AN EPItome of the title that the kings Majesty of England, hath to the sovereignty of Scotland, continued upon the ancient writers of both nations, from the beginning.  
M. D. XLVIII.  
CUM PRIVILEGIO AD IMPRIMENDUM SOLUM   

To the most noble▪ and excellent prince, Edward the vi▪ by the grace of GOD k●ng of England, France, and Ireland, defender of the 〈◊〉 and upon earth supreme head, of the Church of England, and Ireland▪ your humble and obedient subject Nicholas Bodrugan otherwise Adams, wisheth long life, and the same prosperous and happy.  
ALthough I know right well (most noble Prince) that there be diverse which both by their counsel and writing, do to their uttermost powers suade the union of Scotland unto your highness, by the marriage of their Queen, a mean thereunto both honourable and Godly: Yet nevertheless, the same study and further declaration of your majesties title to the superiority thereof, seemeth unto me to be so indifferently pertaining to all men, which do profess obedience to your highness, that no man's study aught to be taken as vain or unthankful, which humbly bringeth forth to that common use, whatsoever judgement, profit, or knowledge, he supposeth to have found, either by study, or inquisition: foreseeing that in tempestuous upswellynges of water or shipwreck, fire, or other like calamities of men, right acceptable unto us is the labour of those and thanks worthy, which willingly do run to help us, although in the mean time there be other sufficient number, to deliver us from the peril objected. Herefore most noble prince, perceiving the ancient 〈…〉 this great Britain, and ●●●ding such plenty of writers confessing your superiority of Scotland, as could not by any intendment so fully consent upon any untruth, I thought it my duty to offer up the same unto your highness▪ which histories like as almighty God hath from time to time, in favour of the truth and of your title preserved: So hath his Godhead signified no less favour to your highness, vouchesaving to nobilitate the same, in the person of your majesty conserved unto this your time, the noble house of Seymour, whose ancestor Eldulph de Samour being then earl of Gloucester, many hundredth years a go, in the time of King Aurelie Ambrose lewe Hengest the Saxon, capital enemy of the Briton nation: ●y which noble service like as this Realm was delivered from the tyranny of Saxons, and restored to the whole Empire & name of great Briteigne: so we your obedient and loving subjects trust, that the right noble duke of Somerset, and the lord Seimour of Sudeley, your graces high Admiral, your majesties dear uncles, shall in the service of your highness, for the like restitution of the name and Empire of great Briteigne unto your highness, show themselves the worthy successors of such an auncester. Neither have I purposed herein with opprobrious words to scold with the Scots, and thereby to wipe of one dirt with another. Neither 〈…〉 build upon our own Eng●●●●● avethors, but all my purpo●●●●, by indifferent writers, with plain and evident truth (which thing both time and manners do evermore require) to publish your majesties right and their defence following therein for the more part Veremund, Camphil, Cornelius de Hibernia, and Boecius their own avethors: which peines because I have assumed rather as a necessary service to my country, then for mine own glory, I trust I shall offend none but such, whom it should be ashame to please. Mine inclination is to have the good word of every man, but the diseased malice of some cannot say well of any. Albeit, touching the phrase and style of this my writing, if the same to any man shall not satisfy his expectation, let him consider that in part it behoveth to use the words of the history, in which I am restrained by promise of an Epitome: and that in the residue it was not my mind to trisle with the five flowers of Rhetoric, but to bring rather faithful, then painted glitering overture, unto things afflicted. The verity of the Histories I trust shall so hereby appear, that both the good men of Scotland, by reason, and thenemies (if any such be) by their own shame shallbe driven, to confess this mine assertion to be true, and the same such as though the marriage by the iniquity of some take not effect, yet to publish to the world sufficient cause, for the 〈…〉 nance of your majesty's 〈◊〉 against them, wherein the honour of a king may not give place to their wilful rebellion. And for recovery whereof, undoubtedly almighty God for your sincere favour to the advancement of his holy word, will by his promise as he hath begun, continued your highness in felicity and victory, over all his and your enemies, where unto all your true subjects do say.  
AMEN.   

IF the verity which ancient and indifferent writers have made common to all nations, might aswell persuade the Nobles and Commons of Scotland, as it hath reason, both to charge them and disprove all their objections, they would right soon lay down their weapons, thus rashly received, to fight against the mother of their own nation: I mean this realm now called England the only supreme seat of th'empireempire of great Briteigne. In whose bosom cast with us, as both in one mould, they have received the same tongue, law, and language: for asmuch therefore, as now touching the marriage of their Queen, there is nothing of our part left undone, that aught to persuade them to concord, and the same by diverse of them hitherto wholly neglected, they shall of my part easily perceive that to increase their error, approve their folly, or allow their obstinacy, I am not disposed: but contrarily by the verity (where in their own writers shallbe no defence to them, but mere condemnation) to publish to the world the state of these contentions, our title & their defence: pursuing the which, I will follow the words of t'historyhistory as followeth.  
THE ancient writers of the Histories of this whole Isle of great Briteigne, confess that after our first progenitor Brutus, the year from the beginning of the world four M. xxvii. had arrived in this Isle, and after his own name had called it Briteigne, he had issue three sons, locrine, Albanactus, and Camber, between whom, after his death they agreed in this partition, that locrine had this first and worthiest part, which now is called England, Albanactus the second part, now by the Scots possessed by him called Albania, which their own writers confess: and to Camber chanced the third part now called Wales: the two better parts to be held of the first, as of the worthiest of the blood, according to the Trojan law, from whence they were descended, which superiority also by their different bearing of the Arms of the father, leaving the entire cote in the elder brother, is sufficiently testified until this day. The partition in this wise established, Albanactus possessing Albania was by Humbre, his subject miserably slain, with out issue of his body: to punish which traitery, Locrine and his brother Camber assembled their power and entered Albania, and there slew this Humber, whose body they threw into a great river. Some writ that this Humber being desperate, threw himself into this River, but all confess, that in this river his body was drowned, and that hereof took the name of Humber, which it keepeth to this day. This Locrine hereupon seized Albania into his own hands, as excheated wholly to himself, not yielding any part thereof unto Camber his brother, whereby also evidently appeareth the entire signory over it to consist in himself, according to which example, like law among brethren ever since hath continued, preferring the elder brother to the only benefit, of the collateral ascension from the youngest, aswell in Scotland as in England unto this day. locrine reigned in this state over them xvii years. Ebranke the lineal heir from the body of this locrine, that is to say the son of Mempris, son of Madan, son of the same locrine, builded in Albania the castle of Maidens, now called Edenbrough: and the Castle of Alcluth or Alclude, now called Dunbriton, as the Scottish Hector Boecius confesseth: whereby moste evidently appeared: that this Ebranke was then thereof seized. This Ebranke reigned in this state over them lx years, after whose death this Albania as annexed to the Empire of Briteigne, descended to the only king of Britons, until the descent to the two sister's sons, Morgan and Conedage, lineal heirs from thesaied Ebranke, who brotherly upon the first example divided the realm Morgan had Logres, and Conedage had Albania: but shortly after Morgan th'elderelder brother pondering in his head, the love to his brother, with the love to a kingdom, excluded nature and gave place to ambition, and thereupon denounced war to his brother: in which war as the rearward of his untruth, death miserably ended his life: whereby Condage obtained the whole Empire of all Briteigne, in which state he remained xxxiii years.  
APT whose time the same lineally descended to thonly king of Britons, until after the reign of Gorbodian, who had issue two sons, Ferres, and Porres, which Porres requiring like partition of the land, affirming the former partitions to be rather of law than favour, was by the hands of his elder brother, both of his life and hoped kingdom bereaved at once: but their unnatural mother using her natural malice, that for the death of her one son, would be revenged by the losing of both, miserably slew the other.  
