THE DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST of the Provinces of PERV, and the Navigation in the South Sea, along that Coast. And also of the rich Mines of POTOSI.  
THE rich MINES OF POTOSI.  
¶ Imprinted at London by Richard Ihones. Febru 6. 1581.   

The strange and delectable History of the discovery and Conquest of the Provinces of Peru, in the South Sea. And of the notable things which there are found: and also of the bloody civil wars which there happened for government.  
Written in four books, by Augustine Sarate, Auditor for the Emperor his Majesty in the same provinces and firm land. And also of the rich Mines of Potosi. Translated out of the Spanish tongue, by T. Nicholas.  
Imprinted at London by Richard Ihones, dwelling over against the Falcon, by Holborn bridge. 1581.   

TO THE RIGHT HOnourable, Master Thomas Wilson, Doctor of the Civil Law, and one of the principal Secretaries, to the Queen's most excellent Majesty.  
TVllius, and Caius Plinius, wrote that neither Posy nor Rhetoric seemed sweet or delectable without the ornament of eloquence Yet an History, of whatsoever sort it be written, doth please and delight: because, men may thereby know, the success of things happened, to the knowledge whereof, the nature of man is bend: yea, the tale of a Ploughman, is sometime delightful to the hearer, especially when any new thing is discovered.  
And where the style of this history in our English tongue is not, nor at the least, I can not polish as learned men might require. Yet the troth and pith of the matter uttered in plain sort shall suffice giving licence, as much (as in me lieth) to whosoever that will take the pains, to write it over again, to beautify the same, as to him or them shall seem convenient: as often times, hath happened among the Greek and Latin Historiographers and Translators.  
The Author of this work, right honourable, was a Gentleman of worshipful stock or lineage, he was highly esteemed of the Emperor Charles the fift: unto whose Majesty, he was sometime Secretary in his royal counsel of justice, and afterward ordained Auditor of accounts of the revenues appertaining to his Majesty in the Provinces of Peru and firm land.  
This well minded Gentleman, after the writing of this History, feared the publishing hereof for two principal causes: The one, lest the discendent of such as had committed things not worthy of praise, would conceive some evil opinion of him: or else the issue of the virtuous and noble sort, would judge the praise and commendations of their progenitors sufficiently set forth according to their deserts: In consideration whereof, he called to remembrance the opinion of Horatius, which was, that no History should come to light until nine years, were fully passed after the action thereof.  
This opinion liked him not, but rather thought it more convenient, that Histories● worthy of writing should abide in silence for the space of lxxxx. years, thinking that in so many years space, the lineage and offspring of the one sort might consume, and the race of the noble and virtuous, to be contented with the commendation of their Ancestors.  
The King of Spain that now is, having perused the original Copy of this History, requested mine Author to publish the same in Print: and in accomplishment of his majesties commandment he hath so done. And the Englishing of four books of his work, I most humbly here present unto your honour.  
I may at this day, God be praised, boldly writ that, where the Spanish and Portugal Nations dare glory of their discoveries & Navigations, with great commendations of their Captains, Colon Vasco dela Gama, Magalanez, Hernando Cortes: Don Francisco Pisarro, & Don Diego de Almagro. Now may our most gracious Queen, most justly compare withal the Princes of the world, both for discovery & navigation.  
The Discovery of the Portugal East India, was achieved in 26. months, & the West India, in shorter space: Magalanez returned not to manifest his doings: But our valiant and noble minded Captain, Master Francis Drake, in his Navigation, was occupied more, or nigh three years: In which time, he sailed, and attained to the knowledge of the East, and West course, which none at any time had ever achieved.  
His painful travail, and marvelous Navigation, was not obtained with white hands, perfumed gloves, dainty fare, or soft lodging: no, no: Honour is not gotten with pleasures, & quiet minds. For the sweet Roses groweth among Thorns: yet the ignorant will judge, that perpetual Fame and heavenly Felicity, is a thing to be gotten with facility and ease. But if the poor Sailor should sit as judge, I am sure that he would say, how extreme hunger, thirst, hard lodging upon Hatches, foul garments, blustering storms of wind, with Hail, snow, bitter cold, Thunder, Lightning, and continual peril of life, leadeth the high pathway to the Court of eternal Fame. The honour of our good Captain and company, lieth not in my Pen to set out accordingly: therefore, I remit the same to such as hereafter shall justly set forth his pains and travel: My humble suit, is to beseech your Honour, to accept this work into your patronage, and the Almighty grant your heart's desire.  
Your honours at commandment, Thomas Nicholas.   

TO THE READER.  
THe doubt which hath been held, gentle Readers, upon the verefiing, by what way it was possible to pass into the Provinces of Peru, I mean for the people, which of antiquity, there first inhabited: But to satisfy that doubt, seemeth sufficient, the authority and opinion of the divine Plato, who (in brief) maketh rehearsal thereof, in his book, entitled: Thimeum, otherwise called, the nature things: and afterward in another book, or Dialogue, more at large, proceeding on forward, after his Thimeum called Atlanticum: where he treateth of an History, which the Egyptians set forth in praise and commendation of the Athenienses, saying: that in times passed, they were of such power, that they overcame and achieved victory, against certain Kings, and an infinite number of men of war, which came by Sea, from a great Island, called Insula Atlantica, which had Origen at Hercules Pillars, and was accounted greater than all Asia, and Africa, wherein was contained ten Kingdoms, the which Neptunus divided among his ten Sons: but to the eldest called Atlas, he gave the greatest Kingdom.  
He also writeth of many other memorable things as also of the customs and riches of this great Island, but especially, of a famous temple, which was built in the principal City: the walls and roofs whereof, were wainscotted, with plate of gold, silver, and latten, and other many particularities, which are long to rehearse, as originally may be seen, where they are written at large.  
Many of which customs and ceremonies, at this day we have seen in Peru. From this Island they sail to other great islands, which stand on the farther side thereof, near adjoining to the firm or continent land, beyond the which, is the sea, called, the broad or true Sea. The formal words of Plato, in the beginning of Thimeum, saith: That Socrates speaking to the Athenienses, said: it is holden for troth, that your city in time past did resist an innumerable number of enemies, which came from the Sea, called Mare Athlanticum, who had taken and enjoyed the most part of all Europe and Asia: For at that time, that straight was Navigable: having not far from the mouth an Island, which began near unto the Pillars of Hercules, which was reported to be greater than Asia, & Africa: and (jointly) from the same, was contractation, in buying & selling with other Islands, which islands had conference with the firm and continent land, which stood in frent of them, who were neighbours unto the true sea.  
For that Sea, with reason might be called the certain and true Sea, and the land, continent and fyrme●●his much writeth Plato. He also affirmeth, that .9000. years before the writing hereof, the Sea increased with so mighty a power of water, in those parties, that in one day and one night, this great Island sunk, and all the people perished, and that afterward, the same sea, remained full of sands and shallows, so that ●hereby never after any mought pass unto the other Islands, nor firm land.  
All those which writ upon Plato, affirm and hold opinion, that this History was true, so that the most of them, especially, Marsilius, Ficinus, and Plantinus, will not admit the meaning to be allegorical, although many others judge the contrary, as the same Marsilius referreth upon the anotations upon Thimeum. But, where he speaketh of the .9000. years, it seemeth not a fabulus argument: for according to Eudoxus, those years were to be understood according to the Egyptians account, where every month was accounted one whole year, and not according to the course of the Sun: so that .9000. months, maketh .750. years. Likewise it is almost a demonstration, to give credit to the opinion, touching this Island, considering that all the Historiagraphers● and Cosmographers that wrote of old time, do call the Sea, where the Island sunk, Mathanticum, reserving the name which it had when it was land: Than presupposing that the History is true, who can deny that this Island Athlantica, began from the straight of Gibraltar, or not far from Cadiz, and extended into the great gulf, where as well North and South, as East and West, is a greater space than the situation of all Asia and Africa.  
The islands whereof the text maketh mention seemeth to be Espaniola, Cuba, jamaica, and the residue which stand in that Comarke.  
The firm lands, which is said to stand in frent of the said islands: doth appear by reason, to be the same firm land, which now is called after the same name, and all the other provinces, where unto it is continent: which, beginning from the strait of Magalanez, doth contain (running Northward) the land of Peru: the Province of Popayan, Castillia del oro, Beragua, Nicaragua, Guatimalla Nueva Hispania, the seven cities, Florida, Bacallaos: and the said land, runneth along from thence Norward, until it come to join almost with Norway: In the which (without doubt) is more ground, then as yet throughout all the world is inhabited, or at least was known, before the discovery of this country. This matter doth not cause any great difficulty, that the Romans and other nations, which in time past, enjoyed the Land of Spain, had not discovered this country: It is to be thought, that the roughness of those Seas, in those days, did disturb and hinder the Navigation.  
So that this Land, may well be called the firm and continent Land, whereof Plato writeth: which doth agree with all the tokens and signs, which he giveth of the other: chiefly, wherein he affirmeth, that it lieth infrent of the South Sea. Then forasmuch as hath been sailed in our days, in the said South Sea, doth appear, that in respect of the breadth and greatness of the said South Sea, all the Mediterraneum Sea, and as much as is known of the Ocean, vulgarly called, the Northern Sea, are Rivers in comparison of the other.  
Then all this approved true, the signs, tokens and words of Plato, do therewith accord: so that there is no doubt or difficulty in the first passage into Peru, of innumerable people, as well from the great Island Atlantica, as also from other Islands, from which Islands they used to sail: and also out of the firm Land, they might pass into Peru: And if in this point should seem any difficulty, yet it is to be credited, that by the South Sea, they had use and knowledge of Navigation, by contraction and traffic, which they had with this great Island, where the text declareth, that they had great abundance of Ships, yea, and Roads, and harbours, made by force of hand, for their conservation, where nature wanted.  
This is as much as may be gathered, touching this matter, which is not small, for a thing of such antiquity, without light: chiefly, that in all the Provinces and Country of Peru, were found no kind of Letters or Writing, to conserve the remembrance of things past, nor yet the pictures or painting, which served in the new Spain, for Letters, saving only, certain strings, of diverse colours, full of knots: so that by those knots and distance between them, was an account kept among that people, but marvelous strange to be understood, as hereafter in this History shallbe declared. Therefore I may say with Horatius: Si quid novicti restius istis, candidus imperti: si non vis utere mecum.  
And as concerning the Discovery of this new country, the words of Seneca doth fit, which he set out in his Medea Tragedy.  
Venient annis saecula seris,  
Quibus Oceanus vincula rerum  
Laxet, novosque typhis detegat orbs  
Atque ingens pateat tellus  
Nec sit terris ultima thyle.  
Besides the opinion of Plato, at this day are to be seen the islands of Asorez, Canary, Madera and Islands of Cabo Verde: with wonderful shallows and Sand, lying far out into the main Sea, which are thought to have been part of the said Island Athlantica.  
This History doth also set forth the duty, and royal service, of the Subject to his Prince, and how Mutinies are justly punished: And likewise, last of all, how blood is punished with blood: and the high way to Honour, is great pain, and danger of life. And I for my part (Gentle Reader) desire no more for my pains, but that thou wilt as willingly accept my travail, as I with good will do offer the same.  
Farewell.   

THE HISTORY OF THE Discovery and Conquest of the Province of Peru, and of the wars and other notable things which there happened.  

¶ Of the notice of Peru, and how the discovery was begun. Chap. 1.  
IN the year of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ 1525. in the City of Panama which standeth situated on the border of the South Sea, in the Province of firm Land, called Castillia del oro, dwelled three Gentlemen, among whom, was sundry times conference concerning the understanding which they had obtained of Peru, whereupon they agreed to proceed on the discovery of the same, and thereupon laid all their goods into stock of company.  
The first and principallest of them was called Don Francisco Pisarro, who was borne in a City of Spain called Trugillio: The second was named Don Diego de Almagro, natural of the Town of Mallagon, whose stock or lineage, could not unto this day be perfectly known: yet some doth hold opinion, that he was found at the Church door in his swaddling clothes, after that he was newly borne: The third was a Priest called Fernando de Luque: And where these three were the richest and principallest men in that Country, they determined to increase their riches, & also to serve herein, his Majesty the Emperor Charles the fifth: whereupon they concluded to take in hand, to discover by the South Sea, the Easterly coast of the firm Land, toward those places which afterward were named Peru: So that after they had obtained licence of the Governor, who at that instant then governed for his Majesty, called Pedro Arias de Auila, Don Francisco Pisarro arrived, and rigged forth a Ship, wherein he himself took shipping as Captain General, with 114. men in his company, and so proceeded on the voyage, and in short space he discovered a small and poor Province, 
Every league containeth 3. English Miles.  fifty Leagues distant from the City of Panama, the which he named Peru, and afterward called the whole Country of the same name, which was discovered for the space of 1200. Leagues: And proceeding forward he found another Land, which the Spaniards named the burnt Town, where the Indians of that place held them cruel war, and slew many of his men, so that he was forced to retire sore wounded, to the Country of Chinchama.  
In this mean season, Don Diego de Almagro, who abode at home, had prepared another ship, and therein took shipping with 70. spaniards, and with them proceeded to seek Don Francisco Pisarro, sailing along the Coast till he came to the River which he named the River of S. John, which standeth 100 League's distant from Panama: And finding him not, he returned to the burnt Town, and there had understanding of his being there, where he also came a score, but the Indians encouraged with the victory and expulsion of Don Francisco, did like wise valiantly resist his entry, yea, and also put him and his company to the worse: in so much that they entered a Fort, where the Spaniards defended themselves through the oversight of those which had the charge of that part of the Fortress: by mean whereof, they put the spaniards to flight, and also with a stripe put out one of the eyes of Don Diego, by reason whereof they were forced to flee and to retire to the Sea side to take shiping again, and from thence sailed along the Coast of firm Land, until he arrived at Chinchama, where he found Don Francisco, wi●h whom after long communication, and refreshing of themselves, they gathered together about 200. Sp●nyardes, a●d so proceeded again upon the discovery with two Ships and 3. Canoes, which were small Uessels, built like unto troughs: In which Navigation, they passed many and great troubles, by reason the Coast is low, and full of Marish ground, and replenished with great Lizarts, 
Great Lizar●  which the Indians call Caymanes, and are Beasts which breed in the mouths of those Rivers, which are so great, that commonly they are of 20. yea, & 25 foot long: Their property is, aswell, to refresh themselves on the Land, as in the Water: but if any of them can lay hold upon Man or Beast in the Water, their strength is such, that they carry them under water, where as they devour and consume them: But chiefly they smell a Dog a far off, and they lay their Eggs on the Land, a great number together, where they breed: but among the Sands they are slow of their creeping: after they have hatched, they lead their Young to the Water: in the which their natural properties, they may be compared to the Crocodilles of Nilo: they also suffer much hunger, for their feeding when they want meat, is the fruit of a Tree called Maugle, 
The Tree called Maugle.  whereof are many in those Rivers, which are of hard Timber, high and strait in groweth, and grow in salt water, which is not only salt but also bitter. But the opinion is, that those Beasts use to eat of that Fruit, when other feeding faileth: they eat also Fish. In all this Coast, the Grain called Maiz groweth not.  
In this sort they went rowing with their Canoes against the currant of the Sea, which always runneth Northward, and their way was Southward: and in this Navigation all along the Coast, the Indians assaulted them according to the custom of their Wars, thundering out cries and noise, calling them banished men, with hair on their faces, yea, such as were bred of the scum of the Sea, without any other Origen or Lineage, because the Sea had brought them thither: demanding also why they went like Uacabondes wandering the World: it should appear said they, that you are idle persons, and have not wherein to employ yourselves, because you abide in no place, to labour and till the ground.  
And whereas many of their men and Captains were slain by these Indians, aswell by hunger, as other wise, Don Diego determined to return to Panama for more men: the which his determination he performed, and had from thence 80 men, so that with them and the residue that remained alive, they arrived at the Land called Carame, which was without the dominion of the Mauglares, and a Country abundant of meat, but meanly inhabited: The Indians of the Country, which were men of War, had their Cheeks full of holes, wherein were placed Pearls of Gold: and finding this place so fruitful, they abode there until Don Diego de Almagro returned again to Panama for more men: But in this mean while Don Francisco Pisarro returned, abiding the coming of his companion, in a little Island which stood near unto the Main, called Insula de Gallo, whereas he stood in need of all things necessary.   

How Don Francisco Pisarro abode in the Island of Gorgona, and how with the small company of men, which he had remaining, he sailed till he passed the Equinoctial. Chap. 2.  
WHen Don Diego de Almagro returned to Panama for succour, he found that his Majesty had provided for government of the same City, a Gentleman of Cordova, called Pedro de los Rios, who stayed his proceeding personally, because those which remained in the Island of Gallo had sent secretly to this new Governor, to entreat that he should not permit any more men, to die in that dangerous journey, without any profit, whereas tosore others of their Nation had ended their days, and that it might please him to command them also to return. In consideration whereof, Pedro de los Rios sent his Deputy with especial commandment, that all such as were willing, might safely return to Panama without danger, and without disturbing of any that would force them to abide there.  
And when this news and order taken, came to their knowledge, they forthwith took shiping with great joy, even as though they had escaped out of captivity of Moares: so that only 12. men abode willingly with Don Francisco Pisarro, 
12. Men only remain with Don Francisco Pisarro.  with the which, being so few in number, he durst not abide there, but went to an Island unhabited, situated sire Leagues, from the Main in the Sea: and because this Island was replenished with many fair Springs and brooks, he named it Gorgona, whereas he with his company maintained themselves with Cockles, Crabs, and great Snakes, which are there in abundance: he abode there until his Ship returned from Panama, which brought nothing but only Uictuall, wherein he with his 12. men took shipping, who were so constant and virtuous, that they only were the principal cause of the discovery of Peru, of whom one was called Nicolas de Ribera, natural of Olbera: 
The names of the first discoue●ers●  Pedro de Candia, borne in Greece, in the Island of Candia: John de torre, Alonso brisenio, borne in Benauent: Christopher de Peralia, borne in Baesa: Alonso de Trugillio, borne in Trugillio: Francisco de Cuellar, borne in the Town of Cuellar: Alonso de Molina, borne in the City of Vbeda. Their chief Pilot, was named Bartilmew Ruiz, borne in the Town of Moguex. This happy company sailed with great peril and danger, against the wind and currant until they arrived at a Province called Mostripe, which standeth between the villages which the Christians had inhabited: the one they named Truxillio, and the other S. Mighell, & there abode a certain time, for want of men, they durst not proceed beyond the River called Chira, an● there provided themselves of the cattle of that Country, which were Shrepe, and also of Indian Interpreters, who willingly served them. Notwithstanding being there well refreshed, embarked again and sailed unto the port of Lumbez, where they had intelligence of a princely House, which the Lord of Peru had in that place, and also a Town of Indians which were exceeding rich. This place was one of the most notablest things in Peru, until such time that the Indians of the Island Puna destroyed it, as hereafter shallbe declared: and there he left three fugitive spaniards, who were slain by the Indians, as at the length was known. So that with this intelligence they returned back again to Panama, having been three years in the same Discovery, in great peril, suffering many miseries, aswell by want of Uictuals, as by the Wars and resistance of the Indians, and also mutiny among themselves, who were in despair the most of them, to find any profitable thing: But yet the wisdom & gentle condition of Don Francisco Pisarro, pacified their discord with great courage, persuading them of the great hope which he had in Don Diego de Almagro, for they provision of Men, Uictuals, Horses, and Armour: So that where those three Gentlemen, the setters forward of this voyage were the richest men in that parts, were now the poorest, and yet indebted in great sums of Money.   

¶ How Don Francisco Pisarro came into Spain, to give knowledge to his Majesty, of the discovery of Peru, and of some of the Customs and properties of the naturals of the Country. Chap. 3.  
THe Discovery being begun, in the manner before declared, Don Francisco Pisarro came into Spain, and gave intelligence to the Emperor his Majesty, of all such things as had happened, beseeching his highness in recompense and reward of his pains, to grant unto him the government of such Countries as hereafter he should discover and inhabit. The which his request the Emperor granted, upon certain conditions and Articles of agreement, drawn and engrossed according as tofore his Majesty had done with other Captains, in affairs of Discovery. With this order taken, he returned to Panama, taking with him Hernando Pisarro● John Pisarro● Gonsalo Pisarro ● and Francisco Martin of Alcantara, his brethren, among the which Hernando Pisarro, and John Pisarro were only legitimate Brethrens, of Father and Mother, Sons unto Gonsalo Pisarro, the long Citizen of Trugillio, who had sometime been Captain of Infautery in the Kingdom of Navarra: Don Francisco Pisarro; and Gonsalo Pisarro were his natural Children, but not by one Wife, & Francisco Martin was his Son in Law. Besides these afore named, he carried many others with him for the pretended discovery, but the most of them were of the Cities of Trugillio and Caseres, and other villages of the Province, called Estremadura.  
In this sort with prosperous Navigation, he arrived and came to his desired place of Panama, and there began to provide the things necessary for the Discovery, in the name of the first company: Although there was some discord between Don Francisco & Don Diego de Almagro ● because Don Diego received great unkindness that Don Francisco had brought to pass his desire with the Emperor, and obtained the Title and name of Governor, and chief Discoverer of all the dominion of Peru, without any remembrance made of him, nor yet of his service, although the said ●on Diego had been one of the chiefest adventurers, and also personally partaker of the pains. But yet notwithstanding Don Francisco perceiving by his countenance how the matter went, did comfort and persuade him, that the Emperor at that time when he was with his Majesty, pleased not to take order for him, to remunerate his travail accordingly, although he did in his behalf require the same: but notwithstanding he gave unto him for his part, both his word and promise, to renounce the Office & Title of chief Discoverer in him, and also would send to the Emperor, to beseech his Majesty to confirm the same. With which fair words, Don Diego was somewhat pacified: so that now we will leave from that matter, and speak of the Navy, & other necessaries concerning the Discovery: and also declare the situation of the Province of Peru and the notable things of that Country, with the customs of the People.   

Of the people which inhabit under the Equinoctial Line, and other notable things which are in that parts. Chap. 4.  
THe Land of Peru, whereof this History (God willing shall treat) did begin from the Equin●●t●all forward until the Meridian, the people which inhabit under the Equinoctial and near there v●to, are in phisnomy like jews, they pronounce their spe●ch in the throat like unto Moriscos, they are in●l●●●● to the sin of Zodome: by reason whereof they are rigorous to their Wives, and make small account of them: they wear no kind of garment, saving their privy parts, which are covered: Their Women do plough and sow the ground, they grind their Grain, and thereof make their provision of food: their Corn is called in their Island language Maiz, and in Peru it is called Zara. The men wear short Shirts, which come to the Navel, and their privy parts are uncovered, they have their heads shorn with a Crown, like Friars, and the hinder and forepart of the head is shaven, and the hair somewhat long on the sides.  
They delight much to wear jewels of Gold in their ears and Nostrils, and also Emeralds which are only found in those parts: But those Indians would never discover the mines or veins of them, although it is certainly believed that there is their Origen, because they find in their earthen Uessel many small stones sticking in the sides.  
They use about their legs and arms, Bracelets of Bedestones, of Gold, Plate, and Turkeys, and small Periwinkles shells, both white and red, and they permit not any kind of bravery to their Women. This Country is exceeding hot, and apt to infirmity, chiefly, a kind of Pox which are very venomous, and breed in the face, and other places of the body, rooted deep, which are (in manner) of worse quality than the French Pox.  
In this Province they have their idolatrous Temples with their doors to the East ward, with Curtains of a cloth made of Cotten Wool: In every Temple were two Images, made of the bigness and likeness of black Goats, before the which, they used always to burn a kind of wood, of a marvelous sweet smell: 
Sweet Trees of a strange Balm.  The Trees of this odiferous wood grow in th●t country, & by incision of the Bark they distill a marvelous sweet liquor, wherewith if any anoint a dead body, the carcase corrupteth not. There are also in the Temples Images of the figure of great Serpents, which they adore & worship: besides these Idols every of those people had a particular God, according to his trade and office, which they also worshipped. The Fishermen had the ●ogge Fish called Tiburon, in great veneration, and the Raungers or Hunters had likewise their God according to the game which they most esteemed: and in like manner every sort of people accordingly. But in some Temples in the villages called Pasao, 
The decking of the Idols temple.  they used to have hanging on the Pillars of the Temple, the dead carcases of Men and Children sacrificed, or else their skins tanned in such order that the evil smell or savour was taken away: Also their skulls were in such manner placed, but first with a certain coction, they were dressed, that they were shrunken to the smallness of a man's fist, and than nailed on th● said Pillars, or Walls of the Temple.  
This Country of his own nature or property is dry, although there it raineth daily, there are few running Waters which are sweet, so that their chief drink is of Welles, or of water preserved in cisterns, which they call Aqueyes.  

Gold.  Their Houses or buildings are of great Canes which there doth grow: The Gold which there is found is base, and of few Oarets: there is also small quantity of fruit. Their Navigation is with Canoes, made out of the bodies of Trees, as is afore declared, and also upon rafts of Timber: All the Sea coast is full replenished with Fish, and great abundance of Whales: In some Towns of this Province, called Caraque: they had upon their Temple doors the Images or figures of men, clothed like the vestment of a Deacon.   

Of the veins of Pitch, which are at the Cape called Destahelena, and of the Giants which in time passed inhabited there. Chap. 5.  
Near unto this Province, is a point or cape of Land, which the spaniards named Destahelena, which lieth into the Sea, where are found certain springs of Pitch, or Tar, and it serveth for the same purpose, for Ships: Not far from the sa●● Cape, the Indians of that country doth affirm, that sometime dwelled certain Giants, 
Giants.  who were of marvelous great stature, in comparison to four times the bigness of a mean man of stature, but they knew not from whence their Origen was, yet their food and maintenance was like unto theirs, but only Fish was their principal food, because their chief delight was in fishing, and their Boats were rafts of Timber, which each of them used severally of their own proper, because these rafts were made of such manner, that they could not well carry more than one of those Giants.  
Their chief pleasure was, when any had taken any great Fish, because thereby their store was the better, for each of them would easily eat more than thirty Indians: they used no kind of clothing, because of the difficulty to make their Garments.  
These Giants were exceeding cruel, for without any cause they slew many of the poor Indians, by mean whereof they were much feared.  
The Spaniards saw in the port called Puerto Viejo, two Images of those Giants, the one of a man, and the other of a Woman: There is a certain kind of Chronicle, or remembrance among those Indians, which was left unto them by their fore Fathers, of sundry particularities of those Giants, especially of their consummation. They also held opinion how a young man came down from Heaven, shining like the Sun, & fought with those Giants, throwing flames of fire at them with such vehemency, that the tokens and signs thereof remained in the hard stone, and as yet said they, until this day the same doth remain: at which time they went retyringe to a Ualley, where he made a final end of them. But notwithstanding these Indians tale, no perfect credit was given unto the circumstance thereof, until the Captain John de Holmos was appointed Lieutenant of the Governor, in the Port called Puerto Viejo, in Anno 1543. who being informed of those antiquities, commanded certain of his men to dig in that Ualley, where they found marvelous great Ribs, and other bones, which if they ●ad not joined with the skulls it would have been thought uncredible they should have been men's bones: so that the matter being thoroughly examined, the indians opinion concerning such Giants, was true, and some of the teeth found in those skulls, 
giants teeth  were sent to diverse places of Peru: some of the said Teeth, which were there found, were of three fingers broad, & o●●●ure fingers long, which was reported by witness of sight, who were men of credit, of the Spanish Nation. By records also, that sort of People were known to be offenders in the sin against Nature, called Zodomy, by reason whereof, the justice divine, permitted them no longer to live, but rather the Almighty sent his Angel to consume them, as in Zodom and other places.  
aswell in this point as all other antiquities, which is known and found in Peru, the only difficulty is to be presupposed which is in the verefying thereof, because that the Naturals of that Country knew neither writing nor reading, nor yet certain pictures which the Indians of new Spain used in lieu of books, so that their records or registers did chief consist in memory from one to another: But their accounts or reckonings of time, were made upon a string or chord made of cotton wool, which the Indians called Quippos, on the which they kept their reckoning by making of knots on those cords, with a difference ascending from one to ten, & so upwards accordingly. And always the chord was of the colour of the thing which was meant to be signified, so that in every Province were officers who had the charge to keep the things in memory with those cords, which were called Quippo Camayos, so that many public houses were found full of those cords, and the said officers could by them easily declare any matter concerning their effect, although it had been of many years pa●t.   

Of the people and things that are beyond the Equinoctial line, toward the Meridian, along the sea Coast. Cap. 6.  
Beyond the Equinoctial line toward the Meridian, standeth an Island 12. leagues distant from the town of Boio, near adjoining to the firm land. The which Island is called Puma, and hath in it abundance of sundry sorts of beasts: and store of dear, and much fresh fish in sweet waters. In time past this Island was replenished with people, and maintained wars with all the towns about their frontiers: but principally they were enemies to the inhabitants of Tumbez, which standeth 12. leagues distant from them. They were lords of many rafts, for their navigation: these rafts were made of long light Paul'S, bound one upon another, 
Raffes.  so that always those which were placed uppermost, were odd, as ordinarily, five, seven, or nine, and the middle paul was longer than the rest, as a Ruther to guide the Raffe, and thereon sat the rower, so that the raff is made like an open hand, even as one finger is longer than another: And on the top are planks laid to keep soldiers or passengers from wetting.  
There are rafts that 50. men and 3. horses may well be carried on them. They use for them as well sails, as oars, the Indians are very good Mariners for such kind of vessels, although it hath happened that when Spaniards have sailed on those rafts, 
Indian deceipt●.  the Indians subtlely have undone the ropes wherewith the timber was bound together, and so each piece suddenly to separate from other: By means whereof many Christians have perished, and the Indians saved themselves upon the poles, without any other thing to secure them, by reason that they can swim exceeding well.  
Their chief weapons for the wars were slings, clubs, and hatchets, made of silver and copper. They had many spears or javelins, with the sharp points of them made of base gold. Both the men and women used to were many jewels, and rings of gold. Their ordinary vessel was wrought and made of silver and gold. The Lord of that Island was greatly feared among his people, he was also exceeding jealous of his wives, in so much that all those servitors which attend upon them had their noses cut of, and likewise their genital members.  
In another little Island adjoining to the same, they found a house and a garden plot or orchard within the same, 
A strange Orchard.  having little trees and plants therein, made of silver and gold. Over against this Island in the firm land were certain Towns, the which by displeasure taken by the Lord of Peru, he commanded that aswell men as women should have all their upper teeth drawn out, of which toothless people until this day are some living. 
A sharp punishment.   
Proceeding forward beyond Tumbez toward the Meridian, for the space of 500 leagues along the coast, and ten leagues into the main, there nevex raineth, thundereth, or falleth any lightning or thunderbolt: But passing the said ten leagues within the main land distant from the sea, it both raineth and thundereth, & have both winter and summer in their due seasons, & in the same manner as is in Spain. But when it is winter in the mountains, 
A strange thing.  then is it summer on the sea coast, and th● like contrariwise. So that the length of that coast which is already discovered of the land of Peru, which taketh his beginning and is accounted from the city of Pasto, unto the Province of Chili, is one thousand eight hundred leagues, as large as the leagues of Castillia, 
The length of peru ●800● Leagues.  and throughout the said Country lieth a long mountain or ridge of hills very troublesome to pass, which in some places doth stand distant from the sea 15. yea, and 20. leagues, and in some places the branches of that mountain approacheth near the sea brim.  
So that all which as yet is discovered of Peru, is to be understand by two names, that is to say, all the ground between the mountains and the sea, is called plains: and all the rest is called mountains. The plains are dry and the most part sands: for as before is declared, there it never raineth, nor yet hath there been found any spring or fountain, saving near the sea side are 4. or 5. aqueys or cisterns, the water whereof is saltish. But the people do provide themselves of water of the Rivers which descend out of the mountains. The cause of those rivers is the thawing of the snow and rain which cometh from the said hills where very few natural springs are found: These rivers are distant one from another, some 10. and some 15. and 20, leagues: but the most ordinary are of seven and eight leagues: so that commonly the travelers do appoint their journeys accordingly, to come unto their fresh water. Some of these rivers are a league broad, and some less, according to the disposition of the ground. Along those River sides are fair prospectes of trees and fruits, & ground convenient for the Indians to sow their ●orne called Maiz.  
After the Spaniards began to inhabit this country, they sowed wheat, all the said plain ground they used to water with s●ewces, conveyed out of the Rivers, in which art they have great experience, and industry: the beauty of those Rivers, with Trees and fruits aforesaid grow along the said Rivers, even from the Sea● unto the Mountains: those Rivers coming from the ●illes, descending with such vehemency, that the spaniards could not pass them on Horseback, especially the River called Sancta, and many others: so that those which journey in those Plains, they keep all along the Sea coast, but in the Winter season it is dangerous travailing that coast, by reason of the exceeding great currants of those Rivers, that the way is not vadeable on Horseback, but only on rafts, or else with a bundle of Gourds, which they use to bind before their breasts and under their arms, and an Indian Pilot goeth before swimming to lead the way.  
The ground along these Rivers is exceeding fruitful, as we have declared: where Wheat & Maiz groweth in abundance, without respecting any time of sowing  
These Indians dwell not in houses, but their abiding is under Trees, and shadows made for the purpose. Their women were garments made of Cotton will, like unto gowns which come down to their feet. The men were shirts down to the knees, and certain Mantles upon the same, & although their attire is after one sort, they differ in the attire of their heads, according to the use of every country: some use their hair bound up with laces of will, some with one lace, and other with many laces of sundry colours, so there is none but hath some device in his head, and in every Province of a several kind.  
All the Indians of the Plains are divided into three sorts, the one are called Yngas, another sort are called Tallanes, & the third Mochicas: in every Province they differ in speech, notwithstanding the Noble men, called Cas●ikes, beside, their natural speech, do all generally understand the language of the City of Cusco, because the King of Peru, called Guaynacava, Father of King Atabaliba, thought it a base thing that his Subjects, especially noble men should talk with him by interpreters, whereupon he commanded that all the Cascikes of his Country and dominions, and their Brethren and kinsmen should send their Children to serve and attend on the King in his Court, under the colour to learn the courtly speech: but chiefly the kings intent was to assure his country with the principal men of his Kingdom, in having their children in pledge. But be it as it will, by this means it came to passe● that all the Nobility of his Land, understood and could speak the language used in Court, as in Flaunders the Gentlemen & others speak the French tongue: so that in conclusion, any spaniard that attained to the Cusco speech, mought well pass throughout the dominions of Peru, aswell in the Plains as in the Mountains, to understand and to be understood among the chiefest.   

