuict, or decocted wine. §. 4. THe Physicians do call this wine Sapam, it is commonly decocted so long of Must and other strong wine, until that of three quarts there remain but one. This decocted wine is used in Physic very much inwardly and outwardly. Of wine. §. 5. THe wine is for the most part burnt of the dross, or lose of wine, which is not used so much for Physic, as that which is distilled of clear wine, and is rectified two or three times over again. Of Vinegar. §. 6. THat Vinegar is made of sour wine, is apparent to every body. It is also a marvelous work of nature that it spoileth wine, and altereth it out of his natural course, and maketh some other thing thereof, which is a thing by itself, and used as well in Cookery as for Physic, which is no less pleasant than wine itself. For Dioscorides, and other more learned ascribed to vinegar many innumerable virtues, like as we find by daily experience, therefore is also the red as well as the white vinegar ordained in Physic for many kind of causes, as it is also in some diseases forbidden. The lose of the vinegar is also otherwhiles mentioned in this book. The nineteenth Chapter. Of Herbed wines and such like. FIrst, we will teach here how this Wine is here to be prepared, the which is effected after sundry manners, and as liketh each one best. The common manner is, that the herbs are to be gathered between the midst of August, and midst of September: but the fittest time is, when they bear their flowers. These herbs are to be dried in the shadow, or at least in a luke warm Chamber where it doth not dust, until you will use the same. If now you will make any Herbed wine, then take a small vessel as big as you will, and put therein Beechen or hazel chips into it, strew upon it a good deal of dried herbs, without wring, and afterwards one part of chips again & herbs: do this so long until that all the whole vessel be full, and afterwards fill it with Must. If so be that it be strong, then may you drink of it the sooner, and fill it full again. But to procure further advise thereof, therefore we will add unto this how to make other sorts of herbed wines. If one will keep these wines sweet, then is one part of the Must to be decocted away with a light fire, and that according as the Must is strong, or thin. Other do prepare their herbed wines by a certain distillation with such herbs as they will themselves, so that they keep their smell, power, and virtue, that if so be that one put but two or three drops of it into a quart of wine, that then all the wine will taste of it, so that thereby many expenses, labour and travel is spared. But because that such experiments be not known unto all men, therefore may they use these things following: Take such herbs as you will, whether they be flowers or roots, which be very dry, poune them, and power upon them good wine: afterwards stop it tied, and let it stand so astéepe the space of certain days; afterwards strain them out thorough a cloth, and then preserve it in a glass. When as then you will have such wine, then power thereof whether it be much or little into it; and if so be that you have no wine, then take good old strong wine in stead thereof. But excepting the boiling or distilling 〈◊〉 it, the wine itself is of that nature, that very shortly it draweth to it the power, smatch, savour, and virtue of those things which are infused therein. Some suppose, that one must cast into the vessel only the herbs, roots, seeds, flowers, or any thing else that one will, and to power new Must upon it, whether it be much or little, according to that the wine or any thing that is in it be strong or weak. Other do cast the roots, herbs, and other things in it when ●he wine is a year old. Some do take the herbs or roots etc. green: some dry. Some do shred the herbs: some do stamp them to powder, and so hang them in a bag. Each may take out of this which liketh him best. Let this suffice for the making of the wines. Wine of Elecampane roots. §. 1. THis wine is prepared after divers sorts, but the best manner is which also needeth not much trouble, as hereafter followeth: Take Mu first trodden out of the Grapes, and let it seeth without any smoke about it even to the half it that you desire to have it sweet. In this you are to seeth Elecampane roots which be digged up in the spring time, and cut into slices, and dried on a thread. Seethe them so long in it until they have lost all their bitter taste: and if one will often use this wine, then are the roots so much the oftener to be sod with new wine, that the wine may abide by his power, and the vessel is always to be filled up again with wine. This is a very profitable potion for the head and the brains; in like manner also for to warm and strengthen the sinews if the same be vexed with rheums. This wine is also good against all cold diseases of the lights & of the breast, it cleanseth the same, it strengtheneth all bad digestive stomachs, it refresheth natural warmth, it warmeth the sinews, it openeth the passages of urine, it is good against all winds, it strengtheneth the Matrix, and it cleanseth the same of all cold phlegmatic moisture, and it provoketh also the terms. Eyebright wine. §. 2. THis wine is made of the herb, as we have taught before, his virtues are described in the first part, the seventh Chapter, and 20. §. and in other places more. Wine of whole Grapes. §. 3. IF one will make this wine as it ought to be, then take whole red or white Grapes taken from the stalks and well cleansed, and put them into a vessel with chips (as we have taught before) fill the white with white Must, or with Ferne wine, and the red with red wine. Some do boil it in Must, and that according to each one's pleasure, as also some there be which put no chips unto it, but they do put Sage leaves unto it, and let them lie a certain time in it. There be spices also wont to be hanged therein, so that the wine may get thereby not only a pleasant, but also a strong and good taste. These wines are first of all very commodious for all hosts and householders, so that all that which remaineth of other wines, and is not drunken, may be powered unto it. Such wines be very acceptable, but if one do drink too much thereof, then do they hurt the head, for they do distemper the brains, and that chief in the evening after supper, for that they be much subtler, and more ascending than other wines: they make a body quickly very sleepy, they provoke vomiting against evening, but in the morning they make merry: and amongst all other there be none that hurt the brains more than this, wherefore they are both drunken more for lust and pleasure than for commodity of health. Wine of avence. §. 4. THese odoriferous roots do the Apothecaries and Physicians call Garyophillata, the same is to be digged up in the spring time, but chief in March, in which time the roots be most forcible: let these roots dry well, and when they be cleansed, then hang them afterwards in the wine, it will get thereby a very pleasant favour and taste, which refresheth the heart and strengtheneth: it openeth the obstruction of the liver, warmeth the cold and moist brains, drieth and strengtheneth the cold slimy stomach, it assuageth also all pain of the Matrix. betony wine. §. 5. THis Wine is made of brown betony, as all other herbed wines be: it is especial good against all belching and wambling of the stomach, it withstandeth the overflowing of the gall, it is many times approved in a cold Matrix, and against all suffocation of the same, it strengtheneth all inward parts, it warmeth and healeth also the same, it openeth the obstructions, it consumeth all cold humours, it expelleth all venomous matter by the urine & by the stool, and in like manner also the yellow jaundice: and if the same be oftentimes used, than it is very requisite against the falling sickness, against the Sciatica, against the sickness of the lights, and against the Consumption: It is also very necessary against the cough, against short breath, and it expelleth also all agues which do come out of a foul stomach. The same power have the red Gilliflowers, like as the same be also a kind of betony, whereof hereafter we will speak further. This wines use and operation you shall find described in other places more. Borage wine. §. 6. WE have admonished before of the description of the Conserve and Syrup of Borage, how there is small difference between this herb and the bugloss, wherefore also both these herbs may be taken for this wine, like as we have taught before, or the juice of the same may also well be used with this wine, which wine doth drive away all poison from the heart, it cleanseth the blood, it maketh merry, it refresheth the vital spirit, it driveth away all pensiveness and all bad thoughts, it is also very necessary for all them which do fall easily into any swooning, and is of a full temperate nature, etc. Wine of Asarabacca. §. 7. THis wine and other more be prepared against the gravel, like as in the third part, the 17. Chapter, and 4. §. is described, and you shall further find in other places more for what it is more commodious. Wine of Framboyes. §. 8. THis wine is made like as the wine of the whole Grapes is made, it hath the nature of the same berries, it is much commended in the Plague and Squinancy, but if one put none other wine unto it, then is it not very pleasant, wherefore it is not commanded to be used in any other places of this book. Wine of Heart's tongue. §. 9 THere be two kinds of Heart's tongues, viz. the Ceterach, which is the right Heart's tongue, and the long Heart's tongue, which is hairy about the stalks, they may be taken both together, and to make this wine as all other wines: it is not very pleasant of taste, but it is of great force, for that it openeth and strengtheneth the Spleen, it is good against all poison of Snakes, and being drunk warm, it assuageth all cramps and scouring of the belly, it taketh away the yellow jaundice, and also obstructions of the liver: it is also very good for all them which be vexed with the stone and with the gravel: it is also good against all melancholy, and expelleth the quartain Ague, it consumeth all clotted blood which is caused in the breast through falls, it openeth also the conduits of urine, and healeth all diseases of the same. For what this wine is further meet, that is to be found described in other places of this book. Wine of Hyssop. §. 10. THis herb is hot and dry by nature, which virtue the wine also hath, wherefore it is good for all old persons, for it warmeth all inward parts, it assuageth the cold and moist cough: it is also good against the falling sickness, for when the same is used often and long, then doth it take away the same, and that especially in young folks. It is also good for the breast and the lights, for it warmeth the same, and consumeth all tough slimy matter, and also all agues which may spring out of the same: it openeth the pipes of the lights, and it maketh a clear voice, for it cleanseth the breast, and healeth all anguishes of the same: it taketh away the shortness of breath, and is especial good against the Dropsy, like as is admonished and described in more other places of this book. Winter Cherry wine. §. 11. THis wine is also made like as the wine of whole Grapes, it is very much used against the stone, the gravel, and is also especial good for all them which can hardly make water. Cherry wine. §. 12. Upon the river of Rhine, and every where else, all wines which be made of red or black Cherries, are called Cherry wines, and they make the same as hereafter followeth. Pluck the Cherries from the stalks, and poune them in a stone mortar with stones and all, and then pour red or white wine upon it: but this wine will be very small, wherefore it is prepared after another manner with whole Cherries as followeth: Lay in a vessel of béechen or hazel chips as many as you please, and then one part of Cherries upon it, and so further until it be full, like as we have said and taught of the wine of Grapes, fill then the vessel full of wine, and so let it lie three or four days, then shall it be sufficiently coloured. This wine is of a good tempered nature, is very requisite in summer time in great heat for to assuage therewith thirst, & to moisten the inward parts. It openeth also the liver, it expelleth urine, especially if the kernels with the stones be broken in it, for these kernels expel the gravel. Some do hang spices therein, which cannot be good, because his nature is altered thereby. Look into the table of the Cherries. Lavender wine. §. 13. THere is but little made at once thereof in a small vessel, whereof may not be drunken long. There is a long bag hanged in it with Lavender flowers, and interbastated or quilted. to the end that not all the flowers fall in a heap. This wine is especial good for a cold head, and for moist brains, for the giddiness, for the falling sickness, and such like diseases. Of Malmsey. §. 14. ALbeit that this wine be tempered neither with herbs nor with spices, but by nature, and of itself is a noble and pleasant wine, which is brought unto us out of Grecia, and other country's adjacent, yet shall it nevertheless not be against our purpose, because that the same is very much used in Physic, that his power and virtue be showed at this present, look for it in the second part, in the sixth chapter; and in the third part, the 11. chapter, and 14. §. Wine of Marierom. §. 15. THis wine is prepared as all other herbed wines are, it strengtheneth the brains, and warmeth all inward parts: it is very good for all them which be inclined to the dropsy, it assuageth the pain of the belly, it expelleth urine, and moveth women's terms: it is a very good potion for to warm the head, and to strengthen the memory, as you find described in divers places of this book. Wine of Cinnamome. §. 16. THis aromatical wine is so called and placed amongst Claret wine, whereof we have admonished before in the eighth part in the third Chapter. This Wine is to be prepared in the harvest, and will keep good throughout the whole year; it hath all the virtues of Hypocrasse: Take one and a half, or two barrels of Must, seeth the same as we have taught of the wine of Elecampane roots, when it is cold, then put it into a clean vessel, and put thereto as many whole Grapes plucked from the stalk as will go into the third part of the vessel: afterwards make a linen bag, and put therein two pound of Cinnamome, Ginger one ounce, Galingall one ounce and a half, Pepper and Greines, of each half an ounce, Cloves and Nutmegs, of each one quarter of an ounce, Cucubes, Cardamome and long Pepper, of each one dram, Mace three drams, powne all gross, and hang these herbs in it. This Cinnamome wine may be used for all cold diseases of the head, as all other Aromatical wines are to be used. Item, for all cold and unfruitful women: but to the contrary, all young and hot people and all they that be burdened with hot Agues, must shun this wine as poison. Of this foresaid wine is admonished in many places of this book. Muscadel wine. §. 17. THis wine groweth in Candie, from whence it is brought to Venice, and brought thence unto us, and is often used in Physic, like as is admonished in many places. Wine of Gilliflowers. §. 18. THis wine is made of red Gillofer flowers, and made after the same manner as the wine of Betonie is made, which hath also the same force, like as both of these herbs taken to be of one efficacy, and is commended in sundry places of this book. Wine of bugloss. §. 19 Look for it before in the sixth §. of the wine of Borage. Wine that purgeth. §. 20. THese purging wines be made after many kinds of ways, like as you find them described in their places, whereof you have one for an example in the third part, the eleventh Chapter, in the end of the twentieth §. which may be used for a common opening of the body. Wine of whole Grapes. §. 21. IT is before described in the third §. wherefore we will not here discourse any further thereof. Vinum Punicum. §. 22. THis is no artificial wine, but it is a wine which is of itself so grown without the addition of any thing unto it. It is very healthy, and also good of taste. The same is drunken in Germany, not only at great feasts, but also used for Physic, like as is sufficiently admonished thereof in the Table. Rosemary wine. §. 23. THis Rosemary wine is marvelous much commended, and taken for a very wholesome potion, especially in all cold sicknesses. It strengtheneth the digestive virtue of the stomach, it causeth appetite, it fortifieth the heart, the brains, and the sinews, it giveth a fair pleasant colour, not only drunken, but also the face washed therewith, it consumeth all inward putrefied humours, and it preserveth the body from all sickness. If the mouth be often washed therewith, then doth it make a well savouring breath, it strengtheneth the teeth and the flesh of the teeth: wherefore it is also very good that all outward ulcers, viz. the Canker, fresh wounds, and such like sores be washed therewith. Further, this wine is good for all diseases of the lights, for the consumption, and especially for all them that are rheumatic, and moist of brains. It is also good against the Palsy, against the falling sickness, against the lameness, and against the cold Matrix, it heateth and drieth the same, and maketh it also meet for conception. Thus if this wine must be made in haste, and not be kept long, then may you take Rosemary flowers, Heart's tongue, and also rinds of Thamariske, of each half a handful, then pour upon it seven pots of Must, and then let it so stand and work or run over, and fill up the vessel always with other good wine. Item, take Rosemary and Heart's tongue, lay it all a night to steep in wine, and then use this wine in stead of the foresaid wine if the same cannot be gotten: his virtue and power is described in many sundry places. Wine of Sage. §. 24. THis wine doth heal all soreness of the mouth, it setteth fast the teeth and also the gums, it strengtheneth the sinews and all lame joints, it drieth the moist brains which are hurt through Phlegma, it fréeth from the cramp, trembling and shaking, and also from the falling sickness, the same being drunken, and the liver anointed therewith, or the hot vapour thereof received; for what it is further meet, that is admonished here and there in this book. Wine of Clarie. §. 25. THe deceitful falsifiers of wine have made this precious herb (which is a species of wild Sage) very suspicious, so that it is esteemed hurtful: but it is in truth not so, for if with this herb (as with all other herbs) the wine be prepared, then is it very fit for the head and for the stomach, for that it drieth and warmeth the cold moist brains. It is also much to be compared with the wine of Sage and of Rosemary for his virtue, and this is also the cause wherefore we make so little mention thereof in this book. Wine of water Lilly flowers. §. 26. THis Wine is prepared very seldom, as also it is but once remembered in this book, and that in the Consumption. Tamariske wine. §. 27. THis plant doth willingly grow in moist places, and to this wine is always used the middlemost rinds, it hath the same power of the wine of Heart's tongue, wherefore they are commonly used together, as may be seen in many places of this book. This wine may also well be drunken for to cleanse the blood with it, and to consume melancholic humours which do cause the quartain Ague & the Seuruie, and such like sicknesses. What virtues this wine hath more, look for that in the Table, in the description of the wine of Heart's tongue. Wine of Wormwood. §. 28. ALthough that this wine hath a bitter and unpleasant taste, yet hath it nevertheless a marvelous great virtue, and is used above all other herbed wines. First of all it killeth the worms, it withstandeth poison, and it expelleth the hurtful phlegm; and if one drink the same often, it cleanseth and strengtheneth all inward parts that they cannot receive such matter, it drieth the vapours of the stomach that they cannot ascend into the head, it maketh appetite, it openeth all obstructions of the inward parts, viz. of the liver and the Spleen, and it taketh away also the yellow jaundice which is caused thereby, it fréeth from the Palsy, the falling sickness, and all lameness, it restoreth lost speech, it strengtheneth the weakened joints if the same be well rubbed and fomented with it; and if men's or beasts wounds be washed with it, then is the same kept fair and clean, and suffereth no foul flesh to grow in them, but healeth them: it cureth also all scald heads if the same be washed with it. If any one would go to sea, then is he to drink certain days before some of this Wine, for that thereby shall he be freed of the sea sickness. Moreover, this Wine is an especial preservative against the Plague, and against all venomous air, if one take a good draft thereof before that such patients be visited, it bringeth also sleep with it, and taketh away heavy dreams. But by reason the common people have not always this wine in a readiness, the juice of Wormwood may be tempered amongst Wine, and be used in stead of the Wormwood wine. This Wine is meet for many more other diseases, like as may be read here and there in this book. Wine of Zeduarie. §. 29. TAke in the beginning of winter one barrel and a half of Must, let it seeth softly, like as is described of Elecampane wine, afterwards put it into a clean vessel, and then put these spices following unto it: Take good Cinnamome one ounce, Zeduary half an ounce, Cloves one quarter of an ounce, Ginger, Galingall, greines and long pepper, of each one dram, poune them all together gross, to the end that when the power of the Zeduary is gone the spices may dry, and take out the Zeduary of it and put fresh unto it: if so be that you desire to keep this wine long, then is the same to be filled up with decocted wine, and not with common wine. This wine hath the same efficacy and power with all aromatical wines, and may also be used in steed of them. How the infirmities of all Wines are to be amended. §. 30. WE are here not to write too largely how all the infirmities of wine are to be amended, but are to commend that to the wine sellers, by reason that thereof divers books are written: for amendment of all wines doth serve very well M. Tristrams water, which is described in the first part, the fift Chapter, and 1. §. In like manner also all golden and vital waters which before in the eight part and sixth Chapter are described, if there be poured a little of them in wine which is dead or low, and stirred well about. Item, in the month of May you are to take a branch of a young green tree, shave off the uppermost rinds, and lay them the space of three days in fresh water: afterwards wash them well, and then pour fresh water again upon them. This being done, let them lie the space of three days, wash them well again, and then dry them in the shadow. If you have now any wine which beginneth to be dead, then take three or four of these rinds all of a length, and bind them to a thread, and hang them in the wine, it will thereby be very good and clear. There be here and there described divers sorts of wines, which be prepared for sundry sicknesses and parts of man's body, viz. for the Head, for the Liver, for the Milt, for the Heart, and for the Rains, etc. each one may look for them in their places for which they will use them. Herewith we will in the name of God finish this our Book of Physic, and commend the same unto our most true Father through jesus Christ our Lord, the most true Physician of all our diseases, that he will most graciously extend his blessings over it. Amen. The end of the eight and last part of this Book. The first Table containeth all the names of all diseases, accidents and infirmities: Also all manner of Compositions, Conserves, Confections, Electuaries, Sirupes, juleps, Trociskes, Pills, Potions, Salves, Plasters, Oils, Baulmes, Waters, and Aromatical Wines, with divers other things more, which are mentioned in this Book. A. ABortus, abortion. 508 Abricockes how preserved. 715 Accidents that may follow after child birth. 518 Accidents caused through pain in the hips. 536. Accidents divers in the Plague. 673. 674. etc. Aegilops. 76 Afterbirth how to expel. 516 Afterthrowes how to be eased. 517 Agaricus prepared. 12 Agaricus used. ibid. Agues description in general. 622 Ague of one day called Ephemera. 623 Ague pestilential. 668. 673 Ague quotidian. 642 Ague quartain. 643 Ague Hepialos. 624 Ague Hemitritea. 633 Agues wandering. 624 Ague Hectica. 646 Agues continual. 627. 628 Ague Tertian exquisite. 634 Ague Tertian bastard. 637 Ague burning called Causon. 638 Ague called Synochus. 640 Ague Synochus of putrifacted blood. 641 Ague Hectica, with an ulcer in the breast. 649 Ague Marasmode. 646. 651 Ague long linger. 652 Air convenient for the sick of the Plague. 679. Alcola and cliffs of the tongue. 171 Alipta muscata prepared. 342 alum calcined or burnt. 8 Almonds confected. 710 Almonds swollen. 163 Almond milk prepared. 739 Aloe how to know it. 8 Aloe prepared. 8 Ammoniacum prepared. 8 Ancome, look Felon. Appetite unsatiable to meat. 38 Appetite lost, look hunger lost. 334 Appetite lost in hot Agues. 631 Apples preserved. 718 Apoplexy. 134. 159. 160 Aprecockes preserved, look Abricockes. Aqua johannis. 163 Arms description. 519 Armpits description and stench. ibid. Arseguts' canker, look Canker. Arseguts' descent or procidencie. 302 Arseguts' description. ibid. Arseguts' imposthume. 304. 314 Arseguts' itch, look itch of the Fundament. Arseguts' pain. 304 Arseguts' relaxation. 303 Arteries description. 604 Artificial Balm. 706. 707 Ascension of the Matrix. 489 Asthma, pursiveness. 238 B. back, and back pain. 211. 212 Bag to be used in the falling sickness. 156. Bags to be laid upon the stomach. 330. 334 Barley water. 45. 219 Barley parched in broth. 349 Balm precious to comfort the heart. 263 Barrenness description. 295 Barrenness through cold and moistness. 298 Barrenness through dryth. 297 Barrenness through heat. 296 Barrenness through overmuch fatness. 297 Barrenness through superfluity of blood, and obstruction of the terms. 299 Baths so sweeting. 611 Baulmes prepared. 706 Baulmes diversly prepared. 707 Beards description. 116 Beards falling out prevented. 48. 117 Beards growth procured. 117 Beeres description. 709 Belching up of Gall, or boiling in the stomach. 369. Bellies pain, of all manner. 428 Belly bound or obstructed. 424 Biles of the Pocks. 580 Biles, look Tumours, Nodes etc. Binding in the body. 360 Birth how to advance. 514 Birth untimely. 508 Birth unnatural called Mola in the mother. 500 How remedied. 501 Birth her signs. 515 Bladders description. 465 Bladder or neck of the bladders infection. 473. Bladders neck imposthume. ibid. Bleeding before and after what ought to be done 23. Bleeding too much how to be prevented. 23. 607. Bleeding at the nose. 98 Bleeding at the nose remedied. 99 Bleeding at the ears, look ears that bleed. Bleeding of the gums, look Gums that bleed. Bleeding of the piles remedied. 306. 308 Blindness, look Eyes that are blind. Blisters how to draw them. 155 Blood not to be drawn fasting. 23 Blood in the Leprosy how to be cleansed. 588 bloods nature. 605 Blood when to be drawn. 21 Blood letting signs of the Calendar not to be used. 22 Blood letters admonition. ibid. bloods superfluity diminished. 20. 607 Blood cleansed. 606 bloods description. 605 Blood veins. 604 Blood melancholic how to purge. 419 Bloudstone prepared. 9 Blood spitting by some infirmity of the Lights. 242. 247. Blood congealed in the breast. 246 Blood by urine. 448 Blood staunched. 595. 607 Blood clotted or congealed in the body. 596. 59 Bloody flux in general. 359 Bloody flux, look Dysentery. Bole prepared. 9 Bones fracture. 549 Bones corruption or putrefaction. 550 Bones description. 603 Botches. 560 Bowels pain in general. 421 Bowels pain in young children. 431 Bowels description. 420 Bowels pained in the uppermost part of them, called Iliaca passio. 421 Bowels pain called Colica. 422 Bowels pains difference. 423 Bowels pain of binding in the belly. 424 Bowels pain of sliminess in the guts. ibid. Bowels pain of windiness. 426 Bowels or belly pains remedies. 425. 426. 427 428. Bowels pain of an imposthume. 429 Bowels pain with heat. 430 Bowels pain with gravel. 431 Brains description. 117 Brains the beginning of sinews. ibid. Brains how to dry them. 118 Breath which is short and wheasing. 241, 242. Breathes shortness, look Lungs obstruction. Breath that is stinking. 256 Breath that stinketh of a bad ulcer in the stomach. 377 Breasts description. 203 Breasts of women that bang down to low. 204. Breasts of women that are schirrous and hard. 208. Breasts tumours. 209 Breasts impostumes. ibid. Breast oppressed or stopped through phlegm. 236. Brimstone prepared. 14 Bronchocele. 187 Bucks blood prepared. 9 Bucks blood distilled. ibid. Bucks liver prepared, look Liver, etc. bugloss conserve. 718 Burning of fire, hot water, and gunpowder. 592. Burn remedy. 593 Buttocks description. 302 C. CAkes for the rheum. 196 Cakes or spice cakes prepared. 729 Calmus Aromaticus comforteth the head. 39 705. Calmus preserved. 714 Camphor prepared. 10 Cankers description, causes and signs. 571, 572. Canker in the nose. 94, 95. Canker called Carcinoma. 571 Canker in women's breasts. 210 Canker in the Arsegut. 316 Canker in the mother. 498 Capital powder. 189. 197 Capon water how to make it. 255 Carbuncle, look Plague sore. Cassie prepared. 10 Cassie used. 10. 364 Catarrh. 79 Catharticon Imperiale. 730 Cauterization for the rheums of the head. 74. Cherries preserved. 725 Childbirths remedies. 515, 516 Child's easy delivery. 512 Child's growth, at what time; and in what manner. 503. Child's delivery delayed. 515 Children how to purge them. 33 children's teeth, look Teeth. Child's weakness in the mother's Womb. 506. Child dead how to expel it. 511 Cholerica passio. 338 Cholera hath a proper seat in the body. 603 607. Chaps of the hands. 521 Cinnamome water how to make it. 727 Citrons preserved. 714 Cicatrices of the skin. 601 Citron shells preserved. ibid. Claret wine how to make it. 708 Clefts in the Arsegut. 315 Clefts in women's places. 289 Clefts in the skin. 556 Clefts in the eyelids. 63 Clefts in the tongue. 171 Cleansing of the head. 97 Clysters for the rheum. 196 Clysters to comfort the heart. 268 Clotted or congealed blood, look blood that is congealed. Cock water. 250 Cod's description. 276 Cold diseases. 621 Colica, colic, a griping in the nethermost guts. 422. Collyrium drying and astringent. 76 Colour good how to make it. 59 Coloquint prepared. 10 Confection of Horseradish. 394. 57 Confection of ashes. 457 Confection of Pope Innocent against blindness. 92. Confections of all sorts, preservative, purgative, etc. 729 Confection to strengthen the liver. 283 Confection of juniper berries. 665 Confection of a Hare. 457 Confection for the obstruction of the liver. through cold. 390 Confection of Currans. 238 Confection of Prunes. 361 Confection of Paulus Riccius Physician unto the Emperor. 39 Confectio Anacardina. 729 Confection of seeds. 709 Confection against the swimming or giddiness in the head. 123 Confection of Citrons. 326 Confection against melancholy. 31 Confection Aromatica Rosata diversly prepared. 325. Confection Diacinnamomum. 324 Confection Diamargariton. 138 Confection Diatragacanthum the cold. 186 Confection Diatragacanthum the hot. ibid. Confection purging. 424 Confection for the panting of the heart through heat. 266 Confected things to cool the stomach. 333 Confection for the frantic. 129 Confection in the falling sickness. 154. 157 Confection for Melancholia Adusta. 133 Confection of Calmus. 705 Confection of spices, peeles, and roots. 710 Confection of field Mints. 730 Confection of Cassie after divers ways. ibid. Confection called Benedicta laxativa. ibid. Confection of Montignana for a bad sight. 90 Confection Catholicon. 730 Confection Hamech. 731 Confortation for them that have the Ague. 632. Conserve of red Cherries. 725 Conserve of Lavender. 716 Conserve of betony. 712 Conserve of Gadrises. 354 Conserve of Elecampane roots. 711 Conserve of Berberies. 714 Conserve of the fruit of the wild Rose tree 715. Conserve of Eldern berries. 715 Conserve of Hyssop. 716 Conserve of Gilliflowers. 718 Conserve of Pionie. 719 Conserve of Eyebright. 712 Conserve of Succory flowers. 724 Conserve of Raspes. 716 Conserve of Prunes. 719 Conserve of Roses. 722 Conserve of Borage. 713 Conserve of Rosemary. 723 Conserve of Sage. ibid. Conserve of fumitory. 714 Conserve of Violets. 724 Conserve of Marierome and of Balm. 717 Conserve of Cowslips. 724 Conserve of water Lilies. ibid. Constipation in the body. 360 Consumption. 520 Consumptions divers remedies. 254 Consumptions signs. 251 Contraction of the Mother. 495 Convulsion of the sinews. 147. 149. 613 Convulsion of the mouth. 145 Coral prepared. 10 Corns on the toes. 526 Coriander seed prepared. 11 Coughs description. 225 Coughs remedies. 227 Cough that is dry remedied. 228 Cough moist and cold. 229 Coughing up of phlegm. 232 Cough which is old. 231 Crablice killed. 50 Cramp. 147 Cramp through emptiness and heat. 149 Cramp through wounding. ibid. Cramp of the sinews. 613 Crookebackes remedies. 213. 215 Cupping and boxing for what it serveth. 27 D. DAndrill or scales of the head, beard, and ey-browes. 49 Dead child, look Child dead. Deafness. 113 debility of the stomach, look Stomach. Decoctio aperitiva maior. 363 Decoction of Sene. 364 Decoction of Guaiacum. 576 Decoctio pectoralis purging the rheum. 229 Decoctio fructuum. 282 Decoctio Epithymi, decoction of Dodder. 777 Decoction aperative, prepared. 363 Decoction common prepared. ibid. Desire unsatiable of going to stool, look Tenesmus. Diamargariton, look confection Diamargariton. Diapenidion prepared. 230 Diatragacanthum frigidam, look confection Diatragacanthum. Diaprunis lenitiva. 361 Diaturbith prepared. 62. 776 Digestion of the stomach how to be kept. 320 Dotage, or doting childishness. 124 Drunkenness a very bad disease. 681 Dropsy in general. 400 Dropsy called Anasarca. 401 Dropsy called Ascites. 402 Dropsy called Tympanites. 406 Dysenteria described. 352 There are two kinds thereof. 352. 358 E. Ears description. 103 Ears whereinto something is gotten. 113 Ears pain in general. 104 Ears full of noise. 106. 107 Ears impostumes. 108. 111 Ears that bleed. 111 Ears stopped. 112 Earwigs gotten into the ears. ibid. Effluence of seed in women after the act of copulation. 508 Effluxion of urine continual and involuntary. 472. Eyes described. 65 Eyes pains remedied. 66 Eye water for all pains of the eyes. 76 Eye powder. 66 Eyes blearedness called Ophthalmia. 67 Eyes that be red. 68 Eye salve. 69 Eyes full of heat remedied. ibid. Eyes full of blisters. 70 Eye water of the Emperor Frederick. 88 Eyes how they are defended on all sides. 59 Eyes hurt with the hairs of the eyelids. 64 Eyes that itch and are sore. 70 Eyes that run and water. 71 Eyes that run of a cold cause. 73 Eyes that do matter. 74 Eyes impostumed of external causes. 76 Eyes that bake together in the sleep. ibid. Eyes spotted. 77 Eyes before which Gnats or Flies seem to swarm. 80 Eyes grown over with skins. 83 Eyes misty and cloudy. 85 Eyes that stick out as if they would fall out. 86 Eyes that are burned. 87 Eyes that have had a blow. ibid. Eyes wherein something is gotten. ibid. Eyes that are best by day or by night. 91 Eyes that are blind. 87. 92 Eyes squintnesse. 92 Eye beams dilation. 85 Eye corners fistulas. 76. 79 Eye corners infections. 66. 67 Eyelids that will grow together. 64 Eyelids turned. 63 Eyelids with Warts. ibid. Eyelids chapped. ibid. Eyelids itching. 62 Eyelids swollen diversly. 60 Eyelids description. 59 Eye waters and other things diversly prepared. 72. 76. Eye water for running eyes. 71. 72 Eye salve for all kind of running and mattering. 72. 75. 76. Electuary of Calmus prepared diversly. 705 Electuary for giddiness of the head. 123 Electuarium de Psyllio. 734 Electuarium Diaphoenicon. ibid. Electuarium de Citro. 326 Elecampane roots confected. 711 Electuarium de succo rosarum. 735 Electuarium de Sebesten. 362 Electuarium vitae. 737 Electuarium de Manna. 732 Electuaries more. 731. 733. 734. 735. etc. Eluxation of the joints. 536 Emperor Charles his prescriptions and rules in the Gout. 546 Epithymus or Dodder prepared. 11 Eryngus roots preserved. 717 Esula prepared and used. 15 Euphorbium prepared. 11 Euphorbium used. ibid. Excoriation of the bladder. 473 Extraction for all obstructions and binding of the body. 398, 399 Exhortation to the keepers of the infected with the plague. 680 Exulceration in the Kidneys. 447 Exulcerations in the stomach. 376 F. FAces description. 56 Faces redness. 58 Faces bushes and heat. ibid. Face how to clear it. 59 Falso, blows, and bruises, cause many sicknesses. 684. Falling sickness Epilepsia. 151 Falling sickness in children. 152 Fat of man's body described. 616 Fats of divers beasts prepared. 11 look Marrows. Fatness, her troublesomeness to man. 616 Fear and frighting. 383 Feetes diseases how cured. 526 Felon or Ancome of the fingers. 525 Fever burning called Causon. 638 Fingers described. 522 Fingers numbed. 522. 523 Fingers numbed through bruises. 523 Fistulas causes and signs. 568. 569 Fistulas description. 568 Fistula in the corner of the eye. 79 Fistula in the gums. 175 Fistula in the breasts. 211 Fistula in the arsegut. 316 To cause flesh to grow in wounds. 601 Flesh's description. 615 Fix and red flux. 343. 352 Flood too abundant after delivery of child, 517. Flowers how long they may be kept. 7 Flowers in women, look Terms. Flowers of women in general. 476 Flowers how to prefer them. 477 Flowers obstruction how remedied. 478 479. 480. 482. Flowers excessive course how to be stopped. 484. Flux of seed through heat, look running of the rains. Flux of seed in sleep. 293 Flux of seed through cold. ibid. Flux white in women, how to be remedied. 488. Fomentations for the stomach. 334 Fractures of bones. 549 frenziness. 124 frenziness of blood. 127 frenziness with a hot ague. 125. 126. Friction in the falling evil. 159 Fruits of all sorts, how to keep them fresh. 725. Fruits increase in the womb. 503 Fruits weakness in the mother's womb. 506 Fruitfulness how it is caused in man and woman 300. Fruitfulness her signs. 502 Fruitfulness in woman how furthered. 296 G. GAlbanum plaster prepared. 487 Galbanum plaster Galen. ibid. Galls description. 407 Gallia muscata prepared. 342 Gargarisms for all infirmities of the mouth. 164. Gargarism for giddiness of the head. 123 Gargarism for loss of speech. 173 Gargarism for rheums. 196 Generation members. 274 Giddiness of the head. 121 Ginger prepared. 715 Glisters diversly prepared. 709 Golden Egg prepared. 669 Gloves how to perfume. 521 Going il after the gout in the feet, how to remedy it. 547 Gout. 527 Gouts signs. ibid. Gouts rules that are to be observed. 528, 529. Gout of the hands called Chiragra. 531 Gout in the feet. 540 Gout of the feet his preservatives. 542 Gout of the feet how to prevent it. 541 Gout of the feet or Podagra, how purged. 543. Gout of the feet which is cold. 545 Gout of the feet his remedies. 542, 543, 544. Gout of the hips called Sciatica. 531 Grapes preserved. 725 Gratia Dei plaster. 566 Gravel, sand, or stone of the Kidneys. 451 Gravels increase hindered. 452 To expel gravel. 454 Outward remedies for the gravel. 461 Gravels pain delayed. 454 Gravel remedied. 454. 455. etc. Griping of the heart. 270 Groynes swollen. 274 Gum Amoniacke, look Ammoniacum. Gums of the teeth. 173 Gums bleeding. 174 Gums ulcer. 161 Gums fistuled. 175 Gums resolving. 176 Gums putrefying. ibid. Gums impostumating. 173 Gunpowder burning. 594 Guts pain, look Bowels pain. H. Hag or mare. 150 Hairs description. 45 Hair to make it to grow. 46 Hair made yellow. ibid. Hair made black. ibid. Hair made to curl. 47 Hair that it wax not grey. ibid. Hair taken away. ibid. Hair drawn out. 47. 48 Hair infected diversly. 48 Hairs falling out prevented. 48. 49 Hair on the breasts what it signifieth. 211 Hands end and use. 520 Hands description. ibid. Hands how to keep them clean. ibid. Hands how to make them sweet. 521 Hands that are scabbed. ibid. Hands that are chapped. ibid. Hand waters, or lotion for the hands. 521, 522, 523. Hardness of the Matrix or Mother. 495 Hartburning. 334 Hearts heaviness. 271 Hearts panting or beating. 263 Hearts panting through heat. 264 Hearts panting through a bad stomach. 271 Hearts panting through cold. 268 Hearts panting through frighting. 271 Hearts oppression. 260 Hearts description. 256. 257 Hearts infirmities in general. 258 Headache. 30 Headache Hemicrania. 35 Headache Congelatio. 30. 136 Headaches causes. 31 Headache with an ague and a lask. 33 Heahach of inanition. 35 Headaches Hemicraniae and Cephalaeae cured. ibid. Headaches remedies. ibid. Headache of the Sun. 36 Headache of drukennesse. ibid. Headache of blows or falls. 37 Headache of cold. ibid. Headache of cold, and an especial remedy for it. 39 Headaches that be old. 195 Head which is cold, how to purge it. 37 Head broken out. 51 Head broken out healed. 51. 52 Heads giddiness, look giddiness of the head. Head veins use in opening of it. 24 Head wounded. 43. 54 Hearing that is bad. 107 Hearing diminished. 113 Healthy how preserved from infection of the plague. 654 What exercise is to be used of them. 658 How their dwellings ought to be. 656 Their government without doors. 660 Heat of urine, look Urine that scaldeth. Heat of ulcers, see Inflammation. Heat unnatural in the plague. 673 Heat unnatural. 680 Heat of the head with Melancholy. 34 Herbs, roots and flowers, how to preserve them 6. Herbs when they ought to be gathered. ibid. Herbs and roots how to be reserved. ibid. Herbed wines prepared. 708. 784. Hermodactyles used. 12 Hickcoughes in general. 378 Hickcoughes description. ibid. Hickcough of repletion and windiness. 379 Hickcough of inanition. 380 Hiera logodion. 732 Hiera picra prepared. 731 Hippocras or Claret wine how to make it. 708 Hippocras fontis. 709 Hoarseness. 185 Honey water prepared. 92. 728 Honey of Roses. 165 Horseleeches prepared. 11 Horseleeches used. 27 human seeds unnatural effluxion, look running of the rains. human seed increased. 294 Humours melancholic how to purge. 414 Hunger, Cowhunger or Bulimos. 382 Hunger called Hounds hunger. 381 Hunger lost remedied. 334. 335 Hunger with swooning, called Syncopalis. 384. Hunger unsatiable. 381 I. ILiaca passio, a griping in the uppermost small guts. 421 Impostumation of the gums. 173 Impostume of the Matrix, hard to be cured. 496. An hard imposthume of the Kidneys. 444 Impostumes in the nose. 95 Impostumes of the stomach of cold nature. 375. Impostume of the bladder. 473 Impostume of the Liver, look Livers imposthume. Impostume of the neck of the Bladder. 473 Impostume of the neck of the Mother, look Mother's imposthume. Impostume of the Spleen, look Spleens impostumes. Impostume of the stomach. 374 Inappetencie or lost appetite, how remedied. 334. Ink how to make it. 781 Infections of the liver diversly cured. 395 Infection of the Plague. 66● Signs thereof. ibid. Infected with the Plague how to comfort 670, And what things else are to be observed. 67● Infected how to be purged. 673 Inflammation in women's places. 289 Inflammation of ulcers. 573 Inflammation Erysipelas. 562 the signs and remedies thereof. ibid. joints hardness. 541 joint disease called Arthritis. 529. 530. 531 joynt-ach, or pain in general. 527 Ischia the hips Gout. 531 Itchednesse or scabbedness. 556 Itch in the fundament. 317 Itch of the hands. 521 juice of wild Cucumbers prepared. 11 juices of herbs, flowers and roots prepared. 13. juice of Sloes prepared. 14 julep prepared. 729 julep of Roses how made. 396 julep of Violets. ibid. julep for the obstructed Liver through heat. 387. ivory prepared. 11 K. Keeper's of the infected with the plague what to observe. 680 Kidneys description. 439 Kidneys exulcerated. 445. 447 Kidneys exulcerated outwardly. 450 Kidneys imposthume. 444 Kidneys imposthume through cold. 447 Kidneys imposthume through heat. 446 Kidneys obstructed. 441 Kidneys pain of heat. 442 Kidneys pain of cold. 439 Kidneys pain of heat eased. 442. 443 Kidneys pain of winds. 441 Knees description. 525 L. LAc Virgins, that is, Maiden milk prepared. 57 Lacca prepared. 12 Laetificans Almansoris. 132 Lameness, look Palsy. Lameness caused by the Pocks. 574. 575 lask. 343 lask called Tenasmus. 366 lask with parbraking, look Vomiting with a scouring. lask Lienteria proceeding of choler. 344 lask diarrhea. 347 lask of the liver. 351 lask that is bloody, look Bloody flux. lask that is bloody, another kind. 358 lask remedied. 343. 344. 347. Laurels use. 15 Led prepared. 9 Leanness remedied. 617 Leprosies description, signs and causes, 582, 583. Leprosies remedies. 584. 585. 586. etc. Leprosies of all sorts what is requisite. 591 Legs described. 524 Legs Varices. ibid. Letting of blood, look Blood letting. Lice killed. 50 Lice, a water for them. 50 Lice salve, look Salve for louse. Lights description, see Lungs. Lights obstructed. 225. 227 Limbs extenuated or withered. 537 Limbs unsensibleness. 551 Limbs shaking or numbedness, look Members. Lips chapped. 115 Lips described. 115. 116 Lips trembling. 116 Livers description. 384 Liver diversly remedied. 395 Liver of a Wolf prepared. 15 Liver of a Buck prepared. 91 Livers diseases in general. 385 Livers obstruction in general. ibid. Livers obstruction of cold. 389 Livers obstruction of heat. 316 Livers hardness or schirrosity. 392 Liver overcold. ibid. Livers imposthume. 393 Livers pain. 385 Loathing of meat. 337 Loathing of meat in Agues. 631 Loch de Pulmone vulpis described. 239 Loch de Cancris. 254 Loch of Squils. 231 Loch de Pino. ibid. Loch sanum & expertum. ibid. Long of women with child. 505 Losing diversly prepared. 201 Losing for the cough and rheum diversly prepared. ibid. Loss of tasting. 168 Loss of speech. 173 Lousy evil. 50 Lungs description. 225 Lungs exulceration called Empyema. 248 Lungs infection called Peripneumonia. ibid. Lungs stopped. 225. 227 Luxation of the joints. 536 M. Madness. 124. 130. Madness called Mania. 118. 124. Madness called Melancholia. 124 Mad men's dwelling place. 127 Man's body divided into four parts. 605 Maidens milk. 57 May cheese. 728 Manna used. 12 Manus Christi with Pearls. 16. 45. Marchpane prepared. 739 Marks and spots in the skin. 601. 602 Marmalade diversly prepared. 721 Marrow of divers beasts prepared. 11 Matrix description. 474. 475 Matrix canker and ulcer. 498 Matrix use in women. 474 Matrix suffocation or ascension. 489 Matrix imposthume how remedied. 496 Matter made with the urine. 449 Mead for the oppression of the breast. 236 Mead how to make it. 532. 740 Measles or the Redgumme in children. 553, 554. Medicamen de Turbith. 362 Melancholy. 124. 130 Melancholic humours how to be purged. 419. Melancholia hath in the body a certain place. 603. 605. Melicraton. 740 Members accidents. 548 Members extenuated. 539 Members luxation, look Luxation. Members lamed. 600 Members numbed. 551 Members shaking. ibid. Members strained or bruised. 548 Memories description. 118 Memory strengthened. 120 Metals that are venomous, look Venomous metals. Mithridate. 733 Mezereon her description. 14 Milkes abundance. 204 Milk curdled or clotted. 207 Milkes description. 205 Milk in women defected. ibid. Milkes superfluity. 206. 418 Milt, see Spleen. Mirobalans prepared. 12 Mirobalans used. 122 Mischance in women with child. 508 Mischance prevented. 509 Miseries of mankind, three causes. 3 Miseries of man's life. 1 Miseries of new borne babes. 2 Miva. 355 Miva Citoniorum aromatica. ibid. Mola, an unshapen piece of flesh in the mother 500 Moles or marks that children are borne withal. 602. Mother's canker or ulcer. 290. 498 Mothers descension. 491 Mother's description. 288. 474. 475 Mothers imposthume. 495 Mother's neck convulsed. ibid. Mother's pain of winds. 493 Mother's pain of cold. 494 Mother's pain of heat. 495 Mother's schirrosity or hardness. ibid. Mother's suffocation, look suffocation of the Matrix. Mother's use in women. 474 Mouths description. 161 Mouths convulsion. 145 Mouths exulceration. 161. 162 Mouth stinking. 163 Murr described. 97 Murr cured. ibid. Mucilage, look Slime. Muscles and lacerts described. 615 Mustard seed prepared. 14 N. Nails of hands and feet described. 525 Napta. 603 Narcotica used. 428 Natural warmth of man described. 607 Navels description. 273 Necks description. 187 Sneezing of a cold rheumatic head. 42 Sneezing what it is. ibid. Neesing causes. ibid. Sneezing powder. ibid. Sneezing wort, or Hellebors use. 13 Nipples chapped. 211 Noses canker. 94. 95. 97 Noses description. 93 Nose exulcerated. 93. 95 Nose obstructed. 93 Nose obstructed in children. 95 Noses excrescence of flesh. ibid. Noses imposthume. ibid. Noses infection called Polipus. 97 numbedness. 16 Nutmegs preserved. 717 O. Oil of Saint john's wort. 745 Oils for the stomach in vomiting and scouring. 341. 344 Oil of Antimony, of Steel, and Iron. 751 Oil of Amber. 741 Oil of Abrecocke kernels. 745 Oil of Camomile. 743 Oil of Capers. ibid. Oil of Costus. 142. 743 Oil of Bevercod. 742 Oil of Egs. 49. 744 Oil of Euphorbium. 744 Oil of Annis seeds. ibid. Oil of blue Flowerdeluce. 750 Oil of Roses. 749 Oil of Sulphur. ibid. Oil called Hypobalsamum. 143 Oil of Mandragora. 741 Oil of Rhubarb. 784 Oil of Marierom gentle. 747 Oil of Scorpions. 750 Oil of Cloves. 747 Oil of Pepper. 748 Oil of Rue. ibid. Oil of water Lilies. 750 Oil of Spikenard. ibid. Oil of Eldern flowers. 745 Oil of Violets. 751 Oil of Nutmegs. 747 Oil of Vitriol. 752 Oil of the seeds and flowers of Poppy. 746 Oil of Earthwormes. 530. 748 Oil of Dill. 743 Oil of Linen cloth. 746 Oil of Lead. 742 Oil of mastic. 331 Oil of Foxes. 212. 744 Oil of the blossoms of Walnut trees. 114 Oil of Wormwood. 753 Oil of Olives. 8. 742 Oil of Poplar buds. 741 Oil of juniper berries. 752 Oil of Tiles. 102. 753 Oil of Quinces. 331 Oil of sweet Almonds. 364. 746 Oil of Lilies. 744 Oil of Hempseed. ibid. Oil of divers kinds. ibid. Oil of bitter Almonds. 746 Oils divers more to be prepared. 744. 745. 746. 747. etc. Oil of Copperas. 745 Ointment of Roses described by Mesues. 32. Ointment in Consumption. 255 Ointments or oils for all cold stomachs. 330. Opium prepared and used. 13 Order of diet in the Rupture. 287 Order of diet in the headache of heat. 35 Order of diet in a cold headache. 43 Order of diet for watering and running eyes. 71 Order of diet in bleeding at the nose. 98 Order of diet in diseases of the ears. 105 Order of diet for weak memory. 119 Order of diet in the sleeping disease. 135 Order of diet in the dead Palsy. 147 Order of diet in the falling evil. 152 Order of diet in Bronchocele. 187 Order of diet in cold rheums. 198 Order of diet in the Pleurisy of heat. 218 Order of diet in the spitting of blood. 246 Order of diet in the Consumption. 252 Order of diet in the debility of the heart. 259 Order of diet in swoonings. 261 Order of diet in the piles. 305 Order of diet in the pain and windiness of the stomach. 332 Order of diet in a hardened Spleen. 414 Order of diet in the involuntary effluxion of urine. 464. Order of diet for women with child. 504 Order of diet in the Canker. 572 Order of diet in the Leprosy. 584 Order of diet in hot Agues. 628. 629 Order of diet for them that recover after a long sickness. 633 Order of diet in the Plague. 679 Order of diet for them that are bitten with a mad dog. 699 Order of diet for giddiness of the head. 124 Order of diet for those that are pursive. 234 235. Order for them that recover from the Plague, or any lingering sickness. 680 Order of diet for an hot imposthume of the Kidneys. 446 Order of diet in falling down of the Pallet. 167. Order of diet in the Ague Synochus. 641 Order of diet in hot rheums. 202 Order of diet in obstruction of the liver. 391 Order of diet for outward ulcers of the kidneys. 451. Order of diet for the gravel and stone. 464 Order of diet for the dropsy. 407 Oxycroceum Vigonis. 213 Oxycraton. 753 Oxymel diversly prepared. 44 Oxymel of Squils. 38 Oxysacchara prepared. 94 P. Palsy or Paralysis. 134. 135. 137 Palsy through falls or blows. 144 Pallet of the throat falling down. 166. 167 Pallets description. 166 Pain in the head, look Headache. Pain in the eyes, look Eyes pain. Pain in the ears, look Ears pain. Pain in the teeth, look Toothache. Pain in the joints, look joyntach. Pain in the back, look Back pain. Pain of the piles, look piles pained. Pain of the stomach, look Stomach. Pain in the left side under the short ribs, look Spleen pained. Pain in the right side under the short ribs, look Liver pained .. Pain in the Kidneys. 443 Pain in the mother through cold. 494 Pain in the same through heat. 495 Pain in the hips or Sciatica, through heat and cold. 533. 534 Pain of the Podagra, or Gout of the feet. 545. Pain in the Pocks of long continuance. 580 Pain in the throat through Phlegma and cold taking. 193 Pain in the teeth through outward causes. 177 178. Palsy that is shaking. 137 Palsy that is dead. 139. 140 Pain in the bowels, look Bowels pained. Pain in the belly, look Bowels pained. Pain in the belly remedied. 428 Pain in the belly of young children. 431 Pain in the Kidneys. 442. 443 Pain of retention of urine. 466 Pain of the Mother. 493 Pain of the joints, an especial remedy. 550 Pain of wounded sinews remedied. 612 Pains description. 367. 368. 619 Parbraking with a lask, look vomiting. Patients before whose eyes Gnats seem to appear, what to refrain. 83 Pearl of the eye. 78 Peaches preserved. 355. 719 Pears preserved. 712 Pearls prepared. 9 pectoral potion prepared. 229 pectoral salve. ibid. Pestilential Agues, look Agues pestilential. Phlebotomies cause and commodity. 20 Phlebotomy forbidden. 21 Phlegmes description. 603. 605. 619 Physics commendation. 4 Physical books division. 5 Physics description. 4 Physics necessity. ibid. Physic is a sure pawn. ibid. Physic weights. 29 piles called Verrucales. 312 piles called hemorrhoids. 304 piles that hang far out. 312 piles that bleed overmuch, look bleeding. 306. 308. piles opened. 309 piles their pain. 310 Pills pestilential. 662 Pills Indae prepared. 413 Pills for all kinds of laskes, and the terms in women. 357 Pills that move urine. 398 Pills for the plague especial good. 663 Pills of Amber. 324 Pills of divers kinds. 755 Pills to preserve health. 237 Pills to bind. 350 Pills for the Gout of Charles the Emperor. 542 Pissing of blood. 448 Pissing of matter, look Matter made by urine. Pith prepared. 8 Places in women described. 288 Places exulcerated by copulation. 289. 290 Plague. 653. 654. 655. etc. Plague described. ibid. Plague cured. 668. 669. etc. Plague's causes and signs. 653 Plague prevented. 654 Plague sore or Carbuncle. 564 Plague sore, what, 564. 65 whence it proceedeth. ibid. when it appeareth, how to be remedied. 675. 676. 677. Plague sore not appearing what is to be done. 678. Plaster Diachilon how made. 518 Plasters in the rheums. 198 Plaster Basilicum. 565 Plaster for the headache. 31 Plaster de Muscilaginibus. 64 Plaster to heal the corner of the eyes. 77, 79. Plaster for the redness of the eyes. 69 Plaster for watering eyes and cold rheums. 72. 74. 200. Plaster of Bayberries. 329 Plaster called the Black plaster. 567 Plaster of Falkenstone. 569 Plasters for Rupture. 277 Plaster Gratia Dei. 566 Plaster for wounds. 598 Plaster called Emplastrum Griseum. 610 Plaster Apostolicum. 313 Plaster de Pelle Arietis. 278 Plaster Oxycroceum. 213 Plaster of Cerussa. 275 Plaster Diapompholigos. 265 Plaster de Crusta panis. 341 Pleurisy diversly remedied. 219. 220. 224. Pleurisy a dangerous disease of the breast. 216 Pleurisy of heat. 217 Pleurisy an expedite cure. 220 Pleurisy of Cholera. ibid. Pleurisy of Phlegma. 221 Pleurisy of Melancholia. 222 Pleurisy bastard. ibid. Pleurisy in women with child. 223 Small pocks. 553. 556 Small pocks called Swine pocks. 555 French pocks. 574 Sundry ways to cure the same. 575. 576. 577. 578. For pocks that have long continued. 580 Pocks cured. 574. 576. 578 Poisons remedies. 692. 693. 695, etc. Poison how to prevent it. 686 Poisons that grow out of the earth. 688 Poisoning how to be preserved from it. 686 Poison taken the signs. 687 Polypodie prepared. 10 Pomado prepared. 116 Pomanders for the plague. 36 Pomanders for the headache. 40 Pomande●s for a cold headache. ibid. Pomanders how to be made. ibid. Pomanders for a bad sight. 89 Pomanders for the rheum. 197 Pomanders for the enfeebled or lost smelling. 102 Potion of Dodder for all melancholy diseases. 132. Potions that purge. 363 Potions for the stone. 454. 455. 459. Potions diversly prepared. 777 Potions to expel wind of the stomach. 370 Potions for the Liver obstructed through cold. 390. Potion for hoarseness. 186 Powders for meat. 90. 123. 325 Powder of the Emperor against the plague. 665 666. Powder that is red for Chirurgeons. 567 Powder for melancholy marvelous good. 133 Powder pasaphan. 362 Powder of Sene. 363 Powder Medicamen Turbith. 362 Powder for memory. 120 Powder for the shaking palsy. 138 Powder of Rasis for the eyes. 66 Powders for panting of the heart. 266 Precious stones prepared. 9 Preparation of divers things. 8 preservatives against the plague. 662 Preserved black Cherries. 710 Preserved red Cherries. 725 Preserved Orange peeles. 710. 713 Preserves that comfort the stomach. 711. 714 Preserved Citrons. 714 Privities and their diseases. 274. 275 Prunes conserve. 719 Purgations for the rheum. 197. 201 Putrefaction of the bones. 550 Pursivenesse with a sore old cough. 238 Purgations used in hot Agues. 632 Purgations diversly prepared. 361. 362 Purgative potions. 361 Purging what is to be done in it. 17 Purging who must forbear. ibid. Purging past what afterward is to be done. 18. Purging Tabulates of Ginger prepared. 362. Q. QVicksiluer how mortified. 51 Quinces purging conserve. 720 Quinces preserved. 720 R. RAspes preserved. 716 Rains and their pains. 301 Redness of the eyes, look eyes that be red. Redgum and Measles, look Measles. Outward remedies for obstruction of the Liver through cold. 391 Outward remedies for a cold stomach. 330 Remedies for the cold pleurisy. 224 Remedy approved for the Gout. 546 Retention of urine in general. 465 Rheums that will not pass through the nose. 203. Rheums description in general. 194 Rheums that are cold. 195 Rheums that are hot. 200 Rheums that fall on the lights. 225 Rheums with Agues. 202 Ribs described. 216 Rob de Granatis. 343 Rob de Cornubus. 354 Roots of the greater pimpernel preserved. 712. Roots of red Beets preserved. 723 Rose, a certain inflammation called Erysipelas. 562. Roses signs. ibid. Rosin prepared. 9 Rhubarb prepared and used. 19 Rules for such as are recovered of the pleurisy. 224. Rule of living in the consumption of the Lights. 252. Rules for Agues. 629 Running of the rains. 290 Running of the rains with heat. 291 Running of the rains with cold. 293 Rupture. 276 Rupture which is fleshy. 283 Rupture of broken veins called Varicosa. 284 Rupture called Buris. ibid. Rupture above the Cod. 277 Rupture in the Cod. 280 Rupture through winds. 281 Rupture called the water Rupture. ibid. Rupture through blood. 282 Rupture with the falling down of the bowels. 285. Rupture in children. 286 Rupture in children incurable. 277 Ruptures reversion how to stay. 286. S. SAlue for running and sore eyes. 75 Salve of Oranges. 437 Salve for redness of the eyes. 69 Salve to kill Lice withal. 50 Salve of Roses. 32 Salve cooling of Galen. ibid. Salue for the lousy disease. 51 Salve of the Apostles. 95 Salve laxative. 365 Salve de Gallia. 487 Salve of Basill. 564. 565 Salve of Egypt. 567 Salve for the pocks. 579 Salve for wounds, look Wound salves. Salve called unguentum Fuscum. 599 Salve for shrunken sinews. 143. 148 Salve of Agrippa. 749 Salves of divers kinds. 759. 760 Salve of Saunders. 