Cloten by all writers aswell Scottish as other, was the next inheritor to the whole Empire, but lacking power, the mean in those days to obtain right, he was contented to divide the same among iii of his kinsmen, so that Scatter had Albania. But after the death of this Cloten his son Dunuallo Moluncius made war upon these three Kings, and at last overcame them, and so recovered the whole dominion, in token of which victory, he caused himself to be crowned with a crown of gold, the first that was worn among kings of this nation. This Dunuallo erected temples wherein the people should assemble for Prayer, to which temples he gave benefit of Sanctuary: he made the law for wager of battle, in cases of murder and felony, whereby a thief that lived and made his art of fighting, should for his purgation fight with the true man which he had rob: but he believed that the Gods (for then they supposed many) would by miracle assign victory to the innocent party, the privilege of which first law and benefit of the latter, aswell in Scotland as in England, be enjoyed to this day few causes by late positive laws among us excepted, wherein the benefit of wager o● battle is expelled: by which obedience to his laws, it doth manifestly appear, that this Dunuallo was then seized of Albania now called Scotland: this Dunuallo reigned in this state over them xl years. Beline and burn the sons of this Dunuallo, did after their father's death, favourably divide the land between them: so that Belyne had Logres, and burn had Albania: but for that this burn a subject, without the consent of his eldre brother and lord, auentured to marry with the daughter of the king of Denmark. Belyne seized Albania into his own hands, and thereupon caused the notable ways privileged by Dunuallos, Laws to be newly wrought by men's hands, which for the length was from the ●urder part of Cornwall, unto the Sea by north Cathnes in Scotland. For Religion in those days, he constituted ministers called Archeflamines in their functions most like the authority of bishops of all their own writers, is six hundred years lacking ten years. After that Brutus had reigned over the whole Island, being the same land enjoyed by him and his posterity before their coming, during discentes of kings of this Briteigne, and this intrusion into a land so many hundred years before inhabited, and by so many discentes of Kings quietly enjoyed, is the best tule that all their own writers allege for them. This Fergus hereupon immediately did divide all Albania among his captains and their people: whereby also moste evidently appeareth that there were no people of that nation inhabiting there before, in prosse whereof, the same partition shall follow.  
THE lands of Cathnes lying against Orknay, between Dummesbey and the Water of Thane, was given unto one Cornath a captain & his people. The lands between the Water of Thane and Nes now called Rosse, lying in breadth from Cromart to the mouth of the water of Lochte, were given to Lutorke another Captain & his people. The lands between Spay and Nes, from the Almaigne seas to the Ireland Seas now called Murray land, wet given to one Warroche and his people. The land of Thalia now called Boyn Aynze, Bogewall, Garyot, Formartyne, and Bowguhan, were given to one Thalis and his people. The lands of Matr▪ Badezenoche, and Lochquhaber, were given to Martache and his people. The lands of Lorne and Kyntier, with the hills & mountains thereof, lying from Marinell to the Ireland seas, were given to captain Nonaunce & his people. The lands of Athole were given to Atholus, another captain & his people. The lands of Strabraun, and Brawdawane lying West from Dunkell, were given to Creones and Epidithes. two Captains. The lands of Argile, were given to Argathelus a captain. The lands of Linnox and Clidisdale, were allotted to Lolgona a captain. The lands of Siluria now called Kile, Car rike and Cunyngham, were given to Silurche another captain. The lands of Brigance now called galloway, were given to the company called Brigands which as their best men, were appointed to devil next the Britons, who afterward expulsed the Britons from Annandale in Albany, whereby is confessed it to be before enhabited by Britons. The residue of the land now called Scotland, that is to say: Meirnis, Angus, Steremonde, Gowry Strahern, Pirth, Fife, Striveling, Callender, Calderwoode, Lougthian, Mers Tevedale, with other the rement Dales, and the Sherifdone, of Berwicke were then enjoyed by a nation myngeled in marriage with Britons, and in their obedience whose captain called Berynger, builded the castle and town of Berwicke upon tweed, and these people were called Pightes, upon whom by the death of this coel, these Scots had opportunity to use war, whereof they ceased not, until such time as it pleased God to appoint another coel King of Britons, against whose name, albeit they hoped a like victory to the first, yet he prevailed, and ceased not his war, until these Scots were utterly expulsed out of all the bounds of Briteigne, in which they never dared to re-enter, until the reign of Scicill King of Britons, which was the xiii King after this coel. During all which time the same country was reenhabited by the Britons. And then the Scots turning to Civil discord of this realm, between this Sycill and his brother bleed to their best advantage, newly arrived in Albania, & thereof made one Reuther their king: from the beginning of the world four M ix. C. lxxxxv. years, which from their first entry was iii Clxxiiii. years, upon this their new arrival, new war was made upon them, by this Sicill King of Britons, in which war Reuther their new King died, to whom Thereus succeeded, against whom the war of Britons ceased not, until he freely submitted himself unto the said Sicill king of Britons at Ebranke that is York, where shortly after the tenth year of his reign he died. Fynn●ne brother of josine succeeded by their election to the kingdom of Scots who shortly after compelled by the wars of the same Sicill, declared himself subject, and for the better assurance of his faith and obeisance to the King of Britons, delivered his son Durstus, into the hands of this Sicill: who phantesiing the child and hoping by his own succession to altar the subtility (I will not say duplicity) married to him Agasia his own daughter, this Sicill reigned in this state over them two and twenty years.  
THIS Durstus was their next king, but for that he had married a Briton woman, though she a kings daughter, the Scots hated him for the same cause the they aught to have liked him the better, and therefore not only traiteroussy slew him, but further to declare th'end of their malice, dishenherited asmuch as in them was, the issues of the same Durstus and Agasia, whereupon new war sprung between them and us: which ceased not until they were contented to receive Edeir to their king, the next in blood then living, descended from Durstus and Agasia, and thereby the blood of Britons of the part of the mother, was restored to the crown of Albania: nature whose law is immutable, caused this band of love to hold. For shortly after this Eder attended upon Cassibelane king of Britons, for the repulse of julius Caesar, as their own author Boecius confesseth commanded the same as his subject, but julius Caesar after his third arrival by treason of Androgeus, prevailed against the Britons: and thereupon pursued this Eder into Scotland, and as himself says in his Commentaries, subdued all the Isse of Briteigne: which, though the living Scots deny it, their dead writers confess that he came beyond Callender wood, and cast down Camelon the principal city of Pichtes, and in token of this victory not far from Carron, builded a round Temple of stone, which remaigned in some perfection unto the reign of our King Edward called the first since the supposed Conquest, by whom it was subverted, but the monument thereof remains to this day. This Cassibelane reigned in this state▪ xuj years.  
arviragus King of Wales, brother of Guider c is and son of Kymbalyne, descended from Androgeus the son of Lud, an ancient king of Britons, was by iusse succession shortly after king of Britons, against whom Claudius then emperor made war but this Claudius at last gave his daughter Genuissa or Genissa in marriage to this arviragus. This Claudius subdued Orknay, and all the remanent Isles about Briteigne, which he gave to his son arviragus, and so left him king of the whole Island: this arviragus reigned in this state over them xxiiii years.  
Marrius the son of arviragus and Genissa, was next king of all Briteigne, in his time one Roderycke a Scythian with a great rabble of vacabondes, came to the water of Frithe in Scotland, which is an arm of the sea, dividing Pentlande from Fife, against whom this Marrius assembled a power, by which he slew this Roderick, and discomfited his people in Westmerlande, of which victory he was also after written, by the name of Westmer, but to those that remained in life, he gave to be enhabited, the Country of Cathenes in Scotland: which proveth it to be within his dominton, this Marrius reigned in this state over them xxv years.  
coel the son of this Marrius had issue Lucius, counted the first Christian King of this nation: he created three Archeflamines, whose office is before declared, the first remained at London, and his power extended from the farthest part of Cornwall to Humber water, the second remained at York, and his power stretched from Humber to the farthest part of all Scotland. The third remained at Careleon upon the river of Oose in Glamorgan in Wales, and his power extended from Severne through all Wales. Some write that he made but two Archeflamyns, and turned their names to archbishops, the one to remaigne at Cantorbury, the other at York: but they confess that he of York had jurisdiction through all Scotland, either of which is sufficient to prove Scotland, to be then under his dominion: This coil reigned in this state over them xi years.  