Of the ordinary Winds which blow in the Plains, and the cause of dryness. Chap. 7.  
WIth great reason, those which read this History, may stand in doubt of the cause, why it raineth not in the Plains of Peru, as before is specified, for by evident tokens, should be thought that those things could not be true, by reason of the grown Rivers which fall into the Sea, and commonly engender moisture & vapours, coming out of the Mountains, having their beginning of the continual Snow, which there abideth, whereof relation is made before, yea, and the said Hills never want cloudy weather, intermixed with rain. The natural reason thereof, found out by such as diligently have sought the secret thereof: which is, that in all those Plains, and Sea coast, 
Note.  all the whole year bloweth one only Wind, which the Mariners call Siluestre, which runneth along that coast with such force, that the Clouds and Uapors have no rest in those plains nor Sea coast, to come unto the region of the air, and from the high Mountains: The clouds and vapours, do show like another Heauen● so those which are beneath in the Plains, and abou● them again, it is as clear as Crystal: and this only wind also causeth the Seagate or Currant to run always Northward, although some men are of another opinion, which is, that where the South sea cometh to fall into the mouth of the strait of Magalanus, being there so narrow, and exceedeth not the breadth of two Leagues, so that the great power of the water can not there have issue, and also their encountering with the Northern Sea, which likewise disturbeth his passage: so that of force it maketh reflection and recoil backward, and so forceth the Currant toward the North. And here riseth another inconvenience, which is, that the Navigation from Panama to Peru, is with such difficulty, because the wind is always contrary, and also the most part of the year, the Currant likewise, so that the Sailors do sail continually by the bowling against the fury of the wind, or else it were not possible to sail that Coast.  
All along the coast of Peru are great number of fish, and many Zeal fishes.  
From the River of Tumbez forward are found none of those great Lizartes of which we have spoken. But some hold opinion the cause is, that the country forward is more temperate, and those beasts are lovers of heat, but the most certain reason is, because the Rivers thereabout are of a more swifter currant, and suffereth them not to breed, for their ordinary breeding is in the calm places of Rivers.  
Now at this day in all the length of the plains are villages and Towns of Christians, and five Cities, 
Five Cities.  the first is called Puerto Viejo, 
Puerto Viejo.  which standeth very near unto the Equinoctial. This City hath but few inhabitants because the country is poor and apt for diseases, yet there are some mines of Emraldes, as is before declared. Fifteen leagues with in the main is another city called saint Mighel, 
S. Mighell.  which in the Indian speech they call Pura: This is a pleasant soil and fruitful, but no mines of gold nor plate. This place is apt for sore eyes, and few or none that passeth that way escapeth that disease.  
Threescore leagues forward along the coast standeth another city in a valley called Trugillio, 
Trugillio.  and is distant from the sea, two leagues. The port or harbour belonging to this city is perilous. This city is placed in a plain plot, near unto a River side, and is abundantly provided of wheat, Maiz, and cattle. It is also exceeding well built, there are in this city above three hundred households of Spaniards.  
Four score Leagues forward, standeth another City, two Leagues distant from a port of the Sea, which is an excellent good Road for Ships, it is situated in a Ualley called Lyma, 
The City called Rei●, in the Province of Lyma.  and named the City of the Kings, because the day of Epiphany it was begun to inhabit, it is placed in a plain ground, near unto a mighty River: The Country there about is plentiful of Corn, & many sorts of fruits and cattle: the building of this City is such, that all the streets do meet in a fair large place, from the which a man may see through every street into the Fields: the dwelling is marvelous healthful, because it standeth in a temperate Climate, and not vexed throughout the year with neither heat nor cold, extremely. The hottest season of the year is more temperate then in Spain: for in the time of their heat in Lyma, which is in Summer, there falleth every morning a sweet Dew, which is nothing hurtful to man's health, but rather profitable, for such as have the head ache use to wash their heads with the Dew water, and therewith find great ease.  
All Spanish fruit groweth and prospereth well in this Soil, especially Oranges, Sidrons, Lemons, Figs, Powngarnardes' and Uines, whereof had been there abundance, if the alterations in the Land had not disturbed their planting, for experience hath showed that the very Kernel of the Grape hath perduced fair Uynes: There groweth also great store of Pot herbs, such as ordinarily grow in Spain: every house hath belonging unto it a little running water, or Brook, brought in by conveyance of slewce, which water is sufficient to drive a mill, although along the River side they have their common mills where the Spaniards grind their corn.  
This city is judged the most pleasant dwelling in all the land, because the port and road for ships maketh the City to be of great contractation for Merchants: So that the people of all Cities, Towns, and villages, within the main land use to come thither for their provision and furniture.  
From the mines of this Province is brought great● abundance of gold and silver. The situation is in the midst of the land, as yet discovered, by reason whereof the Emperor his Majesty placed there a chancery royal, and judges to decide his subjects causes, which also causeth the greater resort of people. It is thought that in process of time this City will increase to be of marvelous fame and greatness. At this day there are above five hundred households of Spaniards, and e●ery house hath a greater compass of ground then the houses built in Spain: so that these 500 houfes seem bigger the● 1500. in Castillia, by reason that the streets are broad, and hath also a place of great compass in the midst of the city, each house hath in the front 800. foot, & twice as much large. Their building is but of one story high, for want of timber to build a height, and yet that timber within three years beginneth to rot and consume, yet notwithstanding the low building, the houses are sumptuous and of great Majesty. The walls are of five foot broad, & the plot whereon the houses stand, are raised of like height with earth, by reason whereof, the houses seem of reasonable height. The Roofs of those houses are made of rafters laid crosswise, and upon the Timber is laid for seeling gallant painted mats, like unto those which are made in Almeria, in the kingdom of Granada, and upon that ceiling are laid boughs, so that the lodgings are high, fresh, & not troubled with the sun: and as for the water, they need not to care: for as before is declared, it never raineth in those plains.  
Thirty Leagues from this City along the Coast, is another City, entitled the fair Town of Aroquipa, 
Aroquipa.  which hath in it 300. houses of spaniards: this also is a healthful soil, and abundant of all kind of victual, but it standeth 12. Leagues from the Sea coast, by mean whereof it is thought that the Town will increase with inhabitants, for the River by which it standeth, is so good and fair, that Ships laden with Merchandise may come up the river, even to the City: and from this place the City of Cusco is served of all things needful, and likewise the Province of Charcas, from which places cometh the most people of that Country, by reason of the contractation of the mines of Potosi: Also great quantity of Plate is brought thither, to be laden in the Ships back again in return to the City of the Kings, or Panama, which is a great help, for to avoid the carriage by land, being very dangerous and troublesome in the high ways, since the time that the new Orders or Laws set forth by the Emperor, were executed.  
From this City, men may travail forward along the Sea coast, for the space of 400. Leagues, unto the Province that the Governor Pedro de Valdivia did discover and inhabit, called Chili, 
Chili.  which is as much as to say in the Indian tongue, Cold, by reason of the extreme cold, which the travelers pass in the way thither, as in this History shallbe declared hereafter, when the journey made by the chief Discoverer Don Diego de Almagro shallbe spoken of: so that now is understood the situation and habitation of the part of Peru, and the Plains thereof, wherewithal is likewise to be considered, that the Sea coast is clean, and without danger of Rocks, as far as hither unto hath been discovered, nor yet any furious or tempestuous weather doth vex that coast of the South Sea, and therefore it may well be called, the quiet and Golden Sea, yea, and moreover, any ship along that coast may with one Anchor ride in safety, with out danger of any wind.   

Of the qualities and nature of the Mountains of Peru, and of the habitations and dwellings of Christians and indians. Chap. 8.  
THe Indians which dwell in the Mountains do differ much from those which dwell in the Plains, or low country, both in strength, knowledge, and living: for in the Mountains, their dwelling is in houses covered with earth, their shirts and garments are wrought of sheeps wool, which there do breed: they wear nothing on their head, but have their hair laced with a string. The Women wear garments without sleeves, girded with woollen girdles, which maketh them long wasted: they also wear certain Mantles over their heads, which are pinned about their necks, with pings of Gold or Plate, according to the ability of every one: those pings are called in their language Topos, 
Indian pins.  because the heads are great, plain, and flat, and the sides and points exceeding sharp: These Wives do help their Husbands in the labour & tillage of the ground, nay I may say, that their pains is greatest in all service. These Women of complexion are white, and well favoured, exceeding much, the women of the Plains: and so likewise the country doth much differ, the one from the other, because the Mountains doth bring forth great abundance of Grass, & hath much fresh water, of which, and from which, the Rivers proceeds, which runneth down into the Plains: there are also many kind of Flowers and pleasant green plots, with sundry kind of Herbs, and sundry sorts of Trees, of marvelous fruits, so pleasant in taste, that in all Spain there is no better: there are also wild Walnut trees, and Willows: these Indians have many wild Sheep, and others very tame and domestical: they have also Dear, and sundry other kind of Beasts, and great number of Foxes: The Indians are great Hunters, 
Hunting.  and call the game Chico, but when they are disposed to make a general feast of hunting, they join together four or five hundred Indians, and place themselves one by one in the compass of the ground which they mean to hunt, which oftentimes is two or three Leagues in circuit, and then they come enclosing foot by foot, by the sound of certain songs, which they use to sing for that purpose, so that at the end they join altogether in a round, and take each other hand in hand, & some arm in arm, so that they bring in among them a great number of siluester Beasts, even as though they were penned in a Pound, and than they kill and make their choice at their pleasure: but the exceeding shouts, and hallowing which they make, doth not only fear the wild Beasts, but also oftentimes with the same noise they amaze the Partridges, and other Fowl, that easily they may be taken by hand.  
There are also in the Mountains, Lions, and great black Bears, wild Cats, and Apes of diverse sorts, and many other kind of wild Beasts, unknown to our Nation: 
Foul●.  The Fowl which most frequent that plains and Mountains, are Eagles, Doves, & Turtle Doves, Quails, Parats, Hawks, white & russet, Nightingales, and diverse other sorts of fair & gallant Fowl: along the Sea coast are Buytres, that having their whinges spread, contain .15. and. 16● palms or spans from the point of whinge to whinge: these Buytres feed upon Zeals when they come on Land, to sleep and refresh themselves, than come the Buytres, and season some on the feet, and some on the tail, and lay such hold on him, that he cannot stir whilst other pluck out his eyes, and then they feed on the carcase: there is another sort of foul called Alcatraces, which are like unto Hens, although much exceeding in greatness, for his throat will hold three gallons of corn, & of those all along the coast of the South Sea are abundance, at the least for the space of two thousand leagues and more, the chief feeding of these fowls are f●●h. They have also another marvelous property, which is: They will smell the carcase of a dead man a far of, so that they will enter thirty and forty leagues into the land to seek the dead bodies. The flesh of these fowls are of a marvelous evil smell, and ●ath happened that some for want of food have eaten of them, whereof they have died, as of a rank poison.  
Here before is declared, how in these mountains there raineth, haileth, and snoweth, and in fine, extreme in cold, yet notwithstanding from those high hills are valleys descending so deep, that it may be thought incredible to some to speak thereof. In which valleys, the heat also is marvelous, and there groweth a certain herb called Coca, 
Coca.  which the Indians do esteem more than gold or silver: the leaves whereof are like vnt● Zumake, the virtue of this herb known by experience, is, that any having of those leaves in his mouth, hath never hunger nor thirst.  
In some places of those mountains are no trees at all, so that wayfaring men which pass that way use to make their fire of tur●es, which they find exceeding good for that purpose.  
There are also veins of earth of sundry colours, and veins of gold and Plate: whereof the Indians had understanding and could melt the same better, and with less cost than the Christians: they also used in the high hills to make little furnaces, with their mouths toward the Meridian, whereas the wind most ordinary doth blow, and then they lay in the same furnaces the metal, with sheeps dung, & coals, so that the wind doth kindle the fire, and the metal melteth and cindreth the Gold and Silver, and yet unto this day is seen the great abundance of Silver, which in this sort is melted in the mines of Potosi, which could not otherwise be wrought with bellows: so that the Indians are the chief melters with their small furnaces, which they call Guayras, in their Language, and is as much as to say, as wind, because the wind doth kindle their furnaces.  
This country is so fruitful, that it yieldeth for one bushel of Wheat sown, 150. yea, and sometime 200. and an hundred for one is ordinary, although they have no Ploughs to till the ground, but use to turn it up with shovels, and so the Indians use to sow: and likewise they make holes in the ground with a wooden Pin, and put therein Wheat, in such sort as they use to set Beans in Spain. All kind of Gardaine carbes, prospereth exceedingly: the Indians food is chiefly boiled Maiz, and toasted● in lieu of bread, and Dear ●lesh dried, & also dry fish, and sundry kinds of Roots, which they call juca, and A●is, Amotes, Papas, and such like, with many kind of herbs: They also use a certain kind of Beveredge in stead of Wine, which they make of Maiz, & the manner is, they lay their Maiz in water, in certain earthen Uessels, which they keep under earth, and there it voyleth, and besides the whole Maiz, they put thereunto a certain quantity of ground Maiz, the which one Neighbour dareth to another, as we use to lend leaven for Bread.  
They hold opinion, that the standing water maketh better and more stronger beveredge, than the running water: This drink is commonly called Chicha in the Island Language, and in the Peru speech it is called Acisa: of this drink there is both white and red, according to the colour of the grain whereof it is made. But it is of greater force than any Wine, to overcome the brain, & to make drunkards: but yet notwithstanding if the Indians may have Spanish Wine, they would not care for their own natural drink. They use also another sort of drink, made of a small fruit which grow upon certain Trees called Molles: this drink is not so precious as the Chicha.   

¶ Of the Cities of Christians which are in the Mountains of Peru. Chap. 9  
IN the Mountains of Peru, are sundry places of habitation of Christians, which begin at the City of Quito, 
Quito.  which standeth four degrees beyond the Equinoctial: this City in times past was a pleasant thing, and plentiful of corn and cattle, and in the year of 1544. and 45. there was discovered rich mines of Gold, whereupon the City began to enlarge his bounds with inhabitants, and flourished until the fury of the cruel wars among the spaniards begun, which was the cause that the most part of all the Citizens were slain by the hands of Gonsalo Pisarro and his Captains, because they did both favour & serve the Uize-roy Blasco Nunez Vela all the time that he there abode, as hereafter particularly shallbe declared: From this City is no poblation of Christians, in the Mountains, until you come to the Province of the Bracamoros, which was discovered by Captain John Porsell, and Captain Vergara, who built there certain villages, to the intent that from thence they meant to discover forwards: But these villages came to ruin, because Gonsalo Pisarro took those Captains and their men to aid him in his Wars. This Discovery was first taken in hand by the order and consent of the lycenciat Vaca de Castro, who was governor of that Province, a●d sent Captain Porsell by the coast of Saint Mighell, and farther up into the Main, he sent Vergara, by the Province of the Chachapoyas, thinking that they should have made their entries by several places, although it so happened that both the said Captains met in their journey, and fell to discord about their Discovery, concerning to which of them it should appertain, so that they were both sent for, by the Governor Vaca de Castro to pacify and take order in the causes of their contention, so that they were of the first Captains, that were at the beginning of the Wars, in the City of the Kings, in the service of the viceroy: and after that the said viceroy was taken prisoner, they abode with Gonsalo Pisarro, and left of their proceeding in the Discovery.  
This discovery reached 160. leagues from the City of Quito, along the mountains, so that other 80. leagues forward standeth the Province called Chicapoyas, 
Chichapoya  whe●e is a Town of Christians, entitled Levant, 
Leuanto.  and is a fruitful soil for all kind of victual, and hath also reasonable rich Mines. It is well fortified by reason that it standeth high, and is compassed with a marvelous deep valley, wherein is a River that runneth almost in circuit of the hill where the Town standeth.  
The Marshal Alonso de Aluarado, was the first that did inhahite this Province, unto whom it was commended. Beyond this province about 60. leagues, standeth another Town of Christians called Guanuco, 
G●anuco  which was built by the commandment of the Licensiat Vaca de Castro, who named it Leon, 
Leon.  because he himself was borne in the city of Leon in Spain. This town is well provided of victuals, and is thought to be abundant of Mines, especially toward that part, which Prince Inga holdeth, the people whereof were occupied in wars in the Province called Andes, as hereafter shall be declared: So that beyond this place there is not in the Mountain any village of Christians until you come to Guam●nga, which was named Saint John de Victoria, & standeth distant from Guanuco sixty leagues.  
This village is but meanly inhabited of Christians, but it is thought that it will be better, if the Prince Inga cease from his wars, who hath usurped a great part of the best ground thereunto belonging, and specially where the best Mines are, and greatest quantity of the rich herb called Coca. From this Town of Guamanga, unto the city of Cusco, is distance 80. leagues: In the which are many plots of Rocky and troublesome way to pass, which causeth great peril unto the wayfaring men. The city of Cusco before the Christians coming thither, was the chiefest seat & court of the Indian kings of all the whole Province, so that from that princely city was governed and ruled all those countries and Provinces here before declared, and hereafter shallbe declared. To this city all the Cascikes or noble men resorted from all places of the Empire to bring their tributes appertaining to the Prince, as also to deal about particular affairs, and to demand justice in their suits one with another.  
In all the whole dominions of that country, there was not any place of habitation that had the Majesty or manner of a city, but only Cusco, where was a fair Fortress, wrought of square stones, which were so huge and great, that it was a wonder how they were brought thither, by Indian strength of men, without help of Oxen, Muyles, or other Beasts: and yet there are some one stone, that ten yoke of Oxen could not with their strength move them from the place from whence they were brought: and the houses wherein the christians dwell in at this day, are the very same that the Indians made for their own dwelling: so that some of those houses are repaired, and other increased of the same fashion. The city was divided into four parts, in such order, that all such as came thither to dwell or to lodge in, King Inga commanded that they should lodge or inhabit in the street which lay toward the place from whence they came. Those which came from the South part were called collasmo, by the name of a Town called collao: and he which came from the North, was called chinchasuyo, by reason of a Province which lay that way called Chincha, which is now appertaining to the Emperor, and is unhabited and nothing worth: and in this manner they name accordingly the other two parts which lieth East, and West, Andesuyo and Condesuyo ● so that no Indian might dwell or lodge in any other street, but only in that street which lay toward the place from whence he came, upon a great penalty.  
All the country near adjoining to the city, is exceeding plentiful of all kind of victuals, and exceeding healthful, for it is approved that any sound man of body that cometh into this country, doth long continue in health. It is environed with many rich Mines of gold, out of the which hath been gathered the infinite sum, which until this day hath been brought into Spain, although now since the discovery of the Mines of Potosi, they leave the gold mines, and work in those silver Mines, because therein they find a greater gain than in the gold works, and also is gotten with less danger both of Indians and christians, which deal in those affairs.  
From the city of cusco to the Town called Villa de Plata, 
Villa de ●lata.  which standeth in the Province of charcas, are 150. leagues and more, and in the midway standeth a great province in the plain called collao, which is about fifty leagues long. The principals● part thereof is called Chiquito, which now appertaineth to his Majesty. And being so great a piece of ground unhabited of christians, the Licensiat Dela Gasca in Anno .45. commanded to built a village in the province of Collao.  
This town called Villa de Plata, is a place of extreme cold, & none like unto it in all the mountains, by mean of which cold there are few dwellers, but those which abide there are marvelous rich, and those few inhabitants of this town abide the most part of the year in the mines which are in the circuit of Porco and Potosi, as hereafter shallbe declared.  
From Villa de Plata entering inward to the main on the left hand Eastward was discovered by commandment of the Licensiat Vaca de Castro, who sent for that purpose captain Di●go de Ro●as, and Philip Gutierez to the Province which now is called by the name of Diego de Rojas, and is reported to be a good and wholesome country, abundant of all necessary victual, howbeit the treasure of Mines expected, was not there found, for which consideration captain Domingo de Italia, and his companions came into Peru, in anno 49. so that in conclusion, they travailed all the Land that is between the South Sea, and the north Sea, at the time when they went up the river of Plate, in discovery of the Northern coast.  
This is the situation of all the Land discovered, & inhabited throughout the Province of Peru, toward the South Sea, presupposing the Discovery along the South coast, without entry into the Main, because in the discovery of the Main, the certainty is not yet known, by reason of the troublesome and perilous ways, that leadeth the course both with cold, double cragged Hills, destitute of victuals, and all comfort for man: yet nevertheless the spaniards would not have feared these great perils, 
Spaniards.  if they had not doubted the gain of treasure, which they thought was not to be had in that proceeding.   

Of the opinion which the Indians had concerning their creation and other things. Chap. 10.  
WHere as the Indians had no kind of writing, as before is declared, they knew not the Origen of their creation, nor yet the end which the World had, at the time of noah's flood. But according to the judgement and hearsay of their Ancestors from time to time.  
These people held opinion, that out of the parts of Septentrion, came a man that had neither bone nor joint and when he went any whither, he both shortened and also enlarged the way, according to his own will: he also, said they, set up some hills and threw down other: and this was he, said they, that first created the Indians, but this Creator with a displeasure that he took with his People of the Plains, converted their country into Sande, and commanded that it should never Rain in those Plains: Yet in the mitigation of his wrath, he sent them out of the Mountains, the Rivers to comfort them. This their God, was called among them Con, who was according to their opinion, the child of the Sun and the Moon, and this Con was held for their God, whom they honoured and worshipped: and it was he, said they, that did maintain them with herbs and siluester fruits. But afterward out of the South, came a great God, called Pachacama, who properly was called Creator, who also was the child of the Sun and Moon, but after his coming their God Con vanished away, and left hi● people without a Captain, by mean whereof Pachacama converted them into Fowl, Apes, Cats, Bears, Lions, Parrots, and sundry other kind of Foules, which now abound in that country, and he it was, say they, that created the Indians which are at this day, and gave them industry to plough the ground, and to plant Trees: he was only holden for God, and all the principal men which deceased in that country, were carried to be buried in the Province which is called Pachancama, after his name. In which Province his chief abiding was, and standeth four leagues from the city of the Kings. This God Pachacama abode among them till the coming of the Christians into Peru, and after their coming be never more appeared, whereupon it is thought that it was some devil which made them believe all those vanities.  
These Indians hold opinion that there was in time past an universal flood, at which time their ancestors escaped in ca●es, which they had built for that purpose in the high hills, where, and before the flood they had laid in their provision of victuals: And when they went into those canes they dammed up the little doors whereat they entered, to defend them from the water. And when they understood that the water vanished away, they first put out their dogs, and when they returned unwet, then were they sure that the flood was past, and then came they out of their caves. Also they say that with the moisture which remained of the flood, came the snakes to breed, which did greatly annoy them, howbeit in process of time they were destroyed.  
Also, it is most true, that they had intelligence of the general flood, but they knew not that Noah did escape in the Ark, with seven persons, which did again replenish the world: but they imagined that they escaped in the Caves, as before is declared: but yet their flood mought be particular, as was the flood of Deucalion.  
They believe also, that the world shall have an end, but before the end (say they) shall come a great drought, and shall not rain in many years: and to provide for that time of necessity, the Noble men had great large houses built, to keep their Grain in store, against the time of drought. When the Sun or Moon is eclipsed, than they make a terrible cry, with fear, thinking that the last day is comen, and that all shall perish: they believe assuredly, that the Sun & the Moon shall lose their light, even as when either of them is eclipsed.   

Of the Rites and Sacrifices of the Indians, used among them in Peru. Chap. 11.  
THis people adore and worship the Sun and the Moon for Gods, and the earth for their Mother: in stead of the sun, they have in their Temples certain stones, which they worship, and are called Guacas, which is the name of mourning and weeping, and even so they weep when they enter into their Temples, they presume not to come near their Guacas or Idols, but only such as are Ministers, appointed for that service, and those priests or ministers beware white garments, & when they make intercession to those Idols, then take they certain white clothes in their hands, & prostrating themselves on the ground, they make their supplications to the idols in such a language, that the other Indians understand not. These priests also received such offerings as was offered to the idols, & buried the same in the temple, for the offerings were always either gold or silver, or images made like unto the thing which each person most desired. Those priests used to sacrifice both men & cattle, but in the hearts & lights of men, after they are taken out of the bodies, they behold and mark certain signs & tokens, and the like of beasts, and until they find the sign which they seek for, they cease not to kil● both man & beast, for (say they) until we find the signs that we look for, our gods are not pleased with our sacrifice. Those priests did seldom go abroad into the town, nor yet lie with any woman in the time of sacrifice, and all the night long they ceased not crying out with loud voices, invocating the devils in the fields wh●ras this Guacas were, of which there was many, for unto every Indians house appertained a Guaca. But when they should talk which the devil, they first fast, & sow up their eye lids, yea, & some break their eyes because they are exceeding devout in their wicked, horrible, & blind religion. Their Cascikes or noble men, do take nothing in hand without they first consult with the idol priests, or speaking more plainly, with the devil. The Spaniards found in many of those temples of the Sun, certain great earthen vessels, full of dried children, which had been sacrificed. And among those, pieces of silver & gold, which were found among those Guacas, were also found cross staves, and mitres, naturally like unto those which bishops use, and some images had the like mitres on their heads. When father Thomas de Verlango, bishop de tierra firm, came into Peru, & there having his Mitre on his head, at divine service, the Indians thought verily that he was a Guaca, and demanded if he were the Guaca of the Christians. They did also many times inquire to what purpose they used the mitre, but they could yield no reason for it, saving that it was an ornament of great antiquity. Beside this Guacas throughout Peru were many houses or monasteries, wherein a great number of women were dedicated to the Sun. 
Cloister women.  These women after they were once entered into those houses, they never came forth again, but there continued spinning & weaving very good cloth of cotton wool, & sheeps wool. And when their cloth was wrought and finished, they burned the same with the bones of white sheep, and then took the ashes & threw them into the air toward the Sun. These women lived chaste: but if by hap any offended against chastity, they slew her for her labour: but contrariwise if any chanced to be with child, then she was put to her purgation by oath, & if she swore that she was gotten with child by the Sun, than was she pardoned of death. At the time of harvest when the Indians gathered in their corn called Maiz, they used yearly to make a solemn feast, and in that fairest place of the town they pitch into the ground two masts like sommerpoles, upon the top of each they placed the image of a man, and the middle of the poles are trimmed with flowers: Then come they in four several companies which their drums, and by the sound of their drums they come also making a great noise, each company throwing their wands at the images, and after they have so done, then cometh the priest bringing an idol, which they place at the foot of the poles, before whom they sacrifice either a man or a sheep, and with the blood of either of them, they anoint the Idol. This done they take the heart & lights to search for their accustomed signs & tokens. And then they signify thereby unto the people what shall happen, upon which news, the feast is either pleasant or sad, and all that day they spend in dancing and drinking, and in other pastimes which they use with instruments of music according to their manner with their weapons in their hands, which are hatchets, & clubs, and such like.   

The opinion which these Indians hold concerning the resurrection. Chap. 12.  
THe Cascikes of Peru, & all the principal persons in the Land, they do use to bury in vaults, sitting in chairs, and have upon them and about them, all their rich clothing: they were wont to bury also with them one or two of their wives, which were best beloved. It hath happened about this point, sometime the wives to go to law, to approve which was best beloved, and to avoid that discord, the husband doth leave determined before his death, who was his best beloved: they also buried alive with him two or three boys or Pages of service: they laid also into the grave all his vessel of Gold and Silver. The effect and meaning hereof was, that they believed to rise again in another worlds, and therefore they would not then be to seek for such furniture or service. So than when the Spaniards came to break up those Sepulchres, for the gold & plate that was in them, the Indians besought them that they would not scatter the bones, because (said they) their bones being together, they shall more easily, and with less● pain rise again. The obsequies which their kinsfolk make for them is in this sort, from the top of the Grave there goeth a pipe made of Cane, that reacheth down into the mouth of the dead, whereunto the kinsfolk do often put into the drink or bevaredge, called Chicha: they also make upon their Graves the Image of the ded, made of wood, and other common folk hath the sign of their occupation made upon their graves, but the Soldier or man of War, hath a remembrance according to his valiantness.   

Of the Origen of the Kings of Peru, called Ingas. Chap. 13.  
IN all the Provinces of Peru, were principal persons, called in the Indian tongue Curacas, which is as much to say, as Cascikes, in the Island speech, because the spaniards which came to conquer in Peru, had learned these names in the Island of Santo Domingo, Cuba, Saint John, and in Tierrafirme, where they had dwelled, so that at their first coming thither, they understood not the proper names of things in the Peru speech by mean whereof the Indians themselves at this day use to name those things according to the Spaniards terms of speech, and therefore they leave from calling their noble men Curaca, and call them Cascikes, and the corn or grain which they were wont to call Sara, they called Maiz, and the drink which they called Asua, they now call Cieha.  
These noble men did maintain their vassals in peace and quietness, & in time of war they were their captains: In this sort they lived without any general Prince throughout the land, until such time as from the parts of Collao, came from the great lake called Ti●icaca, which is in circuit near 80. Leagues, certain warlike people, which were called Ingas, they used to have the here of their heads rounded, & heals in their ears, whereat did hang round pieces of gold: The ear in their language was called Ringrym. The chiefest of this newcome people was called Sapalla Inga, which is as much to say, as only Lord, although some say he was called Inga Vira Cocha, which is to say, the scum or fatness of the Sea, for because they knew not the Origine from whence they came. They believed that they were bred of the said great lake, out of the which runneth a River toward the East, which in some places is half a league broad, and this River falleth into another little lake 40. leagues distant from the great lake, and there consumeth without any other vent, with great admiration of such as would consider how so great a River should consume in so small a lake. But the said lake is of such depth that they can find no bottom.  
Wherefore it is thought, that by the inward bowels of the earth, the water entereth into the Sea, as ●oth the River Alpheo in Greece. This Ingas begun first to inhabit the city of Cusco, & from thence they conquered & brought into subjection all the land, & their children successively inherited the Empire: that is to say, not the eldest son, but rather the second brother is always successively heir to his eldest brother, & when brethren wanteth to inherit, than the eldest son inheriteth. The token or Crown which those Princes used, was a Tassel made of red wool, which was worn upon their heads, & came down to their eyes, so that when any governor was appointed to rule in any part of the realm, than was delivered unto him, one of the threads of the King's tassal, so that with one of those simple threads, he was obeyed and esteemed even as though the person royal had been present, the like was never seen in any place of the world: Nay, moreover, I am bold to say, that the obedience of those people unto their Prince was such, that it hath happened one of those governors having but the only thread from his Prince, 
A maru●ilous obedience.  & being sent therewith, hath slain both men & women, of a whole Province, without any greater power, writing, or commission: But when those poor subjects saw the thread, they submitted themselves even unto death.  
By succession of those Kings, Ingas, the State came unto one called Guaynacava, which is to say, a rich young man, and he it was that had gotten most countries to the augmenting of the estate, he was also a lover of justice, and executed the same throughout his land, and brought the country to policy & tillage, which was thought in those days a thing unpossible, that a barbarous people without learning and Letters, should govern with such consent & order, & his subjects also to show themselves so loving & obedient, in such wise, that to show their loving ha●ts toward their Prince, they made two notable high ways in Peru, yea, such, that it were very unmeet they should be without remembrance, for none of those things which old writers account to be of the seven marvels of the world, was wrought with such difficulty, pains, & cost, as those high ways were made, when this Prince Guaynacava went from the City of Cusco with his Army, to conquer the city of Quito, which is near 500 leagues distant, going by way of the mountains, in which journey he was sore troubled, because those ways were so Rocky & perilous, yea, and a man would have thought them unpossible to pass: whereupon the Indians thought it meet & convenient to make a high way for him, by the which he might return with victory from the conquest: and to accomplish the same, they took the work in hand, & began the same along the mountain side, both broad and plain, & with force broke down the rocks for that purpose, so that all those barrankes or gutters, which came from a high out of the Mountains, were filled and made even with the same way, only by force of hand, yea, some time they were forced to carry upwards the stuff for the work, above 20. fathom, so that this high way or causey endureth five hundred leagues & more. The report is, that when the way was finished, a Cart laden might pass all the way: but since the time, with the wars between the Christians & Indians, this high way is now spoiled, to disturb such as should pass that way: and who had seen this way, mought well consider the charges, by the making plain of only two leagues of mountain, which are between two cities in spain, called Segovia, & Guadarrama, which was as yet never perfectly finished, being an ordinary high way, by the which the kings of Spain do pass, when they travail with their households into Andaluzia, or into the kingdom of Toledo. These Indians not contented with so famous a piece of work, when at another time their Prince Guaynacava determined to visit the Province of Quito, which he entirely loved, because it was his own conquest: he went by the way of the plains, where his said subjects made for him another high way, almost as costly as the mountain way, because the rivers where their green and fresh things do grow, doth occupy in some places near three miles from the River, through the which they wrought a causey forty of earthen walls on each side, which were of three yards of height. They continued the same high way through the sandy places, with evident marks that the passengers could not miss their way, which also endureth all along the said space of 500 leagues. But now these marks are spoiled also by mean of the said wars, but the walls of the ways in the valleys are at this day whole & sound, whereby the greatness & majesty of the work may easily be judged, so that the prince Guaynacava went out by the one, & returned by the other, having all the way as he should pass trimmed with boughs & flowers of marvelous sweetness.   

Of the notable things that Guaynacava caused to be done in Peru. Cap 14.  
BEsides those famous high ways before declared, Guanacava commanded to build at every ten Leagues end, in the mountain ●●ayes, certain houses made of a great breadth, wherein were sundry repertitions, and rooms sufficient to receive his own person when he should pass that way with all his family and army, & the like in the other high way in the plains, although not so nigh the one to the other as the building in the mountains: But according as the rivers lay, so was the building by reason of succour and provision of water, and in this sort they stood distant fifteen, yea, and twenty Leagues. These lodgings were called Tambos, whereas the Indians, in whose jurisdiction they fell, had provision always in store of all things necessary for his army and host, not only of meat and drink, but also of all kind of armour, apparel, and weapon, which they used for the wars, in such sort, that one of those Tambos, if need required, was able to furnish in every respect twenty or thirty thousand fight men.  
This Prince carried with him for his guard a great number of men of war, with pikes, halberds, clubs, and battle axes, of silver, copper, and some of gold, and also several sorts of slings.  
They made bridges for Rivers, of timber, and those Rivers which were so broad that those kind of bridges would not serve, they used for them mighty long cables made of a certain kind of Rushes, called Maquey, which is more stronger than hemp. These cables are made fast on each side of the River, so that from the one side to the other there were of length 200. paces.  
And by skilful art, a certain little vessel like unto a great basket serveth to pass over the wayfaring men, by the stay and help of the cable. These kinds of passages the Indians do maintain at their costs & charges: I mean those of the jurisdiction where they fall.  

Princely estate.  The king used to go in his Litter made of plates of gold, which Litter was not drawn with any kind of beasts, but only carried upon noble men's shoulders, which always attended at his court, to the number of one thousand: who were also his best beloved, and of his counsel. Likewise these noble men when they went abroad, & attended not on the king, were also carried in Litters upon their vassals shoulders. These Casikes had their prince in great honour, reverence and estimation: so that when any Pier or great Estate had occasion to come to his Prince's presence, his duty was to come barefooted, & to bring his mantle on his shoulder, with some present wrapped therein to present to his Sovereign, in token of duty and obedience: So that if occasion served to talk with the Prince twenty times in one day, so often were they bound to bring him some new gift. Likewise, it was holden for a great offence to look their Prince in the face, and if it happened any of them to stumble when they carried the Prince in his Litter, his head was stricken of for his labour.  
In every half league was appointed for the Prince's service a foot post, which ordinarily did run with greater speed than the horse post. When this Prince had conquered any Province, forthwith he commanded the chiefest men of that place to be sent into some other Province of his kingdom already in subjection: And the Inhabitants there to come and abide in the Province newly discovered, for the greater security of his estate. And these people that were in this sort changed from one Province to another were called Mitimaes. 
Miti●aes.   
Out of every Province throughout his whole Dominion they brought yearly unto their prince certain tribute of such things as the country yielded, in so much that in some barren soils where no good commodity grew, yet from thence they sent yearly also to the king in token of duty & obedience certain loads, called burdens of little Lizarts, as far as 300. leagues from cusco. This Prince Guaynacava did réedifie the Temple of the sun, which was of old time founded in the city of Cusco, & sealed the Roofs and walls thereof with boards of silver and gold. And because a certain noble man which ●welled in the plains had rebelled against him, called chimocappa, 
chimocappa  who was a man of great possession, and had more than one hundred leagues of ground, he went personally against him, & slew him in the field, & commanded that from thenceforth no Indian of the plains should at any time were weapon, which o●der is kept until this day: yet notwithstanding his successor enjoyed through the Prince's favour, the province of chimo, where at this present standeth the city of Trugillio.  
Guaynacava and his father took an order for the breeding of cat-tail, by mean whereof the country was well provided, out of the which they paid tithing, which they sacrificed to the sun. The chief cause of the estimation of gold among the Indians, was because the king made all the vessel for the service of his court of that metal, and also jewels for his person, & offerings for the Temple. The king had always a chair of gold carried with him to sit in, of 16. carrots in fines, which was esteemed at 25000 ducats, & this chair was one of the things the Don Francisco Pisarro chose for his jewel at the time of the conquest: For according to the articles of agreement between his Majesty & him, was agreed that of the best jewels which should be found or taken at any victory, he should have one out of the first choice of the whole treasure. At the birth of the first man-child which Guaynacava had, he commanded a cable of gold wire to be made in remembrance of the birth of his son, that was of such greatness, as many Indians do affirm which are as yet living, that 200. strong men could scarcely lift or bear, and also in remembrance of this memorable jewel he named his son Guasca, which in the Indian speech is called a cable or great rope, & added thereunto for his surname Inga, which is as much to say, as Emperor.  
This example, I thought good to declare in this place for to convince an opinion which is held in Spain, among such as know not the fashions of India, and was, how that people esteemed no gold nor yet knew the value thereof: although it is true that they had many strange vessels wrought of silver and gold, and also images of men, women, sheep, and many other kind of beasts, and sundry kinds of herbs, wrought in the same metal, of exceeding cunning workmanship.   