293 Salve called unguentum Aureum Mesuae. 596. Salue for tumours of the groin. 274 Salve preserving from the dead Palsy. 143 Sand of the Kidneys and bladder, look Gravel. Sarcotica that causeth flesh to grow. 601 scabbedness. 556 Scammony prepared. 14 Scammony used. ibid. Scabs on the shins how remedied. 524 Scalding of urine. 471 Scalding with hot water. 592 Scales of burning. ibid. Scall or scurf of the head 51 how to pluck it away. 54 Dry scurse of the hands. 521 schirrosity of the stomach. 378 schirrosity of the Liver. 392 schirrosity of the mother. 495 Seeds confected. 709 Senae praeparatae pulvis. 365 Scouring proceeding of the stomach and Liver. 351. Scalding in the throat, look Heartburning. Scouring by stool, look lask. Skulls contusion. 55 Skulls description. 54 Skulls fracture, an especial salve for it. 55 Scuruies' description. 680 the signs thereof. ibid. remedies to cure the same. 681 Sciatica, look Gout of the hips. Secundine expelled. 516 Seed of man increased. 294 Seine leaves prepared and used. 14 Sewets' of divers beasts prepared. 11 Shaking of the joints. 551 Shaking through fear. 683 Shaking Palsy. 137 Shins description. 525 Short breath, look Breath. Shoulder blades described. 215. 216 Sickness that is cold described. 621 Sief de Fellibus. 86 Sief of Roses. 72 Sief Memithe. 66 Sief divers kinds. 761 Sights strengthening. 515 Signs of instant delivery. 516 Simples that conduce to the head. 43 Sinews that are slacked or resolved. 613 Sinews convulsed through the Palsy. 147 Sinews convulsed, look Convulsion. Sinews description. 611 Sinews pain remedied. ibid. Syrup of Sorrell. 762 Syrup of Wormwood. ibid. Syrup of Seine leaves. 365 Syrup for the pain in the head. 35 Syrup how to prepare or make it. 35 Syrup of Roses. 44 Syrup of Mulberries. 164 Syrup of Nutshells. 165 Syrup of Mints. 355 Syrup of Quinces. 345 Syrup of Ireas. 766 Syrup of water Lilies. 767 Syrup of Myrtles. 356 Syrup of Vinegar. 762 Syrup of Citrons. 763 Syrup of Verivice. ibid. Syrup of Oranges. ibid. Syrup of Berberies. ibid. Syrup of Byzantine. ibid. Syrup of Borage. 764 Syrup of field Mints. ibid. Syrup of Citron peeles. 766 Syrup of fumitory. ibid. Syrup of Pomegranates. 765 Syrup of Hissope. ibid. Syrup of Apples. 266 Syrup of juiubes. 766 Syrup of Poppy heads. 767 Syrup of Horehound. 768 Syrup of Roses laxative. 332. 632 Syrup of Violets. 769 Syrup de duabus Radicibus. 518 Syrup de quinque Radicibus. ibid. Skin of the head described. 54 Skins description in general. 551. 552 Skin infected how. 552 to cause the skin to grow. 601 Skins external infection. 592 Skin making or cicatrising medicines. 600 Skins that cover the brains wounded. 56 Sleep procuring remedies in Agues. 632 Sleeps description. 618 Sleeps hindrances. ibid. Sleep procured to the frantic. 128 Sleep procured diversly. 618 Sleeping disease Lethargus. 118. 134 Slime or Mucilage of seeds and roots. 49 Sloes preserved. 723 Smell lost. 100 Soap to take away her bad smell. 33 Soap balls for a cold head. 40 Sores of the head, look Head broken out. Sores, look Ulcers. Sore caught through carnal copulation. 290 For all manner of old sores. 564 Sores in the Pocks. 581 Speech hindered, look Tongues slowness. Species liberantes. 665 Species Hierae. 360 Species of divers kinds. 272 Spitting of blood through Lights disease. 242. Spleen vein, look Vein of the spleen. Spleens description. 408 Spleens obstruction with heat and Agues. 409. Spleens imposthume. 411 Spleens obstruction without Agues but with pain. ibid. Spleen pained. 409. 411 Spleens schirrosity. 412 Spleens external remedies. 415 Spleens melancholic humours. 418. 419 Splinter, look Thorn. Spots of false. 602 Spots taken out of cloth. 729 Spots of the skin. 601 Spots of heat remedied. 602 Spots of the face cured. 57 Squinancy, look Tumour in the throat. Squintnesse, look Eyes squintnesse. stains of the face. 57 Steel prepared. 15 Stench of the armholes, how remedied. 519 Stinking breath, look Breath. Stitch in the breast, look Pleurisy. stomachical confections. 324 stomachical powders. 325 stomachs description. 317 stomachs mouths desription 318 stomachs digestion preserved. 320 stomachs debility in general. 323 stomachs debility of cold. 324 stomachs debility of heat. 332 stomachs debility of dryth. 334 stomachs wambling, look Wambling. stomachs pain in general. 367 stomachs pain of heat. 368 stomachs pain of cold. 369 stomachs pain of wind. 369. 370 Stomach swollen. 372 Stomach pained of melancholy. 373 stomachs imposthume. 374. 375 stomachs pain through Phlegma. 372 Stomach exulcerated. 376 stomachs schirrosity or hardness. 378 Stone of the kidneys. 451 Stone of the bladder hindered from growing. 452. 453. Stone of the bladder. 451 To break and expel the stone. 454. 455 Strong water. 776 Suffocation of the Matrix. 489 Sugar cakes made. 737 Sugar pennets prepared. 16 Sugar clarified. 15 Sugar plates. 16 Suppositories. 360 Suppositories for windiness. 370 Sweeting good for all Dropsies. 405 Sweat in the Plague how to be procured. 669 Sweat described. 609 Sweat provoked. 610. 611. Swell after an Ague. 652 Swell heard. 560 Swell of the Groins, Armpits, and Ears. 563. Swelling of women's places. 289 Swine Pocks. 555 Swooning. 258 Swooning called Syncope. 260 Synovia how to stay it. 600. T. TAbulates how to make them, look Cakes. Terms in Women, their description. 476. Terms in women procured. 477. 478 Terms in women to be stayed. 484 Teeth that stand on edge. 181 Teeth kept good. 184 Teeth made white. 184 Teeth cleansed. 183 Teeth doubled. ibid. Teeth drawn and fallen out. 182 Teeth that are lose fastened. ibid. Teeth description. 176 Teeth in children furthered. 177 Teeth that are hollow and rotten. 180 Teeth with worms, look Worms. Teeth gnashing. 181 Testicles description. 276. 288 Tenasmus described. 366 The remedies for the same. 367 Theriaca magna. 735 Theriaca diatessaron. 736 Thirst in hot agues. 631 Thirst through dryth of the Liver. 395 Thorns or splinter how to be drawn out of the skin. 595 Throat stopped of something gotten into it. 189. Throat with a horseleech in it. ibid. Throats tumour, look Tumour. Throat exulcerated. 194 Throws in childbirth provoked. 514 Throws after Childbirth eased. 517 Toes their commodity. 526 Tongues description. 167 Tongues slowness. 169 Tongue moistened. 170 Tongues Alcola. 171 Tongues imposthume. 172 Tongue swollen. ibid. Toothache of inward causes. 177 Toothache cured. 178. 179 Toothache in the Pocks. 180 Toothache by touching of cold things. 181 Treacles virtues and operation. 735 Trembling. 684 Triapharmacon plaster. 313 Triphera. 736 Trocisci de Olibano. 343 Trocisci de Myrrah. 780 Trocisci diversly prepared. 114 Trocisci de Sulphur, or Adulphi. 239 Trocisci de Spodio. 345 Trocisces of Roses. 324 Tumour which is hard, called Schirrus. 571 Tumour after Agues. 652 Tumour, nodes, biles, and other hard swellings. 560. Tumours of the skin in general. 559 Tumours of the throat, or Almonds in the same. 163. Tumour of the throat called Squinancy. 190 Tumour of the throat with heat. 191 Tumour of women's breasts, look Breasts swollen. Tumour of the groins. 274 Tumour of the Cod through water, look Rupture. Tumour of women's places. 289 Turbith his preparation and use. 15. 362 Tutie prepared. 15. 69 V Veins which are to be opened in every disease. 24 Vein of the head. ibid. Vein of the liver. ibid. Vein Median, or Median vein. 25 Vein of the Armpits. ibid. Vein of the Spleen. ibid. Vein of the hips. ibid. Vein of the Mother. ibid. Vein of the knees. 26 Vein of the forehead. ibid. Vein of the eyes. ibid. Vein in the Temples. ibid. Vein of the nose. ibid. Vein in the lips. ibid. Vein of the tongue. ibid. Vein of the neck. 27 Vein that is broken in the breast or Lights. 245. Veins that are broken called Varices. 524. 567. Veins description in general. 24. 604 Venomous beasts. 694 Venomous metals. 693 Venoms of divers kinds. 685 Verivice how to be made. 706 Varnish how to be made. 781. 782 Vinegar of Roses. 759 Vinegar of Squils. 624 Ulcers of women's places. 290. 498 Ulcers in general. 564 Ulcers that run and stink. 69. 566 Ulcers corroding in general. 568 Ulcer corroding called Herpes. 570 Ulcers inflammation cured. 573 Ulcer Cacoethe. 592 Ulcers of the shins how healed. 525 Ulcers in the Kidneys. 445 Ulcers outward of the Kidneys. 450 how remedied. 450. 451 Ulcer of the Matrix. 498 Of all manner of old ulcers. 564 ulcerations of the privy members. 69 Unnatural heat. 608 Unnatural things that are six. 28. 234 unguentum neruinum. 614 Vomiting through weakness of the stomach. 338. Vomiting with a scouring. 340 Vomiting in Agues. 632 Vomiting of women with child. 506 Vomitories. 135 Voice described. 185 Voice cleared. 186 Urine to move in the Dropsy. 404 urines abundance. 462. 472 Urine that scaldeth ot burneth. 471 urines retention by obstruction of the passages. 470. urines effluxion. 462 urines effluxion through cold. ibid. urines effluxion through heat. 463 urines retention by the debility of the virtue retentive. 467 urines retention through falls or blows. 469 Vulnerall plasters. 598 Vulnerall potions. 597 Vulnerall salves. 599 W. Wafer's how to make them. 728 Walnuts preserved. 718 Wambling of the stomach. 337. 338 Warts. 553 Warmth natural of man described. 607 Water that bindeth the body and stayeth the lask 34. Water of the Emperor Frederick for the eyesight. 88 Water of M. Tristram. 57 Water for all manner of madness. 127 Waterish moisture of man's body, look Phlegma. Waters for diseases of the Liver. 395 Water of beans. 459 Waters to wash the mouth and other parts in the Leprosy. 588 Waters called golden waters, and elixirs of life. 726. Waters for to wash the hands. 728 Water for louse, look Lice water. For him that cannot hold his water, look urines effluxion. Wearisomeness described. 617 Whites in women. 488 Wild Cucumbers, look juice of wild Cucumbers. Wild Saffron prepared. 13 Williams potion for the stone. 455 Wines for the gravel and stone. 460 Wine of Asarabacca. 46 Wine forbidden in all infirmities of the sinews. 138. Wine of Eyebright to strengthen the sight. 88 Wine of divers sorts. 782. 783. 784. 785. Wine for the cold headache. 39 Wines amended that have a fault. 790 Wolves liver, look Liver of a Wolf. Wombs description and use. 474. 475 Wombs descension, look Mother. Good for childbearing women. 502 How to know whether a woman be with child. ibid. And whether with a boy or a girl. 503 What commonly appears in women with child ibid. women's privities, look Places. Women made narrow like maidens. 290 Women with child. 502. 503. for to comfort the wombs virtue retentive. 299 Women with child their strange long. 505 Worms in the Arsegut called Ascarides. 438 Worms prevented. 433 Worms of the belly. 432 Worms of the teeth. 180 Wounds and all that appertaineth unto them. 595. Wounds stitched. 596 Wounds to make them matter. 600 Wounds with proud flesh in them. ibid. Wounds fresh. 597 Y. YArd exulcerated in the act venerial. 374 Yards unnatural erection, called Priapismus and Satyrismus. 275. 276. Yellow jaundice. 396. 397. etc. The end of the first Table. This second Index containeth all the Simples that are specified in this Work, as Roots, Herbs, Flowers, Fruits, Plants, juices, Gums, Woods, Stones, Barks, Metals, Minerals, and Earth's: Also all the parts of Beasts, and of the body of man, that are or may be used in Physic. A. ABrecockes or Peaches, are called in Latin Mala armeniaca, Mala praecocia, and Bericocia: others do call them mala trecacina, and the common sort name them Chrysomela, but this is the right and true Latin name of the Orange: it is a fruit sufficiently known, and growing in this our country. Adder's tongue, is called of Pliny Lingua, and Lingulaca, of the Herbarists Echioglossum, Ophioglossum, Lingua viperina, Lingua serpentina, and Lingua vulneraria. This herb is to be gathered only in April and in May, it groweth in moist meadows & low grounds, and that at no other time than in the abovesaid months. It is used in vulnerall potions, oils and salves. Alecost, or Indish pepper, in latin Lepidium, Piperitis. Alehoofe, or (as some say) Harehoofe, is called in Greek and in Latin Chamaecissus, Selinitis, Hedera humilis, and Corona terrae, by the Herbarists Hedera plwiatilis, and by the Apothecaries Hedera terrestris. Allium alpinum, it is also called Allium reticulatum, Victorialis, and Victorialis longa, to distinguish it from Gladiolus segetalis, which by divers authors is called Victorialis rotunda, although in very deed they differ greatly. The leaf of this herb is not much unlike to that of Neesewort, the root is long and hairy, twisted together, as if it had been done of purpose with the hand, whereof two of them are laid cross one over another, as the legs of man or woman otherwhiles are placed. This root do the cozening Merchants (I mean the Mountibanks and Quacksalvers) sell for the right Mandragora or Mandrake, saying, that they have digged it up under the gallows with great hazard of their lives: thus do they beguile and seduce the common sort of men with untruths, which ought by the Magistrates to be severely punished, & not for a small piece of silver to be permitted, otherwise I fear they shall be called to an account for it, when it shall be said, Red rationem villicationis tuae. Alum, Alumen, Alumen liquidum, Alumen liparinum, Alumen rubeum, the Apothecaries do call it Alumen de Rocha. Amber, in Latin Ambarum, Ambar, Ampar, Succinum orientale, and at the Apothecaries Ambra, it is a precious liquor, or a kind of sweet smelling earth. Amethyst, Amethystus, a precious stone. Ammie, Ameos, Ammium, Ammi, Cuminum regium Hippocratis, Cuminum Alexandrinum and Cuminum Aethiopicum, it is a kind of plant which beareth a sharp and sweet seed, which the Apothecaris do call Ameos. Anacardus or Anacardium, is a strange fruit so called. Angelica, is called by divers & sundry names, for that there be divers sorts of it, as Hippiatricis, Lasaron Gallaticon, in Greek Laser Gallicum, Laserpitium Gallicum, and of the Herbarists Imperatoria, Ostrutium and Astrutium, the Apothecaries do call it Astrantia and Magistrantia. Anthora, is called of Paulus Aegineta, Arnabo, and of the Arabian writers Zurumbet, of the Simplicists Zurumbetum: It is a sweet smelling root like to Ginger, but it is bitter in taste. It is commonly called Zedoaria, but unjustly: for there is no small difference between Zurumbet that is Anthora and Zedoaria of the Arabians, as manifestly appeareth by the words of Avicen and Serapio, who do write of these two in sundry chapters severally: wherefore the Zedoaria of the Arabians is not our Anthora, although that it hath been falsely used in many compositions for it, but it is the root of zeduary. Anthora is an herb, not much unlike the lesser Wolf's bane, but that it groweth somewhat higher, and the flowers are a little less and yellow. It hath two black roots round like unto an Olive, blackish without, and as it were withered; within white and . It groweth in great quantity on the hills in Savoy. and about Geneva, also about Psalms in high Burgundy, and on the hills of Switserland. The latter Greek writers call it Zadura, Zaduaria, Zedura, Zudar, Zaduara. Zadur, Zadera, Zaduar, and Zadar: Serapio calleth it Zedoaria, Avicen Zeduar, Gieduar and Napellus Moysi. The Simplicists name it Anthora, Antithora, and Anthullia: wherefore whensoever you shall find Zurumbet in any composition, then be sure to take Anthora; but if you read Zedoaria, then take Doronicum. Antimony, in Greek Stibi, Stibium, or Stimmi, of Galen Gynacium, and of Pliny Platiophthalmon: it is called at the Apothecaries by the barbarous name Antimonium. Pliny also calleth it Alabastrum, which name is proper only to Alabaster; it is a mineral like to lead, and known of all men. Argentine, Argemone altera, Inguinaria Plinij, Anserina, Argentina, Tenacetum syluestre, Agrimonia syluestris, Potentilla, and Portentilla. This herb is sufficiently known, and much used for all pains and gripings in the belly which are without any binding. aristology the round, vide Hartwort. Aromatical wine, is a wine made with spice, and a kind of Hippocras, Aromatites. Hippocras is called in latin Vinum Hippocraticum: the Claret wine Clarea, vinum Claretum, and at the Apothecaries Claretum. Artichokes, are called in Greek and in Latin Scolymus, Cinara, Cinarus, Acantha, Cactus, Carduus Altilis, Strobilus, Carchofilus, Articocalus and Articoca. Ars smart, in Greek and in Latin Hydropiper, Piper aquaticum, Piper caninum, Herba pavonis, Pavonaria and Persicaria, of Hypocrates, Polycraton or Polycriton. It is a well known and contemned herb, but very good for wounds; it is hot and dry. The other kind, which by the unskilful without any regard is used for the true Ars smart, is somewhat bigger, and hath bluish spots on the leaves, it is also something colder and drier by nature than the former, and it is called Persicaria mayor, and Persicaria maculata, and of Pliny Plumbago, and Molybdaena. The first sort is the right Arse smart, which is is not only used in wounds, but also for the piles, and the juice of it for the worms. Asarabacca, Asarum, Nardus rustica, Vulgago, and as some say Vuluago: the Apothecaries call it Asarum, and some Asara baccara. Ash tree, in Greek and in Latin Melia, and Fraxinus, it is a common and well known tree. Azure stone, Cyanon, in Latin Lapis Cyaneus, Lapis caeruleus, and Lapis stellatus, at the Apothecaries Lapis lazuli. avence, or herb Bennet, Gariophyllata, Auantia, Sanamunda, Oculus leporis, and of Pliny Geum. Axungia vehicularis, or unguentum vehiculare, is a composition of Tar and Tallow that country men do use to grease their Cart wheels withal, it is used for Ruptures or Hernies. B. BAcon, is called of Pliny in Latin Lardum, and of Plautus Laridum. Badger, Meles, Taxus, Tassus, Taxo, it is a well known beast. Barbary tree, in Greek and Latin Oxyacantha Galeni, Crespinus, and at the Apothecaries Berberus and Berberis. Barley, in Greek and Latin Crithe and Hordeum. Bay tree, in Greek Daphne, in Latin Laurus. There are two sorts of bay, the male and female kind. The female is the common Bay tree which beareth the berry: the male is altogether like to the former, but that it beareth no berries: the female is called of Pliny Laurus baccalia, and of the Herbarists Laurus foemina, Laurus baccifera, and Laurus foecunda. The male is called Laurus mas, and Laurus sterilis. Both kinds are planted in gardens with us. Balm, Melissophyllon, Meliphyllon, Melittaeum, and Melittaena, in Latin Apiastrum, Citrago, and Citraria, of the herbarists Citronella, Melifolium, and Cedronella, at the Apothecaries Melissa. Nicolaus Myrepsus calleth it in Greek Melissochortum, that is, Herba apum. Our Balm undoubtedly is the right Melissophyllum of the ancient Physicians, although divers will gainsay it, for both in form, virtues and operation do they agree. There be also two kinds of this herb, the one which is common and daily used, of the which in this place we speak. The other hath long and jagged leaves, and brown flowers, and it beareth the smell of a strong and odoriferous Limon, and it is called Melissa cretica, and Melissa Turcica, to distinguish it from the other: both kinds are in use. Bearefoot, Acanthus seu Acantha, Herba Topiaria, Herpacantha, Poederos, or Poederotes, Melamphyllon, of the Simplicists Branca Vrsina Italica, to sever it from our common Bearefoote, which is the right Spondylium of our ancestors. The wild Bearefoote or Acanthus is very common every where in Germany, it groweth willingly in low and moist meadows, and is there called of the common people Graskol. It is there ordinarily used in the pot amongst other potherbs. Dioscorides calleth it Acanthus syluestris, the Simplicists call it Carduus pratensis, and Brassica pratensis. Beer, Ceruisia, Zythum. Béetes are called of the Grecians Teutlon, Teutlis and Seutlon, of the Latinists Beta, and at the Apothecaries Cicla. There are two kinds of it, the white and red Béetes: the white Béetes are called Beta candida, and Beta sicula, whence the barbarous names Cicla and Sicla first began. The red Beets are called Beta rubra, in English red Béetes, of which there are also another sort with a dark red coloured leaf, called Beta nigra. The white is used in Physic, and the other in the kitchen. Béesting, in Greek Trophalis, in Latin Colostrum and Colostra. Behen or Ben, are two roots, the white and the red, they are seldom used severally. The white is known of all Simplicistes, and it is called Cardianthemon, of Dioscorides Ocymastrum, we know no other name for it but Behen or white Ben. The other sort which is brought unto us from foreign countries, is called the red Behen, and but little accounted of with us. Some do use the roots of Tormentill or of Pimpernell for it, and that indeed not amiss, for that the roots of the red Ben is both without smell and taste, and also uncertain. Benzoine, Benioninum, Belzoinum, Benzoinum, and Benzuinum, is a sweet smelling juice, which is called at the Apothecaries Asa dulcis, it is very seldom used alone, but is always used in compositions, whether it be be fuming candles or soap balls. Berill, Berillus or Beryllus, it is a precious stone pale green coloured. There is another kind of it that is somewhat yellowish, and is called Chrysoberillus, that is, a yellow Berill. The Berill is used for all infirmities of the heart, being mixed with other things. Betony, in Greek and Latin Cestron, Psychotrophon, Betonica, Vetonica, Serratula, and Scribonius doth call it Hierabotane, that is, Sacra herba, otherwise is Verueine called Hierabotane. Bevercod, Castoreum. Biscuit, Panis nauticus, Biscoctus, Bucellatum, Dipyrites Hippocrati, it is a bread twice baked. Bird-lime, in Greek Cleos, in Latin Viscus or Viscum, Gluten aviarium, and Gluten aucupum. Bistorta, in Greek and Latin Bretanica, Britannica, of the Herbarists Serpentaria rubra, Bistorta, and at the Apothecaries Serpentaria or Colubrina. Blackberry bush, or Brier: Batus, Rubus, Morus Vaticana. The fruit of this shrub is called the Blackberry, in Greek and latin Mora bati, Mora rubi. Blites, in latin Blitum, of the Herbarists Beta insipida, and Beta fatua. There be four kinds of it: the first is the common Blites, and known by that name Blitum, Blitum album. The second kind hath red leaves, and is well known and common in every garden, called red Blites: the Simplicists do call it Blitum rubrum and Olus rubrum. The third groweth on every dunghill, it is much less, and is called wild Blites. The fourth kind is brought unto us from foreign countries, but now it is common in all gardens, and it is called Hungarian or Indian Blites, the Herbarists do call it Blitum Indicum, Blitum Vngaricum, and Blitum Topiarium. The common Blites shall be used in all compositions, to wit, where blites is named without any addition. borage, or Borage, Buglossum, Euphrosynum, Nepenthes, Borago, Lingua bonis, lingua bubula, and Corago. Borras, Chrysocolla factitia, and at the Apothecary's Borax. There is another kind of Chrysocolla, which the Goldsmiths were wont to use in soddering, this is called of the Grecians Chrysocolla, and in latin Auriglutinum, Gluten auri, and Chrysocolla nativa, but that is not taken inwardly as the common Borras is. Bran, Furfur, Catabrum. Brimstone, in latin Sulfer, Sulphur: there are two kinds of it, the one as it is digged out of the mine, which is called Sulfer vife, in Greek Theon Apyron, and in latin Sulphurignem non expertum, and Sulphur viwm. The other kind is the common Sulphur or dead Sulphur, in Greek Theon pepyromenon, in latin Sulphur ignem expertum, Sulphur factitium, and Sulphur mortuum: but whensoever Sulphur or brimstone is found in any composition, then shalt thou understand Sulphur vife. bryony, in Greek Ampelos Leuce, Bryonia Leuce, Psilothium, Ophyostaphilos, Melotrum, Archisostris, Cedrostis; Hypocrates calleth it Echetrosis; Pliny, Madon. In latin Bryonia, Vitis alba, and Bryonia alba, Vua serpentina, Vua ang●tina, Rorastrum, of Apuleius, Dentaria and Apiastellum in the Arabian tongue Alphesera and Fescera. The other kind is called the black bryony, but it is not so common with us as the white: the leaves of this are not much unlike to the long Hartwort leaves, but they are somewhat longer and tenderer, fashioned like a Hart: it runneth up into the hedges like the white. This black bryony is called of Dioscorides Ampelos melaena, Chironios' ampelos, Bucranium, and Pliny calleth it Cynacanthe. In Latin Bryonia nigra, Vitis nigra, Vitis Chironia, Batanuta, Betisalca, and of Pliny Apronia. The Herbarists call it Tamarus, Taminus, Tamus, and Vua taminia, the Arabians Alfesiresin, and Fesiresin, yet it is altogether unknown to our Physicians and Apothecaries. It groweth very much about Lauterberge in the woods and hedges thereabout. Whensoever thou dost find Briony in any composition without any addition, then shalt thou understand the white Bryony only. Broome, is altogether unknown to the Grecians, Pliny calleth it Genista, at the Apothecaries Genesta and Genestra. The Simplicists call it Spartium scoparium, and Genesta scoparia, for a difference of the spanish broom which Dioscorides calleth Spartium. Buck, Hircus, of this beast are many things and parts used in physic. Buffle, Bubalus. bugloss, Oxetoong, Land de beuf, in Latin and Greek Buglossa, Buglossum, Lingua bovis, Lingua bubula, the Greeks do also call it Euphrosinon, or Nepenthes: these are the true names of the bugloss of the ancient Physicians. The herbs that now a days are called Buglosses, are in number 8. whereof three are tame or garden Buglosses, and five wild. The first kind is called the Spanish bugloss, which is the true bugloss of Dioscorides, as every one doth acknowledge that compareth it with the description, the Simplicists call it Spanish Buglos, Buglossum sempervirens, and Mesues calleth it Buglossa domestica. The second kind is called Borage, Borago and Corago, it is both common and well known. Many do take this to be the right bugloss, but indeed the former is to be taken for the right. The third is our small Oxetoong, or Lang de beuf, which the Apothecaries do daily use, and is called the lesser bugloss, and of the Herbariffs Buglossa minor, Buglossa officinarum. The fourth kind of Buglos, although with us it be planted in gardens, yet notwithstanding it is a wild bugloss, for by Merburge in Lottering, and also in France it groweth very common in every field. It is called the greater bugloss, Italian bugloss, Buglossum Italicum, Buglossum Gallicum, and at the Apothecaries Buglossa maior, Mesues doth call it Buglossa syluestris, and other will make a kind of Echium of it. The first kind (and the second among the wild Buglosses) groweth not above one foot in height, it beareth a purple flower admixed with blue, it is commonly found in woods, and in sandy grounds: it is both in smell and taste like the lesser bugloss, and is called also the lesser wild bugloss. The Simplicists call this fift kind of bugloss Buglossa syluatica, lingua Ouina, and Cynoglossa minor. The sixth kind (and the third wild Oxetoong) groweth not above a span and a half in height, it is very sharp & pricking, it beareth a light blue flower, it is found in gardens, and in other well tilled places of itself: the Herbarists call it Buglossum Echiotes, and Buglossun syluestre spinosum. The seventh bugloss (and the fourth among the wild ones) is also commonly so called, it groweth every where by the high way sides, and dry places, it is well known to every man under the name of bugloss, it is called in Greek and latin Echium, Alcibiacum, and of Aegineta Alcibiadium and Dorias, of the simplicists Buglossum viperinum, and Buglossum syluestre. The eight kind and fift wild bugloss, is called red bugloss, because it hath red roots, it is called in Greek and latin Anchusa, but Mathias Syluaticus doth call it Lactuca asinin, the Herbarists call it Buglossa rubra, and the Apothecaries Alcanna, but Alcanna is other while taken for Ligustrum. The first six kinds of of tame and wild Buglosses are moist, and méetly warm, in time of need they may be used one for another. Bull, Taurus. Burr the greater, in Greek Prosopis, Prosopium, in Latin Acrium, Personata, Personatia, Bardana, and at the Apothecaries Lappa maior. Butcher's Broom, or Knéeholme, in Greek Oxymyrsine, Myrsine Agria, Myrtacantha, Myacantha, Schinchus, Scingus, Catangelos, Gyrenia, Ocneron, Cine, and Chamaemyrtus. In Latin Myrtus syluestris, Myrtus Aculeata, Myrtus acuminata, Myrtus humilis, Myrtus terrestris, Genitura Herculis, Ruscus, and Spina murina, the Herbarists do call it Spina vespertilionis, Palma murina, the Apothecaries Bruscus, and Dioscorides Hiera myrtus, that is sacra myrtus. This Butcher's broom is only planted in gardens in Germany, although his roots and red berries be daily used of the Apothecaries. In France it groweth very common in divers places, to wit, about Orliens and Montargy. C. CAbbage, or Coleworts, a Cabbage is called in Greek Crambe, Cephalote, and Nicander doth call it Gaster: In Latin Caulis imperialis, Brassica capitata, Brassica tritiana, Caulis capitatus, Caulis albus, Brassica alba, and the Apothecary's name it Caputium: this is most common of all other kinds of Coleworts, we call it a Cabbage. The other sort of Cabbages is called of Pliny Lacuturris, and of the Simplicists Brassica lacuturria, or Brassica sabaudica, of some Savoy Coleworts. The third kind is called the red Cabbage, in Greek Caulodes, in Latin Brassica cumana, Brassica levis, and Brassica rubra. The fourth sort is named crisped, or crumpled Coleworts, this is much sweeter than any of the rest, and it hath crumpled or wrinkled leaves, like to the headed Lettuce, for which cause it is called in Dutch Lattoucoole, that is, Lettuce Coleworts, and by Pliny Brassica sabellica, and by the Herbarists Brassica crispa maior, and Brassica dulcis. The fift sort is the lesser crumpled cabbage, in Greek Selinoides or Selinusia, and by Athenaeus Brassica crispa minor, Brassica Apiana, and Caulis crispus minor. The sixth kind is the common Coleworts, and is also used in physic, it is called Crambe, Caulis, or Brassica without any addition. The seventh sort is the caulyflorie or flowered Cabbage, Pliny calleth it Brassica Pompeiana, and the Simplicists Brassica cypriana, and Florecaulis. The eight kind is called Rapecole, or Rapocaulis, but this sort was altogether unknown to our predecessors. Calamine is the oar of brass, Cadmia, Cadmia fossilis, Cadmia nativa, for a difference of Cadmia factitia, or Tuttie, Pliny nameth it Lapidem aerosum, the Apothecaries barbarously call it Climiam, Cathimiam, and Lapidem Calaminarem, and those that work in mines name it Cobaltum. This mineral stone is much used amongst Chirurgeons, and is the very best of all the sorts of Cadmia, as Galen witnesseth. Calcedonie, Calcedonius is a precious stone, and a kind of Onyx. Calmus was by the ancient Physicians called Acorus: some do take the great Galingal for it, and although the same be not the right Acorus, yet is their error more tolerable than of those that use the Ireas root in stead of Calmus. Calmus Aromaticus, is the right Calmus of the ancient Physicians, and it is called Acorus and Piperatum: but the right Calamus Aromaticus is a sweet smelling reed, which is never brought unto us, and therefore we do use Acorus, that is Calmus, which doth now supply the place both of Calmus and of Calmus Aromaticus. Camelina is called of Dioscorides Myagrum, of Theophrastus Erysimum, of Herbarists Camelina, of the Apothecaries Sesamum. And although it be not the right Sesamum of the ancient Physicians, yet doubtless it may safely be used in stead thereof, because as yet the right Sesamum is not known. It hath power to warm reasonably, and to ease all manner of pain: wherefore it is much better to use a thing in place of the true Sesamum which is well known, than a thing altogether unknown and uncertain. Camel, Camelus. Cammomils', in Greek and Latin Chameamelum, Anthemis, Leucanthemis, and Leucanthemum, the Apothecaries do call it Chamemilla and Camomilla. Chamemils are hot and dry in the first degree. Camphor, Caphora, Camphora, in Latin and in Greek Caphura: it is a strong smelling juice or sap of a tree in Indie: it is cold and dry in the third degree, and it is much used in physic. There is yet another kind of Camphor, which is a kind of mineral or of Amber, called Camphor of the mine, that is hot and dry by nature. This kind of Camphor is altogether unknown to the Physicians, for which cause also it is not in use. Canker, in latin and Greek Carcinoma, Carcinus & Cancer, a virulent & corroding ulcer. Canterbury bells, in latin Smilax levis, Volubilis, Campanula, Conuoluulus, Campanella, Sandulaca, Coniugulum Catonis, and Funis arborum. This herb is known every where. Capers, in Greek and latin Capparis & juturis. Capon, Capus, Capo, and Gallus spado. Caraway, in Greek and latin Carum: Aetius calleth it Careum, Carium: Simeon termeth it Carnabadium: others call it Caroum and Careosemen: the Apothecaries call it carvi: and Athenaeus Pistinaca maior. Carbuncle, in Greek and in Latin Anthracites, and Ca●bunculus. Carduus benedictus, Atractylis hirsuta, Carduus sanctus, and Carduus Benedictus. carp, in Greek and in Latin Cyprinus, Carpo, and Carpio: Erasmus doth call it Carpa. Carot, Carota, Pastinaca Rubra. Cassie canes or pipes, in Latin and in Greek Cassia, Casia, Cassia fistularis, Siliqua Aegyptia, and Cassia Carthartica. Cassie wood, look for Cassialignea, or Xylocassia in the Latin Table. Caterpillars, in Greek and in latin Camp, Eruca and Brachus: some men do call them Erucula: they are worms sufficiently known, that eat and spoil all green herbs, as Cabbages, leaves of hedges and trees. They that live on the Pine trees and Fir trees are called in latin Erucae Pinorum, and Erucae Picearum, in Greek Pityocampe. Cat's Mints, field Mints, wild Penniroyall, Calamintha agrestis, or Aruensis, and Pulegium agreste. Of Mesua, Calamintha domestica, Calamintha felina, and Cattaria. Celendine, in Greek and latin Chelidonium m●ius, Cratea, Philomedium, Othonium, Radix Pandio●i t●●●ubium, Fabium, and of the Alchemists Celidonium, of Serapio Cauroch, Curcuma, and of the Apothecaries Celidonia. It is an herb common and well known: the Simplicists do call it Herba hirundinaria maior. The second kind is called the lesser Celendine, Pilewort, or Figwort: in Greek and in Latin Chelidonium minus, and Triticum syluestre, of the Herbarists Herba hirundinaria minor, Testiculus Sacerdotis, Scrophularia, or Scrofularia, and at the Apothecaries Celidonia minor. The former kind is always understood if it be without any addition. century, in Greek and latin Centaurium minus, Lymnesium, Lymnaeum, Libadium, febrifuga, and Fel●errae. Ceruse, in Greek and latin Psymmithium, Cerussa. Ceterach both great and small. The lesser Ceterach is called in Greek and in latin Scolopendrion, Hemionion, Asplenium, of Scribonius Largus, Calcifraga, of the Herbarists Scolopendria vera, and Scolopendria minor, Splenium, Asplenium and Ceterachum. The Apothecaries do call it Ceterach as the Arabians do: it is the true Scolopendrium of the ancients: Theodorus Gaza calleth it Mula, or Herba Mula. Our unskilful Physicians and Apothecaries do use the Heart's tongue Phyllitis, for the true Scolopendrium without any regard or care. If Rosemary were not so common, they would take the juniper tree for it, and Nettles for Marierom: wherefore it is a great grace that old women do so well know the herbs, otherwise they would often be deceived, seeing their whole trust and credit relieth on the Herb wives. The other kind of Ceterach is also called Hearts tongue, of Dioscorides Lonchitis altera, of the Simplicists Scolopendrium maius, Scolopendria maior, Asplenium, Asplenium maius, Spicantum, Scolopendrium, or Asplenium syluestre, because it groweth in dark and moist places. Both these herbs do take their names of the worm Scolopendra, which is called an Earwig, or worm with many legs, because the leaves seem to be noted with it. Both these herbs have the same operation, for they are both hot in the first, and dry in the second degree: they are the best spleneticall herbs that are to be found, for they are good for all maladies of the spleen. Chaste tree is called in Greek and in latin Amictomiaenum, Agnos, Lygus, Agonus, Tridactylum, Lecristicum, Vitex, and Salix Armerina: of the Herbarists Piper Agrestis, Piper Monachorum, Arbour casta, and of the Apothecaries Agnus castus. There are two kinds of it, to wit, the greater and the lesser chaste tree. The great groweth in height like the Willow tree, and hath also leaves most like it, it smelleth very pleasantly, the flowers are white and purple coloured. The other kind hath altogether purple flowers, it is fuller of branches, hath whiter leaves, and is much less than the former. Charuill, Caerephyllon and Cherefolium, and of the common Physicians and Apothecary's Cerefolium. Chestnut tree, Castanea, Glans Sardiana, iovis glans: the fruit is called Nux Castanea: there are divers kinds of them that are not needful to be rehearsed at this present. Cherries, Cerasa, there are two kinds of them, sweet and sour, and each of them may be subdivided into more kinds. The hard, sweet, and great Cherries are in some places called Spanish Cherries, and in latin Cerasa duracina, or Pliniana, they have a very sweet and pleasant taste: amongst these are the white Cherries also comprehended. The common red Cherries are called Cerasa Mellea, for their great and pleasant sweetness. The red and sweet Cherries that leave a bitterness in the mouth behind have first been graffed on a Bay tree, whence they as yet do keep their bitterness, and are called Cerasa Amarella, and Laurea. The black tame Cherries are called Cerasa actia, Actiana, Caeciliana, and Cessiana. The little wild and black Cherries are comprehended under the Actiana: and in like sort also the little wild and red, under the great red and domestical or tame Cherries. Of the sour Cherries there be two sorts, to wit, white and red; the red are called Aproniana cerasa: others call them juliana, and Aquea. The black are named Cerasa Amarina, and Amarena: but amongst all kinds of Cherries, are the wild black, the red, and the domestical black Cherries used most in Physic, and above all other those black ones that are called Amarena. Wherefore if one find the name of Cherries in any receipt without any addition, then are the black Cherries or Amarena to be understood and taken for it. Chickwéeds, in Greek and Latin Alsine, at the Apothecaries Morsus Gallinae, of the Herbarists Pabulum anserinum, and Paverina. This herb is cold and moist. Cichelings, in Greek and latin Lathyrus, & of Pliny, Cicercula: they are white four square Peason, sufficiently known of every man. chicory or Suckerie, in Latin and Greek Picris, Chreston, Cichorium, Pancratium, Troximum, Intybus or Intubus erraticus, Cichorium agreste, Seris syluestris, Amarago, Cicorea, Ambubeia, and of Celsus Ambugia, of Pliny Cichorea, and of the Arabians Taraxacon and Altaraxacon. Of the other kind of Intybus look in E. for Endive: Galen calleth all these kinds of Cicories and Endives Intybolachana, that is, Intybacea olera. Cinnamom, in Greek and Latin Cinamomum, Cinnamomum, and Cinnamon: it is a sweet smelling bark, and a well known spice: it is also called Canella. It is hot and dry in the third degree. Cinquefoil, in Greek and latin Pentaphyllon, Pentapetes, Chamazelon, Pentafolium, and Quinquefolium. Ciper roots, or wild Galingall, in Greek and latin Cyperus, Erysisceptrum, Cyprius, juncus quadratus, it is called of Celsus and Pliny juncus angulosus, juncus triangulus. There are two kinds of it, the one hath a round root, and is called Cyperus ro●ungus: the other a long root called Cyperus longus. Cypress tree, Cupressus, Cyparissus. Citron tree, malus Cipria, medica or Persica malus. Citrons, in Greek and Latin Cidromelum, Cochimelon, Malum curium, Malum medicum, Malum citraeum, Malum assyrium, Malum Hesperium, and Malum curinatum, and at the Apothecaries Citrinatum. citrul, Citrullus. Clarie is called of the Herbarists in Latin Oruala, Orualla, Sclarea, Scarlea, Matrisaluia, Galli crista, Totabona, and Herba sancti johannis, at the Apothecaries Gallitricum, and Centrum Galli: it is a kind of Orminum or Horminum, although it be neither of them that Dioscorides doth write of, yet may it by reason of his similitude, properties and virtues be used either with or for Horminum. The other kind of Clary is the wild Clary, that groweth every where in the fields, it hath deep jagged leaves with a blue purple flower, and is called Scarlea syluestris, or Sclarea syluestris, and Gallitricum syluestre. But whensoever Clary is prescribed, then ought the garden Clary to be used. Clavers, look in T. for Three leafed grass. Clay, Argilla: M. Cicero calleth it Terra sigillaria, Columella, Terra figularis. This Clay is used in this book for the bleeding at the nose. Cloves, in Greek Caryophyllum, at the Apothecaries Cariofilus or Gariofilus. Cock, Gallus Gallinaceus. Cockle, vide Cornerose. Codwort, in Greek and Latin Bubonium, Asterium, Aster Atticus, Asteriscus, Hyophthalmus, Herba inguinalis, and Inguinaria, of the Herbarists Stella Attica, Oculus suis, and Alibium. There be four kinds of it, to wit, the first with the blue flower, which is commonly known by the name of Codwort. Some Simplicists do call it for a difference Bubonium caeruleum. The second is almost like the former, but that the leaves and the flowers be somewhat bigger, and the flowers yellow, and starwise like the blue: this groweth by the river of Rhine. The Herbarists term it Bubonium luteum, and Inguinaria lutea. The third kind groweth on dry hills, whereof the leaves are less, double, wrinkled, and bended almost like a half moon, the flowers are very yellow, and less than the aforesaid: the Simplicists call it Bubonium lunatum. The fourth kind hath long and picked leaves, with three or four sinews, like to the lesser Plantain, & hath a fair starlike flower, yellow every where, & every flower hath six small leaves under it, placed also like a star. This kind did we first get from Marselles, for which cause it is now called Bubonium Massilioticum, and Stella Massiliotica: but when and wheresoever Codwort is named with any addition, there is always the common Codwort with the blue flower to be understood. This may also be called Ramicaria, or Rupture weed, because it is especial good for the Rupture. Coloquint, in Greek and latin Colocynthis, Sicyona, Cucurbita syluestris, Cucurbita syluatica, and Cucurbitula. Conie, in Greek Dasipus, of Polybius and Galen Cunilus, in latin Cuniculus: it is a well known beast in all countries. Copper is called in Greek Chalcos, in latin Aes, Aes Cyprium, Cuprum. Coriander, in Greek and latin Corianon, Corion, and Coriandrum. Cork tree, in Greek Phellus, and of Theophrastus' Ipsos, and of Theocritus Scoliastes, Auarica, in latin Suber. It is a kind of Oak, and very common in Italy, they have a thick rind or bark, of the which our Cork is made. Cornerose or Cockle, in Greek Lychnis agria, in latin Lychnis syluestris, of the Simplicists Caryophyllus aruensis, Pseudomelanthium, Githago and Nigestrum: Dioscorides calleth it Atocium, Hieracopodium, Tragonatum, Lampada, and Semura: some unskilful Physicians and Apothecaries have used this herb for the Melanthium or Nigella of the ancients, the which error divers Apothecaries and fond fellows have so imbibed, that they will rather follow their own foolish opinions, than be better instructed of others. Coral, in Greek and latin Coralium, Corallium, Gorgonia, Lithodendron, Dentrites & Eurallium. Costus roots, Costum & Costus: of this root there be two kinds, to wit, the bitter & the sweet Costus roots. The bitter root is always used for the Costus without any addition. Coutsenille, in Greek & in latin Coccos baphica, of Pausanias, Hysge, Coccum infectorium, Coccum tinctorium, Granum infectorium: in the Arabian tongue Kermes and Chermes. The Silk dyer's for a difference of the crimson colour, have named it Kermesinum granum, for the crimson colour and Kermes of the Arabians is not one and the selfsame. The Coutsenille is called Kermesinum, by reason of her brave colour, which is somewhat like unto scarlet. Also the crimson colour called Kermesinum, is taken from the roots of certain herbs, and it is an external thing from the roots, although it grow with them, for it is found to grow on the barks of certain trees, and hath no virtue or use in physic at all, as the Coutsenille doth, which is the natural fruit of a little tree, not unlike to our Butcher's broom, but that it is somewhat less, with fewer leaves & fruits: wherefore they do err greatly that take the crimson colour Kermesinum for the Coutsenille, and use it for the same in their compositions and medicaments. But the Apothecaries do err more grossly that do use the Gooseberries in stead of the Coutsenille, and (that which is worse) the unskilful Physicians do bear with it, & let it pass for good, so that it may well be said of them, that one blind man leadeth another: but woe be to the patiented, for he ought not to be jested withal, seeing the Coutsenille is not used but in extreme debility of the heart, for which neither the crimson colour, nor the Gooseberry hath any virtue at all. The Coutsenille is also used of women with child for to comfort & strengthen the child in their bodies, and to prevent all mischances, for the which it is very meet and requisite. The Gooseberry is of a quite contrary nature. Cowslips, Cowslips, of some Ladykeyes, or Primroses, in Greek Phlomis, Arthritica, in latin Verbasculum, the Herbarists do call it Herba paralysis, Primula veriflora, Primula veris, Bracha cuculi, and Herba primi floris; and at the Apothecaries Athretica, and Betonica alba, the which is indeed the right white Betony. There are three kinds of them: the first kind are the common Cowslips with the yellow flowers, that grow every where in dry meadows, and on grassy hills: these are called of the Herbarists Verbasculum odoratum, by reason of their pleasant smell. The second kind groweth in the woods, and is much bigger than the common Cowslips, it hath a pale yellow colour, but without any smell at all, and it is called Verbasculum syluestre, and Verbasculum album; and when this kind is set in gardens, it groweth as big again as before. The third kind are the double Cowslips, that are set in gardens, and they are much fairer, greater, and more pleasant than the common, & are called Verbasculum multiplex. Crevets, in Greek and in Latin Astacus flwiatilis, Cammarus, Gammarus: it is a kind of shell fish very common and well known. This fish is now a days of divers learned men called Cancer unjustly, for that there be no Cancri in Germany; for the true Cancri have no tail as our Crevets have, which are in all points like to the Lobsters, but that they are much less. Crabs or wild Apples, Malum syluestre, or Pomum syluestre: they and their leaves are used for the lask. Cresses, in Greek and Latin Cardamum, Nasturtium hortense, and of the common Herbarists Cressio. Cricket, Grillus, a little worm very common in all brew houses. Crystal, Chrystallus and Chrystallum. Crowfoot, in Greek Batrachion and Batrachis, in Latin Ranunculus, Herba Sardonia, Herba scelerata, Strumea, and Herba Strumea, at the Apothecaries Flammula, and Pes Corui. Pliny calleth the double Crowfoote Polyanthemum, it is called here Bachelors buttons, and of the Simplicists Ranunculus multiplex. There are divers kinds of it, but because they are not all of them used in Physic, we will only speak of the lesser sort, which by reason of the round root that it hath it is called Ranunculus rotundus, and at the Apothecaries Flammula, and of some (for to distinguish it from the other sorts) Flammula minor, and Flammula rotunda: and this kind of Crowfoote is only to be used in Physic. Cuckoo, in Greek Coccyx, in Latin Cuculus, a bird too common and well known. Cuckobread, in Greek and latin Oxies, Oxytriphyllon, Trifolium acetosum, Panis Cuculi, and at the Apochecaries Alleluia. Cuckopit, Priests pintle, or Wake Robin, in latin Pes vituli, virile Sacerdotis, Serpentaria minor, and at the Apothecaries Aron. Cucubes, in Greek Carpesium, of Actuarius, of the Arabians, and at all Apothecaries Cubeba. Cucumber, Cucumis, cucumber, and Cucumis, satiws, in Greek and of Aristophanes, Sicys and Sicuos. Cumfrey, of Dioscorides Symphytum alterum, Symphytum maius, and Pecton, of Apuleius Pectis, Anazeteses, Haemostasis, Consolida maior, and Alus Gallicus, of Scribonius Inula rustica, Consolida, Confirma maior, Conserua maior, and Solidago: it is a common herb, whereof there be two sorts, the one with purple nowers, and the other with white. There is yet a third kind called Symphytum petraeum, of Apuleius Xylophyton and Anachylis, of the Herbarists Consolida petraea: this groweth on hills and stony places. Cumin, in Greek and Latin Cuminum, Cyminum, Cuminum satiwm, Cuminum hortulanum, and Cuminum Romanum. D. Daffodil, it is called in Greek and in latin Hemerocallis, Lilium syluestre, Lilium Saracenicum, and at the Apothecaries Affodillus for Asphodelus, but unjustly: and although it be not the true Hemerocallis that Dioscorides describeth, yet it is a kind of it, and very like it in virtues and operation. The right Daffodil is called in Greek and Latin Asphodelus, Hastula regia, Albucum, the flowers with the stalk Anthericos. It is now by the diligent and expert Physicians brought into use again. Damask prunes, Pruna Damascena. Dandelion, Priest's crown, wild or yellow chicory, in Greek Hedypnois, of Theophrastus Aphaca, and of the Herbarists Seris urinaria, Herba urinaria, Seris somnifera, Caput Monachi, and dens Leonis. The Apothecaries and unskilful Physicians do call it Taraxacon, and Altaraxacon, which names are due to Plantain, as may be seen by Serapius and the Arabians. For that which Dioscorides calleth Intybus Syluestris, that do they call Taraxacon or Altaraxcon. This herb is cold by nature, it provoketh sleep, it openeth all inward obstructions, it moveth urine abundantly. Danewéede, in Greek and Latin Chamaeacte, Ebulus, Sambucus pumila, Sambucus humilis, Sambucus aruensis. Dates, in Greek and Latin Dactyli, Caryotae, Caryotides, and Palmulae: sour Dates are called Tamarindi. Date tree, in Greek Phoenix, and in latin Palma. Daisies, in Greek Ballis, in latin Bellis, Bellium, and Bellius flos, by the Herbarists Pascanthemum, and Herba Arthritica, Herba margarita, and at the Apothecaries Consolida minor. The other kind is called Bellis maior, Bellium maius, and of the Herbarists Chenanthemum, Consolida media vulnerariorum. Diamond, Adamas, a well known gem or precious stone. Dill, Anethum, it is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree. Diptamer, Diptamus, in Greek and latin Polemonia or Polemonium, Phyletaeria, Chiliodynamis, Fraxinus pumila, Fraxinula, Frassinula, Fraxinella, Frassinella, and Dictamus albus. The Apothecaries call it Diptamus, and Dictamus albus. This plant hath been taken a great while for Paeonia mascula, but it is the true Polemonium of the ancients. Dishwasher, a little bird called Motacilla, Cauda Tremula, and of Hesichius, Cyrillus, it is a common and well known bird. devils bit, Morsus Diaboli, Succissa, jacea nigra, and Praemorsa. It is a kind of Scabious, and is not unlike the same, only that the leaves of it be not jagged as the Scabious leaves are. Dock, in Greek Lapathum, in latin Rumex, and at the Apothecaries Lapatium. There are six kinds of Dockes: the first hath long piked leaves like Sorrel, but something sharper, and it is called in Greek to distinguish it from the rest, Oxylapathum, in latin Lapathum acutum, Lapathum acutifolium, and at the Apothecaries Lapatium acutum. The second kind hath great broad leaves, not much unlike the former, but somewhat bigger, the Herbarists do call it Lapathum latifolium, Lapathum platiphyllon, and Lapathun non acuminatum, which is almost altogether in use under the name of Lapathum acutum unjustly; but amongst the unskilful Physicians and Apothecaries a foot or twain breaks no square: this groweth in meadows and other moist places. The third kind hath yet bigger, but softer or gentler leaves: it is sown in gardens, especially in France, where they use it amongst other pot herbs in their porridge, the roots of it are bigger than the other, somewhat yellow, not much unlike to Rhubarb: it is called in Greek Lapathon Cepaeon, in latin Lapathum domesticum, Rumex satiws, and by the Herbarists Rhabarbarum monachorum, and Patientia: some do call it Lapathum latifolium satiwm, to distinguish it from the former. The fourth kind hath very great leaves, and piked before, it groweth in ponds and other waters, and is called in Greek Hydrolapathon, and Hippolapathon, in latin Lapathum equinum, Rumex equinus, Lapathum aquaticum, Rumex aquaticus, and palustris; the Grecians do also call it Bulapathon. The fift kind hath leaves like the first and the common Dock, with many red spots and veins, and it is found in gardens, it is called of the Herbarists Lapathum sanguineum, Rumex sanguineus, and Sanguis Draconis. The sixth kind is Sorrell, whereof shall be spoken elsewhere. Doronicum, the Arabians do call it Doronigi: it is mingled with other things that serve for comforting of the heart. Some will affirm that it is venomous, because the second kind of it is such, that it killeth both man & beast: Wherefore if our Doronicum be poison, then must of necessity follow that the herb Antora or Antitora be also venomous, because the one is as like the other in leaf, flower, and root, that the one can hardly be known from the other. But that our Doronicum is no poison, hath experience taught us many years ago. Dragons, in greek Dracontium, Dracontea, Dracontia, Isarum, Biarun, jarum, Harmiagrion, and Sigiginalium. Apuleius calleth them Pythonium, Anchomanos, Sauchromaton, Typhonium, Crocodilium, Therium, and Theriophonum; in latin Serpentaria, Columbina, Colubrina, Mauriaria, Dracontea, and Collum Draconis: of the Arabian Physicians Luf, Luph, or Alluff: the Simplicists do call it Dracunculum. There are three kinds of Dragons, to wit, the first, which we do call the greater Dragons, Dracontium maius, Dracunculus maior, & Colubrina magna, thereby to know it from the other two sorts. The second kind is somewhat less, and like to the Cuckopit, it is called Dracontium minus, Dracunculus minor, or Colubrina minor, and of Athenaeius, Aronia: Cordus doth call it Dracunculum, Henicophyllon, and Luph planum: the greater they call Luph Crispum. Others do call it the lesser Dragons, that is, Serpentaria minor. The third kind groweth near the water, upon a stubbed root, with many stalks unto it, and on every stalk one only leaf, much like to ivy, and every stalk bringeth a bunch of berries like Cukopit: it is called Dracunculus palustris, Dracunculus aquatilis, Colubrina palustris, and Arum palustre. We call them water Dragons. Some simple Physicians and silly Apothecaries do use the Bistorta roots for the roots of Dragons: but what great distance is between them, what difference in their virtues and operations, is sufficiently known to the learned. Dragonblood, Cinnabaris Indica, Sanguis Draconis, and Lacryma Draconis, it is the sap of a tree in the Indies called Draco. Duck, he or she, Anas. E. EArth sealed, in Greek Sphragiss, in latin Terra lemnia, Sigillum lemnium, Lutum lemnium, Rubrica lemnia, Minium lemnium, Lutum sigillatum, and at the Apothecaries Terra sigillata: This earth is marvelously falsified and counterfeited, wherefore great heed must be had in the use of it. Our hedge Physicians will rather use clay, than want earth in their receipts. Earthwormes, Lumbrici, Vermes terreni, Intestina terrae. Eel, Anguilla, the well known fish, that will not be held by the tail. Elecampane, in latin Helenium, Enula, Enula campana, and Terminalium. Eldern, in greek Act, & in latin Sambucus. Elm, in greek Ptelea, in latin Vlmus: there are 2. kinds of it, the common is called Vlmus campestris. The other kind groweth on hills, & is called in Greek Oriptelea, in latin of Gaza, Montiulmus, & of others Vlmus Montana. Endive, in greek & in latin Intybus, Intybum, Intybus satiws, & Seris, at the Apothecaries Endivia: it is a kind of tame Succory, and is known at this present in every place. Endive the white, or the lesser Endive, in Greek and latin Intybum satiwm angustifolium, Seris sativa angustifolia, Seris sativa minor, and Seriola: the Apothecaries do call it with a barbarous name Scariolam. Eryngus in Greek & latin Eryngium, of the Herbarists Herba pleuritica, Acus veneris, Capitulum martis, Centumcapita, and at the Apothecaries Iringus. There are two kinds of it, the one, which is common with us, and by the name of Eryngus sufficiently known. The other kind hath broad leaves, and is not so pricking as the former, it hath also a fair and bigger top, and a fair sky coloured flower, it is planted in gardens, it groweth otherwise at the sea side: the Simplicists call it Eryngium marinum. Some unexpert Physicians and Apothecaries do use the star Thistle for Eryngus, but erroneously, for it is a little Thistle, much less than the Eryngus, it hath many little heads, with purple flowers, and prickles about them standing out like a star, it hath a small root, that perisheth in winter, it groweth every where in dry places. The Herbarists do call it Carduus Stellatus, Carduus Calcifragus, Tribulus stellatus, Acanthasterion, Spinastella, Calcitrapa, and Calcitripola: Valerius Cordus doth call it Polyacantha, but it is not the Polyacantha of Theophrastus. Others do call it Eryngium minus, that is, the lesser Eryngus. And although this Thistle do also move urine, or provoke the terms in women as Eryngus doth, yet nevertheless it is not the same, but it is much stronger than the Eryngus; for if one use too much of it, then doth it expel blood with the urine: wherefore the same is duly to be used, and in steed of Eryngus use the common Thistle, or Squilles for it: Rondoletius doth call Eryngus by the name of Coronopus. Escharbot, in Greek Cantharus, in latin Cantherius, Scarabaeus, and Pilularius. F. FEarne, in Greek and latin Pteris, Blechron, Dasyclonon, and Filix, a well known herb, and common in all woods and heaths: it is called of Nicander, Betrus. Fenegréeke, in Greek Telis, Aegoceros, Ceraitis, of Pliny, Carphos, of Theophrastus, Buceras, of Hypocrates, Epiceras; in latin Foenumgraecum, of Pliny, Silia, of Varro, Silicula, and of the Herbarists Trifolium graecum: it is an herb, whose seed is only in use. Fennel, Foeniculum, Maratrum, it is a common and well known herb. pheasant, Phasianus, Fasianus, and Facidis avis, it is a common bird, which ought to be used for meat in many diseases, as hath been showed in divers places of our book. Feuerfew: it is called of the Herbarists Pseudoparthenium, Amarella, Solis oculus, Matronaria, and Matronella, the practitioners and Apothecaries do call it Matricaria. This Feuerfew hath until this present day been taken for the true Parthenium of the ancients, albeit that the most famous & learned Physicians Antonius Musa Brassavolus, Leonardus Fuchsius, Guilielmus Rondoletius, and divers others have long since sufficiently showed, that the bitter and stinking Cammomils' (of some called dog's Cammomils') are the true Parthenium, for it is not only in all points correspondent to the description of it, but agréeeths also in the virtues and operations with it, and he that readeth Dioscorides, is constrained to affirm the same: wherefore it is a great wonder, that many men will be so obstinate, that although one do show them, the truth itself, yet will they like swine tumble in their dirt, and stick to their ungrounded opinions, whereby they seem to seek the overthrow of all truths. The true Parthenium are the