Severus, by birth a Roman but in blood a Briton, and the lineal heir of the body of Androgius, son of Lud & nephew of Cassibelaine, was shortly after Emperor and king of Britons, in whose time the people to whom his ancestor Marrius gave the land of Cathenes in Scotland, conspired with the Scots and received them from the Isles into Scotland: but hereupon this Severus came into Scotland, & meeting with their faith and false hearts together, drove them all out of the main land into isles the uttermost bonds of all great Briteigne, but notwithstanding this glorious victory, the Britons considering their servitude to the Romans, imposed by treason of Androgius, ancestor to this Severus began to hate him, whom, yet they had not time to love, whereupon beside York they suffered him to be slain: After that he had for their defence and surety, slain of the Scots and their confederates in one battle thirty. thousands: but such was the consideration of the vulgar sort in those days, whose malice no time could diminish, nor desert appease.  
Antonius' Bassianus born of a Briton woman, and Gera born on a Roman woman, were the sons of this Severus, who after the death of their father, by the contrary voices of their people, contended for the Crown, few Britons held with Bassianus, fewer Romans held with Geta: but the greater number with neither: they fought, Geta was slain, and Bassianus made King, but hitherto the daily memory of perpetual servitude in the Brutus, thought the death of the father no sufficient revenge, to the injury done by the grandfather: and therefore they deposed this Bassianus, and made Carassius a Briton their king, who upon victory had against this Bassianus, gave unto the Scots, Pichtes, and Scythians, the country of Cathenes in Scotland, which they after inhabited, whereby appeareth his season thereof.  
coil descended of the blood of ancient kings of Briteigne was shortly after king of Britons, whose only daughter and heir called Helen, was married unto Constancius a roman, who daunted the rebellion of all parts of great Briteigne, and after the death of this Coil, was in the right of his wife king thereof and reigned in his state over them xv. years.  
Constantyne the son of this Constance and Helen, was next king of Britons, he passing to Rome to receive the Empire thereof, deputed one octavius king of Wales, and Duke of Gwisscop, which some expound to be West sex, some Cornwall, and some Windsor, to have the government of this dominion, but abusing this kings innocent goodness, this Octavius defrauded this trust, and took upon himself the Crown, for which traytorie albeit he was once vanquished by Leonyne Traherons', uncle to Constantyne: yet after the death of this Traherons', he prevailed again and reigned over all Briteigne. Constantyne being now Emperor, sent to Maximius his kinsman hither to destroy the same Octavius, whom in singular battle discomfited this Octavius, whereupon this Maximius, as well by the consent of great Constantyne, as by the election of all the Britons, for that he was a Briton in blood, was made king of this Briteigne. This Maximius made war upon the Scots and Scythians within all Briteigne, & ceased not until he had slain Eugenius their King, expulsed and driven them out of the whole bounds of Briteigne and newly inhabited all Scotland with Britons, no man woman or child of the Scottish nation, suffered to remain within it, which as their Hector Boecius says: was for their rebellion and rebellion properly could it not be, except they had been subjects, he suffered the Pychtes to remain his subjects, who made solemn oaths to him after, never to erect any peculiar king of their own nation, but to remain under the old Empire, of th'onlyonely king of Britons: He reigned in the whole state of this Briteigne xxxiiii years.  
ABOUT. xlv. years after this, being long time after the death of this Maximius, with the help of Gowan or Gonan and Melga, the Scots newly arrived in Albania, and thereof created one Fergus the second of that name to be their king, but because they were before banished the continent land, they crowned him king of their adventure in Argile, in the fatal chater of Merble, the year of our Lord. CCCC. xxii.  
Maximian son of Leonyne Traherons', brother to king coil and uncle to the holy Helen, was by lineal succession next king of Britons: but to appease the malice of Dyonothus king of Wales, who also claimed the kingdom, he married Othilia elder daughter of this Dyonothus and afterward assembled a great power of Britons, and entered Albania, and invaded galloway, Mers, Annandale, Pentlande, Carrike, Kill, and Cunyngham and in battle slew both this Fergus then king of Scots, & Durstus the king of Pichtes, and exiled all their people, out of the continent land: whereupon the few number of Scots then remaining on live, went to Argila and made Eugenius their king.  
WHEN this Maximian had thus obteigned quietness in Briteigne, he departed with his cousin Conan Meredecke into Armorica where they subdued the king, & did depopulate the country, which he gave to Conan his cousin, to be afterward inhabited by Britons, by the name of Briteigne the less: and hereof this realm took name of Briteigne the great, which name by consent of foreign writers, it keepeth unto this day.  
AFTER the death of this Maximian, dissension being between the nobles of great Briteigne, the Scots swarmed together again, & came to the brickwall of Adrian, where this realm being divided in many fashions, they over came one: and hereupon their Hector Boecius, as an hen that for laying of one egg, will make a great cakeling, solemnly triumphing of a conquest before the victory, & allegeth that hereby the Britons were made tributaries to the Scots, and yet he confesseth that they won no more land, by that supposed conquest, but the samle portion between them and Humber, which in the old partitions before, was annexed to Albania, it is hard to be believed, that such a broken nation as the Scots at that time were returning from banishment within four years before, & since in battle lost both their kings, and the great number of their best men, to be thus suddenly able to make a conquest of great Briteigne, very unlikely if they had conquered it, they would have left the hot son of the east parts, to devil in the cold Snow of Scotland. Incredible it is, that if they had conquered it, they would not have deputed offices in it, as in cases of conquest behoveth. And it is beyond all belief that great Briteigne or any other Country, should be won without the coming of any enemy into it, as they did not, but tarried at the same brickwall of Adryan: But what need I speak of these defences when the same Boecius scantly trusteth his own belife in this tale. For he saith that Galfride and sundry other Authentic writers, sonderly vary from this part of his story, wherein his own thought accuseth his conscience of untruth: Wherein he further forgetting, how it behoveth a liar to be mindful of his assertion in the fourth Chapter next following, wholly bewrayeth himself, saying that thee, confederate Kings of Scots and Pychtes, upon civil wars between the Britons which then was following, hoped shortly to enjoy all the land of great Briteigne, from beyond Humber unto the fresh sea, which hope had been vain, and not less than void, if it had been their own by the conquest before.  
Constantine of little Briteigne descended from Conan king thereof, cousin of Brutus' blood to this Maximian, and his next heir was next king of great Briteigne, he immediately pursued the Scots with wars, and shortly in battle slew their King Dougard, the first year of his reign, and so recovered Scotland out of their hands, and took all the holds thereof into his own custody.  
Vortiger shortly after obtained the Crown of Briteigne, against whom the Scots newly rebelled, for repressing whereof, he mistrusting the Britons, to hate him for the treasonable death of King Constance, son of this Constantyne: as one that to avoid the smoke, doth fall into the fire, received Hengest a Saxon, with a great number of his nation into this Realm, with whom and a few Britons, he entered Scotland and over came them, whereupon they took the Isles their common refuge, he gave much of Scotland, as Galloway, Pentlande. Mers and Annandale, with sundry other lands to this Hengest & his people to inhabit, which they did accordingly: but when this Hengest afterward thursted after the kingdom he was banished, and yet afterward being restored, he conspired with the Scots aghasted Aurilambrose the son of Constantyne, the just inheritor of this whole dominion, but his untruth and there's both were recompensed together, for he was taken prisoner by Eldulph de Samor then Earl of Gloucester, and his head for his traitory, stricken of by the same Earl, by commandment of the same king Aurilambros, in this field the Scots were vanquished: but Octa the son of Hengest was received to mercy, to whom and his people this Aurilambros gave the country of Galloway in Scotland, for which they become his Subjects: And hereby appeareth that Scotland was then again in his hands.  
Uter called also Pendragon, brother to this Aurilambros was next King of Britons, against whom, these sworn Saxons new forsworn subjects, confederate with the Scots, newly rebelled: but by his power assembled against them in Galloway in Scotland, they were discomfited, and all Albania recovered into his hands. This Uter reigned in this state over them xviii years.  