Of the estate of the wars when the Spaniards came into Peru. Chap. 15.  
ALthough the principal intent of this History, was to set out the things happened to the Spaniards which at that time conquered the land, and of their discovery since. But sithence this could not well be done without touching somewhat of the estate of the Indians which then ruled: And also that it may be understood it was the divine permission that the Spaniards should come thither at such time as the land was divided into two partialities, for otherwise, it would have seemed not only difficult, but also almost impossible. Therefore I will recite in brief the estate which the Spaniards found the country in at their arrival.  
After that Guaynacava had brought into subjection to great a number of Provinces to his Empire, for the space of 500 Leagues, accounting from Cusco westward, he then determined to go (in person) to conquer the Province of Quito, in the uttermost part whereof finished his dominion. So that he provided on his journey thitherward with a great army, and being come thither, and having finished and quieted that Province, he delighted much in that country, because it was a pleasant Soil and wholesome for his complexion, whereupon he abode there a great space, leving in the city of Cus●o certain of his Sons and Daughters, among whom was his eldest son, called Guascar Inga, Mango Inga, and Paulo Inga and diverse others. And in Quito he married another Wife, Daughter unto the Lord of that Country, and of her he begot a Son, called Atabaliba, who he loved exceedingly: so that now he determined to return to Cusco, leaving his Son with a Tutor in Quito, but in this return, he found the causey in the Mountain broken and spoiled, as herebefore hath been declared.  
After he had abode in Cusco certain years, he determined to return again to Quito, not only because that Country contented him much, but also with desire to see his Wife, and young Son, whom he loved more than any other of his Children: and this journey he took in hand, by the high way that was made in the Plains, and from this time forward, he returned no more to Cusco, but abode all his life time in Quito, & gave that Land or Province which he had with force conquered, to his Son Atabaliba, because the same had been of his Grandfathers.  
When Guaynacava died, his Son Atabaliba took pocession of his Army, and of all his Father's riches, which were in that Province, although his greatest treasure was left in his Treasury in the City of Cusco, in the custody of his eldest Son, unto whom, Atabaliba sent Ambassadors, giving him to understand, the decease of his Father, and also submitting himself to his obedience, beseeching his Majesty that he would ratify the gift of his Province of Quito, which the Father of them both had left unto him, considering that, that Province of Quito was conquered by their Father; after the marriage with his Mother: and moreover, the Land came by his Mother, and Ancestors, and was not pertaining to the Crown of cusco, or his inheritance.  
Guascar made answer, that he should come to Cusco and render up unto him the Army, and in so doing, he would give unto, such Lands as should maintain him like a man: but the state of Quito he should not have, because it was the uttermost part of his Kingdom, and from thence he meant to conquer forward, and always there to maintain a Garrison as a Frontier: And if upon this warning he refused to come unto him that then he would bend his power against him, as an open enemy.  
Atabaliba took counsel upon this matter, with two of his Father's Captains, who were both wise and valiant in the Wars. The one was called Quizquiz, and the other cilicuchima, who counseled that he should not abide his Brother's coming, but that it might please him to begin to take that enterprise in hand, to meet him and to offer him the Battle, if he would not grant to his request: and in so doing, he might easily possess all the Provinces through the which he should pass: and in this sort his Army should daily increase, yea, and also by this means should force his Brother to grant unto his desire: this council liked him well, whereupon he personally with his whole Host departed from Quito, and daily encroached the Country into his hands: Guascar hearing of this news, sent to encounter with him one of his chiefest Captains, with a company of light foot men, the which with great speed came to a Province called Tumibamba, one hundred Leagues distant from Quito, and there having notice how Atabaliba proceeded forward with all his power, they dispatched a post to Cusco to Guascar, advertising him of the proceeding of Atabaliba, and besought him to send forthwith unto them 2000 of the expertest men of War, for with them and under their government, they had ready 30000 men of that only Province, which people were called Canares, unto which their request, Guascar provided accordingly: and when those 2000 men were come, there joined with them the Casikes of Tumibamba, and the Chaparas, Paltas, and Canares, these affairs being known to Atabaliba, he came with his power, and gave them battle, 
Battle.  in the which many were slain on both sides, and the power of Atabaliba overthrown, and he himself taken prisoner upon the Bridge of the River of Tumibamba, and whilst the Soldiers of Guascar were occupied in pastimes, and drunkenness, triumphing of the victory: a certain woman gave in at a Window to Atabaliba where he was Prisoner, a Bar of Copper, wherewith he broke down a Wal, & so fled unto Quito, which was about 25. leagues from thence, and there began to gather another Host of men, making them believe that his Father had converted him into a Snake, when he was Prisoner, and by that means he was delivered out of Prison, creeping out at a hole, and that his Father also promised him victory, if he returned again upon his enemies: 
second Battle.  whereupon his people willingly went with him, and encountered again with his enemies, and gave them the overthrow, but many were slain on both sides: so that until this day remaineth heaps of bones of those that at that time were slain.  
Atabaliba being encouraged with this great victory, determined to go against his Brother: and when he came to Canares he slew near 60000. persons, because they were against him in the first Battle, so that he consumed them all with Fire and Sword, and beat down plain with the ground all their Habitations, and Town of Tumibamba, which was planted in a fair Plain, near unto three fair Rivers.  
From this place he went conquering all the way as he went, and of such as went about to resist him, he left not one alive: But such as came unto him offering their service, he did lovingly receive, and in this manner his Host daily increased: and when he came to Tumbez he minded to conquer by Sea the isle of Puna, but the Casike of that Island, came and defended his purpose with a great number of Raffes: Atabaliba considering that the conquest of that place would require more time, and also having in remembrance how his Brother Guascar was coming towards him with all his power, h●e therefore proceeded on his journey towards Cusco, and when he was come to Caxamalca, there he stayed, and sent two of his Captains with 4000 men to discover the way: and when they had descried the Camp of Guascar, they returned secretly by another way, in the which by chance they met with 700. of the chiefest men of guascar's Camp, among whom was Guascar himself, so that the company of Atabaliba set upon them and slew the most of them, and took Guascar Prisoner, whereupon all guascar's Host environed them about, with determination to have slain them all. The Captains on the behalf of Atabaliba, 
Gu●scar taken P●iso●er.  commanded Guascar to warn his Captains to stay their proceeding, for otherwise, they would cut of his head: for said they, our Prince's coming is not to endamage you, but that you would consent that he may quietly enjoy his estate of Quito, reserving his obedience, and vassalage towards you. When Guascar had heard and understood his Brother's desire, and also with fear of his life, he commanded his men of War to proceed no further, but incontinent to retire back● again to Cusco, which was forthwith accordingly performed.  
When Ataebaliba understood his great good fortune, he commanded his Captains to bring his Brother Prisoner unto him, to Caxamalca, where he abode his coming. At this instant, came ●on Francisco Pisarro, with all his company of spaniards, which he had brought with him into Peru, so that he had now opportunity to begin his conquest, as at large in this second Book shallbe declared, for the Host of Guascar, for the most part, were fled, and also the Army of Atabaliba, for the most part, were discharged.    

THE SECOND BOOK  

of the Conquest which was achieved in the Province of Peru, by Don Francisco Pisarro, and his company. Chap. I,  
IN the former Book is declared, how Don Francisco Pisarro abode in Panama, after his return from Spain, preparing things necessary, for the proceedings of the Conquest of Peru, yea, and also Don Diego de Almagro, did furnish that voyage with as great a good will and charge, as at the first he had begun, for in him only did consist the principal credit and stock: but some cause of slackness was, because Don Francisco Pisarro had not remembered his good will and deeds, when he was in Spain, nor yet brought any kind of countenance of favour for him, from the emperors Majesty: but yet with sufficient excuses they joined again into friendship, although he never after bare any cordial good will to his Brethren, especially to Fernando Pisarro, who he took to be his Capital enemy.  
Don Francisco fraughted the Ship of Hernando Ponce de Leon, in the which he shipped himself & his four Brethren, and also the most of his company, of Horsemen and Footmen, with great difficulty, because many of them stood in doubt of the Conquest, by means of the unfortunate success and repulses happened the years before: he hoist up Sails in the beginning of the year .1531. and the wind being contrary, he was forced to aland his men a hundred Leagues on this side the place that he pretended.  
And travailing along the Coast, they were in great extremity of victuals, by mean that they could not pass the Rivers, but only by swiming, as well men as Horses: in which troubles, the valiant mind & courage of Don Francisco, did greatly animate them, yea, and the great peril of his own person, who letted not to pass over upon his own shoulders, such as could not swim, until at length they came to a Town of Indians by the Sea side, called Coaque, 
Coaque.  which was rich of Merchandise, and plentiful of victuals, where he comforted his men which were weak, & brought low, with their troublesome journey.  
From this Town, he sent two ships to Panama, and Nicaragua, and in them the some of 30000. Castlins of Gold, which he had taken up in Coaque, to the intent that they mought see in those cities the likelihood of gain, that might ensue of their travails, and to encourage them to follow his steps.  
In this Town of Coaque, they found some Emeralds which were exceeding good, and fine: this Town standeth under the Equinoctial Line: there were some through covetousness, lost much money, because they understood not the fineness nor goodness of those stones, for they made their experience, taking Hammers to prove the hardness of the stones, and so they spoiled many fair and rich jewels. After they had abode here a while, his men were vexed with the sort of small Pox, of which heretofore hath been spoken, so that few or none of all his Army escaped: notwithstanding, the Governor persuaded them, that evil constillation of that Climate, was the cause, whereupon they proceeded forward, until they came to the Province, called Puerto Viejo, conquering and pacifying the People, all the way as they went. At this place met with them, Captain Venealcasar, and John Forest, who were come from Nicaragua with their ship, in which they brought certain Footmen, and Horsemen.   

Of the things which happened to the Governor, in the Island of Puna, and the Conquest of the same. Chap. 2.  
THe Province of Puerto Viejo being pacified, the Governor with his company took the way toward Tumbez, and there he determined to pass upon Raffes, which were provided into the Island of Puna, which standeth in the front of Puerto Viejo, so that he passed over his Horsemen & Footmen with great danger, because the Indian had devised to cut the Ropes, wherewith the rafts were bound, and in that sort to drown & spoil his men. This policy being understood by the Governor, he gave warning to all his company, that each should have his Sword near drawn, and to have a vigilant eye to every Indian. When they were arrived at the Island, the Indians came and offered them peace, and also courteously entertained them: Notwithstanding they had prepared a Snare or Ambush to have slain them all that night: howbeit the Governor had notice thereof, whereupon he forthwith set upon them, and took their Cascike Prisoner: Yet nevertheless, the next day, the Governor and all his men were environed with Indians, men of War. Than the Governor and his Brethren with great courage, took their horses, and placed their men in good order, and sent other some, for the safeguard of the ships which road near the shore.  
The Spaniards fought so manfully, that in short time the Indian enemies were put to flight & many of them wounded & slain, at which assault (only) .3. Spaniards were slain, but diverse sore hurt, especially Gonsalo Pisarro, who was dangerously wounded on his knee. Th●n arrived Captain Hernando de Soto with more men, aswell footmen as horsemen, which also came from Nicaragua, so that now the Indians being fled to their rafts, they wandered among the Marshes in such sort, that they were safe from the Christians.  
Then determined the Governor to pass unto Tumbez, after he had divided among his soldiers the spoil of gold and other things which they had there obtained, and also because that Island was very apt to diseases, lying near unto the Equinoctial.   

How the Governor came to Tumbez, and of the conquest which he made until he had inhabited the city of Saint Mighell. Chap. 3.  
IN this Island of Puna were captives above 600. men and women of Tumbez, and one principal person of Tumbez also, who was likewise captive: the Governor gave them all their liberty, and sent them home into their Country, and when he himself had taken shiping, to pass unto Tumbez, he sent three of his men with some of those Indians, whom he had set at liberty, thinking that the towns men of Tumbez would have been thankful, for the good turn received: so that his three men passed with certain of those Indians upon a Raffe, and arrived sooner than the Governor. But as soon as they were arrived, the Indians sacrificed those three Spanya●ds to their Idols, in recompense of the great liberality which the Governor had extended to them, in the delivering them out of captivity: the like also had happened to Captain Hernando de Soto, who also had passed upon a Raffe, with one of his men which attended on him, if by good hap Diego de Aguero, and Rodrigo Losano had n●t at that instant arrived, and entered t●e River of Tumbez, who advised him of the danger that he was falling into. Now also the Country being revolted, the Governor wanted rafts to unship his Men, and Munition, whereupon that night there came none a Land but the Governor, Hernando, & Iho● Pisarro his brethren, Father Vincent of vervain, Captain Soto, and other two spaniards, they alighted not from their Horses all that night, although they were thoroughly wet with the Seagate when they came a shore upon a Raffe from the ship, which Raffe also was overthrown at their coming a shore, for want of knowledge, Hernando Pisarro abode at the water side to see both Men, Horses, and furniture unshipped, but the Governor proceeded forward for the space of two Leagues, and could not attain to the speech of any Indian, for they were fled unto the Mountains with their Armour, whereupon he returned back again to the Sea side, where he met with Captain Mena, and Captain John de Salzedo, which were come to seek for him, with certain Horsemen, which were newly unshipped, and had gathered together many of the governors company, which had strayed abroad.  
And then the Governor pitched his Camp in Tumbez: in this mean while came Captain Benalcasar, who had remained to see the residue of the men shipped from the Island, who during the time of his abode there, had many skirmishes with the Indians.  
The Governor abode in Tumbez twenty days, sending daily Ambassadors to the Lord of that Soil, requiring him to yield to the Emperor's service, but all was in vain, for he would never accept that friendship rather he did much hurt, and spoiled many of his men of service, called labourers, when they went abroad to seek victuals for the Camp: and the spaniards could not annoy them in any respect, because they were on the other side of the River, until at length the Governor made Raffes, in such secret sort, that the Indian enemies had no understanding thereof: so that in an Evening, he with his Brethren John, and Gonsalo Pisarro, with Captain Soto & Benalcasar, passed on those rafts 50. Horses over the River, and travailed all that night by a troublesome narrow way, among Thorns, briars, & Rocks, so that when it drew near day, he came and set upon the enemy's camp, and made a marvelous spoil among them, which endured with fire and sword the space of 15. days. in revenge of the three Spaniards which the Indians had so traitorously sacrificed, in recompense of the liberty which the Governor gave them in the Island of Puna.  
The Cascike of Tumbez seeing the great hurt done unto them, yielded himself, and in token of submission, he presented to the Governor certain gold & silver. Then he proceeded on his discovery with the most part of his company, leaving the residue with his majesties Auditor. Antonio Navarro, & the Treasurer Alonzo R●quelme and journeyed till he came to the river of Poechos, which stood 30. League's distant from Tumbez, and obtained peace with all the Cascikes and Towns which were on the borders of that River: He also discovered the port of Payta, which was accounted the best harbour in all the coast.  
To this place came messengers to the governor from Cusco from the Prince Guascar, giving him to understand the rebellion of his brother Atabaliba, who as yet was not apprehended, as before hath been declared, craving at his hands secure and defence against his said brother. With these joyful news the Governor sent his brother Hernando Pisarro back again to Tumbez to bring away with him all the remainder of his company, which had abode behind, & when he had so done, he inhabited with them in the City of S. Mighel, which sometime was a town of Indians called Tangarara situated on the River side of Chira, not far from the sea, where was an exceeding good harbour for the ships which came from Panama, & having here divided their gold & plate which was presented in this Coast unto them. The governor provided forward leaving certain of his men for Citizens of the new city, & took his way toward the Province of Caxamalca, because he had intelligence how Atabaliba was there.   

How the Governor came to Caxamalca, and what there happened. Chap. 4.  
IN this journey to Caxamalca, the Governor and his army passed great extremity of thirst in a desert without habitation, of. 20● leagues long, where was neither tree, bush, nor water, but only all sandy ground & very hot. At the end of 20. Leagues he came into the Province of Motupe, where he found fresh & pleasant Ualleys, replenished with many villages, where he well refreshed his army with the great abundance of victuals which he there found, and as he went from thence, ascending into the mountains, he met with a messenger which came from Atabaliba, who brought unto him for a present, a pair of painted Shoes, and a pair of hand ruffs of gold, beseeching him that when he should come before his Prince Atabaliba, to wear those Shoes on his feet, and also to wear the ruffs accordingly, to th'intent that he might be known by those tokens.  
The Governor received thankfully the present, & promised that he would fulfil his request, and moreover that he should certify Atabaliba, that his coming was not to offend him, if notorious wrong were not offered unto him: Because, said he, the Emperor king of Castille, who sent me hither, commanded that I should not attempt to displease any, without reason. With this answer, the messenger departed, and the Governor likewise followed with great foresight, that no enemy should disturb his passage.  
When he came to Caxamalca, he met with another Messenger, which came to advertise him that he should not take up his lodging without express commandment from Atabaliba. To this embassage, the Governor made no answer, but rather took up his lodging according as he thought good.  
And than he sent captain Soto with twenty horsemen well trimmed to Atabaliba his Camp, which stood one League distant from the Governors' lodging, to signify unto him the arrival of his General. When Captain Soto came in sight of Atabaliba, he set spurs to his horse as though he would have run against an armed man, which bravery did not a little amaze the poor Indians, who with all hast fled out of his way. But for their labour, Atabaliba commanded them to he slain, and would give Soto no answer of his embassage, until Fernando Pisarro came, who the Governor sent after Soto with another company of horsemen, but he told his mind to one of his noble Cascikes, and the Cascike declared his saying to the interpreter, and the Interpreter to Soto. But to Hernando Pisarro he spoke personally by the mouth of the only Interpreter: Unto whom Pisarro said, that his brother the Governor came from the Emperor his Majesty, and to know his royal will, he only desired that it might please him to signify whether he might freely come unto his presence, & to be accepted as his friend. Unto whom Atabaliba answered that he would friendly accept his offer, so that he would return the gold and plate which since the entrance into his land, he had taken from his Indian subjects, and also that forthwith he would departed his country and dominions, and to take order with him in these causes, he meant the next day to meet him at a certain place called Tambo de Caxamalca.  
When Hernando Pisarro had received this answer he beheld the great number of tents which were in the Camp of Atabaliba, which seemed unto him a great City, and then took his leave and returned with his answer to the Governor, and when he was come to his brother, having declared what he had heard and seen, it some what discouraged him, having for every Christian 200. Indians. But notwithstanding, he and all his company being haughty minded and also of great stomach. The night following they comforted one another, putting their only confidence in God, so that than they occupied themselves in trimming their Armour and other Furniture, without taking any rest of sleep the whole night.   

How the Battle was given to Atabaliba, and the taking of him Prisoner. Chap. 5.  
THe next day following, the Governor early in the morning, set his Army in good order, dividing 60. Horsemen into three parts, and placed them in Ambush in several places, under the government of Captain Soto, and Captain Benalcasar: & for their Chieftains he appointed his three Brethren, Hernando, John, and Gonsalo Pisarro, and he himself went with the infantry, which is to be understood all sorts of armed footmen, prohibiting that none should stir without his watchword, and the great ordinance shot of: Atabaliba likewise set in good order his men of war, appointing convenient ground for his captains to give the onset. He also commanded that where he judged the most danger of the christian force, that one of his chief captains called Ruminagui should attend, that if need required, he might set on the Spaniards at their flight.  
In this order Atabaliba set forward with great consideration and leisure, that he was at the least 4. hours going one little league. He himself was carried in his litter upon noble men's shoulders. There went before him 300. gentlemen attired in one sort of livery, making clear his way of all such stones & dust, even to the very straws that might disturb him.  
Then followed the rest of the nobility carried upon their vassals shoulders in a certain kind of Litters● esteeming in nothing the christian force, but rather judged to take them napping, without any kind of resistance, because a certain Indian R Ruler sent word to Atabaliba, that these newcome men were but few in number, yea such as could not travai la on foot, but of necessity were forced to ride on great strange sheep. Requesting therefore that he might have the vanguard.  
But when he came to the place called Tambo of Caxamalca, and saw but the company of Footmen, because the Horsemen lay in ambush, he deemed that those riders on the great Sheep durst not appear. Whereupon he went into his Litter, saying these men have already yielded, and the others confirmed his saying.  
Then came the Bishop, father Vincent de Valuerde, with a Breviary in his hands, saying: That one God in Trinity had created Heaven, Earth, and all Cre●a●ures. He also made Adam, the first man on the earth, and also made Eve his wife of a rib taken out of hi● body: Of which two persons all mankind were engendered, and that through the disobedience of these two persons, our forefathers, we all fell into sin, so that we could not obtain grace to enter into heaven, to enjoy the sight of God, until Christ our redeemer came & was born of a pure virgin, to save vs● and for that intent & effect he suffered m●st bitter death and passion.  
After the which, the third day he rose again glorified, and for certain days he abode in the world, and then ascended up into heaven, leaving for teachers of his holy Laws, his sacred Apostles.  
Furthermore (said he) this our Country God hath left in charge to the Emperor of Christians called the Lord Charles our Sovereign: who hath sent in his stead the Governor Don Francisco Pisarro, who is here present to warn and notify unto you on God's behalf, all my former words. And also if you will believe, and be baptized, rendering obedience to his Majesty, as a great part of Christendom doth, he will defend you, and also maintain your Country in peace and justice, and reserve unto you your Liberties as he hath used to do to other kings and princes.  
But if this gentle offer be refused, the governor here present, will commit you to cruel war, with Fire and Sword, and the Lance in hand.  
And as touching the Faith of jesus Christ, and his holy Gospel, after that ye shall be well-instructed therein, and will assuredly believe the same, you shall then do the things convenient for the salvation of your fowls. But if not, you shall not be forced thereunto.  
When Atabaliba had heard the bishops r●lasion, he answered, how that Country and all therein contained, his Father and Ancestors had gotten, and left the same to his Brother Guascar Inga, and because at that instant he had overcomen him in battle, and had him Prisoner, the Land appartayned unto him, and that by means thereof he possessed the same, and therefore he understood not how the Emperor, or by what title could require his Country: But (quoth he) I will defend his pretence.  
And as concerning jesus Christ, and his mighty works, he said, that he knew nothing thereof, ●or yet believed that there was any other Creator but only the Sun, who he held for his chief God, and the earth for their mother: And that the Gods called Guacas, and Pachacama, had created all other earthly things. And as touching the Emperor, he knew not what he was, because he never saw him.  
He also demanded how the bishop did know that all those things were true which he had rehearsed unto him. The bishop answered, that in the book which he held in his hand, therein those things were written, and that the same book was holy scripture come from God.  
Atabaliba desired that he would let him see that book, which forthwith was delivered unto him, and having it in his hands, he turned from leaf to leaf. Why (quoth he) this book speaketh not one word to me, & therewith threw it on the ground: Wherewith the bishop taking up his book again, cried, upon them, upon them. But the Governor expecting that the Indians should have begun, meaning thereby to have the greater advantage, but now thinking it not convenient to make any longer delay, he sent word to his brother Hirnando Pisarro, that he should give the onset, and also forthwith commanded the Ordinance to be shot of, and then the horsemen began to encounter with the force of the enemy in three parts, and the Governor with the footmen took the way to the personal force of Atabaliba, & broke the array of his front, even until he came to his Litter, where he ●lew the Cascikes which carried the Litter, who were no sooner slain, when others took the place.  
But the Governor seeing the victory, as he thought long, and although many Indians were slain, yet the death of one of his men did import much, whereupon he himself with noble courage came to the Litter of Atabaliba, and took him by the hear of his head, which he used to wear long, according to the use of his country, & with force drew him out of the Litter. In the mean season, his company were so vehement, that they so ●a●hed with their Weapon's on the Litter which was of Gold t●●t by ●ish 〈◊〉, they hurt the governors hand, and although a great troop of Indians ca●e to rescue their Prince, yet it prevailed not, but in fine, was taken Prisoner by the Governor. But when his Warriors saw their Chieftain taken, and they assaulted on every side, and especially, with the fury of the Horsemen, to whose force they had not been accustomed: they began to retire and fly with all speed possible, leaving their Armour behind them: yea, the haste in the retire was such, that one disturbed another: in the flight the Horsemen made great spoil among them, and followed their Victory, till the night caused them to cease.  
But when the Indian Captain of greatest trust, called Ruminagui, heard the thundering noise of the ordinance, and also saw his privy Watch, which stood on a high Rock, thrown down by a Christian: then fearing ●he danger, he with all his charge also, took them to the swiftness of their feet, and never rested until he came to the Province of Quito, which was distant from the place where the Battle was, above 250. Leagues, as hereafter shallbe declared.   

How Atabaliba commanded his Brother Guas●ar to be slain, and how Hernando Pisarro proceeded in the Discovery. Chap. 6.  
WHen Atabal●ba was taken Prisoner, the next day following, the Treasure and spoil was joined together, and assuredly it was a rare, yea and marvelous thing, to see the number of Uessels, both of Silver & Gold, which was found in the Indian Camp: and also the gallant Tents, made after their fashion, and many strange garments: The vessels of Gold, was esteemed in 60000. Poises, which is accounted seven shillings starling to every poise, and this vessel was for the service of the only per●on of Atabaliba. And also 5000. women which submitted themselves willingly to the spaniards commandment.  
And when these things were ended, Atabaliba said unto the Governor, sithence you have me now Prisoner in your power, use me favourably, and for my ransom and liberty, I will give this Quaderne place, or house full with vessels and pieces of Gold, and so much Plate as you will reasonably demand. And when his offer was in this sort declared, he thought that the Governor took his sayings to be a thing unpossible, wherefore he replied again, saying: I will perform what I have said, and somewhat more.  
The Governor answered● that he would deal friendly with him, according to his request: Atabaliba gave him most hearty thanks, and forthwith dispatched messengers throughout his Dominions, and especially, to Cusco, to gather together the gold and Plate, which he had promised for his ransom, which was judged a thing uncredible to be performed, for the covenant was, to give full of the said Treasure, a certain house in Caxamalca, as high as the same Atabaliba could reach with his hand, standing on the ground, and the like in compass, according to the height, and to make his promise the plainer, he marked out with a red Line, the plot which he would fill with the said vessels of Gold and Plate: but notwithstanding, that daily, came great store of Treasure into the Camp, yet the spaniards thought it not sufficient for a foundation of the performance of Atabaliba, his promise, whereupon they began among themselves to murmur, saying: the time passeth away and Atabaliba complyeth not with us his ransom, considering that his day is past: But said they, it is to be thought that with this policy, he meaneth to gather a new Army, & so to come suddenly upon us to our destruction. Atabaliba being a sensible and wise man, understood the murmuring of the Christians, he demanded of the Governor the cause of their muttering & secret conference? who informed him of the matter, even as it was: why answered he, as yet they have no reason to complain of the delay, for the day of payment is scarcely paste, & that they ought to have consideration, that the place which was the City of Cusco, from whence the greatest part of his ransom should come, stood distant from Caxamalca 200. long leagues of evil way, & moreover the treasure should be brought upon men's shoulders: by reason whereof he prayed not to think the time long, nor yet to think it unpossible, that he was able to perform his promise, the premises considered, it was not much to have patience for one month, more or less? but yet said he, for your more quicker dispatch, let one or two of your company go unto Cusco, to see the thing which I have affirmed. Upon this point there were sundry opinions among the Christians, whither they mought give credit to Atabaliba his words, and also, how it was not a thing convenient to put any christian in the Indian power: when Atabaliba had understood their meaning, he laughed, saying: I marvel that any christian should stand in distrust of my word & security in the journey to Cusco. Do ye not consider how ye have my person prisoner in Chairs, & also my wives & Children in your power: with this answer, they determined that Captain Soto, and Pedro deal Barro ● should go to Cusco, who by the commandment of Atabaliba wer● carried in Litters upon the Indians shoulders, & had for their Guard a great company of Atabalibas Soldiers: and in this order they journeyed by post, for those Littermen presume to make great speed, and abhor slow journeys, yet only two men do carry the Litter at one time, notwithstanding 50. or 60. persons attend upon every Litter, and so they go running with their burden for a space, and then are ready other two for to take the burden. In the way as they went, they met Atabaliba his Captains, who brought his Brother Prince Guascar prisoner, who was desirous to talk with the said Captain Soto, & his companion, of whom he was informed, of such things which had happened, & also what their pretence & coming into the country was  
But when Guascar understood the emperors meaning, and also the intent of the christian governor, in his name, which was aswell to maintain in justice the christians as the Indians which he should conquer, & that every one might enjoy his own, he then discovered the discord between him and his brother, and how his brother's intent was to disherit him of his kingdom and estate, which of right was his own inheritance by descent from his father Guaynacava, and for this purpose he was now carried prisoner to be slain.  
Wherefore he most humbly besought them to return back again with him, to open his doliens to the Lord Marques their Governor, beseeching him, that sithence they both brethren were at that instant in his power, and he of right being absolute Lord of the land, that it might please him to see justice executed between them, and to give judgement to which of them the kingdom did appartaine, considering that as he was informed, his only coming was for that intent. And if, said he, that Marques will take this matter in hand, I will not only see performed the sum of gold and plate, promised by Atabaliba to be delivered at Tambo in Caxamalca: But I will also fill all that house called Tambo, even to the roof, which should be three times as much and more that his brother had promised, requesting them to make inquiry whether he were a man of power to perform his offer, with greater facility than his brother was able to perform his promise. For Atabaliba to accomplish his ransom, should be forced to spoil the rich Temple of the Sun, in the city of Cusco, which was wainscoted with board of gold and plate in equal panes, because he had no other remedy, nor from whence to have any other quantity.  
But I (quoth he) have in my power all the treasure and jewels of my father, wherewith I may easily perform much more than I have spoken. Wherein he said the truth, although his said treasure was hidden under ground, in such place as no man living knew where it was but only he himself, and as yet until this day, it is not known: for the multitude of Indians which carried the same to the secret place where it was buried, as soon as the said treasure was hidden, they were by his commandment all slain, because the place should not be discovered: Although since the winning of the Country, the spaniards have sought and digged in many places where they suspected the treasure to be hidden. But until this day they could not attain to the knowledge thereof. Captain Soto and Petro del Barrio, made answer to Guascar, that they could not leave of from the journey which they had in hand, but with all speed possible they meant to return, and then they would solicit his suit and request, and so departed and proceeded on their journey, which was the only cause of guascar's death, and also the loss of all the said wonderful treasure: 
Oversight.  for the captains which carried him prisoner, gave intelligence by post to Atabaliba, of all the talk had between the Spaniards and Guascar. But Atabaliba considered with himself, that if this matter should come in question before the Governor, aswell for that Guascaer had justice on his side, as also for the great abundance of gold by his brother offered, & knowing also the great love & affection that the Spaniards bore to the golden metal, he feared by these means that the kingdom should be given to his brother: yea, and so it might fall out, that for the causes aforesaid, he might be slain, to put all matter out of question, & therefore he determined to kill his said brother, yet he feared the enterprise, because he had heard say that the christians had a law among them, that whosoever did kill any of their nation, should therefore also be killed. And thereupon he devised to prove the governors mind in that case, the which he put in ure with great industry, and on a day he feigned great sorrow, with tears and sobbing, and would neither eat nor drink, nor speak with any man, although the Governor did earnestly enportune him to declare the cause● At the length he began to say, that he had understood and received news, how a Captain of his, seeing him Prisoner, had slain his Brother Guascar, the which was no small grief for him, for he loved him not only because he was his elder Brother, but rather he held him in stead of a father, and although he was the occasion to take him prisoner, it was not to the intent to hurt his person, nor yet to usurp his kingdom, but only that he should permit him to enjoy his Province of Quito, which his Father had given unto him, after that he had conquered it: which Province was also out of the dominion of Cusco.  
The Governor hearing his sorrowful complaint, comforted him, and bid him be of good cheer, saying moreover, that death was a thing natural: and when the Country should be quieted of all dissensions, than he would make information to know who they were which consented and procured his Brother's death, and punish them accordingly.  
When Atabaliba perceived that the Governor took the matter so slightly, he then fully determined to execute the thing which he had devised, and sent privily to the Captains, who had the keeping of Guascar; express commission to kill him, which was forthwith committed with such speed, that it was never certainly known whither he was slain in the time that Atabaliba made his feigned mourning, or afterward, of which evil success, the principal fault was laid to Captain Soto, and Pedro de Barrio, who were so presise in their determined journey to Cusco.  
The Indians doth report than when Guascar saw that he should die, he said I have been a small while, Lord of this Land, and less shallbe the traitor my Brother, by whose commandment I now must die, being his natural Prince: the which his words were well remembered: for when they saw Atabaliba slain, as in this next Chapter shallbe declared, they called to remembrance his words, and said verily, that Guascar was a Prophet, & child of the Sun, considering how his words came to pass, he also said, that when his Father departed from him, he warned him, that when a white people, bearded, should come into that Country, that he should submit himself unto them, because (said he) they shallbe Lords over this Country, although this thy Father's prophesy seemed strange, yet through the industry of the Devil it might be known, for so much it happened before Guaynacava died. The Lord Marques went conquering along the coast of Peru, and also when he abode in Caxamalca, he sent his Brother Hernando Pisarro, with certain Horsemen, to discover the Country, who proceeded till he came to Pachacama, which standeth in the Province of Guamacucho, where he met with a Brother of Atabaliba, called illesca's, who brought more than 300000 poises of Gold, toward the ransom of his Brother, beside a great quantity of Plate: who after he had passed many dangerous ways, and perilous Bridges, & was come to Pachacama, he there had intelligence how a Captain of Atabaliba called Cilicuchima, abode in the Province of Xauxa with a great Army, which might be about forty leagues from that place, unto whom he sent, requiring him to come unto him, but the Indian Captain denied his request: whereupon Hernando Pisarro determined to go & talk with him, although his men commended not his enterprise, to be so bold to put himself in his enemy's power, who was a man of great might, but in fine, when Pisarro had spoken with him, and through his persuasion, the Indian Captain discharged his men, and went personally with him to Caxamalca, to see his Lord Atabaliba, but when he should enter into the place where he was, he put of his Shoes, and took upon his shoulders the present, which they were wont to present him withal: and with sorrowful countenance, the tears droping from his eyes, he said: O mighty Prince, if I had been with you at the time of your apprehension, the Christians had now possessed your person.  
Atabaliba answered, that it was God's judgement that he should be Prisoner, and also to be taken with so small a company of strangers: But said he, the principal occasion was the flight of my Captain Ruminagui, with 5000. men, in whom I put my only trust.   