stinking cammomils, which are called of the Herbarists Herba virginea, Cynanthemis, Bufonaria, Aneth●m caninum, chamaemelum foetidum, and Cotula foetida. Field berries, look Huckle berries. Field Cypress, in Greek and Latin Chamaepitys, Abiuga, or Abiga, at the Apothecaries jua, and jua arthetica, or Arthetica: of Pliny Thus terrae, of the Herbarists Herba apoplectica, cucurbitularis, and Pinus pumila. Fig tree, Ficus. Figs, dried figs, Ficus, ficus passae, Caricae, there are three kinds of them brought unto us, the first are they that come in frails, and they are the meanest: the second kind are the leaf Figs, that are brought from Candy and Cypers, these are fatter and better than the former. They are called leaf figs, because they are packed and made up with Bay leaves between them. The third kind are lesser and pleasanter than the rest, they are brought from Provence, they are called figs of Marselles, and these are the best of all for Physic. Figwort, the great Scrofulary, this herb hath been unknown to the ancients, and now adays it is called of our Physicians Scrophularia or Scrofularia, and also Millemorbia, or Castrangula. Fir tree, in Greek Elate, in Latin Abies, there are two kinds of it, the first is the common fir tree, which of the Simplicists is called the white fir tree, or abies candida, the second kind of Fir tree is called in Greek Peuce, in Latin Picea, and of the Herbarists Abies nigra, which is the red fir tree. But where thou findest Fir tree in any receipt without addition, there is the common Fir tree meant. Fitches, in Greek Bition, or Aracus, in Latin Vicia, there are two kinds of them, the first is that which is known to all men by the name of Fitches, the other kind groweth of itself here and there, they are called wild fitches', Dioscorides doth call them Aphace, in Latin Vicia syluestris. But if the name of Fitches be found without addition, then shalt thou understand the first kind of them. Our unskilful soothsayers and Apothecaries do take the fitches' for the true Eruum of the ancient writers, but it is an open deceit, which ought to be punished by the Magistrates, & to call such careless fellows in question for their false quid pro quo. Flax, in Greek and Latin Linum, Pliny calleth all that Linum that may be spun. Fleawort, in Greek and Latin Psyllium, herba pulicaris, pulicaria, of Pliny Cynoides, and Cynocephalon. The seed only of this herb is used in physic, it is cold in the second, and dry in the first degree. Flint or pebble stone, in Greek Chalix, in Latin Silex. Floure deluce, Lilium caeleste, and Iris Germanica. Although this our Flour deluce do not agree in every respect with the Ireas of Italy, yet it is a kind of it, and much stronger in purging, for which cause it is above all other kinds used in the Dropsy. Folefoote, in Greek Bechium, and Chameleuce, in Latin Populago, Tussilago, of the Herbarists Vngula caballina, & herba Divi Quirini, at the Apothecaries Farfara, of Theophrastus' Aphyllantes, because that it bloweth without any leaus, wherefore it is also called of some filius ante patrem, others do likewise term it populus humilis, or pumila, farfarella, farfarago. Framboys, in Greek and Latin Batus Idaeus, Rubus Idaeus, Rubus Ceruinus, Ceruirubus, the whole shrub is called the Framb●●● hedge, the fruit Framboys, mora rubi Idaei. Frankincense, in Greek and Latin Libanus, or Libanum, Libanotis, Thus, Tus, Opolibanum, Incensum, and at the Apothecaries Olibanun. There are four kinds of it, the first is very white, round, and little corns or grains, it is called in Greek Stragonias, of Pliny Thus masculum, of the Simplicists Thus testiculatum, at the Apothecaries Olibanum testiculatum, in english white Frankincense, and this is the best of all the kinds. The second kind is grey, yellowish, and is that which is left after the former is picked out, & it is only called Frankincense. The third is also used, and it is full of barks, to which the Frankincense sticketh, and it is taken from the tree: and although it be thought unclean, yet hath it his place in Physic as well as the best. This is called Thuris cortex, Thus corticosum, & at the Apothecaries Olibanum corticosum, in english rinds or barks of Frankincense. The fourth kind are the relics that are left after the former three kinds are taken out, all these kinds do come of one and the same tree: but there is yet another contemned kind of Frankincense at the Apothecaries, and also at the Druggist's, that is not worthy to be numbered amongst the former kinds, because it is only a deceit and knavery used in stead of good ware, wherefore it ought by good right to be thrown out of doors. This is made of the gum of the Pine tree, & so prepared deceitfully, it is called Thus Adulterinum, in English counterfeited Frankincense. Frankincense the black, Timiama, in Greek Nascaphthum Narcaphthum, of others Thymiama & at the Apothecaries Thymiana. It is a sweet smelling bark which is used in sweet unguents, or fuming candles: some do call it Incensum nigrum. French Beans, Phaseolus, Phasiolus, Dolicus, Phaselus. Frog, Rana. Fumitory, in Greek and Latin Capnos fumaria, and Fumus terrae, the Herbarists call it Cerifolium felinum, and Columbinum. It is a well known herb, and is hot and dry in the third degree. G. GAdrise tree, a tree called in Greek and Latin Crania, Cornus. Galingall, Cyprus Babylonius, and Galanga, a well known spice, whereof there be two kinds, to wit, the great & the lesser, but the lesser is the true Galingall, and is to be used in stead thereof, but the great is called Galanga maior. This is used of some for the true Acorus, that is Calmus: but they err greatly, for Acorus is our common Calmus, as hath been showed elsewhere. Galls, Galla, they that grow on our Oaks are altogether unmeet for Physic, they are called of Galen Onicicidae, that is, asininae gallae. Garlic, in Greek Scorodon, and in Latin Allium. Gillowfloures, are called of the Herbarists Cariophyllus flos, Cariophyllus hortulanus, Cariophyllus domesticus, Betonica altilis, & of Pliny Cantabrica, the Apothecaries call it flos chariophyllorun, but there are divers other herbs that are called Herbae tunicae, but some suppose Carduus Benedictus to be the right herba tunica, where they should read herba turca or turcha and not tunica. Gordonius doth call our Ocymastrum that is Behen, herbam tunicam, so that almost each author hath his own herbam tunicam. Some do call our Gillowfloures flos tunicus, to distinguish it from herba tunica, which is Behen, and they do very well, for a thing well distinguished preventeth many errors. Gentian, in Greek and Latin Narce, Aloë Gallica, and Gentiana. Gentian the lesser, in Greek Phyteuma, in Latin Cruciata, Gentiana Cruciata, and at the Apothecaries about the River of Rhine, Herba divi Petri. This herb is used even at this present for them that have taken somewhat to fall in love with another body, or that are bewitched. It is also a true remedy experimented, if it be used as it ought. Germander, in greek and Latin Chamedries, Chameroys, Lynodris, Trixago, Curcula, & Serratula. Whensoever thou wilt use Germander, take that with the brown red flowers, which is a kind of Teucrium, for that is the true Germander, and is called of some Calamandrina, and Morsus mulierum. Ginger, Zingiber, a well known spice, called also Gingiber, & at the Apothecar. Zinziber. Gips, in greek and latin Gipsus, or Gipsum: there are divers kinds of it, but the best is that which is most like to chalk. Gitte, in latin and Greek Melanthium, Gith, and at the Apothecaries Nigella Romana. There is yet another kind of it, whereof the plant is bigger, & more pleasant to behold, but the seed is not so strong in smell, and is called Damask Nardus, of the Herbarists Nigella Damascena: but the first kind is only used in Physic. They are both of them hot and dry in the third degree. Glue, in Greek Colla, and Xylocolla, in latin of Virgil, Gluten, of Varro and Salustius Glutinum, otherwise also Glutinum taurinum, and at the Apothecaries Gluten ligni. It is used in plasters for the rapture. Gnat, in Greek Conops, and of Hesichius Nopis, in latin Culex. Goat, Capra. Goldfinch is called in Greek Acanthis, in latin Carduelis, and is good in meats for them that have a cold stomach. Goose, Anser. Goosegras, in Greek Aparine, Omphalocarpos, Philanthropos, in latin Aspergula, Asperula, and Speronella, it is a well known weed, hot and dry by nature. Gourds, Cucurbita esculenta, Cucurbita ventricosa, Cucurbita cameraria, Cucurbita perticalis, and at the Apothecaries Cucurbita. Graye, look a Badger, B. Gromell, in Greek and Latin Lithospermon, Gorgonium, of Theophrastus Diosporus, and at the Apothecaries Milium solis. Dioscor. calleth it Lithospermum, and Semen Leoninum. There be two kinds of it: the first groweth in the fields and untilled places: the second is like the former which is used at the Apothecaries, but it groweth not above a span in height, and the seed is also much less, it is called Lithospermon aruense: the other hath small leaves like to Flax, and between every leaf a little seed, not unlike to the true Gromell: the Herbarists do call it Lingua passerina, Lithospermon syluestre, & Lithospermon nigrum: in English black Gromil, to distinguish it from the white which is daily used. Some also do add to the former kinds Lachrima iovis, calling it Lithospermon maius, although it have no communion with them: the first is most used. Grains, Cardamomum maius, at the Apothecaries Granum Paradisi: it is used commonly both at the Apothecaries, and in the Kitchen. Grass, in Greek and Latin Agrostis, and Gramen. Grasshopper, Cicada. Gréenefinch, Acanthus, in Greek and in Latin Spinus, and of Theodorus Gaza Ligurinus: it is a well known bird, and used commodiously in meats for all cold rheums. Gum, in Latin Gummi, at the Apothecaries Gummi Arabicum. H. HAre, Lepus, it is a common and well known beast, especially in rich men's houses. Hare's foot, in Greek and in Latin Lagopus, Lagopodium, Pes leporinus: the Herbarists do call it Trifolium Leporinum, Trifolium felinum, and Trifolium Trinitatis. This herb is much used for the lask. Hearts-ease, in Greek and Latin Diosanthos, Phlox, Phlogium, Herba flammea, Herba clavellata, Herba Trinitatis, and at the Apothecary's jacca. Gaza calleth it Flammula: it is otherwise called of the Herbarists Flos iovis. It is an herb common in all gardens and fields, it is much used, and especially the water of it. Heart's tongue, in Greek and Latin Phyllitises, & Lingua Ceruina. It is of divers unlearned Physicians taken and also used for the Asplenium of the ancients, or for the true Scolopendrion; where notwithstanding the true Scolopendrium is common enough. Hartwort or Aristology, Capnos Chelidonia, Capnos phragmites, Pes Gallinaceus: of the Herbarists Pseudoaristolochia, & Radix Concava. The roots of this herb have the unskilful Physicians brought in use for the true Aristology the round, and is unto this day used for the same at many Apothecaries, which nevertheless is nothing like it. So befalleth it commonly that we will see and decern what is done in the heavens amongst the stars, and do not know those things that are beneath on earth, and belonging to our Art. This herb is a kind of fumitory, which Aetius and Pliny have so described it as may appear by their writings. Here is to be noted that as often as you find either round Hartwort, or round aristology, that the right round Aristology is to be taken for it. The true Aristolochia rotunda is called in Greek and Latin Aristolochia, and Melocarpon: otherwise it is called for a difference Aristolochia rotunda, and Malum Terrae. Hasell, or Hasell nut, in Greek Carya, in Latin Corylus, and Nux avellana. There are two kinds of it, the one that groweth every where in the woods, and the other that is planted in gardens called a filbert tree. The Nuts are called in Greek Leptocaryon, Nux avellana, Nux pontica, Nux praenestina, Nux Heracleotica, & Auellana. The tame Hasell Nuts are called filberts, Lombardy Nuts, that is, Nux Longobardica. The wood of the Hasell is cut in chips as the wood of the Ash, and also used in the making of aromatical wines. Hawthorne, is called of Theophrast. Cynosbatus, of Pliny Cynospaston, and Neurospaston, of Dioscorides Oxyacantha, of Gaza Canirubus, the fruits are called Hawes. Hawk, Accipiter of Virgil Sacerales. Heath, Erica, of Theophrastus Tetralix. Hedgehog, Echinus, a well known beast, it is full of prickles over the whole body, so that his skin will not serve to fur a pair of mittens. Hemlock, is a very venomous herb; it is called in greek Conion, Cathechomenion, Abiaton, Aegynos, Apseudes, Ethusa, Ageomera, Apolegusa, Timoron, Dolia, Palyanodinos, Aman osis, Dardanis, Aphros, Creidion, Catapsixis, Coete, in latin Cicuta: it groweth here and there by hedges, in meadows, and in other grassy places, it hath a very stinking and hurtful savour. Hemp, in Greek and latin Schoenostrophon, Asterion, Canabis, or Cannabis: it is but seldom used in Physic: it is oft called Halterweede. Henbane, in Greek and latin Hyoscyamus, Dyoscyamus, Emmanes, Duhyrabion, Typhonium, Pythonium, Altercum, Apollinaris, Fabulum, Faba iovis, Faba suilla, Herba calicularis, Faba jupina, Mania, and at the Apothecaries jusquiamus. It is cold in the third degree, especially the white, which only is used in Physic. The grey and black Henbane seeds by reason of their great cold, are taken for poison, wherefore neither of both aught to be used inwardly. Herbe-bennet, look avence. A. Herb two pence, is called of Theophrastus, Erestedanum, in latin Centimorbia, Centimorbum, or Centimorbium: at the Apothecary's Numularia, Serpentina minor, and Serpentinaria minor. Some do also call it Hirundinaria: it is a common vulnerall herb. Hermodactyles, in Greek Colchicon, in latin Ephemerum deliterium, Ephemerum lethal, Bulbus agrestis, of the Herbarists Canineca, Panis Ciconiae, and Bulbus Caninus. Our Physicians & Apothecaries do call them Hermodactylun. But because the divers other plants are called Hermodactiles, it is needful to distinguish them here, that no man put either himself or any body else in danger: for our common Hermodactylus, is the Hermodactyle root, and the true Colchicum, which Galen calleth Ephemerun deleterium: Auicenna, Serapio, and other Arabian Physicians do affirm the same: and it availeth nought, that some will distinguish the Colchicum of the Grecians, from the Hermodactylus of the Arabians: their false and erroneous opinions are easily withstood, for you need but only compare the chapter of Hermodactyles of Serapio, with the chapter of Colchicum of Dioscorides, then shall you evidently perceive that it is one and the same root: For Serapio being a diligent follower of Dioscorides, hath taken his chapped. de Hermodactylo out of the chapped. de Colchico Dioscoridis verbatim, word for word; as he hath also done in all other plants that are described of Dioscorides, as all they may perceive that have conferred both these authors together. Wherefore it is most sure that the Colchicum of the Grecians, and the Hermodactylus of the Arabians, which now also are used for Hermodactyles, are one and the same. But Dioscorides and Serapio affirm their Colchicum and Hermodactylus to be a poison as well as the venomous Toadestooles, wherefore also they command, that they be in no wise used or eaten: And although Serapio do say that the Hermodactyles be good for the Gout, and other joint diseases, yet he addeth, that if one use too much of them, that thereby the muscles and the stomach are marueliously weakened: but then he speaketh of the root of the white Hermodactyles, and supposeth that they that are red and black should altogether kill one. Seeing then they are so dangerous these roots ought not to be tolerated at the Apothecaries, and much less to be used inwardly. Whereas then we know sufficiently that our Colchicum, or Hermodactylus is so venomous, therefore must they needs lie extremely, that brag that they can cure all joint-diseases with it. For it is most true, that they that use these Hermodactyles for the Gout, whether it be in Pills, Potions, or any other way, do wax worse and worse every day, and at last are constrained to die an untimely death, as hath been seen in divers men, and at divers times: notwithstanding that divers learned men have warned them that use such dogged medicines, but no man will be taught of another, which is the only cause that we will not leave our own opinions and errors, which thing doth not only bereave many a man of this life, but also of the life to come. Wherefore I would admonish and warn every man to take heed of them, and where he findeth Hermodactyles in any receipt, that he omit them. And because that there be Pills made with Hermodactyles, which would be very commodious for the Gout, if they were left out, therefore I would wish the Hermodactyles to be omitted, & to put Turbith, or Agaricke in steed thereof, or to take Medulla Carthami for it: for they that have observed this order, have found great good by it. But if you take the roots of the true Mechoacan for it, that would be much better, for I myself have approved the same: this done, you need not fear any mishap or danger, from which I could not omit to warn every good body. It is very true that divers Grecian writers, as Actuarius, and Nicolaus Myrepsus, have left unto us certain compositions, wherein are both the white and the red Hermodactyles, as in Aurea Alexandrina Nicolai, and Diamoscu Actuarij, but these authors have not meant the Hermodactyles of the Arabians, or the Colchicum Dioscoridis, but they have meant the Behen album, and rubrum; which very well ought to be noted, that this precious confection be not defiled with that Hermodactyles, Turbith, or with Mechoacan. Dioscorides hath also his proper Hermodactyles which he calleth otherwise Pentaphyllum, and it is called in English Cinquefoil, whereof hath been spoken before. Heron, in Latin Erodius, Rhodius, avis Diomedaea, and Ardea: it is a bird every where well known. Hollyhockes, in Greek and in Latin Althaea, Aristalthaea, and Dendron Malache, of Aetius and Galen Ebiscus, Ibiscus, Hibiscus, and at the Apothecaries Maluaviscus, and Bismalna: the leaves and flowers are hot and dry in the first degree. Hony, Mel. Honysuckle, in Greek Periclymenum, Periclymenus, Aegine, Carpathon, Splenion, Calycanthemum, in Latin Volucrum maius, Inuolucrum maius, Pileolus Veneris, & of the Herbarists Matrisylua, Matersylua, or Vinciboscum, of Scribonius Syluae matter: the Apothecaries do call it Caprifolium, or Lilium inter spinas. There are two kinds of it, first the common sort which is known every where by the name of Honysuckle: the other kind is only set in gardens, and is very like the former, but that the leaves are somewhat broader, and grow close to the stalks much like the Thorowaxe: the flowers are a little shorter than those of the former, and white of colour intermixed with purple, and smell very pleasantly. In Provence and Italy is this sort as common as the other is with us; for it groweth in every hedge, etc. The Herbarists do call it for a difference from the former, Caprifolium Italicum, Caprifolium perfoliatum, or Periclymenum Italicum, and Periclymenum perfoliatum, both these plants are hot and dry by nature: the leaves and the flowers are used for stinking ulcers, fistulas, canker, and Pocks. Hops, in Greek Bryon, in Latin Lupulus salictarius, Lupulus Humulus, and of Mesues Volubilis, or Volubilis magna, Lupus reptitius, Habiola, and Bruscandula. It is hot and dry in the second degree. Horehound, in Greek and Latin Linostrophon, Phyllopharis, Camelopodium, Prassium, and Marrubium. Horse, Equus. Horse leach, Hirudo, Sanguisuga: it is a well known water worm, it is often used to draw out blood of the body of man. Horse Radish, Sinapi Persicum, at the Apothecaries Raphanus maior, of the Herbaristes Raphanus condimentarius, & Raphanus obsoniorum. The Arabians do call it Nasturtium album. This root is every where well known, and is taken of divers unskilful Physicians and Apothecaries for Armoracia, and Raphanus minor, or Syluestris, the which are the names of wild Radish. horsetail, in Greek Hippuris, in Latin Equisetum, Cauda equina, and Asprella, Dioscorides doth also call it Ephedron, and Anabasis. There are two kinds of it the greater and the lesser: the greater is that whereof we have now spoken: the lesser is called Hippuris minor, Equitium. Horsetoong, in Greek and Latin Hippoglossum, Hypoglossum, Epiglossum, Epiphyllocarpon, Lingua pagana, Bonifacia, Vunlaria, and Bislingua. Hound's tongue, Cynoglossum, or Cynoglossa, Lingua Canina: it is cold and dry in the second degree. Housléeke, in Greek Isoon, Hypogressum, Stergethron, Zophthalmon, and Atthales, in latin Sedum semperuiwm, and of Apuleius Vitalis, Caulis iovis, of the Herbarists Herba tonitru: the Apothecaries do call it Barba iovis. The second kind is the lesser Houseleek called of the Grecians Trithales, Erisithales, Geostitis, and Petrophyes, in latin Aizoum minus, Sedum minus, Vermicularis, Cauda muris, of Pliny Digitellus, of the Herbaristes Herba vermiculata, at the Apothecaries Crassula minor: both these herbs have like operations, for they do dry, cool, and are astringent, but cold in the third degree. Hucckleberries, field Berries, Bilberries, Pseudomyrtus, Vitis Idaea Theophrasti, it is a plant growing on hills and in woods very common. These black Berries are falsely taken for Myrtle seeds of the soothsayers and unlearned crew, as they also do with the leaves in stead of Myrtle leaves, for they could never guess by the sign and course of the Moon, nor by any other stars influence, what the right Myrtus is, for which cause they use this plant for it; but one must take heed not to use them for Myrtles, for they neither have the virtues nor operation of them. Hyssop or Isope, Hyssopus, or Hyssopum. I. jacinth, in Greek and Latin Hyacinthus. It is a precious stone of a light violet colour. It is called an oriental, or Bohemish Amethyst. It is dealt withal of the unskilful as it is with divers other simples, for the Chrysolite hath been used many years for the jacinth, but how erroneously that hath been done, may appear by the writings of Pliny, who saith, that the jacinth is like the Amethyst. Wherefore it is apparent that the Hyacinthus hath his name of the violet coloured flower Hyacinthus, which is most like to the natural Amethyst, so that the Chrysolithus hath falsely been used for the Hyacinthus. Also the yellow stone Prasius, or Chrysoprasium hath falsely been called Chrysolithus, by which means these stones have been confused & confusedly used the one for the other: wherefore Hyacinthus is the Bohemish or oriental Amethyst, & the Chrysolite is a false jacinth, & Chrysoprasius is the false Chrysolite: this have I thought good to show, by reason of the great errors daily committed, to the end the more warily might be dealt hereafter in the like cases. jasper stone, it is a precious stone, whereof there be divers kinds, to wit, green red, light red, dark blue, liver coloured, and spotted, yellow like Turpentine, and grey with smoky colours: all these kinds are in the fields about Nivernoy, and also here and there in France, also in Germany in sundry places, except the green and dark green jaspers', which only are brought out of India, these two last kinds are the best. The dark green jasper is called Heliotropius: the light green like a smaragd is called jaspis viridis, this is used for the smaragd but unjustly. The livercoloured is called at the Apothecaries Lapis Hepaticus. The yellow jasper is called of Dioscorides Therebinthizusa, and the blue jasper Aerizusa. Iewes lime, in Greek Asphaltos, in latin Bitumen, and at the Apothecary's Bitumen judaicum, it hath his name by reason that it was wont to be brought unto us from judaea out of the salt sea, wherein the jordan doth exonerate itself, which also hath been taken for the very best of Galen, Dioscorides, and of divers other ancient writers: but that which is now adays found at the Apothecaries is only a deceit and a counterfeited jews lime, to wit, made of Pitch, and Oleum petrae, which is both bought and sold of jews, and other covetous Merchants, wherefore it is much better to use of our Dutch Pitch (which is the right Bitumen) than to take one that is counterfeited. Pitch or Iewes lime is very seldom used alone, but it is always mixed with other things. Iewes stone, in Greek and Latin Tecolithus, Phoenicites, Pyrene, and Eureos. All these names doth Pliny attribute to the jews stone, yet he doth also call the sponge stone Spongites Tecolithus, but this name is only due to the jews stone. It is called of Dioscorides, Lapis judaicus, by which name it is also known at the Apothecaries. Ink, Atramentum scriptorium, Atramentum librarium, the Apothecaries do call it Encaustum. Indian nut, in Greek carrion Indicon, in Latin Nux Indica, and of Serapio Nergoil. It is a fruit like to the great Pompions whilst it is green, but it is brought unto us dried: the shalt of it is as hard as a horn, black without, and as big as a common bowl. It is also well known in this country: within it hath a white pith or kernel, it is used at all Apothecaries. The kernel is hot in the second, and moist in the first degree. Ireas, of Dioscorides, Iris, Urania, Thaumastos, Thelpide, or Thalpide, and Cathaeron: of Athenaeus, and Theophrastus, Hieris, in Latin Iris, Opertritus, Radix marica, and Radix consecratrix, of the Herbarists Strapula odorata, Radix violacea, and at the Apothecaryes' indeclinabiliter in casu genitivo, Ireos, or Irios. There are five kinds of it, the first is strange, and is only planted in Gardens, it hath a fair white and odoriferous flower: the root is also white and sweet smelling: it is called of the Herbarists Iris alba, Iris domestica alba. The second kind is also planted in gardens, it is very like the former, but the flower is blue and within of divers colours, not unlike to the rainbow: the root is somewhat grayer than the first, and not so odoriferous: it is called the blue Flower deluce, of the Herbarists Iris caerulea, Iris domestica caerulea, and Lilium caeruleum. The third kind groweth of itself in the woods, it is much like to the last mentioned, but that the flower is bigger and somewhat declining to the Violet or purple colour, within distinguished with many colours like a rainbow. This is called wild Ireas, of the Herbarists Iris syluestris, Lilium coeleste syluestre. The fourth kind hath small, yet long & narrow leaves, and a fair blue flower without any smell: the root is somewhat less than of the others, but not odoriferous, yea almost without smell, but very sharp and biting in taste. It groweth commonly near the Rhine in marshes: it is called of the Simplicists Iris palustris angustifolia, Lilium caeruleum palustre maius. The fift kind groweth also in moist places near the Rhine, it hath broader & shorter leaves than the former with a blue flower: the root is very sharp on the tongue but without any sent. It is called of the Herbarists Chamaeiris, Iris pumila, Iris palustris minor, Iris palustris latifolia, Gladiolus palustris latifolius, Gladiolus palustris minor, and Lilium caeruleum palustre minus. Dioscorides commendeth the Iris Illyrica or Sclavonia above all other kinds. This is somewhat lesser than the common kind of Ireas: it is also somewhat reddish and of a pleasant colour, and sweet in smell. But the Italian Ireas and that which groweth in Apulia, doth not only exceed the former in odoriferousnes, but also in operation; wherefore it is also commended of all learned physicians above that of Illyria. The Herbarists do call it Iris Italica, Iris Florentina, Iris Apula: in English the white Ireas root. If thou therefore find Ireas in any composition with any addition, then shalt thou take the Iris Florentina, which is common at all Apothecaries. Isope, look Hyssop. H. juiubes, in Greek and Latin Sericum, Zyzyphum, and at the Apothecary's juiuba: it is a kind of Prunes that are well known. Iron, Ferrum, it is very much used in Physic: for it is made red hot and extinguished in water, wine, milk, and many other liquors more. juniper tree, in Greek Arceuthos, in Latin juniperus. There are two kinds of it, the great and the lesser juniper tree: the lesser is common on every hill and known to every man: in Greek and of Dioscorides it is called Arceuthis, and Acathalis, of Theophrastus Oxycedrus, in latin juniperus minor, juniperulus and jupicellus, in English the juniper shrub. The great juniper tree hath bigger, stronger, and more pricking leaves, than the lesser, and it is a meetly great tree: the berries & fruits are thrice bigger than those of the former: it groweth on high hills and in woods. It is called in Greek of Dioscorides Arceuthos, and Acatera, of others Oxyarceuthis, and of Theophrastus Cedria, in Latin juniperus mayor, juniperus acuta, and Cupressus syluestris. They are both of sundry virtues and operations in Physic, & therefore they may be used without indifferently. ivory, Ebur, Ebor, Dens Elephantis, but juba doth call the ivory or Elephant's tooth Cerata. ivy, in Latin and Greek Cissus, Hedera, Edera, and Haedera. K. KIte, Ictinus, in latin Miluus, and Miluius. Knotgras, in Greek Polygonum, in latin Proserpinaca, Herba sanguinalis, or Sanguinaria. There are three kinds of it, to wit, the male, the female, & the lesser knotgras: the male is sufficiently known by the name of Knotgras, it groweth every where on the high ways and untilled grounds: it is called in greek Polycarpon, Carcinethron, Teutalis, Myrtopetalon, Cnopodium, Pedalion, in latin Polygonum mas, Sanguinaria, Herba sanguinalis mas, Seminalis, Vnguis muris, Proserpinaca, of Apuleius Clinopodiontes, Scorpinaca, Statumaria, and Misereviuium. The Herbarists do call it Polygonum Heracleum, or Herculeum, Corrigiola, Multinodia, Centumnodia, Gramen Porcinum, of Aetius Heliobotane, that is, Herba solis, Dioscor. doth also call it in Greek Cynochala. The second kind is a kind of Horse-tail, and is called of the common people the lesser Horsetaile, & of Diosc. to distinguish it from the other Polygonum faemina, or Sanguinalis foemina. The third kind and the lesser knotgras groweth willingly in the fields amongst Turnips, and it hath a small star like leaves, and great store of seed: the Herbarists do call it Polygonum minus, Centinodia minor, Multinodia minor, Corrigiola minor, Sanguinalis minor, Seminalis minor, and Ruella: but whensoever any mention is made, then must the first kind be understood. L. LAdymantle, the greater Sanicle of Valerius Cordus, it is called in Greek Drosium, Drosera, and Psiadium: the Herbarists do call it Alchimilla, Stellaria, Sanicula maior, Pes leonis, and Planta leonis: it is a well known vulnerall herb, yet altogether unknown to the ancient Physicians. It is hot and dry in the second degree, it is used in all manner of vulnerall potions, salves, and oils. Ladythistle, in greek and latin Sylibun, of the Herbarists Carduus divae Mariae, Carduus marianus, at the Apothecaries Chameleonta, as they are taught by the unskilful Physicians. Lark, in Greek Corydes, and Corydalis, of Pliny in latin Galetita, and Alauda. The Lark is much commended for the pain of the belly and many other infirmities. Lark's spur, of Dioscor. Cuminun syluestre alterum, of the Herbarists Plectranthemum, Calcaria, Herba divae Otiliae, Flos regius, Cyminum cornutum, Cyminum siliquosum, Cyminum corniculatum, & Calcatrippa, although the Starthistles in Italy be also called Calcatrippa, at the Apothec. Consolida regia, and Consolida regalis, Ruellius calleth it Cornuta. Lavender, Lavendula, Lavamdula, & Lavendandula. There are 2. kinds of it, sufficiently known to every man, to wit, the great & the lesser, the lesser kind is commonly called Lavender, & is every where known by that name: the greater is called Spikenard, & of the Herbarists Spica hortulana, and Pseudonardus. In old time, as well as in this our age, have these herbs been planted near be hives, because the Bees do love both the smell, & the taste of the Lavender flowers. The ancient Physicians have called this herb Casia herba, Casia coronaria, & Cneoron: whereby they have meant both the Lavamder & the Spikenard: for there are 2. kinds of the herb Casia. The use of both these herbs is very common with us in Physic; not only used of itself, but mixed also with other things. Laurel, or Lorel, in Greek Daphnoides, Eupetalon, Pelasgum Plinij, Peploin Dioscoridis, in latin Laureola, and Piper montanum of the Herbarists: it is a well known plant, that groweth in the woods, & dangerous to be used: some unskilful Physicians & Apothecaries do use it for the true Mezereon of the Arabians. Led, Plumbum. Leaven, in greek Zyme, of Theophrastus, Phyrama, in latin Fermentum. Lemon, Lemonium malum, Limonium malum, Pomum Lemonium, and Limonium, it is sufficiently known every where. Lentils, in greek Phacoes, in latin Lens, and Lenticula. They are mean between hot and cold, but dry in the third degree. Lettuce, in greek Thridax, in latin Lactuca, a very common & well known herb. There are many kinds of it: first the common Lettuce which is called broad Lettuce: secondly the crumpled Lettuce, called Lactuca crispa, and Lactuca cappadox: the third kind is the headed Lettuce, Lactuca sessilis; of Pliny, Lactuca Laconica; of Columella, Lactuca Ceciliana, & Lactuca medica; of Athenaeus, Astylis; and of Pythagoras, Eunuchion, because that it hindereth the generation of human seed: the fourth kind is wild, & is called wild Lettuce, in greek Thridax agria, in latin Lactuca syluestris, of the Herbarists Chenoglossum, Lingua anserina, and Carduus Hepaticus. Some blunt Physicians do use this for Endive, although the Endive be very common & known of most men, which is no small error. Licebane, or Stavesacre, in greek Astaphys agria, Staphys agria, and Phthitioctonum, in latin Vua syluestris, Pedicularia, and Herba pedicularis, of the Herbarists Piper murinum, and at the Apothecaries Staphisagria: of the whole plant is only the seed used. liquorice, Glycyrrhiza, Glyceraton, Glycephyton, Adipsos, Sylitra, Lybyestason; and Theophrast. calleth it Eutyglycea, in latin Radix dulcis, Radix Scythica, & at the Apothecaries Liquiritia, & of some barbarous people Regulitia: it is a well known root, & especially about Bamberge, where it groweth in that abundance, that it doth not only serve Germany but many other countries more. Lighe, Lixivium, and Lixivia, of Columell, Spuma caustica, of Martialis, Spuma Batava. Lignum Aloes, in Greek Agallochum, of Aetius, Simeon Sethus, Nicolaus, and Actuarius, Xyloaloes, in latin of Pliny, Tarum, of the later writers Lignum aloes, Xylum aloes, and Xyloaloes. The Druggist's do call it Calambucum, Lignum Taprobanum, Lignum paradisi, and Lignum sanctae crucis. In the Bible hath it only been called Aloes: it is an odoriferous kind of wood which is brought out of the Isles of Sumatra, or Taprobana: There are many kinds of it, the heavyest is the best, and that which is hard and spotted black, and very sappy, is also taken for the best. Lily, in greek and latin Crinon, Lirium, Lilium, Rosa junonis, or junonia Rosa, Nicander calleth it Crinanthemum. The Apothecaries call it for a difference of the others Lilium album, that is the white Lily: and by the name of Lilies in this book are always the white ones meant. Liriconfancie or May Lilies, or Lilies of the valleys, of Theophrastus, Lilium vernum, of the Herbarists and common Physicians Lilium convallium. Some would have it to be the Cacalia of Dioscorides, but they are deceived. The flowers of this herb are only used. Litharge of gold or silver, Lithargyrium, there are two kinds of it: the first is the lethargy or dross of silver, Argyritis, at the Apothecaries Lithargyrium argenti. The second kind is the lethargy of gold, and it is somewhat redder than the former. There is yet another kind called of Pliny, Molybditis, & of other Spuma plumbi, that is the scum of Lead. Otherwise it is also called Lithargyrum argenti, also Lithargyros, and of Pliny, Spuma argenti, as the lethargy of gold is called of some Spuma auri. These 3. kinds have the same qualities & operations, yet is the lethargy of gold taken for the best; them the scum of lead; lastly the lethargy of silver. Loadstone, in Greek of Galen Magnetis, and Heraclia, of Callimachus, Heracleotis, and of Porphyrius, Magnes, as it is also called in latin. It is called of Pliny Sideritis, because it draweth Iron unto it. Lobster, Cancer marmus. Lovage, in Greek Hipposel●num, in latin Apium equinum, of Theodorus Gaza, Equapium, of the Herbarists, Pseudoligusticum of the Apothecaries and common Physicians Levisticum. Because they have used it many years for the true Libysticum, or Ligusticum, therefore will they (according to their old custom) remain in their error, & will by no means be better instructed, let the poor patiented speed as he list: Notwithstanding that the true Libysticum of the ancients be in great abundance brought out of Italy, for it groweth very common in Liguria, and other Provinces: but diligent and careful Physicians do plant the same in their gardens. Others that have not the true Ligusticum, use the Angelica for it, or the Oustrutium: for both these herbs have the same virtues with the Ligusticum: the which all Physicians and Apothecaries ought to imitate, until such time as they attain to the true Ligusticum. If we did so much trouble ourselves about the knowledge of herbs and simples, as we do about the making of Calendars and Prognostications, we might have this and many simples more which now we want. The Ligusticum is also called Panacea of Dioscorides. Lupins, in Greek and latin Lupinus, Thermus, and Faba Lupina. M. MAce in Greek and latin Macer, Xylomacer, Macis, and Nucis myristicae involucrum: It is a well known spice, hot and dry by nature. Madder, in Greek and latin Erythrodanum, of Nicander, Scyron, Rubia, Rubia tinctorum, Rubia infectoria, Vena tinctoria: at the Apothecaries Rubia tinctorum, and Vena tinctorum. There are two kinds of it, the wild & the tame: the wild groweth every wherein the woods, & it is much better & fit for Physic than the other, which myself have approved to be true at sundry times: the root is only in use, for the herb hath small virtue. Magpie, Pica, and Citta. Malmsey, in greek and latin Momembrasites, Vinum aruisium, Vinum Creticum, Vinum chium, and Nicolaus Myrepsus calleth it Vinum Momembrasiaticum, the common Physicians and Apothecaries call it Vinum maluaticum, and Vinum maruisianum, or Maluisianum. Mallows, in Greek Malache, in latin Malua. There are 4. principal kinds of it, whereof the first is the tame Mallow, which groweth in gardens & elsewhere: it is called Malua sativa, Malua hortensis, of the Herbarists Malua maior, Hippomalache, and Malua caballina: this is the right Mallow, or Malua sativa of the ancients, notwithstanding that it groweth in all places of itself. The second kind groweth every where by hedges & ditches, & it is much less than the former, it is called in Greek Malache agria, and in latin Malua syluestris, or Malua agrestis, of the Herbarists Chenomalache, Malua anserina, Malua leporina, and Malua pumila, in English the lesser meadows. The third kind is now adays planted in gardens, and it is called crumpled Mallows, it is more moist than either of the former, although that first it came from them; for by the art of Gardening it is so changed, as many other plants also are. It is called of the Herbaristes Malua Romana, or Malua crispa. The fourth kind is called a winter Rose, in greek Moloche, and in latin of Apuleius, Hastula regia, of the Herbarists Rosa transmarina, Rosa hyemalis, Rosa autumnalis: the Apothecaries call it Malua arborea. The first two kinds are mean warm and moist by nature, but the lesser disagreeth somewhat from the other. The crumpled Mallows are much moister by nature than the other, and is but seldom used in Physic, and that because the two first are much stronger. The winter Roses are middle mean warm, but astringent withal, that as the former kinds do lose the belly, so this doth bind the same: wherefore it is also used for the lask: They therefore do lie falsely, that commend this kind above all the Mallows of Dioscorides and Galen. Mandrake, Mandragora, Antimelon: this is called of Pythagoras, Anthropomorphos. Maniple is a handful, or as much as one can hold in his hand, of herbs, flowers, roots, and such like things, in Greek Dracoes, Dragma, and of the later Grecians Dismidion, in latin of Cornelius Celsus, Manipulus, of Scribonius and Marcellus, Fasciculus, of Pliny, Fasciculus manualis. Manna, Melligo, Saliva siderum, Ros syriacus, Mel aerium: of Galen, Aeromeli, Drosomeli, at the Apothecary's Manna, or Manna coelestis, to distinguish it from the Frankincense, which is called Manna Libani, and Manna Thuris. There are two kinds of Manna, the one is soft & thin, which is gathered in stone pots, & that is called of Galen lib. tertio de alimentorum facultatibus, the principal Aeromcli, that is, Melaërium, and Mel libani. The Arabians do call it for a difference from the other Tereniabin, & averroes Tergebium. The Simplicists do call it Manna liquida. But now adays it is neither found nor used any longer, as it was wont to be in the time of Galen, & of other writers. This Manna liquida doth Hypocrates call Mell cedrinun. The other kind is dry and hard like Sugar, & is differing according to the place where it is collected, so that the one is called Manna Calibrina, & Manna Bombycina, this is brought out of Calabria, & it is accounted the worst kind, and it is not so sweet as the other. The other kind is called Manna Briansona, it is in compacted, hard, & fatty grains, it is also sweeter than the former, and more forcible in operation. The third kind is whiter, and the grains of it are not much unlike to them of Mastic, it is also called Mamna granata, or granulata, or Mastichina, & it is the very best. Marchasite, in greek and latin Pyrites, at the Apothecaries Marchasita, it is a mineral stone, it is used in Gums & Tinder boxes. There are many kinds of it, whose names do all differ according to the mineral that they contain. Marierom bastard, look Organy O. Marierom gentle, in greek Sampsychus, in latin Amaracus or Amaracum, of Aegineta and at the Apothecaries Maiorana. Marigold, of Virgil, Columella, and Pliny, Caltha, and of the Herbarists Solsequium aureum, Verrucaria, Caltha poetica, to distinguish it from the Caltha of Dioscorides, which is the Chrysanthemun: it is otherwise called Calendula, & there are 3. kinds of it, to wit, the common Marigold, that groweth in every garden, & is called Calendula. The second kind hath fair great & double flowers, it is called Calendula multiplex. The third kind is much less than both the former, but very like to the first kind with flowers, leaves, & roots: this kind groweth every where about Worms, & also about Reingau in ploughed fields, & it is much better & fit for Physic than the former, it is called the wild Marigold, Calendula syluestris, and Aruensis: some call it Calthula, because it is the least of the three. Mastic, in greek and latin Mastiche, Resina lentiscina, and at the Apothecaries Mastix. Maudlinwort, in greek Chrysocome, and Chrysitis, in latin Coma aurea, Aureola, and Amaranthus, of Galen and the Herbarists Amarathus luteus, Amaranthus aureus, Tinearia, Silphalithemum, Staechas citrina, Stichas citrina, and at the Apothecary's Stichadoes citrinum. This herb is known to most men, and is hot and dry by nature. Malt is prepared Barley, whereof the beer is made, it is called in Greek of Aetius, been, and in latin Maltum. May Lilies, or flowers, look Liryconfancie. L. Marsh garlic, in Greek & latin of Dioscorides, Scordium, Scorbium, Dysosmon, and Mithridanio●, of Apuleius Scordilum, Mithridation, and Haema Ictinos, of the Herbarists Trixago palustris, Trissago palustris, Trixago aquatica, Chamaedrys' aquatica, and of Apuleius Sanguis Milui. There are three kinds of it: the first is very like the true Germander both in the flower and in the leaf; but that the leaves are somewhat softer and of a light green colour, and smell like Garlic: the second kind is much like to the former, but that it is in every respect somewhat greater: it hath soft leaves somewhat rough & grey, but in smell it is like to the former. The first kind is called of the Herbarists Scordium minus, & the second kind Scordion maius: the third kind hath a square stalk and white flowers like to the Horehound: the leaves are big and much jagged, the smell is like Garlic, but not so strong as the other two. Plinius calleth it Scardotis, the Herbarists Scordium alterum Plinij, or Scordium Plinianum, Scordiastrum, Marrubium palustre, or Marrubium aquaticum: in English water Horehound. The Apothecaries and such like Soothsayers have taken the wild garlic for the true Scordium, but how falsely that is apparent enough to all the learned. The first and second kind are used promiscuè the one for the other: but it availeth not, seeing they are both of one operation. The water or marsh Horehound is as yet unknown at the Apothecaries and not used at all. The Scordium is used in many compositions. Maidenhair, in greek and latin Adianthum, Polytrichon, Gallitrichon, Ebenotrichon, Capillus Veneris, Supercilium terrae, & Herba Capillaris. There are two kinds of it: the first is called Adianthum nigrum, or Adianthum gallicum, because that it is brought out of France unto us: all the English names (as Venus hair, maidenhair, etc.) are proper unto this kind, and whensoever you find either of them in any compositions, then shall this kind always be understood: the second kind is called Adianthum album: it is a common & well known herb here and elsewhere: some men call it Onopterium, Filicula Asellorum, Ruta muraria, and Saluia vitae. Look in V for Venus' hair. Meade or Hony water, in greek Hydromeli, Melicratum, and in Latin Aqua mulsa. Medler tree, Mespilus. Melilot, it is called of the Herbarists Melilotus Nobilis, Herba flavea, Herba leporina, Melilotus coronata, Sertula regia, and Corona regia. It is a well known herb, it groweth in high meadows & hills about a span and a half in height (to wit in the Low-countries) with small Clavers; it hath a fine yellow flower which doth both smell & taste like honey; it is not much unlike the flower of peason. It is used every where in steed of the true Melilotus of the ancients, because it hath the same virtues and operations that are ascribed to their Melilotus. But in all Germany is the Saxifragium luteum most used, and the Melilotus Saxifragus, and Trifolium ursinum, which Dioscorides doth call Lotus Libyca, Lotus syluestris: this is much more forcible than the common Melilot as hath been approved. And although this kind be Melilotus syluestris with Dioscorides; yet there is another kind of it, to wit, Melilotus Auicennae, whereof he maketh two kinds, the one with white, & the other with yellow flowers; both which do smell very sweet & are altogether bitter in taste; yet do they digest and bind, which qualities Dioscorides and Galen do also ascribe to their Melilot: wherefore it is advised to take the great Melilot Auicennae, and it is used at the Apothecaries. The white Melilot is not common in all countries, wherefore it is sown in gardens in many places. The white is called at the Apothecaries Melilotus alba, and the yellow Melilotus lutea, the Herbarists do thus distinguish it from Lotus sativa, they call it Lotus alba, Lotus lutea, as they also call the Lotus sativa, and Lotus caerulea. Serapio hath also his proper Melilot, to wit the lesser Vitches, which after the flower is fallen away it getteth little husks like bird claws. Some do use the lesser small Melilot that grow in meadows, which is something less than the common Melilot, calling it Melilotus minor, we call it the lesser Melilot. Diosc. calleth his Melilot that groweth in Campania, Sertula Campana, and Cato, Serta Campana. Melons, Melon, Melopepon, and Melo. Mithridate, Antidote Methridatica, Methridatium, and at the Apothec. Mithridate. It is a precious confection against all poison which first was made by King Mithridate, and hath called it by his own name. Mewe, Anethum syluestre, Anethon ursinum, Anethum tortuosum, and Meum: some do call it Seseli Creticum, but care not for them, for it is the true Meum of the ancients, as every one may see and find to be without deceit, that shall confer it with the description of Dios. Milk Thistle, in Greek and Latin chameleon niger, and at the Apothecaries Cardopatium, some do also call it Carlina nigra. Mill dust, in Greek Polleu, Farina volatica, at the Apothecaries Farina volatilis. Mill stone, Lapis molaris, of Virgil Lapis incusus. Millet, in Greek Cenchros, of Strabo Cenchris, of Hippoc. Paspale: it is every where in Germany well known, & is daily used in meats. Millet of Indie, it is called in Latin Melica, of Pliny Milium Indicum, of the Herbarists Panicum Indicum, Meliga, Sorghum, and Saggina. The Portugese's call it Milium saburtum. It is a plant not much unlike to the Sugar canes, and beareth a brown seed like a Lettuce, but somewhat sharp. It is now a days sown in gardens. Miscledene, in Greek of Pliny Ixos, and of Virgil Astilis, of Hesichius Steer, Stelis, in Latin and of Virgil Viscum. It is an excrescence of trees, and groweth commonly on Pear and Apple trees: also on the Hawthorne tree and Birch trees: but that which groweth on Okes, Tillet trees, Chestnut trees, or Hasels, is commended above the rest in Physic. It is used for the falling evil and swimming of the head. Moss, in Greek Bryon, Sphagnon, Mnion, and Amnion, in Latin Muscus, Muscus arborum, and Lanugo arborum: at the Apothecaries and of the Arabians Vsnea. Mouse, Must, a domestical animal. Mouse-eare, Auricula muris. The herbs that are called Mouse-eare are 4. in number, although there be but one of them that is called so of the ancient writers: the first and greatest kind is called of some Mouse-eare, others Lungwort: it groweth commonly in dark Béechen woods & old walls, it hath broad rough & hairy leaves that lie down flat on the ground, and a stalk that is divided into three or four sprigs, on the top whereof are yellow flowers: this stalk being squised it yieldeth a white milky juice like to the wild Lettuce: the Chirurgeons do call it Lactaria consolida: the Herbarists Pilosella mayor, Auricula Muris maior, and Pulmonaria Gallica, because it also serveth for the disease of the lights. The second kind is called Pilosella media, and Pilosella, or Mouse-eare, by which name it is every where known as also in this Book it is called no otherwise. The third kind is called the lesser Mouse-eare, of the Herbarists Flos Angelicus, and Pilosella minor. It groweth in barren grounds, it hath fair white and purple flowers. The fourth kind is called the blue Mouseare or blue Eyebright, of Dioscorides Myosoris, Auricula muris, and of the Herbaristes Euphrasia carulea, and Auricula Muris caerulea. This herb is nothing like to the former three kinds in operation and virtue; for the water distilled of it is used for the dimness and bléerdnes of the eyes. The ancient Physicians have only used it for the bad eyes. But our common Mouseare is only used in potions for wounds and ruptures, and such like compositions; notwithstanding that it hath his proper use of itself. Mouse of the Alps, Must Alpinus, whereof the grease is used against the lameness and extenuation of the joints. Mugwort, Artemisia, it is an herb sufficiently known, hot and dry in the second degree. Mulberry tree, Morea, Sycamin●● in Greek, in latin Morus, and Arbour sapiens: the fruit is called Morum, or Mulberry. Mummy, Mumia: there are two kinds of it, the one is digged out of the Graves in Arabia and Syria of those that are Balsamed, and is brought unto us: it is called Pissasphaltum factitium, of the Arabians Mumia, at the Apothecaries Mumia. Serapio calleth it Mumia sepulchorum, to distinguish it from this kind following. The Physicians call it Mumia Arabum for a difference from Mumia Graecorum. The second kind is only an equal mixture of the jews lime, and Bitumen: in Greek Pissasphaltum, in Latin Picibitumen, and of the Simplicists Cera montana, Cera terrestris, Pissasphaltum natinum, and Mumia nativa. But as often as Mummy is named in this present work, is not the jews lime meant, but the Mummy of the Arabians, to wit Mumia sepulchrorum, which is found at all Apothecaries under the name of Mumia. Muscadine, Vinum Apianum, Vinum Musacatulum, Vinum Muscatellinum, and Muscatellum. Musk, Muscus, Moscus, Muschus, it is the dried matter of the imposthume of a certain beast which is called of the Barbarians Gazella. Must, in Greek Gleucos, and Deucos, in Latin Mustum, and vinum Musteum, the wine first priest out of the grape is called of Columella, Mustum Lixivium, of Pliny Protropion. This wine was wont to be enclosed in Tons, and they well hooped, to the end it should not clarify, and that it might continued sweet. It is called of some Vinum coactum: it is called of the Grecians Aigleuces, that is, semper mustum. It is often used for physic but very seldom alone. Mustard, in Greek and Latin Sinapi, Napi, and Sinapis. There are two kinds thereof, the wild and the tame Mustard. They are both of them hot and dry in the fourth degree: the tame kind is more commended for physic than the wild. Mustard seed the white, or Rocket, in Greek Eusomus, or Eusomum, in Latin Eruca: there are four kinds of it, the first kind is sown in gardens, and is known every where by the name of Rocket, or white Mustard seed: this is the true Eruca and Eusomum of the ancients. The second kind groweth of itself in the fields, not unlike the former, but somewhat less; it is called of the Herbarists Eruca syluestris, with us, wild rocket. The other two kinds, to wit, the third, and fourth, do grow about the water side, and have much bigger leaves than the former, whereof many leaves lie down flat on the ground about the stalk: the one beareth white, the other yellow flowers, they are called of the Herbarists Erucae aquaticae, Eruculae marinae, in English water rocket. Mynts crumpled, Menta crispa, Mentha sativa or Mintha, it is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree: the Greeks' do call it Hedyosmum. N. Narcissus', in Greek and Latin Narcissus. There are three kinds of it, the first is sufficiently known by the name of Narcissus, the Herbarists do call it Rhodionarcissus, and Narcissus Roseus, this is the true Narcissus. The second kind is very like the former, but it is somewhat bigger in every respect, it is called of Theophrastus Leucoium, that is viola alba, and this kind is most of all used at the Apothecaries. The third kind is like the first in leaf and root, but a little bigger, and the flower is yellow, the Herbarists call it Narcissus Autumnalis, but this is only to be understood of the flower the groweth in harvest without any leaves. The roots of it is called Colchicum, and Ephemerum, as hath been said of the Hermodactyles. Nep, at the Apothecaries Menta felina, Cattaria, it is used of divers men for Calamintha montana, because it hath the same virtues, so that it may be done without any harm. Nettles, that do burn, or burning nettles, Vrtica pungens, urtica urens. Nettles, in Greek Acalyphe, Acalephe, Cnide, in Latin Vrtica, there are three kinds of them, first, the great and common burning nettle which is known to all men, this is called Vrtica mas, or Vrtica maior. The second kind groweth not with us, but must be sown in gardens, this bringeth her seed in heads like to Flax, and indeed it is not unlike to Lineséed, but that it is somewhat less and whiter. This nettle is called of Dioscorides and Pliny, Vrtica syluestris, and of the Herbarists urtica Romana, urtica Italica, urtica foemina. The seed of this nettle is more fit for physic than the former, and it is also more forcible. It is called the Italian, Romish, or Garden nettle urtica hortulana: notwithstanding that beforetimes it hath been taken for the wild nettle. The third kind is the lesser and hotter of all, Pliny calleth it Cania, and the Herbarists urtica minor. The seeds of all kinds of nettles are hot in the end of the first, and dry in the second degree: the roots & leaves do warm, resolve, and discuss. Nettles, stinking or dead nettles, Vrtica iners, urtica mortua, urtica labeo, Anonium, there be commonly four kinds of it, they are called in Greek of Dioscorides Galiopsis, and of Pliny, Galeopsis, Galeobdolon, or Galephos, in Latin Vrtica labeo, urtica foetida, in English stinking nettles. The second kind is bigger and hath yellowish flowers, it is called of the Herbarists Archangelica, and archangelica lutea, or Anonium luteum, it is also a kind of Lamium, (although Pliny do describe but one kind of Lamium) and is called the yellow archangel. The third kind hath white flowers, the leaves are altogether like to the nettle leaves, wherefore they are also called dead nettles: it is called of Pliny and of the Herbarists Lamium album, to distinguish it from the former, Archangelica alba, urtica mortua, urtica iners, urtica lactea, and Anonium album. The latter chirurgeons do call it Herba panaritij: this is the right Lamium Plinij, and urtica mortua, dead Nettles, or white archangel. The fourth kind is a pretty herb, not unlike to the nettle, with fair purple flowers, with a strong smell like to balm; it groweth in thickets and woods, it is called of Pliny urtica Herculanea, or urtica Herculea, urtica odorata, also urtica scarlata, and that by reason of her strong and pleasant smell, they are also called wood nettles, urtica syluatica. Here is to be noted, that when dead nettles are any where prescribed, that you must take the white archangel urtica lactea. O. Oak, Quereus, Arbour iovis. Oats, in Greek and Latin Bromus, and Auena. Oleander, in Greek Rhododendron, Nerium, Rhododaphne, the Herbarists do call it in Latin Laurus rosea, rosea arbour, Rosago, Oleander, and Oleandrum. It is a tree with green leaves like to the Bay tree, but the leaves are somewhat longer and lesser, not much unlike to the leaves of the Olive. It beareth a pleasant horseflesh coloured rose, and is planted in gardens. It is hot in the beginning of the third, and dry in the second degree. Olive tree, Olea, and Oliva. There are two kinds of it, the tame, and the wild Olive, the tame is named as before: the wild is called in Greek and Latin Agrielaea, Cotinus, and olea siluestris: the tame Olive is called of Virgil Palladia arbour. Onion, in Greek and Latin Crommyum, Cepa, Cepe, and Caepe indeclinabiliter. There are many kinds of it, to wit, long, round, great, and small Onions, red, brown, and yellow: the long ones are much stronger than the round, and the yellow stronger than the white. Pliny divideth them into two kinds, the one doth he call Cepa condimentaria, and hath no head at all, but the tops are only used, and it is called Cepa pallacana. The other kind is called Cepa Capitata. Amongst all onions, are greatest accounted the best for meat, they that are flat like Turnips: they are called Cepae Africanae. Next after them are the spanish onions, but they are less, longer, and sharper, yet bigger than any onions in this country. There are also two kinds of them, the one is red, & the other white, but whensoever thou wilt use onion seeds in any composition, then shalt thou take the seeds of our onions, for that is much more fit for Physic, but the Spanish onions are better for meat. Orage, in Greek Atraphaxis, and Chrysolachanum, in Latin Atriplex, Atriplexum, and olus Aureum, it is a common potherb, cold in the first, and moist in the second degree. Orange tree, Narantia malus. Orange of Athenaeus, in Greek Chryseon, of Nicander Nerantzion, of Virgil Aureum malum, and of the common people Malum Nerantium, pomum