Arthur the son of this Uter begotten before the marriage, but lawfully born, after succeeded next to the crown of great Briteigne, whose notable acts though many vulgar fables have rather wondered at, then credited: yet all the Scottish writers confess that he subdued all great Briteigne, and made it tributory to him, and subdued the Saxons then scattered as far as Cathenes in Scotland, and in all his wars against them, he had the service and obeisance of Scots and Pightes: but at the last setting their feet in the guile of their predecessors, they newly rebelled, in the repressing whereof he deposed their King, and conquered all the countries, of Scotland, Island and Orknay, and made one Angusian his kinsman king of Scots, Vrian king of Island, & Murefrence king of Orknay, he made one Pyramium Archbishop of York, whose authority extended through all Scotland: Thus Arthur reigned in this state xxii years.  
Malgo shortly after succeeded, to the whole kingdom of great Briteigne upon new resistance, he newly subdued Ireland, Island Orkades, Norway & Denmark, & made Ethelfrede a Saxon king of Bernicia, that is: Northumberland, Lothian, & much other land of Scotland, which Ethelfrede by the sword obtained at the hands of the wilful inhabitants and was true Subject to this Malgo.  
Cadwan succeeded to the kingdom of great Briteigne, who in defence of his subjects the Scots, made war upon this Ethelfrede, but at the last they agreed and Cadwan upon their rebellion gave all Scotland unto this Ethelfrede, which he thereupon subdued and enjoyed: but afterward in the reign of Cadwallo, that next succeeded in great Briteigne he rebelled, whereupon the same Cadwallo came into Scotland, and upon his treason reseazed the country into his own hands, and having with him all the viceroys of Saxons which then inhabited here his subjects, in singular battle slew the same Ethelfrede.  
Oswald was shortly after by Cadwallos gift made King of Bernicia, and he as subject to Cadwallo, and by his commandment discomfited the Scots and Pightes, and subdued all Scotland. Oswy the brother of this Oswald was by the like gift of Cadwallo, made next King of Bernicia, and he by like commandment newly subdued the Scots & Pightes, & held them in that obeisance to this Cadwallo during xxviii years. Thus Cadwallo reigned in the whole Monarchy or great Briteign xlviii years, having all the seven. kings thereof, aswell Saxons as others his subjects: for albeit the number of Saxons from time to time greatly increased, yet were they always either expulsed, or else made tributory to the only kings of Britons, for the time being all their own writers confess, & he died in the year of our Lord. 676. And so reigned in this state over them xxviii years.  
Cadwallader was next king of the whole great Briteigne, he reigned xii years over all the Kings thereof in great peace and tranquillity: and then upon the lamentable death of his subjects, which died in sundry deceasses innumerably, he departed into little Briteigne, whose son and cousin Iuor and Ive being repulsed from this England by the Saxsons, went into Wales, where among the Britons they and their posterity remained Princes: upon this great alteration, wars being through the whole dominion between Britons and Saxons, the Scots thought time to slip the colour of obedience, & thereupon entered in league with Charles then King of France, in this wise.  

1 The injury of Englishmen done to any of these people, shallbe perpetually held comen to both.  
2 When Frenchemen be invaded by Englishmen, the Scots shall sand their army in defence of France, so that they be supported with money & victuals of France.  
3 When Scots be invaded by Englishmen, the Frenchmen shall come upon their own expenses, to their support.  
4 None of these people shall take peace or truce with Englishmen, without the advise of other. etc.   
MANY sufferable opinions may be had of war, without the praising of it, as only admissible by enforced necessity, and to be used for peace his sake only, where here the Scots sought war for the love of war only, for their league giveth no benefit to themselves, either in fire traffic of their own commodities, or benefit of the French, or other privilege to the people of both: what discommodity lofing the intercourse & exchange of our commodities, being in necessaries more abundant than France, the Scots feel and we perfectly know. What rewyn of their Towns, destruction of countries, slaughter of both our people, have by reason of this bloody league chanced, the Histories be so lamentable, as be to horrible among christian men to be remembered: but God gave the increase according to their seed, for as they did hereby sow dissension, so did they shortly after reap slaughter. For Alpyne their King possessing a light mind, that would be a fit with a little wind, hoped by this league shortly to subdue all great Briteigne, and to that end not only rebelled in his own kingdom, but also usurped the kingdom of Pightes, whereupon Edwin king of England, made one Brudeus King of Pightes, whom he sent into Scotland with a great power, where in battle he took this Alpyne King of Scots prisoner, & discomfited his people: and being this Alpyne their king found subject and rebel, his head was stricken of at a place in Scotland, which thereof is to this day called Pasalpyne, that is to say, the head of Alpyne, & this was the first Cropes' of their French league.  
Osbright King of England, with Ella his subject, and a great number of Britons and Saxons shortly after for that the Scots had of theimselfes elected a new king, shortly after entered Scot land, and ceased not his war against them until their king & people fled into the Isles, With whom at the last upon their submission, peace was made in this wise.  
THE water of Fryth shallbe March between Scots and Englishmen in the Est parts, & shallbe named the Scottish sea.  
THE water of Clide to Dum briton, shallbe March in the West parts betwenethe Scots and Britons, this castle was before called Alclude, and now Dunbriton, that is to say: the castle of Britons, so the Britons had all lands from Sterling to the Ireland seas, and from the water of Fryth and Clide to Cumber, with all the strengths thereof. The Englishmen had the lands between Sterling & Nothumberland: thus was Clide March, between Scots and Britons on the one side, and the water of Fryth named the Scottish sea, March between them and Englishmen on the other side, & Sterling common March to three people, Britons, English men, & Scots. King Osbright had the castle of Sterling, where first he caused to be Coined Sterling money. The English men builded a bridge of stone, for passage over▪ the Water of frith, in the mids whereof they made a cross, under which were written these verses.  

I am free March, as passengers may ken.  
To Scotes, to Britons, and to Englishmen.   
ABOUT xuj. years after this, Hunger and Hubba Danes, with a great number of people, arrived in Scotland and slew Constantine, whom Osbright had before made king: whereupon Edulffe or Ethelwulph then King of England, assembled his power against Hunger and Hubba and in one battle slew them both, but such of their people as would remain and become christians he suffered to tarry, the rest be banished or put to death.  
THIS Ethelwulph granted the Peter pennies, to which albeit, Peter and Paul had little meed and less right: yet the payment thereof continued in this realm ever after until now of late years, but the Scots ever since unto this day, have, and yet do pay it, by reason of that grant, which proveth them to be then under his obeisance.  
Alurede or alfred succeeded to the kingdom of England, he reigned peaceably over the whole Monarchy of great Briteigne: He made Laws that persons excommunicated, should be disabled to sew or claim any property, which Law Gregour whom this alured had made king of Scots obeyed, & the same law aswell in Scotland as in England is held to this day, which also proveth him to be high lord of Scotland.  
THIS alured constrained this Gregour King of Scots, to break is league with France for generally he concluded with him, and served him in all his wars, aswell against Danes as others, not reserving the former league with France.  
THIS alured after the death of Gregour, had the like service and obeisance of Donald King of Scots, with five thousand footmen, and two thousand horsemen, against one Gurmond a Dane that then infested this realm, and this Donald died at this faith and obeisance with alured: This alured reigned in this state over them xviii years  
Edward the first of that name called Lou●yll, son of this alured succeeded next king of England, against whom with Citrike a Dane the Scots conspired, but they were subdued, and Constantyne their king brought to obeisance, and held the realm of Scotland of this King Edward, this doth Marion their own country man a S●cotte, confess: this Edward reigned in this signiory over them, and they in his obeisance xxiii years.  
Athelstane son of this Edward was next king of England against whom Constantine king of Scots, being as their writers confess corrupted with money, sold his faith and false heart together to the Danes, and aided them against this king Athelstane, but he met with all their untruths together at Broning field in Scotland, where he discomfited the Danes, and flew Malcolme depute in that behalf to the king of Scots, with twenty thousand Scots: in which battle the Scots confess to have lost more people, than were remembered in any age before: this Athelstane followed this his good luck, throughout all Scotland and wholly subdued it, and being in possession of it, gave land there lying in Annandale by his deed, the copy whereof followeth.  