How Atabaliba was slain, and the occasion was laid to his charge, how he went about to murder the Christians, and how Don Diego de Almagro came into Peru the second time. Chap. 7.  
THe Lord Marquis Pi●arro, Governor, being in the Province of Po●chos, before he came to Caxamalca, as before is declared, he received a privy Letter without firm, which afterward was known to come from the Secretary of Don Diego de Almagro, from Panama, wherein was given to understand, how Don Diego had built a great Ship, with the intent, that with the same & others he meant with all his power to pass personally into Peru, to intercept the governor proceedings, and to place & possess, the best soil in all the Land to his use, which ground did lie beyond the Limits, discovered by the Marquis: the which according to a provision received from the Emperor, did contain from the Equinoctial Line forward 250 Leagues, directly North, and South: This Letter the Governor kept in secret, and would make none of his friends privy thereunto, but yet he believed, and it was true, that Don Diego de Almagro had taken shiping, according to the tenor of the Letter, which he had received, and was on his way toward Peru, arrived at Puerto Viejo, where in effect Don Diego after his arrival, understood the good success and proceed of the Governor, and how he had in his power marvelous treasure, of Gold and Plate, whereof according to the articles of agreement made between them, at the first beginning of the Discovery, the one half was, and did appertain unto him: He now knowing that the Governor had advise of his coming, and the same to be done by his own Secretary, he forthwith commanded his Secretary to be hanged, and with all his power proceeded on his journey, till he came where the Governor was in Caxamalca, where he found a great part of the ransom of Atabaliba gathered together, which was a strange sight both to him & his company, for they thought that in the whole world was not so much Gold and Silver. And the same day that the Saymais●er had made his ensay of the Gold and Plate, which belonged to the company. The Gold only, did amount to one Million, and eight hundred thousand Poises: & yet the ensay was made very slight, for the Gold was of greater value: the want of strong water was the defect, so that the ensay was made two or three Carats base than the fineness, whereby the valuation was found 300000 Poises to little. And concerning the Plate, the quantity was great, so that the emperors fift part, amounted in fine Silver 600000 Poises, and yet in the same plate was Gold of three & four carets: whereof the Emperor his part was 300000 Poises, every Horseman had for his share 12000 Poises in fine Gold, besides his part in Silver: and every Footman ha● a quarter part less than the Horsemen. Yet notwithstanding, this great treasure, the one fift part of Atabalibas ransom was not delivered: and because that Don Diego brought with him a great company of men, there was alleged that unto them did not appertain any portion of the ransom of Atabaliba, for why? they were not at the taking of him prisoner: yet the Governor commanded to give unto every of them a thousand poises toward their cost. And determined to send his brother Hernando Pisarro to certify the Emperor of his proceed and good success, and because the true account was not yet perfectly known, he sent unto his majesty 100000. poises in gold, & 20000. marks of plate, containing six ducats to every mark out of the whole stock: Which present was wrought in sundry sort of vessel according to the Indian use, whereof some were great vessels for water or wine, called Tinages, chafing-dishes, drums, sheep, figures of men and women, all wrought in the foresaid metal.  
With the said portion Hernando Pisarro took shipping with great grief of his departing from Atabaliba, who loved him exceedingly, and also discovered unto him much of his secrets, and said unto him at his leave taking, O good captain go you now away? Truly your departure is grievous unto me, for when you are gone, I shall be slain by this one eyed man, and this he spoke by Don Diego de Almagro, who had but one eye, as before hath been declared.  
Likewise he liked not the gesture of Alonso Requelme, who was Treasurer for his majesty. And truly, poor Atabaliba judged right, for as soon as Hernando Pisarro was departed, his death was conspired by mean of his Interpreter, who was named Philip, and was so called, because he had been in Spain with the Governor, who most falsely accused his Prince, saying that he was minded to murder secretly the Spaniards, and for that purpose, he had appointed in secret places a great number of Indians, and where the information was made by the mouth of Philip, who interpreted the witness sayings, according to his own pleasure. But the cause of his wicked dealing was not certainly known, but it was judged to ●e one of two causes, which were, the one was thought that he was in love with one of Atabalibas, wives, thinking by his death to enjoy his desire without peril: of which his pretence, Atabaliba had understanding, and thereof had made complaint to the governor, saying that that shameless ascent grieved him more than his imprisonment, or yet any other mishap that might come unto him, although it were present death, to see so base a man, & his subject enterprise such villainy, knowing the great punishment in his country prepared for such an offence, which was to burn alive any that should attempt such things. The man being an offender was not alone thus punished, but also the woman, her father, mother, brethren and kindred, yea, even the cattle of the adulterer, and the town where he or she were borne, was destroyed & made unhabitable, & the ground sowed with salt, the trees cut down, and the houses beaten flat with the ground, & other grievous punishments were devised in remembrance of the offence.  
Others held opinion that the chief cause of Atabaliba his death● was the exceeding covetuosnes of Don Diego de Almagro, and also of his men, because it was told them that they had no right to have any share of all the ransom of Atabaliba, which they thought unpossible to be performed, although all the gold in the world were gathered together. Upon which occasions, the soldiers of Don Diego desired the death of Atabaliba, saying, that as long as he should live, the governors men would say, that all the gold which should come to their hands was his ransom, and they should not be partakers thereof. But be it as may be, they condemned him to death, where at the poor Prince was not a little amazed, saying that he never thought nor imagined the things which were laid to his charge, and for the verifying of the matter, that it might please him to lay more Irons on him, with greater guard, or to carry him aboard one of their ships till the truth were thoroughly known. He said, moreover, to the Governor and the chiefest of his company. I know not for what cause ye do judge me, for a man of so small judgement, or to think that I would go about to work treason, considering how I am your prisoner, and bound in Iron chains, and also if any of my people should but show themselves for any such purpose, ye might then with the least suspicion, strike my head from my shoulders. And if ye think that any of my subjects should come to rescue me against my will, ye are also deceived, and know not what obedience my people beareth unto me, for against my will the fowls of the air shall not flee, nor the leaves of the trees stir.  
All these allegations prevailed not, nor yet to give great gauges for the life of the basest Spaniard that should perish in the land. But sith it was thought among the Spaniards that it was not a lawful cause to condemn him to death upon suspicion, they charged him with the death of his brother Guascar, whereupon they gave judgement of death, and executed the sentence. But before his death he still called for his friend Hernando Pisarro, who was gone toward Spain, saying, if he had been here I should not so wrongfully be put to death. And at the hour that he should die, he was baptised by the Bishop.   

How Ruminagui made insurrection in the Province of Quito, and how the Governor went to Cusco. Chap. 8.  
THe Captain in whom Atabaliba had put in his life time a great trust, as in the former Chapter is declared, and how he fled from the battle in Caxamalca, with 5000. Indians: He (I say) being in the Province of Quito, gathered together all the Indians of Atabaliba, and possessed himself of the estate of that Country, compelling them to obey him as their right and only lord Atabaliba a little before his death sent his brother Illescas to Quito, to bring unto him his children, which Ruminagui most unnaturally caused to be slain.  
When Atabaliba saw, that of force he should die, he earnestly desired certain of his Captains, to see his body carried to the Province of Quito, to be buried with his Father Guaynacava, the which request, they faithfully performed, and when the dead body was brought to Quito, Ruminagui received it with great honour, and buried him with his Father, with great pomp and solemnity, according to the custom of the Country: and when the Funerals were ended, he caused a great drunken Feast to be made, in the which, when the Captains that had brought the dead body were thoroughly drunk, he commanded them all to be slain, among whom was Illescas, Brother to Atabaliba, who had his skin plucked of being alive, and with the same skin, he covered the ends of a Drum, and his head hanging at the same Drum.  
In this mean while, the Lord Marques, Governor, divided all the Gold and Plate in Caxamalca, and when he had so done, he had advice how one of atabaliba's Captains called Quixquix, went up an● down in the country, stirring the Indian People to insurrection, whereupon he determined no longer to abide, nor yet to tarry his coming in the Valley of Xauxa: he also sent before him Captain S●to, with certain of his Horsemen, and he himself went in the Rearguard.  
In the Province of Viecasinga, the Indians came suddenly upon Captain Soto, in such sort, that he stood in peril of the overthrow, & four of his men were slain: but the day being spent, the night forced them to cease, and to retire to the Mountains. The Governor hearing of this great danger of Captain Soto, sent Don Diego de Almagro to suckcour him, with certain Horsemen, so that the next morning, the Indians coming again to skirmish, the Christians made as though they would fly, to allure the enemies down into the Plain, out of the danger of the high places, from whence they did much hurt with their slings: But the Indians suspecting the policy of the Christians, retired back again, and kept their skirmishing near the Woods, not knowing of the succour which was come, because of the great mist which did fall that morning, they could not descry their coming, by mean whereof, the Christians had the victory, and slew many of the enemies. Then came the Governor with the Rearguard, at whose coming, came a brother of Guascar, and Atabaliba, who was chosen Inga, or King of the Land: by mean of their deaths, he had received the great Tassel, which was as much as to say, as the Crown of the Princely estate, and was called Paulo Inga, who certified the Governor, how in the city of Cusco attended his coming a great number of men of War: with this news he letted not, but proceeded forward by his ordinary journeys, until he came in sight of the City, out of the which he saw ascend a marvelous smoke, by mean whereof, he judged the City to be on fire, & to the intent to preserve the same, he sent with all speed a company of Horsemen, but they were no sooner comen near the city, when a great number of Indians came out to encounter with them, with slings and sundry other sorts of weapons, in such sort, that the spaniards were glad with all haste possible to retire, above the space of a long League, where they met with the Governor, who understanding what had happened, sent from thence his two brethren, John, and Gonsalo Pisarro, with the most of the Horsemen, who set upon the enemies on the Mountain side, with such courage, that they caused them to retire, and in their flight slew many of them, until the night compelled them to cease. The Governor seeing the good success, gathered his army together, and the next day thinking to have had resistance in his entry into the City, he found not one man, to withstand him, so that he and his company entered peaceably, where he abode at pleasure.  
Twenty days after his abode in Cusco, came news, how Quixquix had a great Army, wherewith he did great hurt, robbing & spoiling in the Province of Condesuyo: whereupon the Governor sent Captain Soto, with 50. Horsemen, to disturb his proceedings: whose coming being known to Quixquix, he durst not abide, but with all speed, fled toward Xauxa, thinking there to find some small company of the Christians, whom he might easily subdue, who were such as had remained behind to keep the Fardage, and the King's portion of treasure, which was at the charge of Alonso Requelme Treasurer.  
But the Spaniards having advise of his pretence, although they were but few, who in effect attended in Xauxa, for the purpose aforesaid, did so valiantly defend his enterprise, that his desire took no place, but rather was forced to pass forward the high way towards Quito.  
When the Governor had intelligence of the dealings of Quixquix, he sent after him again, Captain Soto, with his company of Horsemen, and after him he sent his brethren, who generally followed him above a hundred Leagues, and could not overtake him: whereupon they returned again to Cusco, where they had as great a pray of Gold and Plate, as before they had in Caxamalca: the which the Governor divided among his Soldiers, and began to inhabit the City, which was the head and Princely seat, of all the whole country of Peru: and so continued a long space among the Christians: he also divided the Indian People among the new Inhabitants, which there determined to abide, for there were many of his men that were not willing to remain there, but rather to return into Spain, to enjoy the Treasure which they had gotten, both in Cusco, and Caxamalca.   

How Captain Benalcasar, went to the Conquest of Quito. Chap. 9  
HEre before in this History, hath been declared, how at the time when the Governor came into Peru, he inhabited the City of Saint Mighel, in the Province of Tangarara, near unto the port of Tumbez, for the only intent that such as should come from Spain, might have a sure and safe Road, or harbour for their ships: he now considering that the number of his Horse were but few, which he left there, after the taking Prisoner of Atabaliba: he sent for his Deputy from Caxamalca to Saint Mighell, Captain Benalcasar with ten Horses, at which time came many Indian Canares, to make their complaint against Ruminagui ● and his people saying, that daily they were by them molested with cruel War. At the same season were many men comen from Panama & Nicaragua, so that when Captain Benalcasar, had heard of the injuries of the Indians of Quito, he chose 200. of those freshmen, whereof was 80. Horsemen, & with them he took his journey toward Quito, aswell to defend the Canares, as also for the great same of Gold that was thought to be in those parts, in the Treasury of Atabaliba, when Ruminagui had understanding of the coming of Captain Benalcasar, he came and encountered with him in many dangerous passages, with the number of 12000 Indians, & also had many privy snares made to intray the Christians, in the high ways: which policies Benalcasar did prevent with great diligence, for in the night season he sent 60. or 70. horsemen, to assure his way, either above or beneath the accustomed high ways, which was ordinarily done before the morning, so that with this industry, the enemy was forced to retire into the plains, where they durst not abide the battle, for the great spoil which the horsemen made among them ●ut if by hap they stayed in any place, it was where their usual snares were between them and the christians, which were great holes made in the ground, sticked full of stakes, covered over with a false covering of grass, straw & sand, or else with turfs which was so well handled, that which great difficulty those snares could be discovered, and might well be compared to those which Caesar writeth in his seventh commentary, which the people of Aexia devised for the defence of their city. But notwithstanding all their inventions, they could not deceive Benalcasar, & his chief policy was, that always he would be sure not to give any onset, where the Indians showed countenance to expect his coming, for there was always the snares ordained: But rather he would go and compass them about 2. or 3. leagues to assault them on their backs, or sidewise, with great advise, not to pass upon any green thing that might seem counterfeit.  
But now the Indians seeing their practices would take no place, they devised another practice, which was, they having understanding, or at the least suspecting, which way the Christians would pass, made certain heals in the ground, of the breach of a horse foot, & somewhat deep, not much distant one from another, pretending by this policy to break their horse legs. But yet their devices could not prevail to deceive Benalcasar, who still proceeded on, conquering as he went even to the principal city of Quito, where he had advertisement how Ruminagui had said unto his wives (which were many) now shall you have your desire and pleasure, for the Christians whom ye love are at hand, with whom ye may take your repast. But those poor wenches thinking that he had speaken those words in merriment or jest, laughed at his sayings, which laughter cost them dear, for with mere ielicusie incontinent he commanded their heads to be stricken from their bodies, and when he had executed this cruel act, he determined to flee, and forthwith ●e set on fire a war●drope which was full of rich princely ornaments, which sometime did belong for the ordinary appartel of Guainacava. When these his venomous facts were ended, he fled and in his flight he gave a sudden assault upon the Spaniards, but no hurt done, so that now entered Benalc●sar, and took quiet possession of the City.  
In this mean season, the Lord marquis, Governor, sent Don Diego de Almagro to the new city of S. Mighel, & there to take information of certain news which was certified unto him, which was, how Don Pedro de Aluarado, Governor of Guatimalla, had taken shipping to come into Peru, with a great power both of horsemen and footmen, to discover Peru, as more at large shall be declared in the next chapter.  
Don Diego de Almagro came to the city of S. Mighel ● without hearing any ●urther news of that matter, but he had understanding how Benalcasar was in the siege of Quito, and of the resistance of Ruminagui, whereupon he determined to go secure him, and accordingly took that journey in hand, which was 120. leagues from saint Mighel. And when he was come to Quito, he took all Benalcasars' men, and joined them with his army, with whom he conquered certain towns, which until his coming would not yield, but when he saw that the great treasure of gold which he expected, could not be found, he returned toward Cusco, leaving Captain Benalcasar for Governor of Quito, as he was before his coming.   

How Don Pedro de Aluarado came into Peru, and what followed. Chap 10.  
AFter that Don Hernando Cortes, Lord Marquis of the valley of Huaxacac, had conquered and pacified the new Spain, he had understanding of a country adjoining thereunto, called Guatimala: for the discovery thereof he sent one of his captains called Don Pedro de Aluarado, who with the company which he had with him did conquer and win the same, with great peril and danger: And in recompense of his pains taken, the Emperor his majesty gave unto him the government of the same country. From whence he had intelligence of the Province of Peru, whereupon he besought his Majesty, to grant unto him some part of that discovery, which according to his request was given unto him, with the conditions accustomed for discoverers. By virtue of which grant under letters patents, he sent a Gentleman of the town of Casarez, called Gartia Holguin with two ships to discover the coast of Peru, at whose return bringing news of the great quantity of gold which Don Francisco Pisarro had obtained in his discovery, he determined personally to take that journey in hand, and whilst that Don Francisco was occupied in his affairs in Caxamalca, he imagined that he might easily proceed beyond his jurisdiction, upon his pretended discovery, and take possession of the City of Cusco, which in his judgement did stand without the limits of the 250. Leagues of ground, discovered and granted in government to Don Francisco Pisarro, and to bring the better his purpose to effect, he feared least succour might come from Nicaragua, to the Governor, whereupon on a night he sailed to Nicaragua, where he took by force two great ships which were there rigging, to effect, that when they were trimmed, they should pass a company of men and horses to the governor Pisarro in Peru. In which ships, and in his own which he brought from Guatimalla, he embarked 500 horsemen and footmen, and with them sailed till he came to the coast of Puerto Viejo, and from thence he took the way to Quito by land, in that parallel of the Equinoctial, along some part of the plains among thickets, called Arcabucos, in which journey they passed extreme necessity of victuals, as well of meat as drink, which would have been much greater, if by good hap they had not met and fallen into a ground of great Canes, whose property was, that cutting any of them at the knot, they found the hollow full of sweet water, exceeding good & wholesome. Those canes are ordenarily as big as the calf of a man's leg, so that between two knots of each cane was found a pottle of fresh water. 
Canes of fresh water.  They hold opinion the particular property of those canes is to gather water by atraction of the dews which daily fall in the night season, by mean whereof, although the said plains are dry without any kind of Springs, yet with this succour of water the camp of Don Pedro was well comforted, aswell men as horses, yet notwithstanding their hunger was such, that they were forced to eat many of their horses, although each horse was worth by just valuation in that country, 5000. castelins in gold. And as they went on their journey, the most part of that low way, there rained hot ashes upon them, which afterward was known to come out of a Volcan which is not far from Quito, 
Volcan.  out of the which proceedeth such a marvelous fire, that launched out ashes and embers above 80. leagues compass, and sometimes the noise & thundering that came from thence, was heard a hundred leagues of.  
In all the towns and villages which Don Pedro passed through under the Equinoctial Line, he found great plenty of Emraldes, and after he had passed so troublesome ways, whereof in many places he and his men were forced to make way by force of hand, he then came unto a loin of hills covered with snow, where it snowed continually with an exceeding cold, through the which he was driven to pass, 
A perilous passage.  where with the extremity of cold died above sixty of his men, although as many as were of his company, put on their bodies all the apparel which they had, to pass that extremity of cold, yea they made such haste, that none of them would tarry one for another, neither to comfort nor help them: so that it happened that a Spaniard who carried his wife & two daughters with him, and seeing them tired with weariness, and that he could neither secure nor yet carry them away with him, he having his heart kindled with paternal love, 
An example of true love.  abode with them, where as they all four were frozen to death, and although, he mought well have escaped, yet the love of his wife and children was so great, that he rather desired to die, than to departed from them. So that to conclude, with this great danger, the Captain with his Army passed these snowy Mountains, holding themselves for most happy, when they saw themselves on the other side, and gave God praise, with exceeding joyful hearts: and although the Province of Quito is environed with high Mountains covered with Snow, yet notwithstanding in the midst are temperate valleys, both fresh & pleasant, where people inhabit, and have plenty of corn.  
At that instant, was so great a thaw of the snow of one of those mountains, that the water which proceeded out of that snow, came down with so great a fury, that it drowned a town called Contiega: the force of this water was so marvelous, that it drove stones bigger than any Millstone down with the stream, with such facility as if it had been of Cork.   

How Don Diego de Almagro, met with Don Pedro de Aluarado and what passed between them. Chap. 11.  
BEfore hath been declared, how Don Diego de Almagro having left for Governor in Quito, Captain Benalcasar, and not having perfect news of the coming of Don Pedro de Aluarado into Peru, he returned unto Cusco, in which journey, he won certain Forts & fortresses, where the Indians had lodged themselves for their safety, in which affairs he was so long time occupied, that Don Pedro had time to aland his men, and came into the Province of Quito, before Don Diego had thereof intelligence, by mean of the great distance of way which is betweve these places, and also where no town of contractation is, neither of christians nor yet of Indians. As he went on a day conquering the province of Liribamba, he passed over a mighty river with great peril, for the Indians had broken down the bridges, so that he was forced to wade over in the shalowest place that he could find, and when he was comen over he found ready to receive him a great number of Indians men of war, against whom the victory h●e had obtained with great difficulty: for their women did great hurt w● slings: yet not withstanding the Indians had the overthrow, & their Cascike was taken prisoner, who certified Don Diego that Don Pedro de Aluarado was 15. leagues from thence, besieging a fort, wherein was an Indian captain called Sopasopagui. When Don Diego had understanding of these news, forthwith he sent seven horsemen to descry his camp, but their fortune was to be taken prisoners by Don Pedro his men: notwithstanding he released them again, & came with all his power and pitched his camp within five leagues of the Real of Don Diego, with determinate intent to break with him, & to take from him both his men and country. When Don Diego saw the great advantage that his enemy had, he determined to return to Cusco, with only 25. horsemen, and to leave the residue with captain Benalcasar for to defend the country. At this instant the Indian Interpreter, called Philip, of whom mention hath been made, who was the only cause of Atabalibas death, & fearing punishment for the same, he fled from his master, and went unto Don Pedro, he also carried with him one principal Cascike, and privily conserted with Don Diegos army, that when he sent for them, they should pass unto Don Pedro his side. When Philip was come to Don Pedro his presence, 
A traitor.  he offered to put into his hands all that country in quiet possession. He advertised him also that Don Diego was retired unto Cusco, & moreover he said, that if it would please him to apprehended him, he might now do it with great facility, for (quoth he) he hath but 250. men, of the which are 80. horsemen. Don Pedro giving credit to the false Interpreter, forthwith began to direct his way toward Don Diego, whom he found in Liribamba, with determination to die in the defence of the country. Don Pedro, in like manner, set his company in good order, & with spread ensign was in readiness to give that onset. But Don Diego having but few horsemen meant to resist his encounter on foot: whereupon he divided his men into two quadernes, with the one was captain Benalcasar, and he himself had the other: And in this order being in sight one of the other, there began a parley of peace, and for that purpose to stay the battle for one day and a night, in which mean time, the Licenceat Caldera took up the matter between them in this sort: that Don Diego de Almagro should pay unto Don Pedro de Aluarado 100000. 
100000 poizes for agree●ment.  poysez of gold for his ships, horses, and all other furniture of his navy, and that they should both go friendly together to visit the Lord Marquis Pisarro, and that there the payment should be made. This agreement was accepted, and also kept in great secret: For if Don Pedro his men had understood these dealings, among whom were many gentlemen, some tumult might have risen, considering that the remuneration of their service was not spoken of, the premises considered, & proclamation was made that they should travel in uniformity of company together, in such sort that Don Pedro his navy should continue on his navigation along the sea coast, proceeding on his discovery, & that all his men should be at liberty, either to abide under captain Benalcasar at Quito, or else to go with their general by sea, considering that now they were all linked in peace, brotherly love, & comformity: When this order was manifestly known, many of D. Pedro his men abode in Quito, & Don Diego, & Don Pedro with all the residue of their retinue came together to Pachacama, where they had knowledge y● y● governor Pisarro was come from xauxa to receive them. The night before Don Diego departed from the Province of Quito, 
Iusti●●.  he burned alive the Cascike that fled from him, and the like had been done to Philip the interpreter, if Don Pedro had not entreated for him.   

How Don Diego de Almagro, & Don Pedro de Aluarado met with the Cascike Quixquix, & what passed between them. Chap. 12.  
DON Diego and D. Pedro going on their journey from the province of Quito toward Pachacama, the Cascik of the Canares informed them how Quixquix who was some time a Captain appertaining to Atabaliba, was coming toward them with an army of 12000. Indians men of war, & that daily his host increased: But (quoth he) if ye will abide his coming, I will deliver him into your hands: Unto whose words Don Diego gave no credit, but proceeded on his journey, and would not tarry their coming, so that when they were come to the Province of Chaparra, they espied about 2000 Indians which were come about two days journey before their General Quixquix, under an other Captain called Sotaurco, because Quixquix used always this policy in the way as he went, to have the said Captain always in his vanguard, and on his left hand he had likewise 4000 Indians who gathered victuals in all the villages as they passed: he also used in his rearguard other 3. or 4000 Indians, who followed one days journey behind the rest, and Quixquix went in the midst with the body of the host, with their cattle & prisoners, so that hi● whole army did always occupy 15. leagues in circuit. And whereas Sotaurco his meaning was to have taken a passage that he thought the christians of force should pass, to which place Don Pedro was come before him, where he took him prisoner, & of him had understanding of all Quixquix his pretence, whereupon on a night he prepared an ambush of horsemen, although he could not so soon bring his purpose to pass, because he was forced to stay the shoeing of his horses, who had passed a perilous way of rocks and stones, by reason whereof they were unshooed, So that lea●ing his pretended ambush, he made all haste possible till he came within sight of Quixquix his camp, who when he had espied the christians, he took another course with his wives and servile people, and he placed a brother of Atabaliba called Guaypalcon, with the chiefest of his soldiers in another part which was very asperous, so that he went to encounter with Don Diego de Almagro, going up a hill, having his horses well-nigh tired with the troublesome way which he had passed, and with much ado leading them by their bridals, they came to the hill top: They also received great hurt with the stones which the enemies rolled down the high hills upon them: notwithstanding, at the length, the christians environed Guaypalcon, who seeing himself so besieged on every side, he then fortified him and his company on the top of a high cragged rock, where he stood to his defence until night, at what time Don Diego and Don Pedro sounded the retire for their soldiers: and the Indians with the darkness of the night came from their hold to seek their General Quixquix. 
14. spaniards, behedded●  Afterward was known how the Indians on the left wing had slain and cut of the heads of ●xiiii. Spaniards which they had taken at advantage, & proceeded on their way till they met with the rearguard of Quixquix, The Indians made them strong at the passage of a river, so that all one day they suffered not the Spaniards to pass, but forced them to seek another way, which was toward the mountains, where the Spaniards meant to have taken a high hill, but they received great damage in their pretended purpose, for when they would have retired, the cragged and troublesome way was their hindrance: by mean whereof, many were wounded, especially, captain Alonso de Aluarado, who was thrust through the thigh, and another Knight of the order of S● Ih●n, sore wounded: all that night the Indians kept good watch, but in the morning the passage was left clear, that the Christians might pass at ease, & the enemy driven into the Mountain, where they rested in peace. Don Diego would no longer abide, but proceeded on his journey: all the stuff whi●h the Indians could not carry with them they burned, leaving behind them about 15000. Sheep, and 4000 men and women, which yielded themselves to the spaniards, having been prisoners unto Quixquix.  
When the Christians were come to S. Mighel, Don Diego de Almagro, sent Diego de Mora to Puerto Viejo, to receive to his use the Navy of Don Pedro de Aluarado, who on his behalf sent to that effect, Garcia de Holgun to make delivery of the same accordingly: & afterward Don Diego in the city of S Mighell, provided aswell his own men, as Don Pedro his men, of all furniture necessary for the wars, and the like of money & apparel: this done, they took their journey toward Pachacama: and in the way as he went, he left inhabited the city of Trugillio, in the government of Captain Martin Astete, according to the order of the Governor Don Fancisco Pisarro.  
In this mean while, Quixquix coming near unto Quito one of the Captains appertaining to Captain Benalcasar, gave the overthrow to his vanguard, & thereby put him in such an agony, that he knew not what to do: & moreover his Captains of greatest trust, persuaded him to yield to Benalcasar: but in recompense of their counsel, he threatened them with the reward of death, & commanded that they should prepare themselves to retire, but his men not having furniture of victuals for their return, his Captains joined together, and took for their chieftain Guaypalan, who in the name & voice of all the rest, said unto him, that it were much better for than to die in fight with christians, than to perish with hunger in the retire into places unhabited: Unto which suit & request, Quixquix gave a lowering answer, whereupon Guaypalan struck him to the heart with his Lance, & incontinent came other of his captains, who with clubs & hatchets made him into pieces, & than the soldiers scattered themselves some one way, & some another, even at their own pleasure.   

How the Governor paid Don Pedro de Aluarado the 100000 poises for the agreement, and how Don Diego would have (perforce) been received Governor in the City of Cusco. Chap. 13.  
WHen Don Diego & Don Pedro were come to Pachacama, the governor who was come thither from Xauxa, received & entertained them joyfully, & also according to agreement, paid unto Don Pedro the 100000 poises, in ready gold, for his Navy brought from Guatimala, although there were many that persuaded him to stay the payment, alleging that the fleet was not worth so much money, no, nor yet the one half of the said sum, & that the former bargain was made by Don Diego with fear, considering that Don Pedro had great advantage of him, and there now he mought do well to apprehend him, and send him prisoner to the Emperor's Majesty. And although the Governor might have taken that council, and also have brought it to pass accordingly without peril: yet he chose rather to ratify & perform the word & promise of his friend Don Diego de Almagro, & notwithstanding the council of his captains, he made present payment of the 100000 poises in good gold, & than permitted him quietly and friendly to departed, & to pass unto his government of Guatimala, & he himself abode, and took order for the habitation & citizens of the city of the Kings, & brought from Xauxa the dwellers there, to inhabit the said city, because it seemed unto him a singular place of contractation, and exceeding wholesome for man's health. From this city departed Don Diego de Almagro, with a great company toward the city of Cusco, & the Governor went to reform the buildings & other things in the city of Trugillio, & to make repertition of the ground among the citizens: In this mean season came news, how Don Diego de Almagro meant to possess the city of Cusco to his only government, because he had received advertisement, by Hernando Pisarro how the Emperor had granted unto him the government of one 100 leagues of ground, beyond the limits of the government of Don Francisco Pisarro: which according to here say, did not extend so far as Cusco, but against this opinion & possession, both John Pisarro, & Gonsalo Pisarro, the governors brethren, did not only speak against, but also resist which many of their friends, which daily came unto them: and also when the matter came in question in the council house of the City, among the principallest of the Citizens, the greatest number held with the Governor, Pisarro and his brethren.  
When the Lord Marques had perfect relation of the proceeding in Cusco, he forthwith took his journey thither by post, so that with his presence, all controversies were ended, & pardoned Don Diego of his offence, who was not a little amazed, because he had intermeddled in so weighty a matter, with just title or provision from his Majesty, but only with the news of hearsay, he presumed to take the Office upon him: so that now again they confirmed their former friendship & company, with this condition, that Don Diego de Almagro should go to discover the country, toward the South sea: & if he should find the land fruitful and to his content, that then he would make suit to the Emperor, to grant unto him the government thereof: And if it happened that he could not find any soil to his content, that then the land under the government of Don Francisco Pisarro, should be equally divided between them both: And upon this conclusion, each of them made a solemn oath, 
● solemn ●the.  at the communion of the holy sacrament, to perform the covenants made between them: & furthermore, at the same communion time, Don Diego pronounced these words, saying: Lord, I beseech thee than, when I break this oath before th●e made, that than thou confound me body and soul. When these things were done, Don Diego began to prepare things necessary for his journey, with 500 men, which he had under his charge, and the Lord Marquis returned to the city of the Kings, & sent Alonso de Aluarado to conquer the country of the Chachapoyas, which standeth distant 70. leagues from Trugillio, among the Mountains: in which conquest, both he and those which went in his company passed great misery and troubles, until they had pacified, & inhabited the country, for whose pains the Government of that Conquest was given unto him.    

¶ THE THIRD BOOK, containeth the journey that Don Diego de Almagro made into Chili, and of things that happened in the mean season in Peru, and how the Indians rebelled.  

How Don Diego de Almagro took his journey toward Chili. Chap. 1.  
Done Diego de Almagro, departed on the discovery of his conquest, with whom went 570. horsemen and footmen, well provided of all furniture necessary: yea there were some citizens that left their houses & repartitions to go with him. He sent before him ivan de Sayavedra, b●en in the city of Civil in Andoluzia, with 100 men, who in the Province which afterward was called Ch●rc 1●, met with certain Indians which came from Chili, no● knowing what had passed in Peru, to give their obedience to Inga, & to present him with certain wedges of fine gold, which weighed 150000. poizes: which pray he took, and also was determined to have taken Gabriel de Rojas, who had the charge of justice by the appointment of the Governor Pisarro, & having understanding of his pretence, fled to the city of Cusco, and Don Diego with all his power proceeded on his way, at the time when Mango Inga, who sometime had the state and crown of Peru, departed from Cusco, as before hath been declared, he (I said) agreed with his brother called Paulo, & with another called Villaoma ● who was high priest among the Indians, which two persons of authority, with a great n●m●er of the Indian people, went in company with Don Diego, that when he thought himself in most security, they should set upon him, to murder both him and all his retinue, and concerning the governor who abode in Peru, he would also take the like order to dispatch him, and his army: at the time of this conclusion, Inga commanded to sow the ground, that victuales might not want when time should require, of which provision the spaniards had no understanding. But when Villaoma could not bring his purpose to effect at Charcas, he came flying to Cusco. And when Don Diego was entered into the Country of Chili, Philip the Interpreter (who was privy to all the conspiracy) fled likewise, howbeit he was taken by certain spaniards that followed him, and aswell for this treason, 
justice.  as the other that he committed in Quito: the Governor commanded his body to be cut in quarters, who at the time of his death, confessed that he was the only cause of the unjust death of Atabaliba, only to have his wife at his commandment, as before hath been rehearsed. And as Don Diego was occupied in the conquest of Chili, a servant of his named ivan de Herrada, overtook him, he it was that his said master had left in the city of the kings, to gather more soldiers for his service in the discovery, who brought unto him a provision, which Hernando Pisarro had brought out of Spain for him, by virtue of the which, the Emperor had made him Governor of one hundred Leagues of ground, beyond the borders and limits of the jurisdiction and government of Don Francisco Pisarro, the which office and government was called in the letters patentes, new Toledo, for the Precinct of Don Francisco his jurisdiction was named, new Castille. But now Don Diego judging that the city of Cusco did fall within the compass of his Regiment, without any respect of his former oath which he so solemnly had made, he determined to cease and leave of the discovery which he had in hand, and to return to take into his possession the City of Cusco.   