Arangiae, Arantium, and Aurantium. Organ, gross or course Marierom, in greek and latin Origanus, or Origanum, Conila, and Cumila gallica of Apuleius. There are 3. kinds of it, the first is called in Spanish Dosten, in latin and Greek Origanus Heracleotica, or Origanum Heracleoticum, of Mesues Origanum Persicum, and of the Simplicists Origanum Hispanicum, because it is brought unto us out of Spain: but we needed not to fetch it in Spain, if we did but look about us here in Germany, we should find this noble herb Dosten in a sufficient quantity here: but our nature and disposition is such, that we must always have some newfangle, and to forsake that which is present with us. This course Marierom, or Dosten hath small and smooth leaves like to the common course Marierom, the flowers are also very like it, but it groweth somewhat higher, it hath a pleasant aromatical smell, nothing like to the common course Marierom, it groweth in great abundance near the Rhine on the hills. The second kind of course Marierom is brought unto us out of Candia, & it hath white leaves like the spanish Dosten, it is like to the wild Marierom, both by the stalk, flower, and also by the hairines, so that there is no other difference between the spanish Dosten and our wild Marierom, but that the Dosten of Candy is somewhat subtler in sight, and something more pleasant in smell than the other, which must be ascribed to the nature of the country, because that the Dosten groweth there in the fields, and ours must be planted and sown in Gardens: for we do find the same by other plants that do also grow in fields with us, that they which grow abroad are much stronger than they which are set in gardens, although they be greater & more pleasant to sight. This kind of course Marierom or Organ is called of Dioscorides and others in Greek and Latin Onitis, Origanus onitis, and of the Herbarists Maiorana syluestris, Sampsychus syluestris, Origanum asininum, Ouriganum, and at the Apothecaries Origanum creticum. They that use our wild Marierom when that of Candy cannot be had, err not at all, for it is one & the same herb. The third kind groweth also in Candy, and is set in gardens with us: it hath commonly five or six stalks growing out of one root, the leaves are very like to the wild Thyme, and the flowers like Pennyroyal, it smelleth also very well, it is called in Greek Tragoriganus, in Latin Tragoriganum, and Origanum hircinum. The fourth kind is our common Marierom, sufficiently known by that name, it is called in Greek Agrioriganus, in latin Origanum syluestre, and of the Herbarists Organum panaceum. Note, that if you find course Marierom in any composition, then is the Spanish Dosten to be taken for it, which is called Origanum Heracleoticum. Otter, in Greek Enydris, in Latin Lutra. Ox, Bos. Oxymel, is a syrup made with Vinegar and Hony. Oil of Spikenard, Oleum Spicaenardi, and Oleum Nardinum. Oyster, in Greek & Latin Ostreum, of Pliny Ostrea, it is a kind of shell fish. P. PAlma Christi, in Greek Cici, craton, seseli cyprion, pentadactylon, and of Erodotus, cillicyprion, in Latin of Pliny, Ricinus, Trixis, & Sesamum agreste, of the Herbarists Palma Christi, and Manus Christi, of the Apothecary's Cataputia maior. The Arabians do call it Cherua, Kerua: it is a plant common almost in every garden. The seed whereof is called granum regium, it is hot and dry in the second or third degree. Panic, in Greek Elymus, and Melymus, in Latin Panicum, and Panigo. Parchment, Membrana, and charta pergamena. Parsnep, in Greek Staphylinus, in Latin Pastinaca, of the Simplicists Carotis, & Carota. There are four especial kinds of it, the first hath yellow roots, and they are called yellow carrots, of the Herbarists Staphylinus luteus, Carotis lutea, and pastinaca lutea, this is the most common sort of all the tame kinds, and it is the true pastinaca sativa, but I trouble not myself with them that seek to place another kind in stead of it, thereby to cover their gross errors, if they did look on the true signs that Dioscorides ascribeth unto it, they would soon be led from that their blindness, although they were but children in judgement. The second kind of these roots is very like to the former, but that it is altogether white, and is called of the Herbarists Carotus alba, staphylinus' albus, pastinaca alba, in English a Parsnep. The third kind are the garden parsnip, these are most like to the two former in leaf, root, and flower. But the root is of a dark red colour, which yieldeth also a juice of a dark red colour, but in taste it is altogether like the foresaid. This is the true Pastinaca nigra of Theophrastus, of the Herbarists, Staphylinus ruber, Pastinaca rubra, Carotis rubra, we call them red carots. These three kinds are comprehended under the name of Pastinaca sativa of Dioscorides: yet they that would have the tame Parsnep with the broad leaf to be a kind of stone parsley, because it is sweet in taste, I could wish they would bethink themselves otherwise, for they two are as like, as the Fir tree is to the Box tree. This is the true Elaphoboscum Dioscoridis, as every one must confess that readeth the description of it: Dioscorides doth also call it Ophioctonum, Corui ocellus, & Pabulum cerui. The Herbarists do call it Pastinaca ceruina, but especially the wild kind that groweth of itself in hilly meadows, and is most like to the tame kind, differing only in the place where they grow: also the wild kind is fit for Physic, although they be both used for meat. The fourth kind is the wild Parsnep, and it groweth every where in the Vineyards and corn fields, it is much like to the tame, or garden Parsnep, the root is whiter, and sharper in taste than of the other, the flowers are white, and of the tame kind yellow: they that know the wild Parsnep may also know the tame kind very well, and may soon perceive the errors of others: it is called wild yellow carrots, or Parsnep. This is that Parsnep that all authors will have used in physic: the Herbarists do call it Pastinaca erratica, Staphiiinus erraticus, Carotus syluestris: the Apothecaries do call it Baucia; others (but unjustly) Daucus, and would make Baucia and Daucus to be one and the same. Partridge, Perdix. Paul's betony, Betonica Pauli, Veronica, it is a common herb and daily used. Peach tree, Persicus. Pear tree, Pyrus. Pearls, in Greek Margarites, Cinaedus, of Theophrastus, & Lucianus, Erythraeus lapis, of Arrianus, lapis Indicus, of Stratius, Erythraeus lapillus, of Virgil, Bacca and Bacca conchea, of Pliny, unio, of Cicero, Margarita, and of Saint Jerome, Granum maris rubri, of others Perla: it is a gem or precious stone well known unto all men. Peason, Pisum: there are divers kinds of them, but the very best are the Hastings. Peacock, Pavo and Paws in latin, of ovidius, junonia avis. Pellitory of Spain, in Greek and latin Pyrethrum, Pyritis, Pyroton, and Pes Alexandrinus: it is hot and dry in the third degree. Pellitory of the wall, in Greek Helxine, Eusine, Elitis, Chanocersaea, Amelxine, Amorgine, Sucotachos, Psychuacoes, Melampelos, Anatetamenon, Polyonymon, Clibodion, Clybetis and Clybatis, in latin Perdicium, Vrceolaris, Vitriola, of Celsus, herba Muraria, Muralium, Vineago, herba Vrceolaris, herba Vitriaria, and of Auicenna, herba Vitri, of Apuleius, herba Pedicularis, of the Herbarists Helxine muraria and Parietaria. There are two kinds of it, to wit, the common Parietary, which is the biggest, and groweth every where in old walls, and it is called of the Herbarists for a distinction Parietaria maior. The second kind is somewhat less, and groweth not outright like the former, but creepeth only along the walls, and hath red and thick stalks, like to Purslane; the leaves are like unto Purslane, but thin, soft and limber. This kind groweth plentifully at Ponte mons, on the city walls, and in many other places of France: also at Coblence near the Rhine: It is most like unto the great Pellitory in virtues and operation, they have also an abstersive and astringent quality: they are cold and moist. Penniroyall, in Greek and latin Glechon, Blechon, Apoleium, Abuolum, and Pulegiun●, it is hot and dry in the third degree. Pepper, in Greek Peperi, and in Latin Piper. There are three kinds of it, white, black, and long pepper, sufficiently known to every body: the white pepper is gathered before it be through ripe, it is much stronger and forcibler than the black, it is called Piper album. The black is called Piper nigrum. The long pepper is a thing of itself, and is called Piper longum. Perwinkle, in Greek Clematis, Clematis Daphnoides, Myrsinoides, Polygonoides, Daphnoides, and of Pliny, Chamaedaphne, in Latin Vinca pervinca, Vnicordia, Palma Virginea, Corona Virginea, Peruinca, and Viola mortuorum. It is a common herb, and groweth in shadowy places. There is yet another kind of it, which is set in gardens, it hath a dark blue flower, and it is a little bigger in every respect than the common sort is. It groweth in divers places of France of itself, they are both of them hot and dry in the third degree. Petroleum, in Greek Naphta, and of Plutarch, Naphtas, of Nicolaus Myrepsus, Petraeleon, of Suidas, Pharmacon: in Latin Bitumen liquidum, Bituminis Colamentum, at the Apothecaries Petroleum, and Oleum Petrae. There are two kinds of it, the first is the white, which is brought unto us from Naples, and out of Italy: of the black kind we have sufficient store in Germany in the land of Bitsche, half a mile from Werde, in the mountains, between Haganow and Weysenburch, near the town Lamperts loch: there is a spring in a valley, that in April and May yieldeth as much of this oil, that the men in that place may gather as much of it as will serve them all the Winter to burn in their Lamps, and to grease their Cart wheels with it; of which oil the Quacksalvers and other such like impostors do gather and fill great bottles, and then sell it again in strange countries, as if they had fetched it far, and had hazarded their lives greatly for to get it: which is little observed of divers Physicians, that will rather employ and apply themselves to the making of prognostications, in the speculations of Astronomy, and in presaging divers strange matters to come. Phlegm, Slime, a waterish moisture, in Greek and Latin Phlegma, some do call it Pituita. Pibble stone or flint, in Greek Chalix, and in latin Silex. Pigeon, in Greek Peristera and Peristeros, in Latin Columba, and of Catullus, Columbus. Pilewort, look Figwort in F. Pills, in Greek Catapotium, of Hypocrates, Gongylium and Gongylidium, of the common physicians Pillula and Pilula. Pimpernell the great, Petroselinum and Apium saxatile: It is not our common parsley, which the ancients do call Apium, as shall be showed in the description of Smallage, but our great Pimpernell is nought else but the true Petroselinum, which groweth commonly on stony rocks or hills, and also on walls. The first kind groweth in stony fields; but in Vineyards there groweth the bigger of the two, and it yieldeth a yellowish juice, it hath leaves like to the great parsley: it is called of the Herbarists Pimpinella maior, Tragoselinum maius, and Pimpinella Hircina maior, and in English great Pimpernell. The second kind is somewhat less, and groweth on grassy hills, it is called Pimpinella, Pimpinella alba, Tragoselinum, and Pimpinella hircina, without any other addition, that is the common Pimpernell. The third kind hath small jagged leaves, almost like to the crumpled parsley; it groweth willingly on stony hills, walls, and old trees, it hath a very sharp root, and is the least of all the other, it is called Tragoselinum minus, Tragoselinum petraeum, Pimpinella minor, and Pimpinella petraea. Some authors will account these herbs amongst the Daucos, but they do abuse them greatly, for they are the right stone parsleys, and have the same operation with parsley. The last kind is called the lesser Pimpernell. As often as either parsley seed, root, or juice is mentioned in any Composition, then is the greater pimpernel to be understood. Pingles, in Greek Strobili, Pityides, Nuclei pinei, in Latin Nuces pineae, and of Hypocrates, Coccali. Pistactes, in Greek and Latin Pistacium and Pistaceum, of Possidonius, Listacium, of Nicander, Psittacium, at the Apothecaries Pistachium and Fisticum. It is a strange fruit like Hasell nuts that grow in Syriae. The tree that beareth these nuts is called Pistaceus and Pistacius, and it is planted in gardens in Italy, France and Germany. Pitch, Pix: there are two kinds of it, to wit, hard or stone pitch, and liquid pitch or tar. The stone pitch is called Pix arida, Concreta, seu excocta. The other kind is called Tar, in Latin and Greek Pissa hygra, Pix liquida, Pix fluida. Plaster, in Greek Emplastros, in latin emplastrum. Plantain, in Greek and Latin Arnoglossus, Arnoglossa, Arnium, Stelephuros, Probation, Thesarica, Tarbelodatium, of Theophrastus, Ortyx, of Apuleius, Tarbidolopium, Plantago and Olus Agninum. There are six kinds of Plantain, whereof the first is the common great plantain, that groweth in all highways and fields, it is known sufficiently, and is called for a difference Heptapleuron and Polyneuron, in Latin Plantago mayor, of Apuleius, Plantago lata, and Septineruia, of the Herbaristes Plantago rubea, Plantago latifolia, and Multineruia. The second kind is called sheeps tongue, Pentapleuron, Quinqueneruia, Plantago minor, Lingua Agni, and Lingua Ouina, Lingua Arietis, and Plantago media. The third kind is called picked plantain, or Hounds rib, in Greek Hippopleuron and Cynopleuron; in Latin Plantago acuta, Plantago lanceolata, Costa equina, Costa Canina, and Laureola: this kind groweth in meadows, it is well known to every body. The fourth kind hath round leaves like the great plaintaine, but they are somewhat less and more limber, and each leaf hath but three ribs, it groweth in woods, and is called of the Herbarists Plantago syluatica, Plantago trineruia, and Plantago latifolia minor. The fift kind is planted in gardens for pleasure, the leaves are like unto the great plantain, on the upper end of the stalk doth it get many little green leaves, they grow double like unto a Rose, wherefore it is also called Rose plantain, or Plantago Rosea. Otherwise they have the same operations and virtues with the other plantain. The sixth kind groweth in Welles and waterish places, it hath long, broad, and sharp leaves at the end, it is called water plantain, of the Herbarists Plantago aquatica, Plantago palustris, and Cochlearia palustris. But when thou findest Plantain in any composition, then shalt thou take the first kind, or the great plantain. Plane tree: it is not the tree which we call Opulus, but Plantanus is a tree that groweth in Italy. Plume alum, in Greek and latin Amiantus, Bostrychites, linum viwm, linum saxatile, and at the Apothecaries Alumen plumeum, or Alumen plumosum, which the common Physicians and Apothecaries do falsely use for Alumen scissum, which hath no likelihood with any kind of alum: I will omit the virtues and operations which it should have equal with alum, for they are as like one to another, as an apple is like an oyster. Polypodie, in Greek and Latin Polypodium, Filicula, of Cato, Felicula: The root of it is only used; and when you find Polipodie with addition, then is the root only to be taken. Pomegranate tree, in Greek Rhoa, Rhaea, & Sida, in latin Malus punica, and of the common physicians Malus granata. Pomegranates, Rhaea, Sida in Greek, and in latin Malum punicum, at the Apothecaries Malum granatum and granatum. Pompeon, in Greek Pepon, in Latin Pepo. There are many kinds of it, first the common pompions, known to every body: secondly, the sugar Melons, Pepo saccharinus', Pepo muscatellinus', and Pepo Turcicus. Poplar tree, in Greek Leuce, and in latin Populus. Poppy, Papaver satiwm. There are two kinds of it, to wit, the white and the black poppy, the white is called of Dioscorides, Thylacites, and Papaver satiwm, or Hortense: and at the Apothecaries Papaver album. The black which is also placed amongst the tame kinds, is called of Dioscorides, Pithitilis, and Papaver syluestre, and at the Apothecaries Papaver nigrum; of Hesychius is the white poppy called Cynolephalaeon. The top or head is called in Greek Codia, in latin Caput Papaveris: the leaf of it is called of Theocriti Scoliastes, Platagonion. Note that wheresoever Poppy is named alone, to take the white. Privet, or Primprint, in Greek and latin Cyprus, Ligustrum; Auicenna and Serapio do call it Alchanna, Alchenna, Hen, Alkanna and Alcanna: But the Druggist's and Apothecary's do call the roots of the red Ox tongue Alcanna: Virgil doth call the flowers of privet Alba Ligustra: and Columella doth call the fruit of it Nigra Ligustura. This plant is very common in all Europe. The leaves, flowers, and berries are in use, and they have an astringent and drying quality. Purslane, in Greek Andrachne, in latin Portulaca, and Porcellana: it is cold in the third and moist in the second degree. Pineapple, in Greek and latin Strobilus and Conus. Pionie, in Greek and latin Paeonia, Peutorobum, Glycyside, of Apuleius Glycysis, and Paeonium, Orobelium, Orobax, Haemagonum, Paesaede, Menogenium, Menium, Panthiceratos, Aglaophotis, and of Aelianus, Aglaophotis terrestris, Cynospastus, Dactylus Idaeus, Theodonium, Selenium, Selenogonum, of Theophrastus, Dichomenium, of Apuleius, Gludis, Rosa Fatuina, of Dioscorides, Herba Casta, and of josephus Historicus, Baaras. Dioscorides doth also call it Phthisis, and averroes Rosa Asinorum. The Herbarists do call it Rosa benedicta, Rosa sancta, Rosa lunaris, or Lunaria, Rosa regia, and Rosa basilica. There are three kinds of it, which are all planted in gardens: of the first kind, to wit, of the female, there be two sorts, the one with fair dark red flowers, and many knotty roots, about the thickness of ones thumb, and some less, much like to Acorns: this is known every where. This kind is called of Dioscorides, Paeonia foemina, and Dactylus Idaeus. The other kind is like to the former, but the leaves are something less, and jagged, not so deep, and of a light green colour, and paler than the other: the roots are also longer and paler than the other, almost like to the male Pionie, so that it seemeth to be a mixture between both male and female. Dioscorides maketh no mention of it, but Pliny calleth it Pionia mascula, and the Herbarists Paeonia foemina altera, and Paeonia promiscua. The third kind is like to the first, with leaves and roots, the flowers are red as blood, fair, great and double, it is called Paeonia multiplex. The fourth kind hath leaves like to the Walnut tree, the flowers are like to the former in colour, but something less, the root is white, thick, long, and divided into two, it smelleth very strong and pleasant. This is the true male Pionie, Paeonia mascula, of the ancient writers. Aetius and others do call it Ephialtia and Ephialtium, of the Herbaristes Paeonia alba, and Herba Divi Valentini, we call it the white Pionie: This kind is always to be used, or else the compounded kind before named in the steed thereof. Q. Quick lime, in Greek Conia and Asbestos, in Latin Calx viva, Pliny calleth it Ferrum caementorum. Quicksilver, it is called in Greek and Latin Hydrargyron, Argentum aqueum, and Argentum viwm, of the Alchemists Mercurius: it is a mineral known to every body. There are two kinds of it, the one is found in the mines, which is called Hydrargyron natiwm: the second kind is made of Sinople, and it is called Argentum viwm, or Hydrargyron factitium. The Alchemists do add yet three other kinds unto the former, the one made of Lead, which they do call Mercurius Saturni: the other made of Tin, which they do call Mercurius lovis, or Fel Draconis: the third kind is made of gold, which they call Mercurius solis, or Viscum solis: But the two first are only used in physic, and the three last kinds, to wit, of Tin, lead, and gold, we do commit and commend to the Alchemists. Quinces, in Greek and latin Cydoneum, and of Hesychius, Lasiomalum, of Nicander, Chnoaum, of Pliny Malum lanatum, of Virgil Malum canum, of others Cotoneum, Malum Cotoneum, malum Cydonium, and at the Apothecaries Cydonium and Cittonium. There are three kinds of them, the lesser yellow Quinces that are so odoriferous, are most common and most fit for physic. The other kind is bigger and longer like a pear, and in colour pale yellow, much slighter both in taste and smell than the former: this kind is called in Greek and Latin Struthium and Struthiomelum: the Simplicistes do call it Cydonium maius, Cotoneum maius, and Pyrum Cydonium. The third kind is the middle sort: both the former are graffed from a tree on a stalk of another, this kind is called of Pliny Malum milianum, and of the Simplicists Cydonium, or Cotoneum nothum, with us the bastard Quince. The first and least are the very best, than the bastard Quinces, and the worst are the greatest. R. RAdish, in Greek and Latin Raphanus, or Raphanis, Radix and Radicula. Ragwort, Dogs stones, Gandergrasse, in Greek Satyrion, of Apuleius Panion, in Latin Satyrium, of Mesues, Testiculus Vulpis, and of Apuleius, Testiculus Leporinus. There are two kinds of it known to Dioscorides, but we have many kinds with us which we do know, amongst which Orchis and Orchis Serapias are placed. Theophrastus' Plinius and Apuleius have comprehended them under the name of Satyrium, and confounded them together. The first and true Satyrium is called of Dioscorides in Greek Satyrion triphyllon, or Satyrium trifolium. The second kind is called red Ragwort, of Dioscorides in Greek Satyrion Erithronicon, Satyrium Erithraicum, and Satyrion Erythron, of Apuleius, Entaticum, Priapicum, and Satyriscus: in Latin Molorticulum Veneris, Melium aquaticum, Testiculus Satyri, and Arrectorium. The third kind is called Satyrium regium, or Satyri●m basilicum, of the Herbarists Manus Christi, Palma Christi, and Palma Veneris, the Arabians do call it Bucheiden and Buzeiden, of Auicenna, Digitus crinitus, Satyrium basilicum maius mas. The fourth kind is like to the former, but the leaves are full of spots, it is called of the Herbarists Satyrium Basilicum maius foemina, and Lacryma Mariae. The fifth kind hath small leaves like to Saffron, it beareth a fair purple flower with a pleasant smell: the roots are also like the two other small hands. The Herbarists do call it Satyrium basilicum, or regium minus, Satyrium odoratum, Amaranthus vencris, Palma Christi minor, Palmula Christi, or Palmula Veneris. The sixth kind hath leaves like to the white Lily, but narrower and lesser, it hath two kinds of flowers, the one is of a dark red colour, like to that of Hartwort, the other as white as snow. This kind hath two roots of the bigness of an Olive, and very sweet in taste: Dioscorides calleth it in Greek Orchis and Cynosorchis, in Latin Testiculus, and Testiculus canis: the Herbarists do call it Orchis maior mas. The seventh kind is somewhat like the first, but that the leaves be less, it beareth a flower of a Chestnut colour, it is called of the Herbarists Orchis mas minor. The eight kind hath soft leaves, not unlike the Lily leaves, but somewhat less; the flowers are partly of a dark red colour, and partly incarnation, with many white strikes, the roots are like cocks stones, it is called of the Herbarists Orchis foemina maior. The ninth kind is much less than the former, but very like the same in flowers, leaves and roots, it is called of the Herbarists Orchis foemina minor. Some do call it Orchis odorata or Testiculus odoratus, it groweth on dry hills. The tenth kind hath lesser leaves than the white Lilies, the flowers are purple, it hath three roots, much less than Olives, whereof two are of one bigness, and the third less and longer, so that these three are like the member of a man. It is called in Greek of Dioscorides Orchis serapias, of Aegyneta Triorchis, of Apuleius Serapion. Yet are there three kinds more, whereof we have spoken elsewhere. Otherwise there is another kind of this herb, which is placed with the Cynosorchis, or Testiculus canis, which here for brevities sake we do omit. The Apothecaries do use all the former kinds of Ragwort for Satyrium, without any difference: and although there be but a small difference between all these kinds in operation, yet it were better only to use that which hath three leaves like Lilies for the true Satyrium, for it is the Satyrium of the ancient Physicians, to the end no error be committed. All these beforenamed herbs and roots are hot and moist, and have an attractive virtue. Raisins, in Greek Astaphides, and Staphides, in Latin Vuae passae, at the Apothecaries Passulae. There are three kinds of them in use: the first kind is the best, and are called Vuae damascenae, and Vuae zibebae, at the Apothecaries Zibebae, and Passulae damascevae. The second kind is somewhat le●●e, they are brought from Cypers, Spain, and Provence, they are the best in virtue and operation, and also in taste, and are called of the Physicians Vua passae maiores, Vuae massilioticae, at the Apothecaries Passulae maiores. The third kind are the Currants, and are called in Greek Apyrine, in Latin Vuae passae Corinthiacae, Passulae Ciliciae, Passulae Chemesinae, that is, Passulae sine nucleis, and at the Apothecaries Passulae minores: but when we find in any composition Passulae, then are these to be taken. The Arabian physicians call them Kesmes & Chesmes, that is, Raisins without stones. Ram, in Greek Crios, and in Latin Aries. Rapes, in Greek Gongyla, Gongylis, in Latin Rapa, Rapum, and Golsonium is called in Greek Raphys, and Rapys. These Rapes or Turnips are of four kinds, for some are round, some long, some white, some small, some great, but we need not make any long rehearsal of them, seeing they have all one kind of operation. There are certain Turnips sown in Lottering, and in the upper Burgundy, to the end to make oil of their seeds, but this kind of Turnips is wild, and altogether unfit for meat, but the seed is more fit for physic than that of the tame Rapes. This kind is called in Greek Gongylis agria, and in Latin Rapum syluestre. Rapontica, in Greek and latin Centaurium magnum, Maro, Maronia, and of Apulcius Maronium, Plectronia, Pelethronia, Chironia, and of the Magicians Sanguis Herculis, Limnestis, Nessium, Vnefera: the Herbarists do call it Pseudoraponticum, at the Apothecaries is it unto this day falsely called Rhaponticum, and Rhapontica, because their unskilful physicians do take it to be the same, where nevertheless the true Rhaponticum may be had sufficiently. But these blind bayards have so dazzled their eyes with gazing at the stars, that they are blind though they seem to see, and they do draw and hold other men into their errors. The true Rapontica is a root outwardly dark, grey, and less than the common Rapontica, and spongeous: also being broken, it hath many white veins much like to Rhubarb, with an astringent taste, it is brought unto us from Pontus. This is in use amongst curious and careful Physicians. It is called with us pontish Rhubarb, to distinguish it from the root of the great century, which we do commonly call Rapontica. It is called in Greek Rha, Rheon, Rheum, in latin Raponticum, Rapontica, Rheum ponticum, Rheon ponticum, of Pliny Rhacoma or Rhecoma, of Celsus Radix pontica. Rhapontium, it is called of the Herbarists Rapuntium, Rapontium, Rapunculum, Raponcellus, Raponculus, and Pes locustae, it is a kind of wild Rapes, of which there is yet another kind, it groweth commonly in shadowy woods, it hath round leaves below, and beareth a brown purple and hairy flower, and a thick root, it is very sweet in taste as the former also is, they are both used in salads and in meats. The second kind is called the wild Rapuntium, the Herbarists do call it Rapontium, Rapunculus syluaticus, and Rapontium Alopecorum. Raspes, at the Apothecary's Ribs, it is a kind of Ceanothus Theophrasti, which we do call Gooseberries, and they are like in every respect, but that the Raspes hath no thorns, and they may be used in stead of the Gooseberries. The Raspes are cold and dry in the second degree. Raven, in Greek Corax, in latin Coruus. Red Arsenic or Orpiment, Sandaraca Graecorum, and at the Apothecaries Auripigmentum rubrum. Red lead, in Greek Sandix and Syricum, in latin Minium secundarium, of vitrvuius Sandaracha, at the Apothecaries Minium, of Dioscorides and Pliny also Minium. It is our Sinople Cinnabaris Metallica, but red lead is made of lead, which is burned or calcined until it be red. This is used most commonly in salves and plasters, and especially in the unguentum Syricinum mesuis, which the unskilful sort do call unguentum Sericinum, and they do suppose that Syricum should be Sericum, and so in stead of red lead they put silk into salve. Red Poppy, Corn Roses, in Greek Mecon Rhoeas, and Oxygonum, in latin Papaver erraticum, of Geza Papaver fluidum, and of others Papaveralis and Papaverina, of the Herbarists Papaver caducum, Papaver puniceum, Papaver caninum, papaver Rhoeas, rosella, and at the Apothecaries Papaver rubrum. There is another kind of it very like the former, but much less, whereof each flower hath but four leaves, it groweth in the Rye and Wheat, and it is called the lesser red Poppy: The Herbarists do call it Papaver erraticum minus, Papaveralis, and papaverina minor, it hath also the same virtues with the former. Reed, in Greek and latin Calamus, Arundo, and Harundo, the Apothecaries call it Canna. Pliny in his sixtéenth book and 36. chapter, and in the 24. book and 11. chapter, accounteth 29. kinds of them, but we do acknowledge but six kinds of them, whereof the first is called Nastos, that is, hard and compact, and smooth between the joints, whereof the arrows were wont to be made, it is called Sagittaria Arundo, and Calamus Sagittarius. The second kind is the female, whereof the Cornets tongues are made, and it is called of Dioscorides Calamus foemina, and of Pliny Calamus Auliticus. The third kind is called in Greek Syringias, in latin Calamus, and Arundo fistularis, and it is hollow from one end to the other: there are writing pens made of it, and it is without knots, wherefore it is called Harundo enodis. The fourth kind is also hollow and thick, it groweth in ponds and great lakes, in Greek Donax, in latin Harundo Cypria, Calamus Cyprius, Harundo aquatica. The fifth kind is thick and strong, it is used for hedges, it is called in Greek Phragmites, and of Theophrastus Characias, in latin Callamus vallaris, and vallatorius, Harundo vallatoria, Harundo sepiaria, and sepicularis. The sixth kind is planted in gardens in divers places of Francs and of Germany, it is fair, great, and pleasant to sight, it is brought unto us from India, and therefore it is also called Arundo Indica. Some call it Spanish Canes or Reed, because it was first brought unto us from Spain. Rice, in latin and Greek Oriza, Risum, Rizum, of Theophrastus' Orizum, at the Apothecaries Oriza: it is known to every body. Rocket, look Mustard seed the white in M. Roebuck, in Greek Dorx, in latin Capreus, of Virgil Capreolus. Rose, in Greek Rhodon, of Theocriti Scoliastes, and of Homer Thronon, in latin Rosa. There are many kinds of it, to wit, the tame Roses which are planted in gardens, are in number seven several kinds: of the wild ones are four kinds, which is in all eleven kinds. The first kind is of a dark blood red colour, and are common in all gardens, some are single, some double, and are called of Pliny Rosa milesia, of the Herbarists Rosa purpurea and punicea. The second kind is of a light red colour, it is called of Pliny Rosa trachinea, of the Herbarists Rosa rubra: at the Apothecaries and of the common people are they called Rosa rubra, and red Roses without any distinction, neither skills it greatly, by reason they are all one in virtues and operations. The third kind is the incarnation Rose with a pleasant smell, and are called Provence Roses, of Pliny Rosa Alabandica, of the Herbarists Rosa prouincial●s, Rosa persica, Rosa incarnata, and at the Apothecaries Rosa purpurea: this kind of Roses are laxative, and are used for the laxative syrup of Roses. The fourth kind are the double white garden Roses, the commonest amongst all tame kinds, and are called Rosa alba. The fifth kind is also white, and hath been known with us but of late years, but they are somewhat less, and pleasanter to the sight than the former white Roses are, many of them being double grow together upon one branch, but six of them are scant so big as one of the tame ones, yet very pleasant in smell: some do call them white Musk Roses, any other name as yet is not known. The sixth kind of tame Roses is the yellow Rose, every where common and known, without any smell, and altogether unfit for physic: the Herbarists do call it Rosa lutea, rosa Aegyptia, rosa Africana, and rosa Vulpina. The seventh kind are the pleasant Damask roses, they are called of Pliny Rosa coroneola, of the Herbarists Rosa moscata, or rosa muscata, Rosa syriaca, rosa Damascena, and rosa Alexandrina. The first kind of wild Roses are called hedge Roses or wild Roses, they are called in Greek Cynorhodon, of Hesichius Cynocentron, of Galen Cynomoron, in Latin Canirubus, and Rosa canina: some do call it Eglenteria and Englenteria. The second kind of wild Roses are much less than the first, and are of an incarnation colour like the former, but they are very fragrant, as well the Rose as the leaf of it: it groweth in hedges and on hills, and is called of the Herbarists Rosa divae Mariae, Spina divae Mariae, Oenorhodon, vinirosa, and rosa cinamomina. The third kind of wild Roses groweth here and there in tilled fields, and especially in fields of Oats near the Rhine, it is the very least kind of all wild Roses, but it hath bigger leaves, inwardly purple coloured, it is called of the Herbarists Chamaerhodon, Rosa pumila, Rosa Aruensis, and Rosa avenaria. This kind of Roses is so odoriferous, that it seemeth to excel all tame kinds. The fourth kind of wild Roses is very like the former, they are also white roses without any smell, they blow very late, to wit, in june, they grow on dry hills and fields, and are called white field Roses: the Herbarists do call them Rosa campestris, it is most contemptible of all other kinds. Amongst all these kinds are the double and single red Roses the very best that may be used for Physic, and in like manner also the Oaten roses: wherefore if one find Roses without any addition in any mixture, then are the red or Oaten roses to be taken for it. Rosemary, in Greek and Latin Libanotis coronaria, of Apuleius, Icteritis, herba Salutaris, and libanotis coronalis, of the Herbarists Dendrolibanum, Rosmarinus coronarius, and libanotis coronaria, to distinguish it from the other kind of libanotis, which is called by them Libanotis umbellifera: the Apothecaries call it Rosmarinus: it is a well known plant, and so common in the Provinces that they make bavens of it to heat their Ovens withal, and here with us it groweth only in gardens. Rosin, Resina pinus, and resina: but Resina is a common name for all gums, but because that rosin is daily in use, it is called resina: the other gums are named with additions: wherefore whensoever you find rosin in any composition, then shall you understand the resina pinus. Rhubarb, in Greek Rhaeon barbaricon, and Rhaeonbarbarum, Rhaeumbarbarum, Rhasceniticum, Rhemusceniticum, and Radix barbarica. Ruby, there are six kinds of it, the first and most precious is the Carbuncle, which is clear, fiery, and perspicuous above all other gems, it is called in Greek Apyrotus and Anthracites, in Latin Carbunculus. The other kind of Carbuncle is the ruby, a well known precious stone, and it is called Carbunculus, Amethystizon, in Greek Anthrax Amethystizon, and Pyropus, and at the Apothecaries Rubinus: this is next the the Carbuncle, and very much used. The third kind is the Granate. The fourth kind is somewhat paler than the other former kinds, it is of a light red colour, it is called in high Dutch Ballast, in Greek Astrios, or Asterios', of Augustine in the 21. book de civitate Dei, Aster: of the Druggist's Balagius, Ballasius, Pallasius, Pallenaea gemma, Ballenaea g●mma, Carbunculus candidus, and Spinalus. The fifth kind is of a yellowish red and light in colour, it is called in Greek and Latin Lychnis, Lychnites, Carbunculus giluus, and Carbunculus pallidus. The sixth kind is called Carbunculus alabandicus, and Lapis alabandicus. Amongst all these kinds are only the Ruby and the Granate in use for physic. Rue, in Greek and Latin Peganum, Rhyte, and Ruta. There are four kinds of it, to wit, two tame, and two wild: the two tame kinds are so like that they can hardly be distinguished, if one look not well upon them, and they are used without any difference one for the other. The first kind of wild Rue is called Rue of the mountains, of Dioscorides, Ruta montana, or Rhyte montana: this is most like to the garden Rue, but that it is much less, it groweth here and there on the hills in Italy, but with us it is set in gardens. The second kind of Rue groweth in divers places of Germany of itself, and it is also otherwhiles set in gardens: it hath longish leaves, a strong and unpleasant smell, and white flowers, out of which three square heads do grow that contain the seed, somewhat bigger than those of the common Rue, and by the name of wild Rue is this commonly understood. The other wild or mountain Rue, is only called Rue: this last kind is called in Greek Peganon agrion, of Galen, Moly, A●mala, Harmal●, and Besasa: but Moly is another plant with Dioscorides and Hypocrates. The Herbarists do call this wild Rue with Dioscorides Ruta syluestris. Auicenna and the Arabians do call it Alharmel, Armel, and Harmel. Some unskilful Physicians do take Hemlock for Harmel or Ruta syluestris, and so do they follow their blind leaders Mathaeus Syluaticus, and jacobus Manlius, that have composed the Lumen maius, and have translated Harmel for Cicuta, and have expounded Armel to be the wild Rue, all which is most false: for it is most true that Armala and Harmala of the Greeks', and Alharmel, Alarmel, Armel, and harmel of the Arabians, is one and the same plant, to wit, wild Rue, which Galen doth call Moly; wherefore these fellows do lie falsely, and shall not be able to make answer for it hereafter, that they do mix the seeds of Hemlock in the pillulae foetidae and aggregativae in stead of the seeds of wild Rue, thereby not only deceiving the people, but hurting and spoiling them; so that great heed ought to be taken in all places where these pills are prepared with the seed of Hemlock in stead of the seed of wild Rue, which I could not omit at this present to show and make known to the Reader; for to use venom in stead of Rueseede is no small error. S. SAffron, in Greek and in Latin Crocus, Crocum, and Cynomorphus, of the Magicians Sanguis Herculis, of Serapius and Auicenna Sahaferam. It is called barbarously Saffranum. The very best Saffron that is to be had in Europe is the Dutch Saffron, which is set about Vienna and Spier in Germany. Sage, in Greek Elelisphacoes and Crosmis, in Latin Saluia, of Apuleius Corsaluium. There are four kinds of it, two tame, and two wild: the first is called great Sage, or broad Sage, in Latin Saluia maior. The second kind is the lesser or eared Sage, in Latin Saluia Cruciata, Saluia Auriculatae, Saluia minor, Saluia Acuta, and Saluia nobilis. The third kind is the first of the wild Sages, which Theophrastus calleth Sphacelus: it groweth commonly among Chestnut trees, and upon woody hills, it hath greater, rougher, and more wrinkled leaves than the great garden Sage hath, and it looketh as if it were withered with drieth, it hath a pretty blue flower. The fourth kind is the second wild Sage, which is known to divers by that name, and is called Saluia Syluestris, Saluia Bosci, Boscisaluia, Scorodiana, Scordiana, of Cordus Scorodiana. By Sage without any addition shalt thou understand the garden Sage. Saint john's wort, Hypericon, Perforata and Fuga daemonum, of the Herbarists Ruta Solis, herba Solis, it is a common and well known herb, hot and dry by nature. Saint john's bread, in Greek Xylocerata, or Xylocaracta, at the Apothecaries and of Actuarius Carrubia: Others do call it panis divi johannis, it is the fruit of a tree, longish and sweet, and hath certain kernels within it. Sal Armoniac, it is called Sal Armoniacus, or Sal Harmoniacus, and at the Apothecaries Sal Armoniacum. This Salt was wont to be digged out of the Sands in Africa, and was thence brought unto us, which now a days we want: But there is another chemical Salt, made of piss and other things, used in stead of the former, the which of many unskilful men is taken and used as well inwardly as outwardly for the right Sal Armoniac; but woe to them that take it inwardly. But because that we cannot get of the right Sal Armoniac any more, we may use in this place the stone Salt, or Salt of the mines, which is a kind of the true Sal Armoniac, and hath also the same virtue and operation. I would with no man to use the common Sal Armoniac inwardly. Salamader, in Greek Molge, in Latin Salamandra: it is a very venomous worm like to a great Euet, with black and yellow spots, it liveth commonly in the water, and poisoneth the same. Salt, Sal. There are four kinds of it: the common salt is called of Cato Sal popularis. The second, called Sal Marinus, is made of the Sea water, in English bay Salt. The third kind is Sal palustris. The fourth is stone salt, Sal Fossitius, Sal Crystallinus, or Sal Montanus. Saltpetre, Nitrum. Niter, and Sal Petrae: the Arabians do call it Baurach, it is a kind of natural Salt. Some do falsely use the common Saltpetre for it, which is a great deceit. Sanicle, in Latin Sanicula, and Sennicula. There are three kinds of it, which now a days are called by the names of Sanicle. The first kind and their true Sanicle, hath leaves like to the Vine, but somewhat less, and divided into five several parts: it continueth green all the winter time, and is known by many men by the name of Sanicle, and is properly called Sanicula, otherwhiles to distinguish it from the other kinds, Diapensia, Sanicula Quinquefolia, Sanicula Vitiginea, and Feraria Minor. The second kind groweth on high snowy hills, and hath fat leaves, not much unlike to Plantain: The flowers are somewhat like to Cowslips, some blue, some purple coloured: The Herbaristes do call it Arctocium, Auricula Vrsi, Paralytica Alpina, Sanicula Alpina, and Arthritica Alpina. The third kind of Sanicle groweth on high, woody, and cold hills, it hath leaves almost like Angelica, and a black hairy root. It is called of the Simplicistes Sanicula Foemina, or Astrantia nigra, in English she or female Sanicle. But this hath another operation than the Sanicle, for the root of it purgeth like Ellebore, for which cause it is of some called Sanicula Cathartica. The Herbarists call it wild Angelica. But where and whensoever Sanicle is found in any Composition without any addition, then shalt thou understand the first kind of it. sapphire stone, in Greek and Latin Sapphirus, by Marbodeus Syrtites, and at the Apothecaries Saphirus. There are four kinds of it, of the blue which is known by that name, we have spoken before. And to distinguish it from the others, it is called Saphyrus Caeruleus; and Dionysius Afer calleth it Cyaneus Saphirus. The second kind declineth somewhat from the blue to the green, and is called in Greek Prasitis, and Saphirus Prasitis. The Druggistes do call it Saphirus Viridis, in English, a green sapphire. The third kind declineth from the blue to the yellow, and is called in Greek Chrysitis, and Saphirus Chrysitis: of the Simplicists Saphirus Aureus, in English the yellow sapphire. The fourth kind is between blue and white, in colour like Buttermilk, altogether perspicuous and clear, called Saphirus candidus, in English the white sapphire. Sarcocolla, in Latin Sarcocolla, or Caruglutinum, at the Apothecaries Gummi Sarcocolla, of Serapius and other Arabian writers Anzarot or Anzarut, it is a gum of a thorn in Persia much like to Frankincense. savoury, in Greek and Latin Thymbra, Cunila, and Satureia: there are two kinds of it, and there is no difference between them both, but that the wild kind groweth of itself, and is called Thymbra, and Cunila Rustica. The other kind is planted in gardens, and is more savoury and acceptable to meat than the former: but for physic, the wild hath more virtue than the other. It is hot and dry in the third degree. Savine or Savine tree, in Greek Bathy, Brathus, B●rathrum, and Barithon: In Latin Sabina and Savina: It is a well known shrub. There are two kinds of it, the one hath rough leaves like to the Cipres tree: the other like the leaves of the Tamariske; they are both of them planted in the gardens with us, they are both attenuating and drying in the third degree. Saunders, in Greek and Latin Santalum, Santalus, and of Actuarius Xylon Santalon, that is, Lignum Santalum. There are three kinds of it, that are all brought unto us from the Indies, to wit, yellow, white, and red Saunders, all of them very common and well known at all Apothecaries. The yellow kind is called Sandalum Flawm, and at the Apothecaries Sandalum citrinum. The Arabians call it Santalum Machoziri, Mazahari, and Machazari, that is, Santalum Aromaticum, or Santalum odoriferum, because it is the very best, and most fragrant of all the kinds. The red Saunders are called Santalum Rubrum, of others Rhodosantalum, that is, Santalum Rosaceum, and at the Apothecaries Santalum Rubeum. The white Saunders are called Sandalum album. The best Saunders amongst all of them is the yellow kind, next to that the white, and last of all the red. Whensoever one findeth Saunders in any receipt without addition, then is there the yellow Saunders always understood. There is also a false kind of red Saunders found at some Apothecaries, not unlike to the true red Saunders, yet without any smell at all: this is a kind of Brasill, but it hath a darker red colour: The Druggist's call it Sondalum Spurium; it may be called in English, bastard Saunders, neither ought it by any means to be used in Physic. Scabious, of the Herbarists in Latin Sabiosa, and Herba Apostematica. There are five kinds of it, all of one virtue and operation. Psora Aetij is that common Scabious used at all Apothecaries. Scammony, in Greek and Latin Scamonium, or Schamonia, Apopleumenon, Dactylion, and Sanilum, of the Simplicists Volubilis Syriaca, Volubilis Antiochena, and Volubilis Colophonia: Dioscorides calleth it Colophonium, and Sanilum: at the Apothecaries Schamonea, and of the Arabians Sachmunia. It is a plant that groweth in Syria near Antiochia. It hath long sappy stalks, three square leaves, and white flowers like bells. It hath also a long sappy root as thick as ones arms, and white in colour. Dioscorides calleth this root Radix Colophonia, and Radix Schambonia. The juice which is priest out of this root is also called as the plant Schamonia, or Scamonium. Some do call this juice in Greek only Diacrydion, that is, Lacrymula, and at the Apothecaries Schamonea. But our Physicians now a days do understand by Diacrydion only the prepared Scammony, which the common Apothecaries and Physicians do call Dagridium or Diagridium, and Schamonia preparata. Scorpion, Scorpius, Scorpio, a marvelous venomous little beast, in Italy and other countries very common. If it bite or sting a man, and that he useth no present remedy for it, he is constrained to die. Sea balls, in Greek Sphaera thalassia, of Galen in Latin Sphaera Marina, Pila marina, at the Apothecaries Balla marina, and Nicolaus Myrepsus calleth it Palla marina: Dioscorides doth name it Prunum Genus Aicionij. It is a kind of Sea sponge dried, and round like a ball, whence it hath the name pila marina. Sea Mussels, Concha marina, Conchilium marinum. Sea Wormwood, in Greek and Latin Absinthium thalassium, Absinthium marinum, Absinthium Seriphium, Helmintobatane, Helmintopaea, Seriphon and Serifluum, at the Apothecaries Sementina, or Zina. The seed of it is only used at the Apothecaries to kill and expel the Worms of the belly, they call it Semen Zina, Semen Lumbricorum, Semen Alexandrinum, and Semen Zedoariae. In Provence that is in France, is another kind of sea wormwood, or wormeséede found, which is very like the garden Cypress, but it hath less store of seed than the former, and in the expulsion of worms altogether as forcible. This plant is called Santonicum, Absinthium Santonicum, at the Apothecaries Sandonicum, Sanctonicum, Absinthium Sanctonicum, Centonica, and Herba centonica. By all these names do they also understand the wormseed, or sea Wormwood, for they do confound these and many others more. They do call the seed Semen Sandonicum, and Semen Sanctum, by which they do understand both the former seeds. Selfeheale, Prunella, and Herba divi Anthonij. Seen leaves, are called in Greek, Latin, and in the Arabian tongue Sena, and Senna. Mesues called them with a Persian name Abalzemer. There are two kinds of them, the lesser groweth in Syria and Egypt, and are called (to distinguish them from the others) Sena Syriaca, Sena Aegyptiaca, and at the Apothecaries Sena Alexandrina, and Sena Orientalis. The greater Seen leaves do grow in Italy and elsewhere, these are called of the Simplicsts Sena Italica, or Sena Provincialis, and at the Apothecaries Sena Florentina. They are much weaker in operation and virtues than the lesser kind, and therefore more unfit for physical uses. Some there are that affirm Sena to be a kind of Colutea. Others would have the Colutea Theophrasti to be Sena, or at the least a kind of the same, but both of them do err. Look also in the Introduction of this book for Seine leaves. Service tree, in Greek Oa or Oe, in latin Sorbus: it is a well known tree, whereof the fruit is called in latin Sorbum, and it is like to a little pear. Sebestes, are little black berries, called in Greek Myxa or Myxaria, of Actuarius in latin Sebestena, and at the Apothecaries Sebesten. They are black berries, as big as hazel nuts, or little small dried prunes, they are well known at all Apothecaries. Sheep, Ouis. shepherds purse, Bursa pastoris, and Pera pastoris. Silkworms nests, Folliculus Bombycis, they are called in latin Sericum crudum, or Sera cruda, at the Apothecaries Seta cruda. Silver, in Greek Argyros and Argyrion, and in latin Argentum. Siluermountaine, in Greek and latin Seseli, and of Pliny Seselis and Sili, of the Herbarists Seselium, at the Apothecaries Siselenos, and Seselios, indeclinabiliter. There are five kinds of it, the first, hath leaves like Fennell, but somewhat bigger, with a smooth stalk, the flowers are not unlike to them of Dill, and after them followeth a little sharp seed: the root is long and odoriferous, and it groweth on stony hills. It is called in Greek Seseli Massilioticum, and Platycyminum, in Latin Seseli Massiliense. The Herbarists do call it Seselium Massiliense: at the Apothecaries Siseleos, Siler montanum, in English Siluermountaine, or Silermountaine. The second kind is called Siluermountaine of Aethiopia, the stalk is of the thickness of a finger, woody, and of a dark red colour. The leaves of it are very like to them of Honysuckles: they are smooth, and pale green in colour. It hath upon it four or five goodly yellow tops like Fennell, but the seed is somewhat bigger than that of Fennell. It is called in Greek and Latin Cynophrycon, Seseli Aethiopicum, and of the Simplicists Seseli Aethiopicum Fruticans. The third kind is our common black Siluermountaine, which of many is taken for Seseli Aethiopicum, because it hath the same virtues and operations. But the Herbarists do call it Seseli, or Seselium Aethiopicum Herbaceum, thereby to distinguish it from the aforenamed. The fourth kind is our white Siluermountaine, called in Greek and latin Seseli Peloponnesiacum, Seseli Peloponnese, and of the Herbarists Seselium Ceruinum Album. The fift kind is the Tordylium of Dioscorides. This herb as yet is not thoroughly known, because the description of it is so briefly set down by the ancient writers, which do only make mention of the seed of it. This is called in Greek Tordylion, Tordylon, of Pliny Syreon, of Paulus Aegineta Gorgylon, and in latin Seseli Creticum. But when and wheresoever thou findest Siluermountaine or Siselios in any composition, then and there shalt thou always understand and use the first kind of Siluermountaine. Sinober or Sinople, vermilion, in Greek Cinnabaris, in Latin Cinnabrium. There are two kinds of it, the first is natural, and digged out of the Mine: it is called in Greek Miltos Ammion, in latin of Dioscorides and Pliny, Cinnabaris Fossilis, Minium Natiwm, in English Sinober of the Mine. The other kind is made by the Alchimistes of Quicksilver and Brimstone, and it is called of the Simplicists Cinnabaris Factitia, Cinnabrium Artificiale, and Minium Artificiale, with us Vermilion. Sivet, in Greek of Actuarius Zapetion, in latin of the Simplicists Zibethum, Zibettum, Alg●lia, and at the Apothecaries Zibeta: It is the fat or suet which is taken from the cod of the Sivet or musk Cat: at the first it smelleth very badly, but afterwards turneth to so fragrant an odour that it far surpasseth the Musk and Ambergris: it is hot and moist by nature. It is used for the increase of human seed, and for the infirmities of the Matrix. Slow tree, or black Thorn, in Greek Agriococcymelea, and Coccymelea agria. In Latin P●unus syluestris, and of Virgil Spinus. Smallage, in Greek and Latin Eleoselinum, Hydroselinum, Apium Palustre, and Paludapium. Here is to be noted, that as often as any mention is made in this book of Smallage seeds, leaves, juice, or roots, that the greater Pimpernell roots are always to be understood for it, for that is the right Apium of the ancient Physicians. smaragd, in Latin and Greek Smaragdus, of Horatius, lapis viridis: it is a green precious stone. Snake, Serpens, Anguis. Snail, Cochlea terrestris, a Snail house and all. The house of the Snail is called in Greek by Dioscorides Celyphos, of Galen Ostracon, of Scammonicus Cochleae domus, and of Pliny Calyx. The vine Snails and garden Snails are called Cochlea opercularis. The due Snails are called Limax and Cochlea nuda. Solidago media, Sengréene, in latin Symphytum medium, Solidago media, Consolida media, Consolidago media. Soot of the chimney, Fuligo caminorum. Sophia, in Greek and Latin Thalietrum, and Thalictrum, of the chirurgeons and Herbarists Sophia, and Herba Sophiae. Some authors would have this herb to be Absinthium Seriphium, but they shall never approve it to be true, for although they were the greatest Alchemists in the world, yet should they never transmute the one into the other. This Sophia I will not deny to be very good for the Worms of the belly, yet doth it not thereby follow that it is Absinthium Seriphium, for if all the herbs should be of Sinchia Scriphia, that should expel worms, than should we have an infinite company of them. Of this Absinthium Seriphium look under the title of sea Wormwood. Soap, in Greek and Latin Smegma, or Sapo, of Martialis, Mattiaca Pila. Soap is prepared diversly, but amongst all others is the black Soap best for Physic. Sorrell, in Greek of Dioscorides Oxalis, Anaxyris, and Lapathon, of Galen Oxylapathum. Dioscorides doth otherwhiles call the Dock Oxylapathum, because it hath picked leaves: But Galen doth not call Sorrel by this name, because it hath picked leaves, but that it is amper and sour: for Oxylapathum is Lapathum Acidum, sour Dock: the Apothecaries do call it Acetosa. There are four kinds of it: The first, is that which groweth every where in gardens. The second kind is as big again as the common Sorrel, and groweth very plentifully in the Vineyards near Rhine: It is also planted in gardens for Salads, and is called Oxalis sativa, or Acetosa sativa. The third kind is set in the gardens in France, and high Burgundy, it hath round leaves, and is much sourer than the common Sorrel, it might be called round Sorrell, of the Herbarists Oxalis Rotundafoi●●, Acetosa rotunda, Oxalis Francia, and Oxalis Gallica. The fourth kind of Sorrell groweth in the common fields, and dry places, it hath small narrow leaves, and may be called sheeps or wild Sorrel: of the Herbaristes Oxalis Tenuisolia, Oxalis minor, Oxalis Veruecina, and Oxalis Arueneis: at the Apothecaries Acetosa mionr, and Acetosa ovina. But as often as you read Sorrell in any composition, thou shalt always understand the common Sorrel, although the round be the best. Sour milk, in Greek of Pliny Oxygala, in Latin Lac Acidum, or Lac Acetosum. sows bread, or Swine's bread, in Greek Cyclaminus, Ichthiotheron, and Chelonium, that is, Icestudinaria, and Chyline: in Latin Cyclamen, Vmbilicus terrae, Rapum terrae, Rapum porci, Orbicularis, and Herba orbicularis, Triumphalites, panis Terrae, Arthanita and Harthanita. Of the barbarous writers, Panis Alcurst, Panis fauni, Cassamum, Cassanum, and Quassamus. Of the Arabian Physicians Bothor Mariae. It is a root, whose leaf is like to Hartwort, but somewhat litherer, and fuller of spots. There is yet another kind of sows bread which is very like to the former, but somewhat less, no bigger than a gall; this groweth in Apulia, on the hill Garganum, it is called Cyclaminus minor. Southernewood, Auroesne, or Wardrobe, in latin Abrotonum, Thelyphtorium. The female kind of Southernwood is called garden Cipers, Abrotonum foemina, it is called Chamaecyparissus, but untruly; for Chamaecyparissus Plinij is not great and woody as the garden Cipers is, but it is a little herb, about one span in height, otherwise it is very like to the garden Cypers, it is also called with us the female Southernewood: the Herbarists do call it Abrotonum foemina, Cyparissus, and Cypressus hortulanus, and Sandolina. Sparrow, in Greek Psar, Struthos, Colmis, and in latin Passer: a well known bird. Sparrowhauke, in Greek Spizias and Spizites, in Latin Accipiter, Fringellarius, and Nisus: it is a bird common and well known. Sperage, in Greek and Latin Asparagus or Aspharagus, at the Apothecary's Asparagus. There be two kinds of it, to wit, the wild and the tame Sperage: the tame kind groweth every where near the Rhine: the wild Sperage hath lesser leaves and seeds, this groweth on the hills, for which cause it is called Asparagus petraeus. Sperma Ceti, in Greek Halos anthos, in Latin Maris flos, of the Herbarists Sperma balnearum, and at the Apothecaries Sperma Ceti: It is used for clotted blood, being mixed with other things. Spider, in Greek Arachne, in Latin Aranea, Araneus: there is yet another kind, called of Pliny, Phalangium: this is big, and poisoneth in biting or stinging, it is only found in hot countries, and especially in Italy, where it is called Tarantula. Spike of Rome, Salinuca, Nardus Celtica, Nardus Romana, Spica Celtica, Spica Romana, Nardus Gallica, and Spica Gallica, the Herbarists do call it flos divae Magdalenae: it is a well known herb, warm in the first, and dry in the second degree. Spikenard oil, look oil of Spikenard. spinach, in Greek Seutlomalache and Teutlomalache, in latin Beta Maluatica, Spinaceum, or Spinacea, Spanachia and Spinachia, Olus Spinaceum, and Olus Hispanicum. It is cold and moist in the first degree. Sponge, in Greek Spongos, and in Latin Spongia. Spurge, in Greek Tithymalus, in latin Lactaria herba, of Celsus and Columella, Lactuca marina, of Pliny, Lactuca caprina, and at the Apothecaries Esula, or Ezula. The Arabians do call it Xauser. There are eight kinds of it, the first is called in Greek and latin Characias, Tithymaius characias, Tithymalus vallaris, Amygdaloides, Comets, Tithymalus comets, Cobius, Tithymalus cobius, of Apuleius, Alypus, Gobius and Meconites, Tithymalus masculus, Lactuca marina, and Genitura Martis, of the Herbarists Esula, or Esula Papaveracea, Esula Vallaris, Esula Amygdalina, and Esula comosa. It is a very big