I king Athelstane, gives unto Paulan, Oddam and R●ddam, as good and as fair, as ever they mine w●re, and thereto witness Maulde my wife.  
BY which course words, not only appeareth the plain simplicity of men's doings in those days: but also full prove that he was then seized of Scotland.  
THIS Athelstane at the last received homage of this Malcolme king of Scots, but this Malcolme for that he could not be restored to his whole kingdom entered into Religion, and there shortly after died.  
This Athelstane for his better assurance of that country there after, thought best to have two strings to the bow of their obedience, & therefore notonely constituted one Malcolme to be their king, but also appointed one Indulph, son of Constantyne the third, to be called prince of Scotland, to whom he gave much of Scotland: This Malcolme did homage to Athelstane, & then did this Athelstane Reign in this state over them xxv years.  
Edmund brother of Athelstane succeeded next King of England to whom this Indulph then king of Scots, not only did homage but also served him with ten thousand Scots, for the expulsion of the Danes out of this realm, this Edmund reigned in this state vii years.  
Edred or Eldred brother to this Edmund succeeded next king of England, he not only received the homage of Irise then king of Scots, but also the homage of all the Barons of Scotland, this Eldred reigned in this state ten years.  
Edgar the son of Edmund brother of Athelstane being now of full age, was next king of England: he reigned only over the whole Monarchy of great Briteigne, he received homage of Keneth or Kynald king of Scotland for the kingdom of Scotland, and made Malcolme prince thereof.  
This Edgar gave unto the same Keneth the country of Lothian in Scotland, which was before seized into the hands of Osbright king of England for their rebellion as is before declared. This Edgar enjoined this Keneth there king once in every year, to repair unto him into England for the making of laws, which in those days was by the noble men or piers according to the order of France at this day: to which end this Edgar gave him a piece of ground lying beside the new palace of Westminster, upon which this Keneth builded a house, which by him and his posterity was enjoyed until the reign of king Henry the second, in whose time upon rebellion by William then king of Scots, it was resumed into the king of England's hands, the house is decayed, but the ground where it stood is called Scotland to this day.  
This Edgar made this law, that no man should succeed to his patrimony or inheritance held by the service of a man called knights service, until he accomplished the age of xxi years, because by intendment under that age, he should be able in person to serve his king & country according to the tenor of his deed and the condition of his purchase. This law was received by the same Keneth in Scotland, and aswell there as in England is observed to this day, which proveth also that Scotland was then under his obeisance. This Edgar reigned in this state. xxvi years.  
Edward the son of this Edgar was next king of England, in whose time this Keneth king of Scots, caused Malcolme prince of Scotland to be treasonably poisoned; whereupon this Edward made war upon him, which ceased not until this Keneth submitted himself, & offered to receive prince of Scotland whom king Edward would appoint, where upon this Edward proclaimed one Malcolme to be prince of Scotland, who immediately came into England & here did homage to the same King Edward. This Edward reigned in this state by some writers twelve. years, and by some others but two. years.  
Etheldred brother of this Edward succeeded next king of England, against whom Swain king of Denmark conspired with this last Malcolme then king of Scots: But shortly after this Malcolme sorrowfully submitted himself into the defence of Etheldred, who considering that that which could not be amended must only be repent, benignly received him, by help of whose service at last Etheldred recovered his realm again out of the hands of Swain, & reigned over the whole Monarchy xxxviii. years.  
Edmund surnamed Ironside son of this Etheldred was next king of England, in whose time Canut a Dane invaded the realm with wars, but at last Canut married with Eme sometime wife of Etheldred and mother of this Edmund: this Eme as arbitrice between her natural love to the one & matrimonial duty to the other, procured such amity between them, that Edmund was contented to divide the realm with Canut & keeping to himself all England on thisside Humber gave all the rest beyond Humber with the signory of Scotland to this Canut: whereupon Malcolme then king of Scots after a little customable resistance, did homage to the same Canut for the kingdom of Scotland, & this Canut held the same over of this Edmund king of England by the like services.  
This Canut in memory of his victory & glory of his signory over the Scots, commanded this Malcolme their king, to build a church in Buchquhan in Scotland (where a field between him & them was fought) to be dedicated to Olanus patron of Norway & Denmark, which Church was by the same Malcolme builded accordingly.  
Edward called the confessor 
An. M. lvi.  son of Etheldred and brother to Edmund Ironside was next king of all England, he received the homage of the same Malcolm king of Scots for the kingdom of Scotland.  
This Edward perused the old laws of the realm, & somewhat added to some of them, as to the law of Edgar for the wardship of the lands until the heir should accomplish the age of xxi years, he added that the marriage of such heir, should also belong to the lord of whom the same land should be held.  
Also that every woman marrying a freeman, should notwithstanding she had no children by that husband, enjoy the third part of his inheritance during her life, with many other laws which the same Malcolme king of Scots obeyed, & which aswell by them in Scotland as by us in England be observed to this day, which directly proveth the whole to be then under his obeisance. But here to make some digression, though the more part of these Eldredes laws be both godly & politic, yet this addition to Edgar's law touching the marriage of the heir, except in cases of princes, in whose people the common weal of people and countries depend, among men either civil or politic, seemeth to depend more of lucre than godliness: for that thereby, he to whose years nature doth not give discretion to refuse, must take & that a wife and she peradventure of the like age or under, in which choice every of them must judge by another man's affection, see with another man's eye, say yea with another man's tongue, and finally consent with another man's heart, for none of these senses be pertited to the parties in that minority, and so the election being unfree and the years unripe, each of them almost of necessity must hate other, whom yet they have had no judgement to love. To declare what innumerable inconveniences, divorces, yea and some murders have of these ungodly marriages, or rather no marriages at all, proceeded, the present time showeth so many examples as we may see sufficient cause to bewail the time present▪ but the greatest injury is to God, the redress only belongeth to a king in whom like as the same God hath caused more virtues to meet, then in any other king or creature at those years, so we doubt not but that his Godhead will vouchsafe to preserve his highness with then crease of knowledge to the godly redress of these and all other enormities and abuses, to the comfort and rejoice of us his loving and happy obedient subjects: But I will return to the Scot  
By reason of this law Malcolme the son of Dunkayn next inheritor to the crown of Scotland being within age, was by the nobles of Scotland delivered as ward to the custody of this king Edward, during whose minority one Makebeth a Scot traitorously usurped the crown of Scotland, against whom this king Edward made war, in which the same Makebeth was overcome and slain, and thereupon this Malcolme was crowned king of Scots at Stone, in the viii year of the reign of this king Edward.  
This Malcolme by tenor of the said new law of wardship was married unto Margaret, by the disposition of the same king Edward, and at his full age did 
An. M. lxi.  homage to this king Edward for the kingdom of Scotland.  
This Edward having no issue of his body, & mistrusting that Harold the son of Goodwin descended of the daughter of Harold harefoot the Dane would usurp the crown if he should leave it to his cousin Edgar Edling, being then within age, and partly by the petition of his subjects, who before had sworn never to receive any kings over them of the Danes nation, did by his substantial will in writing, devise the crown of great Briteigne unto William then duke of Normandye and to his heirs, constituting him his heir testamentary. Also there was proximitee in blood between them for eme daughter of Richard duke of Normandy was wife unto Etheldred, on whom he begat Alured and this Edward, & this William was son of Robert, son of Richard brother of the whole blood to the same Eme: by this appeareth that this William was heir by title and not by conquest. Albeit partly to extinguish the mistrust of other titles, partly for the glory of his victory, he challenged the name of a coqueror, & hath been so written.  
This king William called the conqueror, to bring the Scots to just obeisance after his coronation as heir testamentary to Edward the confessor entered Scotland, where after a little resistance made by the Scots, the said Malcolme then their king did homage to him at Abirnethy in Scotland for the kingdom of Scotland: This William reigned in this state xxii years.  