Of the troubles which Don Diego de Almagro passed in his journey toward Chili, and of some other particularities of that country. Chap. 2.  
Great were the troubles which Don Diego and his company passed in the journey toward Chili, aswell with hunger and thirst, as also with encounter of Indians, which were mighty great men of groweth. Also there were in some places exceeding good archers, who were clothed in Zeal skins: But the extreme cold did much annoy them, aswell the bitter sharp air, as the frost and snow, & also the passage over the mountains, which were covered with snow, where it happened that a captain called Ruydias, who followed Don Diego de Almagro, had many of his men and horses frozen to death, for neither their apparel nor armour could resist the exceeding sharpness of the air, which did so vehemently penetrate and freeze them. The extremity of this cold was such, that at the end of five months, when Don Diego returned toward cusco, he found some of his company which had followed outward, frozen to death, standing on their feet, leaning upon the Rocks, and holding their horse bridles in their hands: and their horses likewise frozen to death, as fresh without corruption, as though at that instant they had died.  
The carcases of which horses was a great relief for his men at his said return, for want of other victuals, and after they were past the extremity of cold, them came they into such a wilderness, without any kind of habitation, where they stood in as great a need of water to drink, so that their chief remedy was to carry with them from the snowy hills, sheeps skins full of water, in such sort, that every live sheep carried on his back, the Skin of an other dead Sheep full of water.  
Among diverse properties, which the Sheep of Peru have, one is, the strength of their ordinary burden is half a hundred weight, and many times three quarters of a hundred, being laden upon them as Camels use to carry their lading, and are in making much like unto Camels, saving that they want the knop on the back: The spaniards hath now brought them ●o such purpose, that they will carry a man also in a road saddle, four or five leagues a day, and when they feel themselves weary, they use to lie down, and will not rise again although they should be beaten never so much, or lifted up with strength upon their feet, yet they will not go one ●oote further except they be unladen: And it happeneth often times, that when any rideth upon them, and they feeling themselves weary, they then lift up their heads, and looketh upon him that spurreth them, and casteth out of their mouths a thing of an exceeding evil savour, which is though to be of the food which lieth in their stomachs.  
They are beasts of great commodity, and their wool is in every respect as fine as silk, especially, one sort or kind of them, called Palos: their ●éedinge is very small, chiefly such as labour, whose ordinary meat is Maiz, also they drink very seldom (that is to say) once in four or five days: the flesh of them is passing good, and in every respect as good, or rather better than the Sheep in Castille: of this kind of flesh, all the country is abundantly provided, and in every City and town, it is the principallest flesh in the Shambles, although at the first coming thither of the spaniards, they used no shambles: for why? every one had cattle of his own, and when one Neighbour killed any sort of Beast, his other neighbours might have thereof, what they would require.  
In certain places of Chili, were many Abstruses in the Plains, so that when they were disposed to hunt them, the Spaniards would ride p●st after them, & very seldom could overtake any, although their flight was on their feet, running and hopping: and although their bodies were hugy and weighty, yet with their leaps, a good horse running never so swift, could very seldom out run them.  
There are also many running Rivers, which runneth in the day season, & at night not a whit, which is a thing to be noted, and especially, among them that understand not the reason thereof: which is, that in the day time the sun melteth the snow and Ice of the mountains, so that the water that cometh from those high hills in the day maketh great Rivers, and at night all remaineth frozen again. But after we pass 500 leagues along the coast, & come into 30. degrees, 
30. degreed  on the other side of the Equinoctial toward the Southward, there is plenty of rain, and also all winds as ordinarily do blow, as it doth in Spain, and other places Eastward. All the country of Chili, is inhabited, and hath aswell plain ground as mountains, and by reason of many creeks and bays, which are in the sea coast of this land: 
●ote.  so that sailing North and South, requireth sundry winds. Chili standeth in 40. degrees, as is said, North and South, from the City of the Kings, till you pass to the said 40. degrees in altitude: the country is very temperate, and hath Winter and Summer in due season, according to the quality of Castille, and their North Star is in comparison like unto ours, saving always he is accompanied with a little white cloud: this star according to Astronomers opinion, is called Pole Antarctic, and hath also not far from him the cross stars, with other three more, that followeth him in their order, and moving so that there are seven stars that attendeth on that North star, which differ not much from ours, which the said Astronomers call Triton, saving that the fourth which are toward the South, standeth cross wise, and are joined nearer together than ours: our North star also is clean out of sight: within 200. leagues of Panama, coming directly under the Equinoctial Line, where at one instant, is easily seen both those Tritons, or north stars, Arctic, & Antarctic, although a great space from the Pole Antarctic, seemeth most plain the four cross stars: by the moving whereof, the Sea faring men do keep their reckoning, & when they come to 30. degrees, than all the other three stars serve for their purpose.  
In this country of Chili, the day differeth from the night, and the night from the day, according to the course of the year, as it doth in Spain, although not by the same times.  
In the Land of Peru, and in the Province of Tierra firm, and also in all other places there adjoining to the Equinoctial: the day and night is equal throughout all the year: and if at any time in the city of the Kings, the day or night increase or diminish, it is so small a thing that it can not easily be discerned.  
The Indians of Chili, go appareled like unto the Indians of Peru, both men and women are of a good gesture, and feed ordinarily of such meats as those of Peru. Beyond Chili 38. degrees from the Line, are two great men of power, which maintain always war, the one against the other, and each of them is of power to bring into the Field 200000 men of war: the one was named Leuchengorma, which is Lord of an Island, which standeth two leagues from the firm land, dedicated to his Idols, in which Island standeth a great Temple, whereunto appertained 2000 priests.  
The Indians of this Leuchengorma, informed the spaniards, that 50. leagues beyond that place, between two Rivers, was a great Province, all inhabited with women, which consent not to have any sort of men among them, except a certain time convenient for generation: and then if any happen to be with a child, 
Amazo●●●.  and bring forth men children, they are after certain years sent to their fathers, and the daughters which they likewise bear, remaineth with them: these women also are in subjection to Leuchengorma. The Queen of these women is called Guayboymilla, which in their language, is as much to say, as Heaven of Gold, because the report was, that great quantity of gold groweth there, & thereof they make exceeding rich cloth, & of all their commodities, they pay tribute to Leuchengorma. 
Maake●  And although oftentimes the Spaniards hath had notice of this country, yet they never took the discovery in hand, because Don Diego would not abide to inhabit in the coast: & also sithence that time, Pedro de Valdivia was sent to inhabit the country, who could not bring his desire of furniture to pass, convenient for the voyage, although he hath inhabited 33. degrees beyond the Equinoctial Southward, & also perfect knowledge of habitation was known to be unto 40. degrees along that coast, especially, one ship, which Don Gabriel de Caravajall, Bishop of Plazensia, sent in discovery, which had passed through the Straight of Magalanes, who from the said strait came sailing along that coast Norward, until he arrived at the port of the city of the kings, and before the coming of this ship there was no memory of Rats found in all Peru, so that it seemeth that the first brood of Rats came out of that ship, & sithence that time, all the cities in Peru are replenished with abundance: it is thought that among chests and farthels of merchandise they were carried from place to place: whereupon the Indians do name them Ococha, which is to say, a vermin● comen out of the sea.   

Of the return of Hernando Pisarro into Peru, and of the dispatch which he brought with him, and of the rebellion of the Indians. Cap. 3.  
AFter that Don Diego de Almagro, was departed from Cusco, Hernando Pisarro came from Spain, having received at the Emperors hand great favour, who also made him knight of the order of S. james: He also brought for his brother Don Francisco, prorogation for certain leagues of ground in his government. And also the provision which hath been spoken of, for the government of Don Diego de Almagro. At this instant Mango Inga, Lord of Peru, was prisoner in Cusco, for the conspiracy which he had wrought against the Christians, with his brother Paulo Inga, and Villaoma Almagro wrote unto john Pisarro reques●ing him to set them at liberty, because he was loath that Hernando Pisarro should find them prisoners at his coming to Cusco, at which time john Pisarro was in the conquest of Collao, and at the sight of his letter, they were discharged out of prison.  
When Hernando Pisarro was come to Cusco, he became a singular good friend to Inga, and used him very courteously notwithstanding, he had always regard, to attend unto him. It was thought that this friendship was to the intent to crave some gold of him for his Majesty, or else for himself. So that after two months that he was come to Cusco, Inga besought him to grant unto him leave to go unto Yncaya, to celebrate a certain feast, and in consideration of his courtesy, he promised to bring unto him an Image of gold, which was made in remembrance of his Father Guaynacava, both in proportion and likeness: the covetous desire of gold, caused Hernando Pisarro to grant his request. And when he was comen to Yncaya, he put in ure the conspiracy which he had pretended since the time that D. Diego de Almagro departed from Chili, so finding himself at the place where he required to be: He began to murder certain Miners that wrought in the gold Mines, and other housdand men which were in the fields, he also sent one of his Captains with a great number of his people, to take the Fortress of Cusco, the which his commandment was done accordingly: so that in six days the Spaniards could scarcely win the Fortress again, and at the winning thereof John Pisarro was slain in the night season with a stone, 
Death of John Pisarro.  which struck him on the head, so that by the mean of an other wound which he had on his head, he could not suffer his head piece, his death was bewailed throughout the land. And certainly the loss of his person was great, because he was a valiant man, and well experimented in the wars of that country, and singularly beloved of all men.  
When Inga had intelligence of the death of John Pisarro, he came with all his power upon the city, & besieged it for the space of eight Months and more: and at every full Moon he assaulted the City on every side, how be it Hernando Pisarro and his brethren defended his assault like valiant gentlemen, with many other Captains, and approved good Soldiers which were within the City, especial●y Gabr●ell de Rojas, Hernando Ponso de Leon, Don Alanso Henriquez and the Treasurer Requelme, and many others, who unarmed themselves neither day nor night: and did assuredly believe, that the Governor and all the other spaniards were slain by the Indians, because they had knowledge that all the land had rebelled, and were occupied in the wars. So that these valiant minded men fought so manfully, as men that expected no humane succour, but only put their trust in the help from GOD alone: although they daily diminished by the hands of the Indians. In the mean while that the war and siege endured, Gonsalo Pisarro with other twenty horsemen came out of the City, to view the siege, and proceeded forward till they came to the Lake called Chinichera, which stood five leagues distant from the City, where the enemies came so thick, and thronged upon him, who, although he a●d his company fought variantly, yet they had yielded, if Hernando Pisarro and Alonso de Turo, had not rescued them with an other company of horsemen, because Gonsalo had entered too far among the enemies, which he did with greater courage than wisdom.   

How Don Diego de Almagro came with his power upon Cusco, and took prisoner Hernando Pisarro, Chapt. 4.  
HEre before hath been declared, how ivan de Herrada carried into the province of Chili, to Don Diego de Almagro, the provision which the Emperor had granted to him, concerning his new governation, which did extend beyond the limits of Don Francisco Pisarro his grant, whereupon he determined to return, from his pretended discovery of Chili, and to take the City of Cusco into his power: to which purpose, the gentlemen which were in his company encouraged him, to make all the hast possible, especially Gomes de Alvarado, brother to Don Pedro de Aluarado and his Uncle Diego de Aluarado, and Rodrigo orgonio's: among whom, some desired the reparation of the City and Country, and other coue●ed to be alone in the governation of Chili, so that to bring this matter to pass, they devised to cause their interpretars to proclaim, that Don Francisco Pisarro, and all his company of spaniards were slain by the Indians which had rebelled, who had likewise understanding of the rebellion of Inga. So that now Don Diego took this enterprise in hand, and when he was come within six leagues of Cusco, without giving knowledge to Hernando Pisarro of his coming, he wrote to Inga, promising to pardon all that was passed, if he would become his friend, and assist him in his pretended purpose, alleging moreover, that all the land appertaining to Cusco, was within the precinct of his government, wherefore his meaning was to possess the same. But Inga deceitfully sent him word, that he should come personally and talk with him, and so he did, with suspicion of some deceit: wherefore he left some of his men with ivan de Sayavedra, and took the rest with him. But when Inga espied time convenient, he set upon him with such a vehement courage, that Don Diego was glad to retire. In the mean season, Hernando Pisarro, having knowledge of his coming, went to visit ivan de Sayavedra at his Camp, and mought have taken him prisoner if he had would, as the Citizens of Cusco had counseled him to do, but he would not, rather when he had spoken with him, he returned back unto the City, without the giving unto him of any ungentle language, How be it, ivan de Sayavedra reported afterward, that he had offered unto him 5000. poises in gold, to deliver into his power all the men which were in his company, and that he refused the money. When Don Diego was returned from Inga, he came with all his army in the sight of the City with his Ensigns spread, where he took four horsemen, which Hernando Pisarro had sent to talk with him, he also sent to require the state and Chief Magistrates of the City, to receive him for their governor according to the emperors letters patents granted to him, which were ready to be seen. The said Magistrates made answer, saying: that he should cause the limits of his grant to be measured with Don Francisco Pisarro, and when it should be verified that the City of Cusco, should fall out of the league of ground, specified in the grant of Don Francisco, then would they yield to his request, and also obey him, as reason and duty should require. But their wise and gentle answer was never performed: By mean whereof after did follow such great damage, slaughter, and discord, between these two valiant Captains: and although sundry times they met to measure by line the land, that should appertain to each of them, yet they never agreed upon the cause: For sometimes they would say that the leagues of land, appertaining to the governation of Don Francisco, should be measured a long the Sea cost, accepting into the reckoning all Creeks, Bays, and crooked head lands, or Capes. Others held opinion that the measure should be by land, accepting likewise into the account all crooked ways, which of force were to be gone almost circular, and not directly strait. So that by each of these two reckonings, the government of Don Francisco did finish a great way, before they could come to Cusco: yea some said, before they could come to the City of Kings. But Don Francisco pretended that their opinions were not just, nor lawful in that form of measuring: but rather said he, that they should measure according to the rules of the altitude of the Sun, allowing the due number of leagues to every degree, beginning at the Equinoctial line, according to Astronomers reckoning in the north and south course, by the superior line, and in so doing the City should fall into the iursdiction of Pisarro. But be it as may be: for as yet until this day the matter was never agreed upon, that is to say, whether the City of Cusco doth fall into the new Castille, or in the new Toledo, although sundry times, both Pilots and learned Geometricians hath met to decide the cause, especially the Licenciall Vaca de Castro, who had a particular Commission touching that matter, and as yet sentence was never pronounced. But now letting this discord cease, & returning again to the History.  
Hernando Pisarro, sent word unto Don Diego that he would prepare a certain part of the City, for him and his retine we to lodge in, and in the mean while he would advertise his brother Don Francisco, of his demand: who at that instant was abiding in the City of the Kings, to the intent that some order might be taken between them, considering that they were both friends and companions: And to treat of this matter, some do affirm, that truce was taken upon that condition, so that under that conclusion, each one held himself to be in security. Hernando Pisarro caused that night all the Citizens and men of war, to take their rest in their houses, because they were greatly wearied with watching, and wearing their armour days and nights, without taking any rest at all.  
When Don Diego had advise of the citizens rest and security, and the night being very dark, especially through a dark Cloud, which at that instant covered the City, he forthwith assaulted the City. But when Hernando and Gonsalo Pisarro heard the noise, they made great haste in arming themselves, and their house being the first that was assaulted, they like valiant gentlemen defended themselves, until they had set fire on every side of the house, whereupon they yielded, and were in this order taken prisoners.  
The next day following Don Diego compelled the counsel of the City, to receive him for their chief ruler and Governor: and also commanded Hernando and Gonsalo Pisarro to be put in Irons, yea and many of his counsellors wished him to put them to death, the which council he refused considering the noble courage and mind, which they showed in the defence of their house, so that they were put in the custody of Diego de Aluarado. Also it was credibly thought that certain Indians were the occasion, that Don Diego did break the truce that was made, and also some spaniards, who brought news unto him, that Hernando Pisarro had commanded to break done the bridges, and the Fortress in the City, which news seemed to be the very original cause. For when Don Diego entered into the City, he spoke these words with a loud voice: Oh how have ye deceived me with your deceitful news, for here I find both bridges, and every thing whole and sound.  
Of all these proceedings the Governor Pisarro, knew nothing, nor many days after the taking of the city, and imprisonment of his brethren Don Diego de Almagro, made Paulo brother to Atabaliba king, & gave unto him the Cassal of the Empire, the which news being known to his brother Mango Inga, he fled with a great number of his people into certain asperous Mountains called Andes.   

How the Indians slew many that the Governor sent to secure his brethren in Cusco. Chap. 5.  
Among other things which the Governor Don Francisco Pisarro sent to crave of the Emperor, he besought his Majesty in remuneration of his service done in the conquest of Peru, to grant him 20000. Indians perpetually to him & his discendentes, in a Province called Atambilloes, with their Rents, Tributes, and jurisdiction, with title of Lord Marquis of that place and people. The Emperor answered, that as touching the Indian people he would take advisement, and also of the quality of the Country, and what profit or damage thereof might grow: and that in consideration of his service, he would so gratify him as lawfully with reason he should think convenient, so that at his request the title of Lord Marques was granted, and the Emperor commanded that from thence forth he should be s● called. And therefore hereafter in the prosecution of this History we will call him by the name of Lord Marques.  
The Lord Marques having understanding of the rebellion of the Indians, and not thinking the matter would have come to such extremity, he began to send succour of men, to his brother Hernando Pisarro, to Cusco, by little and little as he could get them, by ten, a●d fifteen at a tyme. The Indians also hearing of this weak succour, appointed many men of war to attend their coming at every dangerous, passage that was in their way, so that as many as the Lord Marques sent in this order, were as fast murdered by those Indians, which thing would not so have fallen out, if he had sent them all together. And as he went to visit the cities of Trugillio, and saint Mighell, he determined to send one Diego Pisarro, with 70. horsemen, to the succour of his brethren, all the which the Indians s●ue at a strait passage, which of force they should go, and at this day is called the hill of Parcos, which standeth fifty leagues from Cusco: and the like happened to the Marquis his brother in Law, called Gonsalo de Tapia, who he sent afterward with 80. horsemen: they also put to the worse Captain Morgoujo and Captain Gaete, with their companies, yea, few or none of them escaped: so that those which always followed last, could have no knowledge of the success of those which went before. And an other policy the Indians also used, which was, they would let them pass, till they came into a Ualley between two Hills, and then would they environ them both before and behind, and from the high places came the stones as thick as Hail, being thrown with slings in such sort, that they slew many of them, before they could come to hand strokes. So that they slew above 300. horsemen, 
300. horsemen slain by the Indians.  and took from them great quantity of jewels, Armour, and apparel of silk.  
Now the Marquis having no answer from none of those succours, he sent Francisco Godoy borne in Caceres with 45. horsemen, who by chance met with only two men, which had served under captain Gaete, and escaped from the tyranny of the Indians: so that by them he had intelligence of all that had passed, whereupon he returned with all speed, although he was almost taken in the snare of his fellows, and was followed by the Indians above twenty leagues, and daily by them encountered before, and in the rearguard: So that he was forced to travail in the night sea●on, for fear of the multitude of enemies. And when he was come to the City of Kings, whither also was comen Captain Diego de Aguero, with certain men that h●d escaped the Indians rage.  
The Marquis had understanding, how a great number of the Indian enemies followed Captain Aguero, whereupon he sent Pedro de Lerma with 70. horsemen, and many Indians his friends, to encounter with the Soldiers of Inga: with whom they fought almost a whole day, until the enemies were forced to take a high Rock for their hold and safeguard. Whereunto the spaniards laid siege on every side: the same day captain Lerma had his teeth broken with the stripe of a stone, and also nine of his men were wounded, and one horseman slain. But the Christians drove them into so great an extremity, that if the Marquis had not commanded them to retire, they would that day have ended the wars: because the Indians were in extreme misery shut up in their fort, and no way to help themselves. So that the spaniards also seeing themselves free from the tyranny of their enemies, they gave unto God most hearty thanks, and th●s done they removed their Camp unto an high hill, that standeth not far from the City of the Kings, daily skirmishing with the enemies.  
The chief Captain of the Indians was called Tysoyopangui, and the brother of Inga, which the Marquis sent with Captain Gaete, in these wars which the Indians attempted near the City of the Kings: it happened that many Indians who were servants to the spaniards called Yanaconas, served the Indians of the wars in the day season for wages, and at night came to their supper and lodging with their masters.   

¶ How the Marquis sent into divers parties to require succour, and how Captain Alonso de Aluarado came to aid him. Chap. 6.  
THe Lord Marquis seeing such a great number of Indian enemies in readiness, for the besiging of the city of the Kings: he than thought assuredly that Hernando Pis●rro, and all his company in Cusco were slain, and that the insurrection and rebellion was general through the land, thinking also that Don Diego had the like success in Chili. And because the Indians should not think, that with fear he kept his Navy of ships, to fly in them when need should require. And also that the spaniards should not have hope of succour to repair to the said ships, 
The policy of a good Captain.  to escape out of the land, and by that mean to fight with less courage, than manhood should require, he commanded the ships to be sent from thence to Panama. He sent also messengers to the viceroy of the new Spain, and to all the Christian governors of all the Indies: craving their favour and help, advertising them of the great danger that he was in. signifying the same with words, not of such courage as he was wont to show in other things. But it should seem that his so doing, was through the persuasion of some faint hearted person, which counseled him so to do.  
He sent likewise to his lieutenant of Trugillio, commanding him to leave the City without people, and to embark their wives, children, and goods in a ship which he sent for that purpose, that they might be conveyed to the firm la●●e, and he with all the rest of the citizens to come with their horses and armour to aid him. Because he thought assuredly that the Indian enemies would come and sporle their City, and he not able to defend them. So that he judged the surest way to be, to join themselves together in one body: yet he required that their coming should be in secret. When thinhabitantes of Trugillio were ready to departed towards the Marquis, came thither Captain Alonso de Aluarado with all his company, who was come from the discovery of Chachapoyas, being also sent for, by the Marquis, and having left a certain company of men of war in the City of Trugilio, for the safeguard of the same, they came all together to the City of the Kings to aid the Marquis, who lovingly entertained them. And incontinent made Alonso de Aluarade captain general, in lieu of Pedro de Lerma, who until that time had enjoyed that office, yet the unplacing of him was so grievous unto him, that afterward it caused Mutynie, as in place and time shallbe declared.  
When the Marquis saw himself so well provided of men, and other furniture necessary, he determined to secure, where most need should require. Whereupon he sent captain Alonso de Aluarado with 300. spaniards, footmen and horsemen to descry the country: who proceeding on his journey about 4 leagues from the city, in Pachacama he had a sharp battle with the Indians, of whom he had the victory, and slew many of them: this done, he took the way toward Cusco, in which journey passing through the country unhabited, he suffered great penury, and only for want of water, died above 500 of his Indians with thirst, who were labourers and carried his baggage, and if the light horsemen had not been, who road by post with certain vessels for water, which was the mean to save the lives of a great number more of the footmen, which were all in danger of the same end. As he in this manner proceeded forward, he overtook in the Province of Xauxa Gomes de Tord●ya, natural de Villa Nueva de Barca Rota, who had in his company 200 footmen and horsemen, so that they were now in number 500 men, with whom Alonso de Aluerado took his way to the bridge called Lumjchaca, where the Indians had environed them on every side, & having their battle together, the Christians had the victory, yet they ceased not skirmishing until they came to the bridge called Aban cay, where Alonso de Aluarado had understanding of the imprisonment of Hernando & Gonsalo Pisarro, and of all the affairs which passed in Cusco, so that he determined to proceed no further, until he should have further Commission from the Marquis. When Don Diego de Almagro had notice of the coming of Alonso de Aluarado, he sent unto him Diego de Aluarado with other seven horsemen, to notify unto him the provision granted by the Emperor. Who at their coming Alonso de Aluarado took them prisoners: saying, that the Lord Marques ought to be cited with their provisions, & not he who was no party for such matters. But when Don Diego saw that his messengers returned not again, fearing lest Alonso de Aluarado, meant to enter into Cusco by some other way.  
About xv. days after he came with his whole power, determining to set upon Aluarado, because he understanding how Pedro de Lerma had practised a Mutiny, for to pass unto him with 80 men, and when Don Diego drew nigh to Aluarado, his scout, took prisoner Pedro Aluarez Holguin, who was a light horseman to Aluarado, who having intelligence of his imprisonment, was minded likewise to apprehend Pedro de Lerma upon suspicion: who fled from him the same night, carrying with him the fines of all those, which had promised their faith and friendship to Don Diego.  
On a night Don Diego came to the bridge, having knowledge how Gomes de Tordoya, and a son of the Colonel Vilalua, were tarrying his coming, who had sent over at a shallow place many of the men, which were of the conspiracy with Pedro de Lerma, who were encouraged to pass the water without fear. It was manifestly known, that some of the conspirators, who watched that night had stolen above fifty Lances, which they brought away with them. So that when Alonso de Aluarado was minded to have attempted the battle, he found the conspirators missing, and many more of his men which went to seek their Lances, that were stolen from them in the night watch, were also wanting: by mean whereof Don Diego obtained the victory without bloudsheding, saving that Rodrigo orgonio's had his teeth broken with the stripe of a stone. Now when the spoil was divided, & Aluarado taken prisoner, Don Diego returned to Cusco, where he showed some bitterness of cruelty to his prisoners, yea and so exalted himself in pride, that he letted not to say, that in short space he would not leave one of the name of Pisarro to stumble at in all the dominion of Peru. 
Pride hath a fall at length.  He said also, that the Marquis might go rule among the Manglarez, which dwell under the Equinoctial line, if he li●t to govern.   

How the lord Marques took his journey to Cusco to secure his brethren, and hearing of the overthrow of Alonso de Aluarado, he returned back to the City of the Kings. Chapt. 7.  
WIth the victory which Alonso de Alvarado had obtained against the Indians, as soon as he was departed from the city of the Kings toward Cusco, as well in Pachacama, as in Lumychaca, as before hath been declared, Inga and Tisoyopanguj were glad to retire from the siege of the City of the Kings. Whereupon the Marquis seeing himself at liberty, and with a great company of men at his commandment, he determined to take his journey toward Cusco, to secure his brethren: and carie● in his company 700 horsemen and footmen, thinking that his aid should have been against the Indians only. For he knew nothing of the return of Don Diego de Almagro from his discovery, nor yet of any thing which had happened.  
Many of his soldiers which he carried with him, were sent unto him by Don Alonso de Fuen Mayor Archbishopp, and lord Precedent of the Island of Santo Domingo, with his brother Diego de Fuen Mayor brought likewise a certain number of men from Panama. And also Diego de Ayala was returned from Micaragua with an other company of men. So that the Marquis proceeding on his journey, until he came to the plains in the Province de Nasca, which standeth distant 25. leagues from the City of the Kings, where he had news of the return of Don Diego from his discovery, and also of all other particularities which had happened, since his coming, as before at large hath been rehearsed: the grief of those proceedings, moved his patience not a little, yet notwithstandying, he considered, that his army was furnished to fight with Indians, and not armed to war with spaniards. Wherefore he determined to return back again to the city of the Kings, to increase his power with more men: and to accomplish his pre●ence, forthwith he put in ure his return. Sending unto Cusco, the Licenciat Espinosa to take order in the pacifying of the broils which were begun, and to inform Don Diego, that if the Emperor should know of the discord that was happened between them, that then he would send an other to take the charge from them both, and enjoy the land which they ha● gotten with such great travail and perils. The Marquis also desired him, that when he could not make any lawful agreement between them, yet at the least that it might please Don Diego to set his brethren at liberty, and he to abide in Cusco, and not to proceed any further, till the matter should be consulted, and the Emperor to explain and declare, what each of them should quietly govern and possess.  
With this Embassage, the Licenciat Espinosa departed on his journey, how be it, he could not bring to pass any of those things, which were committed to his discretion. But whilst he was dealing in the agreement, he fell sick and died. And Don Diego with his men, came down to the plains, leaving in the city, for his lieutenant, captain Gabriel de Rojas, in whose power he left prisoners Gonsalo Pisarro, and Alonso Aluarad●, and carried Hernando Pisarro prisoner in his company, and in this order he continued on his journey, till he came to the Province of Chincha, which is within 20. leagues of the City of Kings, and there he built a Town in remembrance of his possession of government.   

¶ How the Marquis joined his army, and how Alonso de Aluarado and Gonsalo Pisarro scaped out of Prison, and what other things happened Chap. 8.  
WHen the Marquis was returned to the City of the Kings, he commanded all his men to be paid for their service, his army multiplied by reason, that he gave to understand how he meant, to go to resist and defend himself against Don Diego de Almagro, wh● was coming to invade his governation, so that in few days his army increased to the number of 500 footmen and horsemen, among whom were many Hargubuziers, by mean that Pedro de Vergara was returned from the discovery of Bracamiros, and come in company with Diego de Fuenmayor, who had brought from Flaunders, where he was married, a great number of Hargubuziers with all furniture to them belonging, for until his coming, were but five in all Peru. Whereupon the Marquis appointed for Captains of the Hargubuziers, the said Pedro de Vergara, and Nunio de Castro, and Diego Vrbina, borne in Ordonia, who was Nephew to the Camp master, he ordained Captain of the Pikemen. He also appointed Diego de Rojas Captain of the Horsemen, with Porausuerez & Alonso de Mercadillio, and now he named Pedro de Valdiuja Camp master, and Antonio de Vilalua, chief Sergeant.  
In this mean while, Gonsalo Pisarro and Alonso de Aluarado, who remained Prisoners in Cusco, brake prison and came to the Marqnes with the number of fifty persons, who had also taken Prisoner, Gabriel de Rofas lieutenant of Don Diego de Almagro, with whose coming, the Marquis rejoiced exceedingly, not only because they had escaped the peril that they were in, but also their coming was a great encouragement to all his army. So that now he appointed Gonsalo Pisarro Captain general, and Alonso de Aluarado Captain of the Horsemen.  
But when Don Diego de Almagro understood the scape made by his prisoners, and the mighty power of the Marquis, he determined to come to some agreement with him, yea, and he himself to make the first motion. For which purpose, he sent with his full power and authority, Don Alonso Henriquiez, and the Emperor's Factor, called Diego Nunez de Mercado, & also the Auditor ivan de Gusman, to deal with the Marquis upon some quiet conclusion. Who when they were come to the Marquis and declared their message, he was contented to put the matter in compromise in the hands of the reverend father Francisco de Bovadilla, and Don Diego consented thereunto. Whereupon each party having discovered his grief, and made whole relation of each cause: father Franciso having indifferently understood the matter pronounced sentence, in the which he commanded that first and principally, Hernando Pisarro, who was prisoner, should be set at liberty, and the possession of the City of Cusco, restored to the Marquis as in his first estate, and that both their armies should forthwith be discharged, and to be sent to discover such Countries as before that time was pretended: and that both parties should inform the Emperor of all their proceedings, to such end that his Majesty might take order in their matters of discord. And that both the Marquis and Don Diego, should come personally to talk the one with the other, and for that purpose, each of them should meet at a Town called Mala, and bring with each of them 12. Horsemen and no more: which Town did stand in the midway of their two Camps. And upon the pronouncing of this sentence, they took their way toward the Town of Mala, although Gonsalo Pisarro gave no great credit to the truce that was taken, nor yet to the words of Don Diego, whereupon he with the whole army came after them, and secretly lodged his men near unto the said Town, commanding Captain Castro to lay himself in ambush in a certain Cane field with 40. Hargubusiers, which was in the high way that Don Diego should pass: to the intent that if Don Diego should bring with him a greater number of men than was agreed upon, that then they should discharge their pieces against them, by which token he would also be ready with his company.   

¶ How the two Governors met, and how Hernando Pisarro was set at liberty. Chap 9  
WHen Don Diego departed from Chinicha, to go to the Town of Mala with his 12. Horsemen, he left order with Rodrigo orgonio's who was his general, that he should be in a readiness, that if the Marquis did happen to bring more men than was agreed upon, that then he to repair with his army, and that he should use Hernando Pisarro, according as he should see, how the dealing fell out at their meeting.  
When these two Gentlemen met, they embraced the one the other very lovingly, and after many words and much talk had betwixt them, without any speech of the principal matter, a gentleman appartaining to the Marquis, came to Don Diego and told him in his ear saying. My Lord get you hence with all speed possible, for it importeth you so to do, and I as your friend and servitor, do so advise you. This warning he gave unto him, because he understood of the coming of Gonsalo Pisarro: Don Diego giving credit to his friends word, called in haste for his horse, & when certain of the Marquis Gentlemen perceived that he would depart, they persuaded their Lord to apprehend him, considering he might easily do it with the Hargubuzers, which Nunjo de Castro had in ambush. But the Marquis would in no wise consent thereunto, because he had given his word to the contrary, nor yet would not believe that Don Diego would return, with out some order taking between them.  
And when Don Diego in the way as he returned, espied the ambush, than he gave credit to the advise which was given him, and when he was come to his Camp, he complained of the Marquis, saying that his meaning was to have taken him Prisoner, and by no means the Marquis could not otherwise persuade him. Yet notwithstanding, by intercession of Diego de Aluarado, Don Diego de Almagro released Hernando Pisarro upon certain promises made between them, among the which, one was that the Marquis should grant unto him a Ship and safe harbour, to send for dispatches which were come from Spain for him, and also until the Emperor had taken order in their dissension, the one should not deal with the other: 〈◊〉 Rodrigo orgonio's did withstand and speak against the liberty of Hernando Pisarro, because he knew of uncourteous dealing which was used against him, in the time of his imprisonment in Cusco: judging that when he should enjoy his liberty, he would revenge those injuries received, so that always his counsel was that his head should be taken from his shoulders. But yet the opinion of Diego de Aluarado was of greater efficacy, hoping in the agreement that was taken.  
When Hernando Pisarro was clearly released, Don Diego sent him to the Marquis his brother, accompanied with his son and other Gentlemen: he was no sooner gone, when Don Diego repented him of that which he had done, yea, and it is thought that he would have apprehended him again, if he had not made great haste on his way, even until he met with many of the principal Gentlemen which served the Marquis, who were come to receive him.   

¶ How the Marquis proceeded against Don Diego, and how he returned toward Cusco. Chap. 10.  
WHen the agreement was made between Hernando Pisarro and Don Diego, the Marquis had received new● provisions from the Emperor, which Pedro A●sure● had brought, wherein was contained that each of the governors should possess and inio●e the land, which ●ache of 〈◊〉 had discovered, inhabited and conquered at the time of the notifiing of his majesties provision, although it were with in the limits of the others governation, until his Majesty should provide in the principal cause, what justice should require.  
So that when the Marquis had received this order, after that his brother Hern●ndo Pisarro was set at liberty, he sent to require Don Diego that he should departed out of that Country and Towns, which he had both discovered and inhabited according to the Emperor's commandment. Don Diego answered, that he was ready to obey the provision & the content● thereof, which was: that each of them should abide in the possession which they were in, at the time when his majesties provision should be notified unto them, or either of them. So that in like form Don Diego required the Marquis to obey and observe the same, an● to suffer him quietly to enjoy his possession without war or contention, with protestation to obey any other determination or order, that his Majesty hereafter should take in their discord depending.  
The Marquis replied, that he first discovered, conquered, and inhabited, all the Toun●s, Cities, and Country of Cusco, and that by his wrong means and force, he was now dispossessed of proper right. Therefore once again he required him to leave his former possession unto him, according to the plain meaning of his majesties commandment, for otherwise, he would compel him to avoid, willing him also to consider, that the time of truce taken between them, was now expired.  
When the Marquis saw that Don Diego would not conform himself with the Emperor's commandment, but rather scan the plain words of the provision to his own will, he proceeded to give him battle with all his power, and Don Diego retired as fast toward Cusco, making him strong in a high Mountain called Guaycara, which lay in the way as he went, working all the policy a●d mischief which he could devise, to spoil the high way for to hinder and disturb the Marqu●s passnge. But Hernando Pisarro with a company of men followed him at the he●les, and on a night by a secret way he ascended in●o the Mountain, and with his Hargubuzei●s he intercepted his way, so that Don Diego was forced to ●l●e: and finding himself some what evil at ease, he made the more hast leaving in his Rearguard Rodrigo orgonio's, who in good order continued the retire, and also having understanding by two of the Marquis company whom he had taken prisoners, how the Marquis followed with all hast possible, he also made the greater haste on his way, although some of his Soldiers gave him counsel to abide to encounter with him, saying that all those which ascended the Mountain, were the first days as men that were sea sick. But this opinion, Rodrigo orgonio's liked not, because the governor Don Diego, had given him a contrary commission: Yet the soldiers judgement was held among men of experience for the best way, and would so have fallen out if it had been accepted, for truth it was that the Marquis company were those first days, like men that were so si●ke and far out of order, with weariness of the passage through the snow in the Mountains: in consideration whereof, the Marquis descended down into the plains, & Don Diego passed to Cusco, always breaking down the bridges, and spoiling the high ways as he went, thinking that the Marquis had followed him, and when he was entered the City of Cusco, he abode there two months, joining all his whole power and force of men together, trimming and setting in good order his armour, munition, and all his furniture necessary for the wars, he wrought weapons of silver and copper, and of the same metal he cast ordinance and sorts of Artillery.   