kind of Spurge, it hath great long leaves, not unlike to the Almond tree, red stalks and branches, it is called Lathyris syluestris, and Cataputia syluestris. The second kind of Spurge hath thick and picked leaves, like to the Myrtle; it is called in Greek and Latin Myrtites, Tithymalus myrsinites, Tithymalus foemina, Caryites, Tithymalus Caryites, of Apuleius, carrion, of Theophrastus and the Simplicists, Tithymalus myrtifolius, Tithymalus myrtiphyllus, Tithymalus myrtaceus, of Apuleius, Multilago Capraria, of the common Herbarists Esula, or Esula myrtifolia, and Esula myrtacea. This kind of Spurge groweth not with us of itself, but is planted in gardens. The third kind of Spurge groweth about one span in height, and hath red branches, round leaves, white flowers, and seeds as big as small peason, it is called sea spurge, in Greek and Latin Paralius, Tithymalus Paralius, Tithymalus maritimus, Tithymalus lactariolus, Tithymalis, and of Theophrastus, Coccos: of the Herbarists Lactariola, Herba Lactariola, and Esula, or Esula marina. The fourth kind of Spurge groweth every where in gardens, and near hedges, it is an herb not altogether a span in height, with red stalks and branches, it hath round leaves like Purslane, and it beareth a yellow flower, and turneth with the Sun, in Greek and Latin Helioscopius, Tithymalus helioscopius, Tithymalus Solisequus, or Solisequius, Dentritis Apulcij (ob Arbusculae similitudinem) Cicer Columbinum, Caprago, of the Herbarists Lactaria solisequia, Esula, or Esula solisequia, or Solisequia. The fift kind of Spurge is the lesser kind of Spurge, which is like to the small field Cipers, it groweth here and there in sundry gardens, and in tilled ground, and it is called the lesser Spurge, in Greek and Latin Cyparissias, Tithymalus Cyparissias, Tithymalus Cupressinus: of the Herbarists Esula, or Esula cupressina; and at the Apothecaries Esula minor: this plant is called of Mesues Scebram minus, and Alscebram minus. The sixth kind of Spurge is the greatest of all, it groweth on rocks or stony places: it is like to a little tree, the leaves are narrower than they of Esula Myrtacea: it is called in Greek and Latin Dendrodes, Dendroides, Tithymalus Dendrodes, Tithymalus leptophyllos, Tithymalus tenuifolius, Tithymalus Petraeus, Tithymalus arborescens: of the Simplicists Esula, or Esula Arborescens and Petraea. The seventh kind hath great broad leaves, and is called great Spurge, and sweet Spurge, in Greek and Latin Tithymalus platyphilloes, Tithymalus latifolius, Corymbitis, and of Apuleius, Persites, in Latin of the Herbarists Tritum or Titum, at the Apothecaries Esula, or Esula latifolia, and Esula dulcis. The eghth kind is the Esula, which is also called Pityusa, of Mesues, Alscebram, or Alscebram maius, of Auicenna, Meheze heregi, at the Apothecaries Esula maior: there hath been spoken of this kind in the title of Turbith T. Also if Esula or Spurge be named in this book, then is the Esula Cyparissia to be used. Squinanth, in latin and greek Schoenus, Schoenanthum, juncus odoratus, Pastus Camelorum, at the Apoth. Squinanthum: the flowers are called in greek Schoenanthoes, that is, junci flores: they are now brought unto us again, although they be not common every where. Stag, Ceruus. Stavesacre, look for Licebane in L. Stechadoes or Stechas, it is called of Dioscorides in Greek Stichas, of Galen Stechas, of others Sincliopa; Alcibiades, Styphonia and Stiphonia, in Latin Stichas, Stechas, Staechas, Oculus Pythonis, or Sciolebina, and at the Apothecary's Stichadoes indeclinabiliter. There are two kinds of it, the one cometh from Arabia, which hath leaves very like to Lavender, but they are somewhat jagged, and to each stalk are three or four compacted pares, and each one hath a little stalk, with pretty little purple flowers, of a very pleasant & fragrant smell, and it is now a days with us planted in gardens: this kind is called Stichas Arabica, and at the Apothecaries Stichados Arabicum. The other kind groweth in Spain, Italy, and in other places: it is not much unlike the former, but that it is somewhat bigger, and the leaves are not jagged: the Herbarists do call this kind Stichados Europaea, it hath also oftentimes a name of the place where it groweth, as that of France is called Stichas Gallica: the Italians do call their Stichadoes, Stichadem montanam: the Portugese's do call that which groweth in Arabia Rosmarinum Mauritanorum. The authors do commend that of Arabia above all the other kinds, but because it is brought so far, and that it loseth his virtue by the way, do the learned physicians use only that which groweth in Europe. Steel, in Greek Calyps, and of Pollux, Stomoma, in latin Chalybs, of Pliny, Nucleus ferri, and Acies ferri. Stonecrop, Illecebra, Piper murinum, and of Dioscorides, Sedi tertium genus. Stone parsley, or parsley of Macedon, Petroselinum Macedonicum: they that have great store of small skill in simples, have hitherto used the parsley of Alexandria for that of Macedonia: Others, because they had no Stone parsley, have used the greater pimpernel in steed of it; of which opinion Hieronimus Tragus (my master) was the first, because that kind of pimpernel is stronger, and agreeth better with the stone parsley than the other. But now having gotten the true Stone parsley, and planted it in divers gardens, it is not needful to use any other thing for it. The parsley of Alexandria hath also her proper use in physic, and it is called of Dioscorides Smyrnium: of the Herbarists Petroselinum Alexandrinum, Petroselinum Cilicum, Apium Alexandrinum, Apium grand and Olusatrum: these herbs are seldom used alone. Storax, look Styrax in the latin Index or Table. stork, in Greek Pelargus, in latin Ciconia: it is a bird common enough beyond the seas. Storks bill, of Dioscorides Geranium alterum, of the Herbarists Pes Columbinus, and Peristopodium, it is one of the smallest kinds of Storks bill, with round leaves like to the lesser Mallow. Strawberry, Fragum. Sturgeon, Accipenser, Sturio, it is a common and well known fish. Succory, look Cicorie in C. Sugar, in Greek Sacchar, Saccharon, Meli, of Arrianus, Calaminon, in latin of Pliny, Sal Indus and Saccharum, at the Apothecaries Zuccarum. There are six kinds of it: the first kind is refined sugar, which artificially hath been purified, and is called of the simplicistes Saccharum valentinum, Saccharum finum, Saccharum refinatum, and Saccharum Tabazeth. The second kind is Madery sugar, which is brought from the Island Madera, this is the second in goodness, and is called in latin Saccharum Maderiense or Mederiense. The third kind is Canary sugar, which is next in goodness to the Madery sugar, in latin Saccharum Canarium. The fourth kind is the Malta or powder Sugar, it is brought from Maltha, and it is called of the simplicists Saccharum Maltanun. The fifth kind is a brown and soft Sugar, it is brought from the Island S. Thomas, and it is the very worst of all the kinds: it is called of the Simplicistes Saccharum Thomasinum, Saccharum Thomaeum, and at the Apothecaries Saccharum rubrum. The sixth kind is the syrup that floweth from the Sugar in refining, it is known every where by the name of Syrup, Mel Saccharinum and Remel. Whensoever any mention is made of Sugar, then is either the Madery sugar, or the Malta sugar to be taken and used. Sugar parsnep, in Greek and latin Sisarum and Siser: this is the true Sisarum or Siser of the ancient writers, and not our common parsnep, as some suppose; for the parsnep with the broad leaf is the true Elaphoboscum Dioscoridis. If we did always distinguish our herbs after the best manner, we should not fall and run into so many confusions and errors. Sulphur, look for Brimstone in B. Suppositorie is used to procure stools, and is called in Greek and latin Balanus, glans, and at the Apothecaries Suppositorium. Swallow, in Greek Chelidon, in latin Hirundo. T. TAmariske, in Greek Myrica, in latin Tamarix, of the herbarists Bryaria, and at the Apothecaries Tamariscus: it is a well known tree, and groweth abundantly in many places of Germany. tansy, the Herbarists do ca● it Tanacetum, and Athanasia. tassel, in Greek and latin Dipsacus, Onocardium, Labrum Veneris, Carduus Veneris, Virga Pastoris, Carduus Fullonius, and Lavacrum Veneris. Three leafed grass, look for Clavers in C. Thoroughwaxe, Pe●foliata. Thunderbolt, Phrygius lapis of Dioscorides, and at the Apothecaries Lapis lyncis. The gentle Reader is here to be admonished of the great abuse, harm and deceit that hath happened these many years at the Apothecaries in the use of this simple. For the unskilful Physicians, which do not much trouble themselves with the true knowledge of simples, are as yet of opinion that the Thunderbolt should be engendered in the air; and they do use it in their compositions to expel urine, gravel and stone, and especially in the Lithontribon magnum Nicolai. But the stone which they call Lapis Lyncis or Lyncurium, is called of Galen and Dioscorides Lapis phrygius, for the Dyers in Phrygia do use it in their die. This foresaid stone (as Dioscorides witnesseth) groweth in Cappadocia; but neither Galen nor yet Dioscorides doth say, that this stone should be engendered in the air, for it is a thing that groweth of itself, as the Calamine doth, and (as Galen saith) it hath the same virtues with the Flint, but that this may not be used inwardly. By this may appear how greatly they have erred that have called this stone Lapis Lyncis or Lyncurium: also how diversly men have been deceived, and their infirmities increased, in ministering unto them divers compositions, wherein this stone is put. Wherefore every careful Physician ought diligently to read the books of Dioscorides, Galen, Pliny, Aetius, and of Nicolaus Myrepsus, that he might thereby perceive his own defaults, and turn back from his errors. Dioscorides in his second book de re Medica, and the 74. chapped. writeth after this manner of the Thunderbolt: It hath been thought that the water of the air, which is called Lyncurium, should congeal into a stone, but it hath been found false, and all whatsoever else hath been said of it; for the Lyncurium is that which is called of some Electrum Pterigophoron, Amber, or white Amber, and is brought unto us in great abundance from Prussia; these are the very words of Dioscorides. The like false opinion doth Pliny detect lib. 37. cap. 3. Here may you evidently perceive, that neither ancient writers have held any thing of that false and feigned opinion; for they do all affirm that Electrum, Succinum, and Lyncurt●● is one and the same thing, which hath been sufficiently seen by the words of Dioscorides. It doth also appear in the writings of Aetius, and Nicolaus Myrepsus, that they meant nothing else by their Thunderbolt Lyncurium or Lapis lyncis, but only Succinum that is the Amber. Also that the Amber cometh not out of the air, but out of the sea, that is sufficiently known to all the world. But whether that unskilful crew had said that it were engendered of a certain water in the air, or that it is the urine of a beast congealed into a stone, that were a small error, if they had used the right Amber in their compositions. That Amber hath power to expel the stone, urine, and gravel, (which virtues are ascribed to the Lyncurium) that is sufficiently known to every expert Physician: and that the white Amber is the right Lyncurius or Lyncurium, that may be showed by the words of Aetius, who calleth it Electrum, Lyncurium, and Succinum, and distinguisheth the yellow Amber from it, calling it Chryselectrum, that is, Aureum Electrum. And Dioscorides in the former chapter calleth the white Amber Electrum Pterigophoron, and in the first book de medica materia, doth he call the yellow Amber Chrysophorum. Hereby do we conclude that Lapis Lyncis, Lyncurius or Lyncurium (as the Grecians term it) is nought else but the white Amber: wherefore heed must be taken that thou use the white Amber in all compositions that have the Lapis lyncis in them. Of the virtues of the Thunderbolt, look for Amber. Thyme, in g●éeke and latin Thymum, Thymus, Serpilium Romanum, or herba Thymiana, at the Apothecaries Tymus. There are two kinds of it, and both of them are set in gardens, but in hot countries do they grow every where of themselves. The first kind is white, and hath long ears or heads like to Stechados, it hath a very pleasant smell, it is called in Greek and Latin Thymum capitatum, Thymum candidum, Thymum creticum, Thymum Spicatum, and Thymum aromaticum: we call it white Thyme. The second kind is rougher, and of a dark green colour, and it is common in all gardens, and well known by the name of Thyme. The first kind is much better for physic than the other if it may be gotten: they are both of them hot and dry in the third degree. Tillet tree, in greek Philyra, in latin Tilia: there are two kinds of it, the common Tillet tree, and the wild Tillet tree, which groweth in the shadowy wood and hills, it is very like to the tame kind, but that it is much less; it bloweth also slower, and at the last the blossoms fall off without any fruit. It is called the wild Tillet tree, or stone Tillet, because the wood of it is harder and more compacted than the tame: it is called in Latin Tilia syluestris and Tiliamas. The blossoms and the fruits of it are used in physic. Toad, in Greek Phrynus, of Virgil, Bufo, and of Pliny, Rubeta. Some unskilful Physicians do take Rubeta to be the leafe-frogge, which is a great error, for they are as like as an apple is like to an oyster, because the Toad is hurtful and venomous, and the Leafe-frog without all hurt or harm. Tormentil, is called of Dioscorides, Chrysogonon, and of others Heptaphyllon, of the Herbarists Septifolium, Betularia, & at the Apothecaries Tormentilla. Tortoise, in Greek Chelone or Emies; of Hesichius and Aristoteles, Mys; in Latin Testudo: the shell of it is called in Greek Chelonium, and of Nicander, Chelium, in Latin Testudinis operimentum. Treacle, in Greek and Latin Theriaca, at the Apothecaries Teriaca: We have mentioned in this book of two kinds of Treacle, to wit, of Theriaca Andromachis or Theriaca magna, and the common treacle called Theriaca Diatessaron: but wheresoever Treacle is named without any addition, there must the great Theriaca Andromachis be taken and used. Turbith, of Actuarius, Turpetum, in Latin of the Herbarists Turbetum, of the Arabians Turbith and Turbeth. There are four kinds of it: the first is the white Turbith, very common at all Apothecaries, this kind is called of Dioscorides in Greek Alpum, of Actuarius Alypias, and Turpetum album, at the Apothecaries Turpetum Orientale, or Turpetum Alexandrinum, and in English white Turbith. The second kind is called of Dioscorides and Actuarius, Pityusa, Clema, Crabion, and Canopicon, of the Herbarists Turpetum nigrum, and Esula mayor: also of the Arabians Alscebram maius, or Scebram maius, in english black Turbith. The third kind is called in Greek Thapsia, Hypopium, and Pancranum, in latin Ferulago, and Ferula syluestris, of the Herbarists Turpetum cineritium, and Turpetum Mesuis, and Mesues hath understood by his Turbith nothing else but Thapsia. The fourth kind is the Turpetum Serapionis, who also hath his several Turbith. Dioscorides calleth it Tripolium, Psyche, Meris, Stachyites, of the Herbarists Turpetum Serapionis, and Aster marinus: but when thou findest Turbith in any composition with any addition, then is the white Turbith to be understood for it. Turmeric, Cyperus Indicus, the Apothecaries call it Curcuma, and Terra merita, Rasis calleth it Vena citrina. Turnips, look for Rapes in R. Turpentine is called Resina Terebinthi, Terebinthina, or Terminthina, of the Arabians and Apothecaries Terbentina, Terpentina, & Termentina. It is not the common Turpentine that floweth from the Fir tree, as the unskilful suppose, but it is the true Turpentine of the Turpentine tree. Turpentine tree, in Greek Terminthos, of Nicander, Trimithos, in latin Terebinthus, of Auicenna, Arbor granivirides. Turtle Dove, in Greek Trygon, in Latin Turtur. Tuttie, at the Apothecaries Tutia factitia, Cadmia botryitis, or Cadmia Acinosa, and Cadmia officinarum. V VAlerian, in Greek and latin Phu, Valeriana, Genicularis, Herba benedicta and Marinella. There are four kinds of it, and two of them only in use; the first is the common Valerian, which only ought to have that name. The second kind is planted in gardens, although it be otherwhiles found in woods and on hills: it hath much greater leaves than the common Valerian, and also a bigger root, of the thickness of a finger, & this is the true Phu of the ancient writers. It is called Phu Ponticum, in english great Valerian, the Herbarists do call it Theriacaria, Herba divi Georgij, Georgiana, & Herba divae Mariae. This is commended before the former Valerian, if it may be gotten. They are hot in the first, and dry in the second degree. Venus' hair, in greek Trichoman●, Callitrichon, Eupteron, of Hypocrates, Calliphyllon, of Apuleius, Tricophys, Selinophyllon, Dyphyes, Scholibrochon, Amianthon, and Adianton: although Dioscorides do describe another kind of Adianton, to wit, maidenhair, yet notwithstanding is Venus' hair the true Adiantum Apuleij: in latin Herba Capillaris, Barba Herculis, and Pinnula, of Apuleius, Herba crinita, Capillus Veneris: the Apothecaries call it Polytrichum. There are yet two kinds more of it, to wit, the greater and the lesser Maidenhair: the greater kind is called of the Herbarists Polytrichum aureum, Adiantum aureum, & Capillaris aurea. The lesser is called Adiantum aureum minus. Some have taken both these kinds for Polytrichon Apuleij; but they err greatly, as doth appear by the description of it. But when thou readest Venus hair in any composition, then shalt thou take the common Venus' hair. verdigris, in Greek Chalcou anthos, in latin Flos aeris, or Aerugo, at the Apothecaries Viride aeris. Vinum punicum, or Vinum Histricum, Vinum punicinum. Violets, in Greek jon, & jon porphyrion, of Theophrastus, jon Melan, and Melanion, of Dioscorides Dasipodium, Priapeion, Cybelion, in latin Viola purpurea, Viola muraria, Viola nigra, and Setialis: of the Herbarists Viola Martia, and Viola Quadragesimalis: it is also sometimes called only Viola, in english a Violet: the Apothecaries call it Flos Violae. The leaves of the Violets are called Violaria, and Mater Violarum. There are five kinds of them, that are all of one & the same operation. The first kind is common every where, and known to all men. The second kind are the white Violets, which are very like to the former, but that they be very white; they are set in gardens notwithstanding that they are found in the fields: the Herbarists do call it Viola alba, and Viola Martia alba. The third and fourth kinds are the white and blue double Violets, that grow in gardens: The blue double Violets are called Viola multiplex, jon polyphyllon, and Viola purpurea multiplex. The double white Violets are called Viola alba multiplex. The fift kind of Violets are the wild violets, which are like to the tame Violets in every respect, but that the leaves are somewhat less and longer, and the flowers are of a light or purple blue, like the other, but without any smell, where nevertheless, all the other kinds are very fragrant. The sixth kind is called jon agrion, Viola syluestris, of the Herbarists Viola fatua, or Viola canina. Viper or Adder, in Greek Echis, and Echidna, in latin Vipera, and of Cicero, Excerta: the Italians do call it Marassus. It is a venomous Snake, unknown with us, but very common in Italy. Virga aurea, Solidago saracenica, Consolida saracenica, Herba fortis, and Virga Aurea. Unicorn, Vnicornium, Cornu Monocerotis. Unripe Grapes, in Greek Omphax, in latin Vua immatura, and Vua acerba. Vulture, Vultur, and of Plautus, Vulturius, it is a well known ravening bird. W. WAlflowers, in Greek Leucoium, Viola lutea, Hesperis, at the Apothecaries Keyri, Keiri, and Cheyri. Walnut tree, in Greek carrion, carrion basilicon, and of Pollux, carrion Persicon, Nux basilica, Nux regia, juglans, and Nux Persica. There are three kinds of it, to wit, great, middle, and lesser nuts: the lesser may be called stony nuts, because they have such hard shells. The second kind are the common Walnuts, Nuces mediae, or juglandes' mediae. The third kind are the biggest, and are called Nuces equinae, or juglandes' equinae. Watercresse, in Greek and latin Sisymbrium aquaticum, Nasturtium aquaticum, and Cardamine. Water Lentils, Lens palustris, or Lenticula aquatica. Water Lilies, in Greek Nymphaea, Rhopalon, Heraclion, Androgynus, of Apuleius, Lotometra, Madon, of Theophrastus, Madonias: in Latin Claws Veneris, Digitus Veneris, Alga palustris, Lilium palustre, Papaver palustre, Clava Herculis, Rosa palustris, of Apuleius, Protea, and Mater herculanea: The Arabians and Apothecaries do call it Nenufar, or Nenuphar. There are four kinds of it: the first kind groweth in Ponds, they are very common, and bear a fair white flower, known to every man: it is called Nymphaea alba, of Pliny, Nymphaea Heraclia, with us white water Lilies. The other kind is like the former, but not so common, it beareth a yellow flower, and is called of the Herbarists Nymphaea lutea, of Dioscorides, Nymphon, the flowers Blepharon, and Blephara, with us yellow water Lilies. The third kind hath small leaves, like to Crowfoote flowers, and small white flowers, it groweth commonly in sweet and running streams, and it is called of the Herbarists Nymphaea minor, in English the lesser white water Lillie. The fourth kind is like to the great water Lillie, but that it is somewhat less, it beareth a pretty yellow starry flower, it is called of the Herbarists Nymphaea lutea minor, we call it the lesser yellow water Lilly. Water Torch, in Greek and latin Typhas: the Herbarists do call it Typha aquatica, and Typha palustris, to distinguish it from the Turkish Corn, and the Ginny wheat, both which are also called Typhae: whereof shall be spoken more at large when opportunity shall serve. The water Torch is but once mentioned in this whole work. Water Willow, in Greek and latin Lysimachium, or Lysimachia, Litrum, of the Herbarists Salicaria. There are three kinds of it, the first is the common water Willow, which is called the yellow water Willow, in latin Lysimachia lutea, or Lysimachia melina. The second kind groweth in moist places, it hath narrow and picked leaves, with a pretty purple flower: it is called of Pliny, Lysimachia, for the first kind is Lysimachia Dioscoridis: of the Herbarists Lysimachia Pliniana, Lysimachia purpurea, or Punicea, Lysimachia Spicata, and Salicaria purpurea in English the purple water Willow. The third kind groweth about the running waters or streams, it hath small leaves, like to the Willow, but a little jagged, it beareth a pretty small purple flower, like to the lesser Roses, out of which cometh afterwards a little cup, which containeth some small seeds. It is called of the Herbarists Lysimachia siliquosa, and Filius ante patrem, in English horned water Willows, that is, Salicaria cornuta, Salicaria siliquosa, and Lysimachia cornuta. But if thou find water Willows without any addition, then shalt thou understand the yellow water Willow, or Lysimachia Dioscoridis. Wax, in Greek Ceros, in latin Cera. Whey, Serum, Aqua lactis, and Aqua Casei. Wheasle, in Greek Gale, and Spondyle, in latin Mustela. Wheat, in Greek Pyros, in latin Triticum. There are three kinds of it; the first kind do we call Wheat, without any addition, of Columella Robus, of the Simplicists Triticum robum: this is the very best in weight and whiteness. The second is a kind of ruffeared Wheat, in Greek Pyros Trimenos, or Setanias, in latin Triticum Trimestre, and Halicastrum, of Columella, Setanium, or Sitanium, of the Herbarists Triticum sitanium. The third kind is called in Greek Selignis, in latin Siligo, and Triticum Siligineum. Wheat ruffeared, in Greek Zea, in latin Semen, of Columella, Farneze clusinum, and of others Spelta. There are two kinds of it, the first is the common ruffeared wheat, it bringeth two husks close together, with two grains in them: this is called Spelt, and Zeadiococcoes. The second kind is called S. Peter's corn, it bringeth but one seed or grain, to wit, in a row, as the former bringeth the two: it is called in Greek Zea monococcoes, and in latin Zea simplex, and Semen simplex: it is a kind of grain which is a mean between Barley and Wheat. Wheat ruffeared prepared, Alica or Halica, in Greek Chondrus, Zea deglubita, ruffeared, wheat péeled. White water Mints, in Greek Minthae agria, Hediosmos agrios, in latin Mentastrum, and Mentha syluestris, of the Herbarists Mentha equina, Mentha caballina, and Balsamita fesina. There are two kinds of it: the first hath rough, white, and round leaves, and a hairy and rough stalk, this is the true Mentastrum Dioscoridis. The second kind is not rough, but hath long picked leaves, and a brown hairy flower: they grow near to the water side; this second kind is called Mentastrum acutum, and they have both one and the same operation. Apuleius and Pliny have also their several Mentastrum, which they do call Glechon agrion, and Pulegium agreste: It is the second Calamintha Dioscoridis, which we have called Calamintha aruensis before. Wild Béetes, of the Herbarists Apiophyllon, Herba pyrifolia, or Pyrifolia, Consolida pyrifolia, Pyrola, and Pyrula: It is a vulnerall herb, having leaves like a Pear tree, it groweth in the shadowy wood●, and continueth green both winter and summer. There is yet another kind of it, which groweth in meadows, near hills, which is like to the former, but that it hath longer leaves and stalks, whereon there be white flowers: the Herbarists do call it Pyrola, or Pyrula pratensis: they are both of one nature and operation: they are dry in the third degree, they do consolidate mightily; but by wild Béetes shalt thou understand that which groweth in woods. Wild Cucumbers, cucumber Asininus, cucumber syluestris, cucumber anguinus, and cucumber erraticus. It is a well known herb, but it groweth not with us unless it be sown in gardens. There is a juice priest out of the fruit of it, and prepared, which is called Elaterium, whereof shall be spoken elsewhere. Wild Flax, in Greek and latin Osiris, of the Herbarists Herba urinalis, and Linum beatae Maria, at the Apothecaries Linaria. Wild Grapes, in Greek Ampelos agria, in Latin Labrusca: the blossoms of the wild Vine is called in greek Oenanthe, in Latin Flos labruscae, Flos vitis syluestris, and at the Apothecaries Flos lambruscae. Wild Pears, Pyrum syluestre: the tree is called in Greek Achras, in latin Pyraster, in English a wild Pear tree: these Pears, their leaves, and the water distilled of them is used for the lask. Wild Radish, Armoracia, Raphanus syluestris, at the Apothecaries Rapistrum: There are two kinds of it; both of them do grow in fields that are sown. The first kind is that whereof now hath been spoken: The second kind is like the first, but it hath fewer and broader leaves; the flowers are white, and is commonly called white wild Radish, Rapistrum album, that is, Lapsana, Dioscoridis & Galeni. They that call our Horse radish Armoracia, do err greatly; for Armoracia is Raphanus syluestris, a wild Radish. Look for this in the description of Dioscorides, and the truth will soon appear. Wild Saffron, in Greek Cnicus, Cnecus, Gnicus, and Gnecus, in latin, Cartamus, or Cha●tamus. There are two kinds of it, the first is the wild well known Saffron, which groweth in many gardens; this is called Cartamus domesticus, of Serapio, Kartan, of averroes, Elcratis, of the Herbarists Crocus hortulanus, Crocus syluestris, Crocus saracenicus, Crocus fatuus, it is barbarously called Zaffranum syluestre, and Saffranum fatuum. averroes calleth the seed of it Semen de I'apaga. The second kind groweth on dry hills and untilled and dry fields, it is called wild field Saffron, in Greek Atractylis, and Cnicus agria, in latin Colus rustica, Fusus agrestis, and of the Herbarists Cnicus syluestris, Cnicus campestris, Cartamus syluestris, Eracantha, and Carduus amoris: but the tame kind is only used in Physic, to wit, the flowers and seed of it, which is also called Semen papagalli, or Semen Psittaci. Note that Cartamus with t. doth signify wild Saffron, and Cardamus with d. Cress' seeds, Nasturtium: wherefore great heed is to be given of it. Wild Thyme, Serpillum, Cunilago, and in Greek Herpyllum. Willow tree, in Greek Itea, in latin Salix, of Homerus, Frugiperda: There are five kinds of it; the first is called with us the red Willow, of Theophrastus, Salix nigra, or Punicea, of Pliny, Salix viminalis, of Columella, Salix Sabina, and Salix Amerina: this is the very best kind of all the rest. The second kind is the white Willow, and of the Herbarists Salix candida. The third kind is called of Pliny, Salix vitellina, of Columella, Salix Graeca, with us water Willow tree. The fourth kind is called of the Herbarists Salix platyphyllos, Salix latifolia, and Salix cinerea. The fift kind is the least of all, called of Theophrastus, Salix helix, of Pliny, and Columella, Salix Gallica: of the Simplicists Salix pumila. These five kinds of Willows are sufficiently known to all men. Wine, in Greek Oenos, of Cratinus, Tryx. There are four kinds, each according to the country, to wit, the least, smallest, middle, and strong wine: but we will speak but of two kinds at this present, to wit, of strong and of small wine: the strong wine is called Vinum Oenodes, Vinum polyphorum, and Vinum multiferum. The common wine is called Vinum oligophorum, Vinum pauciferum, Vinum aquosum, and Vinum Cibarium, this is only spoken and meant of Rhenish wine. Winter Cherries, in Greek Halicacabus, Physalis, in latin Solanum vesicarium, of Pliny, Vesicaria, of the Herbarists Solanum rubeum, or Solatrum rubeum, Cerasum judaeorum, Cerasum terrae, in the Arabian tongue Alkekengi, or Alkakengi: they are cold and astringent in the second degree, but mean moist. Wether, Castron, Veruex. Woade, in greek and latin Isatis, of Pliny Glastum, of the Herbarists Guadum, and Pastillum, it is an herb well known to divers. There are two kinds of it, one tame, and one wild; the tame woad groweth in France, and in During, with us only in gardens for physical uses: it is called Isatis sativa, Egne, and Glastum satiwm. The second is the wild kind, it is lesser than the former, it groweth here and there in the woods and fields; it is called Isatis syluestris, Isatis minor, Glastum syluestre, and Glastum minus. They are both drying and astringent, but the wild Woad is much stronger than the tame. Woodcock, in Greek Scolopax, of Hesychius, Varino, Nemesiano, in latin of Gaza, Gallinago, of Heradianus, Perdix syluestris, of other Perdix rustica, or Rusticula, of Niphus and Volaterranus, Gallinella, of the simplicists Rostrulula, and Gallinacea. Woodpecker, Picus Martius, Turbo, in Greek Driocalaptes of Arist. Driocolaps of Hesych. it is a well known bird; it is mentioned otherwhiles in some diets in this work. Woolblade, or Longwoort, in Greek Phlomus or Phlonus, of Apuleius, Pycnitis, in latin Verbascum, foeminalis, Lucumbra, Candela regis, Candelaria, Lanaria, at the Apothecaries Tapsus barbatus. There are four kinds of it, whereof the first is the common Woolblade, with the white woolly leaves, and yellow flowers; it is called Verbascum albifolium, and in Greek Leucophyllon. The second kind is like the former, but that the leaves are blacker and broader; it is called black Woolblade, in Greek Phlomos melanophyllos, in latin Verbascum nigrum. The third kind is the wild Woolblade, it hath a long stalk with great leaves, much like to the great Sage, it hath yellow flowers, in Greek Phlomos agrios, in latin Verbascum syluestre: of the Herbarists Verbascum saluifolium. The fourth kind is most like to the first, but that the flowers are white, and it is called white Woolblade Verbascum album, and Verbascum foemina. wolves bane, in Greek and latin Aconitum. There are six kinds of it, the first hath round leaves not much unlike to the lesser Cucumbers, with pretty yellow flowers, not unlike to them of Doronicum. The roots are round, with many joints, the little roots about it are very like a Scorpion, it is called in Greek and Latin Pardalianches Thelyphonum, Aconitum Thelyphonum, Theriophonum, Aconitum Theriophonum, Myoctonum, aconitum Myoctonum, and Scorpion. The second kind of Wolfsbane hath leaves like to the Italian plain tree, but somewhat deeper jagged: the root is black, with many hairs about it. This plant is sufficiently known by the name Wolfs-bane, it groweth on high hills, and is called in Greek and Latin Lycoctonum, Aconitum Lycoctonum, Cynoctonum, and aconitum Cynoctonum. The Herbarists do call it Aconitum Lycoctonum luteum: the Apothecaries Luparia. The third kind is called of the Herbarists Aconitum Lycoctonum Caeruleum, there are also three kinds of it, and it is common in all gardens. The fourth kind of Wolfsbane is Aconitum Lycoctonum caeruleum magnum: Auicenna calleth it Napellus, it is a very venomous herb. The fift kind hath yellow flowers, and is called yellow Wolfsbane, of the Herbarists Aconitum Lycoctonum luteum minus. The sixth kind groweth in dark and shadowy woods, the stalk is about one span and a half in height, and about the midst of the same are four dark green leaves, standing opposite one against the other: it getteth a black berry, under which, many little leaves are placed each opposite to other. It is called of the Herbarists Aconitum salutiferum, Sigillum Christi, Crux Christi, Sigillum Veneris, and Herba Paris. It is a very wholesome herb, and may be used inwardly very well against many diseases. Many learned men would have it to be Aconitum pardalianches, but it is as like it as an apple is like an oyster. By Wolfs-bane shalt thou understand the yellows Wolfsbane. Wormwood, in Latin and Greek Absinthium, Aloina: there are three kinds of it: The first, is the common Wormwood that groweth every where, called Bathypic●on, Barypic●on, and Absinthium rusticum. The second kind is like to the former in leaves and flowers, but it is somewhat less, and it groweth not above a span and a half in height: it is also bitter like the foresaid, yet somewhat more pleasant to be used: it groweth on hilly places. This kind will never be greater although it grow in fertile grounds. This is the same Wormwood which Dioscorides doth call Absinthium ponticum, Mesues Absinthium Romanum, of the Simplicists Absinthium montanum, and Pliny, Absinthium Italicum. The third kind is very like the great Wormwood, but it hath lesser leaves and stalks then the mountain Wormwood, it groweth also somewhat higher: The leaves are white and soft. This groweth on sandy ditches. It is called Romish Wormwood, to avoid all errors, and we leave the name of mountain Wormwood unto the second kin●▪ This Wormwood is called of Galen Absinthium ponticum. But Mesues and other authors do take the second kind to be the true Absinthium ponticum. Whensoever thou findest Wormwood by itself in any composition, then is the mountain wormwood to be taken and used; and if that cannot be had, then must you take the common wormwood that groweth in the fields, and not that which groweth in gardens; for the garden wormwood is not so strong, neither can it perform that which the wild wormwood doth that groweth on dry grounds. Wormwood is hot in the first, and dry in the third degree. Yerrow, Nosebléede, or Millfoyle, in Greek Stratiotes, Chiliophyllos, Supercilium veneris, Herba militaris, and Millefolium. It is a common herb, it is drying and astringent. Yew, Taxus, Smilax, Milos. The end of the second Table. The third Index. This third and Latin Index, containeth all the Latin, Greek, and other strange names of all Simples, especially of those which are mentioned in this Book, as Roots, Herbs, Flowers, Fruits, Plants, juices, Gums, Woods, Stones, Barks, Metals, Minerals, Earth's, Deer, and whatsoever else is used in Physic: Also all mixed and compounded Medicines, as Electuaries, Confectures, Syrupes, juleps, Conserves, Cakes, Pills, Salves, Oils, Potions, and distilled waters, with their names, not only as they are called by the ancient Greek and Latin Physicians, but also as they are now named amongst the common Physicians and Apothecaries: In like sort also all inward and outward parts and members of the body, with all the diseases that every one of them is subject unto. A. ABalzener Arabum, Sena, Sene. Abies, a Fir tree. Abies' candida, a white Fir tree. Abies' nigra, a black Fir tree. Abiga, Chamaepitys, small Cypress, or wild Cypress. Abioten, Abioto●, Hemlock. Abortus, an untimely birth. Abrotonum, Sothernwood. Abrotonum foemina, Sothernwood female. Abscessus, an imposthume, or botch. Absinthium, Wormwood. Absinthium bathypicron, common wormwood. Absinthium Italicum, Italian wormwood. Absinthium ponticum, Wormwood gentle, or Wormwood pontic. Absinthium montanum, Wormwood of the hill. Absinthium Romanum, Wormwood Roman. Absinthium rusticum, common or rural Wormwood. Absinthium thalassium, sea Wormwood. Absinthites, Wormwood wine. Abuolum Plinij, Pulegium, Pennyroyall. Acacia, the juice of a thorn in Egypt, in steed whereof we use the juice of Sloes. Acalephe, Vrtica, Nettles. Acalypha, a Nettle. Acanthus, or Acantha, Branke ursine, or Bearebreech. Acanthus syluestris, wild branke ursine. Acantha Germanica, Branke ursine. Acatalis, juniperus minor, a little juniper. Acatera, juniperus maior, a great juniper. Acetosa, Sorrell. Acetosa sativa, Garden Sorrell. Acetosa rotunda, round Sorrell. Acetosa Gallica, French Sorrell. Acetosa minor, the lesser Sorrel. Acetosa ovina, sheeps Sorrel. Acetum, Vinegar. Acetum scillinum, or Scilliticum, Vinegar of sea Onions. Acetum Rosaceum, Rose vinegar. Acetum Rutaceum, vinegar of Rue. Acinus, wild or small Basill. Achras, Pyraster, a wild Pearetrée. Aconitum, Wolfsbane. Aconitum cynoctonum, or Aconitum cynoctonum luteum, yellow Wolfsbane. Aconitum lycoctonum, or Aconitum lycoctonum caeruleum, blue Wolfsbane. Aconitum lycoctonum magnum caruleum, blue Wolfsbane the great. Aconitum lycoctonum luteum minus, the lesser yellow Wolfsbane. Aconitum Myoctonum, a certain kind of Wolfsbane. Aconitum Pardalianches, Lybards' bane. Aconitum salutiferum Herbariorum, one berry. Aconitum Thelyphonum, a kind of Wolfs-bane. Aconitum Theriophonum, another kind of Wolfsbane. Acorum or Acorus, Caimus, the great Galingall. Act, Sambucus, Elder. Acylos Aristotelis, Glans quercina, an acorn. Adamas, a Diamond. Adiantum, Venus' hair, or well Ferne. Adiantum album, the white Venus' hair. Adiantum Apuleij, Trichomanes Dioscoridis. Adiantum Aureum Herbariorum. Adiantum Gallicum, French Venus' hair. Adiantum nigrum, black Venus' hair. Adipsos, Glycyrrhiza, liquorice. Aerizusa, a jasper stone like the air. Aeris flos, Viride aeris, Verdegreace. Aegoceros, Foenum graecum, Fenegréeke. Aegyne, Caprifolium. Aegynos, Cicuta, Hemlock. Aeromeli, Manna, a manner of dew congealed on trees and plants. Aerugo, viride aeris, Verdegreace. Aes ustum, burnt Copper. Affectus animi, affections, motions, or passions of the mind. Affodillus officinarum, Daffodil. Agallochum, Lignum Aloes, a sweet wood so named. Agaricum, or Agaricus, a Mushrum growing on trees. Agasilis, frutex qui Hammoniacum Thymiama gignit, the herb whereof Hammoniacum is made. Agcomoron, Cicuta, Hemlock. Aglaophoris Apuleij, Paeonia, is named of Aelianus Aglaophoris terrestris, Peony. Agnus vitex, Agnus castus, Chaste tree. Agnus castus officinarum, the same. Agonus, Vitex, Agnus castus, the same. Agresta officinarum, Verivice. Agriclaea, Olea syluestris, wild Olive tree. Agrimonia officinarum, Eupatorium Gracorum, Egrimony, or Agrimony. Agrimonia syluestris Herbariorum, Potentilla, wild Agrimony. Agriocinara, Cinara syluestris, wild Hartichock. Agriococcymela, Prunas syluestria, Sloes. Agrioccymelea, Prunus syluestris, Slo tree, or Slo bush. Agrioriganoes, Origanum syluestre, wild Organ. Agrostis, gramen, Grass. Aigleuces, Sempermustum, Wine always musty. Aithales, Sengrene or Houseléeke. Aizoon agrion, Sedum syluestre, wild Sengrene. Aizoum Semperuiwm, Sengrene or Houseleek. Aizoum minus, Semperuinum minus, the lesser Sengrene, or Prickmadame. Alabandicus lapis, a red stone mixed with blue. Ala, Axilla, the arm pit. Alarmel Arabum, wild Rue. Alarum foetor, Tragonia, stinking of the armpits. Alabastrum Plinij, a Marble stone. Albucum, asphodelus, Daffodil. Album coctum officinarum & Chirurgorum, a plaster of Ceruse, or white Lead. Album graecum officinarum, S●●rcus caninum album, a white dogs turd. Alcanna Arabum, Ligustrum, Privet, or Primprint. Alkakengi Arabum, Alkakengi, or winter Cherry. Alchenna Arabum, Cyprus Privet. Alcibiadium, wild Langdebeefe, or oxetoong, or wild bugloss. Alcibiadium Aeginetae, Echium, wild bugloss the lesser. Alchimilla, Lady's mantle. Alcibiades, Stoechas, French Lavender. Alcocalus, Scolymus, a Hartichock. Alcyonium primum Dioscoridis, Balla marina officinarum, the foam of the sea indurate, or a Sea ball. Alcyonium quintum Dioscor. Spuma marina officinarum, the foam of the sea. Alexander, or Alexandrum officinarum, Parsely or Alexandria. Alexipharmacum unguentum, a medicine against poison. Alfescera Arabum, Vitis alba, white Bryony. Alfesiresin, Vitis nigra, black Bryony. Algalia, Zibetum, Sivet. Alga palustris, Reites, or a sea weed so named. Alharmel, wild Rue. Alibium, Aster Atticus, an herb so called; Codwort. Alica, or Halica, a meat made of Wheat. Alipta muscata. Alhandal Arabum, Colocynthis, Coloquinte. Alkanna Arabum, Ligustrum, Privet. Alkekengi, winter Cherries. Allium, Garlic. Allium Alpinum, Victorialis. Allium caninum, Dog's garlic. Allium reticulatum, Allium Alpinum. Allium syluestre, wild garlic. Alleluya officinarum, wood Sorrell. Alluf Arabum, Dracontium, Dragonwort, or Dragons. Aloe, semperuiwm marinum, a very bitter herb. Aloë caballina, the grosser kind of Aloes. Aloepatica, & Aloepaticum officinarum, the same. Aloe Gallica, Gentian. Aloe lignum, Lignum aloës, a sweet and precious wood. Aloina, Absinthium, Wormwood. Alopecia, Capillorum deflunium, a disease, causing the hair of the head or beard to fall off by the roots. Alfesera Mauritanorun, Vitis alba, white Briony. Alscebram, or Alscebram maius Arabum, Pityusa, Esula, Spurge. Alscebram minus Arabum, Esula minor officinarun. Alsine, paverina, chickweed. Altaraxacon officinarum, Aphaca Theophrasti, of some a kind of Tare, of others a kind of Cicorie. Althaea, Maluaviscus, Hollyhocke. Altercum, Henbane. Alumen, Allome. Alumen fecis, dregs of wine, or wine lées. Alumen iamenum officinarum, Alumen capillare. Alumen capillare, the same. Alumen liquidum. Alumen liparium. Alumen plumosum officinarum, Alumen rupeum. Alus Gallicus Scribonij, Symphytum. Alypias Actuarij, Turpetum album. Alypus Apuleij, Tithymalus Dioscor. Esula. Alypum, Turpetum album Actuarij. Amara Dulcis. Amaranthus aureus, gold flower. Amarantus Galeni, Maudlin wort, or balthasar. Amaranthus Luteus, the same. Amaranthus Veneris, flower gentle, of some ragwort. Amaracus Dioscoridis, Mariorane. Amaracus Galeni, Feuerfew. Amarena Cerasa, black Cherries. Amarena passa, dried Cherries. Amarella, Parthenium adulterinum, Feuerfew. Amaurosis, Cicuta, Hemlock. Amber, sive Ambarum, Amber. Ambarum, Amber. Ambar, the same. Ambra grisea officinarum, Ambergréese. Ameos officinarum, Ammi, Amy. Amethystus, a gem, or precious stone, called an Amethyst. Amianton Apuleij, Trichomanes, maidenhair. Amiantus, Linum saxatile, Plume Allom. Amictomiaenum, vitex, Agnus castus, chaste tree. Ammi, siue Ammium, Amy, the herb and seed. Ammoniacum, or Hammoniacum, is called of the Apothecaries Armoniacum. It is the juice or gum of a tree growing in Africa, called Agasillis. Of this gum there are two kinds, the one fair and clean, very like Frankincense: this sort of the ancient Physicians hath been used for a sweet savour or smell, it is named of Aetius, of Paulus Aegineta, and the other Greek writers, Ammoniacum Thymiama, or Hammoniacum Thymiama, and this is the best for physic. Plinius calleth it Thrauston, and Thrausma. The other kind is foul and unclean, such is very common in the Apothecary's shops, and is called of Plinius, Apyrama. Amnion, Bryon, Moss. Amnion Plinij, Cinnabaris fossilis, a soft red stone in mines called Cinoper. Amomum, a strange shrub as yet unknown, although the unskilful Physicians use it not, for they in stead of this have in their common shops a dead and wild Parsley seed (when indeed the right Amomum hath always been a pleasant and sweet smelling shrub accounted of the ancient Physicians) which is as like the right Amomum as an apple is like an oyster. Let every one therefore take heed of this Amomum, also of all such medicines which are mixed with it. Some take the Rose of jerico for the right Amomum, which the Herbarists call Rosa Hierichuntea, and Rosa Divae Mariae, but they are deceived. Galen saith, that Amomum and Calmus in virtue are very like, and therefore seeing that we have not the right Amomum, we may use Calmus very well in his place. Amorgine, Perdicium, Pellitory of the wall. Ampar, Ambarum, Amber. Ampelos, vitis, the Vine. Ampelos agria, vitis syluestris, a wild Vine. Ampelos leuce, vitis alba, white Bryony. Ampelos melaena, vitis nigra, black Bryony. Ampeloprasum, Porrum vineale, wild Leek. Amydum officinarum, Starch. Amygdalum, an Almon. Amygdalus, the Almon tree. Amygdala amara, bitter Almonds. Amygdalogala, Amygdalinum lac, Almon-milke. Amygdaloides, Spurge. Amylum, Starch. Anacardium, sive Anacardus, a tree (growing in India, and on the fiery mountains of Sicily) so named. Anabasis, Horse tail. Anagallis, Corchorus Theophrasti, Sapana, Macia, Nicteritis, Zeliaurus, chickweed. There are three sundry kinds of chickweed, whose leaves are all alike, but differ in flower: the one hath pretty little purple flowers, and is called in Greek Anagallis phoenice, Anagallis punicea, Anagallis rubea, Anagallis purpurca: Paulus Aegineta calleth it Corallium, or Corallia, this is chickweed with the red flower. The other is called Anagallis caerulea, Anagallis foemina, that is, Chickwéede with the blue flower. The third hath yellow flowers: this groweth not about us except it be set or sown. It is found in the upper Burgundy, in a field between Dolen and Besanson. This is called Anagallis lutea, chickweed with the yellow flower. They are all hot and dry, and may be used in wounds and fractures. Anagallis mas, chickweed with the red flower, or Chickwéede male. Anagallis foemina, chickweed with the blue flower, or Chickwéede female. Anagallis phoenicea, chickweed with the red flower. Anagallis punicea, Purpurea, the same. Anagallis lutea, yellow chickweed. Anactorium Theophrasti, wild flags. Anangelos, Ruscus, Knéehull, knéehulme, petigre. Anastrophe, Inuersio ventriculi, an inversion of the stomach. Anasarca, Hyposarca, the dropsy. Anatetamenon, Pellitory of the wall. Anaxyris, Oxalis, Sorrell. Anaseteses, Comfrey. Anchmanes Apuleij, Dracontium, Dragonwort, or Dragons. Androgynos Apuleij, Nymphaea, a water Lily, or a water Rose. Andrachne, Portulaca, Purslane. Anesum, Anisum, anise. Anetum, Dill. Anetum caninum, Cotula foerida, an herb like Camomile. Anetum syluestre, wild Dill. Anetum tortuosum, the same. Anetum ursinum, the same. Angelica, Angelica, or Imperial. Angina, Inflammatio faucium, a swelling in the throat. The Angine. Anchusa, wild Buglos, or Orchanet. Animi accidentia, troubles of the mind. Anisum, Anise. Anonium, a dead nettle. Anonium album, the white dead nettle, or Archangel. Anorexia, a disease of the stomach. Arnium, Plantain. Arnoglossa, Arnoglossus, a kind of Plantain. Arnachylis, Plantain. Anthemis, Chamaemelum, Camomile. Anthericos, the flowers and stalks of Martagon. Anthera, the yellow seed that is within the Roses. Anthracites, a gem, or precious stone. Anthrax, Carbunculus, a Coal. Anthrax, Amethystizon, Carbunculus lapis, a precious stone, a Carbuncle. Anthora, is taken of some for the right Zeduar root, but it is not so. Antullia, hath no english name, it is called in Greek Anarbo, in high Dutch Zuwan. Antidote, or Antidotum, is Alexipharmacum, a medicine against poison: but there are other medicines so likewise named. Antidote Mitridatica, Mithridate, a medicine like Treacle against poison. Antimelon, Mandragora, Mandrake. Antimonium officinarum, a kind of mineral. Antiphthora, or Antitora, Napellus salutiferus, Monk's hood. Anthophyl●us officinarum, refuse of Cloves. Antora, Monks hood. Anthropomorphos, Mandrake. Anzarot, sive Anzarut Arabum, Sarcocolla, a gum of a tree in Persia like the powder of Incense Apepsia, bad digesture of the stomach. Aparine, Aspergula, Clivers, or Goosegras. Aphaca Theophrasti, a kind of chicory. Aphaca Dioscoridis, vicia syluestria, wild tars. Aphros, cicuta, Hemlock. Aphyllantes, Tussilago, fool foot, Colt's foot, or Horse hoof. Apiastrum, Melissophyllon, Balm. Apiastellum Apuleij, Bryonia, Bryony, or the wild Vine. Apium, Smallage. Apium Alexandrinum, stone parsley. Apium Equinum, Lovage. Apium grand, called also Smyrnium. Apium palustre, Paludapium, Smallage. Apium risus, water Crowfoote. Apium saxatile, the greater Pimpernell. Apiophyllon, Pyrola, wild Béetes. Apoleium, Pulegium, Pennyroyall. Apolegusa, Cicuta, Hemlock. Apolinaris, Henbane. Apoplecticus, one that hath the Palsye. Apopleumenum, Scammony. Apoplexia, the Palsye. Apostema, Abscessus, an imposthume or bile. Appetitus syncopalis, appetite with a swooning. Appetitus Caninus, an immoderate hunger, or dog's hunger. Apronia Plinij, Vitis nigra, black Bryony. Apseudes, Cicuta, Hemlock. Apyreni, Corrans. Apyrotus, Carbunculus, a Carbuncle. Aqua aerosa, or Aqua aerea, water of Copper, or that hath the virtues of Copper. Aqua ex●inctionis Argenti, water in which silver hath been quenched. Aqua extinctionis Auri candentis, water in the which gold hath been quenched. Aqua casei, Chéese-whay. Aqua extinctionis Chalybis, water in which steel hath been quenched. Aqua Chalybata, steeled water. Aqua decoctionis Cinamomi, sodden Cinamome water. Aqua florum omnium officinarum, Aqua stillatitia stercoris vaccini, the water of Cowdung. Aqua decoctionis Glycyrrhizae, the decoction of Licorise. Aqua lactis, Milke-whay. Aqua marina, Sea-water. Aqua mulsa, Meade, or Hony-water. Aqua plwia, or Aqua plwialis, Rayne-water. Aqua fortis, Goldsmith's water. Aqua salsa, Salt water. Aqua saccharata, Aqua decoctionis sachari, Sugared water, or the decoction of Sugar. Aqua extinctionis silicum candentium, water in the which hot Flint stones have been quenched. Aqua sulphurea, Brimstone water, or that hath the virtues of Brimstone in it. Aqua vitae, in this book by Aqua vitae, are meant the compounded waters, or Aquae vitae compositae. Aqua vitis, Lachryma vitis, the water that droppeth out of Vines being cut. Aquilegia, a Columbine. Aquilina, the same. Arantium, an Orange. Arbour casta, Agnus castus, Chaste tree. Arbour iovis, Quercus, Oak. Arbour sapiens, Morus, the Mulberry tree. Arceuthos, juniperus, juniper. Arceuthis. Arceuthides, Baccae juniperi, juniper berries. Arceuthites, juniperinum vinum, juniper wine. Archangelica, or Archangelica lutea, Archangel with the yellow flower. Archangelica alba, Lamium album, white Archangel. Archezostis, vitis alba, Bryony. Arction, or Arctium, the great Burr. Arctotium, seu Auricula ursi Herbariorum, Sanicle the great. Area, Alopecia, the fall off of the hair by the roots. Argentina Herbariorum, wild Tansye. Argentum aqueum, Quicksilver. Argentum viwm, Quicksilver. Argilla, Clay. Argyritis, Lythargyrum, Lytharge. Aristaltaea, Bismalua. Aristolochia longa, long Hartwort, or Birt-wort. Aristolochia rotunda, round Hartwort. Aristolochia officinarum, Hartwort. Armoniacum officinarum, Armoniac. Armala Galeni, Ruta syluestris, wild Rue. Armoracia, Raphanus syluestris, wild or horseradish. Armel Auicennae, Ruta syluestris, wild Rue. Arnabo Pauli Aeginetae, Zurumbetum, Seduar. Aromaticum gariophyllatum, a confection of Cloves so termed. Aromaticum Rosatum, a confection of Roses. Aromatites, an aromatical or spiced wine. Aron, Cuccopit, priests pintle, or wake robin. Aronia Athenaei, Dragons. Arquatus morbus, the yellow jaundice. Arsenicum, Arsenic, or Ratsbane. Arectorium. Arthenicum, Ratsbane. Artecocha, Artichock. Artemisia, Mugwort. Arteria, arterye, or vain. Arteria aspera, the wind pipe. Arthanita, Cyclaminus, Panis porcinus, sows bread, or Swine's bread. Arthetica officinarum, Arthritica, Cowslips. Arthrica alpina Herbariorun, Sanicle the great. Arthritis, Morbus articularis, the gout. Articoca, Artichock. Articocalus, the same. Arum, Cuccopit. Arum palustre, the same. Arundo sagittaria, a great Reed to make darts. Asa dulcis, Benzoine. Asa foetida, a stinking gum. Asara baccara, Officinarum, Asarum, Asarabacca. Asbestos, look Conia. Ascalis, Palms, the branch of a Vine. Asclepias, Vincetoxicum, Swallow wort. Asclites Barbarorum, Ascites, that kind of dropsy that maketh the legs & belly swell only. Asparagus, Sparage. Asparagus altilis, common Sparage. Asparagus Horelaceus, Asparagus altilis. Asparagus regius, common Sparage. Asparagus petraeus, wild Sparage. Asparagus myacantinus, wild Sparage. Asparagus palustris Galeni, wild Sparage. Asparagus syluestris, the same. Asparagia, Corrudago, wild Sparage. Aspera arteria, Canna pulmonis, the windpipe. Aspergula, Aparine, Clivers, or Goosegras. Aspergula, Asperula, the same. Aspaltium. Aspaltus, sive Aspaltum. Asphodelus, Daffodil. Aspis, a little Serpent. Asplenos, Asplenium, or Asplenum, Scaleferne, or Fingerferne. Asplenium syluestre Herbariorum, the same. Aspella, Hippuris, horsetail. Assa dulcis officinarum, Bensoine. Assa foetida officinarum. Astaphydes, Raisins. Astaphisagria, an herb called Staphis Agria. Aster atticus, an herb also called Inguinalis, or Codwort. Aster Augustini, a Ruby. Asterion, Cannabis, Hemp. Astarios, Ballasius, a Ruby. Asterium Bubonium, Share, Star, or Codwort. Astericus, Inguinalis, the same. Asthma, a stopping of the breath with wheasing. Astilis, viscum, Birdlime. Astrantia officinarum, Imperatoria, Angelica. Astrantia nigra, Sanicle. Astrios', Ballasius, a Ruby. Astrutium officinarum, Angelica. Astylis, headed Lettuce. Aza dulcis, Benzoine. Aza foetida officinarum, a stinking gum. Azara baccara officinarum, Asarabacke. Athanasia, Tanacetum, Tansye. Atosium, Lychnis syluestris, wild Saffron. Attractylis hirsuta, Carduus benedictus. Atramentum Coriariorum, Coperas. Atramentum Librarium, Ink. Atraphaxis, Atriplex, Orage, or Orache. Atriplex syluestris, the wild Orage. Atriplex, sive Atriplexum, Orage. Atrophia, Nutrimenticessatio, a Consumption. Attonitus, astonished. Auantia Herbariorum, herb advance, or herb Blessed. Aubium, Chelidonium maius, Celandine the greater, or Swallows herb. Auena, Oates. Auellana, hazel Nut. Aurantium, an Orange. Aurea Alexandrina, a confection so called. Aureola Herbariorum, Amaranthus luteus, Maudlenwort, or balthasar. Aureum malum, an Orange. Auricula muris, the herb Mouse ear. Auricula muris maior, Mouseare the great. Auricula muris minor, Flos angelicus, the lesser Mouseare. Auricula muris caerulea, blue Mouseare. Auricula muris, Dioscoridis Myosotis, Mouse-eare. Auricula ursi, Sanicle the great. Aurigo, the yellow jaundice. Auripigmentum, Arsenicum luteum, Orpiment. Axilla, Ala, the arm pit. B. BAaras josephi Historici, Paeonia, Pyony. Bacca, and Bacca conchea Virgilij, a Pearl. Bacca Lauri, a Bay berry. Balanus, Glans quercina, an Akorne. Balanus, Suppositorium officinarum, a Suppository. Balanus Aegyptia, Mirobalanus, it is the fruit of a tree, and is called Ben. Balanus myrepsica, Glans unguentaria, the fruit of a tree much like Myrice. Balaustium, the flower of a Pomegranate. Ballagius, or Ballasius, a Ruby. Balla marina, Alcyonij primum genus, a sea ball. Ballanaea gemma, Carbunculus candidus, a Ruby. Ballis, Bellis, Daisies. Balneum Sulphureum, a bath that hath the virtues of Brimstone. Balsamita, Felina Herbariorum, mountain Mints. Balsamum judaicum, Opobalsamum, Balm natural. Barba Herculis Apuleij, Trichomanes, Maiden hair. Barba iovis, semperuiwm, Sengréene. Bardana, the great Burr. Baratrum, Sabina, Savine. Batypicron, Bathypicron, common wormwood. Baryton, Sabina, Savine. Basilica dextra, the liver vain. Basilica sinistra, the vain of the Milt, or Spleen. Basilica herba, Basilicum, Basill. Basilicum minus, the lesser Basill. Basilicum crispum, a kind of Basill. Basilicum aquaticum, water Basill. Bathypicron, Absinthium rusticum, Wormwood. Batitura aeris, refuse of Brass. Batanuta, Vitis nigra, black Brionye. Batrachis, Ranunculus, Crowfoote. Batrachium, Crowfoote. Batus, Rubus, Bramble, Blackbery, or briar bush. Batus Idaeus, Rubus Idaeus, Framboyse, Raspis, or Hindberry. Baucia, Pastinaca syluestris, wild Parsenep. Bechicae officinarum, a medicine for the cough. Bechion, Bechium, Folefoote, or Horsehoofe. Bedegar, or Bedeguar, the white briar. Beletzici, Bellirici, one kind of Mirobalans. Bellerici, Mirobalani bellerici, the same. Bellis, Ballis, a Daisye. Bellis maior, the great Daisye. Bellium, a Daisye. Bellios' flos, the same. Bellirici, one kind of Myrobalans. Benedicta Laxativa, a purging Electuary. Beniovinum, Bensoine. Benzoinum, or Benzuinum, the same. Berberis, or Berberus, Berberry tree. Berberus, the same. Bericocia, Mala praecocia, Abrecock tree. Beryllus, a precious stone called beryl. Besasa, Ruta montana. Beta, Béetes. Beta sicula, white Béetes. Beta fatua, Blitum, wild fine Orrage, or Blite. Beta insipida, Blitum, Blites. Beta nigra, black Béetes. Beta rubra, red Béetes. Beta maluacea, Spinacea, spinach. Betisalca, Bryonia nigra, black Bryonye. Betonica, Betony. Betonica alba officinarum, Cowslips. Betonica alba vera, white Betony. Betonica altilis, Betony. Betonica Pauli, Veronica, Paul's Betony. Betula, Birch tree. Betularia, Tormentilla, Tormentill. Bdella, Hirudo, a Horseleech. Bdellion, or Bdellium, the name of a gum. Biarum, Dracontium, Dragons. Bibinella, Pimpinella, Pimpernell. Theodorus Gaza taketh Bibinella for a kind of woolblade, which is called Thryallis of Dioscorides and Theophrast. Bition, Vicia, Vetches. Bilis, Gall. Bislingua, Vuularia, Horse tongue. Bismalua, Althaa, marsh Mallow. Bistorta. Bitumen, a kind of natural lime or clay. Bitumen judaicum, Iewes lime. Bitumen liquidum, Naphta, a kind of clay. Blacca byzantia, or Blacta byzantia, or Blatta byzantia officinarum, in Greek Onyx: it is called of Actuarius, and Nicolaus Mirepsus, and the other new Grecians Blattion, Conchyla, Indica, Vngula odorata, Vnguis Aromaticus, Ostrutium Indicum, and Conchylij Indici operculum, a Mussle shell of India. This is brought hither out of India, as there they are taken up out of the pools, in the which the sweet smelling leaves Malabathra grow. Of these, there be two sorts, the best are white and fat, these are found in the red sea. The other are black, and are brought from Babylon. They are both well smelling, and while they be burning, they scent as strong as the Bevercod. Blechon, Pulegium, Penniroyall. Blechion, Filix, Ferne. Bletus Nicandri, Filix, Ferne. Bletum, Blitum, Blites. Blitum album, white Blites. Blitum Indicum, Blites of India. Blitum rubrum, red Blites. Blitum syluestre, wild Blites. Blitum Vngaricum, Blites of H●ngary. Boletus, or Boletus cerui, a Mushrum that may be eaten. Boletus cerui, the same. Bolus Armenus, Bole Armenack. Bombasum, sive Bombax officinarum, Cotton. Bombax, Bombasum, the same. Bonifacia Herbariorum, Vuularia, Horsetoong. Borrago, borage. Borax officinarum, Borrace. Borax officinarum, Chrysocolla factitia, the same. Boscisaluia, Saluia syluestris, wild Sage. Botor Mariae Arabum, Cyclaminus, Showbread. Brabela, Pruna Damascena, Damask Prunes, Dammosens. Brabyla Theocriti, the same. Bracha cuculi Herbariorum, arthritica, Cowslips. Bradypepsia, a long digesture. Brancha ursina officinarum, Branke ursine. Branca ursina Italica, Italian Branke ursine. Brassica, Cabbage or