William surnamed Rufus son of this William called the conqueror, succeeded next to the crown of England, to whom the said Malcolme king of Scots did like homage for the kingdom of Scotland, but afterward he rebelled & was by this William Rufus slain in the field, where upon the Scottishmen did choose one Donal or Dunwal to be their king, but this William Rufus deposed him and created Dunkan son of Malcolme to be their king, who did like homage to him: but this Dunkan was slain by the Scots and Dunwall restitute, which once again by this William Rufus was deposed, & Edgar son of Malcolme was by him made their king, who did like homage for Scotland to this William Rufus: This William reigned in this state over them xiii. years.  
Henry called Beauclerke the son of William called the conqueror, after the death of his brother William Rufus, succeeded to the crown of England to whom the same Edgar king of Scots did homage for Scotland, This Henry Beauclerke married Mawde the daughter of Malcolme king of Scots, and by her had issue Mawde afterward emprice. Alexandre the son of Malcolme brother to this Maud was next king of Scots, he did like homage for the kingdom of Scotland to this Henry the first, This Henry reigned in this state over them xxxv years.  
Mawde called the emprice 
An. M. C. xxxvii.  daughter and heir to this Henry Beauclerke & Mawde his wife, received homage of David brother to her and to this Alexandre next king of Scots for the kingdom of Scotland.  
This Mawde the emprice gave unto this David in marriage, Mawde the daughter and heir of Voldosius earl of Huntyngdon and Northunberlande, and herein their evasion appeareth, by which they allege that their kings homages were made for the earldom of Huntingdon, for this David was the first that of their kings was earl of Huntyngdon, which was since all the homages of their kings before recited, and at the time of which marriage and long after the said Alexander his brother was king of Scots doing the homage aforesaid to Henry Bewclerke.  
Henry called Fitz Emprice the son of Mawde the emprice daughter of Mawde, daughter of Malcolme king of Scots was next king of England, he received homage for Scotland of Malcolme son of henry, son of the said David their last king, which Malcolme after this homage, attended upon the same king Henry in his wars against jews then king of France: whereby appeareth that their French league was never renewed after the last division of their country by Osbright king of England. But after these wars finished with the French king, this Malcolme being again in Scotland rebelled, whereupon this king Henry immediately scazed Huntyngdon & Northumberland into his own hands by confiscation, and made war upon him in Scotland, in which the same Malcolme died without issue of his body. William brother of this Malcolme was next king of Scots he with all the nobles of Scotland which could not be for any earldom did homage to the son of this king Henry the second with a reservation of the duty to king Henry the second, his father: also th'earldomerldome of Huntyngdon was as you have heard before this, forfeited by Malcolme his brother, & never after restored to the crown of Scotland.  
This William king of Scots did afterward attend upon the same king Henry the second in his wars in Normandy against the French king, notwithstanding their French league, & then did him homage for Scotland, and thereupon was licenced to departed home into Scotland, where immediately he moved war against the same king Henry being yet in Normandy: but God took the defence on king Henry's part, & delivered the same William king of Scots into the hands of a few englishmen, who brought him prisoner to this king Henry into Normandy the x. year of his reign, but at the last at the suit of David his brother, he was at this fine for the amendment of his trespass, to pay ten M. pound sterling▪ and to surrendre all his title of the earldom of Huntyngdon Cumberland, & Northumberland, into the hands of this king Henry, which he did in all things accordingly, and here upon he once again did homage to the same king henry which now could not be for the earldom of Huntyngdon, the right whereof was already by him surrendered, and for the better assurance of this faith the strengths of Berwicke, Edenbrough, Roxbrough & Striveling were delivered into the hands of this king Henry of England which their own writers confess: but Hector Boecius sayeth that this trespass was amended by fine of xx. M. pounds sterling & that th'earldomerldome of Huntyngdon, Cumberland, and Northumberlande were delivered as Mortgage into the hands of this king Henry until other ten M. pounds sterling should be to him paid, but though that were true, yet proveth he not that that money was paid, nor the land otherwise redeemed, or ever after came to any Scottish kings hands. And this it appeareth that th'earldomerldome of Huntyngdon was never occasion of the homages of the Scottish kings to the kings of England either before this time or after.  
At this time Alexander bishop of Rome supposed to have general jurisdiction ecclesiastical through christendom, conferred the whole clergy of Scotland according to the old laws, under the jurisdiction of the archbishop of York. This henry reigned in this state over them xxxv. years.  
Richard surnamed Cure de Lion son of this Henry was next king of England, to whom the same William king of Scots did homage at canterbury for the kingdom of Scotland, and in the ●nde of the wars of this king Richard, did sand David his brother with u M. Scot tishemen.  
This king Richard was taken prisoner by the duke of Ostrich, for whose redemption the whole realm was taxed to great sums of money unto the which this William king of Scots as a subject was contributory, and paid two M. marks sterling, This Richard reigned in this ●●ate ix. years.  
John the brother of this Richard was next king of England, to whom the same William king of Scots did like homage for the kingdom of Scotland upon a hill beside Lyncolne, taking his faith therefore upon the cross of Hubert then archbishop 
Anno M. CC. iiii.  of canterbury, a great number of people being there assembled for the purpose. This John reigned in this state over them xvii years.  
Henry the third of that name son of this king John succeeded next to the crown of England, to whom Alexandre king of Scots did homage for Scotland at York. This Alexandre died at this faith with this king Henry.  
After the death of this Alexander king of Scots, Alexander his son being of ix years of age, was by the laws of Edgar in ward to this king Henry, & by the nobles of Scotland brought to York, and there delivered to this king Henry, during whose minority this king henry governed Scotland, and to subdue a commotion in this realm, used the aid of u M. Scottishmen, but king Henry died during the nonage of this Alexander, whereby he received not his homage which by reason and law was respited until his full age of xxi years: this Henry reigned in this state lvii years.  
Edward the first since the supposed conquest son of this Henry was next king of England, immediately after whose coronation this Alexander king of Scots being then of full age did homage to him for Scotland at Westminster.  
This Alexander king of Scoties died, leving one only daughter called Margarete his heir, who before had married Hanygo son to Magnus' king of Norway, which daughter also shortly after died, leaving one only daughter her heir, of th'ageage of ii years whose custody & marriage by the laws of king Edgar and Edward the confessor, belonged to this king Edward, whereupon the nobles of Scotland were commanded by this king Edward, to send to Normandy to convey this young queen into England to him, whom he intended to have married to his son Edward: as our king in his own person intendeth with their Queen now. Their nobles at that time considering the same tranquillity, that many of them now refuse, stood not upon shifts and delays of minority nor contempt, but most gladly consented, and thereupon sent two noble men of Scotland into Norway for her to be brought to this king Edward, but she died before their coming thither, they required nothing but to enjoy the lawful liberties that they had in the last king Alexander his time: I believe that the dead bodies of these noble men & of all the kings of Scotland would rise from their sepultures against the enemies of this godly union▪ if they knew with what wilful contempt they deface their doings, & with what wicked obstinacy they deteigne the people of Britain in perpetual war, enmity and discord.  
After the death of this Margaret, the Scots were destitute of any heir to the crown from this Alexander there last king, at which time this Edward descended from the body of Mawde daughter of Malcolme sometime king of Scots being then in the greatest broil of his wars with France, minded not to take the possession of that kingdom in his own right, but was contented to establish Balliol to be king thereof, the weak title between him Bruse & Hastynges being by the humble petition of all the realm of Scotland committed to the determination of this king Edward, as by authentic writing thereof confessing within the superiority of Scotland to remain in this king Edward, sealed with the seals of four bishops vii Earls and xi Barons of Scotland, and which shortly after was by the whole assent of the three estates of Scotland in their solemn Parliament confessed & enacted accordingly as most evidently doth appear.  