¶ How Hernando Pisarro came to Cusco with his army and fought the battle at Salinas, and took Don Diego de Almagro Prisoner. Chap. 11.  
THE Marquis with all his army being in the plains, having descended from the Mountains, he found among his captains sundry opinions concerning their procedings. But in fine it was concluded, that Hernando Pisarro should go with the Host which was there in readiness, for the Marquis Lieutenant unto the City of Cusco, and his brother Gonsalo Pisarro, to be his Captain general, with title and voice to execute justice to certain Citizens of Cusco which were in his company, who had made complaint of wrong that had been done unto them by Don Diego de Almagro, who had taken their houses, lands, and Indian slaves from them against equity and right. In this sort the army marched on, and the Marquis returned to the City of the Kings, & his brother Hernando Pisarro by ordinary journeys, came to the city on an evening, all his Captains desired that they might rest that night below in the plains. But Hernando Pisarro would not grant their request, rather he commanded to pitch his Camp in the Mountain.  
The next morning following, Rodrigo orgonio's was attending his coming with all his power in battle array, having for Captains of his horsemen, Francisco de Chaues, ivan Tellio, and Vincent de Guevara, and on the Mountain side, he had certain Spaniards, with a great number of Indians to aid them, and all the friends & servitors of the Marquis which were in the City, were apprehended and kept prisoners in two several parts of the City, who were so many and imprisoned in so narrow a room, that many of them were stifled. The next day following Gonsalo Pisarro and his men having made their prayers unto God, descending from the Mountain down into the plains, where he ordained his Quadrons and marched toward the City, with intention to plant himself upon a high plot of ground that standeth near to the fort of the City, thinking that Don Diego should descry his mighty power, that he would refuse the battle, the which was desired for many considerations, and specially the great bloodshed that was like to follow.  
When Gonsalo Pisarro and Alonso de Aluarado, saw the traues, that orgonio's set forth, they broke in upon the enemies, and at the first encounter threw to the ground above fifty men: and when Rodrigo orgonio's came to the rescue, he was wounded with the bullet of a Hargabuze in his forehead, which bullet passed through his hedpeece. And after that he was wounded, he slew two men, and thrust with his lance a servant of Hernando Pisarro in at his mouth, thinking that it had been Pisarro himself, because he was well armed, and gallantly attired. And when both the armies were joined, the battle was on both sides valiantly fought, until at length the Marquis his side had the better hand, and Don Diego his men began to turn their backs and fly, in which flight a number were slain. But when Don Diego who stood on a high place to see the battle, because he was somewhat evil at ease, saw his men fly, he said: By our lord God, I had thought that we had come hither to fight. Then happened two horsemen to have taken prisoner Rodrigo orgonio's, unto whom came another, who had in time passed received a certain injury at his hande●, and in revenge of the same, struck of his head: and in such sort were used other some that had yielded themselves, & yet Hernando Pisarro could not defend them, although both he and his captains did what they might: and the cause was, that where the soldiers of Alonso de Aluarado had received by them the afrent at the bridge of Auācay, they now procured to revenge by all the means that might be devised. Yet the revenge was such, that where captain Ruidiaz carried one behind him, who had yielded himself, there came another, and slew him with a Lance.  
When Don Diego saw his army overthrown, he went and lodged himself in the fortress of the City, where Gonsalo Pisarro and alonso de Aluarado took him prisoner. The Indians seeing the battle ended, they left fight also: so that the one and the other of them went to strip the ded bodies of the Spaniards. Yea, & some of them were not fully ded, but yet were also stripped naked: for by reason of their wounds, they could not defend themselves from those that stripped them naked, and there was none to disturb them, for the victors minded no other thing, but to follow the victory: Yet both conquerors, and conquered es: +caped such encounters, that it had been a very easy thing for the Indians, to have consumed them all, if they had been of courage, seeing the weakness that they were in. This battle was fought the 26. day of April 1538.   

What passed after the battle of Salinas, otherwise called Salt pit, and how Harnando Pisarro came to Spain. Chapt. 12.  
WHen the battle was finished, Hernando Pisarro took great pains, to obtain the love and good will of the Captains, which had served Don Diego, and remained alive. And when he saw that he could not bring his desire to pass, he banished many out of the City, and seeing that he had not possibility, to gratify those that had served him: For each of them did think, that if all the government had been given him, yet the payment was not sufficient, whereupon he determined, to divide his host, and to send his warriors to discover the Land, which he had knowledge of, wherein he brought to pass two things: The one, to remunerate his friends, and the other to banish his enemies. So that he sent Captain Pedro de Candia with three hundred of his own men, whereof part were of those of Don Diego, to take in hand a certain conquest, which had fame of great riches. And whereas Pedro de Candia having taken the journey, could not bring his desire to pass, by mean that the way was so asperous and troublesome, he returned again toward Collao, with a Mutiny kindled among his men, because one whose name was Mesa, who had been captain of the Artillery of t●e Marks, had saind that in despite of Hernando Pisarro, he would pass through the Province of Collao. But these words he spoke by mean of the favour and countenance of those which had served Don Diego, who were there present in the company, because they being overcome in the late battle: yet their grief remained still in mind. Whereupon Pedro de Candra sent the same Mesa prisoner with the process and provaunces which were made against him, to Hernando Pisarro. Who understanding that whilst Don Diego de Almagro lived, the Country should never be in quiet, nor the people pacified, also aswell in the profess of Mesa as others, which Hernando Pisarro had made, he found mutinies in many places, and persons conjured to that intent, which was to have Don Diego out of prison, and by that means to usurp the City. The promises consulted, he thought convenient to kill Don Diego de Almagro, justifying his death with all his offences, which he had committed in the broils and alterations past, alleging that only he had been the urger and only cause of the said fact: and likewise how he was the first that brought men of war into the City, and occupied the same by his own authority. And moreover, had slain many that resisted him, and likewise had come with an army and Ensigns spread into the province of Chincha, which was manifestly known to be of the Marquis government. For which causes and considerations, he gave sentence of death against him. But when Don Diego de Almagro hard the sentence of death pronounced, he made a piteous moan, and spoke many doleful and sorrowful words to Hernando Pisarro, laying to his charge, how he was the only cause that his brother and he were come to be exalted, and brought unto the estate wherein they now remain: And had furnished them with money at the beginning, wishing that he would remember how, when he had him prisoner in his power, he set him freely at liberty without any ransom, refusing the counsel of his captains who persuaded him to put him to death. And if he had received any discourtesy in the time of his imprisonment, yet that he would consider that he neither commanded it, nor was privy thereunto. Likewise he besought him to consider, that now he was very old, and although at that instant he would remit his death: his age and time according to the course of Nature, would shortly make an end of his days.  
Unto whom Hernando Pisarro made answer, saying: that his words did not become a parsonage of so great a mind and courage as he was of to speak: nor yet in such a case to show himself so frail and fearful of death, and sith his judgement could not be revoked: he ought to confirm himself with the will of God, like a Christian and a gentleman. Unto which words Don Diego made answer, saying: sir, marvel you not that I as a frail man and a sinner do fear death, for the humanity of Christ did feel the same fear. But in conclusion Hernando Pisarro in execution of his sentence, caused his throat to be cut● and when he had so doeu, he went to the Collao against the company of captain Candia, where he commanded Mesa, who was the author of the Mutiny to be executed, & the same 300 men that Candia had, he delivered to Pedro Ansuerez, whom he had sent unto a new discovery: where they thought all to have perished with hunger, through the great marshes & evil way that they passed, and in the mean while he abode conquering the country of Collao, which is a plain Country, and hath many gold Mines, and by reason of the cold, the Grain Maiz groweth not there.  
The Indians of this Province eateth certain Roots called Papas, which are very like both in making and taste to Turnepes: There are great store of cat-tail, and chiefly the sheep which have been spoken of. And when Hernando Pisarro had understanding how the Marquis his brother was come to Cusco, he left all his business and came to visit him, leaving in his place to go forward with the Conquest, his brother Gonsalo Pisarro, who proceeded in that discovery until the Province of Charcas, where he was environed with many Indian warriors which bent their force upon him, & drove him to such extremity: tha● his brother Hernando Pisarro, hearing of such danger tha● he was in, was forced to go from Cusco with many horsemen to secure him.  
And because the aid should come unto him the sooner, the Marquis caused to be blown abroad, that he in person would follow with all his power: & to give the better countenance to the matter, he went two or three days journey out of the city. When Hernando Pisarro was come where his brother Gonsalo was, he found that the Indians were put to flight, so that certain days they kept both company together, in that conquest, where they had many encounters with those Indians, until they had taken Tiso their Captain, prisoner, and then with victory they returned to Cusco, where the Marquis received them with great honour, and gave livings in that country, to as many as he (possible) might, & the residue he sent to other Conquests, with the other Captains, Vergara, and Porcell, & by another way he sent Captain Alonso Marcadillio, and Captain ivan Perez de Guevara, and the Camp Master, Pedro de Valdivia, he sent to Chili, from whence Don Diego de Almagro came, when he returned to Cusco.  
All those things being done, Hernando Pisarro took his way toward Spain, to make relation to the Emperor, of the proceed in Peru, although many of his friends persuaded him rather to abide, for (quoth they) it is doubtful how his Majesty will take the death of Don Diego de Almagro. The Marquis also counseled him to beware, & not to trust any of the friends of Don Diego, which commonly were called the men of Chili, & not to permit them to council, & gather together yea, and if at any time he should see above six of them together, that then he might be assured that some conspiracy was in hand.   

What happened to Captain Valdivia, in his voyage, to the Province of Chili. Chap. 13.  
PEdro de Valdivia, with his company, came to the Province of Chili, where the Indians received him with feigned peace and friendship, because their harvest was at hand, and not as yet fully ripe: but after their corn was had into their Garnets', they made a general insurrection, and suddenly came upon the Spaniards, who went wandering careless abroad in the Fields, and slew fourteen of them. Valdivia hearing of the danger which his men were in, he made all haste possible, to secure them: and being occupied in the aid of his company, there were certain spaniards that had conspired against him: but when the parties were known, and the case evidently to be approved, he forthwith commanded the conspirators to be hanged, among whom was Captain Pedro Sancho de Hoz, who he esteemed as his companion, on that journey.  
Whilst he was executing of justice in the Field, there came above 7000. Indians upon the city, who put the few Spaniards, which had the guard of the city in great extremity, among whom were Captains, Francisco de Villagran ● and Alonso de Monroy, with only thirty horsemen, who came out of the City into the Field, where they fought like valiant men of War, with the Indian Archers, from the morning, till the night compelled them to rest: of which skirmish, they were all both wounded and wearied: The Indians also were as glad of the retire, through the slaughter and damage which that day they had received. So that from that day forward, all the country was on an uproar, and prepared for the Wars, and so continued for the space of eight years, all the which time, Valdivia and his men resisted their fury, and never left the country, but rather caused his soldiers to plough and sow the ground, and gather the corn to maintain them, without any aid of the Indian help, and so continued until he returned to Peru, which was at the time when the lycenciat De la Gasca was preparing an Army against Gonsalo Pisarro, in all the which wars he served, as hereafter shallbe declared.    

THE FOURTH BOOK, treateth of the voyage and discovery made by Gonsalo Pisarro, of the Province of Zinamon, and of the death of the Lord Marquis Pisarro.  

How Gonsalo Pisarro prepared himself for the journey of Zinamon. Chap. 1.  
AFter that knowledge was had in Peru, how within the precinct of the dominion of Quito Eastward, was discovered a rich country, where abundance of Zinamon did grow: By reason whereof vulgarly that Country or Province was called the land of Zinamon. Whereupon the Marquis determined, and also took in hand to conquer and inhabit that Country: so that for the same purpose he chose his brother Gonsalo Pisarro, with intent that always from Quito that viage should be furnished with all necessaries. And in accomplishment of his pretended purpose, he made assignation of the government of Quito to his said brother Gonsalo, in hope that the Emperor his Majesty would confirm the same. This don, Gonsalo Pisarro took his way toward this discovery, with a reasonable number of men.  
In the way as he went, he was forced often times to fight with the Indians of the Province of Guanuco, wh● drove him to such extremity, that he was compelled to write to the Marquis for succour, who sent unto him Francisco de Chaues, and after all those broils were passed, he came to Quito.  
In this mean while, the marquis scent Gomes de Aluarado, to conquer and inhabit the Province of Guanuco, because he was informed how certain Cascikes had conspired, and with a great number of Indians were gone to the siege of the city of Trugillio, who also slew as many Spaniards as they met withal: Robbing & spoiling likewise the pe●re Indians which were Comareans to the city, and all the spoil & carcases of the dead, they offered to an idol which they carried with them, called Caraquilla: And in this order proceeded on their journey, until Mighel de Lacerna issued out of the City with as many Citizens as he could gather together: Who joining with Francisco de Caves, fought with the enemy, and obtained victory.   

How Gonsalo Pisarro departed from Quito, and came to the Country of Zinamon, & what happened to him on his way. Chap. 2.  
GOnsalo Pisarro having prepared all necessaries for his determined viage, he departed from Quito, having in his company 200. Spaniard's well trimmed in all points, of the which number was one hundred horsemen, and above 4000 Indian friends, with 3000. sheep and hogs. After he was passed a town called Inga, he came into the country of the people called Quixos, which is the farthest Country that Inga Guaynacava conquered toward the North, where as those Indians made a countenance of war. But in one night they vanished all away, so that one of them could not be taken.  

An Earthquake.  After a while that he had abode with his Army in the towns and dwellings of those Indians, refreshing themselves, there happened a marvelous great Earthquake, with rain and tempest of Lightning and Thunder, and the ground oppened in many places, and swallowed up more than 500 houses: yea, a river which was not far from them, did so much increase, that it was not possible for them to pass over to seek victuals: by mean whereof, they were driven to great penury and hunger.  
After he departed from these Indian dwellings, they came to a row of high hills, which of force they should pass: The extreme cold on the top of those hills was exceeding great, in such sort that many of their Indian friends were there frozen to death: and because that will dearness of mountains was without any succour of victuals, they were compelled to proceed forward, till they came to a Province called Sumaco, which standeth at the foot of a high Volcan, 
Volcan.  and finding there sufficient provision of victuals, the army abode there whilst Gonsalo Pisarro, with some of those countrymen, entered again into the mountains, to seek a convenient way for his army to pass, and finding none, he came to a town called Coca, and from thence he sent for his company which abode at Sumaco, and for the space of two months that he abode there, it never ceased raining neither day nor night, yea in all that space, there was not so much dry wether that they might dry the wet clothes which they ware on their backs, So that in this Province of Sumaco, and 50. leagues in circuit, groweth the Zinamon whereof they had notice, 
zinamon,  which are great trees with leaves like unto bay trees, and the fruit of these trees is like unto clusters of small fruit which groweth round like an egg, and although the fruit, leaves, bark, and roots of those trees have the savour, odor, and substance of Zinamon, yet the most profit is, where the fruit groweth, like unto a great acorn, and although in all this country are many of these wild trees, which fructify and grow without any labour of man's hand.  
The Indians have of the same kind many trees in their tillage ground, which they trim and keep with labour and pain, and those trees produce finer Zinamon a great deal, which they esteem in much, because they batter with it in other Cornarcan Provinces, for victuals, cloth, and all other necessaries which are needful for their sustenance.   

Of the Country and Towns, that Gonsalo Pisarro passed, until he came to a Land where he built a Vergantine. Chap. 3.  
Whilst Gonsalo Pisarro abode in Sumaco, the greatest number of his men that were whole, and sound of body, went before to discover the way, according as the Indians gave them instructions, yea, and oftentimes they led them out of the way, even as the inhabitants of Sumaco had done, only for to expel them out of their country, and their deceit was, they taught them a way saying: follow ye this path, which will bring you to a country, full of towns and villages, replenished with abundance of victuals: but this advice was found to be false, for they found the same country, which they so highly commended, to be barren, unhabited, and absolutely without any succour, until they came to the villages of Coca, which standeth near unto a great river, where Gonsalo P●sarro had been, before his coming to Sumaco, and there rested for the space of six weeks, abiding the coming of his companion: the Lord of that place submitted himself to his friendship: from thence they travailed all together along the river side, downward, until they found a narrow glo●e, where they made a Bridge to pass over, although the water was of 200. fathom deep, & had a mighty great fall downward, which fall made a marvelous strange noise, which sounded & was heard more than six leagues from the place: certain days journey from this passage, they found that the river ran circuit, so that they came to a narrow place that was little more than 20. foot broad, where also was another like fall, & each side garnished with hard Rock, so that for the space of 50. leagues, they found no convenient passage, but at this place were a number of Indians, attended their coming to resist them. But yet the Harquebusiers made the passage clear, & forced the Indians to give place: in the mean while they made a bridge of timber, and passed over all the army in safety. In this form, they journeyed through a great wilderness of Mountain, until they came to the country called Guema, which was somewhat plain, but replenished with many bogs & brooks: in which place they were driven to great extremity of victuals, and through want, were forced to live with siluester fruits, until they came to another country, where they found some succour of food, & the soil indifferently inhabited: these people were clothed in garments made of cotton wool, but in all the other countries which they had travailed, the people went naked, which was either through the great heat which they have continually, or else through poverty, as they have not wherewith to buy apparel: they also used the forepart of their privy members, to be tied with a string of ●otten wool betwixt their legs, & made fast at their girdling: & the women had certain rags, to cover their secrets, but no other kind of clothing.  
In this place Gonsalo Pisarro commanded a certain vessel, called a Uergantine to be made, 
The building of a Vergantine.  for to carry their fardage, & other necessaries down the river, & likewise their sick men, and also for his own person, because that in some places the country was so full of bogs, that they could not journey. The building of this Uergantine was very troublesome, for they were forced to make a Forge for their Iron work, in the which they also profited with the horseshooes of the dead horses, for want of other iron: they made also coals to serve the turn. In these works Gonsalo Pisarro permitted none of his company to be unoccupied, from the eldest to the youngest, & he himself the first at all assaults, aswell with the axe as with the hammer: in steed of pitch, 
A shift,  they used the gum which distilled f●om certain trees, & in steed of Aucom, they took old Mantles of the Indians, & some of the Spaniards shirts which were rotten through the great wet which they had passed, so that every one was contributar with such things as he might spare: In this order the vessel was finished and launched into the river, & all their fardage laden, they made also certain Canoes, to go in company with the Uergantine.   

How Francisco de Alerano, fled with the Vergantine, and into what misery they were driven by want thereof. Chap. 4.  
WHen Gonsalo Pisarro had finished the Uergantine, he thought that all his trouble was at an end, and with this new vessel to discover all the land, whereupon he continued his journey, & all the force of his army travailed by land through the bogs: keeping along the river side, in which way they passed through many deserts of mountains, and Cane fields, making their way by force of hand with their sword, hatchets, and axes, and when they might not pass on the one side of the River, the Uergantine carried them over to the other side, so that always at night the Landmen, and watermen lodged together.  
When Gonsalo Pisarro considered how they had travailed above 200. leagues down along the river, & found no provision of victual, but only siluester fruits, & some roots, he commanded one of his Captains called Fra●cisco de Orellana that with 50. men he should go before to discover the River, and to seek victuals, with commission that if he should happen to find any, that then he should therewith load the Uergantine, leaving the fardage which was aboard at the meeting of two great Rivers, of which he had understanding to be of 80. leagues distant, & also that he should leave two Canoes at certain Rivers which crossed over, to the intent that with them he might pass his men over. When Orellana had taken his leave, he departed, shortly after found the currant of such force, that in short time he came to the meeting of the two great Rivers, without finding any kind of sustenance: and also considering what way he had made in three days, he found that in a whole year if was not possible to return that way again, by reason of the vehemency of the great currant, whereupon he determined to proceed down the river, even whither fortune should lead him, although he judged it a thing more convenient to abide there, yet notwithstanding, he proceeded on, and took likewise the Canoes with him, although some of his company required him to abide their general's order & coming, especially Father Gaespar de Caravajall, who was their preacher, & because he insisted more than the residue, the captain used him very uncourteously, as well in word as deed, and with will or nil, he proceeded on his enterprise, making some entries into the land, where he fought with such Indians as would have resisted him: & many times they came to encounter, with him in the River with their Canoes, with whom they could not fight at will, because the Uergantine was so full of men, that one disturbed another.  
In a certain country where he found place convenient, he abode and built another Uergantine: 
Another Vergantine.  For the Indians of this soil came and submitted themselves unto him, and also provided him both of victuals and all other things necessary: in another province forward, he ●ought with the Indians & obtained victory against them, of whom he had intelligence, that certain journeys from thence, within the main, was a country in the which dwelled none but women, who were valiant, and defended themselves against their Comarcans. 
Note.  With this advertisement he proceeded on his way, without finding in all his journey, either gold or plate, and ceased not till he came out into the Northern sea, being 325. leagues distant from the Island of cubagua: This River is called Maranion, because the Captain which discovered this navigation, was called Maranion. 
Maranion.  The beginning or headspring of this River, cometh from Peru, out of the side of the mountains of Quito. It runneth by direct course (accounting by the rule of altitude of the sun) 700. Leagues, and with the crookedness and compass which the same River maketh in many places from his origen, until it cometh into the main Sea, containeth .1800. leagues, and the mouth of the same river is fifteen leagues broad, and further inward it waxeth three, yea and four leagues brother.  
When Orellana was comen out of the River of Maranion, he took his way toward Castille, where he informed his Majesty of his discovery, and also how he had finished the same at his own cost and charge. And more over in his said discovery, was a country exceeding rich, in the which lived none but Women: which country commonly was called the conquest of the Amazons: Beseeching his majesty to grant unto him the government & discovery of the said country: the which his request accordingly was granted unto him. Whereupon he gathered together the number of five hundred men, among which were many Gentlemen, and men of great credit, with whom he took shipping in Saint Lucar de Barrameda, and after he was comen to the Altitude of the Canaria Islands, the wind was contrary for his Navigation: and also driven to want of victuales, whereupon the Fleet was separated, one ship clean without sight of the other, and he himself died on the way, in such sort, that his company were scattered among the Islands.  
Of all the which his proceedings, Gonsalo Pisarro made great complaint, principally for so treacherous a part, as was to leave him in such necessity and want of victual, and likewise, without any succour or help to pass his army over the Rivers: And also, because he had deceived him of a great sum of Gold, Plate, and Emraldes, which was aboard of his Uergantine, with the which he had sufficient to finish both shipping, and all other furniture, necessary for the discovery, which the Emperor had granted unto him, through his deceitful practice.   

How Gonsalo Pisarro returned to Quito, and of the great pains and miseries, which he passed in the return. Chapter. 5.  
WHen Gonsalo Pisarro was come to the place, where he commanded Orellana to leave the Canoes for his coming, for to pass certain Rivers: By mean whereof he was driven to great extremity: and forced to make Kaffes, and Canoes for that purpose. And when he was come to the meeting of the two Rivers, where he appointed Orellana to attend his coming, and finding him not: yet there he had understanding of a Spaniard which Orellana had left on shore behind him, because he stood against his pretended voyage: and Orellana also intending to take this new discovery in hand in his own name, & not as Lieutenant to Gonsalo Pisarro, whereupon he desisted from thauthority received of Pisarro, & compelled his company to elect him for their captain & general.  
Now Gonsalo Pisarro, being left succourless & void of help for his Navigation, & the only way to provide sustenance for his army, yet he found somewhat among the Indians for barter of small bells & glasses: notwithstanding his grief and heaviness was not small, whereupon he determined to return back again to Quito, from whence he had travailed more than .400 leagues of most evil way, among Monntaynes, and country unhabited: the which when he had discovered, he wondered at his own travails, which he had passed, & escaped the cruel death of hunger in the wilderness of Mountains, where 40 of his men ended their days, without any hope of succour but even as they axed for meat, lening to trees, they fell down dead with very hunger. But now committing himself to God he returned by another way, leaving the way that he came, which was not only troublesome to pass, but also void of all kind of sustenance, & so at all adventures sought another way, which was as evil & rather worse than the way which they had comen, in the which they had much to do to sustain life, 
●reat hunger  although they killed their horses which were left, and greyhounds, with other sort of dogs to eat: the extremity of hunger was such, that a cat or a hen, was worth fifty poises, which is starling near twenty pound, & one of those poisoned fowls called Alcatrax, was worth ten poises.  
In this manner, Gonsalo Pisarro continued on his way, toward Quito, where as long before he gave advice of his return: whereupon the Citizens of Quito provided great abundance of hogs, & sheep, & came out of the city to meet him on his way: they carried also with them some horses & apparel, for Gonsalo Pisarro, and his Captains, the which succour came unto him, being 50. leagues from Quito, who coming unto him with such provision, God he knoweth, how joyfully it was accepted, but chiefly the victuals: Gonsalo Pisarro & his company, were almost naked, for long sithence with the great waters of rain, & otherwise, their clothes were rotten from their bodies, so that now, each of them had but only two small Dear skins, which covered their fore parts, and also their hinder parts: some had left old rotten breeches, & shoes made of raw dear skins: their swords wanted scabards and were spoiled with rust, they came all on foot, their arms and legs, were scratched with shrubs and briars, their gestures seemed like unto dead men, so that scarcely their friends & old acquaintance knew them: In which painful journey, in more than 200. leagues, they could find no salt, which they found to be a great want unto them. But when they were come into the country of Quito, and had received that friendly succour, they fell on their knees, and kissed the ground, yéeldinge unto God most humble and hearty thanks, who had delivered them from so many perils and dangers.  
Their exceeding hunger was so great, that they began to feed like ravening wolves, so that it was thought convenient for their health, to tax their meat, with moderate diet, until by little and little, their stomachs were comforted, and strengthened for disgesture.  
When Gonsalo Pisarro saw that the horses and apparel which was brought, 
A noble mind.  would but only furnish him and his Captains, neither he nor they would not take any part thereof, nor yet change their old rags, which they had on their backs, to observe the rule of equity, like good soldiers: so that in this form and attire, he with his company, entered into the city of Quito, in a morning, and went directly to the Temple, to render unto God most humble laud and praise, who of his infinite goodness had delivered them out of so many perils and dangers: and after their praises given, each one attired himself according to his possiblitie.  
This country where the Zinamon groweth, standeth under the Equinoctial Line, even as the Islands of Maluco doth, which also bringeth forth Zinamon, which ordinarily is spent in Spain, and in other oriental parts.   

How the inhabitants of Chili, began to conspire The Marquis death. Chap. 6.  
WHen Hernando Pisarro executed Don Diego de Almagro in the city of Cusco, he sent a Son of his, which he had begotten of an Indian Woman, to the city of the Kings, whose name was also Don Diego de Almagro, who was a virtuous young man of great courage, and well brought up: his chief exercise was to ride a horse well, both after the Jennet use, and warlike order, in the which faculty he proved a gallant horseman: he could also write and read exceeding well: his Schoolmaster and Tutor, was a Gentleman called ivan de Herrada, who had likewise the government of his person. The Father of this young man commended his Son unto this man: Now when he was in the city of the Kings, with his Pupil, he used great conversation with such as he thought meet to be of his partiality, who were such as went wandering up and down in the Country, without a guide, as men left succourless, and overcome, and none would entertain them because they were with Don Diego de Almagro, at the time of his overthrow.  
Now ivan de Herrada, calling to remembrance, how Hernando Pisarro was gone into Spain, and his brother Gonsalo, likewise gone into the country of Zinamon, in discovery, and he also being set at liberty by the Marquis, for until this time, he was as a Prisoner. So that now the young man and his Tutor, began to prepare armour and other furniture of War, in a readiness, meaning to revenge his Father's death, & the destruction which was made in his Father's army: the remembrance whereof, was as yet very fresh in mind, although the Marquis often times procured to have them for his faithful friends: but yet he could never bring his desire to effect: whereupon he took occasion to take from them certain Indians of service, thinking by that mean they should not have wherewithal to maintain such as daily came unto them: but his pretence availed not, for they were so knit together in league of friendship, that all which they possessed, was a thing common among them, & that which was gotten by play, or stealth, they brought to ivan de Herrada, his House, as a common stock to maintain him withal: so that daily they multiplied, and furnished themselves with Armour: yet not withstanding, there were many of the Marquis friends, that gave him warning of their doing.  
But he not regarding their counsel, being a man of a gentle nature and condition, answered them, saying: that they should not increase the sorrow of the overthrown men. Alas (quoth he) their grief is great enough, to see themselves poor, overcomen, and almost of all men abhorred.  
Don Diego de Almagro, and his company, being assured of the plain meaning of the Marquis, they became every day more shameless than other: yea, they letted not the chiefest of them, to pass by the Marquis in the street, without any submission or reverence doing unto him: and also on a night they had tied three Halters on the Picot, which is a Pillar, whereon they use to do execution of hanging, in the Market place of every city.  
The one of those Halters was set toward the Marquis house, and another toward the house of his Lieutenant, and the third toward the house of his Secretary.  
Yet the Marquis dissimuled all these doings, excusing them as men overcome, and without shame, and therefore they used such practices.  
But these long sufferings, made them a great deal the bolder: so that from two hundred leagues distant, came divers of the partiality which were tofore banished, among whom they absolutely conspired the Marquis death, and to be Lord of the Lande● as afterward followed. Yet they stayed somewhat the longer in the execution of their determination, only to hear some news, because they had understanding that Captain Diego de Aluarado ● was gone into Spain, to accuse Hernando Pisarro, of his former proceedings, and how Hernando was for his offence apprehended, and the cause earnestly followed: they had also intelligence, how his Majesty had provided the Lycenciat Vaca de Castro, to come into Peru, to make information of all the former success, but not to punish the offences with such rigour as they expected.  
Whereupon leaving all delays aside, they forthwith determined to execute their intended purpose, although they had a great desire to see what Vaca de Castro, would do, saying: that if this new judge do not as soon as he cometh, apprehend and put to death the Marquez, that then they would murder them both together: and for to have more assured advertisement, they sent Don Alonso de Monte Mayor toward Tumbez, & others in his company. Because there were certain ships arrived, which came from Panama, who brought news, how Vaca de Castro was preparing his voyage into Peru. afterward it happened, that when Vaca de Castro had embarked himself in Panama: the currant of the Sea being contrary, drove him in such sort to Léeward, that he was forced to come on land at the Island of Gorgona, and to pass up the River of Saint john, and by good hap came into the governation of Benalcasar, and from thence passed by land into Peru, as hereafter more particular shallbe declared.  
The men of Chili seeing the delay in the coming of Vaca de Castro, they suspected that by their own delay of their pretence, intelligence might be given to him of their doing, and thereby be an occasion of the losing of all their lives. So that they now were agreed to execute their intent, as in this chapter following shallbe declared.   

How the Marquez his friends gave him a special warning of the order of the conspiracy of his death. Chap. 7.  
IT was openly known in the City of the Kings, how the men of Chili had conspired the Marquis his death, & many of his friends giving him warning thereof: unto whom he made answer, saying, that their heads should keep his: so that in fine, he was careless of his enemies, in such wise that oftentimes he would go out of the City, to certain mills that he had a making, with only his Lackey 〈◊〉 attend upon him. And to such as demanded of him, w●● he had not a Guard to wait upon him: he would say, that he would not that men should think, that he stood in fear of the Lycenciate Vaca de Castro, who was coming for to be judge against him.  
Whereupon the men of Chili, blewe abroad that Vaca de Castro was dead, seeing that the marquess stood in such security of himself. So that on a day ivan de Herrada went to visit him at his house, with certain of his partiality, and found him in his Garden: where after certain words, he demanded why his Lordship would consent to kill him and his fellows?  
The marquess answered with a great oath, that he never had any such intention. But rather (quoth he) it is told me, that you and your friends go about to murder me, and for that purpose ye provide daily Armour and Munition. Unto whom ivan de Herrada made answer, saying: Sir sigh your Honour doth provide Lances, it is no marvel though we buy corselets to defend us: he was so bold to speak so presumptuously, because he had near at hand in Ambush, above forty armed men. Furthermore he said, that because his Honour should put away his suspicion, that it might please him to grant licence to him, and Don Diego de Almagro and his men, to departed out of the Country.  
The Lord marquess having conceived no suspicion by his words, did rather pity them, and assured them with amorous words, saying: that he had not bought Lances to contend with them.  
He had no sooner spoken these words, when he went to a● Orange tree, and gathered certain Oranges, which there were highly esteemed, because they were the first that grew in that Country, and gave them to ivan de Herrada, saying in his ear, that if he stood in need of any thing, that he should tell him, and he would provide him according to his desire: for the which his gentle offer, ivan de Herrada kissed his honour's hands.  
And leaving the marquess with this security, he took his leave, and went home to his house: where he with the principallest of his partiality agreed, that the next Sunday following they should make an end of the marquess days, sithence they had let the matter slip, which should have been done on Saint john Baptist day, past. It happened that on the Saturday, one of the conspirators, opened the matter in confession to the Curate of the Church, who the same night advised Antonio Picado, Secretary to the marquess, beseeching him to bring him to his lords presence: Whereupon the Secretary went with him to the house of Francisco Martin, brother to the marquess, where he was at supper with his Children, and incontinent arose from the Table, and came to the Curate, who informed him of the truth of the conspiracy, at whose words the marquess was not a little amazed: and within a little while, he said to his Secretary, that he believed not the Curates advise, because (said he) it is not long agone, sith ivan de Herrada, came unto me with great humility, and that the party which had opened his mind to the Curate in confession, should seem by that practice to crave somewhat of him, and to have him more bound to gratify him, he had devised that policy. But notwithstanding, he sent for Doctor ivan Velasques, his Lieutenant, who being evil at case could not come. So that the marquess went unto him the same night home to his house, having in his company only his Secretary, with other two or three persons, and a Lynck carried before him, & finding his Lieutenant in his bed: he told him the cause of his coming. Who having heard all the matter, made light of it, willing hi● Lordship not to fear: for as long (quoth he) as I have this white wand of justice in my hand: there is none in all this Land that dareth to stir or make an uproar. In which his saying it fell so out, that he kept promise, for afterward as he was running away, as hereafter shall be declared, at the time when they were killing the Marqu●sse: he fled out at a window, and descending down the side of a wall, he carried the rod of justice in his mouth.   