Colewoort. Brassica alba, white Cabbage. Brassica apiana, a wrinkled Cabbage. Brassica crispa maior, the great wrinkled Cabbage. Brassica cumana, the broad red Cabbage. Brassica cypria, flowered Colewoorts. Brassica pratensis, Acanthus syluestris, wild Bearebréech, or Branke ursine. Brassica marina, Sea coal. Brassica rubra, a red Cabbage. Brassica Sabaudica, Savoy Colewoorts. Brassica sabellica, crisped Colewoorts. Brassica tritiana, headed Colewoorts. Brathy, or Brathys, Savine. Britannica, Scuruygras. Brisa Galeni, Secale, Rye. Bromus, Auena, Oates. Brucus, Eruca, Rocket. Bruscus officinarum, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Bruscandula Herbariorum, Lupulus, Hoppe. Bryaria, Tamarix, the Tamariske tree. Bryon, Lupulus, Hoppe. Bryon, Muscus, Moss. Bryonia, Bryony. Bryonia alba, white Bryony. Bryonia melaena, black Bryony. Bryonia leuce, Vitis alba, white Bryony. Bubonium, Aster atticus, Codwoort. Bubonium caeruleum, blue Codwoort. Bubonium luteum, yellow Codwoort. Bubonium Massilioticum, Codwoort of Massilia. Buceras, Foenum graecum, Fenegreeke. Bucheiden Arabum, Palma Christi. Buchormarien Arabum, Cyclaminus, Panis porcinus, Sow bread. Bufonaria, Parthenium, Maiden weed. Buglossa, Buglossum, bugloss. Buglossa domestica, Mesues, Borage. Buglossa minor, the lesser bugloss. Buglossa maior officinarum, the great bugloss. Buglossa officinarum, bugloss. Buglossa syluestris, wild bugloss. Buglossa syluatica Herbariorum, the same. Buglossum, buglossa, bugloss. Buglossum Dioscoridis, bugloss. Buglossum Gallicum, french bugloss. Buglossum Hispanicum, spanish bugloss. Buglossum Italicum, Italian or great bugloss. Buglossa semperuivens, tame bugloss. Buglossum syluestre spinosum, Herbariorum Echium, wild bugloss. Buglossum viperinun, Herbariorum Echium, wild bugloss. Buglossum rubrum, Herbariorum, Anchusa, red bugloss. Buglossites, Vinum buglossatum, wine made of bugloss. Bulbus agrestis, our Lady's Cowslips. Bulimus, Bulismos, Cowhunger, or an unnatural appetite of meat. Bulimia, bulimus, an unnatural hunger. Bunias, Napus, Rape, or Navet. Bulapathum, Lapathum palustre, Dock. Buris, a kind of sore proceeding from Melancholy. Bursa pastoris, shepherds purse. Butermariem, or Buthomarien Arabum, Cyclaminus, Sow bread. Butyrum, Butter. Buxus, Box. Buzeicon Arabum, Palma Christi. been, Maltum, Malt. C. CAcochymia, a corruption of all the humours in the body. Cacoëte, ulcus malignum, an ulceration hard to be cured, a roding ulcer. Cactus, cinara, Hartichocke. Cadmia, Tuttie. Cadmia, Botryitis, Tuttie. Cadmia fossilis, Lapis calaminaris. Cadmia nativa, a kind of Mineral. Cadmia officinarum, Cadmia ocina, Tuttie. Caducus morbus, the falling sickness. Calamandrina, Germander. Calamentum, Mint. Calamintha agrestis, wild Mint. Calamintha aruensis, the same. Calamintha felina, Cattaria, Cat's mint. Calamintha montana, wild mountain Mints. calamities, Rana viridis, a green Frog. Calamus aromaticus, Calmus, a sweet smelling Rséede, which is brought out of India: We use the common Calamus root in steed of it. Calamus odoratus, or Calamus unguentarius, the same. Calcaria, Consolida regalis, Lark's spur. Calcatrepola, Star thistle the lesser. Calcedonius, a precious stone. Calcifraga, Saxifraga, Saxifrage. Calcifraga Scribonij Largi, Asplenium, Fearne. Calendula, Caltha, Marigolde. Calendula aruensis, wild Marigold. Calendula multiplex, double Marigold. Calendula syluestris, wild Marigold. Calenum, seek Carenum. Calliphyllum Hippocratis, Trichomanes, Maiden hair. Callitrichum, Adianthum, the same. Caltha of Virgil, Columell, and Pliny, Calendula, Marigold. Caltha poetica, Calendula, Marigolde. Caltha Dioscoridis, Chrysanthemum, Golden knap. Caltha Plinij, See Caltha Virgilij. Calycanthemum, Caprifolium, woodbind. Calyx Plinij, Cochleaedomus, a Snails shell. Calx conia, lime. Calx viva, Quick lime. Calomelopodium, Prassium, Horehound. Camomilla officinarum, Camomile. Camp, Eruca, Rocket. Campanella, Volubilis, Campanula, the flower called Canterbury bells. Campanula marina, Soldanella, sea Folefoote. Cammarus, Gammarus, a Crab. Camphora, Caphura, Camfere. Cannabis, Hemp. Cancer, a Crab. Cancer carcinoma, the Canker. Cancer marinus, a sea Crab. Candela regis, Verbascum, Woolblade, or Torch herb, or Longwoort. Candelaria, the same. Canella, Cinamomum, Cinnamome. Canineca, Colchicum, Hermodactyles. Canina fames, Cynorexia, unnatural hunger. Canirubus Dioscoridis, Cynosbatus, Eglantine, or sweet briar. Canirubus Theodori Gazae, Cynosbatus Theophrasti, the Hawthorne tree. Cania Plinij, Vrtica minor, the little Nettle. Canna, Calamus, Arundo, a Reed. Canophicon, Turbith. Canthabrica Plinij, Caryophyllus hortulanus, a Gelyflower, a Gelover. Canthabrum, Furfur, Bran. Cantharideses, Cantarides, or Spanish flies. Cantharus, or Catherius, a black beetle. Caphura, Camphora Camfere. Capillaris, Capillus Veneris, Venus' hair. Capillus Terrae, Adiantum, Maiden hair. Capillus Veneris Apuleij, our Lady hair. Capillaris aurea Herbariorum, yellow Maiden hair. Capnos, Capnus, Fumaria, Fumitory. Capnos chelidonia, Pseudaristolochia rotunda officinarum, Hartwoort, or Aristology. Capnos phragmites, the same. Caprago Apuleij, Esula, Spurge. Capparis, Capers. Caprifolium, woodbind. Caprifolium Italicum, Caprifolium perforatum, woodbind of Italy. Caput monachi, Hedypnois, yellow Cicorie. Caput papaveris, Codia, Poppy seed. Caputium barbarorum, headed Colewoortes, Cabbage. Carabe, Succinum, yellow or white Amber. Carbo, Carbunculus, a Plague sore or botch. Carbunculus, Anthracites, a Carbuncle stone. Carbunculus Amethistizon, Anthrax, a Ruby. Carbunculus candidus, Spinalus, Spinale. Carbunculus Alabandicus, Lapis Alabandicus, a kind of Ruby. Carbunculus Giluus, or Carbunculus pallidus, a yellow Carbuncle. Carbunculus carchedonicus, or Carbunculus Garamanticus, Granatus, a Granate. Carchedonius, Gemma, the same. Carchosilus, Carduus Altilis, Artichoke. Carcinethron, Polygonum, Knotgras. Carcinoma, Cancer, the Canker. Cardamine, Nasturtium aquaticum, Water cress. Cardamomum, a spice coming out of India. There be two sorts of this Cardamomum, the greater, and the small or lesser. The greater, we call grains, Nicolaus Myrepsus calleth it Menigeta: Serapio termeth it Sacola, and in Apothecary's shops it is Granun Paradysi: the Arabians name the common Cardamomum, Cacola, Heilbague, and is the lesser Cardamomum of the Arabians. The lesser sort is that which we commonly call Cardamom, it is called both in Greek and in latin Cardamomum, of the simplicists Cardamomum Indicum, of Apothecary's Cardamomum minus, of the Arabians Cardumenum, or Cordumenum. If any one will use Cardamomum, let him always take the lesser. Cardamomum maius officinarum, Granum Paradysi, Grains. Cardamomum minus, Cardamome. Cardamomum Indicum, the same. Cardanum, Nasturtium, Cress. Cardiaca, Mediana, the Mediane, or Liver vain. Cardiaca, Motherwoort. Cardialgia, grief or pain at the hart. Cardianthemun Herbariorum, Ocimastrun, Behen. Cardopatium officinarum, Chameleon niger, Milk thistle. Cardumenum, See Cardamomum. Carduus Altilis, Cinara, Hartichocke. Carduus amoris, Atractylis, an herb called Cnecus syluestris, bastard Saffron, or wild Saffron. Carduus benedictus, blessed Thistle. Carduus Fullonius, Dipsacus, Fuller's Thistle, or Teasel. Carduus hepaticus, Lactuca syluestris, Lettuce. Carduus marianus, our Lady thistle. Carduus niger, Milk thistle. Carduus pratensis, Cinara syluestris, wild Hartichocke. Carduus sanctus, blessed Thistle. Carduus strobilus, Cinara sativa, Artichoke. Carduus satiws, Chameleon niger, milk Thistle. Carduus varius, the lesser milk Thistle. Carduus veneris, Dipsacus, teasel. Carenum, or as Brassavolus saith, Calenum mustum ad tertias coctum, Must or new wine, that hath been sod till the third part remain. Cariosemen, Semen carvi, Caruway seed. Caricae, Ficus passae, dried Figs. Carium, Carum, Caruway. Carnabadum, Carnabum, Carum, Caruway. Carnabum, the same. Carniglutinum, flesh lime. Carolina, Gentian. Carota, Carotis, Parsnep. Carotis lutea, a yellow Carrot. Carotis rubra, a red Carrot. Carotis syluestris, Pastinaca vera, a wild Carrot. Carpathon, Caprifolium, woodbind. Carpobalsamum, Fructus Balsami, the fruit of Balsamum. But that which is now commonly used in the Apothecary's shops, is not the fruit of the true Balsamum, but it is the seed of Hypericom petraeum, which also in the time of Dioscorides was used for true seed of Balsamum: and the unskilful Physicians as yet use it for the same in their compositions: but indeed with them all is one, for so it bear the name only, it is good enough. Carphos, Fenegreeke. Cartamus, Cnicus, wild Saffron. Cartamus domesticus, Saffron. Cartamus syluestris, wild Saffron. Cartilago, Chondrus, a Cartilege or gristle. carvi officinarum, Caruwaies. Carya, Nux avellana, a Hasell nut tree. carrion, juglans, a Walnut tree. carrion basilicon, Nux regia, the same. carrion Indicum, Nux Indica, an Indian nut. carrion Persicum, Nux Persica, a Nu●trée. carrion Theophr. Tithymalus myrtaceus, Spurge. Caryites Apulei, Spurge. Caryophyllum, Cloves. Cariophyllata, avence. Caryophyllus flos, Carnations, and double Gilliflowers. Caryophyllus Aruensis, Carnations. Caryophyllus domesticus, Carnations. Caryophyllus hortulanus, the same. Cassamum officinarum, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Cassia, Cassie. Cassia Alexandrina, Cassia fistularis, Cassie. Cassiae flos, or Cassiae medulla, or Cassia cribrata, prepared Cassie. Cassia lignea, Xylocassia, a sweet smelling rind like Cinnamom. Cassia herba, Lavendula, Lavender. Cassuta, or Cassyta, Bindewéede, or Wind. Cassia coronata, Lavender. Castanea, a Chestnut. Castanea aquatica, Tribulus aquaticus, water Nuts. Castoreum, the Bevercod. Castrangula, Pilewoort the great. Catagma, Offum fractura, a fracture of the bone. Catapotium, Pillula, a Pill, or a little ball. Catangelus, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Catarrhus, a Rheum. Catharticum imperiale, is a purging medicine so called. Cataputia mayor, Ricinus, a tree called Palma Christi. Cataputia minor, Lathyris, Spurge. Cataputiae syluestris, wild Spurge. Cathaeron, Iris, Flowerdeluce. Catapliris, Cicuta, Hemlock. Catechomenium, the same. Cathimia officinarum, Cadmia, Tuttie. Caucasis, bastard Parsley. Cauda muris, Crassula minor, Blood strange. Caulis, a Colewoort. Caulis iovis, Housléeke, or Sengréene. Causon, or Causus, a hot burning Fever. Ceanothus Theophrasti, Gooseberry. Ceanothus asper. the same. Ceanothus levis. Raspes. Cedria Theophr. the great juniper tree. Cedromelum, malum Citreum. a Citron. Cedronella, Citraria, Baume. Cedrostis, vitis alba, Bryony. Celidonia officinarum, Celandine the greater, or Swallows. Celidonia minor, Chelidonium minus, Pilewoort, or Figwoort. Celyphos, Cochleae domus, a Snails shell. Cenchros or Cenchris Milium, Mill, or Millet. Centaurium magnum, the greater Centory. Centaurium minus, the little Centory. Centimorbia, Centimorbium, Herb two pence. Centinodia, Polygonum, Knotgras. Centinodia minor, Ruella, Knotgras the lesser. Centumcapita, Eryngium, Seaholme or Sea holly. Centonica, Wormeséede. Centumnodia, Polygonum, Knotgrass. Cepa, Crommium, an Oinion. Cepe, the same. Cepa Pallacana Plinij, Léekes. Cepae Africanae, Oinions of Africa. Cepae Hispanicae, Spanish Oinions. Cephalaea, capitis dolor diuturnus, a continual headache. Cephalalgia, capitis dolour, headache. Cepa maris, Sea oinion. Cephalica, the head vain. Cepuli, Chebuli, a kind of Mirobalans. Cera, Wax. Cera montana, Pisasphaltum, a kind of lime or Clay like Pitch. Cera terrestris, Picibitumen, the same. Ceraitis, Foenum graecum, Fenegréeke. Cerasa, or ceresia Cherries. Cerasia amarella, or Laurea, bitter Cherries. Cera Theophrasti, or Ceria, a certain drink. Cerasites, vinum ex cerasis confectum, wine made of Cherries. Cerasum, a Cherry. Cerasum judaeorum, or Cerasum terrae, a winter Cherry. Cerasus, a Cherry tree. Ceratia, and Ceratonia, the fruit of the tree Siliqua. Ceratum, or Cerotum, it is called of Galen Cerotum, or Cerote: This is a plaster made of oil and wax, and is prepared diversly. Ceratum album Galeni, a cold or cooling plaster of Galen. Ceratum Sandalinum, a salve made of Saunders. Cerebrum, the brain. Cerefolium officinarum, chervil. Cerefolium columbinum, Herbariorum fumaria, Fumitory. Cerefolium Felinum, Herbariorum capros, Fumitory. Cerefolium Hispanicum, Chaerephyllon, Spanish chervil. Cerefolium syluestre, Pseudomirrhis, wild chervil. Ceruiocellus, Ophioctonum, a kind of Parsnep. Ceruicornula tenella, Heart's horn. Ceruina radix, Siluermountaine. Ceruirubus, Rubus Idaeus, Raspis or Frambois. Ceruus volans, Escarbot. Cerusa or Cerussa, Psymmithium, Ceruse or white lead. Cestrum, Betonica, Betonie. Ceterach, or Ceterachum Arabum, Scolopendrium, Harts tongue. Chaerephyllon, or Chaerefolium, chervil. Chachite Serapionis, sea Folefoote. Chalcantum, Vitriolum, Coperas, or Vitriol. Chalix, Silex, a Flint. Chalybs, or Chalyps, Steel. Chalyps', the same. Chameacte, Ebulus, Danewoort, Bloodwoort, or Wallwoort. Chamaecissus, Haedera terrestris, Alehoofe, or Harehoofe. Chamaecyparissus, Heath Cypers, or dwarf Cypers. Chamaedaphne Plinij, Peruinca, Perwinckle. Chamaedaphne Dioscoridis, Laureola, Laurel, Lowry, or Lorell. Chamaedrys' aquatica, Scordium, water Germander. Chamaedries, Trissago, Germander. Chamaeleuce, Populago alba, Colt's hoof. Chamaemelum, Camomile. Chamaemelum foetidum Herbariorum, Parthenium, Feuerfew, Maydenweede, or Motherwoort. Chamaemyrtus, Ruscus, a prickled shrub, of some Butcher's broom, of others Knéeholme. Chamaerhodon, a certain wild Rose. Chamaepitys, field Cipers. Chamaerops, Chamaedrys', Germander. Chamaeplatanus, Spondylium, Bearefoote. chameleon niger, the black Thistle. chameleon albus, carlina, the white or milk Thistle. Charabe, Succinum, Amber. Characias Dioscoridis, wild Spurge. Chartamus, or Cartamus, bastard Saffron. Chebuli, a kind of Mirobalans. Cheiri vel Cheyri, Leucoium, a Walflower. Chelidon, Hirundo, a Swallow. Chelidonium minus, Pilewoort, or Figwoort. Chelidonium maius, Celandine. Chelone, Testudo, a Tortoise. Chelonium herba, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Chenanthemum Herbariorum, Bellium maius, the greater Daisy. Chenoglossum, Lactuca syluestris, wild Lettuce. Chenomalacha, Malua anserina, Goose meadows. Chermes, Granum tinctorum, Couchenill. Chermesinum, Crimson. Cherua Arabum, Ricinus, Palma Christi. Cheyri, Seek Cheiri. Chiliophyllus, Supercilium Veneris, Yarrow. Chiragra, the gout in the fingers. Chironia, Centaurium magnum, great Centory. Chironios', Ampelos, vitis chironia, Bryony. Cholera, Cholerica passio, is called of Aurelian Felliflua passio, that is a great pain in the belly with pricking and shooting, and avoiding of Choler both by vomit & stool. The unskilful Physicians and others take Cholera for Bilis: and over all this book Bilis is taken for Cholera. Chondrus, Cartilago, a gristle. Chrysanthemum, Goldknap. Chryselectrum, Electrum aureum, yellow Amber. Chrysitis Plinij, Chrisocome, Gold knaps. Chrysitis, Lithargyrium auri, lethargy or Lead. Chrysitis gemma, Saphyrus aureus, a yellow sapphire. Chrysocolla, Boras. Chrysocolla aurifabrorum factitia, Boras. Chrysocome, Amaranthus Galeni, Gold knap. Chrysolachanum, Orage. Chrysomela, or Chrysonulla, yellow Quinces. Chrysolithus, a kind of jasper. Chrysogonum, Tormentilla, Tormentill. Chrysophorum Dioscoridis, Electrum aureum, yellow Amber. Chyline, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Chylus, a certain white juice that cometh of meat and drink digested in the stomach. Cicadae, Grasshoppers. Cicer, Cich or Cich pease. Cicer columbinum Apuleij, Tithymalus solisequus, Spurge. Cicer columbinum Dioscoridis, the white Ciche. Cicer candidum, or album, the same. Cicerbita, Sonchus aspera, Sow thistle. Cicercula Plinij, Lathyrus, Cicheling, Céeres, Peason cerres, petty Ciche. Cichla, Turdus, a Blackbird or Ouzel. Cici, Ricinus, Palma Christi. Cicla officinarum, Beta, Béetes. Cichorea officinarum, Cichorium, Cicory. Cichorium, the same. Ciconia, a Stork. Cicuta, Hemlock. Cicutaria, Myrrhis, wild chervil, C●x, Kex, Ass parsley, or mock chervil. Cidonium, a Quince. Cilia, the eyelids. Cimex, a stinking worm breeding in wood. Cinara or Cynara or Cinarus or Cynarus, an Artichoke. Cinamomum, Cinnamome. Cine, Ruscus, the Box tree. Cinis, Ashes. Cinnabaris Indica, Sanguis Draconis, a liquor or gum brought out of Africa. Cinnabaris metallica, Cinoper. Cinnabaris metallica nativa, a certain red mine or Cinoper. Cinnabaris metallica factitia, common or counterfeited Cinoper. Cinnabaris fossilis, Cinoper of the mine. Cinnabaris artificialis, counterfeited Cinoper. Cinnabrium, Cinnabaris, Cinoper. Cinnabrium natiwm sive fossil, Cinoper of the mine. Cinnamomum sive Cinnamon, Cinnamome. Circinalis, Maiden hair. Cission, Aclepias, Swallowwoort. Cissus, Hedera, ivy. Citrea, siue Citrus, a Citron or Orange. Citreum malum, the same. Citrago, Citraria, Citronella, Balm. Citrullus, a citrul. Citrus, Citrea, a Citron or Orange tree. Citta, Pica malacia, the affection of longing in women with child. Clareta or Claretum, Claret or spice wine. Clava Herculis Nymphaea, water Lily, or water Rose, or Nenuphar. Clauu● Veneris Apuleij, Nymphaea, the same. Clema, Palms, the branch of a Vine. Clema, Pityusa, Spurge. Clematis herba, and Clematis Daphnoides, Perwinckle. Clibodium, Parietaria, Pellitory of the wall. Climia officinarum, Cadmia, Tuttie. Clinophodiontes Apuleij, Polygonum, Knotgras. Clibodium, Helxine, Pellitory of the wall. Clibatis Nicandri, or Clibetis Nicandri, the same. Cnicus, Cartamus, Saffron. Cnecus, Cartamus, wild Saffron. Cnicus syluestris, and Cnecus campestris, wild Saffron. Cneoron, Seek Cassia coronaria. Cnopodium, Polygonum, Knotgras. Coagulum, the rennet of a beast that turneth milk●. Coagulum capreoli, a Kid's maw. Coagulum Leporis, a Hare's maw. Cobaltum me●allicorum, Cadmia, Tutty. Colius, Spurge. Co●celi Hippocratis, Nuces Pineae, Pingles. Coc●ognidium, Granum Thymelaeae. In this book you must not take it for Mezereon, that is Lorell, but for Lathyris, which is Spurge. Coccum infectorium, Graine wherewith cloth is grained. Coccus Theophrasti, Paralius, sea Spurge. Coccus Baphica, Granun tinctorum, Graine wherewith cloth is grained. Coccimela, a Plum tree. Coccimelon, Prunum, a Plum. Diphilo taketh Coccimelon for a Citron. Coccimelea agria, Sloes. Cochlearia, Brassica marina, sea Folefoote. Cochlearia palustris, Plantago aquatica, water Plantain. Codia, Papaveris caput, Poppy husks. Coclidonium chymistarum, Chelidonium, Celandine. Coete, Cicuta, Hemlock. Colatypus avis, a Stare. Colchicum, Dog's bane, Dogs stones, or meadow Saffron. Colica, the Colic. Colla, Gluten, Glue. Collum draconis, Dragons. Colon, or Colum, or intestinum colon, a great gut so called. Colocynthis, a kind of wild Gourd purging phlegm. Colophonia radix, Scammony. Colophonium, Scammonium, the same. Colostra or Colostrum, Béesting. Columbaris, Veruena, Verueine. Colubrina officinarum, Britannica, Heart's tongue. Colubrina vera, Dragons. Colubrina magna, great Dragons. Colubrina minor, the lesser Dragons. Colubrina palustris, water Cuckoo pit. Columbrina, Verbena, Verueine. Columbrina, Dracuntium, Dragons. Coluthea Theophrasti, Sene. Colus rustica, Attractylis, wild Saffron. Colycea Theophrasti, a kind of nuts called also Pistacium. Columbas, Oliva conditanea, preserved Olives. Coma aurea, Chrysocome, Gold knaps. Comets, Cataputia syluestris, wild Spurge. Comitialis morbus, Epilepsia, the falling sickness. Concha marina, sea Mussels. Conchylij Indici operculum or Tegumentum, Mussel shells of India. Seek Blacca Byzantia. Condiloma, a swelling of the fundament. Conion, Cicuta, Hemlock. Confectio laetificans Almansoris, a certain confection so called. Confectio laetificans Galeni, such another confection as that afore. Confectio Anacardina, a confection so termed. Confectio Aromatica rosata, called also Aromaticum rosatum. Confectio de gemmis, the confection of Gems or precious stones. Confectio Hamech, a certain purge so called. Confection justina, a confection so named. Confectio de Xyloaloë, a confection made of Lignum Aloes. Conserua maior, Symphytum alterum, Comfrey. Confirma maior, Comfrey. Congelatio, Stupor, benumbling, unsensibleness. Conila Apuleij, Origanum, Marjoram. Coniugulum Catonis, Bindwéede. Conserua Buglossae, the conserve of bugloss. Conserua Hyssopi, Conserve of Hyssop. Conserua Melissa, Conserve of Balm. Conserua Nenupharis, Conserve of water lilies. Conserua florum paralysis, Conserve of Cowslips. Conserua Paeoniae, Conserve of Pyony. Conserua Rosarum, Conserve of Roses. Conserua Anthos, Conserve of Rosemary. Conserua primulae veris, conserve of Primroses. Conserua Saluiae, Conserve of Sage. Conserua Spicanardi, Conserve of Spikenard. Conserua Trifolij acetosi, Conserve of wood Sorrell. Conserua Violarum, Conserve of Violets. Consiligo Plinij, Longwoort. Consolida, Symphytum, Comfrey. Consolida lactaria, Mouseare. Consolida media Herbariorun, Setwall or Bugle. Consolida media vulnerariorum, the same. Consolida minor, Bellis minor, Daisies. Consolida media, Bugle or Setwall. Consolida petraea, Comfrey. Consolida pyrif●lia, wild Béetes. Consolida regalis, Larks spur. Consolida Saracenica. Conuoluolus, Cissampelos, Bindwéede. Conuoluolus marinus, sea windwéede. Conuulsio, Spasmus, a convulsion or Cramp. Conysa, wild Mints. Corago, Borage, or bugloss. Corallia, & Corallium, Anagallis mass, he Pimpernel. Corallium, Coral. Corchorus Theophrasti, Anagallis mass, red or he Pimpernell. Cordis palpitatio, Cordis saltus, panting or beating of the hart. Corda Barbarorum, Neruus, a sinew. Cordumenum Arabum, Cardamomum Graecorum, Cardamome. Coriandrum, the herb Coriander. Corianon, or Corion, the same. Corona regia, Melilotus, Melilot. Corona terrae, Alehoofe, or High. Corona virginea, Clematis daphnoides, Perwinckle. Cornu cerui, Heart's horn. Cornus, Dog tree, or Gad rise. Corna, the fruit of the same. Cornu Monocerotis, the horn of an Unicorn. Corsaluium Apuleij, Saluia, Sage. Corrigiola, Knotgras. Corrigiola minor, Knotgras the lesser. Corruda, Asparagus syluestris, wild Sperage. Corruda Gazae, Asparagus Regius, Sperage. Corrudago Gazae, Asparagus syluestris, wild Sperage. Corylus, an Hasell or filbert tree. Cortex thuris, the bark or rind of Frankincense. Coryza, the pose. Corymbites, a kind of Spurge. Costa Asinina, Plantain the lesser, Ribwoort. Costa equina, Plantago acuta, the same. Costum, or Costus, commonly called herba Mariae. Corinus, Oleaster, a wild Olive tree. Cotonea malus, a Quince tree. Cotoneum, a Quince. Cotoneum maius, the greater Quince. Cotula foetida, wild Cammomils'. Cotum officinarum, Cotton. Cram, Brassica, Cole, or Colewoorts. Cram cephalote, Brassica capitata, the headed Colewoorts or Cabbage. Crambion, Pityusa, Spurge. Cranium, the skull or brain pan. Crassamen, or Crassamentum vini, wine lées. Crassula minor, Prickemadam. Crassula maior, Housléeke. Crataea, Chelidonium maius, Celandine the greater, or Swallows herb. Cridion, Cicuta, Hemlock. Cremor lactis, Cream of milk. Crespinus, a Barberry tree or bush. Cressio Barbarorum, Cresses. Creta, Chalk. Crinanthemum, Lilium, a Lilly. Crinis vitis, hairs of the Vine. Crinon, Lilium, a Lilly. Crito, Hordeum, Barley. Crocum, or Crocus, Saffron. Crocus fatuus, Cartamus, wild Saffron. Crocus hortulanus, tame or garden Saffron. Crocus Saracenicus, Cartamus, wild Saffron. Crocus syluestris, wild or field Saffron. Crommium, Cepa, an Onion. Crosmis, Saluia, Sage. Croton, Ricinus, Palma Christi. Cruciata, Gentian. Crux Christi herba, Aconitum salutiferum, Wolf's bane. Cuculus herba, Nightshade. cucumber, or Cucumis, a Cucumber. cucumber Anguinus, or cucumber Asininus, the wild Cucumber. cucumber erraticus, or cucumber syluestris, the same. Cucurbita, or Cucurbita esculenta, a Gourd. Cucurbita syluatica, Colocynthis, Coloquintida, or the wild Gourd. Cuminum, or Cyminum, Coming. Cuminum Alexandrinum, Ammy. Cuminum cornutum, Larks spur. Cuminum regium Hippocratis, Ammy. Cuminum syluestre alterum Dioscoridis, Larks spur, or wild Coming. Cuminum, Satiwm, Hortulanun, Romanum, tame or garden Coming. Cunila, Satureia, Savoury. Cunila rustica, wild Savoury. Cunila bubula, Mariorane. Cunila Gallica Apuleij, the same. Cunilago, Serpillum, wild or running Thyme. Cupressus, a Cipres tree. Cupressus hortulana, Abrotanum foemina, Southernwood. Cupressus syluestris, a juniper tree. Cupula glandis cittarus, acorn cups. Curcuma, Cyperus Indicus. Curallium, Coralium, Coral. Cuscuta officinarum, Cassita, Windwéede. Cyanos, lapis Cyaneus, a Turquoyse. Cybelon, Viola martia, a Violet. Cybeles', Pomum Martialis, Conus, a Pine apple. Cyclamen, orbicularis, sows bread, or rape Vicl●●. Cyclaminus, Cyclamen, the same. Cyclaminus minor, Rape violet the lesser. Cydonia malus, a Quince tree. Cydonium maius, the greater Quince. Cydonium nothum, a bastard Quince. Cyminites, vinum ex Cymino confectum, Wine made of Coming. Cyminum, Cuminum, Coming. Cyminum dulce, Anisum, anise. Cyminum siliquosum, a kind of Coming. Cynanthemis, Parthenium, Motherwoort. Cynanche, Angina, the squinsy. Cynosbatus Theophrasti, or Cynosbatus Dioscoridis, the Eglantine or Sweet briar. Cynocentrum Hesychij, a wild Rose. Cynocephalaeon Hesychij, Papaner nigrum, the black Poppy. Cynocephalion Dioscoridis, Psillium, Fleawoort, or Fleabane. Cynogala, Polygonum, Knotgras. Cynoglossa, or Cynoglossum, Hound's tongue. Cynoglossa minor, the lesser Hounds tongue. Cynomazum, Chameleon niger, the black Thistle, or Chameleon. Cynomorphus, Crocus, Saffron. Cynomoron Galeni, Rosa canina, the wild Rose. Cynopleuron, Plantago acuta, Rib wort. Cynosrhodon, Rosa canina, a Briar bush. Cynospaston Plinij, Canirubus Gazae, the Hawthorne tree. Cynospastos Aeliani, Paeonia, a Pyonie. Cynorexia, Appetitus caninus, a greediness and an unnatural appetite of meat. Cynozolum, Chameleon niger, a stinking Thistle Cynoxylon, Cardopatium, wolves bane. Cyparissus, Cypressus, a Cypress tree. Cyparissus' hortulana, Southernwood. Cyparissia, Tithymalus, Cyparissimus, Spurge. Cyperus, a kind of Galangall. Cyperus rotundus, the round Galangall. Cyperus longus, or Cyperus Romanus, the long Galangall. Cyperis, Galangall. Cyprus, Ligustrum, Privet. Cytinus, flos mali punicae sativae, the bud or flower of a Pomegranate. D. DActyli, Palmulae, Dates. Dactylion, Scammonium, Scammony. Dactylitis, Aristolochia magna, Aristology. Dactylus Idaeus, Herba Peonia, Pyony. Dacrydion, Lachrymula, is the juice of the herb Scammony. Dagridion officinarum, Dacrydion, Scammony. Daphne, Laurus, a Bay tree. Daphnelaeon, oleum Laurinum, oil of Bays. Daphnides, Baccae lauri, Bay berries. Dardanis, Cicuta, Hemlock. Dapsipodium, Viola martia, a Violet. Daucus, or Daucum, a Carrot. Decoctio officinarum, a decoction or boiling of the Apothecaries. Decoctio aperitiva, a decoction that openeth obstructions. Decoctio communis, a common decoction, which is made of two sundry ways at the Apothecaries, with the which we mix Electuaries or Syrupes to prepare & purge the humours. Decoctio fructuum, a decoction of Fruits, which is commonly made of the Apothecaries. Decoctio pectoralis, a decoction for the breast. Decoctio Senae, a decoction of Seine leaves. Defrutum, Mustum ad tertias decoctum, new Wine sodde till one third part remain. Delirium, doting or raving. Dementia, madness. Dentrites, Corallium, Coral. Dentritis Apuleij, Tithymalus solisequus, Spurge. Dendrodes, and Dendroides Dioscoridis, Tithymalus arborescens, a kind of Spurge. Dendrolibanum, Rosemary. Dendromalache, Althaea, the marsh Mallow. Dens Elephanti, an Elephant's tooth. Dens Leonis herba, Hedypnois, Dandelion, Priest's crown, wild or yellow Cicorie. Desipientia, foolishness. Decuos, Mustum, Must, or new wine. Diacalamentum, or Diacalamenta, a certain confection made of Mints. Diacaryon, or Diacarydion, Rob nucum officinarum, a Conserve of Walnuts. Diacapparis, or Diacapparum, a conserve made of the roots of Capers. Diacatholicon, a purging confection so termed. Diacinamomum, a confection of Cinnamom. Diacinamomum cum Rhabarbaro, and electuary of Cinnamom and Rhubarb. Diachylon, Emplastrum Diachylon, a plaster or salve so termed. Diacitonidon officinarum, or Diacitoniton simplex, Diacidonium, and Diacidonites, a conserve made of Quinces. Diacitoniton compositum, or cum speciebus officinarum, a compounded conserve of Quinces. Diacitoniton laxatiwm, or Solutiwm officinarum, a purging conserve of Quinces. Diacodion, a confection made of Poppy. Diacostum, a conserve so called. Diacrocoma, Diacurcuma officinarum, a certain confection also called Diacrocum. Diacrocum, the same. Diacurcuma, the same. Diacydonites, seek Diacitoniton. Diacydonium, seek Diacitoniton. Diacydonium Catharticum, Diacidonium solutiwm, seek Diacidonium laxatiwm. Diacyminum, or Diacuminum, a confection of Romish Cumin. Diaireos or Diairis Solomonis, a confection made of Ireas or the root of Flower deluce. It is thought that Solomon was the first author of it. Diaireos, or Diairis simplex, another confection of the root Ireas, and is also called Diaireos, or Diairis Nicolai. Diairis simplex, the same. Diairis Solomonis, seek Diaireos. Dialacca, a confection so called. Dianthon, or Dianthos, a confection made of Rosemary flowers. Dianthus, the same. Diabetes, Diamnes, or Diampnes, an unnatural and extreme making of urine. Diagalanga, a confection made of Galangall. Diamanna, Electuarium ex Manna, an Electuary of Manna. Diamargariton Calidum, or Diamargaritum Auicennae, a hot confection of Pearls. Diambra, or Diambarum, or Diampar, a confection of Amber gréese. Diahyssopum, a confection of Hyssop. Dialthaea, unguentum Dialtheae, a plaster of marsh Mallows. Diamentha, a conserve of Mints. Diamnes, or Diampnes, an unnatural yielding of urine. Diamoron, Rob mororum, a confection of Mulberryes. Diamoscum, a confection of Musk. Diamoscuma amarum, vide Diamoscum. Diampnes, vide Diamnes. Diaolibanum, or Electuarium de Olibano, an Electuary of Frankincense. Diagridium officinarum, Diacrydion Scammonea praeparata, prepared Scammony. Dianisum, a confection of Anise. Diapapaver, Eclegma de papavere, or Loch de papavere, an Electuary, or lick of Poppy. Diapenidion, a confection of Sugar pennets. Diapenidion sine speciebus, the same without spices. Diapensia, Sanicula, Sanicle. Diapliris officinarum, Electuarium plerisarcoticon, or Electuarium plerisarchigon, a confection so named. Diaphoenicon officinarum, Diaphoenicon, Electuarium ex dactylis, a purging Electuary of Dates. Diaprunis laxativa, or Lenitiva officinarum, Diaprunum solutiwm, a purging confection of Prunes. Diaprunum, vide Diaprunis. Diaprunum simplex, the same. Diaphragma, septum transuersum, the Midriff, a skin that separateth the stomach and breast from the belly. Diapompholigos officinarum, unguentum Diapompholigos, an ointment made of Tutty. Diaprassium, a confection of Horehound. Diarrhodon abbatis, a confection of Roses. Diarrhodon sine speciebus, a simple confection of Roses. Diaria, vide Ephemera. diarrhea, proflwium alui, a lax or flux of the belly. Diasatyrion, a confection made of Ragwort. Diasenna, a confection of Senna. Diaspoliticon, a confection so called. Diathamaron, a certain confection. Diatragagantum calidum, a warming confection. Diatrionsantalon, a confection of Saunders, called Triasandali at the Apothecaries. Diatrionpipereon, a confection made of the three kinds of Pepper. Diatragagantum frigidum, a cooling confection. Diaturbith, or Diaturbethum, a confection of Turbith. Diaturbith cum rhabarbaro, a confection of Turbith with Rhubarb. Diaxyloaloës, a confection of Lignum aloës. Diachomenum Theophrasti, Peonia, Peony. Dictamum, or Dictamus, or Dictamus alba, french Diptamer. Didymi, the stones of men or women. Digitellus Plinij, Prickmadam. Digitus citrinus Auicennae, Priests stones, or Ragwort. Digitus Veneris, Nymphaea, the water Lilly. Dismidion, Manipulus, Fasciculus, a handful. Dyoscyamus, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Diosporus, milium solis, Mill, or Millet. Dios Anthos, Viola Trinitatis, herb Trinity, or Heart's ease. Diptamus, or Diptamum officinarum, Polemonium, white Diptamer. Dipsacus, Teasill, or fullers Thistle. Dipyrites Hippocratis, Panis biscoctus, Biscuit. Discus solis Chymistarum, a kind of Quicksilver. Dithyambrion, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Dolia, Cicuta, Hemlock. Dolzegine Italorum, sweet Galangall. Domine miserere, Iliaca passio, a pain in the small guts. Dorcis, Diptamus Cretica, Diptamer of Candia. Dorycnium, a venomous herb, with the which darts were wont to be poisoned; it groweth by the sea coast, and hath been taken for Hemlock. Dracontea, or Dracontia, Dragons. Draco in insulis Maderiae & Canariae arbor est, ex qua sanguis draconis defluit, the tree whose juice is called sanguis draconis. Dracoes, Fasciculus manualis, Manipulus, a handful: it is also called Dragma. Dracunculus, Dracontium, Dragons. Dracunculus aquaticus, water Dragons. Dracunculus Henicophyllos, the lesser Dragons. Dracunculus polyphyllos, Serpentine the greater. Dracunculus minor, the lesser Serpentine. Dracunculus maior, the greater Serpentine, or Dragons. Dragma, a dram. Dragantum officinarum, Tragacantha, vel Tragacanthum, the gum of Tragacanth. Dragontea, Dracontium, Dragons. Drangea Nicolai Mirepsi, Tragema, Tragea, a powder used for sauce. Drosera Herbariorum, and Drosium Alchimillae, Sanicle the great. Drosomeli, Honydew. Dryocolaps' Hesychij, and of others Dryocolaptes, Picus martius, a Stare. Dulcichinum, Trasum, Cyperus esc●lentus, sweet Galangall. Duodenum, the stomach gut. Duracinum, Persicum, a Peach. Dura matter Barbarorum, Pericranium, the skin that is next to the brain pan. Dyspnaea, Spirandi difficultas, pursivenes. Dyspnoici, they that are pursy, or have a straightness of breath. Dyspepsia, Concoctio depravata, ill concoction. Dysenteria, Cruenta alui deiectio, the bloody flux. Dysosmon, Scordium, water Léekes. Dysuria, Vrinae difficultas, a stopping of the urine. E. EBiscus, Althaea, marsh Mallows. Ebenotrichon, Adiantum, Venus, Maiden, or our Lady hair. Ebor, dens Elephantis, Eliphants tooth, or ivory. Ebulus, Dane or Bloudwort. Ebur, ivory. Echetrosis Hippocratis, Vitis alba, Bryony. Echidna, Vipera, a Viper. Echinus, Erinaceus, a Hedgehog, or Irchen. Echis, Vipera, a Viper. Echioglossum, Ophioglossum, Adder's tongue. Echium, Buglossa syluestris, wild bugloss. Eclegma, Illinctus, Ecligma, a lick or confection, which is licked up without any chewing. Ecligmade papavere, vide Diapapaver. Ectamum Hippocratis, Veratrun album, the white Ellebor, or Néesewort. Edera, Hedera, ivy. Effluxio, a flux of the seed or sperm. Eglenteria Herbariorum, Rosa canina, a bryer-bush, or wild Rose. Egne Dioscoridis, Igne Hippocratis, Isatis, Woade, or new Ash of jerusalem. Eilbagus Arabum, Cardamomum maius officinarum, Grains. Elaphoboscum, Ceruicocellus, a kind of Parsnep. Elate, Abies, a Fir tree. Elaterium, the juice of wild Cucumbers. Elcratis Arabum, Cartamus, wild Saffron. Electarium, Electuarium, a Confection, an Electuary, or compounded medicine. Electrum, Succinum, Amber. Electrum aureum, Chryselectrum, yellow Amber. Electuarium Arantiorum, an Electuary of Oranges. Electuarium aureum, Electuarium de ovo, an Electuary called the golden Egg. Electuarium de baccis lauri, an Electuary of Bay berries. Electuarium Bezoarticum, Electuarium veneno resistens, an Electuary of the Besoar stone for poison. Electuarium de Calamentha, an Electuary of horse mints. Electuarium de castoreo, a confection of the Bevercod. Electuarium Catholicum, vide Diacatholicon. Electuarium de Citro, an Electuary of Citrons. Electuarium de corticibus Arantiarum, an Electuary of Orange péeles. Electuarium de Epithymo, a confection of Dodder. Electuarium lenitiwm, a lenitive Electuary. Electuarium de passulis, an Electuary of Raisins. Electuarium ad melancholiam Auicennae, an Electuary of Auicenne against melancholy. Elect. Mirobalanorum, a confection of Mirobalans. Elect. Montagnanae oculistae, an Electuary to comfort the sight. Electuarium de ovo, vide Electuarium aureum. Electuarium Plirisarchigon, vide Diapliris. Elect. de Psillio, an Electuary of Fleawort. Elect. ex Prunis, vide Diaprunum. Electuar. de scoria ferri, a confection of Iron. Electuar. Nucum, an Electuary of Walnuts. Electuar. vitae Pauli Rixij. Elenium, Elecampane. Eleoselinum, Paludapium, Smallage. Elitis, Parietaria, Pellitory of the wall. Elephantiasis, Elephantia, the Lepry. Elleborastrum, a kind of Néesewort. Elleborus, Veratrum, Néesewort. Elleborus albus, the white Ellebor, or Néesewort. Elleborus niger, the black Ellebor. Eluxatio, Exarthrema, luxation, or putting out of joint. Elymus, Panicum, Panic. Emblici, vide Mirobalani Emblici. Emmanes, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Emphysodes, vide Febris Emphysodes. Empelitici, vide Mirobalani Emblici. Emplastros, Emplastrum, a plaster or salve. Emplastrum album coctum officinarum, or Emplastrum de Cerussa, a salve or plaster made of Ceruse or white Lead. Emplastrum Apostolicum officinarum, Emplastrum triapharmacum, vulgo Apostolicum. Emplastrum Diaquilon officinarum, Emplastrum diachilon, a salve so called. Emplastrum diaquilon cum gummis officinarum, or Emplastrum diachilon magnum, the same salve with the gums. Emplastrum de crusta panis, a salve of the crust of bread. Emplast. de baccis lauri, a salve of bay berries. Emplastrum de Galbano, a salve of the gum Galbanum. Emplastrum griseum, or Emplastrum de lapide Calaminari, a Salve made of Calamine stone. Emplastrum de Meliloto, a salve of Melilot. Emplastrum de Muscilaginibus, Emplastrum de muccaginibus, a salve made of Muscilages. Emplastrum de pelle Arietis, a salve made of a Rams-skin. Emplastrum Triapharmacum, vide Emplastrum Apostolicum. Emplastrum viride Chirurgorum, a green salve of the chirurgeons. Emprostotonos, pronus raptus, a kind of Cramp. Empneumatosis, Condensatio Spiritus plurimi in ventriculo, ventosity or windines in the stomach. Empyema, Purulenta excreatio, a spitting of corrupt matter out of the chest of the body. Endivia, Intubus, Endive. Eglenteria, Rosa syluestris, Eglantine. Enneaphyllon, Consiligo. Entomum, Helleborus albus, Néesewort. Ephemera Febris, a light fever that continueth but one day. Ephemerum Colchicum, or Ephemerum deleterium, or Ephemerum laethale, Hermodactyls. Ephialtia, or Ephialtum Aetij, Paeonia mascula, a kind of Peony. Ephialtes, or Epialtes, Suppressio nocturna, a disease called the Mare. Ephydron, Cauda equina, Horse tail. Epialtes, vide Ephialtes. Epiglottis, Sublinguium, the cover of the throat, the flap. Epiglossum, Vnularia, Horse tongue. Epiceras Hippocratis, Foenum graecum, Fenegreeke. Epidemia, Pestis, the Plague, or Pestilence. Epiphyllocarpon, Hippoglossum, double tongue. Epilepsia, Comitialis morbus, the falling sickness. Epilepticus, he that hath the falling sickness. Epithymum or Epithymus, Dodder, that is, Cassita thymi. Equapium, Smallage. Equicauda, Hippuris, Horse tail. Equisetum, the same. Equitium, Hippuris, Horse tail. Eracantha, Carduus amoris, wild Saffron. Erestedanum Theophrasti, Centimorbia, herb twopences. Ergasima, a kind of Myrrh. Erica, Heath. Erisitales, Cauda muris, stone crop. Eruca, Euzomum, white Mustard seed. Eruca syluestris▪ wild Rocket. Eruum, Orobus, tars, or bitter Vetches. Eryngium, Sea holm, or Sea holly. Eryngium marinum, Sea holly. Eryngium minus, Coronopus Rondoletij, Spina Stellae, Eryngus the lesser. Erysimum Theophrasti, Camelina Herbariorum. Erysipelas, an inflammation called the Rose. Erysisceptrum, Ciperus, wild Galangall. Erytreus, Lapis Luciani, Margarita, a pearl. Erythrodanum, Rubia, Madder. Esula, Tithymalus, Spurge. Esula Amygdalina, Cataputia syluestris, wild great Spurge. Esula arborescens, great Spurge. Esula camosa, wild Spurge. Esula lactariola, sea Spurge. Esula maior, Pityusa, the great Spurge. Esula dulcis, a kind of Spurge. Esula latifolia, broad leafed Spurge. Esula marina, sea Spurge. Esula minor, the lesser Spurge. Esula papaveracea, a kind of Spurge. Esula petraea, stone Spurge. Esula solisequa, or solsequia, a kind of Spurge. Esula vallaris, the common Spurge. Ethusa, Cicuta, Hemlock. Euphrasia, Eyebright. Euphrasia caerulea, Myosotis. Eunuchium, headed Lettuce. Eupatorium, Agrimony. Euphorbium, the juice or gum of an herb also called Euphorbium. Euphrosynon, Buglossa, bugloss. Euphrosyne, Euphrasia. Eyebright. Eupetalon, Lorel, or Laury. Euphrofinum, Bourage or bugloss. Eupteron Apulcij, Trichomanes, maidens hair. Eureos, lapis judaicus, a kind of stone. Eusine, Parictaria, Pellitory of the wall. Eutaticon, Satyrium Erythronium, a kind of Ragwort, or dogs stones. Eutyglycea Theophrasti, liquorice. Euzomum, or Euzomus, Rocket. Exarthrema, luxation, vide Eluxatio. Excerta, Vipera, a Viper. Exwia Viperae, a Viper's skin. F. FAba, cyanyus, a Bean. Faba iovis, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Faba lupina, Lupinus, Lupins. Faba suilla, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Fabium, Chelidonium, Celandine. Fabulum, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Fagus, a Beech tree. Falernum, Vinum Apianum, Muscadel. Farneze clusinum, ruffeard wheat. Farfara, Bechium, Folefoote. Farfarago, Tussilago, the same. Farfarella, the same. Farina volatilis, mill dust. Farrago, Secale, Rye. Fasciculus manualis, a handful. Faseolus, french Beans. Faseanus, a pheasant. Fastidium, Fastidium stomachi Ciceroni, Ciborum horror Aureliano, Fastidium in cibis Plinio, Anorexia, loathing of meat. Febres errabundae, or erraticae, a wandering ague. Febres languidae, a faint or lither ague. Febres phrycodes, Agues that come with heat about the shoulders. Febres putridae, Agues which are caused of putrefaction of the blood in the veins. Febris, in Greek Pyretoes, an ague. Febris arden's, Causos, Causon, Causodes, a very hot and burning ague. Febris astringens, an ague that bindeth the body. Febris continua, or continuata, Syneches, a continual ague. Febris Diaria, or Febris Ephemera, or Ephemeros, vide Ephemera. Febris Emphysodes, an Ague, which by reason of heat raiseth blisters in the mouth. Febris Icteriadis, an ague that bringeth the yellow jaundice. Febris Hepiala, or Epiala, by Actuarius Epialus, a phlegmatic ague. Febris Hemitritaea, a bastard tertian ague. Febris Hectica, a consuming ague. Febris Lippyria, an ague with an extreme outward cold, and violent inward heat. Febris marasmodes, marcor, Febris hectica cum marcore, a pining ague. Febris quartana, a quartane or fourth days ague. Febris quotidiana, a continual ague. Febris Rhoodes, an ague with a flux. Febris tertiana, a tertian or third days ague. Febrifuga, fell terrae, Centory. Fecula, Alumen fecis, calcined wine lées. Fel Draconis Chymistarum, a kind of Quicksilver. Felicula, Polypodium, Polypody. Ferraria minor, Sanicula, Sanicle. Ferri rubigo, the rust of iron. Ferri fex, or Ferri scoria, or Ferri stercus, the refuse of iron. Ferrugo, the rust of iron. Ferrumen caementorum, white lime. Ferula syluestris, Thapsia, Fenell giant, or herb Sagapene. Fescera Arabum, vitis alba, white Bryony. Fesirin Arabum, vitis alba, the same. Fox vini, wine lose. Fox vini usta, vide Fecula. Ficulna folia, Figtrée leaves. Ficus, a Fig tree. Ficus passae, dried Figs. Ficus, Marisca, Sycon and Sycosis, the piles or hemorrhoids in the fundament of a man. Filicula, Polypodium, polypody. Filicula asellorum, Onopretium, maidenhair. Filipendula, Oenanthe, Saxifraga rubea, Dropwort. Filius ante patrem, Lysimachia corniculata, or Siliquosa, lose strife, or water willows. Filix, Pteris, Ferne. Fisticum, a kind of nut called also Pistacium. Fistula, a continual issue. Flammula officinarum, Ranunculus rotundus, vide Flammula. Flammula Gazae, Herba trinitatis, Heart's ease. Florecaulis, flowered Cabbage. Flos angelicus, Auricula muris minor, the lesser Mouseare. Flos anserinus, Bellium maius, Daisies. Flos divi johannis, S. john's wort. Flos iovis, Harts ease. Flos Garyophyllorum officinarum, Gillofers. Flos lactis, Cream. Flos divae Magdalenae, Spica romana, herb magdalene. Flos regius, Lark's spur. Flos maris, Parmacitty. Flos Rosarum, Anthera, the yellow seed within the Rose. Flos tunicus, Gillofers. Foeniculum, Fenell. Foeniculum porcinum, Peucedanum, dog fennel. Foenum graecum, Fenegréeke. Folia lauri, Bay leaves. Folium, Folium Indicum, Malobathrum or Malabathrum, Betrum, Batrum, or Betrum Indicum, seu Batrum Indicum. This is called of the Arabians Tembul, or Tembucum, of the Greeks Malabathron, phyllon, phyllon Indicum, of Aetius phyllon Scylmatos, Indian leaf. It is a sweet smelling leaf of India, which there is found in the standing pools, and driveth on the water without any root. The inhabitants there gather them, and dry them. Our Apothecaries use the leaf of the cinnamon tree in stead of it, although the right Malobathrum may easily be gotten: but the common error will hardly be amended. Folium Indicum, vide Folium. Folliculus bombycis, Silkworms nest. Fontanella, a Fontanell. Formica, an Ante. Formica, Herpes, a corroding ulcer. Formica miliaris, Herpes miliaris, the same. Fragaria, Strawberry leaves. Fragula, the same. Fragum, a Strawberry. Frassinula, or Frassinella, or Frassinella germanica, white Diptamer. Frassinula Italica, Polygonatum, salomon's seal. Fraxinus, an Ash tree. Fraxinus montana, the lesser Béech. Fraxinus pumila, Diptamer. Frons, the forehead. Fuga daemonum, S. john's wort. Fuligo camini, soot of the chimney. Fumaria, Fumitory. Fumus terrae, the same. Fungus Abietis, a Mushroom of the Fir tree. Fungus laricis, a Mushroom of the Turpentine tree. Fungi, Toadestooles. Fungi juniperi, the Mushroom of the juniper tree. Funis arborum, ivy. Furfur, Bran. Furfures capitis, the white dust of a man's head. Furunculus, a bile. Fusus agrestis, Atractylis, wild Saffron. G. GAgates, jeate. Gaiacum lignum, vel Guaiacum, a tree growing in the new found Iles. Galbanum, or Galbanus, in Greek Chalbane, of Pliny Stagonitis, of the Arabians Chene, and Bezard, of the Apothecaries Galbanum: it is the juice or gum of the herb Metopium, which groweth in Syria. Galanga, Cyperus Babilonicus, Galangall. Galanga maior, the great Galangall. Galanga syluestris, wild Galangall. Galanga syluestris rotunda, the round wild Galangall. Galanga syluestris longa, long wild Galangall. Galeobdolon, Galiopsis, a kind of dead nettles. Galb●lus, Pilula, Nux Cupressi, a Cypress Nut. Galla Galls, the fruit of an oak: but those that grow on our oaks will not be dried, they are called of Galen Onicicidae, and Gallae Asininae. Galli crista, Clary. Ga●●ia muscata, a sweet smelling confection of the Apothecaries so called. Gallicus morbus, the french Pocks, the great disease, the Crinkomes, or Venus' badge. Galluricum, Clary. Gallitricum syluestre, wild Clary. Gammarus, a Crab. Gangites, Gagates, jeate. Gariophyllata officinarum, herb benet, herb blessed, or hare's eye. Gariophyllus officinarum, Cloves. Gariophyllata Herbariorum, herb benet. Gariophyllea Herbariorum, little or single Gelofers. Gariophyllum, or Gariophyllus, Cloves. Garemantites, Granatus, a kind of Ruby. Gaster Nicandri, Brassica capitata, headed Cabbage. Gaster, Ventriculus, the stomach. Gararia, Nepita felina, Nep. Galatina cidoniorum, Marmalade. Gemelli, Parotides impostumes behind the ears. Gemma, Lapillus pretiosus, a Gem. Genicularis, Valerian. Geniculata, Polygonatum, salomon's seal. Genichella, the same. Geniculum, or Geniculus, the same. Geniculus latif●lius, or Geniculus maior, the greater salomon's seal. Geniculus angustifolius, or Geniculus minor, the lesser salomon's seal. Genitale cerui, a Heart's pisle. Genitalis, Gladiolus, Flags. Genista, Broome. Genitura Martis, Spurge. Genitura Herculis, a Box tree. Gentiana, Gentian or bitterwort. Gentiana cruciata, the same. Georgiana, a kind of Valerian. Geostitis, the lesser Houseléeke. Geranium alterum Dioscoridis, Pes columbinus, Pigeons foot. Geranium Robertianun, Storks bill, Pinknéedle, Shepherd's bodkin. Gethyllis or Getium, Leeks. Gethyum, the same. Geum Plinij, herba benedicta, herb benet. Gieduar, Zedoaria, Anthora, Seduary. Gigartha, Vinacea, the kernels that are in Grapes or Raisins. Gingiber, Zingiber, Ginger. Gingidium, Cerefolium Hispanicum, a kind of chervil. Gith, Nigella, the herb Gitte. Githago, Pseudomelanthium, Cockle. Gladiolus, Sedge, or Gladen. Gladiolus Aruensis, the same. Gladiolus luteus, Iris lutea, the yellow floure deluce, or Gladen. Gladiolus palustris angustifolius, the lesser gladden. Gladiolus palustris latifolius, the greater gladden. Glaeos', Viscum, Bird-lime. Glandis calix, or Glandis putamen the outward acorn husk. Glans Dryobalanus, an acorn. Glans Aegyptiaca, or Glans unguentaria, the fruit of a tree also called Ben. Glans iovis, a Chestnut tree. Glans sardonia, the same. Glans quercina, an acorn. Glans unguentaria, vide Glans Aegyptiaca. Glans, a Suppository. Glastum, Isatis, Woade. Glastum minus, wild woad. Glastum satiwm, woad. Glastum syluestre, wild woad. Glaucium, is called of the Arabians Memithe: it is the juice of a strange herb growing in Syria, it is used only in this in Sief Memithe, which is called of the Greeks Collyrium diaglaution. Gleba armena, Bole armoniac. Glechon, Pulegium, Pennyroyall. Glechon agrion, wild Mints. Glessum, Succinum, Amber. Gleucos, Mustum, new wine. Globulus Cyparissus, a Cypress nut. Gluten, common glue. Gluten avium, or Gluten aucupum, Bird-lime. Gluten auri, Chrysocolla, Boras. Gluten ligni, joiners glue. Gluten taurinum, or Glutinum, glue. Gludis, Paeonia, a Peony. Glyceraton, Glycyrrhiza, liquorice. Glycyphyron, the same. Glycyrrhiza, Licorise. Glycis Pausaniae, sodden wine. Glycyside, or Glycisis, Peony. Glycysites, or Glycysidites, Vinum ex Paeonia confectum, wine made of Pionyes. Glythris Athenaei, sodden wine. Gobius Apuleij, wild Spurge. Golsonium, Rapum, a Rape root. Gongyle, or Gongylis, the same. Gongylis agria, R●pū syluestre, a wild rape root. gonorrhea, the running of the reins. Gorgonia, Corallium, Coral. Gorgonium, Millet. Gorgylon, Pauli Tortylium. Gossipium, or Gossipitium, Cotton. Gramen, Agrostis, grass. Gramen porcinum, Knotgrass. Grana, vulgo Granum tinctorium, Couchenill. Granata acidodulcia, or Granata musa, a kind of Pomegranates. Grana turdorum, juniper berries. Granatum officinarum, or Granatum malum, a Pomegranate. Granatus officinarum, Carbunculus garamanticus. Granum chermesinum, Couchenill. Granum infectorium, the same. Granum maris rubri divi Hieronimi, Margarita, a Pearl. Granum paradisi, Cardamomum officinarum maius, Grains. Granum tinctorium, Couchenill. Guaiacum lignum, a tree growing in the new found Isles so called. Ginguedes Arabum, the veins in the neck. Gula, the throat. Guilioca, Cortex exterior nucum, the outward shell of a Walnut. Gummi Arabicum, Gum Arabeck. Gummi Cerasi, the gum of a Cherry tree. Gummi juniperi, the gum of the juniper tree. Gummi Sarcocolla, vide Sarcocolla. Gynacium, Stimmi, Antimony. Gypsum, or Gypsus, a plaster. Gyrenia, Ruscus, Knéeholme. H. HAbilla, or Habiola Herbariorum, Lupulus, Hops. Haeoptois, or Haemaptisis, a spitting of blood. Haemorrhois, Sanguinis proflwium per venas ani, the bleeding of the hemorrhoids or piles. hemorrhoids verrucales, the piles. hemorrhoids nasi, an ulceration of the nose. Haemostasis Democriti, Symphytum, Comfrey. Haemagonum, Paeonia, a Peony. Haemictinos, Scordium, water Léekes. Haematites, sanguinarius lapis, a blood stone. Halica, Chondrus, a kind of corn. Halicacabites, winter Cherries. Halicastrum, Wheat. Halinectera, Olives. Halicacabus, Solanum rubeum, winter Cherries. Halipastos, Oliva conditanea, Olives. Halmas, the same. Halsionaeum, and Halsionium, Spuma maris, the froth of the sea. Halos anthos, Parmacitty. Harmala, Ruta syluestris, wild Rue. Harmagrion, Dracunculus, Dragons. Harmel, Besasa, the same. Harpax, Succinum, Amber. Harundo Enodis, Calamus fistularis, a kind of reed without joints, which hath been used in steed of quills to make pens. Harundo Sepiaria, or Harundo Sepicularis, a kind of Reed. Hartanita officinarun, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Hastula regia Apuleij, Rosa Autumnalis, winter Rose. Hastula Dioscoridis, Asphodelus, the same. Hedera humilis vel terrestris, Alehoof, or highoe. Hectica, a wasting or consuming fever. Hedera plwiatilis, vide Hedera humilis. Hederalis, Asclepias, Swallow wort. Hedypnois, Dandelion, or yellow Cichory. Hedyosmus, Garden mints. Heilbague, or Heilbane Arabum, Cardamomum maius officinarum, Grains. Heilbane, the same. Helenium, Elecampane. Heliobarane Aetij, Knotgrass. Heliotropius lapis, jaspis viridis, a jasper stone. Helix, Capreolus vitis, the little tendrils of vines. Helleborum, or Helleborus, Néesewort. Helleborum nigrum, the black Néesewort. Helmintobotane, vide Zeduaria. Helxine, Perditium, Pellitory of the wall. Hemerocallis, Daffodil. Hemicrania, or Hemicraene, a kind of headache, when but one side of the head is grieved. Hemionium, Asplenium, Scalferne, or Fingerferne. Hen Arabum, Cyperus, Alcanna. Hepar, the Liver. Hepaticus, one that is diseased in the Liver. Hepatis oppilatio, an obstruction or oppilation of the Liver. Hepatica, the liver vain. Hepatica herba, Agrimony. Hepatica fontana, Liverwort. Hepatica saxatica, stone Liverwort. Hepiala, vide Febris hepiala. Hepsema, Mustum coctum, sodden new wine. Heptapleuron, broad Plantain. Heptaphyllon, Torm●●tilla, Tormentill. Heracleotis Calimachi, or Herachea Galeni, the Load stone. Herba divi Anthonij, Selfeheale. Herba Apoplectica. Herba Apostematica, Scabious. Herba apum, Melissa, Balm. Herba Arthriticae, Cowslips. Herba Basilica, Ocimum, Basill. Herba benedicta, Valeriana, Valeriane. Herba calicularis, Henbane. Herba capillaris, Venus, Maiden, or Lady hair. Herba capillaris Apuleij, the same. Herba casta, Paeonia, Peony. Herba clavellata, Heart's ease. Herba crinita Apuleij, maidenhair. Herba cincinnalis, Verueine. Herba columbaris, wild Cypress. Herba cochlearis, Brassica marina, sea coal. Herba centonica officinarum, Absinthium marinum, sea Wormwood. Herba divae Mariae Magdalenae, Phu ponticum, a kind of Valerian. Herba divae Otiliae, Consolida regalis, Lark's spur. Herba divi Petri, the lesser Gentian. Herba divi Quirini, Horse hoof. Herba divi Georgij, Phu ponticum, a kind of Valerian. Herba divi Ruperti. Herba divi Valentini, Paeonia alba, a kind of Peony. Herba flammea, Heart's ease. Herba flavea, Melilotum nobile, Melilote. Herba fortis, Consolida Saracenica. Herba fullonum, teasel. Herba cederalis, Asclepias, Swallow wort. Herba hirundinaria minor, the lesser Celandine or Pylewort. Herba inguinalis, Bubonium, an herb called also Aster. Herba iovis, Sedum, Housléeke. Herba lactaria, Tithymalus, Spurge. Herba lanaria. Herba leporina, a kind of Mallows. Herba Mercurij, Mercurialis, herb Mercury. Herba margarita, Daisies. Herba militaris, Millefolium, Yarrow, or Nosebléede. Herba mula, Asplenium, Fingerferne. Herba muralis Celsi, Pellitory of the wall. Herba ocularia, Eyebright. Herba ophthalmica, the same. Herba orbicularis, Cyclaminus, Rape violet. Herba panarcij Herbariorum, Lamium album, a kind of dead nettles. Herba paralysis, Cowslips. Herba pavonis, Persicaria, Ars smart. Herba pedicularis, Staphisagria, Licebane. Herba perdicalis Apuleij, Perdicium, Persicary. Herbae pulicaris, Persicaria, Arse smart. Herba primi floris, herba paralytica, Primroses. Herba pyrifolia, seu perifolia Herbariorum, Pyrola, wild béetes, or winter green. Herba Roberta, and Herba Ruperti, herb Robin. Herba regia, Basill. Herba sanguinalis, Polygonum, Knotgrass. Herba sanguinalis mas, the male Knotgrass. Herba sanguinalis soemina, Polygonum foemina, Knotgrass female. Herba sardonia, Ranunculus, Crowfoote. Herba scelerata, Idem. Herba scorbuti, Brassica marina, Scuruygrasse. Herba salutaris Apuleij, Rosemary. Herba solis Herbariorum, S. john's wort. Herba solis Aetij polygonum, Knotgrass. Herba Sophiae Herbariorum. Herba sortis, Consolida saracenica. Herba stataria, Peucedanum, Hog's fennel. Herba sacra, Verbena, Verueine. Herba Trinitatis, Heart's ease. Herba topiaria, Bearefoote. Herba tonitrui, Sedum, Houseléeke. Herba tunica officinarum, Gelofers. Herba tunica, Gordonij Ocimastrum. Herba tunica Minfredi, Gelofers. Herba turca, Carduus benedictus, or blessed thistle. Herba Thymiana Herbariorum, Time. Herba vermicularis, Sedun minus, Prickmadam. Herba virginea, Parthenium, Feuerfew. Herba vitraria, Pellitory of the wall. Herba vitri Auicennae, Perdicium, the same. Herba urinaria Herbariorum, Hedipnois, Dandelion. Herba urceolaris, Pellitory of the wall. Herculeus morbus, the falling evil. Hermodactylus Arabum, Dog's bane. Hermodactylus Dioscoridis, Pentaphyllon, a kind of dog's bane. Hermodactylus Actuarij, the root of Behen. Hermodactylus Nicolai Myrepsi, the same. Hermodactylus albus, white Behen. Hermodactylus Rubeus, red Behen. Hermia, Ramex, a rapture. Hermia Osceano, a great rapture. Hernia Oscealis, the same. Herpacantha, Acanthus, Bearefoote. Herpes, a corroding ulcer, or wolf. Herpes exedens, the same. Herisypila, Erisypelas, an inflammation called the rose. Herpillum, Serpillum, wild time, or Lady's bedstraw. Hesperis, Viola lutea, Wall flowers. Hibiscus, a kind of Mallow. Hieracopodium, Lychnis syluestris. Hiera pachij, a purging confection so called. Hierabotane Dioscoridis, Verbena, Verueine. Hierabotane Scribonij, Betonica, Betonie. Hieralogodion officinarum, or Hiera lagadij, the name of a purging confection. Hiera picra, or Hiera picra simplex, a very bitter confection. Hiera Ruffi, a purging confection. Hiera Athenaei, and Hiera Theophrasti, the Flouredeluce. Hieromyrtus, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Hilbane, Granum paradisi, Grains. Hippocras fontis officinarum, Aqua Hippocratica, Hippocras. Hippocras officinarum, Vinum Hippocraticum, the same. Hippocraticum vinum, the same. Hippocistis officinarum, vide Hypocistis. Hippolapathium, a water Dock. Hippoglossum, Adder's tongue. Hippomalache, Malua equina, horse Mallows. Hipposelinum, Angelica. Hippopleuron, Hounds rib, a kind of Plantain. Hippuris, equisetum, Horse tail. Hirundinaria, a Horseleech. Hirudo, the same. Hirundo, a Swallow. Hispanach Arabum, Spinachia, spinach. Hordeum, Barley. Hordeum Galaticum, Rice. Hordei cremor, Ptisana, Barley husked and sodden in water. Humeralis vena, the shoulder vain. Humerus, the shoulder. Humour Scrupeus poetarum, Podagra, the Gout. Humulus, Lupulus, Hoppe. Hyacinthus, Helodias, Porphyrantes, a purple flower that we call Crowtoes. There are four kinds of it, two of them (as the greater and lesser) are most in use: the other two sorts I will pass over for brevity sake. The first kind hath narrow leaves like the wild Onion, with a stalk about one span in height, upon this on every side grow flowers of a light purple colour, much like the Amethyst, or jacinct stone: on the top of all are the flowers somewhat lesser, & sadder in colour. This is the right Hyacinthus of Dioscorides; it groweth commonly in tilled grounds, and of some is called Hog's onion, because Hogs greatly delight in eating of it: the Herbarists call it Hyacinthus mayor, and Bulbus porcinus. The other is somewhat less, and groweth in woods; it flowreth in March, and hath pretty little blue flowers, not much unlike the May Lilies, or Liriconfansie, the root is like little Onions. This is called in some places blew May flowers; of the Herbarists, Hyacinthus minor, Allium caninum and Bulbus caninus. Palladius also maketh mention of a blue Hyacinthus. In like sort is the yellow Lily lilium luteum, or Hemerocallis, the Hyacinthus of Ovid, which Theocritus calleth Hyacinthus scriptus, to make it differ from the right Hyacinthus: the Herbarists call it Hyacinthus poetarum. Virgil calleth it Hyacinthus suave rubens, & Hyacinthus mol●is: and Pausanias termeth it Comosandalon. Hyaecinthus maior Herbariorum, or Hyacinthus Dioscoridis, Crowtoes, vide Hyacinthus. Hyacinthus minor Herbariorum, vide Hyacinthus. Hyacinthus Palladij, vide Hyacinthus. Hyacinthus poëtarum, Hemerocallis, vide Hyacinthus. Hyacinthus Ouidij, vide Hyacinthus. Hyacinthus mollis Virgilij, yellow Lilies. Hyacinthus scriptus Theocriti, vide Hyacinthus. Hyacinthus suave rubens, vide Hyacinthus. Hyacinthus, gemma, a hyacinth. Hydrargyrum, Argentum viwm, Quicksilver. Hydrargyrum natiwm, vomica liquoris aeterni, & rerum omnium venenum Plinio vocatur, Quicksilver of the Mine. Hydrargyrum factitium, Quicksilver which is made of Cinoper. Hydrolapathum, Lapathum palustre, water Dockes. Hydromeli, aqua mulsa, Meade. Hydrophobus, à rabido cane morsus, he that is bitten of a mad dog: he that is afeard of water. Hydroppers, Persicaria, Arse smart. Hypposelinun, Apium palustre, Lovage, Alexander. Hyophthalmus, Aster atticus, the herb Bubonium. Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Hypericum, S. john's wort. Hypericum petraeum, is that which is now taken for Carpobalsamum, but unjustly. Hypochyma, Pitch. Hypocistis is also called Barba hircina, and Orobetrum, it groweth at the root of the herb Cistus, much like the flower of the Pomegranate, and is full of juice, which being wrong out and dried, is also called Hypocisi●, and of Apothecary's Hippocistis or Hypoquistidos indecl●●biliter. Hypogessum, Se●um maius, Housléeke. Hypopium, Thapsia, Turbith. Hy●ge Pausaniae, Granum iinctorium, Couchenill. Hyssopites, wine of Hyssop. Hyssopum, or Hyssopus Hyssop. Hyssopus humida officinarun, Oesypus, Wool of the slancke of a sheep. Hystera, Vterus, Loci, Matrix, the Mother in women, or Matrix, or Womb. Hysteralgia, pain in the belly or Matrix. I. IArum, Cuckoepit. jacca, Heart's ease. jacca nigra, Morsus Diaboli, devils bit. Iam●num officinarun, Alumen scissile, vide Alumen. jaspis, a jasper stone. jaspis, a green jaspis. Ichthiotheron, Cyclaminus, sows bread. I●●●s, Al●hea, marsh Mallows. Icteritia, the yellow jaundice. Icteritis Apuleij, Libanotis coronalis, Rosemary. Icterus, Morbus regius, the yellow jaundice. jecur, the Liver. Igre Hippocratis, Isatis, Woad. Ignis divi Anthonij, or I●nis sacer, Erysipelas, the Rose. Ileos', or Il us, or Iliaca passia, or Iliaca, a wring in the small guts. Ilecebra, Piper murinum, Stonecrop. Illinctus, Ecl●gma, a medicine which is licked up and not swallowed. Imaginatio, an imagination or conceit. Imperatoria, Angelica. Impe●genaria a●borca, Lichen arboreus, a kind of Liverwoort. Impetiginaria petraea, Lichen saxatilis, Liverwoort. Impetigenaria saxatilis, Lichen, the same. Impetigo, a ringworm, or dry scab. Inan●●to emptiness of the body. Incensum, Th●, Frankincense. Incrementum, the increasing of a sickness. Incubus, Ephialies, Faunorum in quiet ludibrium, as Pliny saith, the Nightmare or Hag, it is a little falling sickness, and is a sign of madness to come, or of the falling evil, or Palsy etc. Infusio Senae, the infusion or stéeping of Seine leaves. Inguinalis, or Inguinaria Dioscoridis, the herb Bubonium. Inguinaria Plinij, Anserina. Intemperies, untemperatenes. Intestina gracilia, the little guts. Intestina terrae, Lumbrici terrestres, earth-worms. Intestinum duodenum, Intestinum primum, Pilorus, the gut next to the stomach. Intestinum ieiunum, Nestis, the empty gut. Intestinum monoculum. Intestinum caecum, the blind gut. Intestinum primum, vide Intestinum duodenum. Intestinum rectum, Longanum, the Arsegut. Intubum, Endivia, Endive. Intubum satiwm angustifolium, a kind of Endive. Intybus, & Intybus satiws latifolius, white Endive. Inturis, Capparis, Capers. Inuersio ventriculi, Anastrophe, an inversion of the stomach. Inula, Helenium, Elecampane. Inula rustica Apuleij, Symphytum magnum, Comfrey. jon, Viola, a Violet. jon porphyrion, Viola purpurea, a March Violet. jon melan Theophrasti, Viola nigra, the same. jon polyphyllon, Viola multiplex, double Violets. jon Agria, Viola syluestris, wild Violets. Ireos' sive Irios officinarum, Iris, the Flouredeluce. Iris, the same. Iris alba, the white Flouredeluce. Iris Apula, the same. Iris domestica, the same. Iris Florentina, the same. Iris Germanica, the blue Flouredeluce. Iris lutea, yellow Flowerdeluce. Iris palustris latifolia, a kind of Flowerdeluce. Iris Schlavonica, the Flouredeluce. Isatis, Glastum, Woad. Isatis minor, wild Woad. Isatis sativa, tame Woad. Issopus humida officinarum, Oesypus, Wool of the flank of a sheep. Ischias, Coxarius morbus, the Sciatica. Ischiatica barbarorum, the same. Ischuria, urinae retentio, a stopping of urine. Itea, Salix, a Willow. juiuba Arabum & officinarum Zizifum, a kind of fruit so called. jua officinarum, Aiuga or Abiga, wild Cypress. juglans, a Walnut tree. juglans equina, the great Walnut. julebum or julepum, a julep. junci flos, Schoenun Anthos, Squinanthum. juncus angulosus Plinij, Cyperus, a kind of Galangall. juncus odoratus, Squinanthum. juncus odoratus Celsi, Cyperus, a kind of Galangall. juncus triangulus Plinij, Cyperus, the same. juniperus, a juniper tree. juniperus acuta, the greater juniper tree. juniperus maior, the same. juniperus minor, juniperulus, and jupicellus, the lesser juniper tree, or the Gooseberry bush. juniperi baecae, vel juniperi grana, Gooseberrie, or juniper berries. junonia, Rosa Plinij, Lilium, a Lilly. jusquiamus officinarum, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. K. KArtam Arabum, Cuicus, Cartamus, wild Saffron. Kauroch Arabum, Chelidonium, Celandive. Keiri, Leucoium, Walflowers. Kerua Arabum, Ricinus, Palma Christi. L. LAbrum Veneris, Dipsacus, teasel. Labrusca, vitis syluestris, the wild Vine. Labruscae flos, the blossom of the wild Vine. Lac amygdalinum, Almond milk. Lac acidum, Oxylacha, sour milk. Lac ebuteratium, Buttermilk. Lac chalybatum, stéeled milk. Lac ovillum, or Ouinum, Ewes milk. Lactis cremor, Pingue, Flos, vel Pinguedo, Cream Lac scistum, Curdled milk. Lacca, Caucamum, a Gum so called. Lacerta, or Lacertus, an Euet. Lachryma draconis, a gum called Sanguis draconis. Lachryma jobi, Lithospermum maius, Gromill. Lachryma juniperi, Sandaraca, the Gum of the juniper tree. Lachryma Mariae. Lachryma medica, Assa foetida, a Gum so called. Lachryma Syriaca, the same. Lachryma vitis, Aqua vitis, Sap of a Vine. Lactaria Tithymalus, Spurge. Lactuca, Lettuce. Lactuca cappadox Plinij, crumpled Lettuce. Lactuca asinina, Anchusa, Orchanet. Lactuca Betica Columellae, great Lettuce. Lactuca Caeciliana Columellae, white Lettuce. Lactuca crispa, curled Lettuce. Lactuca caprina, or Lactuca marina, Tithymalus, Spurge. Lactuca marina Apuleij, Cataputia syluestris, great wild Spurge. Lactuca Laconia Plinij, or Lactuca sessilis, or Lactuca capitata, headed Lettuce. Lacaturris Plinij, Brassica lacuturrea, a kind of Cabbage. Lada, or Ladon, or Laudanum, or Laudanum, this is called of Dioscorides, Ledum, Laden, and Leden. In the Apothecary's shop it hath his common name Laudanum. It is the dried juice of an herb so called. The Herbarists call it also Cistum laudaniferum, and Fruticem laudaniferum. Laetitia Galeni officinarum, vide Laetificans. Lagopodium, or Lagopus, Hare's foot. Lagopus, the same. Lamium Plinij, dead Nettles. Lampsana, Rapistrum album, Cadlocke. Lampas. Lana succida, unwashed wool. Lanaria, Saponaria, the herb that Fuller's use in scouring of cloth. Lana arborea, or Lana xylina, Cotton. Lanceola, narrow Plantain. Lanugo arborum, Moss. Labdanum barbarorum, vide Lada. Lapathum Dioscoridis, Oxalis, Sorrell. Lapathum Galeni, Dock. Lapathum acidum, a kind of Dock. Lapathum acutum, a Dock. Lapathum aquaticum, water Dock. Lapathum cepeon, or Lapathum satiwm, Monks Rhubarb. Lapathum domesticum, or Lapathum latifolium satiwm, Herb patience. Lapathum equinum, water Dockes. Lapathum latifolium, Lapathum non acuminatum, Lapathum platyphyllon, the greater Dock. Lapathum barbarorum, vide Lada. Lapillus Eritraeus, a Pearl. Lapis calaminaris officinarum, Cadmia nativa, the Oar of Brass. Lapis caeruleus, an Azure stone. Lapis corrosiws, a corrosive or corroding stone. Lapis Cyaneus, an Azure stone. Lapis Indicus, Margarita, a Pearl. Lapis judaicus, a stone that purgeth Melancholy, or a jews stone. Lapis Hepaticus, a Liver stone. Lapis Lazulus officinarum, the Azure stone. Lapis Erithraeus, Margarita, a Pearl. Lapis Lyncis officinarum, Lapis phrygius, of some white Amber, of others a Thunderbolt, of others a stone that groweth in Phrygia. Lapis Stellatus, or Caeruleus, the Azure stone. Lapis viridis, an Hemeraude. Lapis vini, Argoyle. Lappa maior, Bardana, the great Burr. Lapsana, Rapistrum album, a kind of Mustard seed. Lasaron, Galacticon, Angelica. Lascaphrum, Naraphtum, black Frankincense. Laserpitium Gallicum, Angelica. Laser medicum, or Laser Syriacum, Assa foetida. Lasiomalum, Cydonium, a Quince. Lathyris, Cataputia minor, the lesser Spurge. Lathyris syluestris, wild Spurge. Lathyris cicercula, the fruit or seed of Spurge. Lavacrum Veneris, teasel or Fuller's thistle. Lavendula, Lavender. Laureola, Laurel or Lorell. Laurus, a Bay tree. Lauri baccae, Bay berries. Lauri folia, Bay leaves. Laurus Baccalis Plinij, or Laurus Baccifera, or Laurus foemina, the she or female Bay tree. Laurus mas, or Laurus virilis, the he or male Bay tree. Laurus rosea, Nerion, Rose laurel, or Oleander. Lecristicum, Vitex, Agnus castus, the Chaste tree. Lemonium malum, a Limon. Lens palustris, or Lenticula aquatica, water Lentils. Lentiscus, the Mastic tree. Lentiscinum oleum, oil of Mastic. Lentiscina resina, Mastic. Lepra, the Leapry, a disease that maketh the skin rough, with black wannish spots, and dry parched scales and scurf. Lepra leonina, a kind of lepry, in which the diseased groweth mad. Leptocaryon, Nux avellana, a Hasell nut. Lethargus veternus, the Lethargy, a heavy and drowsy disease, in which the senses and reason itself seemeth to sleep. Leucena Galeni, Castanea, a Chestnut. Leuce, Populus alba, the white Poplar tree. Leuce, vitilago alba, of the Barbarians Morphaea alba, a white and dry and continual scurf. Leucanthemis, or Leucanthemum, the herb Camomile. Leucoium Dioscoridis, Viola lutea, the winter Gillyflower. Leuconia, Candidum ovi, the white of an Egg. Leucophlegmatias, Hydrops, Anasarca, a kind of Dropsy. Levisticum officinarum, Lovage. Libadium, Centauria minor, the lesser Centory. Libanotides, wine made of Rosemary. Libanotis Coronalis, Rosemary. Libanotis Ferulacea, or Libanotis umbellifera Herbariorum, a kind of Rosemary. Libanotis umbellifera, the same. Libysticum, Lovage. Libanum, or Libanus, Thus, Frankincense. Libyestason, Glycyrrhiza, liquorice. Lithen, Hepatica, Liverwoort. Lichen, Infectio, & Asperitas summae cutis, eum maxima prurigine, a Tettar or Ringworme. Lichen Arboreus, Pulmonaria officinarum, Lungwoort. Lichen petraeus, or Saxatilis, Liverwoort. Lain, Splen, the Spleen or Milt. Lienteria, Intestinorum lenitas, a kind of flux of the stomach, when the meat and drink runneth from a man as he took it, utterly without concotion or alteration. Lignum Aloes, a kind of sweet wood so called. Lignum guaiacum, or Guaiacum, a tree growing in the new found Isles. Lignum Indicum, Lignum sanctum, a kind of wood so called. Lignum paradisi, Lignum Aloes, a kind of sweet wood so called. Ligamenta, sinews. Lignum sanctae Crucis, Agollochum, a kind of wood. Ligusticum, Lovage. Ligula, Vuula, a little piece of flesh in the roof of the mouth. Ligustrum, Cyprus, Privet, or Primprint tree. Lilium, Crinon, a Lily. Lilium album, a white Lilly. Lilium coeleste, syluestre, the flouredeluce. Lilium convallium, Liriconfancie, or May lilies. Lilium caeruleum, the blue Flouredeluce. Lilium caprinum, Periclymenum, woodbind, or Honysuckle. Lilium inter spinas, the same. Lilium luteum, Hemerocallis, vide Hyacinthus. Lilium palustre Herbariorum, a water Rose. Lilium Saracenicum, Lilium syluestre, the Daffodil. Lilium vernum Theophrasti, Lilium convallium, May Lilies. Limmatis, Hirudo, an Horseleech, or bloodsucker. Limmestis Apuleij, Centaurium maius, the greater kind of Centory. Limonium malum, a Limon. Linctus, Eclegma, lambetiwm, a medicine or confection that is not chewed, but licked in, and is called of the Apothecaries by an Arabian name Lohoch. Linaeleon, Oleum Lini, oil of Flax. Lanaria, wild Flax. Lingua Anserina, Goose tongue. Lingua Arietis, Arnoglossum, water Plantain. Lingua Bovis, bugloss. Lingua Canina, Cynoglossum, Hound's tongue. Lingua Ceruina, Phyllitis, Heart's tongue. Lingua Ouina, sheeps tongue. Lingua pagana, Hypoglossum, double tongue. Lingua Ophioglossum, Serpent's tongue. Lingua Serpentina, Lingua Viperina, Echioglossum the same. Lingua vulneraria Herbariorum, the same. Lingulaca, or Lingua Plinij the same. Linodies, Chamedries, the herb Germander, or English Treacle. Linostrophon, Marrubium, Horehound. Linozostis, Mercurialis, French Mercury. Linum, Flax. Lippitudo, Ophthalmia, blearedness of the eyes. Lipothymia, Defectus animi, Deliquium animi, a swooning, wherein one seemeth to be dead. Liquiritia, Officinarum, Glycyrrhiza, liquorice. Liquor medicus, & Liquor Syriacus, Assa foetida. Lirium, Lilium, a Lilly. Listatium, a kind of nuts commonly of the Apothecaries called Fistici. Lithargyrium, Spuma argenti, lethargy or white Lead. Lithargyrium argenti, the same. Lithargyrium Auri, a kind of lethargy. Lithiasis, Calculus renum, & Vesicae, the disease of the stone in a man's body engendered. Lithodendron, Corallium, Coral. Lithontribon, Confectio calculum frangens, a confection of the Apothecaries so called, which driveth away, and breaketh the stone in a man's body. Lithospermum nigrum, Lithospermum syluestre, wild Gromill, or Graymill. Lithospermum syluestre, the same. Loch Arabum, Linctus, Lambe●●uum, Eclegma, a thin confection, of the Arabians called Lohoch in plurali numero, which is Eclegma. Loch ad Astma, a thin Confection against the extreme & vehement stopping of the breath. Loch de Cancris, a confection made of ●●●●les. Loch de Farfara, a kind of confection so called. Loch de Papavere, Diapapaver, a confection made of Poppies. Loch de Passulis, a Confection of Raisins. Loch de Pino, a certain Confection so called. Loch de Portulaca, a Confection made of Purslane. Loch ad Pthisin, a confection so called. Loch de pulmone Vulpis, a confection made of the lungs or lights of a Fox. Loch sanum, & expertum, a Confection so called. Loch de Scylla, a certain Confection. Lohoch, Eclegma, vide Loch supra, a liquid confection. Lonchitis altera, Asplenium maius Herbariorum, Ceterach, Scalferne, or Fingerferne. Longanum, the Arsegut. Lotus alba, Claver, or three leafed grass, also Melilot. Lotus caerulea, Lotus lutea, garden or tame Melilot. Lotus lutea, the same. Lotus lybica, Diosc. Lotus syluestris, wild Melilot. Letometra Apuleij, Nymphaea, the white water Lilly or Rose, white Nenuphar. Lucumbra, Lungwoort, Woolblade, or Torch herb. Lues, a Plague or Pestilence. Luf Ara●um, Dracontium, Dragonwoort, or Dragons. Lumbricus, and Lumbricus terrae, a certain long worm in the earth, or in a man's body. Luparia officinarun, Lycoctonun, a kind of Aconitum. Luph Arabum, Dracontium, Dragons. Luph pl●num Herbariorum, Dracontium minus, the lesser Dragonwoort. Luph crispum Herbariorum, Dracontium maius, the greater sort of Dragons. Lupinus, a kind of Pulse so called. Lupulus, Hops. Lupus reptitius, and Lupus salictarius, Lupulus, the same. Lusciosus, or Luscitiosus, Nyctalops, it is one that seeth very little in the night or in the morning. Lutum Armenum, Bolus armenus, Bolearmenicke. Lutum lemnium, and Lutum sigillatum, is the right terra sigillata, which is brought unto us from the Isle Lemnos. Lychnis gemma, and Lychnites, Carbunculus gilnus, a kind of Ruby. Lychnis agria, or Lychnis syluestris, Rose Campion. Lycium, Pyxacantha, Spina buxea, and of Pliny Buxacanthus Chironius, a medicine made of the juice or decoction of the Bramble root. Lycoctonum, one of the kinds of Aconitum. Lycoctonum caeruleum, the same. Lyncurium, and Lyncurius lapis, Succinum, a precious stone congealed of the urine of the beast Lynx. Lymneum, & Lymnesium, Centaureum, Centory. Lypiria, vide Febris Lypiria. Lysimachia, or Lysimachium, Willow herb, Loosestrife, or water Willow. Lysimachia cornuta, a kind of water Willow. Lysimachia lutea, yellow Loosestrife. Lysimachia Dioscoridis, the same. Lysimachia Melina, the same. Lysimachia Plinij, a kind of Willow herb. Lysimachia purpurea, Punicea, and Spicata, the purple water Willow or Loosestrife. Lysimachia punicea, the same. Lysimachia siliquosa, brown Willow herb. Lytrum, Lysimachia, Willow herb, Loosestrife, or water willow. M. MAcer, Macis, it is commonly taken for the spice called Macis. Macheronium, the Flouredeluce. Macia, Anagallis, white, or she Pimpernell. Madon Plinij, Nymphaea, the white water Lilly or Rose. Madonais Theophrasti, Nymphaea, the same. Magistrantia officinarum, Masterwoort, Angelica. Magnes, and of Galen, Magnetis, the Loadstone. Magudaris sive Magydaris, a certain herb so called. Maiorana, Sampsyches', french Marierom. Mala armeniaca, an Abrecocke, or hasty Peach tree. Mala praecocia, the same. Malabathrum, vide Folium Indum. Malache, Malua, Mallows. Malache agria, Malua syluestris, wild meadows Malacia, Pica, a corrupt appetite by reason of humours gathered about the mouth of the stomach, that is the affection of longing especially in women. Malacocissus, a kind of herb like unto ivy so called. Mali corium, Cortex mali punici, the outward shell or rind of a Pomegranate. Mali punici corium, the same. Malobathrum, a certain Indian leaf. Maltum, Malt, such as Brewers put in their Beer. Malua, Mallows. Malua arborea, or Malua arborescens, Holly-hocks or marsh Mallows. Malua agrestis, wild Mallows. Malua Anserina, Chenomalache, cut Mallows. Malua caballina, or Malua equina, wild or horse Mallows. Malua crispa, crisped Mallows. Malua hortensis, or Malua sativa, garden meadows Malua Leporina, a kind of Mallows. Malua maior, Malua equina, the great wild Mallow. Malua p●mila, or Malua minor, the lesser Mallow. Malua Romana, Malua crispa, romish meadows. Malua transmarina, Hollyhocks. Malua sativa, vide Malua hortensis. Malua syluestris, wild Mallows. Maluaviscus, Althaea, Hollihockes. Malum, pomum, an Apple. Malum Assyrium, a Citron. Malum aureum, an Orange. Malum canum, a Quince. Malum Citrium, vel Citreum, a Citron. Malum Citoneum, a Quince. Malum granatum, a Pomegranate. Malum Cydonium, a Quince. Malum Hesperium, a Citron. Malum Lanatum, a Quince. Malum Lemonium, a Limon. Malum Miluianum, a Quince. Malum punicum, a Pomegranate. Malum syluestre, a Crab, or wild Apple. Malum Nerantium, an Orange. Malus, an Apple tree. Malus Cydonia, or Malus Cotonia, a Quince tree. Malus granata, a Pomegranate tree. Malus Nerantia, an Orange tree. Malus punica, a Pomegranate tree. Man Arabum, a certain kind of dew. Mania, Furor, Rabbis, madness. Mania, Herba Apollinaris, Henbane. Mandragora, the Mandrake. Manna, a kind of sweet dew. Manna bombicina, or Manna Calabrina, a kind of Manna or dew which is brought from Calabria: this is the common Manna of the Apothecaries. Manna Briansona, a more excellent kind of Manna than the aforesaid. Manipulus, Fasciculus manualis, a handful. Manus Christi, Radix palmae Christi, a kind of Ragwoort. Manus Christi, Frutex, Ricinus, Palma Christi. Marasmodes, vide Hectica. Marassus, Vipera, an Adder. Marathrum, Foeniculum, Fennell. Marchasita officinarum, Pyrites, a kind of stone. Margarita, or Margarites, a Pearl. Marinella, Valeriana, Valerian. Mariscus, Ficus, Sycosis, Tuberculum in ano ad fici similitudinem, the Piles. Maro, Centaurium magnum, the greater Centory. Marrubium, Prassium, Horehound. Marrubium aquaticum sive palustre, water Horehound. Maspeta, folia Silphij, the leaves of the herb Silphium. Mastiche, Resina Lentisci, Mastic. Mater Caryphyllorum, or Caryophyllorum, Mothercloves. Mater Herculanea Apuleij, Nymphaea, water Roses. Matricaria, Feuerfew. Matrisaluia, Scarlea, Clary. Matrisylua Herbariorun, Caprifolium, Honeysuckle. Matrix, Mediana vena, the Median vain. Matrix, Vterus, the Womb. Matronaria sive Matronella, Feuerfew. Mattiaca pila, Martialis, Sapo, Sope. Mauriaria, Dracontium, Dragons. Mecon, Papaver, Poppy. Meconitis, Cataputia syluestris, wild Spurge. Mecourhoeas, Papaver erraticum, a Corn rose. Mediana, the Median vain. Medicamen de Turbith, a purging medicine. Medulla, Marrow. Mehezeregi Auicennae, Pityusa, Spurge. Melanphyllon, Acanthus, Bears claw. Melampodium, Veratrum nigrum, the black Néesewoort. Melampelos, Helxine, Pellitory of the wall. Mel aërium, Honey dew. Melancholia, Mentis alienatio ex atra bile nata, moestitia metu coniuncta, Melancholy, a kind of madness. Melanium Theophr. Viola nigra, a kind of Violet. Melanthium, Nigella, Nigell, Gitte. Mel, Hony. Mel Anacardinum, the Honey of Anacardium. Mell cedrinun Hippocr. Manna liquida, Honey dew. Mel Mirobalamorun, the syrup of Mirobalans. Mel roreum, Honey dew. Mel rosaceum, sive Mel rosarum, Honey of Roses. Melega, sorghum, a kind of Millet brought from India. Meli Calaminon Arriani, Saccarum, Sugar. Melia, Fraxinus, an Ash tree. Melicratum, wine and honey sodden together. Melica Herbariorum, Indian Millet. Melilotum, or Melilotus, Melilot. Melilotus Auicennae, great Melilot. Melilotus alba officinarum, white Melilot. Melilotus coronata, a kind of Melilot. Melilotus lutea officinarum, yellow Melilot. Melilotus minor, the lesser Melilot. Melilotus nobilis Herbariorun, a kind of Melilot. Melilotus Serapionis, a kind of Melilot. Melilotus Catonis, or Melilotus Dioscoridis, Italian Melilot. Meline, or Melinnus, Panicum, Panic. Meline Varronis, Milium, Mill or Millet. Meliphyllon, Melissa, Balm. Melissa, Citrago, the same. Melissa Cretica, or Melissa Turcica Herbariorun, Turkish Balm. Melissochortus Nicolai Myrepsi, or Melissophyllum, Balm. Melitites, honeyed wine. Melittaena, and Melittaea, Melissa, Balm. Melizoron, Mulsum, sweet wine or Mead. Melium aquaticum, a kind of Ragwoort. Melligo, Manna, Honey dew. Melo, and Melon, a Melon. Melocarpon, Aristolochia longa, long Hartwoort. Melopepo, Melo, a Melon. Melothrum, Vitis alba, Bryony the white. Menianthes, trifolium bituminosum, water Claver. Menium, Paeonia, Pyonie. Menogenium, Pyony flowers. Meninges, involucra duo Cerebrum circumquaque contegentia, quorum exterius, quod adversus cranij impressiones cerebri veluti propugnaculun est, tegumentum, Crassa sive dura Menynx appellatur, & Chirurgis dura matter. Aliud quod tenuissimum est, & cerebro penitus coniunctum, Choroides appellatur, Chirurgis Pia matter: the two skins that compass or wrap the brain. Menses, or Menstruum, the flowers or terms in women. Menstruum album, the whites in women. Mentha, Mintha, Mints. Mentha aquatica, water Mints. Mentha ca●allina, or Mentastrum, horse Mints. Mentha crispa, rumpled Mints. Mentha equina, horse Mints. Mentha felina, Nepeta felina, Nep. Mentha rubra, a kind of Mints, red Mints. Mentha sativa, garden Mints. Mentha syluestris, wild or horse Mints. Mentagra, Menti impetigo, a scabbedness of the face. Mentastrum, Mentha syluestris, wild or horse Mints. Mentastrum acutum Herbariorum, a kind of wild Mints. Mentastrum Apuleij, or Mentastrum Plinij, Pulegium agreste, wild Mints. Mentis error, Madness. Mercurialis, Linosostis, herb Mercury. Mercurius Chimistarum, Hydrargyron, Quicksilver. Mercurius praecipitatus, Precipitate. Mercurius sublimatus, Sublimate. Meris, Tripolium, a kind of Turbith. Meri Arabum, Oesophagus, the mouth of the stomach. Meseraicae venae, certain little veins in the Liver. Mespilum, a Medlar, or open arse. Mespilus, a Medlar or an open arse tree. Metallum, Metal. Metopium, Ferula galbanifera, the herb of the which the gum Galbanum is made. Metra Hippocratis, Vterus, the Womb. Meu Arabum, Meon, or Meum, Mewe. Mezereon Arabum, Lorell or Laurel. Mica thuris, Mantia thuris, the fragments of Frankincense. Micancalus, flos githaginis, a Corn rose. Mchleta, a Confection so called. Milax barbarorum, Smilax, Taxus, a tree like Fir. Milium, Millet. Milium Indicum, sive Milium saburrum, Indian Millet. Milium solis, Lithospermum, Gromill. Millifolia, or Millifolium, Yarrow, Nosebleede, or Milfoile. Millimorbia, or Millimorbium, Figwoort. Milos, Taxus, a tree like Fir. Miltos Plinij, Cinnabaris nativa, natural Cinoper Miluius, or Miluus, a Kite. Minij gleba Celsi, Terrae lemnia, Terra sigillata, or sealed earth. Minium, red lead. Minium Dioscoridis, or Minium Plinij, Cinnabaris metallica, Cinoper. Minium lemnium, terra lemnia, sealed earth. Minium artificial, artificial Cinoper. Minium natiwm, Cinnabaris metallica nativa, natural Cinoper. Minium officinarum, or Minium secundarium, red or burnt Lead. Mintha, Mentha, Mints. Mintha agria, Mentastrum, horse Mints. Miserevinium Apuleij, Polygonum, Knotgras. Mithridanium Dioscoridis, Trixago palustris, water Germander. Mithridatium, Antidote mithridatis, Mithridate. Mithridatium, or Mithridatia Apuleij, Scordium, water Germander. Miva Cydoniorum, and Miva Cydoniorum simplex officinarum, Syrupus Cydoniorum simplex, the syrup of Quinces. Miva Aromatica officinarum, Syrupus Cydoniorum Aromaticus. Mnion, Muscus, Moss. Mola, a piece of flesh without shape growing in a woman's womb. Molge, Salamandra, a Salamander. Moloche, Malua maior, the great Mallow or Hollihocke. Molotriculum Veneris. Moly Galeni, Ruta montana, wild Rue. Molybdaena Plinij, Persicaria maior, Persicaria maculata, the greater sort of Arsesmart. Molybditis Plinij, Spuma plumbi, Litargyrium plumbi, Litargy or white Lead. Monembasites Nicolai Myrepsi, Vinum Maluaticum, wine made of Mallows. Monoceros, Vnicornium, an Unicorn. Montulmus Gazae, Vlmus montana, a kind of Elm. Mora poma sive fructus mori, Mulberries. Mora bati, Bramble berries. Mora Celsi, Mulberries. Mora rubi, Brambleberries. Mora rubi Idaei, Frambois. Morbus arquatus, Morbus regius, the yellow jaundice. Morbus caducus, Morbus comitialis, Herculeus, lunaticus, the falling sickness. Morbus comitialis, vide Morbus caducus. Morbus Divi Fiacari, Condyloma, the Emerods. Morella Herbariorum, Solanum, Nightshade. Morea, Mulberry tree. Morsus Diaboli, devils bit. Morsus gallinae, running Burwheate. Morsus mulierum, Germander. Moron, Morum, a Mulberry tree. Morus, Morea, the same. Morus vaticana, blackbery bush. Moscus, Muscus, Musk. Moschocaryon, Moschocarydion, a Nutmeg. Mucago, Mucilago, and of the Apothecary's Muscilago: it is a slime or juice which is drawn either out of herbs, roots, or seeds. Mula herba Gazae, Hemionium, Harts tongue. Mulsum, sweet wine. Mul●neruia, Plantago maior, the great Plantain. Multinodia, Polygonum, Knotgrafie. Multinodia minor, the lesser Knotgrass. Mumia Arabus, Pissasphaltum factitium, Mummy. Mumia Graecorum, Pissasphaltum, the same. Mumia sepulchrorum, the same. Muria, salt water, pickle, or brine. Muria Colymbadum, Muria Olivarun, the liquor of Olives. Muria Lemoniorum, the brine of the Lemons. Muria Olivarum, Olive brine. Muralium, Helxine, Pellitory of the wall. Muscatellum vinum, Muscadel. Muscus arborum, Moss. Mustum, new wine, or Must. Mustum coctum, sodden wine. Myacantha, a Palm tree. Myacantha Aeginetae, Asparagus myacanthinus, Sparage. Myces, Fungus, a Toadestoole, or Mushroom. Myosotis, Eufrasia caerulea, blue Eyebright. Myrmex, Formica, an Ant, Emmot, or pismire. Myrapia, or Myrapidia, Pyra muscatella, a kind of pleasant and odoriferous Pears. Myrica, Tamarix, a Tamariske tree. Myricites, Vinum Myricinum, or Tamaricinum, wine made of Tamariske. Myrobalanus, Bellerica, a kind of fruit growing in India. Myrobalanus Cepula, vel Chebula, the same. Myrobalanus citrinus officinarum, Myrobalanus flava. Myrobalanus Empelitica, or Emblica. Myrobalanus inda, Myrobalanus nigra. Myrobalanus Graecorum, Myrobalanus unguentaria, a strange fruit called Ben. Look for Ben, or Behen in the second Index. Myrrah, a sweet gum called Myrrh. Myrrah Troglodytica, a very excellent gum so called. Myrrhus, Cicutaria, Kex, Cax, ass parsley, mock chervil. Myrsine, Myrthus, or Myrtus, the Myrtle tree. Myrsine agria, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Myrsionides, Vnicordia, Peruincle. Myrtillus officinarum, Bacca myrti, the berries of the Myrtle tree. Myrthacantha, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Myrtus, a Myrtle tree. Myrtus aculeata, myrtus acuminata, a kind of Myrtle. Myrtus humilis, the same. Myrtus terrestris, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Myxa, or Myxaria, a kind of fruit so called. N. NAocaphton Pauli, Naocauton, Narcaphton, black or common Frankincense. Naphta, Petroleum, Bitumen liquidum, and Bituminis Calamentum, a kind of maunde or chalky clay. Napellus, Tota. Napellus Moysis, Auicennae Napellus salutiferus, Antithora, it is a root much like unto Seduary, but yet is not the right Seduary, but an other unknown root. Napi, Sinapi, Mustard seed, or the herb itself. Napus, sive Napum, a Turnip. Narce, Gentiana, & Centaurium magnum, Gentian, Bitterwort. Narcissus, the white Daffodil. Narcissus Autumnalis, Flos Colchici, a kind of Daffodils. Narcissus luteus, a yellow Daffodil. Narcissus Roseus, Rhodionarcissus Herbariorum. Narcissus verus, a Daffodil. Narcissus officinarum, Leucoium Theophrasti, an Italian Daffodil. Narcissus Virgilij, Narcissus Theophrasti. Narcotica, or Narcotica pharmaca, medicamenta, quae frigiditate torporem adferunt, it is a certain medicine which maketh people stupefactive, or some of their members unsensible. Nardinum, Oil of the Spikenard. Nardus, Nardus, or Spica from India, Nardus Indica. Nardus Celtica, Nardus Romana, Nardus Gallica, a kind of Spikenard. Narcaphtum, Thymiama, a kind of Frankincense. Nascaphtum, the same. Nasturtium, Nasturtium hortense, town Cress, garden Cresses, or Nosesmart. Nasturtium aquaticum, water Cresses. Nasturtium album, Raphanus marinus, horse radish. Nausea a disposition, or will to vomit. Nebula oculorum, the dimness of the eyes. Nectris, or Netris Pollucis, Oliva conditanea, an Olive. Nephrytis, Renum dolour, a grief, or sickness in the reins. Nepeta, or Nepita, Calaminta, Nep. Nepenthes, Buglossion, bugloss. Nenuphar, or Nenuphar Arabum, Nymphaea, the flower deluce. Neregil, Nux Indica, an Indian Nut. Nerantzia malus, an Orange tree. Neranzion, or Neranzium malum, the same. Nerion, Nerium, Rhododendron, Rose laurel, Bay Rose tree, Oleander. Neruorum resolutio, or desolutio, is a dissolving or weakening of the sinews, called Paralysis. Neruus, a sinew. Nessium Apuleij, Centaurium magnum, the great Centory. Neurospaston Plinij, Oxyacantha Dioscoridis, the Barbery tree, sharp or Tartbery tree, the white Thorn tree. Nigella, Melanthium, Coriander of Rome, Narde, Peperwort. Nigella alba, Melanthium album, white Peperwort. Nigella Romana, Coriander of Rome. Nigellastrum, Corn rose. Nihill album officinarum, Pompholyx, Tutty. Nihili griseum officinarum, Spodium Gracorum, Tutia Arabum, grey Tutty. Nil album officinarum, Tutty. Nil griscum officinarum. Nitrum, Saltpetre. Nomfolium, Enneaphyllum, wild Néesewort. Nucis myristicae involucrum, Nucis muscatae involucrum, Macis, the spice called Mace. Nucis regiae juli, the blossoms of the nut tree. Nuclei pinci, the kernel of a nut so called. Nucleus ferri, Chalybs, Steel. Numularia, Centummorbia, silver grass. Nursina, Pila Martialis, Napus, a Rape, or Turnip. Nux, Nut, and Nut tree: by this word Nut, is understood all fruits having hard shells like a Nut. Nux avellana, a hazel nut. Nux aromatica, a Nutmeg. Nux Basilica, a Walnut, or Walnut tree. Nux castanea, a Chestnut. Nux cyparissi, Pilula cyparissi, a Cypress nut. Nux equina, a horse nut. Nux Indica, an Indian nut. Nux juglans, a Walnut. Nux Longobardica, Lombardy nuts. Nux Myristica, a Nutmeg. Nux Moscata, or Muschata, a Nutmeg. Nux Graeca, Amygdalus, an Almond, or Almond tree. Nux Heracleotica, a hazel nut. Nux Myrepsica, a Nutmeg. Nux Persica, a Persian nut, and nut tree. Nux Pinea, Pingles. Nux Pontica, a hazel nut. Nux Regia, the same. Nux Tassia, an Almond. Nux Vomica. Nux unguentaria, a Nutmeg. Nyctalops, Lusciosus, one that is purblind. Nycteris Aetij, or Nycteritis, a Rearemouse or Bat. Nymphaea, the yellow flower deluce, or water Lilly. Nymphaea alba, the white water Lily, or Rose. Nymphaea heraclea Plinij, the same. Nymphaea lutea, yellow water Lily, or Rose. Nymphaea minor, the lesser Nenuphar. Nymphaea lutea minor, the lesser yellow water lilies, or Roses. O. OA, Sorbus, the servis tree. Ocimum, vide Ozymum, and Ozimum. Ocneron, Ruscus, a kind of shrub so called. Oculus canis, Conyza, a certain herb so called. Oculus leporis, Gariophyllata, Auens. Oculus suis, Aster Atticus, Share, Stir, or Codwort. Ocymastrum, Cardianthemum, a kind of Gillofers so called. Ocymum, Basilicum, Basill. Oedema, Vndinia chirurgorum vulgo, an imposthume coming of phlegmatic matter without grief. Oenanthe, Flos vitis syluestris, Flos Labruscae, the blossoms of the wild vine. Oenanthe herba, Filipendula, Dropwort. Oenarum Pampinus, a vine leaf, or green branch. Oenomeli, Mulsum, sweet wine. Oenolithos, Lapis vini, Tartarus, or Tartarum, Argoile, or Winestone. Oenorhodon, Vinirosa, wine rose. Oenos, Vinum, Wine. Oesophagus, Stomachus, Orificium ventriculi, the mouth of the stomach. Oesipum, or Oesipus, the filthy oil that is in the flanks of a Sheep. Olea, Oliva, the Olive tree. Olea syluestris, Oleaster, the wild Olive tree. Oleaster, the same. Olei fex, Amurca Olei, the dregs of Oil. Oleander, or Oleandrum, Barbarorum Rhododendrum, Oleander. Oleum Oliwm, Oil of Olives. Oleum Anisi, Oil of anise. Oleum Antimonij, Oil of Antimony. Oleum Amygdalarum, or Oleum Amygdalarum dulcium, Oil of Almonds. Oleum Amygdalarum amararum, Oil of bitter Almonds. Oleum balaninum, Oleum glandis unguentariae, Oil of Behen. Oleum Camelinum, Oleum sesaminum officinarum, Oil of Camomile. Oleum Chamemelinum, the same. Oleum Nucleorum Persicorum, Oil of Peach kernels. Oleum Caryophyllorum, Oil of Cloves. Oleum Costinum, Oil of Costus. Oleum Cucurbitinum, Oil of Gourds. Oleum Cucumeris Asinini, Oil of wild Cucumbers. Oleum Cicinum, vide Oleum Ricinum. Oleum cydoneorum, Oil of Quinces. Oleum Euphorbij, Oil of Euphorbium. Oleum Hyperici, Oil of S. john's wort. Oleum Irinum, Oil of the Flower deluce. Oleum florum nucis Inglandis, Oil of the blossoms of the Walnut tree. Oleum de Kerua, Oleum ricinum, Oil of Palma Christi. Oleum de lateribus, Oleum philosophorum, Oil of bricks. Oleum Laurinum, Oil of Bays. Oleum ligustrinum, Oleum cyprinum, Oil of Privet. Oleum Liliorum, Oil of lilies. Oleum Lini, Oil of Lin, or Flax. Oleum macis, Oil of Mace. Oleum mastichinum, Oil of Mastic. Oleum matricariae, Oil of sweet Marierome. Oleum melinum, Oil of Quinces. Oleum de mentha, Oil of Mints. Oleum menthaceum, the same. Oleum Myrtinum, Oil of Myrtles. Oleum myrtillorum officinarum, Oleum Baccarum myrti, the same. Oleum Narcissinum, Oil of Narcissus. Oleum nucum iuglandium, Oil of Walnuts. Oleum nucis Indicae, Oil of Indian nuts. Oleum nucis muscatae, Oleum nucis myristicae, Oil of Nutmegs. Oleum Nenupharis, or Oleum Nymphaea, Oil of Nenuphar, or white water rose. Oleum Olivarum, oil of Olives. Oleum Omphacinum, oil of Olives not full ripe. Oleum Ouorum, oil of Egs. Oleum florum papaveris, oil of Poppy. Oleum seminis papaveris, oil of the seed of Poppy. Oleum petrae, Petroleum, an oil that naturally runneth out of a stone. Oleum Philosophorum, oil of Bricks. Oleum de Piperibus, oil of Pepper. Oleum Piperinum stillatitium, oil that is distilled out of Pepper. Oleum Ricinum, oil of Palma Christi. Oleum Rosaceum, oil of Roses. Oleum Syocinum, Oleum Cucumeris asinini, oil of wild Cucumbers. Oleum Susinum, oil of Lilies. Oleum Staphidis agriae, oil of Stavesacre. Oleum Sesaminum officinarum, oil of Camomile. Oleum sulphuris, oil of Brimstone. Oleum scorpionum, oil of Scorpions. Oleum Sinapis, or Oleum Sinapinum, oil of Mustard. Oleum Stimmios, Oleum Antimonij, oil of Stibium, a stone so called. Oleum viride, Oleum Omphacinum, oil of unripe, or green Olives. Oleum Vitrioli, oil of Vitriol. Oleum lumbricorum, Oleum vermium terrestrium, oil of earth worms. Oleum cyprinum, Oleum ligustrinum, oil of Privet. Oleum Raphaninum, or Oleum seminis Raphani, oil of Radishes. Oleum Rhabarbari, oil of Rhubarb. Oleum Sandaracae, oil of juniper gum. Oleum vermium terrestrium, vide Oleum lumbricorum. Oleum seminis Raphani, vide Oleum Raphaninum. Oleum Absinthij, oil of Wormwood. Oleum Leucoinum, Oleum cheyrinum, oil of Violets. Oleum Cheyrinum, Oleum leucoinum. Oleum granorum juniperi, oil of juniper berries. Oleum Nardinum, oil of Spikenard. Oleum ex immaturis Olivis confectum, oil of unripe Olives. Oleum Spicae nardi, oil of Spikenard. Oleum Tartari, oil of Tartar. Oleum resinae abietis, oil of Turpentine. Oleum Therebinthinae officinarum, oil of Turpentine. Oleum Tritici, oil of Wheat. Olibanum officinarum, Opolibanum, white Frankincense. Olibanum testiculatum, a kind of Frankincense. Oliva, Ol●a, an Olive tree. Oliva conditanea, Olives. Oliwm, Oleum olivarum, oil of Olives. Olus atrum, Alexander, or Lovage. Olus aureum, Atriplex, Orage, Arech, or golden herb. Olus rubrum, Blitum rubrum, red spinach. Olus Hispanicum, sive Olus Spinaceum, spinach. Olus agninum, Plantago, Plantain, or Weybry. Omen 'em, vulgo, Zirbus, the call, or suet, wherein the bowels are leapt. Omphacinum, vulgo Agresta, succus è labrusca, vel vuis acerbis, Verivice. Omphalocarpos, aparine, Goeshart's. Omphax, Vua immatura, vua acerba, an unripe Grape. Onicidae, Gallae asininae, a kind of Gauls. Oniscus Asellus, a kind of fish so called. Onitis, Origanum Creticum, bastard Marjoram, Spanish Origan. Onocardium, Dipsacus, Fuller's Thistle, or Teazill. Onopretium Herbariorum, Felicula asellorum, Adiantum album, maidenhair. Onorig●●um Herbariorum, Origanum asininum si● dictum, quod folium eius asinis pabulo sit gratu●, Onitis, bastard Marjoram, or Spanish Origan. Onyx, Blattium Byzantium, vide Blacca Bizantia. Ophioctonum, Ceruiosellus, a Parsenep. Ophioglossum, Serpent's tongue. Ophiostaphylos, Vua anguina, a kind of shrub so called. Ophthalmia, Lippitudo, blearedness of the eyes. Ophthalmica herba, Eufrasia, Eyebright. Opistotonus, a kind of Cramp. Oppertitus, Iris, Flower deluce. Oppilatio, a stopping of the breast. Opinion, Opium, Liquor, vel lachryma, è vulneratis papaveris ni●ri Capitulis fluens, a certain dried sap of the black Poppy, which of the Apothecaries is called Opium. Opopanax, lachryma panacis, officinis opopanacum, the dried sap or gum which is pressed out of the root of the herb Panax, which as yet is so called of the Apothecaries. Opobalsamum, liquor Balsami, Balsamum judaicum, natural or jewish Balsamum. Opolibanum, Thus, Frankincense. Opopyra, a confection so called. Opos Medicos, and Opos Syriacoes, hoc est Succus medicus, & Syriacus, a kind of juice so called. Opulus, dog tree. Orbicularis, sows bread. Orchis, Testiculus, Gandergrasse, Ragwort. Orchis mas maior, the male Gandergrasse or Ragwort, with the broad leaves. Orchis mas minor, male Gandergrasse with the narrow lease. Orchis foemina minor, the female Gandergrasse with the narrow leaves. Orchis Odoratus, sweet Ragwort. Orchis Serapias, a kind of Ragwort. Origanum, Origanus, bastard Marjoram, or Spanish Origane, Organy. Origanum Asininum, Onitis, vide Origanum. Origanum Hispanicum, vide Origanus Heracleoticae. Origanun Hircinum, Tragoriganum, vide Origanun. Origanum panaceum, Origanum syluestre, wild or common Origane. Oriptelea, Montiulmus, Vlmus montana, an Elm. Orminum officinarum, Galliricum, Clary. Orobax, Paeonia, Peony. Orobelium, the same. Orobethron, Hypocistis, a certain juice so called. Orobus, Eruum, a kind of pulse bigger than Vetches, bitter Vetches, tars. Orneoglossum, Lingua avis, & officinis semen fraexini, the seed, or keys of Ash. Ornus, Eraxinus montana, an Ash. Orthophnaea, a straightness of breath, by stopping of the lights, that one cannot breath but holding his neck upright. Ortyx Theophrasti, Herbae genus, Plantago, Plantain. Oruala, sive Orualla Herbariorun, Clary. Oryza, Risum, Rice. Os Sepiae, a Cuttlebone. Os de cord cerui, Ossea cartilago cordis ceruini, est propago quaedam neruia duriuscula, crucis similitudine, the bone that is in a Stag's hart. Ostracium Indicum, Blattum Byzantium, an Indian shell, vide Blatta Bizantia. Ostracum Galeni, Cochleae domus a Snail shell. Osiris, vel Osyrias, wild Flax. Othonium, Ch●lidonium m●ius, Celandine the greater. Oxalis, vulgo Acetosa, Sorrell. Oxalis aruensis, Oxalis minor, tenuifolia veruccina, the lesser Sorrel. Oxalis gallica, or Oxalis rotunda, round Sorrell. Oxalis sativa, tame Sorrell. Oxyacantha Galeni, Officinis Berberis dicitur, the Berbery tree. Oxyacanthites, Berbery wine. Oxyarccutis, the greater juniper tree. Oxycraton, sive Oxycratum, water and vinegar together, called Posca in Latin. Oxycroceum, vide Emplastrum Oxycroceum. Oxygonum, Papaver erraticum, the red corn rose. Oxydrus Theophrasti, juniperus minor, the Goosebery tree. Oxylapathun Dioscoridis, Lapathun acutum, Docks. Oxylapathum Galeni, Lapathum acidum, Sorrell. Oxymalon persicon Laconi, Prunum, a Prune. Oxymel sive Oxymel simplex, Syrup made of Vinegar and Hony. Oxymel compositum, Oxymel diureticum. Oxymel de radicib. a kind of compounded syrup. Oxymel Scillinum, sive Scilliticum, a syrup of sea Onions, Vinegar and Hony. Oxymel simplex, vide Oxymel. Oxymyrsine, Ruscus, Kneeholme. Oxyphoenica, Palmulae Indicae, Tamarindi, the fruit of the tree Oxyphoenix. Oxyrrhodinum, Oleum rosaceum aceto dilutum, Oil of Roses and Vinegar together. Oxysaccharum, Officinis Oxysacchara, a syrup so called. Oxysaccharum compositum, a compounded syrup of Vinegar and Sugar. Oxytriphyllum, Asphaltium, wood Sorrell. Ozaena, sive Ozena, a sore in the nose causing a stinking savour. Ozilate officinarum, or Ozylete, perfuming candles. Ozimum, Ocimum, or Ozymum, Basill. Ozimum aquaticum, water Basill. Ozymum Cariophyllatum, or Ozimum minus, the lesser Basill. Ozimum crispum, crisped Basill. Ozimum minus, vide Ozimum Cariophyllatum. P. PAbulum anserinum, Alsine, chickweed. Pabulum camelorum, Scoenanthum, Squinanthum. Pabulum cerui, Elaphoboscum, a kind of Sage. Paederos, and Paederotes, Acanthus, Bears foot. Paederotes, vide Paederos. Paeonia, Peony. Paeonia alba, white Peony. Paeonia foemina, Peony the female. Paeonia foemina altera, red Peony. Paeonia mascula Plinij, Paeonia promiscua, the same. Paeonia mascula Dioscoridis, Paeonia alba. Paeonia multiplex, double Peony. Paeonia promiscua, vide Paeonia mascula Plinij. Paeonium Apuleij, idem quod Paeonia, Peony. Paesaede, Paeonia, the same. Pala marina Barbarorum, Balla marina officinarum, sea balls. Palimpissa, Pix excocta, Pitch twice sod. Palatium leporis. Palma, Phoenix, the Date tree. Palma Christi, a tree so called. Palma Christi minor, Satyrium Basilicum minus Herbariorum, three leafed Gandergrasse, Ragwort, or Dogi●ones. Palma Veneris, Satyrium Baesilicum, the same. Palma virginea herbariorun, Peruinca, Peruincle. Palmos, the panting of the hart. Palmulae, Dactyli, Phoenices, Dates. Palmulae acidae, Palmulae indicae, Palmula nigra Tamarindi, sour Dates. Palmulae Indicae, vide Palmulae acidae. Palmulae nigrae, vide Palmulae acidae. Palmula Veneris, Satyrium regium minus, a kind of Ragwort. Palpitatio cordis, the panting of the hart. Palpebra, gena, Blepharon, an eye lid. Paludapium, Eleoselinum, wild Parsley, Smallage. Pampinula, Pimpinella, Pimpernell. Panaritium Barbarorum, Paronychia, a disease often breeding in one's fingers. Panada, Panatella Practicorum, a pap made with bread. Panacea, Ligusticum verum, Lovage. Pancarpos, Milkethistle. Pandionia radix, Chelidonium maius, Celandine the greater. Pancranum, Thapsia, a kind of Turbith. Panicum, Panic. Panicum Indicum, Indian Panic. Panigo, Panicum, Panic. Panion, Satyrium, Dogs stones. Panis alcarit Barbarorum, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Panis bis coctus, Panis nauticus, Biscuit. Panis ciconiae, Colchicum, Hermodactiles. Panis cuculi, Trifolium acidum, Cuccoebread, wood Sorrell. Panis fauni Barbarorum, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Panis Divi johannis, Carru●●●, Siliqua. Panis nouticus, vide Panis bis coctus. Panis terrae herbariorun, Ciclaminus, sows bread Panthiceratos, Paeonia, Peony. Papaver, Mecon, Poppy. Papaver album, white Poppy. Papaver caninun, Papaver erraticum, wild Poppy. Papaver caducum, red Poppy. Papaver erraticum, vide Papaver caninum. Papaver erraticum minus, the lesser red Poppy. Papaver fluidum Gazae, Papaver rhoeas, the same. Papaver satiwm, white Poppy. Papaver hortense, the same. Papaver palustre, Nymphaea, the white water Lily, or Rose. Papaver nigrum, black Poppy. Papaver puniceum, Papaver rubrum, red Poppy. Papaver rhoeas, vide Papaver fluidum. Papaver rubrum, vide Papaver puniceum. Papaver syluestre Dioscoridis, Papaver nigrum, wild Poppy. Papaveralis, red Poppy. Papaveralis minor, the lesser Poppy. Papaveris caput, Codia, the tops of Poppy. Paralius, Tithymalus marinus, a kind of Spurge. Paralysis, paraphlegia, neruorum resolutio, a disease called the Palsy. Paralytica, or Paralytica herba, Cowslips. Paralytica, Alpina, Sanicle. Paralyticus, one that hath the Palsy. Paraphlegia, vide Paralysis. Paraphora, Delirium, vide Mentis error. Pardalianches, a kind of Wolfewoort. Parietalia, the temples of the head. Perietaria, and Parietaria minor, Perdicium, Pellitory of the wall. Paron Italorum, Iliaca, a pain in the guts. Paronychia, Panaritium Barbarorum, a disease growing in the fingers. Parotes', Abscessus secus aures, an imposthume behind the ears. Parthenium, Cotula foetida, Feuerfew, or Motherwort. Pasaphan Italorum, a powder so called. Pascanthemun Herbariorun, Bellis minor, Daisies. Paspale Hippocratis, Milium, Millet. Pastinaca, a Parsenep. Pastinaca alba, a white Parsenep. Pastinaca ceruina, Elaphoboscum, a kind of Parsenep. Pastinaca erratica, Pastinaca vera, wild or yellow Parsenep. Pastinaca nigra Theophrasti, Pastinaca rubra, a Carrote. Pastinaca lutea, Carotis lutea, yellow Carrote. Pastinaca syluestris, Pastinaca vera, wild Parseneps. Pastinaca maior Athenaei, Careum, Coming. Pastillum, Isatis, Woade. Pastus Camelorum, Scoenanthum, Squinanth. Passulae officinarum, Vuae passae, Raisins. Passulae Chemesinae, Passulae sine nucleis, Corans. Passulae corinthiacae, vide Passulae siliciae. Passulae Damascenae, Vuae Zizibae, vel Zibebae, a kind of Raisins. Passulae minores, Corans. Patientia, the herb Patience. Paverina Italorum, Alsine, chickweed. Pavonaria Herbariorum, Arsesmart. Pectis Apuleij, Sympheijtum magnum, Comfrey. Pedalium Apuleij, Polygonum, Knotgrass. Pedicularia. Pelasgum Plinij. Penidia, Penidiorum. Pentapetes, quinque folium, fine leafed grass. Pentapleuron, Hounds rib, or the lesser Plantain. Pentaphyllon, Cinckefoyle. Pentorobon, Peonia, Peony. Pentadactylon, Ricinus: Palma Christi. Peplion, wild Purslane. Pepo, Pepon, a kind of Melons called Pompions. Pepo muscatellinus', a kind of Pompions. Pepo saccharinus', another kind of Pompions. Pepo saracenicus, a kind of Pompions. Pepo Turcicus, the same. Pera pastoris, Bursa pastoris, shepherd's pouch. Perdicium, Pellitory of the wall. Perfoliata, Through wax. Perforata officinarum, S. john's wort. Pericardium, the skin that compasseth the hart. Periclymenum perfoliatum, vide Periclymenum Italicum, sive Periclymenum perforatum, Wodbinde, or a kind of Honysuckle. Periclymenum, Periclymenus, Honysuckle. Peristerion, Columbaria, Verueine. Peripneumonia, an inflammation or imposthume in the Lungs, with a vehement fever. Peristeropodium, Pes columbinus, Storks bill. Perla, Margarita, a kind of precious stone. Persicaria Herbariorum, Arsesmart. Persicum, a Peach. Persicus, and Persica malus, a Peach tree. Persites, Tithymalus dulcis, a kind of Spurge. Personatia, or Personata, Clote, or great burr. Peruinca, Peruincle. Pes Alexandrinus, Pyrethrum, Bartrame, or wild Pellitory. Pes columbinus Herbariorum, Pincknéedle, Shepherd's bodkin, or Storks bill. Pes gallinaceus, Hartwort. Pes Leporinus, Hare's foot. Pes Leonis, Pedelion, or Lion's foot. Pes vituli, a kind of Cuckowpinte. Pestilentia, Pestis, a Pestilence, or Plague. Pestis, vide Pestilentia. Petraelaeon, Petroleum, an oil that naturally runneth out of a stone. Petroselinun, a kind of parsley growing on stones. Petroselinum Alexandrinum, Herbariorum, stone parsley. Petroselinum Cilicum, Petroselinum Alexandrinum, the same. Petroselinum Macedonicum, the same. Peuce, Abies' nigra, a Fir tree. Peucedanum, dog fennel. Phagedaena, a running canker, or pock. Pharmacon Suidae, Petraeleon, an oil naturally running out of a stone. Phasganum, Gladiolus, Sedge, or Gladen. Phaselus, siue Phaseolus, a kind of pulse or long pease. Phasiolus, Phaselus, the same, a turkish bean or pease. Pheminalis, Phlomus, a kind of Primrose. Philanthropus, Aparine, a kind of burrs that cleave to men's coats. Philonium, sive Phalonium Romanum, a confection so called. Philonium persicum, a confection so called. Philomedium, Chelidonium maius, Celandine the greater. Phlegma, the humour in the body called phlegm. Phlegmone, Inflammatio, an Impostume, or blood inflamed. Phlogion, Viola Trinitatis, herb Trinity, or Heart's ease. Pholomis, Verbasculum, Cowslips. Phlomos, Melanophyllos, Verbascum nigrum, Longwort, Woolblade, or Torch herb. Phlomos agrios, Verbascum syluestre, wild Woolblade. Phlox, flower gentle. Phoenix, Palma, a Date tree. Phoenicites, Lapis judaicus, Iewes stone. Phrenitis, a frenzy. Phrycodes, vide febris phrycodes. Phrygius lapis, Amber. Phthiriasis, Morbus pedicularis, the lousy evil. Phthirioctonum, Pedicularia, Licebane. Phthisis, a kind of consumption. Phthisicus, one that hath a consumption. Phu, Valerian. Phu ponticum, the same. Phyleteria, sive Phyleterium, Dictamus alba, a certain herb so called. Phylira, Tilia, the Linden, or Tillet tree. Phyllitis, Lingua ceruina, Heart's tongue. Phyllon, siue Phyllon Indicum, an Indian leaf, vide Malabathrum. Phyllopharis, Marrubium, Horehound. Phyltrum, Loveweede. Phyrania, Fermentum, sour dough. Physalis, Halicacabus, Alkakengy. Pia matter, a little skin that covereth the brains, vide Meninges. Pica, citta, Malacia, a disease of longing unnaturally in women with child. Picea, Abies' nigra, a Pitch tree. Picibitumen, Pissasphaltum, Pitch, and the lime called Bitumen mingled together. Pilula, Catapotium, Barbaris Pillula, per duplex L. Pills. Pilula cyparissi, Nux cupressi, a Cypress nut. Pilulae Alephanginae Arabum, Pilulae aromatica, a kind of pills. Pilulae aromaticae, vide Pilulae Alephanginae. Pilulae aureae, a kind of pills. Pilulae de Agarico, pills of Agaricus. Pilulae Assaiereth, pills so called. Pilulae de Aloe lota, pills of washed Aloes, or Sengreene. Pilula aggregativae officinarum, Pilulae Polychr●stae, pills so called. Pilulae de Lapide Armoniaco, pills of a stone so called. Pilulae de Bdellio, pills made of the gum Bdellium. Pilulae benedictae, certain pills so called. Pilulae cochiae, pills that purge the head. Pilulae communes, Pilulae Ruffi, Pilula sine cura, vide Pilulae pestilentiales. Pilulae de Cynoglossa, pills of Hounds tongue. Pilulae de Euphorbio, pills of the gum called Euphorbium. Pilulae foetidae, pills of Assa foetida. Pilulae de Hiera, pills of Aloes. Pilulae de Hiera composita, pills of Aloes, and other things. Pilulae de fumo terrae, pills of Pigeons chervil, or Fumitory. Pilulae de Hermodactylis, pills of Hermodactiles. Pilulae iliacae, pills for the colic, or pain in the small guts. Pilulae Indae, pills of Indian Mirobalans. Pilulae de Hiera cum agarico, pills so called. Pilulae de lapide Lazuli officinarum, Pilulae de lapide Cyaneo. Pilulae mastichinae, pills of mastic. Pilulae de mezereo officinarum, pills of Lorell. Pilulae de Chamelaea, the same. Pilulae ophthalmicae, pills for the eyes. Pilulae de quinque generibus Mirobalanorum, pills of five kinds of Mirobalans. Pilulae de Opopanaco, pills of the gum Opopanacum. Pilulae polychristae, vide Pilulae aggregativae. Pilulae pestilentiales, Pilulae Ruffi, pills against the Plague. Pitulae russi, vide Pilulae communes, and Pilulae Pestilentiales. Pilulae de Sarcocolla, Pills of a gum called Sarcocollum. Pilulae sive quibus, sive, sine quibus esse nolo, Pills so called, which some call Pilulae sine cura, because they may be taken or used without all fear. Pilulae de Sandaracha, pills of the gum of a juniper tree. Pillulae de Serapino, pills of the gum Serapinum. Pillulae de succino, pills of white Amber. Pillulae de tribus, Pillulae pestilentiales. Pi●●ulae de Rh●barbaro, pills of Rhubarb. Pillulae sine cura, vide, Pillulae Alephanginae, Pillulae pestilentiales, Pillulae communes, Pillulae sine quibus esse nolo. Pillulae Stomachicae, pills for the stomach. Pimpinella crispa, Pimpinella petraea, Pimpinella minor, Burnet, or Pimpinell, Pimpinell the lesser. Pimpinel●a Hircina, a kind of Pimpinell. Pimpinella Italorum, Sanguisorba, Pimpinell. Pimpinella maior, the great Pimpinell. Pimpinella minor, vide Pimpinella crispa. Pin●ster, Pinus syluestris, the wild Pine tree. Pinestella, Pinestellum, dog Fennell. Pinea officin●rum, Nux l'inea, the fruit of the Pine tree. Pingue lactis, Pinguedo lactis, Cream. Pinguitudo succid●rum Lanerum, Oesypus, the oil that breedeth in the flank, or neck of a sheep. Pinu●, a Pineapple tree. Pinus syluestris, vide l'inaster. Pinus pumila, a kind of Pine tree. Pinula, Trichomanes, maidenhair. Piper, Pepper. Piper album, white Pepper. Piper agreste, Vitex, A●nus Castus. Piper ●quaticum, Hydropiper, water Pepper, Arsenic, Kilridge, or Culcage. Piper caninum, the same. Piper Eunuchorum, Piper Monachorum, Agnus castus, vide Agnus castus. Piper longum, long Pepper. Piper monachorum, vide Piper Eunuchorum. Piper montanum, Lorrell. Piper nigrum, black Pepper. Piperitis, Lepidium, Indish Pepper, Alecoste. Pira muscatellina, musk Pears. Piraster, wild Pear tree. Pirola sive Pirula or Pirola pratensis, wild Béetes. Pissa bygra, Pix liquida, Tar. Pissasphalium, Picibitumen, Pitch, and the lime called Bitumen mingled together. Pissasphalium Arabus, Mumia officinarun, the same. Pissasphaltum Graecorum, Pissasphaltum natiwm, the same. Pistaceum, sive Pistacium, Pistachium, a kind of nuts commonly of the Apothecaries called Fistici. Pistaceus, a kind of nut tree. Pistachium, or Pistacium, vide Pistaceum. Pisum, a Pease. Phititis, Papaver nigrum, black Poppy. Pituita, Phlegma, Fleame. Pityides, Pineae nuces, the fruit, or nuts of the Pine tree. Pityusa, Psula maior officinarum, Esula, Spurge. Pix, Pissa, Pitch. Pix arida, Pix concreta, Pix excocta, hard, or stone Pitch. Pix Brutia, Pix graeca, a kind of Pitch. Pix ●luida, Pix Liquida, Tar. Pix navalis, Pix radulana, ship, or faylers' pitch. Plantago, Plantain, or Waybread. Plantago acuta sive Lanceolata, sharp plantain. Plantago Aquatica, Plantago Palustris, water plantain. Plantago lata Apulei, Plantago latifolia, broad leafed plantain. Plantago lanceolata, Plantago acuta, prickle leafed plantain. Plantago latifolia minor, Plantago trineruia, Plantago syluatica, the lesser broad leafed plantain. Plantago maior, the great plantain. Plantago media Herbariorum, Plantago minor Dioscoridis, Waybread, or Ribgrasse. Plantago minor Dioscoridis, vide Plantago media. Plantago acuta, vide suprà. Plantago rubea, Plantago maior, red plantain. Plantago trineruia, vide Plantago latifolia minor. Plantago rosea, a kind of plantain. Planta leonis, Alchimilla, Lady's mantle. Plantagonium, Folium papaveris, the leaf of poppy. Plantanella, Spondylium, Bears foot. Platanus, a Plane tree with broad leaves groing in Italy, whom some do take for Opulus. Platyophihalmon Plinij, Stimmi, a kind of purging glass, called Stibium. Pleuritis, the Pleurisy. Plectronia, siue Pelethronia Apuleij, Centaureum magnum, Centory the greater, vide Rapontica. Plectranthemum, Consolida regia, Larkespurre. Pleuriticus, one that hath the Pleurisy. Plumbago Plinij, Persicaria maculata, a kind of Arsmart. Plumbum, Lead. Plumbum ustum, burnt Lead. Podagra, the Gout. Podagra lini Herbariorum, Cassyta, Bindewéede. Podex, an Arschole. Polemonia, siue Polemonium, vide Diptamus. Pollen, Mealedust. Polyanodynos', Cicuta, Hemlock. Polyanthenion Plinij, Ranunculus multiplex, a kind of Butter flower. Polycarpon, Polygonum, Knotgras. Polycraton Hippocratis, sive Polycriton, Arsesmart. Polygonoides, pervinca, Perwinckle. Polygonatum, Sigillum Salomonis, salomon's seal. Polygonatum angustifolium, Polygonatum minus Herbariorum, salomon's seal the lesser. Polygonatum latifolium, Polygonatum platyphyllon, the great salomon's seal. Polygonatum maius, the same. Polygonatum minus, vide Polygonatum angustifolium. Polygonatum platyphyllon, vide Polygonatum latifolium. Polygonum, multinodia, Knotgras. Polygonum Heraclium Herbariorum, Polygonum mas, Knotgras the male. Polygonum foemina, Hippuris minor, Knotgras the female, or Horse tail. Polygonum masculum, vide Polygonum Heracleum. Polygonum minus, vulgo ruella, the lesser Knotgras. Polyneuron, broad Knotgras. Polyominon, Perdicum, Parietaria. Polypodium, Felicula, Polypody. Polypus, a certain imposthume in the nose. Polytrichon officinarum, Trichomanes, Maiden hair. Polytrichum Apuleij, the same. Polytrichum Dioscoridis, Polytrichum verum, a kind of Venus' hair. Polytrichum aureum Herbariorum, the same. Polytrichum verum, vide Polytrichum Dioscor. Pomada, siue Pomata, a sweet smelling salve made of Apples. Pomata, unguentum Pomatum, vide Pomada. Pomelaea Herbariorum, Lungwoort. Pompholyx nigra, grey Tutty. Pompholyx, Tutty. Pomum Arangiae, Pomun Nerantzium, an Orange. Pomum Lemonium, sive Limonium, a Limon. Pomum syluestre, a Crab or wild Apple. Poplitis vena, the vain of a man's ham behind the leg. Populago, Bechium, Folefoote, Alhofe, or Horsehoofe. Populeum officinarum, unguentum populeum, Poplar salve. Populus, the Poplar tree. Populus humilis, sive Populus pumila, a kind of Poplar. Porcellana, Herbariorum, Andrach●e, Purslane. Poros, that matter which consolidateth the broken bones within. Porrum, a Leek. Porrum aricinum, Porrum Capitatum, headed Léekes. Porrum sectile, sive Porrum sectiwm, Léekes. Porrum Tarentinum, Léekes. Porrum syluestre, sive Porrum vineale, seu Ampelorasum, wild Léekes. Portentilla Herbariorum, Argemone altera, wild tansy, or Silver herb. Posca, Oxycraton, a kind of small household wine, mixed with water in the press: vide Oxycraton. Praemorsa Herbariorum, Morsus Diaboli, devils bit. Prasitis gemma, a kind of Sapphire. Prassium, Marrubium, Horehound. Priapeion, Viola nigra, a kind of Violets. Priapicon, Satyrium Erythronium, a kind of Gandergras. Priapismus, satyrismus, satyriasis, satyriasmus, a disease whereby the privy member of a man standeth alway, without appetite or lust of generation. Priapus Cerui, Pisle of a Hart. Primula veriflora Herbariorum, sive Primula veris, Primrose, or Cowslips. Probatium, Plantago, Plantain. Proetium, Veratrum nigrum, black Néesewoort. Proserpinaca, Knotgras. Prosopium, sive Prosopis, the great Burr. Protopium, wine new pressed out of the Grape. Protea Apuleij, Nymphaea, the white water Lily Pruneola, Pr●na syluestria, Sloes. Prunella Herbariorum, Selfeheale. Prunidactyla, Damask Prunes. Pruna Auenaria, a kind of Sloes. Pruna Asinaria, or Pruna Asinina, great Prunes. Pruna Cerea, sive Cerina, a kind of Prune. Pruna Cerina, sive Cerea maiora, great Italian Prunes. Pruna Damascena, Damask Prunes. Pruna Hiberica, Pruna Hispanica, Spanish Prunes. Pruna hordearia, white Prunes. Pruna equina, Horse plumbs. Pruna Syriaca, vel Pruna Syriacusana, Damask Prunes. Pruna Nana, harvest Prunes. Pruna syluestria, Sloes. Prunum, a Prune. Prunum passum, a dried Prune. Prunus, a Plum tree. Prunus syluestris, a Slow tree. Prurigo, Prurigus, Itch. Pseudoacorus, Gladiolus luteus, sweet Cane. Pseudaristolochia, Capnos, Chelidonia, Swallows herb. Pseud ligusticum, Lovage. Pseudomelanthium, Corn rose. Pseudonardus, Spica hortulana, & Lavendula, Spike. Pseudopastinaca, a Parsnep. Pseudomyrtus, vitis Idaea. Pseudoparthenium, Motherwoort. Pseudorhaponticum, Centaureum magnum, great Centory. Pseudosant. lum, false Saunders. Psiadium Herbariorum, Alchimilla, Sinnau. Psittachium Nicandri, Pistaceum, a kind of nuts so called. Psilo●●rum, Vitis alba, Bryonie. Psora Aetij, Scabiosa, Scabious. Psora