This Balliol in this wise made king of Scotland, did immediately make his homage and fealty, to this king Edward for the kingdom of Scotland: but shortly after defrauding the benign goodness of this king Edward he rebelled, whereupon this king Edward invaded Scotland, seized into his hands the greater part of the country, and took all the strengths thereof, whereupon this Balliol king of Scots came unto this king Edward at M●untrosse in Scotland with a white wand in his hand, & there resigned the crown of Scotland with all his right, title, & interest to the same, into the hands of this king Edward, & therefore made his Charter in writing dated & sealed the fourth year of his reign, whereupon all the nobles & gentlemen of Scotland repaired to Berwicke, and there did homage and fealty to this king Edward becoming his subjects. For the better assurance of whose oaths this Edward kept all the strengths and holds of Scotland in his own hands, and hereupon all their laws, process, all judgement, all gifts of offices and others, passed under the name of authority of this king Edward, he reigned in this state over them thirty. years.  
Edward born at Carnarvan son of this Edward was next king of England, who from the beginning of his reign enjoyed Scotland peaceably, doing in all things as is above said of king Edward his father, until toward the latter end of his reign, about which Bruise conspired against this king Edward and with the help of a few forsworn Scots, forswore himself king of Scots, whereupon this Edward made war upon him, but being infortunate in his first wars against him, he suffered Edward the son of Balliol to proclaim himself king of Scots, & nevertheless held forth his wars against Bruse, before the ending of which he died.  
Edward born at Wyndsore son of this Edward was next king of Scotland at the age of xv. years, in whose minority the Scots practised with Isabella mother to this Edward & with Roger Mortymer Earl of the March to have their homages released, whose good will therein they obtained, so that for the same release they should pay to this king Edward xxx thousand pounds sterling in three years next following, that is to say ten thousand pound sterling yearly: but because the nobility and commons of this realm would not by parliament consent unto it, their king being within age, the same release proceeded not, albeit the Scots ceased not their practices with this Queen and Earl, but before those three years in which their money (if that money had taken place) should have been paid were expired, this king Edward invaded Scotland and ceased not war until David the son of Robert le Bruse then by their election king of Scotland absolutely submitted himself unto this king Edward, but for that this David Bruse had before by practice of the Queen and the Earl of March, married Jane the sister of this king Edward, he moved by natural zeal to his sister, was contented to give the realm of Scotland to this David Bruse, & to theirs that he should beget of the body of the said Jane, saving the reversion and mean homages to this king Edward and to his own children, wherewith the same David Bruse was right well contented, & thereupon immediately made his homage for Scotland unto this king Edward, but shortly after causeless, conceiving cause of displeasure, this David procured to dissolve this same estate taily, and thereupon not only rebelled in Scotland, but also invaded England, this king Edward being then in his wars in France. But this David was not only expulsed England, but also suspecting no place sufficient defence to his untruth, fled out of Scotland: & the countries of Annandale, Galloway, Mars, Tevydale, Twedale, and Ethrike were seized into the king of England his hands, & new Marches set between England & Scotland at Cockeburnes path & Sowtry hedge, which when this David went about to recover again his power, was discomfited, and himself by a few Englishmen taken & brought into England, where he remained prisoner xi years: during which time, this king Edward enjoyed Scotland peaceably, & then at the contemplation of the weary suit of his sorrowful sister wife of this David, he was contented once again to restore this David to the kingdom of Scotland, whereupon it was concluded, that for this rebellion David should pay to this king Edward the sum of one C. M. marks sterling, and should also destroy all his holds and fortresses standing against the English borders, and further should assure the crown of Scotland to the children of this king Edward for lack of heir of his own body, all which things he did accordingly: and for the better assurance of his obeisance afterward he delivered into the hands of this king Edward sundry noble men of Scotland his pledges: this Edward reigned in this state over them li years.  
Richard the son of Edward called the black prince son of this Edward king, was next king of England, who for that the said Jane, the wife of the said king David of Scotland was deceased without issue, & being informed how the Scots devised to their uttermost power to break the limitation of this inheritance touching the crown of Scotland, made forthwith war against them, he brent Edenbrough, spoilt all their country, took all their holds & maintained continually war against them unto his death, which was Anno domini. M. CCC. xcix.  
Henry the fourth of that name 
Hector Bo●, lib. xuj. cap. xv.  was next kyngof England, he continued these warresbegon against them by king Richard, & ceased not until Robert king of Scots the third of that name, resigned his crown by appointment of this king henry, and delivered his son James being then of th'ageage of ix years, into the hands of this king Henry to remain to his custody, wardship and disposition, as of his superior lord according to the old laws of king Edward the confessor, all this was done Anno domini M. CCCC. iiii. which was within u years after the death of king Richard: This Henry the fourth reigned in this state over them xiiii. years.  
henry the fift of that name son of this king henry the forth was next king of England he had wars against the French king, in all which, this James then king of Scots attended upon him as upon his superior lord, with a convenient number of Scots, notwithstanding their league with France, but this Henry reigned but ix years whereby the homage of this James their king having not fully accomplished the age of xxi years was by reason & law respited.  
Henry the sixt the son of this henry the u was next king of England in whom the signory of Scotland and custody of this James being by law and reason descended, he married the same James king of Scots to the daughter of Henry Beauford then Earl of Somerset, and took for the value of this marriage the sum of one hundredth thousand marks sterling.  
This James king of Scots at his full age did homage to the same king Henry the sixt for the kingdom of Scotland at Wyndsore. This Henry the sixt reigned in this state quietly seized of this signory over the Scots without any challenge or interruption by them xlix years, and so thereof quietly died seized.  
Since which time unto the days of King henry the vii grandfather to our sovereign lord that now is, albeit this realm hath been molested with diversity of titles, in which unmeet time neither law nor reason admit prescription to the prejudice of any right: yet did king Edward the forth next king of England by preparation of war against the Scots in the latter end of his reign sufficiently by all laws induce the continuance of his claim to the same superiority over them.  
After whose death, unto the beginning of the reign of our late sovereign lord king Henry the viii. exceeded not the number of xxvii. years, about which time the impediment of our claim chanced of the Scots part by the nonage of James their last king, which so continued the space of xxi years, like as whose minority was by all law & reason impediment to himself to make homage, so was the same by like reason impediment to the king of this realm to demand any, so that the whole time of intermission of our claim in the time of the said king Henry the viii. is deduced unto the number of xiii. years.  
But what need I to examine the intermission of our claim by any length of time, since this superioritte passed the consents of all Scotland by their solemn act of Parliament, against which neither law nor reason can enable them to prescribe.  
This have I declared & proved unto you how Brutus our first progenitr, ohis people and their posterity enjoyed the whole Isle of great Britain in xlii discentes of kings almost vi c. years before any Scottisheman came within it. I have also proved unto you how after their coming into it, immediate war was made upon them by the kings of this Briteigne, which ceased not until they were expulsed, all the bonds of it, and albeit at divers times they entered it again, yet did these wars never cease against them until they become subjects in which state they have remained about, xuj. C. years. I have also proved unto you how from time to time since the beginning the Scots received and obeyed the old laws and customs of this realm, most of which remain among them to this day. I have further proved how their kings have been contributory to the redemption of kings of this realm, which is the duty of only subjects. I have also proved unto you how the general jurisdiction ecclesiastical of Scotland many hundredth years after the beginning was subjecteth to the dioses and rule of tharchbishop of York in England, whereby also appeareth the same to be then under this dominion. I have likewise proved unto you that William called the Conqueror, of whom our king is linially descended, was heir testamentary of the whole dominion by the testament of king Edward the confessor, & though which were not true, yet was the obedience of Scotland from the beginning inseparably appendent to the crown of this realm, and followed the possession of the signory as things annexed, like as the dignities of the Roman Empire follow the state of Rome, according to which their homages and our claims have been continued to this day. I have proved unto you also how thearldom of Huntyngdon was only attained but by one of their kings, and that at the latter end of his time long after the king his brother's homage, done for the crown of Scotland, and fortified & surrendered by the next, since which time it never was restored again into any of their kings hands: and yet to satisfy them further therein, the tenor of all their kings homages doth follow.  