Of the death of the Lord marquess, Don Francisco Pisarro. Chap. 8.  
WIth all those fair words and assurances, the marquess was so troubled in mind, that the next day being Sunday, he would not go to the Cathedral Church, as he was accustomed: but rather had divine Service said in his house, and meant not to go abroad till he had provided for his security. When Service was ended in the Parish Church: the Doctor ivan Velasques, and Captain Francisco de Chaues, who at that instant was the chiefest person in the Land, next unto the marquess, came together accompanied with many others, to the Lord marquess his house, & after their visitation was made, the most of the Citizens returned home to their houses. And the Doctor, and Francisco de Chaues, abode dinner with the marquess: And after they had dined, which might be between the hours of twelve and one of the day, thinking that all the people of the City were, according to the custom of the Country, taking their rest, and the marquess servants also at dinner.  
ivan de Herrada, with other twelve companions, came from his house which standeth three hundredth paces distant from the marquess house, through the open streets, with their swords ready drawn in their hands, crying with a loud voice, saying: Let the Tyrant traitor die, who hath commanded the judge to be slain, which the King our Master sent into this land. The cause which they held, not to go in secret wise, but rather with all the noise possible, that the Citizens should imagine their number to be great, considering that they durst attempt such a weighty matter so publicly, and also at such an hour, that although they should come with all speed to the sacker, yet they should come too late, or else themselves to be slain.  
In this form they came to the marquess house, leaving one at his gate, with a drawn sword in his hand, which was bloodied with the blood of a Ram: who cried with a loud voice, dead is the Tyrant, dead is the Tyrant. The which his proclamation, was the cause that many of the Citizens which were coming to the rescue, returned home to their houses again, believing that the thing was true, which that one man had spoken. Whereupon ivan de Herrada proceeded up a pair of stairs with his men, in the mean while, the marquess was advised by certain Indians which stood at his chamber door, & there upon he commanded Francisco de Chaves, that whilst he went in, to arm himself, to keep the Hall door: who was so sore troubled in mind, that he forgot the shutting of doors, & went down the stairs, to know what the matter was, & suddenly one of the conspirators thrust him through with his sword: who seeing himself mortally wounded, drew his sword, saying, what have ye no regard to your friends. But the stripes came so thick upon him, that he was soon dispatched, and leaving him there dead, they ran like desperate men into the marquess Hall, where were in number xii. Spaniards of the marquess friends, who fled, leaping out at the windows, among whom was doctor Velasques his Liutenant, with his white rod of justice in his mouth, according to his promse, for because both his hands were needful to help him down the wall. The Lord marquess being in his bed Chamber, & his brother Francisco Martin, helping to arm him, with two Gentlemen and two Pages, the one was called ivan de Vargas, who was son to Gomes de Tardoya, and the other was named Escandon, who seeing the enemy so nigh, that they had not time to arm their Master: the marquess took his sword and Target (which is a shield of leather) in hand, and came to his Chamber door: where he and his folk valiantly defended themselves a good space, and fought so manfully, that the enemies could not enter, saying with a loud voice, Oh brother, upon them, upon them, let them die like Traitors as they are. But the men of Chili fought so long, that they slew Francisco Martin, in whose place entered one of the Pages: The Chili men seeing them defend themselves so long, & fearing that succour might come, and assault them on their backs: they determined to put the matter in hazard, so that they took one of their own company, and thrust him in at the door with force of hand, being well armed: and whilst the marquess was occupied in killing of him, the residue had time to enter the Chamber door, and they all with one accord stroke at the marquess, 
The cruel death of the marquess.  who fought so long with them, that with very weariness, his sword fell out of his hands, and then they slew him with a prick of a Rapier through his throat: and when he was fallen to the ground, and his wind failing him, he cried unto God for mercy, and when he had so done, he made a cross on the ground and kissed it, and then incontinent yielded up the Ghost: and when he was fully dead, they slew also his two Pages: And on the Chili side were four slain, and divers others wounded.  
When this sorrowful news was known in the City, there came above two hundred men to aid Don Deigo de Almagro, for though they were armed and in a readiness, yet they durst not come abroad, till they perfectly knew how the matter would pass. But now they ran up and down the City, taking the Armour from such as were coming to secure the marquess. When the murderers came out of the marquess house, with their bloody sword in their hands: they forthwith caused Don Diego to mount upon his Horse, and to pass through the chiefest streets of the City, saying: that in all Peru, there was no other Governor, but only he, nor yet any King above him. And when this was done, he sacked the marquess house, and also the houses of his Brother & his Secretary. And then he compelled the Council & State of the City to receive Don Diego for their governor, under the colour of the Capitulation, which was tofore made with his Majesty, at the beginning of the discovery, which in effect was. That Don Diego de Almagro, should have the government of new Toledo, and after his decease, his son, or whom he should appoint to enjoy the same. When all this diligence was done, they commanded to be slain certain Uassailes, which were known to be servants and friends to the marquess.  
It was a sorrowful spectacle to behold and hear, the Wives of dead men, what doleful cries they made, yea, & the lamentable words that they spoke. The corpses of the Lord marquess, certain Negroes drew a long the streets toward the Church, & none durst bury him, until ivan de Barbaran, Citizen of Trugillio, who sometime had been servant to the marquess, he and his Wife buried both the marquess and his Brother, aswell as they might, having first obtained licence for that fact of Don Diego: they made all the haste possible to bury him, and yet they had not leisure to attire him according to the usual ceremony of Knights, of the order of S. james, because they were advised how the men of Chili were coming to cut off the marquess head, for to put it on the Picot, which is a Gallows after their use. In this form ivan de Barbaran, buried his Lord and Master, and after the burial he caused the Funeral pomp to be solemnized, according as he was able, at his own cost. After all this good will and diligence was showed: he went to seek his Children, which went wandering astray, to procure their security.  
The Chili men were now Lords and Rulers in the City. By this success we may learn and see the worldly things, and the variety of Fortune, that in so short a time, a Gentleman who had discovered, conquered, and governed so great Countries, so many Kingdoms, such innumerable sums of Treasure: who had given so great rents and livings, in respect of time, the greatest Prince in the world had not done the like. And now to be suddenly slain, by the hands of only twelve men, at noon time, being in a City, where all the citizens wer● either his servants, Kinsmen, or Soldiers, unto whom, generally he had given sufficient living, and none among them would come to secure him: nay, rather they fled away, even the Servants of his own house, & his noble corpse so vilely buried. And all the infinite Treasure which he possessed, consumed in a moment, not having so much left to bury him, according to the degree and state of his person: and all these things to happen unto him after he had thereof sufficient warning by sundry men, as here before hath been declared. This hath happened the. xxvi. day of june .1541.   

Of the customs and qualities of the marquess, Don Francisco Pisarro, and the Discoverer, Don Diego de Almagro. Chap. 9  
Sithence this History and Discovery of the Province of Peru, hath origen from the two valiant Captains, of whom hither unto we have spoken: Who are the marquess, Don Francisco Pisarro, and Don Diego de Almagro: It is meet and convenient to write their customs and qualities, comparing them together, as Plutarch useth, when he writeth of two Captains, which are in any respect comparable one to the other: and touching the lineage of these our Captains, at the beginning of this History, is written as much as could be known. But in the residue they were both valiant persons of great courage, they were also great sufferers of pains & travails, and very virtuous, they were friends to do pleasure to all men, at their own cost. They were much like of inclination, especially, in the state of living, for neither of them was married, although the youngest of them both at the time of their death, was above three score and fiu● years of age.  
They were both inclined to affairs of Wars, although, Don Diego de Almagro, when occasion of Wars wanted, applied himself to things of gains: they were near of one age, when they took the conquest of Peru in hand, in which Discovery and conquest, they took the pains which hath been declared although the marquess did suffer greater travail, and passed greater perils than Don Diego. For whilst the one was occupied in the greatest part of the Discovery, the other abode in Panama, providing necessaries & Furniture for him, as likewise hath been declared. They were both noble minded, and always they pretended and conceived haughty things, they were gentle and amiable to their Soldiers, they were equal in lyberallitie: although in show, Don Diego had the advantage, because he loved that his gift should be published and blown abroad: unto which condition the marquess was contrary, for he would not permit that his liberal gifts should be spoken of: but rather procured to have them kept in secret, having more respect to provide for the necessity of such as wanted, then to obtain a vainglorious report.  
It once happened that a poor Soldier, had his chief riches in a Horse, which died of an unknown disease, of which mishap the marquess having understanding, and coming down into his Tennis Court, thinking to find the poor soldier there, he brought in his bosom a wedge of Gold, of ten pound weight, to give unto him with his own hands: and not finding him there at that instant, he chanced to make a match at play, & without putting off his coat, he played his match, because he would not that any should see the wedge of Gold which was in his bosom. The play continued the space of three hours, & then came the Soldier for whom the gold was brought, the which he delivered unto him secretly, saying: that he had rather have given him three times as much, them to suffer the pains which he had taken in his long tarrying: with many other like examples, which might at length be spoken of.  
So that always the marquess alms and gifts were distributed by his own hands, and with as much secrecy as might be, yea, and always procured the receivers to keep silence: And for this consideration, Don Diego was belde to be more liberal, for although he gave largely, yet he had a form how it should seem much more than it was: notwithstanding, touching this virtue of Magnificence, they may justly be called equal. The marquess also was wont to say, that considering the company of adventure and fellowship made between them, that neither of them could give any thing wherein the other had not his part, & therefore as liberal was he, which permitted the other to give: and for comprobation, this shall serve. That where they were both the richest men, both in Rent & Treasure, and as liberally might dispend the same, as any Prince in the world, not having a kingly Crown: yet they came both to death with great poverty: that at this day, there is not any remembrance of any thing proper, which was theirs: saving, that of all their goods & lands, they had not wherewithal to bury them: as the like is written of Cato & Silla, and of many other Roman Captains, which were buried of alms.  
These two valiant Captains, were affectioned to do for their servants and soldiers, both to enrich them, and to deliver them from perils. But the marquess did rather in that respect exceed: For once it happened, passing the River called Barranca, that the great Currant carried away one of his Indians of service, which by mishap was fallen therein: and when the marquess saw the peril of his servant, he forthwith stripped himself, & leapt into the River, having good skill of swimming, and plucked him out by the hair of his head: putting himself in great danger, through the extreme force of the Currant, in such sort that the valiantest man in all his host, durst not take the like enterprise in hand: whereupon some of his Captains did reprehend his over much boldness, unto whom he answered, saying: Ye know not what thing it is to love a servant well.  
Although the marquess governed long time, and more quietly: yet Don Diego was more ambitious, and desirous of rule and dignity. Both of them conserved antiquity, in their ordinary apparel, even from their youth upwards, especially the marquess, who ever used to wear ordinarily a Coat of black cloth, with long quarters, and short wasted, his shoes of a white Dear skin, and a white felt Hat, and his Sword & Dagger of ancient fashion. And when through the importunate request of his servants, upon any solemn holy day, he happened to wear a Gown furred with martin's, which the Lord marquess Cortes had sent to him from the new Spain: as soon as he came from Church, he would throw it from him, and used to have a towel about his neck. In the time of, Peace, he used much to play at Tennis, or at Bowls, and therefore chiefly he used the Towel about his neck, to wipe the sweat from his face.  
Both these Captains were most patiented in pains taking, and also in any extremity of hunger: But particularly the marquess, showed the same in the exercise of the said pastimes, for there were very few young men that could endure with him. He was also more inclined to any kind of pastime, than Don Diego, so that many times he would play at the Bowls, all the whole day, and passed not with whom he played, although it were either with Mariner or miller, nor yet would permit any to take up his Bowl for him, nor to use toward him any usual ceremonies of duty, accustomed to his Estate and dignity. It was some weighty matter that should cause him to leave from play, especially, when he was a loser. But if at any he had advertisement of rebellion, or insurrection of Indians: then forthwith his Armour was at hand, and Lance in readiness, he used in such extremities, to ride post alone through the City, toward the place where the alteration was, without tarrying for more company.  
These Captains were so ready, and of such haughty courage in the Indian war, that either of them would not let to give the Encounter, although the enemies were in number .100000. They were of good understanding and judgement in any thing, that was to be provided for the wars, or for government: especially, being both men unlearned, for they could neither write, read, or yet firm, which was a thing of great defect, in such noble Personages, dealing in such weighty affairs. Yet nevertheless, in all other things, of virtuous inclinations, they showed themselves to be Noble men, only the former want excepted, wherein the ancient wise men, did hold such want for an argument of baseness of lineage.  
The marquess was a man that had great confidence in his servants and friends. All the dispatches which he made, aswell in government, and reprehension of Indians, he used to make two marks, between the which, Antonio Picado, his Secretary, fyrmed, the name of Francisco Pisarro. But these men may excuse themselves, as ovidius excused Romulus, saying: that he was an evil Astronomer, but rather had more knowledge in Arms then in Letters.  
Both these Captains were so affable and plain, among their people, that they used oftentimes to go from house to house in the City, to visit their neighbours alone, & took such fare as they found, and were always ready to come to any honest neighbour, that would invite either of them. They were equally abstynent and moderate in their feeding, and diet, as also in refraining of sensuality, and especially from abusing of any Spanish Women: for they deemed that they could not deal therein, without prejudice of their neighbours, whose Wives or Daughters, those Women were: they neither overmuch inclined to the Indian Women.  
The marquess had the company of an Indian Gentlewoman, who was sister to Atabal●ba, by whom he had a Son, named Don Gonsalo, who deceased at fowretéene years of age: and a Daughter named Donca Francisca. By an other Indian Woman of Cusco, he had an other Son, called Don Francisco.  
Don Diego de Almagro, had that son of whom we have spoken, who slew the marquess, which Son, he had by an Indian Woman of Panama. They both received honour at the emperors hands, for as hath been declared, to Don Francisco Pisarro, he gave the tittle or addition of marquess, and made him Governor of new Castille, and also ordained him Knight of the order of Saint james.  
To Don Diego de Almagro, he gave the government of new Toledo, and the title of chief Discoverer. Particularly, the marquess was greatly affectioned, and held in great fear and reverence the name of his Majesty: in so much that he abstained from doing of many things that he had power to do, declaring that he would not that his Majesty should say, how he ascended in the Land: and oftentimes when he was present at the melting of the Silver and Gold, he would rise from his Chair, to take up the grains of Silver and Gold, which fell from the clipping, saying: that with his mouth, when hands failed, he would gather together the kings portion.  
These two Gentlemen, were equal even in their kinds of death, for the marquess brother, put Don Diego to death's and Don Diego his Son, slew the marquess. The marquess was desirous to benefit the Country, by tillage and other commodities.  
He built a fair house in the City of the kings: he also built for the benefit of the City, two rows of mills, along the River side, in which building he occupied himself, at all times of leisure, giving his council and opinion to the Master workmen. He took great pains in setting forward the works of the Cathedral Church of the City of the kings, and other like Monuments.   

How Don Diego de Almagro the younger, joined an Army of men of War, and how he slew certain Gentlemen: and how Alonso de Aluarado spread his Ensign for his Majesty. Chap. 10.  
AFter that Don Diego had gotten the City, into his power, and taken the wands of justice from the Officers, and placed other by his own election: he then apprehended Doctor Velasques, Lieutenannt to the marquess, and Antonio Picado, his Secretary, and chose for the chief Captains of his wars, ivan Tellio, Citizen of Civil, and Francisco Chaves, and also Sotelo. When the noise was spread abroad, of the election of these new Captains: all the Uagabounds, and idle persons which were in that country came to this city, pretending liberty, to rob, spoil, and live at pleasure.  
And to furnish those Rogues with money: he took the fifth appertaining to the King, and also the goods of such as were deceased, which was kept in a common Chest, to perform their Testaments and Legacies. But afterward, dissension began to grow among themselves, for some of the principal personnes, moved with envy, were minded to kill ivan de Herrada, seeing that although Don Diego had the name of governor and Captain general, yet the said Herrada, ruled and governed all. And the mutiny being known, many were executed, especially: Francisco de Chaues, and also Anthonio de Oribuela, Citizen of Salamanca, was beheaded. Because when he came from Spain, he said, that they were Tyrants.  
afterward, Don Diego sent his Messengers unto all the Cities of his government, willing them to admit and receive him for their governor. And although he was accepted in the most Cities, for the fear only which they had of him: yet in Chachapoyas, where Alonso de Aluarado was Lieutenant, as soon as the Pursuivantes were come, with the commandment from Don Diego, he commanded them to be arrested, and also fortified himself to withstand him in obedience, and had an especial confidence in the people of the Country, and also in a hundred men of war, which he had attending on his person. Whereupon he spread his Ensign on the behalf of his Majesty, esteeming in nothing the threatenings, brags, and fair promises of Don Diego, which were written unto him by his Letters: But rather made a plain answer, that in no wise he would receive him for Governor, until such time as his Majesty should command the same by express order and Commission. And in the mean while, he hoped through the help of God, and those Gentlemen which were in his company, to revenge the death of the Lord marquess, and to punish their disobedience and offences, done against his Majesty.  
When Don Diego understood the pretence of Aluarado: incontinent he dispatched Captain Garcia de Aluarado, with a great company of foot men, and Horse men, commanding him to encounter, and give him the Onset with all his industry and power, and that in the way as he should pass, to enter into the City of Saint Mighell, and there to take both Armour and Horses from the Citizens, and at his return to do the like in the City of Tr●gillio.  
In this order Garcia de Aluarado took his journey by Sea, until he arrived at Puetia Sancta, which standeth fifteen Leagues distant from Trugillio, where he met Captain Alonso Cabrera, who came flying away with all the people of the Town of Guanuco, to join with the Citizens of Trugillio, against Don Diego: which cause being perfectly known, he took both him and certain of the chiefest of his company. Who as soon as he was come to the City of Saint Mighell, he caused to strike of the heads, both of him, and one Villegas which came in his company.   

How the City of Cusco arose for his Majesty, and chose for their Captain general, Pedro Aluares Holgui, and what followed. Chap. 11.  
WHen the Messengers and Provisions of Don Diego, came to the City of Cusco, where at that time, Diego de Silva, son of Felisiano de Silva, borne in the City of Rodrigo, and Francisco de Caruatall, Sheriffs of the City. But Caruatall was afterward Camp master to Gonsalo Pisarro: So that the Estate of the City agreed in Council, not to allow, nor yet receive him: although openly they durst not deny his commandment, and request, until they might pefectly understand, and know what number of men, & provision he had in readiness, to proceed with his enterprise: whereupon they made a brief answer, saying: that they desired it might please Don Diego, to send a more ample authority and power, touching the premises, then as yet he had done, & then in continent they would allow the same. After that the Messengers were dispatched back again with this answer: the Estate of the City, calling to remembrance how Gomer de Tordoya, who was one of the chiefest of Council of the City, was at that instant recreating himself abroad in the Country. They agreed to send advertisement unto him, of all the proceedings of Don Diego: but it so happened, that their Messenger met him coming toward the City, and when they had informed him of their Message, he having a Merlin Hawk upon his fist, wrested the head from the body, saying: from henceforward, it is more convenient to exercise Feats of War, then to go a Hawking. And coming toward the City, he entered in the night season: where secretly he dealt with the Estate of the City in Council, what was most necessary to be done, and then he departed again, to the place where Captain Castro was: with whom he concluded, to send a Messenger to Pedro Asueres, Lieutenant of Charcas, to will him to rise on the behalf of his Majesty: and then the said Gomer de Tordoya, with all his power, went after Pedro Aluarez Holguin: who was gone with a hundred men, to encounter with certain Indians, and with good hap he overtook him: at which meeting he certified him of the news at Cusco, beseeching him to accept the charge of so just and honourable an Enterprise, as to be their general and chief Ruler over their Host: in consideration whereof, he also offered to be his Soldier and the first man that should obey him. Upon which request, Pedro Aluares accepted the charge, & incontinent spread his Ensign in the behalf of his Majesty. And this being done, they convocated the inhabitants of the City of Arequipa, with whom they went to Cusco: where, at their coming, they found many congregated on the behalf of Don Diego, who forthwith fled towards him, to the number of fifty persons. After whom followed Captain Castro and Hernando de Bachiaco, with certain Harquebusiers, who overtook them in the night season, and apprehended them with whom they returned to Cusco.  
The Council of Cusco hearing of this good success: came and joyfully received him, and with conformity of all the Captains, both swore and chose Pedro Aluares Holguin for Captain and chief judge of all the dominions of Peru, until such time as his Majesty should otherwise provide, whereupon war was proclaimed against Don Diego and his retinue. The Citizens also of Cusco bound themselves to pay all such sums of money which he should spend of the King's Treasure among his Soldiers, if that his Majesty should not think well or accept the same in just and lawful account. And for the furnishing of these proceedings, all the Citizens of Charcas, Arequipa, and Cusco, offered their goods and persons, so that in short space there joined together, above .350. men, of whom were .150. Horsemen, a hundred Harquebusiers, and a hundred Pikemen. But notwithstanding, Pedro Aluares, having intelligence how Don Diego had eight hundred men and more in his Camp, he therefore durst not abide his coming in the City of Cusco: but rather chose to pass with his power into the Mountains, to join with Alonso de Aluarado, who likewise was risen on the behalf of his Majesty, and also, expecting there to meet with the friends and Servitors of the marquess, which were hidden in those Deserts. So that he proceeded with his company in good order, meaning that if Don Diego should happen to meet him on his way, to give him battle.  
And when he departed from Cusco, he lest for the defence of the City, as many men as was thought sufficient, for that purpose, he appointed Gomez de Tordoya for Camp master, and Garcilaso Delavega, and Pedro Asuerez for Captains of the Horsemen, and the charge of the Infauterie or Footmen he commended to Captain Castro, and the Offices of Alerez of the Standard royal, he committed to Martin de Rolls.   

How Don Diego went to seek Pedro Aluarez, and finding him not, he passed to Cusco. Chap. 12.  
Done Diego, having understanding of the proceedings in Cusco, and how Pedro Aluarez was departed out of the City, with all the power that he might make: whereupon he judged that he was gone into the Mountains, to join with Alonso de Aluarado, so that he determined to meet him on the way, and to stop his passage: the which his pretence he could not bring to pass, with such expedition as he desired, for staying for Garcia de Aluarado, whom he had sent for by Post, at whose coming they left proceeding after Alonso de Aluarado, and at the time when they came to the City of Trugillio, he was minded again to disturb his passage, had not the Town of Levant, which standeth in Chachapoyas, persuaded him to the contrary.  
When Garcia de Aluarado was come to the City of the Kings, Don Diego forthwith took his journey against Pedro Aluarez with three hundred Horsemen, one hundred Harquebusiers, and a hundred and fifty Pikemen. But before his departure, he banished out of the Country, the Lord marquess children, and beheaded Antonio Picado, after that he had extremely racked him, and put him to sundry torments, only that he should confess where the Lord marquess Treasure lay. This done, he proceeded on his journey: but before he had passed two leagues from thence, came secretly certain provisions from the Lycenciate Vaca de Castro, which were sent from the country of Cuito, directed to father Thomas de Saint Martin, & Francisco de Barrio Nuevo, giving unto them thereby authority to deal in the government of the Country, until that he himself might come thither.  
Whereupon the Estate and Council of the City had secret conference, obeying the provisions which were at that instant orderly presented, and admitted the Lycenciate Vaca de Castro for Governor, and Geronimo de Aliaga for his Lieutenant, because he was so appointed by like provisions: After the doing of these things, the Aldermen fled to the City of Trugillio, and many other Citizens in their company: these things were not so secretly done, but the same night Don Diego had understanding of all at large, whereupon he was minded to return to sack the City: but fearing lest Pedro Aluarez should escape him, he durst not retire, and likewise, because his Soldiers should not come to the knowledge, how there was a new governor in the land: So that for these causes he proceeded forward: yet notwithstanding, when news was known in Don Diego his Camp, many of his Soldiers fled from him: especially, Father Thomas de Saint Martin, Diego de Alguero, ivan de Sayavedra, Gomez de Aluarado, and the Factor, Yllansucarez de Caravaiall: in this journey happened to fall sick ivan de Herrada of a certain infirmity, whereof he died. By mean whereof Don Diego was forced to stay his journey, & in the mean while, Pedro Aluarez passed by into the valley of Xauxa, where Don Diego thought to have abode his coming: yet at the length he followed him, so that they were not far a sunder, the one from the other.  
Pedro Aluares, imagining by conjecture, that he was not sufficiently manned to encounter with Don Diego ● he used this policy, to deceive him in this sort: He appointen twenty Horsemen on a night, to enter upon the face of the Uautgarde of Don Diego, to apprehend as many of his men as they possible might, the which his commandment was accordingly done: and in the assault they took three men prisoners, which they brought away with them, of the which Pedro Aluares commanded to hang two, and the third he promised to pardon, and to give him a thousand Poises in gold, on condition that he should go to the Camp of Don Diego, & there to give warning to as many of his friends as he might, to be in a readiness to aid him, 
Policy.  for that the next night following, he meant to enter Don Diego his Camp, on the right hand. And for the performance of this fact, the Soldier made a solemn oath: For Pedro Aluares feigned that he had put in him his faithful and special trust, not to discover his secrets. Whereupon the young man, with the desire of the thousand Poises, departed to accomplish his promise, and being Soldier to Don Diego, he passed so much the more surer on his way.  
When Don Diego saw his Soldier come, & by him understood how Pedro Aluares had hanged two of his men, & that he had released that one man, without any special cause known, he fell in suspicion of the matter, and thereupon brought his Soldier to the Rack, who then opened all the secrets that was committed unto him, unto whose sayings Don Diego gave credit, thinking all to be true that was confessed. Whereupon the night following, he prepared all his force on that hand, where he thought Pedro Aluares would have entered: but God wots, Pedro Aluares meant no such thing, for as soon as he had dispatched the Spy, the night being dark, he removed his Camp, and with all possible haste proceeded on his way, leaving the enemy expecting all the night long, when he should be assaulted, until at length he saw how he was deceived, and laughed to scorn, so that then he also removed his Camp, and continued on his way, with great ha●te after him. When Pedro Aluares understood the speed that his enemy made: he sent a Post to Alonso de Aluarado, praying him to come and secure him. Who as soon as the Post had done his Message unto him: he came with all his power to aid his friend Pedro Aluares. But when Don Diego understood, that both his contraries were joined with all their force, he ceased from following of them, and took his way toward Cusco. Then Pedro Aluares, and Alonso de Aluarado, sent their Messengers to Guito, with advertisement of all their proceedings, to Vaca d● Castro, beseeching him to make speed to come unto them, promising that with God's help, they would deliver the Country unto him.  
In Xauxa deceased ivan de Herrada, and Don Diego sent some part of his Host by the way of the plains, to join with the inhabitants of Arequipa, whether his Captains also went, who rob & spoiled all that they might lay hold on in the City, yea, and not contented with the riches which they found above ground, they digged and delved in Churches, because some there were that had informed, how the Citizens had buried their Treasure there.   

How Vaca de Castro, came to the Camp of Pedro Aluares, and Alonso de Aluarado, and was by them received for Governor, and what followed. Chap. 13.  
THe evil success of Vaca de Castro, in his Navigation, hath been already declared, how coming from Panama, to pass into Peru, he happened to lose an Anchor, whereby his Ship road at an extremity. By means whereof, he was forced to arrive at the Port, called Buena●Ventura, which is as much to say: as, the Port of good Fortune, and from thence he came to the governation of Benalcasar, and so into Peru: In which journey, he passed much trouble, because the way was long, and unprovided of victuals, and he also weak of infirmity, and not accustomed to such kind of diet: yet notwithstanding, the premises, in Popayan, he had understanding of the marquess death, and of all the success of the affairs in Peru: in consideration whereof, he continued daily on his journey, hoping that with his presence, all discord should end.  
It is to be understood, that although the Lycenciate Vaca de Castro, his coming, was principally to make information of the death of Don Diego de Almagro, & of all such things which had happened concerning the same, without suspending the marquess government. Yet moreover, he had secret Letters Patents, in such sort, that if in the mean while that he abode in that Country, should happen the marquess to decease, and leave this mortal life: that then he should take and exercise his room and charge, until his Majesty should otherwise provide. By virtue of which Letters Patent, he was accepted & received, as soon as he was come to the Camp of Pedro Aluarez, and Alonso de Aluarado, where also were many others, that having notice of his coming, came thither to receive him.  
He brought in his company, Captain Lorenzo de Aldana, who was at that instant governor in Cuito, by the appointment of the marquess: From hence he sent, before his departure Pedro de Puelles, to prepare all furniture necessary for the Wars: he dispatched also Gomez de Roias, borne in the Town of Cuellar, with his power and provisions, directed to the Rulers of the City of Cusco: requiring them to admit him according to the contents thereof, who made such haste on his journey, that he came to the City, before Don Diego, and ascited the Citizens with his message, which was willingly accepted.  
When Vaca de Castro passed by Bracamoros, Captain Pedro de Vargara, who was occupied in the conquest of that Province, came and submitted himself unto him, and to serve him, he left a Town which he had newly inhabited without people, in which Town he had once fortified himself, meaning there to resist the force of Don Diego de Almagro. When Vaca de Castro was come to the City of Trugillio: he found there Gomez de Tordoya, who was lately come from the Camp about certain words which he had passed with Pedro Aluarez, & with him were Garcilasso de la Vega and other Gentlemen.  
At the instant when Vaca de Castro departed from Trugillio to go to the Camp of Pedro Aluarez, he had in his company above two hundred men of war well furnished: as soon as he was come to the Camp, both Pedro Aluarez, and Alonso de Aluarado received him joyfully: and after that he had showed the emperors order unto them, they delivered incontinent their Ensigns unto him, and he forthwith restored them again, saving the royal Standard which he kept for himself.  
This done, he appointed Pedro Aluares Holguin Camp master, and sent him with all the Army to Xauxa, to abide there his further order, whilst he went down to the City of the kings, to gather together all such men, Armour & Munition, which there he might find, leaving the City furnished. He commanded also the Captain Diego de Roias should always go twenty leagues before the Army, with thirty light Horsemen, to discover the way: he sent likewise Diego de Mora for Lieutenant of the City of Trugillio, and with great dexterity & diligence, he provided all other things necessary for his pretended enterprise now in hand, even as though all his life time, he had been brought up in the Wars.   

How Don Diego slew Garcia de Aluarado in Cusco, and how he came out of the City with his Army, against Vaca de Castro. Chap. 14.  
IT hath been declared, how that after that Don Diego, saw that he could not overtake Pedro Aluares, he went to Cusco: but before his coming, Christovall de Sotelo, who he had sent before him, had taken possession of the City, and placed the Officers of justice, according to his own pleasure, and unplaced such as were appointed by Vaca de Castro: As soon as Don Diego was come to the City, he began to gather all the Artillery, and Gunpowder that he might come by.  
In Peru, there is good provision to make ordinance, by reason of the abundance of metal, which there is found: and also at that time there were certain Levantiscos, who were cunning Masters in casting of Artyllerie, and also expert in the making of Gunpowder, whereof they had store, by the mean of the great quantity of Salt peter, which there is found.  
He also made Weapon for such as wanted, of paste of Silver & Copper, mixed together, & of the same stuff they wrought exceeding good Corselets: besides this provision, all the Armour of the Country was brought to his Camp, so that he furnished two hundred Harquebusiers. He also ordained certain men of Arms, although until this time they used in Peru, to fight on Horseback, after the Jennet fashion, & seldom used to skirmish with light Horsemen.  
Being in this readiness, happened a certain discord between Captain Garcia de Aluarado, and Christovall de Sotelo, in the which, Sotelo was slain, whereupon great mischief was like to ensue, among the Soldiers, because each of them had many friends, so that all the whole Camp was divided. so that if Don Diego with amorous words had no pacified the matter, they had one slain an other. Notwithstanding Garcia de Alvarado, understood that Don Diego was greatly affectioned to Sotelo, and would not let to revenge his quarrel. Wherefore, from that time forward, he had the greater regard to look to his own safety, not only for the defence of his person, but likewise, minded to kill Don Dieogo, the which his pretence, he determined to put in execution. So that on a day he invited him to Dinner, purposing to kill him in his diet. But Don Diego suspecting the matter, feigned that he was not well at ease, after that he had excepted the banquet.  
When Garcia de Aluarado saw that his devise could take no place, having all thing in a readiness for his pretended enterprise, he determined with divers of his friends, to go and to inportune him co come to the banquet, and in the way as he went, he chanced to disclose his mind to one Martin Carillio, who persuaded him, not to proceed upon that journey, for, qd he, I fear you will be slain: an other soldier likewise gave him the same counsel, but all their advise could not prevail. Don Diego feigned himself sick, and lay him down upon his bed, having secretly in an other chamber certain armed men. So that when Garcia de Aluarado entered the chamber with his company, he said unto Don Diego, sir, if it may please your lordship to arise, for your sickness is nothing, you shall also find ease, if you will recreate yourself awhile, for although you eat nothing, yet you shall garnish our table. Unto whom Don Diego answered that he was content, and forthwith arose and called for his cloak: For he lay upon his bed having on his privy coat, his Rapier and Dagger. Garcia de Aluarado and the residue, were going out at the Chamber door, but when the most of them were clean without the door, and as Aluerado was passing out before Don Diego, ivan de Herrada which stood next the door, stayed his going out, and made the door fast, which locked without any key, and thereupon took Garcia de Aluarado in his arms, saying: yield thyself for prisoner, and then Don Diego drew his Rapier and struck him, saying: he shall not be prisoner, but rather slain. And then came forth ivan Balsa, Alonso de Sayavedra, and Diego Mendez, brother to Rodrigo orgonio's, and others of them which were in ambush, who gave him so many wounds that he was soon dead.  
When this news was known in the City, there began a broil among them. But when Don Diego came out into the Market place of the City, he quieted the people: yet notwithstanding many of Garcia de Aluarado his friends fled away, After this success Don Diego proceede● out of the City with his army, to encounter with Vaca de Castro, whom he understood had joined with Pedro Aluaaez ● and Alonso de Aluarado, and was coming the way of Xauxa to meet with him.  
In all ●his journey Pauloz brother to Inga served Don Diego, who Don Diego de Almagro the elder now deceased, had instituted Inga, whose aid was of great importance: Because always he went before the Campe. And although he had but few Indians in company, yet all the Provinces in the land had respect unto him, and for his sake they provided both victuals and Indians to carry the fardage, and other necessary things.   

How Vaca de Castro departed from the city of the Kings to Xauxa, and what his doings were whilst he he abode there. Chapt. 15.  
AFter that Vaca de Castro came to the city of the kings, he caused many Hargabuzes to be made having at that instant many cunning masters fit for the purpose. He furnished him also of all other necessaries, for the provision whereof, he borrowed of merchants the some of 60000. poizes of gold, because Don Diego had spent all the kings treasure, before his coming. When all things were in a readiness, Vaca de Castro left in the city of the Kings for his Lieutenant Francisco de Barrio Nuevo, and John Perez de Guevarra for captain of the Nanie, and then he took his journey wi●h all his power toward Xauxa, leaving order in the city: that if Don Diego should happen to come upon the city, by any other way not expected, as some did imagine that he would, ●hat then all the Citizens with their wives, children, families, and goods, should go about the ships, v●till such time as he with his army should follow him, to give him battle. At his coming to Xauxa, he found Pedro Aluarez abiding his coming with all his men of war, which he there furnished with Armour, Pikes, and gunpowder, that there he had caused to be made. Then Vaca de Castra divided the horsemen, which he had brought with him, between Pedro Aluarez, Pedro Ausuerez, and Garcilaso de la Vega, whom he ordained captains of the horsemen, and part of the footmen he commended to Pedro de Vargas, and Nunio de Castro, who were appointed, for captains of infauterie. He like wise, ordeines other two companies, the one of horsemen, which he assigned to Gomes de Aluarado, & the other of hargabuziers which he appointed to the Bachellier ivan Velez de Guevara, who although he were a Lawyer, yet he was an excellent good soldier, and of an exceeding good industry: For he it was, that devised to make the Hargabuzes, for the soldiers of his company, and nevertheless did excercise also his vocation towards the law. For it did appear that he was in those days appointed judge, which office he did use in the fore noon of every day, & at the after noon he appareled himself as a good Soldier, in hose and doublet of colours, enbrodred with gold, which became him exceeding well, with his jerken and plume of feathers, with his Hargabuze on his shoulder, excercising both him and his men, in the practice of their pieces.  
In this form Vaca de Castro ordained his host, the which were in number 700 men, whereof were 370 horsemen, a 170 Hargabuziers, and the residue were footmen. He appointed for chief sergeant of the Camp, Francisco de Caravajall, who after ward was camp master to Gonsalo Pisarro. By whose order the whole host was governed, because he was expert in the wars, & had exercised the experiences of a soldier above xl. years, he had likewise borne office of liutenant, or captain in Italy.  
In this mean while came messengers to Vaca de Castro, from Gonsalo Pisarro, who had returned unto Quito, from the discovery of the land of Zinamon, as before hath been declared by the said messengers: he signified unto him how he meant ●o aid him with all his force. Unto whom Vaca de Castra wrote, giving him most hearty thanks, for his gentle offer: praying him, that he would not trouble himself, but rather at that present abide in Quito, because, qd he, I hope to come to some good end with Don Diego, and that he will submit himself to his majesties service. This answer he made, thinking to bridle the presumption of Gonsalo Pisarro, and also he likewise, imagined that his coming would hinder the agreement with Don Diego, because Pisarro might hope of some revenge, and for that consideration also, Don Diego would fear to yield himself. Others held opinion, that if Gonsalo Pisarro should happen to come to the Camp, that then he would presume to take upon him the office of General, being a man so well beloved among the Commonalty, al● these things considered, Vaca de Castro commanded that the Lord Marques his children should remain in the custody, and charge of their Tutors, in the Cities of saint Mighell and Trugillio, and in nowise come to the City of the Kings, until other order should be taken: because the security of their persons was there more certain, then in Lynia.   