Plinij, fera scabies, a certain kind of scurvy Itch so called. Psyche, Tripolium, a kind of Turbith. Psychotrophon, Betonica, Betony. Psychuacoes, Perdicium, Parietary. Psyllium, Fleawoort. Psymmithium, Cerussa, white Lead. Ptela, Vlmus, or Pt●lea, an Elm tree. Pt●ris, Vilix, Ferne, herb Osmund, or Broke. Pterygophoron Dioscoridis, Lincurium, Electrum, Amber. Ptisana, Cremor hordei, a decoction of Barley, Orgemond. Pu●io Gazae, Gladiolus, Flowerdeluce. Pul●gium, Pennyroyall, or pudding grass. Pulegium martis, Dictamum Creticum. Pulegium ●greste sive syluestre, wild Pennyroyal. Pu●icaria, sive Pulicaris, Fleawoort. Pulmonaria, Lungwoort. Pulmonaria arborea, Lichen arboreus, a kind of Lungwoort, that groweth on trees like Moss. Pulmonaria maculata, Sage of jerusalem. Pulmonaria Gallica, Auricula muris maior, the greater Mouseare. Pulmonaria Vegetij, wild Néesewoort. pulvis Montagnanae contra pestem, a certain powder for the Plague. pulvis nihili officinarum, Tuttie. pulvis Senae praeparatus, the powder of Seine prepared. Pyon, pingue lactis, Cream. Pyra Apiana, or Pyra Muscatellina, or Pyra hordearia Plinij, a kind of sweet Pear. Pyra chya, the same. Pyrama, Ammoniacum impurum, the foul and impure gum Ammoniacke. Pyraster, siue Pyrus syluestris, a wild Pear tree. Pyrene Plinij, Tecolithus lapis, the stone called Lapis judaicus. Pyretrum, Pellitory of Spain. Pyretoes febris, a burning ague. Pyrites, Pyrethrum, Pellitory of Spain. Pyrites lapis, lapis luminis, Marchasita, the Mine of Brass. Pyrola, sive Pyrula, wild Béetes, or winter green. Pyrola pratensis, sive Pyrula pratensis, wild Béetes. Pyrum, a Pear. Pyrum Cidoneorum, a Quince. Pyrus, a Pear tree. Pythonium Apuleij, Dracunculus maior, Dragons. Pythonium Dioscoridis, Hyoscyamus, Henbane. Pyxacantha, or Pyxacanthus, Chironius Plinij, the Barberry tree Pyxos, Buxus arbour, the Box tree. Q. QVassamus barbarorum, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Quartana, a Quartain ague. Quercula, Trixago, Chamedries, Germander. Quercus, an Oak or an Akorne tree. Quinquefolium, Cinquefoil. Quinqueneruia, Plantago minor, the lesser Plantain. Quotidiana, a Quotidian or daily Ague. R. RAdicula, Raphanus, a Radish. Radix, Raphanus, a Radish. Radix barbarica, Rhabarbarum, Rhubarb. Radix concana Herbariorum, Hartwoort. Radix colophoniae, Scammony. Radix consecatrix, Iris, Flouredeluce. Radix pandeonia, Celandine. Radix pontica, Rhaponticum. Radix Scammonia, the root of Scammony. Radix Scythica, Glycyrrhiza, liquorice. Radix violacea vulgo dicta, the Flouredeluce. Ramex varicosus, a rapture of swollen veins. Ranunculus, Crowfoote. Ranunculus multiplex, Polyanthemum, Bachelors buttons. Ranunculus rotundus, Flammula, the lesser Golden knap or Butter flower. Rapa sive Rapum, the Rape root. Rapaneolus Herbariorum, genus Rapi syluestris, a wild Rape. Raphanus condimentarius, sive Raphanus obsoniorum, an Horseradish. Raphanus syluestris, Armoracia, a wild Radish. Rapocaulis Herbariorum, Rapecoleworts. Raponcellus, siue Rapontium. Rapontium, vide Raponcellus. Raponcellus, Rapuntium, seu Rapunculum Herbariorum, the same. Rapuntium syluaticum, the wild. Rapontium Alopecurum Herbariorum, the same. Rapum porcinun Herbariorun, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Rapum syluestre, wild Rape root. Regulitia Barbarorum, Glycyrrhiza, liquorice. Repletio, fullness of the body. Res non naturales. Resina, Rosin. Resina pinus, sive resina pinea, Gum of the Pine tree, or the Rosin of the Pine. Resina Laricis, sive Larigna, the common Turpentine. Resina Lentiscina, Mastiche, Mastix, Mastic. Resina Therebentina, Venetian Turpentine. Rha, Rheon, Rheum, Rhaponticum. Rhabarbarum, Rhebarbara, Rhubarb. Rhabarbarum ponticum Herbariorum, herb patience. Rhacoma Plinij, sive Rhecoma, the same. Rhapontica, siue Rhaponticum, the same. Rhaponticum, siue Rhaponticum officinarum, the root of the greater Centory. Rhaea, siue Rhoa, the Pomegranate tree. Rhagadia, siue Rhagades, Chaps and clefts in the hands, and other parts of the body. Rhagoides, the third rind or skin that compasseth the eye. Rhaspe Nicolai Myrepsi, Rhaspatitium vinum. Rhecoma Plinij, sive Rhacoma. Rheon, vide Rha. Rheon Barbaricon, siue Rheon Barbarum, Rhubarb. Rheuma, a rheum or distillation of humours. Rheum barbarum Monachorum, Rumex satinus, Monks Rhubarb, Patience. Rhododendrum, sive Rhododendrum N●●ion, Oleander. Rhodionarcissus, Narcissus Roseus, red Narcissus. Rhododaphne, Laurus rosea, Nerion, a kind of Oleander. Rhodon, Rosa, a Rose. Rhodinum, Oleum rosarum, oil of Roses. Rhodosantalon, Santalum rubrum, red Saunders Rhoodes, vide Febris Rhoodes. Rhopalon Apul●ij, Nymphaea, white water Lilly. Rhyte, Ruta, Rue. Rhyte montana, Ruta montana, a kind of Rue. Ribs officinarum, Raspes. Ricinus, Cici, Palma Christi. Risum, vel Rizum, Rice. Rob Arabum, est succus medicatus qui solis calore densatur, Latinis sapa dicitur, Anglis, a certain confection, which the Arabians call in plurali numero, Robub, which is Sapa, the juice of any herb or fruit defecate. Rob de agresta, succus medicatus de Omphacio, Verivice. Rob de Berberibus officinarum, succus medicatus ex Baccarum Oxycaanthae succu, a confection of Berberies. Rob Cornorum, sive rob de Cornis, a Confection made of Dogtrée. Rob de Cydonijs, sive rob Cydoniorum, a Confection of the juice of Quinces without Sugar. Rob granatorum, succus medicatus ex succo malorum Punicorum, a Confection made of the juice of the Pomegranate without Sugar. Rob mororum officinarum, Diamoron, the juice of Mulberries. Rob nucum officinarum, Diacaryon, sive Diacarydion, a certain confection made of the juice of a kind of Nut, with Sugar sodden with it till it be a thick syrup. Rob de ribibus officinarum, the juice of a certain berry with Sugar sodden together like a syrup. Rob Vuarum, a Confection of Grapes with sugar sodden like a syrup. Robertaherba, sive Robertiana, a kind of Crowfoote. Robertiana, vide Robertaherba. Robub, Sapa, vide Rol. Robus Columellae, Triticum, Wheat. Ropertiana, Crowfoote. Rorastrum Apuleij, ●itis alba, Bryony. Ros Syriacus, Manna, Honey, dew, or Manna. Rosa, Rhodon, a Rose. Rosa A●gy●tia, a yellow Rose. Rosa Alabandica Plinij, a kind of Rose so called. Rosa alba, a white Rose. Rosa Africana, a yellow Rose. Rosa Aruensis, sive Rosa Auenaria, a kind of Corn rose. Rosa Autumnalis, a winter Rose. Rosa Alexandrina, a kind of Rose so called. Rosa Basilica, vide Paeonia. Rosa benedicta, vide Paeonia. Rosa Asinorum Auerrhois, Paeonia, Pyonie. Rosa canina, Brier bush, or Hep tree, or briar tree. Rosa Campestris, a wild or field Rose. Rosa Cinnamomina vel Cinnamomea, a kind of Rose so called. Rosa Caroneola, a Damask Rose. Rosa Divae Mariae, Lady's rose, some there are that take it to be Rose of jericho, vide Rosam Hierichuntis. Rosa Damascena, a Damask rose. Rosa Sativa, Paeonia, Pyony. Rosa Hierichuntis, sive rosa Divae Mariae, Rose of jericho. Rosa Hyemalis, Winter-rose. Rosa incarnata Herbariorum, Carnation rose. Rosa junonis, sive Rosa junonia, a white Lilly. Rosa lutea, a kind of yellow Rose. Rosea milesia Plinij, purple Rose. Rosa musc●ta, sive Moschata, Musk rose. Rosa purpurea officinarum, purple Rose. Rosa palustris, a water Rose. Rosa punicea, a kind of Rose. Rosa regia, Paeonia, Pyony. Rosa pumila, a field rose. Rosa rubra, a red Rose. Rosa sancta, Paeonia, Pyonie. Rosa Syriaca, a Musk rose. Rosa Trachinia Plinij, Rosa rubra, the red Rose. Rosa vulpina, a yellow Rose. Rosago, Nerium, Oleander. Rosarum apices, the yellow seed which is within the Rose. Rosata novella, a Confection of Roses so called. Rosea arbour, Rhododendrum, Oleander. Rosella Herbariorum, Papaver erraticum, wild Poppy. Rosimarinum, siue Rosimarinus, seu Rosmarinum Coronarium Rosemary. Rosmarinum Coronarium, Rosemary. Rosmarinum Mauritanorum, Sticas Arabica, French Lavender, or Lavender gentle. Rostrum Ciconiae, Storks bill. Rubia, Erythrodanum, Madder. Rubia tinctoria sive tinctorum, seu rubia Infectoria, a kind of Madder. Rubinus, Gemma, a Ruby, or precious stone. Rubrica armenia, Bolus armenius, Bolearmoniacke. Rubrica lemnia, Rubrica sigillata, Terra lemnia, Terra sigillata, Sealed earth. Rubus, the Bramble, Blackberry, or Bryer-bush. Rubus Ceruinus, Rubus Idaeus, a kind of Bramble. Ruella, Polygonum minus, a kind of Swine's grass. Rucula Aquatica, sive Rucula marina, Rocket. Ructus, a belching or breaking of wind upward. Rumex, Sorrell. Rumex aquaticus, sive palustris, Hydrolapathum, a kind of water Sorrell. Rumex palustris, vide Rumex aquaticus. Rumex satiws, Rhabarbarum Monachorum, Monk's Rhubarb, Patience. Rupertiana, Herba ruperti, Storks bill. Ruscus, a certain rough and pricking shrub so called, Butcher's broom, or Pettigrewe. Ruta, Rue. Ruta montana, a kind of Rue so called. Ruta muraria, Adiantum candidum, Venus, Maiden, or our Lady hair. Ruta syluestris, wild Rue. Ruta solis, Hypericum, S. john's wort. Rutinalis, Spondylium, Bears foot, or bears claw. S. SAbina, Savina, the herb called Savine. Sacchar, Saccharon, vel Saccharum, Sugar. Saccharum Cantium, Candum, sive Candidum, Sugar candy. Saccharum Cibale, common kitchen Sugar. Saccharum Canariense, Canary sugar. Saccharum Christallinum, white Sugar Candye. Saccharum finum, seu refinatum, sive Saccharum Valentinum fine Sugar. Saccharum Maltanum, siue Melitaeum, kitchen Sugar. Saccharum Maderiense, siue Mederiense, a kind of Sugar so called. Saccharum Miscellaneum, a kind of Sugar. Saccharum Ponidium, a kind of Sugar so called. Saccharum Tabartzet Arabum, Saccharum purissimum, & albissimum, Saccharum finum, fine Sugar. Saccharum Thomasinum, siue Thomaeum, Saccharum rubrum officinarum, S. Thomas Sugar. Saccharum seu Conserua florum Caryophyllaeae, a conserve of Gillofers. Saccharum florum Lavendulae, a conserve of Lavender flowers. Saccharum florum Melissa, a conserve so called. Saccharum Buglossatum, a conserve of bugloss Saccharum Borraginatum, conserve of Borage. Saccharum florum Hyssopi, conserve of Hyssop. Saccharum florum Nymphaeae, conserve of water Roses. Saccharum florum Pseudonardi, conserve of Spike Saccharum florum Persici, a conserve so called. Saccharum Rosatum, conserve of Roses. Saccharum florum Rosemarini, conserve of Rosemary. Saccharum Saluiatum, conserve of Sage. Saccharum Trifolij accidi, conserve of Cuckoos bread. Saccharun florum verbasculi, conserve of Cowslips. Saccharun violarum, josaccharon, conserve of Violets. Sacerdotis virile, Arum, Cuckopit. Sacra herba, Verbena, Verueine. Sagapenum, Serapinum officinarun, a certain kind of stinking gum growing in Syria, which the Apothecaries call Serapinum. Saggina Italorum, Sorgum, an herb so called. Sahafaran Arabum, Crocus, Saffron. Sal Ammoniacus, sive Sal Hammoniacus, a kind of Salt, the which hath heretofore been digged out of the sand in Africa, and hath been brought hither, which as yet is used amongst us. Sal Armoniacum officinarum, a certain compounded Salt of the Alchemists, the which of some men have falsely been taken for the right salt of Africa, and is called Salarmoniacke. Sal Christallinus, Sal natiws, Sal Fossitiws, fine and clear, or Crystal salt. Sal fusilis, melting Salt. Sal gemmae officinarun, Sal gemmeus, crystal Salt. Sal Indus, a kind of Sugar. Sal marinus, sea Salt. Sal popularis, common salt. Sal palustris, sea salt. Sal saxeus, stone salt. Sal Absinthites, Wormwood salt. Salicharia, Lysimachia Dioscoridis, sive salicaria lutea, yellow water Willow or loosestrife. Salicaria cornuta Herbariorum, a kind of water Willow Salicaria punicea, sive purpurea, Lysimachiae, Plinij seu salicaria Spicata Herbariorum, a kind of brown Loosestrife or water Willow. Saliva syderum Plinij, Manna, Honey dew, or Manna. Saliunca, spica, Celtica, vide Spica Celtica. Salix, Itea, the Sallow tree. Salix Amerina, salix Marina, sea Sallow tree. Salix marina, vide salix amerina. Saltus leporis, an herb so called. Saluatella, the Liver vein. Saluia, Elelisphacoes, Sage. Saluia auriculata, saluia acuta, saluia minor, saluia nobilis, saluia cruciata, the lesser, or eared Sage. Saluia acuta, vide saluia auriculata. Saluia Boschi, seu Boschi saluia Herbariorum, wild Sage. Saluia cruciata, vide saluia auriculata. Saluia maior, great Sage. Saluia syluestris, wild Sage. Saluiavita, sive saluia vitae, Adiantum album, Venus, Maiden, or our Lady hair. Sambucus, Elder, or Bometrée. Sambucus Aruensis, sambucus humilis, sive sambucus pumila, Ebulus, wild Elder. Sambucus humilis, vide sambucus aruensis. Sambucus pumila, wild Elder. Sampsucus, Mariorana, Marjoram, Sanamunda, avence. Sanctonicum officinarum, Santonicum, a kind of Southernwood. Sandaracha Graecorum, Auripigmentum rubeum, red Arsenic. Sandaracha Vitrwij, minium secundarium, Sinople, red Lead, or Vermilion. Sandaracha Arabum, Gummi juniperi Sandarax, the gum of a juniper tree. Sandarax Arabum, vide sandaracha Arabum. Sandalum, sandalus, the spice called Saunders. Sandalum album, white Saunders. Sandalum Citrinum officinarum, sandalum slaws, yellow Saunders. Sandonicum officinarum, santonicum, a kind of Southernwood. Sanguinalis mas, Polygonum mas, the male Knot grass. Sanguinalis foemina, Polygonum foemina, the female Knotgrass. Sanguinalis minor, Ruella, Knotgrass the lesser. Sanguinaria, Knotgrass. Sanguinaria mascula, the same. Sanguinaria foemina, the female Knotgrass, or Horsetaile. Sanguinarius lapis, Haematites, the Bloudstone. Sanguis Draconis, Lachryma Draconis, Dragon's blood. Sanguis Draconis herba, an herb so called. Sanguis Herculis Apuleij, Centaureum magnum, great century. Sanguis Herculis Dioscoridis, Crocus, Saffron. Sanguis milui Apuleij, Scordium, a water Léeke. Sanguisorba, the herb Burnet. Sanguisuga, a Horseleech. Sanies vini, Wine lées. Sanicula, Diapensia, Sanicle. Sanicula Alpina Herbariorum. Sanicula cathartica Herbariorum, Sanicula foemina. Sanicula foemina, vide Sanicula cathartica. Sanicula quinque folia, sive sanicula vitiginea Herbariorum. Sanicula mayor, Alchimilla. Sanicula vitiginea Herbariorum, vide sanicula quinque folia. Sanilum, Scammonium, Scammony. Santalum, Santalus, Saunders. Santalum album, white Saunders. Santalum Aromaticum, Santalum flawm, yellow Saunders. Santalum machosiri, vel mazahari, seu marchazari Arabum, santalum flawm, the same. Santalum machazari Arabum, vide santalum machozari. Santalum machazari, vide santalum machosiri. Santalum odoriferum, santalum flawm. Santalum rosaceum, santalum rubrum, red Sanders. Santalum rubrum, vide, santalum rosaceum. Santalum spurium, santalum adulterinum, Pseudosantalum, bastard Saunders. Santonicum, Absynthium Santonicum, sive marinum, sea Wormwood. Santolina Herbariorum, Abrotonum foemina, Sothernwood the female. Sapa, new wine boiled to the third part. Sapana, Anagallis, chickweed. Saphea, Saphena Barbarorum, the womb vein, or the vein of the Matrice. Saphena Barbarorum, vide Saphea. Saphyrus, vide Sapphirus. Sapo, Smegma, Sope. Saponaria, Fullons grass, or Crowsope. Sapphyrus, Saphyrus, a Sapphire stone. Sapphyrus aureus, Chrysites, a yellow Sapphire. Sapphyrus candidus, a white Sapphire. Sapphyrus caeruleus, sive Sapphyrus Cyaneus, a blue Sapphire. Sapphyrus Chrysitis, Sapphyrus aureus, a yellow Sapphire. Sapphyrus prasitis, vel Sapphyrus viridis, a green Sapphire. Sarcocolla, gluten carnis, Carniglutinum, a kind of Glue. Sarcotica, Incarnating salves. Sarda, vel Sardius lapis, Corneolus, a hard red stone. Sardonia herba, Crowfoote. Sardonix, Sardius onychinus, a stone of the colour of the nail of a man's hand. Sarmentum, a branch of a Vine growing on the tree. Satyrion, Dogs stones, Gander grass, or Ragwoort. Satyrion basilicum, Satyrium regium, Ragwoort the male. Satyrium basilicum maius mas, the greater male Ragwoort. Satyrium basilicum maius foemina, lachryma Mariae, the greater Ragwoort female. Satyrium basilicum minus, the lesser male Ragwoort. Satyrium Erythron, or Satyrium Erythronium, red Ragwoort. Satyrion Triphyllon, or Satyrium Trifolium, Ragwoort. Satyrium odoratum, a kind of Ragwoort. Satyrium regium, vide Satyrium basilicum. Satyrium regium minus, Satyrium odoratum, a kind of Priestpintle or Ragwoort. Satyriscus Apuleij, Satyrium erythronium, red Ragwoort. Satyrismus, a disease whereby the privy members of a man standeth always. Satureia, siue, Saturegia, Savoury. Sauchromatum, Dragontium, Dragons. Savina, sabina, the Savine tree. Saxifragia, sive Saxifraga, Saxifrage. Saxifraga alba, white Saxifrage. Saxifraga lutea, yellow Saxifrage. Scabies, a scab, or itch. Scabies Hispanica, the Pox. Scabiosa, Scabious. Scala coeli, sigillum Salomonis, salomon's seal. Scambonia radix, Scammony. Scammonia, sive Scammonium, Scammony. Scammonea praeparata, prepared Scammony. Scandulaca, Ropewéed, or Windwéed. Scariola officinarum, Seriola, Endive. Scarlea Herbariorum, Gallitricum, Clary. Scarlea syluestris, wild clary. Scebram maius Mesues, Tithymalus maior, the greater Spurge. Scebram minus Mesues, Tithymalus minor, the lesser Spurge. Sceiles, the veins of the Milt or Spleen. Scelerotes barbarorum, or Scelerotes' Graecorum, durities, schyrrus, a hard imposthume, kernel, or swelling, which yieldeth not being pressed, and is commonly called Schyrrus. Schoenanthum, Squinantum. Schoenoprasum, porrum sectiwm, Garlic. Schoenostrophon, Cannabis, Hemp. Schoenus, schoenanthum, squinanthum. Scinus, Lentiscus, the Mastic tree. Scinus Plutarchi, sea Onions. Scia Barbarorum, Ischias, an ache in the Hip. Scingus, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Scincus, Crocadilus terrestris, vide Stincus. Scincus herba, Ruscus, Knéeholme. Scylla, Cepa marina, sea Onion. Sciosebina, stechas, Lavender gentle. Sclarea Herbariorum, Scarlea, Clarie. Sclarea syluestris, wild clary. Scleroes, Durus, in hoc libro proschyrro intelligitur. Sclerotes, schyrrus. Scolibrocon Apuleij, Trichomanes, Maiden hair. Scolopendria, sive scolopendrium, Heart's tongue. Scolopendria vera, or Scolopendria minor, the herb called Ceterach. Scolopendrion maius, Lonchitis altera, the greater Hearts tongue. Scolopendrium syluestre Herbariorum, a kind of Heart's tongue. Scolymus, Cinara, the Artichoke. Scordiastrum herbariorun, Scordotis Plinij, Marsh garlic, or water Germander. Scordiana Herbariorum, or Scordonia, or Scoridiana Herbariorum, saluia syluestris, wild Sage. Scordilum Apuleij, Scordium, Chamaedrys' aquatica, water Germander. Scordium, Trixago palustris, marsh Garlic. Scordium alterum Plinij, a kind of marsh Garlic. Scordium maius, the same. Scordium minus, the lesser marsh Garlic. Scordium Plinianum, vide scordium alterum. Scoria ferri, the refuse of Iron. Scordotis, marrubium palustre, marsh Garlic. Scorodon, Allium, Garlic. Scorpinaca Apuleij, Knotgrass. Scorpio, a Scorpion. Scorpion, a kind of Spurge. Scotomia, or Scotoma, a giddiness of the head. Scrophularia, sive scrofularia, & Scrophularia maior, the greater Celandine, or the greater Figwoort. Scrophularia minor, Chelidonium minus, the lesser Figwoort or Pilewoort. Scrotum, the cod or skin wherein be the stones of a man. Scrupeus' humour, the Gout. Sebel Arabum, the skin of the ruddy eyes. Sebeste, sive Sebestena Arabum, Myxaria, the fruit also called Mixa. Secale, Briza, Rye. Secundina, the secundine or skin wherein the child is wrapped in the womb. Sedum, semperuiwm, Housléeke. Sedum minus, Crassula minor, Prickmadame. Sedi tertium genus, Dioscoridis, Illecebra, little Thrift or Stonecrop. Segatolis, Gladiolus aruensis, Flags. Selinastrum Herbariorum, Ranunculus aquaticus, water Crowfoote. Selinitis, Corona terrae, Alehoofe. Selinoides, Brassica crispa, wrinkled Cabbage. Selinon, sive Selinum, Apium, Smallage. Selinophyllon Apuleij, Trichomanes Dioscoridis, Maidenhair. Selinusia, the lesser Cabbage. Semen simplex, Zea monococcoes, Béere-barley, or Spelt. Semen Alexandrinum officinarum, alias, semencina, sementina, sive Semenzina, Wormséede. Semencina officinarum, vide semen Alexandrinum. Semen leoninum, milium solis, Gromill. Semen lumbricorum officinarum, semen Absynthij marini, Wormséede. Semen de papaga, Auerrhoi dicitur Cartami seem, alijs semen papagalli, & semen psittaci, wild Saffron seed. Semen sanctum officinarum, Wormséede. Semen Zedoariae officinarum, semen Absynthij marini, sea Wormwood seed. Seminalis Apuleij, Polygonum masculum, Knotgrass. Seminalis minor Herbariorum, Ruella, a kind of Knotgrass. Semperuiwm, Aizoum, Houseleek. Semura, Pseudomelanthium, red Poppy. Sena, senna, Sene. Sena infusio, vide Infusio Senae. Sena Aegyptiaca, Syriaca, Alexandrina, Orientalis, the lesser Seen, or Alexandrian Sene. Sena Florentina, Italica, provincialis, common or great Sene. Senecta viperae, Exwium viperae, the skin of a Viper. Senicula, sanicula, Sanicle, Septefolium, Tormentilla, Tormentill. Septineruia, Plantago maior, the greater or broad Plantain. Serapion Apulcij, Orchis serapias, a kind of Gandergrasse. Serapium, vide Syrupus. Serapium offi●inarum, vide sagapenum. Serica, Zizipha, a kind of fruit so called. Seriphium, seu Scriphon, Absinthium marinum, a kind of Wormwood growing in the sea. Seris, Cichorium, Cicorie or Endive. Seris sativa augustifolia, the lesser Endive. Seris sativa minor, the same. Seris somnisera, sive seris urinaria, a kind of Endive. Serpentaria Dioscoridis, Dragontium, Dragons. Serpentaria officinarum, Bistorta, Dragons. Serpentaria minor, the lesser Dragons: of some it is also called Aron, serpentaria minor. Serpentaria rubra Herbariorum, Bistorta, Dragons. Serpentaria minor, Numularia, Siluergrasse, or Dragons. Serpillum, sive serpillus, wild Thime. Seratula maior Herbariorun, Betonica, Betonie. Seratula minor, Chamaedries, Germander. Serta Campana, Catonis, sertula campana Dioscoridis, Melilotus, Melilote. Serum, Whey. Sesamum, sesame, it is an unknown seed, for the which the Apothecaries use the seed of Camelina. Sesamum officinarum, Camelina. Sesamum agreste, sesamum agrion, Ricinus, Palma Christi. Seseli, seselium, & seselis, Siluermountain seed. Seseli Aethiopicum, black Siluermountaine. Seseli Aethiopicum herbaceum, the same. Seseli ceruinum album, seseli Peloponnesiacum, white Siluermountaine. Seselium, seseli, Siluermountaine. Seselium Peloponnesaicum, vide seseli ceruinun album. Seseli Cyprion, Palma Christi. Setanias, sive setanium, a kind of Wheat. Setialis, viola maria, a kind of Violet. Seutlomalache, siue Seutlomalachon, Spinachea, spinach. Seutlon, Beta, Béetes. Sicla officinarum, Beta sicula, Béetes. Sycis, Sycios, Cucumis, a Cucumber. Sicys agrion, cucumber syluestris, cucumber asininus, a wild Cucumber. Sideritis, Magnes, the Loadstone. Sidia, malus punica, the pomegranate tree. Sidion, Malicorium, the Pomegranate husk. Sief Arabum, Collyrium, vel Collyrium siccum dicitur latinis, Graecis, Xerocollyrium, a medicine for the eyes. Sief de Fellibus, Collyrium de Fellibus, a medicine for the eyes made of Galls. Sief de Plumbo, Collyrium de Plumbo, a medicine for the eyes made of Lead. Sief de Rosis, Collyrium de Rosis, a medicine for the eyes made of Roses. Sief de Thure, Collyrium de Thure, a medicine for the eyes made of Frankincense. Sief viride, Collyrium viride, a medicine for the eyes of a green colour. Sigillum Christi Herbariorum, Herba paris, a kind of Liberts or Wolves bane. Sigillun lemnium, Terra sigillata, sealed earth. Sigillum Salomonis, Polygonatum, salomon's seal. Sigillum Veneris, Herba Paris, Wolves bane. Signigialium, Dragons. Siler, salix pumica, salix aquatica, a kind of Willow or Wythie Osiar. Silermontanum officinarum, seseli Massiliense, a kind of Siluermountaine. Silex, a Flint stone. Sili Hippocratis, sili, vel seselis Plinij, Siluermountaine. Sili Plinij, Sili Hippocratis. Silicia Plinij, Foenum Graecum, Fenegreeke. Silicula varronis, Foenumgraecum, the same. Silphanthemum, Amaranthus luteus, Cudweede or Chaffeweede. Sili Cyprion Herodoti, Ricinus, Palma Christi. Siliqua arbour, the Sillicke tree. Siliqua Aegiptia, Cassia Fistula, round Cinnamom pipes. Sinapi vel snapis, Mustard. Sinapi Persicum, Raphanus marinus, a kind of Mustard. Singultus, yexing or sobbing. Spinalus, Carbunculus candidus, a kind of Carbuncle. Siselos officinarum, seseli, Siluermountaine. Sisarum, vel siser, the Skirret, the white Carrot, or yellow Parsnep. Siser, vide sisarum. Sirupus, vide syrupus. Sisymbrium, water Mints. Sisymbrium aquaticum, the same. Sitanium, Saint Peter's wheat. Smilax, Taxus, Bindwéede, or ivy. Smilax levis, Ropewéede, or Wéedbind. Smyrna, Myrrah, Myrrh. Smyrnium, Lovage. Soda Arabum, capitis dolour, Headache. Solanum, Styrchnus, Nightshade, or deaths herb. Solanum satiwm, the same. Solanum vesicarium, Halicacabus, winter Cherry, or Alkakengie. Solanum rubeum, the same. Solatrum officinarum, Solanum, Nightshade. Solatrum rubrum, Halicacabus, Alkakengie. Solbastrella, siue Sorbastrella, Pimpernell. Soldana, sive soldanella officinarum, Volubilis marina, Seacole. Solidago, Consolida, Walwoort. Solidago media, Sengréene. Solsequium aureum, a Marigold. Solidago saracenica, a kind of Walwoort. Solutio continuitatis, a dissolving of that which necessarily belongeth to another. Sonchus, Cicerbita, Sowthistle. Sonchus aspera, sonchus syluestris, wild Sowthistle. Sorbum, sperba, the servis tree. Sorbus, the same. Sorgum, sive sorghum, Millet of India. Sophia, Thalictrum. Spanachia, spinacea, spinach. Asparagus officinarum, Asparagus, Sparage. Spasmus, Conuulsio, the Cramp. Spatula odorata, Iris, the Flowerdeluce. Species Diambrae, a powder of Ambergris. Species Dianisi, a powder of Annis seeds. Species Dianthus, siue Dianthos, a powder of the flowers of Rosemary. Species Aromatici Rosati, a powder of Roses. Species Aromatici Cariophyllati, a powder of Cloves. Species Diacalaminthon, a powder of wild Mints. Species Diacroci, sive species Diacurcumae, sive Diacrocomae, a powder of Saffron so called. Species Diacosti, a powder so called. Species Diacymini, a powder of Coming. Species Diatragacanthi frigidi & calidi, a powder so called. Species Diacinnamomi, a powder of Cinnamome. Species Cordiales, a powder for the hart. Species Ducis, a powder so called. Species Diagalangae, a powder of Galingall. Species de Gemmis frigidae, a powder so called. Species de gemmis calidae, a powder so called. Species de gemmis temperatae, a powder of tempered Pearls. Species Hierae simplicis, a powder so called. Species Diairis, siue Diaireos, a powder of Flower deluce. Species justinae, a powder so called. Species Dialaccae, a powder so called. Species Laetificantes, a powder whereby the hart is made glad and joyful. Species letitiae Galeni, the same. Species lithontribon, a powder so called. Species liberantes, a preservative powder. Species Diamargariton frigidae, a very cooling powder made of Pearls. Species Diamargariton calidae, a warming powder made of pearls. Species Diamenthae, a powder of Mints. Species Diamosci amari, & dulcis, a powder so called. Species Nerae, a powder so called. Species Diaolibani, a powder of Frankincense. Species de Papavere, a powder of poppy. Species Diapenidij, a powder so called. Species Diapoeonij, a powder of Peony roots. Species Diaphoenicon, vide Diaphoenicon. Species Philanthropon, a powder so called. Species pliris Arcoticon officinarum, sive species Diaplirisarcoticon, a powder so called. Species Diaprassijs, a kind of powder. Species Diarrhodon Abbatis, a powder of Roses. Species Electuarij de succo Rosarum, a powder of the sap of Roses. Species rosatae novellae, a powder of Roses. Species de seminibus, a powder of certain seeds. Species Diatrio●pipereon, a powder of three kinds of Pepper. Species Triasandalon, a powder so called. Species Diaturbith, a powder of Turbith. Species Bartholdi, a powder so called, which is used to be eaten with Fish, and with cold Hens and Capons. Species Diaxuloaloes, a powder so called. Spelta, Sea, Spelt. Sperma Balenarum, the spawn of a Whale. Sperma ceti, the same. Speronella, Aparine, Gooshart. Sphacelus Theophrasti, a kind of Sage. Sphaera marina, sphaera Thalessia, sea balls. Spharion, Sphaeritis, Nux Cyparissi, a Cypress Nut. Sphagnon, Muscus arborum, Moss. Sphecle, lees of wine. Sphocle, the same. Sphondilium, B●arebreech, or Bears claw. Sphrargiss, sigillum lemnium, Sealed earth. Spica Celtica, spica Romana, spica Gallica, the long Spikenard. Spica hortulana, a kind of Lavender. Spica Indica, Nardus Indica, a kind of Spikenard. Spica Romana, vide spica Celtica. Spicantum Herbariorum, Lonchitis altera, an herb so called. Spinacea, spinaceum, Spinachia, spinach. Spina Divae Mariae, a kind of Rose so called. Spina Buxea, Pyxacantha, the Berberrie tree. Spina murina, spina vespertilionis, Butcher's broom. Spinalus, Carbunculus candidus, a Carbuncle. Spinus Vergilij, Prunus syluestris, a wild plum-tree, or Slotree. Spiritus vitales, the lively breath. Splenium, Heart's tongue. Splen, Lien, the Milt. Splenetica, the Milt vein. Spodium Graecorum, Pompholix nigra, a kind of soot. Spolium viperae, the skin of a Viper. Spongiola, Rosae caninae, spondogos Marcelli, Bedegar, that groweth on a sweet Briar or other trees like a sponge. Spondylia, ridge bones. Spongites, Lapis spongiae, Spoonge or jewish stone. Spuma auri, yellow lethargy. Spuma argenti, silver dross, or white lethargy. Spuma Batava martialis, Lixivium, lie. Spuma Caustica martialis, Lixivium, lie. Spuma maris, sea foam, or froth. Spuma Plumbi, lethargy or white Lead. Squinanche, & squinantia Barbarorum, the inflammation of the muscle of the inner gargill, the squince, alias, Angina. Squilla, and squylla officinarum, a certain herb so called. Stachyites, Tripolium, a kind of Turbith. Stacte, styrax liquidus, the flower of Myrrh, vide storax liquida. Staechas Galeni, stichas Dioscoridis, French Lavender, or Lavender gentle. Staechas citrina herbariorum, Amarantus luteus, Maudlenwoort, Cudweede, or Chaffeweede. Stafis agria officinarum, staphies agria, Stavesacre, or Licebane. Stagonitis, a certain herb in Syria, from the which the gum Galbanum cometh, vide Galbanum. Staphylinus, Pastinaca, a parsenep. Staphylinus albus, Pastinaca alba, a white parsnep. Staphyllinus erraticus, Pastinaca vera, a wild yellow parsnep. Staphylinus luteus, Pastinaca lutea, a yellow parsnep. Staphylinus ruber, Pastinaca rubea, a kind of red parsnep. Staphylodendrum, a kind of Nuts so called. Staphydes, vuae passae, Raisins. Staphys agria, Stavesacre or Licebane. Statumaria Apuleij, Polygonum, Knotgrass. Steer, viscum, Mistleto. Stella Attica, Bubonium, Codwoort. Stella Massiliotica, Bubonium Massilioticum, a kind of the same. Stelladia Italorum, an Hypocrasse drink in Italy called stelladia. Stellaria Herbariorum, Alchimilla, Lady's mantle. Stelephuros Theophrasti, Plantago Augustifolia, narrowleafed Plantain. Stemphyla, vuarum expressarum retrimenta, pressed, or dried Grapes. Stercus caninum album, vulgò Album Graecum dicitur, the white dung or ordure of a dog. Stercus Diaboli officinarum, Assa foetida, a stinking gum. Stergetron, sedum, Houseleek. Sternutatio, sneezing. Stibi, stibium, Antimonium, a kind of glass so called. Stichas Dioscoridis, staechas Galeni, Lavender gentle. Stichas Arabica, Arabian Lavender. Stichas citrina Herbariorum, Amarantus luteus, Maudlenwoort, Cudweede, or Chaffeweede. Stichas Gallica, a kind of Lavender gentle so called. Stichas montana, Italian Lavender gentle. Stimmi, sive Stimium, a glass so called. Stincus officinarum, Scincus, Crocodile terrestris, an earth Crocodile. Our doting fools use the water Euet for it, which is as like it, as an apple is like an Oyster. Stiphonia, siue Styphonia, a kind of Lavender gentle. Stomachus, the stomach. Stomoma, Chalybs, Steel. Storax officinarum, & storax Calamintha, storax, sive styrax Calamitis, a certain odoriferous and well smelling Gum, proceeding of a tree also called Styrax. Storax liquida officinarum, styrax liquidus. Stacte, a sweet smelling juice of Myrrh. Strangulatio, strangling, choking, or stopping. Strangulator Medicorum, vulgò, Angina, the Squince. Stranguria, Vrinae stillicidium, the Strangury. Stratiotes, Millefolium, Milfoile, Yarrow, or Nosebléede. Strobilus, Co●us, a Pine apple tree. Strobili, nuclei Pini, a Pine apple. Strobilus, Cinara, an Artechoke. Struthiomelum, Struthium, Burit, Herb Philip, Fullons grass, or Crowsope. Struthium, vide struthiomelum. Strutos', Passer, a Sparrow. Strichnum, sive strichnus, solanum, Nightshade. Stupefactiva, a dismaying medicine. Stupor, Parapl●xia, sudden privation or lack of sense of feeling. Suber, Phellus, Cork. Subeth Arabum, Charos, a kind of sleeping disease. Subuersio ventriculi, the turning upside down of the Maw. Succinum, Electrum, Amber. Succinum Orientale, Ambarum, Amber. Succio Macobij, Persicum, a peach. Succisa, Morsus Diaboli, devils bit, or Remcope. Sucotachos, Perditium, Pellitory of the wall. Succus Malorum Punicorum, sive vinum Malorum Punicorum, the sap or juice of a Pomegranate. Succus medicus, succus Syriacus, Assa foetida, a stinking gum. Suffusio fellis, suffusio bilis, Icterus, the yellow jaundice. Sulphur, Sulphur, Brimstone. Sulphur viwm, Sulfer vife. Sulphur mortuum, sulphur factitium, Brimstone. Sulphur factitium, the same. Sumach Arabum, Rhus Graecorum, a kind of seed which of the Apothecaries is called Sumach. Supercilium terrae, Adiantum, Venus, Maiden, or our Lady hair. Supercilium Ven●ris, Millefolium, Milfoile. Suppositorium officinarum, & Barbarorum Glans, Balanus, a Suppository. Suppressio nocturna, Ephialtes, Incubus, a disease in ones sleep when one is almost stiffeled, and cannot well fetch his breath, nor speak. The Mare. Sutura capitis, the seam in the skull. Sycaminum, Morum, the Mulberry tree. Sycodes, Ficus, the hemorrhoids. Syluae matter Scribonij, Honeysuckle. Symphytum alterum, Symphytum minus, Walwoort, Ass ear, or Comfrey. Synciput, the fore part of the head. Syncopalis fames, an extreme or cutting hunger. Syncope, a swooning for feebleness. Synchopa, Staechas, French Lavender. Syndesmi, Ligamenta, Bonds. Synochus, an ague so called. Syraeum, Mustum ad tertias coctum, new wine or Must thrice sodden. Syreon Plinij, Tortyle, siue Tordylium, the seed of the herb Seselis. Syrium, Minium secundarium, Sinople, red Lead or Vermilion. Syrtites, Saphyrus lapis, a Sapphire. Syrupus, sirupus, serapium, and of Nicolaus Mirepsius, it is called Drosatum, a Syrup. Syrupus de Absinthio, syrup of Wormwood. Syrupus Acetosae, syrupus de succo Oxalidis, syrup of sour Dockes. Syrupus acetosus simplex officinarum, sy●upus acetatus simplex, syrup of Vinegar. Syrupus acetatus simplex, syrupus acetosus simplex. Syrupus acetosus compositus officinarum, vel syrupus acetosus de radicibus, syrupus acetatus compositus de radicibus, syrupus acetatus diureticus, a kind of syrup so called. Syrupus acetosus compositus. Syrupus acetosus de Cythonijs officinarum, syrupus acetatus de Cydonijs. Syrupus acetatus de radicibus, vide syrupus acetosus compositus. Syrupus acetatus diureticus, vide syrupus acetosus compositus. Syrupus acetatus de Cydonijs, vide syrupus acetosus de Cydonijs. Syrupus acetatus Diarhodon, vide syrupus acetosus Diarhodon. Syrupus acetosus Diarhodon, syrupus acetatus Diarhodon, syrup of vinegar and Roses. Syrupus adiantinus, vide syrupus de Capillis Veneris. Syrupus de Arantijs, sive Arantiorum, syrup of Oranges. Syrupus de Artemisia, syrup of Mugwoort. Syrupus de Berberibus, syrupus de Oxyacantha, syrup of Berberries'. Syrupus de Betonica, syrup of Betonie. Syrupus de Byzantijs, syrupus Danarij, syrupus Byzantinus, a syrup so called. Sy●upus de Boragine, syrup of Borage. Syrupus de Buglossa, syrup of bugloss. Syrupus de Calamintha, syrup of Calamint. Syrupus de Cichorea, sive de Cichoreo, syrup of wild Cicorie. Syrupus de Cichorio cum Rhabarbaro, syrup of Cicorie and Rhubarb. Syrupus Capillorum Veneris, syrupus Adiantinus, syrup of Venus, Maiden, or our Lady's hair. Syrupus de corticibus Citri, syrup of the shells of a Citron. Syrupus de Cucurbita, syrupus Cucurbitinus, Syrup of Gourds or Pompions. Syrupus Cydoniorum, Miva Cydoniorum, syrup of Quinces. Syrupus de Endivia, syrupus de Intybo, syrup of Endive. Syrupus de Epythymo. Syrupus de Eupatorio, syrupus de Agrimonia, Syrup of agrimony. Syrupus Danarij, vide syrupus de Byzantijs. Syrupus de Agrimonio, vide syrupus de Eupatorio. Syrupus de Fumaria, syrupus de Fumo terrae, Syrup of fumitory. Syrupus de fumo terrae, vide suprà. Syrupus de Glycirrhiza, officinis syrupus de liquiritia dici, syrup of Liquorice. Syrupus granatorum, syrupus ex succo Malorum Punicorum, syrup of Pomegranates. Syrupus de Hyssopo, syrup of Hyssop. Syrupus de Intybo, syrup of Endive. Syrupus de Irios officinarum, syrupus de Iride, syrupus Irinus, syrup of Flower deluce. Syrupus de juiubis, syrupus juiubinus, Syrupus Zyzyphorum, or Zyzyphinus, a Syrup so called. Syrupus de Lemonibus, sive syrupus aciditatis Lemoniorum, syrup of Lemons. Syrupus de Lupulo, syrupus Lupulorum, syrup of Hops. Syrupus de Mentha, syrup of Mints. Syrupus de Myrto, sive syrupus Myrtinus, syrup of Myrtles. Syrupus Malorum Nerantziorum, Syrup of Oranges. Syrupus conditurae Mirobalanorum, syrup of the confection of Mirobalans. Syrupus de Nenuphare officinarum, vide syrupus de Nymphaea. Syrupus de Nymphaea, syrupus de Nenuphare officinarum, syrup of water Lilies. Syrupus de Papavere, sive syrupus Papaverinus, syrup of poppy. Syrupus de Omphacio, vide syrupus de Agresta. Syrupus de Oxyacantha, vide syrupus de Berberis. Syrupus de succo Oxalidis, syrupus de succo Acetosae. Syrupus Persicorum, syrup of Peaches. Syrupus de Plantagine, syrup of Plantain. Syrupus de Pomis, syrup of Apples. Syrupus de pomis Saboris Regis. Syrupus de Portulaca, syrup of purslane. Syrupus de Prassio, syrup of Horehound. Syrupus de Pyris, syrup of Pears. Syrupus de radicibus, vide syrupus de quinque radicibus. Syrupus de duabus radicibus, syrup of the two roots. Syrupus Ribium, syrup of Raspeses. Syrupus infusionis Rosarum, syrupus Rosarum, syrup of Roses. Syrupus Rosarum, vide syrupus infusionis Rosarum. Syrupus Rosarum solutiws, sive syrupus incarnatarum rosarum, a laxative Syrup of Roses. Syrupus de Rosis siccis, sive syrupus Rosarum siccarum, syrup of dried Roses. Syrupus Rosarum albarum, Syrup of white Roses. Syrupus Saboris Regis, sive syrupus de pomis Sabonis Regis, a certain kind of syrup so called. Syrupus senae, sive Syrupus seniticus, a syrup of Sene. Syrupus de liquiritia officinarum, vide syrupus de Glycirrhiza. Syrupus de Staechade, syrup of Lavender gentle. Syrupus de Thymo, syrup of Thime. Syrupus Violarum, syrup of Violets. T TAbes, Phthisis, a consuming and wasting of the body. Talus Leporis. Tamarindi, sour Dates. Tamariscus officinarum, a Tamariske tree. Tamarix, the same. Tamarus, Vitis nigra, black bryony. Tamnus, sive tamus, the same. Tanacetum, tansy. Tanacetum syluestre herbariorum, Anscrina, wild tansy. Tapsus Barbatus, Woolblade. Tarantula, Phalangium, a kind of Spiders. Taraxacon Arabum, Cichorea, Intybus syluestris, Cicorie. Taraxacon officinarum, Aphaca Theophrasti, the same. Tarbelodathium Dioscoridis, Plantago, Plantain. Tarum Plinij, Agallochum Graecorum, a sweet wood so called. Tartarus, the lees of wine. Taxus, Smilax, a tree like Fir, a kind of Yew. Tecolithus, Lapis judaicus, Iewes stone. Telephium, an herb so called. Telephium Album, a kind of white Orpine. Telephium purpureum, a kind of Orpine. Telis, Fenegréeke. Tembul, sive tembulum Arabum, folium Indum, vide Malabathrum. Tendones, the cords or sinews. Tenesmus, tinesmus, a disease so called. Terbentina officinarum, resina terebinthina. Terebinthina, Turpentine. Terebinthus, the Turpentine tree. Terebinthina refina, Turpentine. Terebinthizusa, a kind of yellow jasper stone. Tereniabin, siue tergebin Arabum, Manna liquida, Honey dew or Manna. Terpentina officinarum, Resina terebinthina, Turpentine. Terra figularis Columellae, Argilla, potters earth. Terra lemnia, terra sigillata, sealed earth. Terra sigillaria Ciceronis, Argilla, potters earth. Terra viridis, Borasse. Terra Sancti Pauli, an earth so called. Tertiana, a Tertian Ague. Tertiana exquisita, a right tertian Ague. Tertiana extensa, a tertian Ague of forty hours. Tertiana duplex, a double tertian Ague, which is also mixed with a quotidian ague. Tertiana notha, sive tertiana spuria, a bastard tertian Ague. Testiculus, sive testiculus Canis, Orchis, Dog stones. Testiculus leporinus, Satyrion, three leafed Gandergrasse. Testiculus sacerdotis, Chelidonium minus, the lesser Celandine. Testiculus odoratus, a kind of Dog stones. Testiculus Satyri, Sat●●ium erithronium, a kind of three leafed Gandergrasse. Testiculus vulpis, Satyrion, a kind of Ragwoort. Testidunaria, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Teucrium, great Germander. Teutlomalache, Spinacea, spinach. Teuthalis, Polygonum, Knotgrass. Teutlis sive Teutlon, Béetes. Tetanus, a kind of Cramp. Thalictrum, Sophia. Thapsia, a kind of Turbith. Thaumastos, Iris, Flower deluce. Thelpide, vel thalpide, Iris, the same. Theliphonum, an herb so called. Thelyphtorium, Abrotonum, a kind of Sothern wood. Theriaca, Treacle. Theriaca Andromachis, a kind of the best Treacle. Theriaca Diatessaron, common Treacle. Theriaca magna, another kind of the best treacle. Theriacaria, Phu verum, a kind of Valerian. Theriophonum Apuleij, Dragontium, Dragons. Theriophonum Dioscoridis, Pardalianches, Libards' bane. Theriophonum Aconitum, Pardalianches. Therium Apuleij, Dragontium, Dragons. Thermae sulphureae, Brimstone baths. Thermus, Lupinus, Lupins. Thesarica, Plantago, Plantain. Thion apyron, sulphur fossil, seu ignem non expertum, a kind of Brimstone. Thlaspi Cratevae, thlaspi alterum Dioscoridis, Raphanus marinus, Rayfort, treacle Mustard, bowers or dish Mustard. Thorax, the Breast. Thraustma, sive thrauston Plinij, Ammoniacum, thymiama, a certain kind of gum armoniac, vide Ammoniacum thymiama. Thridax, Lactuca, Lettuce. Thridax agraria, Lactuca syluestris, wild Lettuce. Thronon Homeri, Rosa, a Rose. Thry●●●es, the leaves of the herb called Rose Campion. Thus, Olibanum, Frankincense. Thus Corticosum, the refuse of Frankincense. Thus a●ulterinum, bastard Frankincense. Thus ●ran●osum, crombed Frankincense. Thus masculum, thus testiculatum, white Frankincense. Thus terrae Plinij, Chamaepy●is, Heath, or dwarf Cypress. Thylacitis, Papaver album, white poppy. Thymiama, Narcaphium officinarum, Thymiama, black Frankincense. Thymiama ●●r●●riorum, Thymum, Time. Thymum Candidum, thymum capitatum, thymum cr●ti●um, thymum siccatum, thymum Aromaticum, white Thime, or Thime of Créete. Tilia, Ph●●yra, the Teyle tree. Tilia foemina, tilia satiu●, the Linden tree. Tilia mascula, tilia syluestris, the wild Teylet tree. Tilphantemum, Gold flower. Timoron, Cicuta, Hemlock. Tithymalus arborescens, wild Spurge. Tithymalus Characias, a kind of Spurge. Tithymalus Caryites, a Spurge so called. Tithymalus Cobius, wild Spurge. Tithymalus Comets, the same. Tithymalus Cupressinus, or Tithymalus Cyperissias, pine Spurge. Tithymalus Dendrodes, sive Dendroides, stone spurge. Tithymalus foemina, the female Spurge. Tithymalus leptophyllos, stone Spurge. Tithymalus latifolius, broad leafed Spurge. Tithymalus myrtifolius, sive myrtiphyllos, or Tithymalus myrtaceus, a certain Spurge so called. Tithymalus masculus, Wolves milk. Tithymalus petraeus, stone Spurge. Tithymalus paryphyllos, a certain Spurge so called. Tithymalus solisequius, sive solsequius, Wertgras or Wertwoot. Tithymalus tenuifolius, narrow leafed Spurge. Tithymalus vallaris, wild Spurge. Tonsillaes, the kernels growing within the mouth. To●iaria, Italian Bearebréech, or bears claw. Tordylium, tordylion, Seseli Creticum, Siluermountaine of Candy. Tormentilla. Tormina, fretting or wring in the belly or guts. Torpor, a debilitation or feebleness of the mind. Tota bona Herbariorum, a kind of spinach. Toxicum, a kind of venom or poison, wherewith the heads of arrows are poisoned. Trachea, the weasen or pipe of the lungs, the windpipe. Tragacantha, tragacanthum, a kind of gum. Tragea, tragema. Tragoriganum, sive tragoriganus. Tragonatum, Cariophyllus Aruensis, Corn rose. Tragonia, Tarragon. Tragoselinum Herbariorum, Pimpinella alba, white Pimpernell. Tragoselinum maius, Pimpinella maior, the greater Pimpernell. Tragoselinum minus, the lesser Pimpernell. Tremor, quaking, trembling or great fear. Triapharmacum officinarum, Emplastrum triapharmacum. Trisantali, triasandalon officinarum, Look Diatrisandalon in the letter D. Tribulus aquaticus, tribulos enydros, water Chesnutte. Tribulus marinus officinarum, tribulus aquaticus, the same. Trichomanes, Maiden hair. Tridactylum, Vitex, Agnus castus. Tripholium, triphyllon, three leafed grass. Trifolium acidum, sive acetosum, sour Trifoly, or Woodsower. Trifolium acutum, Columellae Asphaltium, prickled Trifoly. Trifolium album, white Trifoly. Trifolium felinum, Lagopus, Hare's foot, Hare's cummin, Trinity grass, or herb Trinity. Trifolium graecum, Fenegreeke. Trifolium incarnatum Herbariorum, a kind of Trifoly. Trifolium odoratum Vergerij, Asphaltium, garden Claver. Trifolium pratense, three leafed grass, or Trifoly the red. Trifolium purpureum, the same. Trifolium syluestre, wild Trifoly. Trifolium Trinitatis, Lagopodium, Trinity grass. Trifolium ursinum herbariorum, Lotus syluestris, wild Melilote. Trimithos Nicandri, Terebinthus, the Turpentine tree. Trinitatis herba, herb Trinity, or Heart's ease. Trionpipereon officinarum, vide Diatrionpipereon. Triorchis Aeginetae, Orchis serapias Dioscoridis, Gandergrasse. Tripetalon Callimachi, trifolium pratense, a kind of Trifoly. Trifera magna, a confection so called. Trifera foenonis, a certain confection. Trifera Persica, a confection so called. Trifera Sarasenica, a certain confection. Tripolium, turpetum Serapionis, a kind of Turbith. Trissago, Chamaedries, Chamaedrios. Trissago aquatica, sive palustris, Chamaedrys' aquatica, vide Teverium. Trissia, vide Trisca. Trithales, a kind of Houseleek. Triticum syluestre, vel triticum terrestre, Chelidonium minus, the lesser Celandine. Tritum Apulcij, Tithymalus dulcis, a kind of Spurge. Trixago, Trissago, Germander. Trixago palustris, vide Teucrium. Trixis Plinij, Palma Christi. Trocisci pastilli, Officinae nonnihil depravata Appellatione trociscos nominant sine aspiratione, a certain kind of round cakes, which are prepared for medicines. Trocisci Adulphi, vide trocisci de sulphur. Trocisci de Absynthio, little cakes of Wormwood. Trocisci de Agarico, cakes of Agaricke. Trocisci de Alhandel, trocisci de Colocynthide, little cakes of Coloquintida, or wild Gourds. Trocisci de Alkakengi, trocisci de Halicacabo. Trocisci de Berberis, sive de Berberibus, trocisci de Oxycantha, little cakes of Berberies. Trocisci de Bolo Armeno, cakes of fine Bolus. Trocisci de Camphora, cakes of Camphor. Trocisci de Capparibus, sive trocisci Capparum. Trocisci de Charabe, sive trocisci de succino, cakes of Amber. Trocisci de Chelidonia, cakes of Celandine. Trocisci de Colocynthide, vide trocisci de Alhandel. Trocisci de Corallijs, cakes of Coral. Trocisci de Crocoma, vide trocisci de Lacca. Trocisci de Eupatorio, cakes of agrimony. Trocisci de Lacca, cakes of Lacca, sive trocisci de Crocoma. Trocisci de Halicacabo, vide trocisci de Alkakengi. Trocisci de Gallia Moschata. Trocisci de Diarrhodon, Rosecakes which do retain the name Diarrhodon, or cakes of Diarrhodon. Trocisci de Myrrah, cakes of Myrrh. Trocisci de Olibano, cakes of Frankincense. Trocisci de Oxyacantha, vide Trocisci de Berberis. Trocisci de Rhabarbaro. Trocisci de Rosis, Rosecakes. Trocisci de Sandalis, cakes of Lignum Aloes. Trocisci de sulphur, sive trocisci Adulphi. Trocisci de spica, cakes of Spikenard. Trocisci de spodio, cakes made of a kind of soot so called. Trocisci de terra sigillatae. Trocisci de Violis, Violet cakes. Tricophies Apuleij, Trochomanes, Maidenhair. Trichnus, Solanum, Nightshade. Trymphalites, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Turbetum, Turpetum, the Turbith root. Turbit, the same. Turpetum Actuarij duplex, nigrum, & album, white and black Turbith. Turpetum album, Alypum, white Turbith. Turpetum Alexandrinum, turpetum Orientale, the same. Turpetum Cineritium, thapsia, a kind of Turbith. Turpetum Serapionis, tripolium Dioscoridis, a certain kind of Turbith so called. Tussilago, Bechium, Foles foot. Tussis, the Cough. Tutia Arabum, Pompholyx nigra, grey Tuttie. Tutia officinarum, Cadmia fornacia, Tutty. Tutia factitia, Tutty counterfeited. Twesca, vocabulum ungaricum, Pruna Passa, dried Prunes. Tympania, sive tympanites, the Tympany. Typhodes, a kind of continual ague. Typhonium Dioscoridis, Apolinaris, Henbane, or Henquaile. Typhonium Apuleij, Draguntium, Dragons. Typha Theophrasti, Typha aquatica, Typha palulustris, Cat's tail, or water torch. Tyrus, Vipera, a Viper. V VAccinium, Vitis Idaea Theophrasti, a Blackberrie. Valeriana, Marinella, Valerian. Varices, broke● veins in the legs, or in ●y other part of a man's body. Vena, a Vein. Vena cava, the great liver vein. Vena C●trina, Cyperus Indicus, a kind of Cypress root. Vena communis, the Median vein. Vena corporalis, the same. Vena manifesta, the mother vein. Vena nigra, the median vein. Vena pul●atilis, the pulse vein. Vena tinctoria, rubia infectoria, Madder. Vena universalis, Mediana, the Median vein. Venae quietae, the blood veins. Ventriculus, the stomach. Veratrum adulterinum, Pulmonaria Vegetij, wild Néesewoort. Verbena, sive verbenaca, Verueine. Verbasculum, Cowslips. Verbasculum album, white Cowslips. Verbasculum odoratum, Cowslips. Verbasculum multiplex, double Cowslips. Verbascum, Phlomus, Longwoort, or Woolblade. Verbascum album, verbascum foemina, Woolblade the female. Verbascum saluifolium, sive Verbascum syluestre, wild Woolblade. Vermes terreni, Intestina terrae, a long worm breeding in the earth. Vermicularis, crassula minor, the lesser Housléek Vernilagium, sive Vernilago, Chameleon niger, the common thistle with a great long stalk. Vernix Sandaraca, the gum of the juniper tree. Veronica, Paul's betony. Verrucales, hemorrhoids, the piles or hemorrhoids. Verrucaria quorundam, Marigolds. Vertebrae, Spondylia, the joints or knots of the backbone, the Spondiles. Vertex, the top or crown of the head. Vertigo, a giddiness of the head. Vesicaria, Halicacabus, winter Cherries. Veternus, L●thargus, a drowsy disease causing a continual sleep. Vetonica, siue Betonica, Betonie. Vicia, a Vetch. Victorialis. Victorialis longa. Victorialis mascula. Victorialis foemina, sive victorialis rotunda. Vinca pervinca officinarum, Perwinkle. Vincetoxicum, Asclepias, Swallow wort. ●●ciboscum Herbariorun, Periclymenum, Wood●●●d, or Honysuckle. Vineago, Perdicium, Pellitory of the wall. Vini rosa, a kind of wild rose or Eglantine smelling like Cinnamome, a Cinnamom Rose. Vinum ex Absynthio, Wormwood wine. Vinum aquosum, vinum Oligophorun, a small wine. Vinum arden's, vinum sublimatum, Aqua vitae. Vinum aruisium, Malmsey. Vinum Apianum, Muscadine. Vinum atrum, thick red wine, Aligant. Vinum Buglossatum, vinum ex Buglossa, bugloss wine. Vinum Cerasorum, Cherry wine. Vinum Chium, Malmsey. Vinum Claretum, Hippocras. Vinum ex floribus Cariophylleae, wine of Gillofers. Vinum Creticum, Malmsey. Vinum coactum, a kind of Must. Vinum dilutum, water and wine mixed together. Vinum Hippocraticum, Hippocrasse. Vinum juniperinum, juniper wine. Vinum mellitum, Honiedwine. Vinum maluiticum, Malmsey, Vinum maltiferum, strong wine. Vinum Granatorum, Pomegranate wine. Vinum Maluasianum, Malmsey. Vinum mulsum, sweet wine. Vinum Malorum punicorum, Pomegranate wine. Vinum Muscatellum, seu Muscatellinum, Muscadine. Vinum Maruesianum, Malmsey. Vinum Musteum, Must. Vinum Muriceum, a kind of wine so called. Vinum Monenbasiaticum, Malmsey. Vinum Nenupharinum, wine of water Lilies. Vinum Oenodes, sive vinosum, strong wine. Vinum Polyphorum, vinum multiferum, the same. Vinum pauciferum, Oligophorum, small wine. Vinum ex Poenia, sive Paenites, Pionie wine. Vinum ex floribus Pseudonardi, Spikenard wine Vinum ruffum, rubrum, vel rubeum, red wine. Vinum rubellum, reddish wine. Vinum Raspatitium, wine of whole Grapes. Vinum sublimatum, Aqua vitae. Vinum saluiatum, Saged wine. Vinum seniticum, vinum ex Sena confectum, wine of Sene. Vinum temperatum, sive vinum dilutum, wine mixed with water. Viola, a Violet. Viola alba Dioscoridis, white, yellow, & brown Violets. Viola alba Theophrasti, a kind of winter gillofer Viola alba multiplex, white double Violets. Viola canina, a dog Violet. Viola fatua, a wild Violet. Viola martia, a March Violet. Viola Martia alba, a white March Violet. Viola mortuorum, Peruinca, Perwinkle. Viola muraria, March Violets. Viola nigra, the same. Viola purpurea, idem quod Viola nigra. Viola purpurea multiplex, double Violets. Viola Quadragesimalis, March Violets. Viola syluestris, wild Violets. Violaria, March Violets. Vipera, Tyrus, a Viper, or kind of Adder. Virga Cerui, Priapus Cerui, the pisle of a Stag. Virga aurea, solidago saracenica. Virga pastoris, tassel. Viride aeris, Aerugo, Verdigrease. Visnago Hispanoru●, Gingidium, Spanish chervil. Viscum, Ixos, Astylis, Mistletoe, or Mistleden. Viscum quercinum, Mistleden of the Oak. Viscum, viscus pro glutine Aucupum, gluten aviarium, Bird-lime. Vitalis, Sedum, Houseleek. Vitealis, lesser Ropeweede. Vitex, Agnus, chaste tree. Vitis, sive vitis vinifera, a Vine. Vitiligo, Morphea alba Barbarorum, a foulness of the body with spots of divers colours. Vitis alba, Bryonia, white bryony. Vitis chironia, vitis nigra, a black Vine, or black bryony. Vitis Idaea, Vaccinium, a Blackberry. Vitis Veneris. Vitis syluestris, a wild Vine. Vitis syluestris flos, the blossoms of the wild Vine. Vitriola, Parietaria, Pellitory of the wall. Vitriolum, Chalcantum, blue Vitriol. Vitriolum Romanum, Romish Vitriol. Vitriolum ustum, burned Vitriol. Vitulipes, Arum, Cuckopit. Vlcus, an ulcer or bile. Vlmus, an Elm. Vlmus campestris, a wild Elm. Vlmus Montanus, Montiulmus, a kind of Elm. Vlophonium, Chameleon niger, a kind of Thistle. Vmbilicus Veneris, Cyclaminus, sows bread. Vndimia Chirurgorum, Oedema, an imposthume so called. Vnefera, sive unephera, Centory the great, Rapontica. Vngula alces, Vngula caballina, Bechium, Folefoote, or Colt's foot. Vngula odorata, Blatta byzantia, vide Blacca Byzantia. Vnguis muris, Polygonum, Knotgrass. Vnguis Aromaticus, the same that ungula odorata is. Vnicordia, Clematis Daphnoides, Perwinkle. Vnicornium, Cornu monocerotis, the Unicorn. unguentum Aegiptiacum, an Egyptian salve. unguentum Agrippae, Agrippa's salve. unguentum Altheae, a salve of marsh Mallows. unguentum album, unguentum de Cerusa, a salve of white Lead or Ceruse. unguentum album Camphoraetum, a salve of white Lead and Camfere. unguentum Anodinum, a salve which easeth any pain. unguentum Apostolorum, a salve so called. unguentum Arragon, a salve so called. unguentum Auraniziorum, a salve of Oranges. unguentum Alabastrinum, a salve of Alabaster. unguentum mundificatiwm de Apio, a salve of Smallage. unguentum de Arthanita, unguentum de Cyclamine, a salve of sows bread. unguentum basilicon, a salve of Basill. unguentum de Cerussa, vide unguentum album. unguentum de Cerussa Mesues, a salve of Ceruse after the description of Mesues. unguentum Citrinum, a salve of Citrons. unguentum Comitissae, a salve so called. unguentum infrigidans Galeni, a cooling salve. unguentum de Gallia, a salve so called. unguentum ex Gammaris, a salve of sea Crevisse. unguentum fuscum, a salve for wounds being yellow. unguentum marciatum, a salve so called. unguentum Mercuriale, a salve for the Pox. unguentum neruinum officinarum, a salve for the sinews. unguentum nihili officinarum, a salve so called, good for blearing eyes. unguentum de Pompholige, a salve made of ashes which the Apothecaries call nil. unguentum pectorale, a salve for the breast. unguentum Populeon, a salve of Poplar. unguentum Rosatum, an ointment of Roses. unguentum Rhodinum, the same. unguentum Sandalinum, vel santalinum, an ointment of Saunders. unguentum sericinum, vel siricinun, a salve so call●● Volubilis, Ropeweede, or Woodbine. Volubilis Antiochena, sive volubilis Colophonia, an herb so called. Volubilis magna, Hops. Volubilis media, Woodbine. Volubilis Mesues, Hops. Volubilis Syriaca, an herb so called. Volucrum maius, Caprifolium, Woodbine. Voluulus, Iliaca passio, a pain in the guts, or a Colic in the uppermost gut. Urania, Iris, the Flouredeluce. Vrceolaris, Helxine, Pellitory of the wall. Vreteres, the waterpipes or conduits, by which the urine passeth from the rains to the bladder. Vrinae proflwium, the overflowing of urine. Vrsus, a Bear. Vrtica, a Nettle. Vrtica foemina, urtica Romana, Italica, the Romish Nettle. Vrtica foetida, a stinking Nettle. Vrtica Herculana, siue Herculea, a kind of dead Nettles. Vrtica Italica, vide, Vrtica foemina. Vrtica iners, Vrtica labeo, urtica mortua, dead Nettles. Vrtica lactea, Worm nettles. Vrtica labeo, vide urtica iners. Vrtica mascula, urtica maior, the great sharp and stinging Nettles. Vrtica minor, the lesser Nettles. Vrtica mortua, vide, urtica iners. Vrtica odorata, a kind of sweet smelling Nettle. Vrtica hortulana, Roman Nettles. Vrtica Romana, vide, urtica foemina. Vrtica scarlata, a kind of dead Nettles. Vrtica syluatica, wild Nettles. Vrtica syluestris, the same. Vsnea, Muscus arborum, Moss. Vterus, the womb of a woman. Vulgago, sive Vuluago, Asarabacke. Vulpes, a Fox. Vulua, uterus, the womb of a woman. Vultur, a certain greedy creature so called. Vua, a Grape. Vua acerba, vua immatura, an unripe Grape. Vuae acerbae conditae, unripe Grapes comfited. Vua anguina, vua serpentina, vitis alba, Bryonie. Vuarum expressarum retrimenta, the husks of pressed Grapes. Vua immatura, vide, vua acerba. Vua lupi, vua vulpis, Nightshade. Vua serpentina, vide, vua anguina. Vua Taminia, vitis nigra, black bryony. Vua Vulpis, vide, vua Lupi. Vuae passae, Raisins. Vuae Damascenae, Zebeben, great Raisins. Vuae passae Ciliciae, sive Corinthiacae, seu minores, Currans. Vuae passae Corinthiacae, vide, vua passae Ciciliae. Vuae passae Damascenae, vide, vua Damascenae. Vuae passae maiores, great Raisins. Vuae passae Massilioticae, a kind of great Raisins. Vuae Zibebae, great Raisins. Vuula, a little piece of flesh in the roof of the mouth. Vuularia, Horsetoung. X XAuster Arabum, Tithymalus, a kind of Spurge. Xerocollyrion, vide, Collyrium. Xylon, Gossipium, Cotton. Xyphium, Flowerdeluce. Xyphium aquaticum, the small blue water Flowerdeluce. Xyphium aruense, Flowerdeluce. Xyloaloe, Xyloaloes, Xylumaloes, Lignum Aloes, a kind of sweet wood so called. Xyloaloes', vide, Xyloaloe. Xylobalsamum, the wood whereof Balm naturally cometh. Xylocassia, a kind of flower so called. Xylocaracta officinarum, Xylocerata, S. john's bread. Xylocolla, a kind of Lime. Xylon, Santalon, Saunders. Xylophyton, wild Coming. Xylum aloes, vide Xyloaloe. Z ZAduar, Zaduaria, Zadura, Zadera, sive Zador, a kind of Seduarie. Zaduara, vide, Zaduar. Zador, vide Zaduar. Zaffranum Barbarorum, Saffron. Zastranum fatuum, sive fatuorum, wild Saffron. Zapetium, Zibetum, Civet. Zea, Spelta, Beer barley or Spelt. Zea Dicoccoes, Spelt. Zea deglubita, Corne. Zea monococcoes, Semen, Spelt. Zea simplex, the same. Zedoaria officinarum, Zurumbetum, Seduarie. Zeduar, the same. Zeliaurus, Anagallis, Pimpernell. Zibebae, great Raisins. Zibetae officinarum. Zibethum, zibettum, Civet. Zibettum, vide Zibethum. Zina officinarum, Absinthium Seriphium, a kind of Wormwood. Zingiber, Gingiber, Ginger. Zingiber conditum, comfited Ginger. Zingiber coctum, sive Tabulatum, baked Ginger. Zingiber tabulatum, vide Zingiber coctum. Zingiber viride, vide, Zingiber conditum. Zingiber officinarum, Zingiber, Ginger. Zirbus Barbarorum, Omentum, the Call or suet wherein the bowels are leapt. Zizypha, a kind of fruit so called. Zoophthalmon, Sedum, Housléeke. Zopissa, Pitch. Zuccarum, sive Zuccharum, Saccharum, Sugar. Zuccarum penidium, a certain kind of Sugar. Zuccarum candidum, Sugar of Candie. Zuccharum, vide, Zuccarum. Zulapium Nympheae, julep of the white water Lilly. Zulapium Rosarum, Rose julep. Zulapium Violaceum, Violet julep. Zurumbet, siue, Zurumbetum, Anthora. Zurumbetites, Anthora wine. Zime, fermentum, Leaven. Zythum, Ceruisia, Beer. FINIS.