I D. N. king of Scots shallbe true and faithful unto you lord E. by the grace of God king of England, the noble and superior lord of the kingdom of Scotland and unto you I make my fidelity for the same kingdom, the which I hold and claim to hold of you, and I shall bear you my faith and fidelity of life and limb and worldly honour against all men, faithfully I shall knowledge and shall do you service due unto you of the kingdom of Scotland afore said as God so help and these holy evangelies.  
I will not here plead the several resignations and surrenders of the mere possession of the kingdom of Scotland made by their lawful kings, to our kings Edward the first and Edward the third: nor yet allege our kings pedugre from Mawde the the daughter of Malcolme their king, nor yet argue the right of remainder of the kingdom of Scotland in our king for lack of issue of the bodies of David and Jane so entailed by the same David than king thereof as is before declared: nor yet obeicet a forfeiture upon their rebellion, for our kings majesty that now is doth far otherwise by marriage require it at their hands. Now, because some of the Scots allege that they disagree to this marriage fearing the severity of our laws, I have thought good to remember in this place one or two of there's, sufficient example whereby to judge the nature of all the rest.  
They have a law that if the father (though by the kings licence) infeffe or give lands to his son, yet if afterward the same father trespass the law, his offence shall forfeit this land, notwithstanding that the son was by all solemn law assured of it before the offence of the father.  
Another, that if any man die only suspected of treason without any other fact done, yet may this cause be examined after his death and he somoned at his grave, & upon condemnation, his lands and goods confiscate as if he were yet living, of both these laws innocentes have no less cause to fear the malice, than trespassers have to dread the pain.  
I have studied a great while the laws of this realm, & be it said without arrogancy, have read them all both old and new and therefore I dare affirm that the most wicked law that ever was given in this realm, containeth not half somuch iniquity as the best of both these do.  
Wherefore if they mistrust the severity of our laws, chief as they be mitigated at this day, none can better trust, than they that so do mistrust: but the liking of their laws standeth to themselves in them there is none alteration sought: for policy in sundry places must of necessity require sundry laws, like as in divers places of England to this day be enjoyed diversity in customs & have been without alteration offered since their beginning. Our title in this wise published, & their objections as you have herded answered, I will with your favour in this wise turn my tale unto the Scottishman. It were an infinite work (nobles and commons of Scotland) nor the tale should ●euer have an end to declare what an inestimable evil concord is, as that whereby all things in the world, yea and also the world itself standeth and agreeth together, & whereby as the famous Sallust sayeth, small things grow to the greatest wealth: whereby discord her contrary, all greatest and best things come to destruction and desolation, as by the civil wars between Silla and Marius, the ruin of Rome is sufficient example to all the world. Wherefore I would now wish & desire, which is all that I am able to do, that these cruel and bloody waters between us may shortly cease, which shall much the sooner come to pass if you trust not your own wilful affection, which being blinder then blindness itself hath closed up the lies of your reason, and led yourselves into that desert of obstinacy, wherein as your way lieth, so hath your folly extended.  
Nature the wise mother of all things, when she ordained all beasts with some natural munition, as horn, spur, tooth or nail: she would not created man either cruel or vengeable by any of this outward things, but gave him reason, & so to rule without anger or armour: she endowed you with gifts to the maintenance of concord, & will you use them to discord? is it war that you think profitable? is it discord & mischief that being hateful to other men seemeth to you pleasant? what differeth war from all cometh th'end that it is meant for, but to the contrary, and that like as a while their faith hath deceived us, so will it shortly beguile theim selfes, for nature never gave like virtue to things counterfeicte, as to true in deed: all the wise writers of your own nation lament the wickedness of your clergy and condemn their vicious and profane lives, but by hypocrisy they always had this gift to show their virtue to the uttermost and hide their faults to the secretest, so that their virtue appeareth more than it is, & their vice less: well, God is the only wreker of secret injuries, whom no man may doubt shortly to open all your eyes, and he in the mean time I trust will make your governor (being naturally descended of an English house in king Edward the second his days as your own writers confess) again to become a good Englishman, which undoubtedly he shallbe, & a true Scottishman also, whensoever he shall deeply consider the justness of our cause, his faith, and your affliction by the misery of this present war between us, to compare▪ which with a greater eviil, possibility suffereth not, to match him with a like evil, his own nature abhorreth to show what is in degree of evils, under him should seem sufficient dispraise, if ambition, if malice, if glory, if envy, do only drive thither men to wars, whether will temperance, godliness, honesty, & wisdom draw a christian man? And now me thinketh I here our country the common parent to us all, say unto you in this wise.  
An Scottishemen, how long shall I bear your unnatural cruelties, how long will you remain rebellious children, when shall there be end of your malice? Alas what wickedness is it among christian men, and those the neighbours in one kingdom, that the greater part cannot be contented with the best thing, but by the light argument of evil, leave the way that leadeth to perpetual tranquillity. All men would live in beatitude, but to foresee the way how they may so do: you go far awry. Know you not how evil a master he serveth of the twain, discord, or misery of the which evermore the one followeth the other, be not discord and misery of the same nature that other vices be? always at dissension within themselves, making the man unmeet for all other things, and at last unmeet for discord itself, though nature to the obtaining of folly gave every man to many gifts, and to the following of virtue to few, yet she never better deserved toward mankind, then knowing how many miseries she ordained him to dwell among, to teach him by reason remedy against them all, & whereby they may receive no less ableness to do well then before they had readiness to do evil: be not all men that be born to die, the same also ordained to live by reason? & who of you by reason or otherwise is able to desist my persuasion of this union, except he will say that the worst war is better than the best peace, malice metre for Christian men than love, and generally all discord better than concord, which things how different they be, God knoweth and I perfitly feel. Can England offer you more reasonable, more honourable, more godly conditions of peace than she doth? except she had that from God which maketh all his godhead called perfection? can men offer more than your lawful liberty, peace, tranquillity and amity? do not these bring forth wealth, security, and perpetual concord? and do not all things in the world, yea, and the world itself stand and agreed together by concord? where is your reason, where is the love that Plato & Cicero require in you to be born to me your country? Finally, where is the right knowledge of love that you aught to have to yourselves? is not my tranquillity th'assuranceassurance of your wealth, and my trouble thassurance of you misery? The wicked moth bread in the cloth destroyeth the same. The cruel Vipar in procreation killeth his mother, and yet he that believeth their civility to be less than yours, little considereth their cause to be of nature, and yours of wilful disposition. I did sow you the good seeds of concord but there is sprung up among you cockle and fetch, the wedes of discord, and thus your corruption of a good thing hath engendered an evil, whereupon your infelicity is the more, because you see it not▪ but if you saw it with reason aswell as reason seethe you, you would consider the peril, for I say it is your own cause, therefore neglect not my monition.  
Spurn not against knowledge, rebel not against your wealth, more honour is offered unto you then ever chanced to the Scottish nation, the time serveth it, reason requireth it, the consent of all good men desire it, and God pitying my long affliction hath offered the occasion, which being of your parts thankfully received, bringeth wealthful security to yourselves, your wives, children, your goods▪ & all your posterity▪ and whereby you shall avoid calamity, misery, exilement or death, which otherwise by the injustice of your cause, will undoubtedly follow: therefore in this choice, let it be no hard thing to make you consent to your own wealth. And on that condition I do require the whole members of all great Briteigne, that like as these many hundredth years you have prosecuted each other with fire, sword and slaughter, that so you do from hensfourth prosecute each other with amity▪ love, and friendship, all old and new displeasures between you to be here after none otherwise considered then if your hand offend the eye, or the to the the tongue, in which case to punish, the revenge should be against yourselves. And finally, let your whole contention hereafter be, which of you both shall with better will deserve the friendship of the other, to the glory of God, the tranquillity and wealth of yourselves, and utter discourage of my common enemies.  
FINIS.   

EXCUSUM LONDINI, IN AEDIBVS RICHARDI GRAFTONI, TYPOGRAPHI REGII. M. D. XLVIII.  
CUM PRIVILEGIO AD IMPRIMENDUM SOLUM