How Vaca de Castro proceeded with his host from Xauxa to Guamanga, and what passed between him and Don Diego. Chapt. 16.  
WHen Vaca de Castro, had set in order his army in Xauxa, he proceeded towards Guamanga, in which journey he had understanding how Don Diego was coming toward him, and either to take the Town, or else to plant himself with his power to hinder his passage at a River, which of force he should pass, so that in the taking of either of them, the annoyance should have been great to the enemy: because the town is environed with valleys of great depth, which did exceedingly fortify. But Captain Diego de Rojas, who with his company led the way, foresaw those dangers, who also had knowledge of the pretence of Don Diego, and thereupon in short space built there a Tower, to abide the coming of Vaca de Castro, who having intelligence thereof, made the more haste, sending before Captain Castro, with certain hargubuzers ●o fortify another evil piece of way, which stood not far ●rom Guamanga called the hill of Parca's. When Vaca de Castro, on an evening came within two Leagues of Guamanga, he was advised that the same night, Don Diego meant to enter into the Town, this news contented him not, because a great part of his army were far behind, so that Alonso de Aluarado was forced to return to gather them together, and when he had so done, he came with them in good order, although some had journeyed the same day more than five Leagues, armed, with great pain and travail, by reason that the way was asperous with Rocks and Creckes descending between hills, so that at length they passed by the town, and lodged all that night on the other side in their armour, because they had no certain news from their enemies, until the next day that the Camp was assured by the scouts, who had discovered more than six Leagues of ground, and brought likewise advertisement, how Don Diego was at the least nine Leagues from their Campe. Whereupon Vaca de Castro, wrote unto him by Francisco Diaquez, brother unto Alonso Diaquez secretary to his Majesty, who was come from Don Dieg● his Camp, to pray and require him on the behalf of his Majesty, that he would accept and come to yield himself under the royal standard, and in so doing and also in discharging his army, he should be pardoned of all his former doings: but if he refused his merciful offer, that then he would proceed against him with all rigour of justice, as against a traitor, rebel, and disloyal subject to his Prince.  
Whilst this messenger was going on his affairs, he sent a footman by another way, clothed in the Indians attire, with sundry letters to many Gentlemen which were with Don Diego. But this footman could not pass so secretly, for by the print of his feet passing through the snow he was known, and also taken prisoner, who as soon as he was brought before Don Diego, was forthwith commanded to be hanged, and likewise Don Diego found himself greatly aggrieved with the subtle policy and cautel of Vaca de Castro, considering that one way he dealt for peace, and contrariwise he sent to sow mutynie in his Camp.  
Whereupon in presence of the messenger, he ordained all his Captains and men of war, thoroughly furnished to give the battle, and proclaimed also, that who soever should kill any Citizen, both the wife and Indians of the dead, should be given unto him: this done, he sent answer to Vaca de Castro, by the same messenger, & by Diego de Mercado that in no wise he would yield any obedience unto him, whilst his enemies were in his company, who were, Pedro Aluarez Holguin, & Alonso de Aluarado with their consorts, & likewise he meant not to discharge his army, until he saw pardon from his Majesty, firmed with his royal hand: for (qd he) I give small credit to the authority of father Garcia de Loaysa Cardinal of Civil, whom I know not for governor, nor yet to have sufficient power in his majesties absence, for any cause appertaining to India. And where he thought through his subtle practice, that the Gentlemen of his army would pass unto him, he was therein deceived. But rather that he should think, that with great courage they all expected the battle, and would defend the Country against all the world, as by experience he should find, if he durst abide the same: and now (qd he) I am on my way to se●ke him.   

¶ How Vaca de Castro brought into the field, his whole power to stand to battle, and what happened unto him. Chap. 17.  
WHen Vaca de Castro, had heard the embassage came from Don Diego, and also considered his pertinacy, he marched with his whole power into a plain called Chupas, which stood without the bounds of Guamanga, which place was very unfit or asperous to fight a battle in. In this plain of Chupas he abode three days, in which space, it ceased not from raining, because it was then the midst of winter, and the soldiers attended always armed, because the enemies were at hand, so that hap, what hap might, he determined to abide the battle, seeing that no other mean could be had, he also stood in doubt of some of his men, who had been tofore in the battle of Salinas, saying that his Majesty had not accepted of their doings, considering that Hernando Pisarro, as yet remained prisoner.  
But now to justify his doings, he pronounced sentence openly against Don Diego, wherein he condemned him for a Traitor and Rebel, and to suffer pains of death and loss of goods, with like penalty to all his retinue, with this judgement and sentence he required all the Captains to aid and assist him, to execute the same.  
The next day in the morning, the scouts gave warning to prepare for battle, affirming that the enemies were at hand, who had lodged the same night before, but only two Leagues from their Camp, and now came marching on their left hand to escape certain bogs, for to attain unto a plain that stood upon a loin of hills, which were in f●ent of the Camp of Vaca de Castro, meaning to take the Town of Guamanga, before the battle should be given, deeming the victory to be sure on his side, by reason of the great force of artillery which he brought with him.  
But when they came so nigh together, that the scouts might talk one with an other, Vaca de Castro sent Captain Castro with fifty hargubuzers to skirmish with the enemy, whilst the Ensigns might pass certain hills, which of force they should go with great peril, for if at that instant Don Diego had encountered them, their damage had been great, by mean of the ordnance which would have made a marvelous spoil among the footmen, so that to avoid this peril and to come to the top of the hill with great expedition. Francisco de Caravaiall, who then was chief Sergeant, ordained that each Ensign without respect of warlike order, should make all speed possible to get up to the hill top, fearing the danger that might have happened with the prolonging the way.  
This counsel was obeyed and followed, and whilst the hargubuzers of captain Castro were skirmishing, the footmen came to the hill top. In this sort the whole force of his army achieved their purpose, and planted themselves in order of battle upon the said hill.   

How Vaca de Castro set forward his Squadrons against Don Pedro, for to give the battle. Chapt. 18.  
AFter that Vaca de Castro, saw all his army on the top of the hill, he commanded the Chief Sergeant, that he should ordain the Squadrons, the which accordingly was doen. Vaca de Castro, said unto them: That first they should consider who they were, from whence they came, and for whom they should fight, and likewise to consider, that at that instant the whole force of that Country and Empire, was only in the strength of their arms. And more over, if it should please God that they should be overcome, that then death was the equal reward for them all. But if, qd he, the victory be ours, we shall not only show ourselves loyal, and faithful Subjects to our Prince, but also remain Lords over the lands and treasure, which our enemies now possess, and I for my part, by the authority which I have from his Majesty, and in his royal name, do assure ye all the same. For, said he, our sovereign desireth this land, for no other purpose, but only to remunerate all such, which faithfully shall serve his Majesty, and I also know, that I need not, to exhort and persuade you to this enterprise, being Gentlemen of noble parentage, for your valliaunt● hearts, and commendable courage, hath always showed your true and faithful meaning. An now I myself will be, by God's help, your leader, to break the first lance.  
When the General Vaca de Castro had made an end of his brief Oration: They answered with one voice and great courage, that they were all ready to obey his commandment, and that by the help of God, they would rather be cut in pieces, then to be overcome, because qd they, each of us do take this war in hand, as proper to every of us. This done, the Captains besought Vaca de Castro, not ●o enter into the Uantgard● for qd they, in no wise we will consent thereto. But rather we beseech you to abide with the Rearguard with thirty horsemen, for to secure where greatest need shall require. And when he had heard their importunate suit, he granted their request. And also considering that the day was spent, and that only one hour and a half remained of the day, the night was so nigh at hand, he would gladly have delayed the battle till the next day.  
But Captain Alonso de Aluarado said unto him: sir, if this night the battle be not fought, we shall all perish: and sith the hearts of your men are already determined, stay you not for an other consultation. Vaca de Castro liked well his counsel, but yet he feared the want of the day light, saying: Oh would to God, that now I had the power of joshua, to stay the Sun. In the mean while, Don Diego began to shoot his artillery, because, for to join battle, the contrary side could not come down the hill, without great danger of the men, even as a plain mark to be shot at.  
But the chief Sergeant and Alonso de Aluarado, sought out on the left hand a sure entry, which descended into a valley, where they might at will set upon their enemies, without peril of the Ordinance, which shot passed clean over their heads, so that the Squadrons came down in order, in this wise.  
The right hand, had Alonso de Aluarado, who with his company attended on the royal Standard: of which, was Alferez, Christoual de Barrientos borne in the City, called Ciudad Rodrigo, and now was a citizen of the City of Trugillio: The left side was commended to these four captains, Pedro Aluarez Holgui, Gomes de Aluarado, Garcilaso de la Vega Pedro Ansuerez, each of them carrying in good order their standards, and companies, and they themselves went in the first ro●es. And in the midst of the horsemen went the Captains Pedro de Vergara, and ●uan Velez de Guevara, with the Infauterie, and Nunio de Castro went the Hargabuziers, in the foremost front to begin with skirmish, and to retire to their Squadron, when time should require.  
Vaca de Castro abode in the rearguard with his thirty horsemen, somewhat a far of from the power of the battle, so that always he might secure where he should see greatest need, as in effect he did.   

How the bartaile of Chupas was fought. Chapt. 19  
Whilst the Army of Vaca de Castro marched toward the enemy, who ceased not in shooting of his Ordinance: which shot passed on high, clean over the army of Vaca de Castro. Whereupon Don Diego suspected, that Candia who was Master Gunner, had been suborned, and that therefore willingly, he discharged his ordinance in such sort: so that without any further hearing of the matter, he slew the Gonner with his own hands, and when he had so done, he himself shot of a piece of Ordinance which entered into one of the Squadrons, and slew many of them.  
When Captain Caravajall considered, that their Artillery could not be brought with such speed, as time required: he determined with his company to leave it behind them, and to enter the battle without any longer delay, or benefit of their ordinance.  
At this instant Don Diego and his Captains ivan Balsa, ivan Tellio, Diego Mendez, Diego de Hoces, Martin de Bilbao, ivan de Ollo, and the residue: had placed their horsemen in two Squadrons, and between them the Squadron of the Infauterie, and their great Ordinance in fr●nt, toward the place, where Vaca de Castro was thought to give the onset, And deeming it a cowardie, to stay any longer, the Squadrons marched on with the Artillery, toward the face of the force of Vaca de Castro, clean against the will, and opinion of Pedro Suarez chief Sergeant of his Army, who being a man expert in the wars, liked not their doings: for as soon as he saw the setting forward of the ordinance, he judged the field to be lost. Because in the place where before the Camp was pitched, there was space sufficient for the Artillery, to offend at will, before the enemy might come near, and with proceeding torwarde, they of force lost their benefit of the ordinance, and so came without discretion upon the power of their adversaries. When Pedro Suarez saw that they would not accept and follow his counsel: he set spurs to his horse, and fled to the part of Vaca de Castro.  
In this mean while, Paulo, brother unto Lynga encountered with Vaca de Castro on the left hand of his army, with a great company of Indian Soldiers, who shot with darts and throwing of stones with slings and other engines. But the hargubuzers which were placed for time of need, set upon them and slew many: whereupon they began to flee, in whose place entered Martin Cote, Captain of the hargubuzers of Don Diego, who began to skirmish with the company of captain Castro, and the Squadrons proceeded by the sound of their drums, till they came to the place where they abode, whilst the ordnance was shot of: which was done with such fury that they could not break so soon as they would: and although they were within shot, yet they received thereby no damage, saving the company of footmen which were placed on high ground, so that the ordnance made a great spoil among them, and forced the Squadron to open: yet notwithstanding, the Captains with great diligence caused them to join again.  
In this mean while, Francisco de Caravajall chief Sergeant, stated the Captains of his side, until all the ordnance was discharged, and then the horsemen going up a little plot of high ground, met with the hargubuziers of Don Diego, who at this instant slew Pedro Aluarez Holguin, and Gruiez de Tordoya with two bullets, and wounded many others. When Captain Pedro de Vergara felt himself hurt with the shot of a harquebus, he began to cry unto the Squadrons of horsemen to break, for if (qd he) ye delay any longer all your footmen will be spoiled. Whereupon the Trumpets sounded to break, and immediately the horsemen of Vaca de Castro, encountered with the horsemen of Don Diego with great courage, in such wise that they broke on both sides almost all their lances, and many were slain and unhorsed on each side: when their lances failed, they joined with force of sword and battle axe, in such wise, that they fought with many a bloody stroke, till they were well nigh brethlesse, and thereupon forced to rest a while.  
The Captains of the footmen of Vaca de Castro his side, began also to encounter with those of Don Diego, having no fear or respect of the ordnance, by mean of Captain Caravajall, who valiantly encouraged them, saying, fear ye not the shot more than I do, for ye see (qd he) I am a gross and a fat man, and a better mark to be shot at than ye are, and because ye shall not think that I trust in my armour, behold my doing, and thereupon he put of a coat of mail which he had on him, and also his hedpeece, remaining in his doublet and hose, and in this sort he led his company on the face of the artillery, who followed with such courage, that in short space they won it, and slew many of those that had the charge thereof, and then joined in battle with the contrary side so valiantly, that the victory was only attributed unto him.  
At this instant, the night approached and begun to wax dark, so that scarcely one knew an other, but only by their watch word. The horsemen likewise began their fight a fresh, so that then the victory began to appear on the behalf of Vaca de Castro, who with his thirty Horsemen gave the onset on the left hand, where were two firm Ensigns of Don Diego, who cried victory on their side: notwithstanding, all the other Ensigns of Don Diego began to retire as overcome, and Vaca de Castro breaking in among them, there began a hot fight, in the which, some of those thirty horsemen were wounded and unhorsed. And also Captain Ximenez, Nicholas Montaluo, and other Gentlemen were slain. But Vaca de Castro striving for victory with so noble a courage, Don Diego and his men began to turn their backs and flee, and Vaca de Castro and his company followed, among whom he made a great slaughter and wounded many.  
When Captain Bilbao and Cristoual de Sosa, who served under Don Diego, saw their side to flee, they received so great grief, that like desperate men they entered into the throng of their enemies, saying each of them, I am he that slew the Lord Marques, and in this order they fought till they were both cut in pieces.  
Many of Don Diego, his side, escaped through the darkness of the night, and also with taking from the dead their cognisance, for Vaca de Castro gave unto his men red scarves, and Don Diego gave unto his white scarves: in this sort the victory was manifestly known to be for Vaca de Castro: notwithstanding at the beginning of the battle, Vaca de Castro lost many of his men, in so much that the victory was then thought to be on Don Diego his side. But now in the flight of those which were overcome, they fled from one peril and fell into an other: which was, as they escaped passing down into a Ualley, the Indian enemies slew a great number of them, and likewise a hundred and fifty horsemen which fled to the Town of Guamanga, which stood distant two leagues from the place where the battle was fought. And there they were unarmed, and taken prisoners by those few Towns men, which abode behind to keep the Town.  
Don Diego, and Diego Mendez fled to Cusco, where they were apprehended by Rodrigo de Salazar, who was his own Lieutenant, & Antonio Ruiz de Guevara Sheriff of the 〈◊〉.  
In this sort finished the authority and government o● Don Diego, who in one day saw him sel● Lord and Prince ou●r all Peru, a●d on an other day (likewise) saw himself prisoner by his own officers. This battle was fought the sixteen day of September. Anno .1542.   

¶ How Vaca de Castro gave thanks unto his Soldiers, for the victory which God had given them. Chap. 20.  
THe greatest part of the night was spent in gathering the Soldiers together, who had been occupied in the spoil of Don Diego his tents, where they found a great treasure of gold and silver, and slew some which they found hidden, and wounded. When they were all gathered together, thinking that Don Diego would renew his army, all the footmen attended in a readiness, and likewise the horsemen.  
Vaca de Castro spent the most part of the night in the commendation of his Soldiers, and generally (also) his whole army, and gave particular thanks to every of them for their valiant service. In this battle were many Captains and soldiers, which singularly did show the valour of their noble hearts: especially, Don Diego hoping to have the victory, and also judging his cause to ●e just, sithence his quarrel was to revenge his father's death: yea, he took more pains then his age required: for at that instant he was but two and twenty years old. There were also many of his army that showed themselves valiant warriors: Likewise many that were with Vaca de Castro, showed in this exploit their noble minds, & especially to revenge the Lord Marques his death, who so entirely they loved  
I● this battle were slain on both sides to the number of three hundred men, among whom were many Captains and men of estimation, especially Pedro Aluarez Holguin, and Gomez de Tordoya, who pretending to get honour, and to be singular i● this battle, were appareled in white velvet, beset with buttons of gold, which attire was worn upon their armour, by mean whereof they were known, and the sooner slain by the hargubuziers, as before hath been declared. Likewise Alonso de Aluarado, and Captain Caravajall who feared not the great ordinance, nor any other danger, where the bullets of the hargubuziers reigned like hail: yea, it was thought a thing unpossible for them to escape, so that they despising death, it seemed that death fled from them, as often it doth happen in all perils, and the fearful to be soon entrapped, as in this battle did plainly appear: and especially, there was a young man who feared to enter into the battle, hide himself behind a rock, where he thought not only to be sure, but also should not hear the noise of the ordnance, & yet by chance there came a pellet from the great ordnance, that broke the Rock & slew him.  
The principallest that showed their haughty courage, on the behalf of his Majesty, besides those which hath been rehearsed: were the Licenciat, Benito de Caravajall, ivan de Sayavedra, Lorenzo Daldana, Francisco Godoy, Diego de Aguilar, Bernaldino de Balderama, Nicolas de Ribera, Hieronimo de Al●aga, ivan de Barbaran, Michael de la Serna, Lope de Mendosa, Diego Centeno, Melchior Verdugo, Francisco de Barrio Nuevo, the Licenciat de la Gama, Gomez de Aluarado, Gasper Rojas, Don Gomez de Luna, Paula de Meneses, ivan Alonso Palomino, Pedro Alonso Hinojosa, Don Pedro Puerto Carero, Captain Caceres, Diego Ortiz de Guzman, Francisco de Ampuero, & many others which were in the first rows of the Squadrons.   

¶ Of the justice which was executed upon those of the partiality of Don Diego. Chap. 21.  
THE night of the victory, happened an exceeding great Frost, by reason whereof many of the wounded men, died with cold, especially such as could not come to the Camp, the Indians stripped them, and left them naked, without respect either to their friends, or enemies. And this was the principallest service, that the Indians used in these battles, for they did not only rob & spoil the weak and wounded persons, but also maulled them with their Clubs. And through the darkness of the Night, the wounded creatures could not be helped by their friends, saving Gomes de Tordoya, which was not thoroughly dead, and Pedro A●suerez obtained a Tent: and because the carriage was not then come, the most of the Soldiers lay in the field without Tententes or secure all that night.  
It was a sorrowful sight to hear and see, the doleful cries and piteous moan, which the wounded men did make, with the bitter pains of their wounds. There were above four hundred persons wounded, who the next day following. Vaca de Castro, caused to be cured, as well as he might, and the principallest among the dead were carried to be buried in the Town of Guamanga. But chiefly he caused the bodies of Pedro Alu●res, and Gomes de Tordoya to be buried with great pomp and solemnity.  
The same morning following, Vaca de Castro commanded certain of the prisoners to be beheaded, which had been accessaries to the Lord Marques death: and the next day when he came to Guamanga, he sound that Captain Diego de Rojas, had beheaded ivan de Tellio, and other Captains of Don Diego. Vaca de Castro committed the execution of justice to the Lieutenant de la Gam, who hanged and beheaded forty persons of the chiefest offenders: others he banished, a residue he pardoned, and also that the number of those which were executed, amounted to three score persons. This done, he granted licence to all the Citizens to go to their houses: and Vaca de Castro went to the City of Cusco, where he made new process against Don Diego, and after certain days commanded him to be beheaded. He likewise released out of prison Diego Mendez, with other two prisoners, which had served against him, who as soon as they were at liberty, went unto Inga into the Mountains called Andez, which through the asperous entry, are inexpugnable.  
Inga received them very joyfully, and showed great sorrow for the death of his friend Don Diego, whom he loved exceedingly, as appeared: for when he passed that way, he gave unto him many shortes of Mail and corselets, and other sorts of armour which he had taken from the Christians, which he had overcome and slain, when they went to aid Gonsalo Pisarro and ivan Pisarro in Cusco, sent by the Lord Marques a● heretofore hath been declared. He had also Indians disguised at the battle, to bring him news of the success thereof.   

How Vaca de Castro, sent to discover the Country, by diverse ways. Chap. 22.  
THe battle against Don Diego being won, and the country pacified, Vaca de Castro devised to divide his men of War: and not having wherewith to gratify them all, except he should send them to conquer abroad in the country: whereupon he commanded Captain Vergara, that with the company which he had brought to serve his Majesty, he should return to his conquest, of the Bracamoros: he sent also Captain Diego de Rojas, and Philip Gutierez, with 300. men● Eastward, to discover that country, which afterward they did inhabit, which country joineth with the River of Plate.  
With Captain Monroy, he sent secure to the Province of Chili, to Captain Pedro de Valdivia, he sent also Captain ivan Perez de Guevarra, to conquer the Land of Mullobamba, which he tofore had discovered, and is a country more hilly than plain: out of the side of which hills, springeth two great rivers, which falleth into the Northern Sea: The one is called Maranion, of the which heretofore we have spoken: and the other is called the river of Plate: the natural people, of that country, are Carives, which eateth man's flesh. The country is so hot, that the people go naked, saving light Mantles, which they wrap about their bodies.  
In this country, ivan Perez had understanding of another great Land, which standeth beyond those Hills, toward the North, where are rich mines of Gold, and there br&●acute; edeth Camels, and sundry sorts of Powltery, like unto those of the new Spain, and also sheep, somewhat lesser than the Sheep of Peru, and all their corn ground is watered with slewces, because there it seldom raineth: yet there is a marvelous great Lake, from the which issueth many rivers, on the borders whereof, are many villages, replenished with people.  
In all those Rivers, are certain Fishes, like unto great Mastiffs, which often times do bite the Indians, which enter into those Rivers, or pass ●longe the river sides, for they use to come many times out of the Rivers.  
This country hath the River of Maranion, on the northside, and the country of brasil, on the East part, which the Portugeses now possess: and the river of Plate lieth from thence Sowthward. The report was, that the Women, called Amazons, dwell in that country.  
Now Vaca de Castro, having dispatched his Captains and Soldiers, on these discoveries, he abode in Cusco one year and a half, making repertition of the Indians, which were vacant, and putting things in order, in the country: He likewise made Statutes, to the great utility of the common Weal, and conservation of the Indians: In this season, was discovered in the Comarkes, or borders of Cusco, the richest mines of Gold, that unto this day, the like at any time had not been seen: especially, in a river, called Carabaya, in which mines, one Indian hath gathered 50. poises in one day: and all the country was thoroughly quieted and the Indian people cherished and defended, from the great wrongs which in former time they received.  
At this time, came Gonsalo Pisarro to Cusco: for till now, he could not obtain licence so to do. And after that he had abode there certain days, he went to Charcas, to deal in matters of his profit, and there remained, till the Viceroy Blasco Nunez Vela, came into the country.   
FINIS.   

The discovery of the rich mines of Potosi, & how captain Caravajall took it into his power.  
THE rich MINES OF POTOSSI.  
FOrtune having showed herself so amiable to Captain Caravajall, it appeareth that now she hath brought him to the top of the Hill of Prosperity. It happened that after certain days, that the Indians and Anaconas of ivan de Villa Roell, Citizen of the Town of Plata, went travailing in the country, about 18. leagues distant from the said Town, they chanced to come to a high Hill, situated in a Plain, in the which, they found manifest tokens of silver, whereupon they began to melt out of a vain which seemed rich.  
The riches was so great which hear they found, that almost in every vain where they made their ensay, they found the greatest part of Ewer to ●e fine silver, and the basest Mines were by valuation .480. ducats, in every hundred weight of Ewer, which is the greatest riches, that ever hath been seen or written of. When the justice of the town of Plate, had understanding of this fortunate success, the Ruler of the said Town came & divided the said mines among the towns men, and each of them made his choice according to his lot.  
The Indians and Anaconas, which came thither to work were many in number, in such sort that in short time they built at the foot of the said hill, a Town to dwell in, which multiplied in such wise, that there inhabited of Indian workmen above .7000. persons, which did so well understand that business, that they came to agreement with their masters, to allow unto them a weekly pension: but their gain was twice so much as they paid unto their masters.  
The veins of these Mines is of such quality, that the Ewer will not melt with the wind of bellows, as in other Mines are accustomed: but their melting is in certain little Furnaces, called Guayras, wherein they use to melt with coals and sheeps dung, with the only force of the air, with out any other instrument. These Mines are called Potosi, by reason that all the borders there about are so called.  
These Indian workmen are rich, for he that hath but ●oure or five thousand poises, is counted but poor: notwithstanding the great pension or tribute which they pay unto their masters, and all such workmen, which come thither to work, will not willingly departed from thence, by reason that their pains & peril is not comparable to other Mines, by blowing of the bellows, with the great smoke of the ●oles: and likewise the Sulfer of the veins of Ewer.  
When the repertition of these Mines were made, they began to provide all sorts of necessary Uictualles for the workmen, which was a thing very difficil to do, considering the great number of Indians which daily came to serve in those works, whereby victuals grew to such a dearth, that a bushel of Maiz, came to be worth twenty castlins of Gold, and a bushel of Wheat as much: and a Sack of the herbs, called Coca, was worth .30. poises, yea, and afterward it came to be dearer: yet through the great treasure which there was found, all the other Mines were left unhabited, and especially the Mines of Porco, where Hernando Pisarro had a great portion of ground, out of the which he gathered great riches.  
The Mines also which gathered gold in Cambaya, & other rivers, left their works & came to Potosi, because they found there greater profit without comparison. They which understand in these works, hold opinion that by manifest tokens these Mines are of perpetuity.  
With this good success, Captain Caravajal began to gather great sums of treasure, in such sort, that he took possession of all the Indians and Anaconas, of such Spaniards as were slain or fled, or had been against him in his former war: so that in short time he obtained into his power, the sum of seven hundred thousand poises, and would not there of aid his soldiers with any thing, who had followed him in all his wars: whereupon they began to murmur among themselves, and were minded to kill him.  
The chief of this mutiny, were Luis pardomo, Alonso de Camargo, Diego de Balmazeda, & Diego de Luxan: there were near 30. persons, which determined to execute the said pretence within one month after Caravajal was come to the town of Plata: But through a mischance which happened, they deferred the matter till another day. This practice was not so secretly wrought, but that Caravajal came to knowledge thereof, whereupon he commanded Luis Pardomo, Camargo, Orbanej●●, Balmaseda● and other .10. or 12. persons of the principallest to be quartered, and others banished: so that with the execution of such cruel justices, in causes of Mutinies, the people were so feared, that they never durst at any time after to deal in the like practices.  
FINIS.   

The Table of the Chapters contained in this present Book.  
OF the notice had of Peru, & how the discovery was begun. 
ca 1. fo. 1  How Don Francisco Pisarro, abode in the isle of Gorgona, and how with a small company of men, he sailed beyond the Equinoctial Line. 
cap. 2. fo. 2  How Don Francisco Pisarro came into Spain, to give knowledge of his travail, & discovery of Peru to the Emperor his Majesty 
ca 3 fo 4  Of the people which inhabit under the Equinoctial Line, and other notable things which there are found. 
cap. 4. fo 4.  Of the veins of Pitch, which are found at the Cape, called Destahelen●, & of the Giants, which sometime dwelled in those parts. 
ca 5. fo. 5  Of the people and things which are beyond the Equinoctial Line, toward the South, along the Sea coast. 
ca 6. fo. 7.  Of the ordinary wind, which bloweth in the Plains, and the reason of the dryness of that soil. 
cap. 7. fo. 9  Of the quality of the Mountains of Peru, and the habitation of Indians and Christians 
cap. 8. fo. 11.  Of the cities of Christians which are in the mountains of Peru. 
ca 9 fo. 13  Of the opinion which the Indians held, touching their creation. 
ca 10 fo. 16  Of the rites & sacrifice, which the Indians used in Peru. 
cap. 11. fo. id.  What the Indians opinion is, touching the resurrection of the body. 
ca 12. fo. 17  Of the Origen of the Kings of Peru, which were called Ingas. 
ca 13 fo. id.  Of the notable things which Guaynacava built in Peru 
cap. 14 fo. 19  Of the estate of the Wars in Peru, at the time of the spaniards coming into that Country. 
cap. 15. fo. 22   

The second Book.  
OF the Conquest, achieved by Don Francisco Pisarro, and his men in the Province of Peru, 
cap. 1 fo. 25  Of things which happened to the Governor, in the Island of Puna, and the conquest thereof. 
cap. 2. fo 26  How the Governor went to Tumbez, and of the conquest which he there obtained, until he inhabited the city of S. Mighell. 
ca 3. fo. id  How the governor went to Caxamalca, & what there happened. 
ca 4 fo. 28  How the battle was fought with Atabaliba, & he taken prisoner. 
ca 5 fo. 29  How Atabaliba commanded his Brother Guascar to be slain, and how Hernando Pisarro discovered in the country. 
cap. 6 fo. 31  How Atabaliba was put to death upon surmise, that he would have slain the Christians, and how Don Diego de Almagro went into Peru, the second journey. 
cap. 7 fo. 34  How Ruminagui, Captain to Atabaliba rebelled, & made insurrection in the land of Q●ito, & how the governor passed to Cusco. 
ca 8 fo 3●  How Captain Benalcasar went to the conquest of Quito. 
cap. 9 fo 38  How Pedro de Aluarado came to Peru ● & what happened unto him. 
ca 10 f● 39  How Don Diego de Almagro, met with Don pedro de Aluarado, and what followed. 
cap. 11 fo. 41  How Don Diego de Almagro and Don pedro de Aluarado, met with Captain Quixquix, and what passe● between them. 
cap. 12 fo. 42  How the Governor paid to Don pedro, the 100000 poises, according to agreement, and how Don Diego would intrude into the government of Cusco. 
cap. 13 fo 44    

The third Book.  
HOw Don Diego de Almagro, took his journey toward Chili 
ca 1 fo 45  Of the pains & troubles that Don Diego and his army passed in the way toward Chili, & of certain particularities of the country. 
ca 2 fo. 4●  Of the return of Hernando pisarro, into Peru, of the provisions which he brought with him, and of the rebellion of the Indians. 
cap. 3 fo. 48  How Don Diego de Almagro, besieged Cusco, and took Hernando pisarro prisoner. 
cap. 4 fo. 49  How the Indians slew many succours, which the Governor sent to aid his Brother in Cusco. 
cap. 5 fo. 51  How the Marquis, sent to demand help, into diverse parts, & how Captain Alonso de Aluarado came to aid him. 
cap 6 fo. 52  How the Marquis went to Cusco, to secure his Brother, and by the way as he went, hearing of the victory of Alonso de Aluarado, he returned to the City of the Kings. 
cap. 7 fo. 54  How the Marquis gathered a new Army, and how Alonso de Aluarado and Gonsalo Pisarro, broke out of Prison. 
cap. 8 fo● 55  How both the Governors met, and how Hernando Pisarro was set at liberty. 
cap. 9 fo. 56  How the Marques proceeded against Don Diego, and how he retired to Cusco. 
cap 10 Eodem  How Hernando Pisarro went toward Cusco, with his Army, and the Battle of Salinas. 
cap. 11. fo. 57  What happened after the Battle of Salinas was fought, and how Hernando Pisarro returned into Spain. 
cap. 12 fo 59  What happened to captain Valdivia, in his voyage toward chili. 
ca 13 f. 6●    

The fourth Book.  
HOw Gonsalo Pisarro prepared his journey to the country of ●inamon 
cap. 1. fo. ●●  How Gonsalo pisarro departed from Quito, and came to the country of Zinamon, and what happened in his way. 
cap. 2 fo Eodem  Of the villages, and countries, that Gonsalo pisarro passed, till he came to the place where he built a Uergantine. 
cap. 3 fo. 63  How Francisco de Arellana fled with the Uergantine, and what trouble happened by the want thereof. 
cap. 4 fo. 64  How Gonsalo Pisarro returned to Quito, and what extremities he passed. 
c●p. 5 fo. 66  How the dwellers at Chili, procured the Marquis death. 
cap. 6 fo. 67  How the Marques was advised of the conspiracy pretended. 
cap. 7 fo. 68  Of the death of the Marquis Don Francisco Pisarro. 
cap. 8 fo. 70  Of the natural condition, custom, and quality, of the Lord Marques, and also of Don Diego de Almagro. 
cap. 9 fo. 72  How Don Diego de Almagro gathered an Army, & put certain Gentlemen to death, and how Alonso de Aluarado rose on the behalf of his Majesty. 
cap. 10 fo. 75  How the City of Cusco arose on the kings side, and chose for their chief Captain, Pedro Aluarez Holguin, & what followed. 
ca 11 fo. 76  How Don Diego went to seek Pedro Aluarez, and when he could not overtake him, he passed to Cusco. 
cap. 12 fo. 77  How Vaca de Castro, came to the Camp of Pedro Aluarez, and Alonso de Aluarado, who received him for their Governor, and what followed. 
cap 13 fo. 79  How Don Diego, slew Garcia de Alvarado in Cusco, and how he made all his power against Vaca de Castro. 
cap. 14 fo. 80  How Vaca de Castro departed from the City of the Kings, to Xauxa, and what there was done. 
cap, 15 fo. 81  How Vaca de Castro went with his Host, from Xauxa, to Guamanga, and what he passed with Don Diego. 
cap. 16 fo. 82  How Vaca de Castro, brought his Army into the Field, to give the battle, and what thereupon followed. 
cap. 17 fo. 83  How Vaca de Castro, moved forward his squadrons, against Don Diego 
cap. 18 fo. 84  How the battle of Chpa as was fought, 
cap, 19 fo. 85  How Vaca de Castro, gave unto his soldiers for the victory. 
ca 20 fo. 87  Of the justice, which was executed upon the offenders, 
cap. 21 fo. 8●  How Vaca de Castro sent to discover the Country, into several places. 
cap. 22 fo.  Of the rich mines of Potosi. 
cap. 23 fo.    
FINIS.